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Appendix Table 1: Female 18-35 Cervical Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: Theosteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus. Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebraefuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of thevertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids areas scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial

Number Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF

38

C1 Ondontid-

1 U 0 0 0

31 C1 1 U 1 0 0

76 C1 1 U 1 1 1

58 C1 1 U 0 0 0

51 C1 0 U 0 0 0

54A C1 0 U 0 0 0

90 I1 C1 1 U 0 0 u

127 C1 1 U 0 0 1

38 C2  0 0 0 0 0

31 C2  0 1 0 1 0

76 C2  0 0 1 1 1

58 C2  0 0 0 0 1

51 C2  0 0 1 u u

12 C2  1 0 0 0 u

90 I1 C2 

38 C3  0 0 0 0 1

31 C3  1 0 0 1 1

76 C3  1 1 1 1 1

58 C3  0 0 0 0 1

51C3  0 0 u 0 0

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38 C4  0 0 u 0 u

31 C4  0 0 1 0 0

76 C4  1 2 1 1 1

58 C4  0 0 u 0 u

51 C4  0 0 0 0 1

38 C5  0 0 0 u 1

31 C5  0 0 0 0 0

76C5 

1 2 0 1 1

58 C5  0 0 0 u 1

51 C5  0 0 1 1 1

127 C5  0 0 0 0 1

38C6 

u 0 0 0 031 C6  u 0 0 1 0

76 C6  2 1 1 1 1

58 C6  u 0 0 0 0

51 C6  0 0 u 1 u

127 C6  0 1 0 0 0

38 C7  0 0 0 0 0

31 C7  1 1 u 1 1

76 C7  0 u 0 u u

58C7 

u u u u u

54A C7  0 u u 0 0

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Appendix Table 2: Females 18-35 Cervical Sclerosis: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body. Ondontids are scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial

Number Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF

38

C1 0 0 0 0 0

31

C1 0 0 0 0 0

76

C1 0 0 0 0 0

58

C1 0 0 0 0 0

51

C1 0 0 0 0 0

54A

C1 0 0 0 0 0

90 I1

C1

u 1 0 0 u

127

C1 0 0 0 0 0

38

C2  0 0 0 0 0

31

C2  0 0 0 0 0

76

C2  0 0 0 0 0

58

C2  0 0 0 0 0

51

C2  0 0 0 0 0

12

C2  0 0 0 0 0

90 I1

C2 

38

C3  0 0 0 0 0

31

C3  0 0 0 0 0

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76

C3  1 0 0 0 1

58

C3  0 0 0 0 0

51

C3  0 0 0 0 0

38

C4 

31

C4  0 0 0 0 0

76

C4  0 1 0 0 0

58

C4  0 0 0 0 0

51

C4  0 0 0 0 0

38

C5  0 0 0 0 0

31

C5  0 0 0 0 0

76

C5  0 0 0 0 0

58

C5  0 0 0 0 0

51

C5  0 0 0 0 0

127

C5  0 0 0 0 0

38

C6  0 1 u u 0

31

C6  0 0 0 0 0

76

C6  0 0 0 0 0

58

C6  u u u u u

51

C6  0 0 0 0 0

127

C6  0 0 0 0 0

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38

C7  0 0 0 0 0

31

C7  0 0 0 0 0

76

C7  0 0 0 0 0

58

C7  u u u u u

54A

C7  0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 3: Females 18-35 Cervical Remodeling: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a³u´ used for unobservable. Score ³O´ was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlvedaet al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda etal. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and precedingvertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scoredfor C1¶s as well.

Burial

Number Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF

38

C1 0 0 0 0 0

31

C1 0 0 0 0 0

76

C1 0 0 0 0 0

58

C1 0 0 0 0 0

51

C1 0 0 0 0 0

54A

C1 0 0 0 0 0

90 I1

C1

u 1 0 0 u

127C1 0 0 0 0 0

38

C2  0 0 0 0 0

31

C2  0 0 0 0 0

76

C2  0 0 0 0 0

58

C2  0 0 0 0 0

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51

C2  0 0 0 0 0

12

C2  0 0 0 0 0

90 I1

C2 

38

C3  0 0 0 0 0

31

C3  0 0 0 0 0

76

C3  1 0 0 0 1

58

C3  0 0 0 0 0

51

C3  0 0 0 0 0

38

C4 

31

C4  0 0 0 0 0

76

C4  0 1 0 0 0

58

C4  0 0 0 0 0

51

C4  0 0 0 0 0

38

C5  0 0 0 0 0

31

C5  0 0 0 0 0

76

C5  0 0 0 0 0

58

C5  0 0 0 0 0

51

C5  0 0 0 0 0

127

C5  0 0 0 0 0

38

C6  0 1 u u 0

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31

C6  0 0 0 0 0

76

C6  0 0 0 0 0

58

C6  u u u u u

51

C6  0 0 0 0 0

127

C6  0 0 0 0 0

38

C7  0 0 0 0 0

31

C7  0 0 0 0 0

76

C7  0 0 0 0 0

58

C7  u u u u u

54A

C7  0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 4: Males 18-35 Cervical Osteophytosis: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curvesaway from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids ares scored for C1¶s as well 

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

33 C1 Ondontid- 0 0 0 0 0

96A C1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C1 1 0 0 0 0

47 C1 0 0 0 0 0

33 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C2 1 1 1 1 0 0

59 C2 0 0 0 0 0 u

46 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0

47 C2 0 u 0 u u 0

33 C3 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C3 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C3 0 0 0 1 u 0

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46 C3 0 0 0 0 u u

47 C3 0 0 0 0 1 1

33 C4 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C4 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C4 u u u 1 u u

47 C4 

33 C5 0 0 0 1 0 0

96A C5 0 1 0 0 1 1

59 C5 u u 0 u u u

47 C5 0 0 0 0 1 1

33 C6 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C6 1 0 0 0 1 1

59 C6 u u 0 u 0 1

47 C6 u 0 1 u 1 0

33 C7 1 0 0 0 0 0

96-A C7 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C7 u u u 0 1 1

47 C7 0 0 0 0 u u

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Appendix Table 5: Males 18-35 Cervical Sclerosis: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body. Ondontids are scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

33 C1 Ondontid- 0 0 0 0 0

96A C1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C1 1 0 0 0 0

47 C1 0 0 0 0 0

33 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C2 1 1 1 1 0 0

59 C2 0 0 0 0 0 u

46 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0

47 C2 0 u 0 u u 0

33 C3 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C3 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C3 0 0 0 1 u 0

46 C3 0 0 0 0 u u

47 C3 0 0 0 0 1 1

33 C4 0 0 0 0 0 0

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96A C4 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C4 u u u 1 u u

47 C4 

33 C5 0 0 0 1 0 0

96A C5 0 1 0 0 1 1

59 C5 u u 0 u u u

47 C5 0 0 0 0 1 1

33 C6 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A C6 1 0 0 0 1 1

59 C6 u u 0 u 0 1

47 C6 u 0 1 u 1 0

33 C7 1 0 0 0 0 0

96-A C7 0 0 1 1 1 1

59 C7 u u u 0 1 1

47 C7 0 0 0 0 u u

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Appendix Table 6: Males 18-35 Cervical Remodeling: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlvedaet al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda etal. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and precedingvertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scoredfor C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

33 C1 0 0 1 0 0 0

96A C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

59 C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

47 C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 C2 0 1 0 0 0 1

96A C2 0 1 0 1 0 1

59 C2 0 0 0 u 0 0

46 C2 1 1 1 1 1 1

47 C2 

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33 C3 0 1 0 0 0 1

96A C3 1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C3 1 1 0 1 1 1

46 C3 0 0 1 1 0 0

47 C3 

33 C4 0 1 0 0 0 1

96A C4 1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C4 1 0 0 0 1 0

47 C4 0 0 1 1 0 0

33 C5 1 0 0 0 1 0

96A C5 1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C5 0 u 1 u 0 u

47 C5 0 1 1 1 0 1

33 C6 1 1 0 0 1 1

96A C6 1 1 1 1 1 1

59 C6 1 u 0 0 1 u

47C6 1 1 1 1 1 1

33 C7 0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A C7 1 1 0 0 1 1

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59 C7 u 1 1 1 u 1

47 C7 1 1 0 0 1 1

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Appendix Table 7: Female 35+ Cervicals Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: Theosteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebraefuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of thevertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids ares scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

94 C1 Ondontid-3 u 1 1 1 1

84 C1 2 u 0 0 1 1

100A C1 0 u 0 0 1 1

64C1

3 u 0 0 0 0105A C1 u u 0 0 u u

18 C1 1 1 0 0

94 C2  1 1 1 1 u u

84 C2  0 0 1 u u u

64 C2  0 0 1 0 1 0

105A C2  0 0 0 0 1 1

18 C2  0 0 1 1 1 1

94 C3  0 0 0 1 u u

84 C3  0 0 1 1 u 1

64 C3  0 0 1 0 1 1

105A C3  0 0 0 0 1 1

18 C3 

94 C4  1 1 1 1 1 1

84 C4  0 0 1 u 1 u

64 C4  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C4  0 1 0 0 0 0

18 C4  0 0 2  2 1 1

94 C5  0 1 1 1 u 1

84 C5  0 0 u 1 u 1

64 C5  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C5  0 0 0 u 1 u

18 C5  0 1 1 1 1 1

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94 C6  1 1 1 1 u 1

64 C6  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C6  0 0 0 0 1 0

18 C6  1 1 1 1 1 1

94 C7  1 0 1 1 0 0

105A C7  0 0 u 1 0 1

18 C7  1 1 u 1 0 u

64 C7 

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Appendix Table 8: Female 35+ Cervicals Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body. Ondontids are scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

94 C1 Ondontid-3 u 1 1 1 1

84 C1 2 u 0 0 1 1

100A C1 0 u 0 0 1 1

64 C1 3 u 0 0 0 0

105AC1 u u 0 0 u u

18 C1 1 1 0 0

94 C2  1 1 1 1 u u

84 C2  0 0 1 u u u

64 C2  0 0 1 0 1 0

105A C2  0 0 0 0 1 1

18 C2  0 0 1 1 1 1

94 C3  0 0 0 1 u u

84C3 

0 0 1 1 u 164 C3  0 0 1 0 1 1

105A C3  0 0 0 0 1 1

18 C3 

94 C4  1 1 1 1 1 1

84 C4  0 0 1 u 1 u

64 C4  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C4  0 1 0 0 0 0

18 C4  0 0 2  2 1 1

94 C5  0 1 1 1 u 1

84 C5  0 0 u 1 u 1

64 C5  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C5  0 0 0 u 1 u

18 C5  0 1 1 1 1 1

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94 C6  1 1 1 1 u 1

64 C6  0 0 1 1 1 1

105A C6  0 0 0 0 1 0

18 C6  1 1 1 1 1 1

94 C7  1 0 1 1 0 0

105A C7  0 0 u 1 0 1

18 C7  1 1 u 1 0 u

64 C7 

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Appendix Table 9: Female 35+ Cervical Remodeling: Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlvedaet al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda etal. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and precedingvertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scoredfor C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

94

C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

84

C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

100A

C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

64

C1 0 0 1 0 0 0

105A

C1 u u 0 0 u u

18

C1 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

C2  0 0 0 0 0 0

84

C2  0 0 0 0 0 0

64C2  1 1 0 0 1 1

105A

C2  0 0 0 0 0 0

18

C2  1 1 1 1 1 1

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94

C3  0 0 0 0 0 0

84

C3  0 0 0 1 0 0

64

C3  0 0 0 1 0 0

105A

C3  1 1 0 0 1 1

18

C3  2 1 0 0 2 1

94

C4  0 0 1 1 0 0

84

C4  0 0 0 1 0 0

64

C4  0 0 0 0 0 0

105AC4  0 0 0 1 0 0

18

C4  u 0 u 1 u 0

94

C5  1 1 0 0 1 1

84

C5  0 0 0 1 0 0

64

C5  0 0 0 0 0 0

105A

C5  u u u u u u

18

C5  1 2 1 1 1 2 

94

C6  1 1 1 1 1 1

64

C6  1 1 0 0 1 1

105A

C6  1 1 1 1 1 1

18

C6  0 0 1 1 0 0

94

C7  1 1 1 1 1 1

105A

C7  1 1 1 1 1 1

18

C7  0 0 u 0 0 0

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64

C7  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 10: Male 35+ Cervicals Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: Theosteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebraefuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of thevertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids ares scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

17 C1 Ondontid- 1 0 1 0 0

49 C1 u 1 1 1 1

55 C1 1 1 1 1 1

56 C1 1 0 0 0 0

61 C1 1 1 1 1 1

67 C1 1 0 0 0 0

34 C1 0 0 0 0 0

15 C1 0 1 0 1 1

35 C1 0 1 0 1 1

65 C1 2 0 0 0 0

68 C1 1 0 0 0 0

80 C1 0 0 0 0 0

101A C1 1 0 0 1 1

107 C1 1 u 1 1 u

113 C1 1 0 0 0 0

17 C2 0 1 0 0 0 0

49 C2 1 1 1 1 1 u

55 C2 1 0 0 0 0 u

56 C2 0 0 0 0 u u

61 C2 1 0 1 1 1 0

67 C2 0 0 0 0 1 0

34 C2 0 0 0 0 1 1

15 C2 0 0 0 1 0 0

35 C2 1 0 0 1 u u

65 C2 0 0 1 0 1 1

67 C2 0 1 u 0 u u

101A C2 1 u u 1 u u

107 C2 0 1 0 0 u 1

113 C2 1 0 0 0 u 1

80 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0

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17 C3 0 1 1 1 1 0

49 C3 0 0 1 1 1 1

55 C3 1 1 1 1 1 1

56 C3 0 1 1 1 1 1

61 C3 0 1 1 1 1 1

67 C3 1 1 1 2  2 1

34 C3 1 1 1 0 0 0

15 C3 0 0 1 1 1 1

35 C3 0 0 0 1 1 1

65 C3 0 0 1 1 1 1

67 C3 1 0 1 1 u 0

107 C3 u 3 1 1 1 u

17 C4 1 0 1 1 1 1

49 C4 0 u 1 1 1 1

55 C4 1 0 1 1 1 1

56 C4 0 1 1 1 1 1

61 C4 1 0 1 1 1 1

67 C4 1 0 u 3 1 1

34 C4 0 0 0 0 1 1

15 C4 0 0 0 0 u u

35 C4 1 0 1 1 1 1

65 C4 0 1 1 1 1 1

67 C4 0 0 0 0 0 0

107 C4  3  3  2  2  2  2 

17 C5 1 1 1 1 1 1

49 C5 0 1 1 1 1 1

55 C5 1 0 1 1 1 1

56 C5 0 0 1 1 1 1

61 C5 1 1 1 1 1 1

67 C5 0 0 1 1 1 0

34 C5 1 2 0 0 0 0

15 C5 u u 1 1 1 135 C5 0 1 1 1 1 1

107 C5  3  3  3  3 1 1

65 C5 

17 C6 1 2 1 2  2  2 

49 C6 0 1 1 1 1 1

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55 C6 0 0 1 1 1 1

56 C6 u u 1 1 1 1

61 C6 1 1 1 0 u 1

67 C6 0 1 0 u u u

34 C6 1 1 1 1 u u

15 C6 0 0 u u 1 1

35 C6 u u 1 1 0 0

65 C6 0 1 1 1 1 1

107 C6 u u 2  2 1 1

17 C7  2 0 2  2 1 1

49 C7 1 0 u 1 1 1

55 C7 1 u 1 1 u u

56 C7 u u u 1 0 0

61 C7 1 0 1 1 1 0

34 C7 0 1 u u 0 0

15 C7 1 1 0 0 1 1

35 C7 1 0 1 1 1 1

65 C7 1 0 1 1 1 1

107 C7 1 2 u 1 1 1

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Appendix Table 11: Male 35+ Cervicals Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´ used

for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible 3=eburnation,

more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000: 341). In

 practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior 

vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body. Ondontids are scored for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

17 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

49 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C10 0 0 0 0 0

61 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

34 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

15 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

35 C1

0 0 0 u 0 0

65 C10 0 0 0 0 0

68 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

80 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

101A C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

107 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

113 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

17 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

49 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C2 

0 0 u 0 0 0

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56 C2 

0 0 u u 0 0

61 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C2 

0 0 0 1 0 0

34 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

15 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

35 C2 

0 0 u u 0 0

65 C2 

u 0 0 u u 0

67 C2 

0 0 0 1 0 0

101A C2 

u 0 u u u 0

107 C2 

0 0 0 1 0 0

113 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

80 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

17 C3 

1 0 0 0 1 0

49C3 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C3 

1 0 0 0 1 0

56 C3 

u 0 u 0 u 0

61 C3 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C3 

1 1 0 1 1 1

34 C3 

1 0 0 u 1 0

15 C3 

1 0 0 0 1 0

35 C3 

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C3 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C3 

1 1 0 1 1 1

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107 C3 

0 1 0 u 0 1

17 C4 

1 1 0 0 1 1

49 C4 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C4 

1 1 0 0 1 1

56 C4 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C4 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C4 

u 1 0 1 u 1

34 C4 

1 0 0 0 1 0

15 C4 

1 0 0 1 1 0

35 C4 

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C4 

0 1 0 0 0 1

67 C4 

u 1 0 1 u 1

107 C4 

1 1 2  2 1 1

17 C5 

0 1 0 1 0 1

49 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C5 

0 1 0 0 0 1

56 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C5 

0 1 0 0 0 1

67 C5 

u u u u u u

34 C5 

1 1 0 0 1 1

15 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

35 C5 

1 0 0 0 1 0

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107 C5 

2 0 0 1 2 0

65 C5 

1 1 0 0 1 1

17 C6 

0 1 0 0 0 1

49 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C6 

1 0 0 0 1 0

56 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C6 

1 1 0 0 1 1

67 C6 

0 1 1 1 0 1

34 C6 

0 1 0 u 0 1

15 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

35 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C6 

1 1 0 0 1 1

107 C6 

1 0 1 0 1 0

17 C7 

0 0 0 0 0 0

49 C7 

u 0 0 0 u 0

55 C7 

0 0 u 0 0 0

56 C7 

u 1 0 0 u 1

61 C7 

1 1 1 0 1 1

34 C7 

1 u 0 0 1 u

15 C7 

u 0 0 0 u 0

35 C7 

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C7 

1 u u 0 1 u

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107 C7 

1 0 0 0 1 0

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Appendix Table 12: Male 35+ Cervicals Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well. 

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

17 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

49 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

34 C10 0 0 0 0 0

15 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

35 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

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68 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

80 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

101A C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

107 C1

0 0 0 0 0 0

113 C1

1 u 0 0 1 u

17 C2 

0 1 0 1 0 1

49 C2 

0 0 u 1 0 0

55 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C2 

1 1 0 0 1 1

67 C2 

1 1 1 0 1 1

34 C2 

0 0 1 0 0 0

15 C2 

1 0 1 0 1 0

35C2 

0 0 u u 0 0

65 C2 

1 1 1 0 1 1

67 C2 

0 0 2 0 0 0

101A C2 

0 0 0 0 0 0

107 C2 

0 0 0 2 0 0

113 C2 

0 0 u 0 0 0

80 C2 

0 0 1 1 0 0

17 C3 

1 0 1 0 1 0

49 C3 

0 1 1 0 0 1

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55 C3 

0 0 0 1 0 0

56 C3 

u 0 u 1 u 0

61 C3 

1 1 0 0 1 1

67 C3 

1 3 1 3 1 3 

34 C3 

1 1 1 1 1 1

15 C3 

1 1 0 0 1 1

35 C3 

1 1 1 1 1 1

65 C3 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C3 

1 3 0 3 1 3 

107 C3 

1 1 1 1 1 1

17 C4 

1 1 1 1 1 1

49 C4 

0 1 1 1 0 1

55 C4 

0 1 0 1 0 1

56C4 

1 1 0 0 1 1

61 C4 

0 0 1 1 0 0

67 C4 

1 3 1 1 1 3 

34 C4 

1 1 0 1 1 1

15 C4 

1 1 1 1 1 1

35 C4 

0 1 0 0 0 1

65 C4 

1 1 0 0 1 1

67 C4 

3  3 0 1 3  3 

107 C4 

3 1 1 1 3 1

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17 C5 

2 1 1 3  2 1

49 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

55 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

67 C5 

1 2 1 0 1 2 

34 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

15 C5 

u u u u u u

35 C5 

2  2 0 0 2  2 

107 C5 

1 1 1 1 1 1

65 C5 

0 0 0 0 0 0

17 C6 

1 3  2  2 1 3 

49 C6 

0 0 1 1 0 0

55C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C6 

0 1 0 0 0 1

67 C6 

2 0 u u 2 0

34 C6 

1 1 1 1 1 1

15 C6 

0 1 1 1 0 1

35 C6 

2 0 0 0 2 0

65 C6 

0 0 0 0 0 0

107 C6 

1 1 2 1 1 1

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17 C7 

1 1 1 1 1 1

49 C7 

1 1 1 2 1 1

55 C7 

0 0 0 0 0 0

56 C7 

0 0 0 0 0 0

61 C7 

1 1 0 0 1 1

34 C7 

0 u 0 0 0 u

15 C7 

1 1 1 1 1 1

35 C7 

0 0 0 0 0 0

65 C7 

u 1 0 0 u 1

107 C7 

1 0 1 1 1 0

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Appendix Table 13: Female 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with ³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae

Osteophytosis-

SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A T1 u u 1 0 0 0

90 T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T1 0 0 0 0 1 u

38 T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A T2  u u u 0 0 1

901 T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T2  0 0 0 0 1 u

38 T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A T3  u u 0 0 0 0

901 T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T3 

38 T3  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

901 T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T4  0 0 0 0 0 u

38 T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A T5  u u 0 0 0 0

901 T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T5  u u u u u u

38 T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A T6  0 u 0 0 0 0

901 T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

1 T6  u u u u u u

38 T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 14: Female 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

90

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T1 0 u 0 u 0 u

38

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

38

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T3  0 0 1 0 0 0

38

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T4  0 u 0 0 0 u

38

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

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54A

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T5  u u u u u u

38

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T6  u u u u u u

38

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 15: Female 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well. 

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

90

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T1 0 u 0 0 0 u

38

T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

54A

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T2  0 1 1 1 0 1

38

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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901

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

38

T3  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T4  0 u 0 0 0 u

38

T4  0 1 0 0 0 1

54A

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T5  u u u u u u

38

T5  u u u u u u

54A

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

901

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T6  u u u u u u

38

T6  0 0 1 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 16: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with ³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

106 T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

59 T1 0 1 u 0 0 0

96-A T1 0 0 1 1 1 1

33 T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

106 T2  0 0 0 u 1 u

59 T2  0 1 1 0 1 1

96-A T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

33 T2  u u 0 0 0 0

106 T3  u 0 0 0 0 u

59T3  1 1 0 0 u 0

96-A T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

33 T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

106 T4  0 u 0 0 0 0

59 T4  1 0 0 0 1 1

96-A T4  1 0 0 0 0 0

33 T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

106 T5  u u 0 0 0 0

59 T5  u 0 0 1 u u

96-A T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

33 T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

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106: T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

59 T6  0 0 u 1 0 1

96-A T6  1 1 0 0 0 0

33 T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 17: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

106

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

33T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

33T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

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59

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

33

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

106:

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 18: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

106

T1 0 0 0 1 0 0

59

T1 0 u 0 0 0 u

96-A

T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

33

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T2  0 u 1 0 0 u

59T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

96-A

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T2  1 1 0 0 1 1

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106

T3  u 0 0 0 u 0

59

T3  0 1 0 0 0 1

96-A

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T3  1 1 0 0 1 1

106

T4  1 1 0 0 1 1

59

T4  2  2  2 1 2  2 

96-A

T4  0 0 1 1 0 0

33

T4  0 0 1 1 0 0

106

T5  2 0 1 1 2 0

59

T5  2  2 0 u 2  2 

96-A

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T5  1 1 0 0 1 1

106:

T6  0 u u u 0 u

59

T6  u u u u u u

96-A

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T6  1 1 1 0 1 1

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Appendix Table 19: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with ³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34 

T1 0 1 0 1 0 0

80

T1 u u 0 1 0 0

64 

T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

34 

T2  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T2  u 0 0 0 0 1

64 

T2  0 u 0 0 1 1

34 

T3  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T3  0 0 0 0 1 0

64 

T3  u u 0 0 1 1

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34 

T4  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T4  1 1 0 0 u u

64 

T4  1 0 2  2  2  2 

34 

T5  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T5  1 1 0 0 0 u

64 

T5  u u 3  2 1 1

34 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

T6  1 1 0 0 u u

64 

T6  u u 0 0 u u

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Appendix Table 20: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34 

T1 0 1 0 1 0 0

80

T1 u u 0 1 0 0

64 

T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

34 

T2  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T2  u 0 0 0 0 1

64 

T2  0 u 0 0 1 1

34 

T3  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T3  0 0 0 0 1 0

64 

T3  u u 0 0 1 1

34 

T4  1 1 0 0 0 0

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80

T4  1 1 0 0 u u

64 

T4  1 0 2  2  2  2 

34 

T5  1 1 0 0 0 0

80

T5  1 1 0 0 0 u

64 

T5  u u 3  2 1 1

34 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

T6  1 1 0 0 u u

64 

T6  u u 0 0 u u

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Appendix Table 21: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34 

T1 1 1 1 0 1 1

80

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

64 

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

34 T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

80

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

64 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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34 

T3  0 0 0 1 0 0

80

T3  0 1 0 0 0 1

64 

T3  2 1 2  2  2 1

34 

T4  0 1 1 1 0 1

80T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

64 

T4  3  3  3 u 3  3 

34 

T5  0 1 1 1 0 1

80

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

64 

T5  3 1 1 1 3 1

34 

T6  1 1 1 u 1 1

80

T6  0 0 1 0 0 0

64 

T6  1 1 u u 1 1

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Appendix Table 22: Male 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17 T1 0 0 2  2 1 1

49 T1 u u 1 1 u 1

55 T1 1 u 1 1 1 1

61 T1 0 1 1 1 1 1

87 T1 1 1 0 1 1 1

15 T1 0 1 1 0 1 1

17 T2  0 1 1 1 1 1

49 T2  0 0 0 2  2 1

55 T2  u 1 1 1 1 1

61 T2  0 1 1 1 1 1

87 T2  0 0 0 1 u 1

15 T2  1 1 0 0 0 2 

17 T3  1 1 1 1 1 1

49 T3  0 0 2 1 1 1

55 T3  1 1 1 1 1 1

61 T3  1 2  2 1 1 1

87 T3  u 0 1 1 1 1

15 T3  0 1 1 2 1 1

17 T4  1 1 0 0 0 0

49 T4  0 u 1 1 1 1

55 T4  1 1 1 1 1 1

61 T4  u 0 1 1 1 1

87 T4  1 1 1 0 0 0

15 T4  1 1 1 1 u 1

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17 T5  1 1 0 0 2  2 

49 T5  u u 2 1 1 1

55 T5  1 0 1 1 0 1

61 T5  0 1 1 1 1 1

87 T5  0 u 2 1 u u

15 T5  1 2 1 1 1 0

17 T6  1 1 2 0 1 1

49 T6  u u 1 1 1 1

55 T6  1 2 1 0 0 1

61 T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

87 T6  0 0 0 1 u u

15 T6  2  2 1 1 2 0

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Appendix Table 23: Male 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17

T1 1 0 0 0 1 0

49

T1 0 1 u 1 0 1

55

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

61T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

87

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

15

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

49

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

55T2  0 0 u 0 0 0

61

T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

87

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

15

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

49T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

55

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T3  u 0 0 0 u 0

87

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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15

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

49

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

55

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

87

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

15

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

49

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

55

T5  0 0 0 1 0 0

61

T5  1 1 1 1 1 1

87

T5  0 0 0 u 0 0

15

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

49

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

55

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

87

T6  0 0 0 u 0 0

15

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 24: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17

T1 2  2 0 1 2  2 

49

T1 0 0 1 0 0 0

55

T1 1 0 0 0 1 0

61

T1

87

T1 1 1 0 0 1 1

15

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T2  1 1 0 0 1 1

49

T2  0 0 1 0 0 0

55

T2  0 1 0 0 0 1

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61

T2 

87

T2  0 1 0 0 0 1

15

T2  0 0 0 2 0 0

17

T3  1 1 0 1 1 1

49

T3  2 1 0 0 2 1

55

T3  1 0 0 0 1 0

61

T3 

87

T3  0 1 0 0 0 1

15

T3  0 3 0 0 0 3 

17

T4  1 1 0 0 1 1

49

T4  2 1 0 0 2 1

55

T4  1 1 0 0 1 1

61

T4 

87

T4  0 1 0 0 0 1

15

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

49

T5  1 1 0 0 1 1

55

T5  1 1 0 0 1 1

61

T5 

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87

T5  0 0 0 u 0 0

15

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T6  2 0 0 1 2 0

49

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

55

T6  1 1 0 0 1 1

61

T6 

87

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

15

T6  0 1 1 0 0 1

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Appendix Table 25: Female 18-35 Thoracics 7-12 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with ³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A  T7  u u 1 0 u 0

76  T7  1 1 0 0 0 1

54A  T8  u u 0 0 0 0

76  T8  u u 1 1 0 1

54A  T9  u u 0 0 1 0

76  T9  u u 1 1 1 2 

1 T9  0 1 u 0 0 1

38  T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T10 u u 0 0 1 0

76  T10 u 1 1 2 1 1

1 T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

38  T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T11 u u 0 0 0 1

76  T11 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 T11 0 0 0 0 1 1

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38  T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T12  u u 0 2 1 1

76  T12  u u 1 2 0 2 

1 T12  0 u 1 0 1 0

38  T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57  T12  0 0 0 1 2  2 

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Appendix Table 26: Female 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T7  2  2 0 0 2  2 

54A 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T8  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T9  1 0 1 2 1 0

1

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

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76 

T10 1 2 0 0 1 2 

1

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T11 0 0 1 1 0 0

1

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T12  1 1 u 1 1 1

1

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 27: Female 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well. 

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T8  1 1 0 0 1 1

76 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

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54A 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T9  1 0 1 2 1 0

1

T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

38 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T10 0 0 1 0 0 0

76 

T10 1 2 0 0 1 2 

1

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T11 1 0 0 2 1 0

76 

T11 0 0 1 1 0 0

1

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T11 0 0 1 0 0 0

54A 

T12  0 1 0 0 0 1

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76 

T12  1 1 u 1 1 1

1

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 28: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF

T7 T7 

33 T7  u u 0 0 0

106 T7  u 1 0 0 0

59 T7  0 0 u 1 1

97 T7  1 0 0 0 0

T8 T8 

33 T8  u 0 0 0 0

106 T8  1 u 0 0 0

59 T8  0 0 0 1 u

97 T8  1 0 0 0 0

T9 T9 

33 T9  0 0 0 1 0

106 T9  u u 0 0 0

59 T9  0 1 0 0 0

97 T9  1 1 1 1 0

T10 T10

33 T10 0 0 0 0 0

106 T10 u u 0 0 0

59 T10 1 2 1 2  2 

97 T10 0 1 0 0 1

T11 T11

33 T11 0 0 0 0 0

106 T11 u u 0 u 1

59 T11 1 1 2  2  2 

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97 T11 0 0 0 0 1

T12 T12 

33 T12  u 0 0 0 0

106 T12  0 1 0 u u

59 T12  0 1 0 u u

97 T12  0 0 1 1 1

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Appendix Table 29: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF

T7

T7  0 0 0 0 0

33

T7  0 0 0 0 0

106

T7  0 1 0 0 0

59

T7  0 0 0 0 0

97T7 

T8

T8  0 0 0 0 0

33

T8  0 0 1 0 0

106

T8  0 0 u u 0

59

T8  0 0 0 0 0

97T8 

T9

T9  0 0 0 0 0

33

T9  0 0 1 1 0

106

T9  u u u u u

59

T9  0 0 0 0 0

97

T9 

T10

T10 0 0 1 1 0

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33

T10 0 1 0 0 0

106

T10 1 2 1 1 1

59

T10 0 0 0 0 0

97

T10

T11

T11 0 0 0 0 0

33

T11 u 0 0 0 u

106

T11 1 1 1 1 1

59

T11 0 0 0 0 0

97

T11

T12

T12  0 0 0 0 0

33

T12  0 0 0 0 0

106

T12  0 u u 0 0

59

T12  0 0 0 0 0

97

T12  0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 30: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF

T7

T7  0 0 0 0 0

33

T7  1 1 0 0 1

106

T7  u u u u u

59

T7  0 0 1 u 0

T8

T8  0 0 0 0 0

33T8  0 0 0 0 0

106

T8  u u u u u

59

T8  0 u 1 u 0

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T9

T9  0 1 0 1 0

33

T9  1 1 1 0 1

106

T9  u u u u u

59

T9  1 u 0 u 1

T10

T10 0 0 0 1 0

33

T10 0 0 0 0 0

106

T10 2  3 1 1 2 

59

T10 0 u 0 u 0

T11

T11 0 0 0 0 0

33

T11 0 0 1 0 0

106

T11 1 1 1 1 1

59

T11 0 u 0 u 0

T12

T12  0 1 1 0 0

33

T12  0 1 0 0 0

106

T12  0 0 u 0 0

59

T12  1 u u u 1

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97

T12  0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 31: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34:T1 T1 0 1 0 1 0 0

80:T1 T1 u u 0 1 0 0

64:T1 T1 0 1 0 0 0 1

38:T1 T1

1:T1 T1

34:T2  T2  1 1 0 0 0 0

80:T2  T2  u 0 0 0 0 1

64:T2  T2  0 u 0 0 1 1

38:T2  T2 

1:T2  T2 

34:T3  T3  1 1 0 0 0 0

80:T3  T3  0 0 0 0 1 0

64:T3  T3  u u 0 0 1 1

38:T3  T3 

1:T3  T3 

1 1 0 0 0 0

34:T4  T4  1 1 0 0 u u

80:T4  T4  1 0 2  2  2  2 

64:T4  T4 

38:T4  T4 

1:T4  T4 

34:T5  T5  1 1 0 0 0 0

80:T5  T5  1 1 0 0 0 u

64:T5  T5  u u 3  2 1 1

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0 0 0 0 0 0

34:T6  T6  1 1 0 0 u u

80:T6  T6  u u 0 0 u u

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Appendix Table 32: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34:T1

T1 1 0 0 0 1 0

80:T1

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

64:T1

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

38:T1

T1

1:T1T1

34:T2 

T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

80:T2 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

64:T2 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

38:T2 T2 

1:T2 

T2 

34:T3 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

80:T3 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

64:T3 

T3  1 1 2  2 1 1

38:T3 

T3 

1:T3 

T3 

0 0 u u 0 0

34:T4 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

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80:T4 

T4  2  2  2 u 2  2 

64:T4 

T4 

38:T4 

T4 

1:T4 

T4 

0 0 0 0 0 0

34:T5 

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

80:T5 

T5  1 1 1 1 1 1

64:T5 

T5 

0 0 u u 0 0

34:T6 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

80:T6 

T6  0 u u 1 0 u

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Appendix Table 33: Male 18-35 Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

34:T1

T1 1 1 1 0 1 1

80:T1

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

64:T1

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

38:T1

T1

1:T1

T1

34:T2 T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

80:T2 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

64:T2 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

38:T2 

T2 

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1:T2 

T2 

34:T3 

T3  0 0 0 1 0 0

80:T3 

T3  0 1 0 0 0 1

64:T3 

T3  2 1 2  2  2 1

38:T3 

T3 

1:T3 

T3 

0 1 1 1 0 1

34:T4 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

80:T4 

T4  3  3  3 u 3  3 

64:T4 

T4 

38:T4 

T4 

1:T4 

T4 

0 1 1 1 0 1

34:T5 

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

80:T5 

T5  3 1 1 1 3 1

64:T5 

T5 

1 1 1 u 1 1

34:T6 

T6  0 0 1 0 0 0

80:T6 

T6  1 1 u u 1 1

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Appendix Table 34: Male 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

³u´ used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17  T1 0 0 2  2 1 1

49  T1 u u 1 1 u 1

55  T1 1 u 1 1 1 1

61 T1 0 1 1 1 1 1

87  T1 1 1 0 1 1 1

15  T1 0 1 1 0 1 1

17  T2  0 1 1 1 1 1

49  T2  0 0 0 2  2 1

55  T2  u 1 1 1 1 1

61 T2  0 1 1 1 1 1

87  T2  0 0 0 1 u 1

15  T2  1 1 0 0 0 2 

17  T3  1 1 1 1 1 1

49  T3  0 0 2 1 1 1

55  T3  1 1 1 1 1 1

61 T3  1 2  2 1 1 1

87  T3  u 0 1 1 1 1

15  T3  0 1 1 2 1 1

17  T4  1 1 0 0 0 0

49  T4  0 u 1 1 1 1

55  T4  1 1 1 1 1 1

61 T4  u 0 1 1 1 1

87  T4  1 1 1 0 0 0

15  T4  1 1 1 1 u 1

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17  T5  1 1 0 0 2  2 

49  T5  u u 2 1 1 1

55  T5  1 0 1 1 0 1

61 T5  0 1 1 1 1 1

87  T5  0 u 2 1 u u

15  T5  1 2 1 1 1 0

17  T6  1 1 2 0 1 1

49  T6  u u 1 1 1 1

55  T6  1 2 1 0 0 1

61 T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

87  T6  0 0 0 1 u

15  T6  2  2 1 1 2 0

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Appendix Table 35: Female 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17 

T1 1 0 0 0 1 0

49 

T1 0 1 u 1 0 1

55 

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

61T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

87 

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

49 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

55 T2  0 0 u 0 0 0

61

T2  1 0 0 0 1 0

87 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

15 

T2  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

49 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

55 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T3  u 0 0 0 u 0

87 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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15 

T3  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

49 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

55 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

87 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

15 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

49 

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

55 

T5  0 0 0 1 0 0

61

T5  1 1 1 1 1 1

87 

T5  0 0 0 u 0 0

15 

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

49 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

55 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

61

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

87 

T6  0 0 0 u 0 0

15 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 36: Male 35+ Thoracic 1-6 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

17 

T1 2  2 0 1 2  2 

49 

T1 0 0 1 0 0 0

55 

T1 1 0 0 0 1 0

87 

T1 1 1 0 0 1 1

15 

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 T2  1 1 0 0 1 1

49 

T2  0 0 1 0 0 0

55 

T2  0 1 0 0 0 1

61

T2 

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87 

T2  0 1 0 0 0 1

15 

T2  0 0 0 2 0 0

17 

T3  1 1 0 1 1 1

49 

T3  2 1 0 0 2 1

55 

T3  1 0 0 0 1 0

87 

T3  0 1 0 0 0 1

15 

T3  0 3 0 0 0 3 

17 

T4  1 1 0 0 1 1

49 

T4  2 1 0 0 2 1

55 

T4  1 1 0 0 1 1

87 

T4  0 1 0 0 0 1

15 

T4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T5  0 0 1 0 0 0

49 

T5  1 1 0 0 1 1

55 

T5  1 1 0 0 1 1

87 

T5  0 0 0 u 0 0

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15 

T5  0 0 0 0 0 0

17 

T6  2 0 0 1 2 0

49 

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

55 

T6  1 1 0 0 1 1

87 

T6  0 1 0 0 0 1

15 

T6  0 1 1 0 0 1

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Appendix Table 37: Female 18-35 T7-T12 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A  T6  u u 1 0 u 0

76  T6  1 1 0 0 0 1

54A  T7  u u 0 0 0 0

76  T7  u u 1 1 0 1

54A  T8  u u 0 0 1 0

76  T8  u u 1 1 1 2 

1 T8  0 1 u 0 0 1

38  T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T9  u u 0 0 1 0

76  T9  u 1 1 2 1 1

1 T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

38  T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T10 u u 0 0 0 1

76  T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

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1 T11 0 0 0 0 1 1

38  T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A  T12  u u 0 2 1 1

76  T12  u u 1 2 0 2 

1 T12  0 u 1 0 1 0

38  T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57  T12  0 0 0 1 2  2 

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Appendix Table 38: Female 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T6  2  2 0 0 2  2 

54A 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T7  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T8  1 0 1 2 1 0

1

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

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54A 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T9  1 2 0 0 1 2 

1

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T10 0 0 1 1 0 0

1

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T12  1 1 u 1 1 1

1

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 39: Female 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF SLF IRF ILF

54A 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T6  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T7  1 1 0 0 1 1

76 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

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54A 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

76 

T8  1 0 1 2 1 0

1

T8  0 0 0 1 0 0

38 

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T9  0 0 1 0 0 0

76 

T9  1 2 0 0 1 2 

1

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

54A 

T10 1 0 0 2 1 0

76 

T10 0 0 1 1 0 0

1

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T11 0 0 1 0 0 0

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93 

54A 

T12  0 1 0 0 0 1

76 

T12  1 1 u 1 1 1

1

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

57 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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94 

Appendix Table 40: Male 18-35 T7-T12 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

T7 

33 T7  u u 0 0 0 0

106 T7  u 1 0 0 0 0

59 T7  0 0 u 1 1 0

97 T7  1 0 0 0 0 0

T8 

33 T8  u 0 0 0 0 0

106 T8  1 u 0 0 0 0

59 T8  0 0 0 1 u u

97 T8  1 0 0 0 0 0

T9 

33 T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

106 T9  u u 0 0 0 0

59 T9  0 1 0 0 0 0

97 T9  1 1 1 1 0 0

33 T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

106 T10 u u 0 0 0 0

59 T10 1 2 1 2  2  2 

97T10 0 1 0 0 1 0

33 T11 0 0 0 0 0 1

106 T11 u u 0 u 1 0

59 T11 1 1 2  2  2  2 

97 T11 0 0 0 0 1 1

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95 

33 T12  u 0 0 0 0 0

106 T12  0 1 0 u u 0

59 T12  0 1 0 u u 0

97 T12  0 0 1 1 1 1

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96 

Appendix Table 41: Female 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

33

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T7  0 1 0 0 0 1

97

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

T8 

33

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T8  0 0 1 0 0 0

59

T8  0 0 u u 0 0

97

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

T9 

33

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T9  0 0 1 1 0 0

59

T9  u u u u u u

97

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

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97 

33

T10 0 0 1 1 0 0

106

T10 0 1 0 0 0 1

59

T10 1 2 1 1 1 2 

97

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T11 u 0 0 0 u 0

59

T11 1 1 1 1 1 1

97

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

33

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T12  0 u u 0 0 u

97

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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98 

Appendix Table 42: Male 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

33

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T7  1 1 0 0 1 1

59

T7  u u u u u u

97

T7  0 0 1 u 0 0

T8 

33

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T8  u u u u u u

97

T8  0 u 1 u 0 u

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99 

33

T9  0 1 0 1 0 1

106

T9  1 1 1 0 1 1

59

T9  u u u u u u

97

T9  1 u 0 u 1 u

33

T10 0 0 0 1 0 0

106

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

59

T10 2  3 1 1 2  3 

97

T10 0 u 0 u 0 u

33

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

106

T11 0 0 1 0 0 0

59

T11 1 1 1 1 1 1

97

T11 0 u 0 u 0 u

33

T12  0 1 1 0 0 1

106

T12  0 1 0 0 0 1

59

T12  0 0 u 0 0 0

97

T12  1 u u u 1 u

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100

Appendix Table 43: Female 35+ T7-T12 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

80 T7  1 1 u u u u

18  T7  1 1 1 1 1 1

105A  T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

94  T7  1 1 u 2 0 0

80 T8  1 0 0 u u u

18  T8  1 1 1 1 u 1

105A  T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

94  T8  1 1 1 1 0 0

80 T9  0 0 0 0 0 1

18  T9  1 1 0 1 1 1

105A  T9  0 0 u u u u

94  T9  0 1 1 1 0 0

80 T10 0 1 0 2 1 u

18  T10 0 0 1 1 2  2 

105A  T10 0 0 0 0 1 u

94  T10 0 1 0 0 u u

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101

80 T11 0 0 1 1 2  2 

18  T11 0 0 2  2 1 2 

105A  T11 0 0 u 0 0 u

94  T11 0 0 1 1 1 1

80 T12  0 0 2  2 1 2 

18  T12  1 1 2  2  2  2 

105A  T12  0 0 1 0 u 0

94  T12  u u 1 1 1 1

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102 

Appendix Table 44: Female 35+ Thoracic 7-12 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

80

T7  u u 0 0 u u

18 T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

105A 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

94 

T7  u 0 0 0 u 0

80

T8  u 0 0 0 u 0

18 

T8  0 0 u 0 0 0

105A 

T8  0 0 0 1 0 0

94 

T8  0 0 u u 0 0

80

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

18 

T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

105A 

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

94 

T9  0 0 u u 0 0

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103 

80

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 

T10 0 0 1 1 0 0

105A 

T10 u 0 0 u u 0

94 

T10 0 0 1 1 0 0

80

T11 0 0 1 1 0 0

18 

T11 1 1 1 1 1 1

105A 

T11 u u u u u u

94 

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

80

T12  1 1 0 1 1 1

18 

T12  1 1 1 1 1 1

105A 

T12  0 0 u u 0 0

94 

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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104 

Appendix Table 45: Female 35+ Thoracic 7-12 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with

a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extendingdownwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

80

T7  u 0 1 0 u 0

18 

T7  u u u u u u

105A 

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

94 T7  u 1 0 0 u 1

80

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

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105 

18 

T8  1 1 0 0 1 1

105A 

T8  u u u u u u

94 

T8  1 1 u u 1 1

80

T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

18 

T9  1 1 1 1 1 1

105A 

T9  0 0 1 u 0 0

94 

T9  1 1 u u 1 1

80

T10 0 2 0 1 0 2 

18 

T10 1 1 1 3 1 1

105A 

T10 1 1 0 0 1 1

94 

T10 1 1 0 0 1 1

80

T11 1 1 2  2 1 1

18 

T11 1 3 1 2 1 3 

105A 

T11 u 1 0 u u 1

94 

T11 1 1 1 1 1 1

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106 

80

T12  2 1 1 0 2 1

18 

T12  1 1 3  3 1 1

105A 

T12  u u u u u u

94 

T12  1 1 0 0 1 1

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107 

Appendix Table 46: Male 35+ T7-T12 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

15 T7  1 2  2 1 0 1

35 T7  0 0 1 1 u 0

87 T7  1 0 1 2 1 u

113 T7  1 1 0 0 2 u

17 T7  1 1 0 0 2 u

49 T7  0 u 0 0 0 0

15 T8  1 2 1 1 u 1

35 T8  0 1 1 1 2 u

87 T8  u 0 1 1 u u

113 T8  2 0 2  2 1 1

17 T8  1 1 2  2 1 1

49 T8  1 1 u u 3  2 

15 T9  2 1 1 1 1 1

35 T9  2 1 1 1 1 1

87 T9  1 1 1 2 1 u

113 T9  1 u 1 1 u u

17 T9  1 1 2 1 1 2 

49 T9  0 1 1 1 1 1

15 T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

35 T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

87 T10 0 1 1 2 1 1

113 T10 u 0 2  2 0 0

17 T10 0 1 1 2  2  2 

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108 

49 T10 1 1 2  2 1 u

T11 T11

15 T11 1 1 1 1 0 1

35 T11 1 1 1 1 0 1

87 T11 0 0 1 u 1 2 

113 T11 0 0 2  2 0 u

17 T11 0 0 2  2 0 u

49 T11 0 0 1 1 1 1

T12 T12 

15 T12  1 1 2 1 2  2 

35 T12  1 1 2 1 2  2 

87 T12  0 0 1 1 1 1

113 T12  1 u 2  2  2  2 

17 T12  1 1 1 1 1 1

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109 

Appendix Table 47: Male 35+ Thoracic 7-12 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

15

T7  1 0 0 0 1 0

35

T7  0 0 u 0 0 0

87

T7  0 0 u u 0 0

113

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T7  0 1 1 0 0 1

49

T7  0 0 0 0 0 0

15

T8  0 0 u 0 0 0

35

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

87

T8  u u u u u u

113

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T8  2 0 0 0 2 0

49

T8  u u 1 1 u u

15

T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

35

T9  0 0 u 0 0 0

87

T9  0 0 0 u 0 0

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110

113

T9  0 1 u 1 0 1

17

T9  1 0 0 1 1 0

49

T9  1 1 0 u 1 1

15

T10 0 0 0 u 0 0

35

T10 u u u 0 u u

87

T10 0 0 0 0 0 0

113

T10 1 0 1 1 1 0

17

T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

49

T10 0 u 0 0 0 u

T11

T11

15

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

35

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

87

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

113

T11 1 1 u 1 1 1

17

T11 2 1 0 0 2 1

49

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

T12

T12 

15

T12  0 0 1 1 0 0

35

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

87

T12  0 0 0 0 0 0

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111

113

T12  0 0 1 0 0 0

17

T12  0 0 0 1 0 0

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112 

Appendix Table 48: Male 35+ Thoracic 7-12 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

15

T7  2 0 0 0 2 0

35

T7  u u 1 1 u u

87

T7  1 1 0 u 1 1

113

T7  0 0 1 1 0 0

17

T7  1 2  2 1 1 2 

49

T7  1 1 0 0 1 1

15

T8  0 0 0 0 0 0

35

T8  0 0 1 0 0 0

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113 

87

T8  u u u u u u

113

T8  1 1 0 0 1 1

17

T8  3 1 1 0 3 1

49

T8  u u 1 1 u u

15

T9  0 0 0 1 0 0

35

T9  1 u 1 1 1 u

87

T9  0 1 0 0 0 1

113

T9  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

T9  2 1 1 3  2 1

49

T9  1 2 0 u 1 2 

15

T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

35

T10 1 1 0 0 1 1

87

T10 1 1 1 1 1 1

113

T10 0 0 0 1 0 0

17

T10 1 2  2  2 1 2 

49

T10 1 1 0 0 1 1

15

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

35

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

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114 

87

T11 1 0 2  2 1 0

113

T11 0 1 0 0 0 1

17

T11 1 1 0 0 1 1

49

T11 0 0 0 0 0 0

T12

T12 

15

T12  1 1 2 1 1 1

35

T12  1 0 0 1 1 0

87

T12  1 1 2 1 1 1

113

T12  2 1 1 3  2 1

17

T12  1 1 u u 1 1

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115 

Appendix Table 49: Female 18-35 L1-5 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

1 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

63 L1 0 0 u 0 1 0

54A L1 0 0 0 0 u u

57 L1 u 0 2  3 u 1

124 L1 0 0 0 0 u 0

1 L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

31 L2  0 0 0 0 0 1

38L2  0 1 0 0 0 0

63 L2  0 1 u 0 1 1

54A L2  u 0 0 0 u 0

57 L2  1 1 1 1 1 1

124 L2  0 0 0 0 1 0

1 L3  0 0 0 0 1 1

31 L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

63L3 

1 1 0 0 u 154A L3  u 0 1 1 0 0

57 L3  1 1 1 1 1 u

124 L3  u 1 0 0 1 1

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116 

1 L4  1 0 u 0 1 0

31 L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

38 L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

63 L4  u 0 1 0 u u

54A L4  u u 0 0 0 0

57 L4  1 1 1 u 2 1

124 L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

1 L5  0 1 u u 0 1

31 L5  0 0 0 0 0 u

38 L5  0 0 0 0 0 u

63 L5  1 0 1 1 1 0

54A L5  u u 0 0 0 0

57 L5  2  2  2 1 u u

124 L5  u u u u u u

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Appendix Table 50: Female 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

1

L1 1 0 0 0 1 0

31

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

38

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L1 u 0 0 0 u 0

54A

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

57

L1 1 1 0 0 1 1

124

L1 0 0 u 0 0 0

1

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

31

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

38

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L2  u 0 0 0 u 0

54A

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

57

L2  1 0 1 1 1 0

124

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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31

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

38

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L3  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

57

L3  1 1 0 1 1 1

124

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L4  0 u 0 0 0 u

31

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

38

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L4  0 0 1 0 0 0

54A

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

57

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

124

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L5  u 0 0 0 u 0

31

L5  0 0 0 u 0 0

38

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

54A

L5  0 0 u u 0 0

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57

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

124

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

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120

Appendix Table 51: Female 18-35 Thoracic 7-12 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4,

with a ³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior 

articular facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina,

or downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of thesuperior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, Iused the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

1

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

31

L1 1 0 0 0 1 0

38

L1 0 u 0 0 0 u

63

L1 u 1 0 0 u 1

54A

L1 u u 0 0 u u

57

L1 1 2 1 0 1 2 

124

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

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1

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

31

L2  0 0 1 1 0 0

38

L2  1 1 1 0 1 1

63

L2  u 0 0 0 u 0

54A

L2  0 0 0 1 0 0

57

L2  1 1 0 2 1 1

124

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

31

L3  1 0 1 0 1 0

38

L3  0 0 1 1 0 0

63

L3  0 0 u 0 0 0

54A

L3  0 0 1 0 0 0

57

L3  1 1 0 0 1 1

124

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L4  0 un 1 0 0 un

31

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

38

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

63

L4  0 0 0 1 0 0

54A

L4  1 0 0 2 1 0

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57

L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

124

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

1

L5  0 0 1 0 0 0

31

L5  0 0 0 u 0 0

38

L5  1 0 1 1 1 0

63

L5  1 0 1 0 1 0

54A

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

57

L5  1 1 1 1 1 1

124

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

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Appendix Table 52: Male 18-35 L1-5 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´ used

for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II: Protrusions of 

  bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The osteophytes

have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves away from

discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with the

osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae fuse,

forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

33 L1 0 u 0 0 0 0

59 L1 0 1 0 1 1 1

96A L1 u 0 0 0 1 1

47 L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 L2  u 0 0 0 0 0

59 L2  1 1 0 0 1 1

96A L2  0 0 0 0 1 1

47 L2  u u 0 0 0 0

33 L3  u 0 0 0 0 0

59 L3  1 1 1 1 1 1

96A L3  0 0 1 1 1 u

47 L3  0 u 0 0 2 u

33 L4  0 0 1 1 0 1

59 L4  1 1 0 0 1 1

96A L4  0 0 1 1 1 1

47 L4  u u 0 0 u u

33 L5  0 0 1 0 1 1

59 L5  1 1 0 0 1 1

96A L5  0 1 0 0 1 1

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47 L5 0 0 0 0 2  2 

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Appendix Table 53: Male 18-35 Lumbar 1-5 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

33

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

33

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L2  1 1 1 0 1 1

33

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

47L3  0 0 0 u 0 0

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33

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

47L4  1 1 u u 1 1

33

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L5  1 1 2 1 1 1

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127 

Appendix Table 54: Male 18-35 Lumbar 1-5 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

33

L1 u u u u u u

59

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L1 0 1 0 0 0 1

33

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

96A

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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33

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L3  0 0 1 1 0 0

96AL3  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L3  1 0 0 0 1 0

33

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

59

L4  1 1 0 0 1 1

96A

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L4  0 0 u u 0 0

33

L5  0 0 1 1 0 0

59

L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

96A

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

47

L5  0 0 1 1 0 0

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Appendix Table 55: Female 35+ L1-5 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´

used for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II:

Protrusions of bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The

osteophytes have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves

away from discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with

the osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae

fuse, forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

64 L1 0 0 0 0 0 1

80 L1 0 0 2 1 1 1

18 L1 1 1 2  2 1 1

94 L1 u u 1 1 1 1

105A L1 0 0 1 1 u u

64 L2  1 1 1 0 0 1

80 L2  0 0 1 2 u 0

18 L2  1 1 1 1 1 1

94 L2  u u 2  2 1 1

105A L2  0 0 u u u u

64 L3  1 1 1 1 1 1

80 L3  u 1 1 1 u u

18 L3  3  3  2 1 1 u

94 L3  1 0 2  2  2  2 

105A L3  1 1 0 u 1 1

64L4  1 0 u u 1 1

80 L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

18 L4  3 1 2  2  2  2 

94 L4  1 0 2  2  2  2 

105A L4  1 0 0 0 1 1

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64 L5  2 1 1 1 1 0

80 L5  1 0 1 1 u u

18 L5  3  2  2  2  2  2 

94 L5  u u 1 1 1 1

105A L5  0 0 u 0 1 0

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131

Appendix Table 56: Female 35+ Lumbar 1-5 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

64

L1 u 1 0 0 u 1

80

L1 1 0 0 0 1 0

18

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

105A

L1 0 0 u u 0 0

64

L2  0 0 u 0 0 0

80

L2  u u u u u u

18

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

94

L2  1 0 0 1 1 0

105A

L2  u u u u u u

64

L3  0 0 u u 0 0

80

L3  0 u 1 0 0 u

18

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

94

L3  1 1 1 u 1 1

105A

L3  0 u 1 0 0 u

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64

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

18

L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

94

L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

105A

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

64

L5  u 0 0 0 u 0

80

L5  0 0 u u 0 0

18

L5  1 1 1 1 1 1

94

L5  1 u u 0 1 u

105A

L5  u 0 0 0 u 0

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133 

Appendix Table 57: Male 18-35 Lumbar 1-5 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of thesuperior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, Iused the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

64

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

80

L1 2 0 0 0 2 0

18

L1 1 1 1 1 1 1

94

L1 1 0 0 0 1 0

105A

L1 u u u u u u

64

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

L2  1 1 u 1 1 1

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18

L2  1 1 1 2 1 1

94

L2  1 1 0 0 1 1

105A

L2  u u u u u u

64

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

L3  0 0 u u 0 0

18

L3  1 0 1 2 1 0

94

L3  0 u 1 1 0 u

105A

L3  1 1 0 0 1 1

64

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

80

L4  0 1 0 0 0 1

18

L4  1 1 3  2 1 1

94

L4  0 0 1 1 0 0

105A

L4  0 u 0 0 0 u

64

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

80L5  1 1 u u 1 1

18

L5  1 1 3  2 1 1

94

L5  0 3 0 0 0 3 

105A

L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

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135 

Appendix Table 58: Male 35+ L1-5 Osteophytosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with ³u´ used

for unobservable. ³Grade I: Only small scattered hyperostoses are found Grade II: Protrusions of 

  bone in a more or less horizontal direction from corpus vertebrae.Grade III: The osteophytes

have a characteristic bird¶s beak shape. Usually the free end of the osteophyte curves away from

discus. It may curve towards discus, resulting in a more or less intimate contact with the

osteophytes on the other side of discus .Grade IV: The osteophytes from adjacent vertebrae fuse,

forming a bone bridge across the intervening discus´ (Säger 1969: 58). All aspects of the

vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior 

vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

113 L1 1 0 u u 1 u

114 L1 0 0 2  2 0 0

17 L1 1 2 0 1 1 1

55 L1 u u 0 1 1 1

15 L1 0 0 2  2 0 1

87 L1 0 0 0 1 1 1

113 L2  u 2 u u 1 u

114 L2  0 0 0 0 0 1

17 L2  1 3  2  2 1 1

55 L2  u u u 1 1 1

15 L2  1 1 1 1 1 0

87 L2  1 0 1 1 1 1

113 L3  2 1 1 0 0 1

114 L3  0 1 1 1 1 1

17 L3  2 1 3  2  2 1

55 L3  2 1 3  2  2 1

15 L3  1 0 1 1 0 1

87 L3  1 0 u u u u

113 L4  u u 0 0 2 1

114 L4  1 1 1 1 1 1

17 L4  3 1 1 1 2 1

55 L4  1 u 2  2 1 1

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15 L4  1 1 2 0 1 1

87 L4  0 1 1 1 u u

L5 L5 

113 L5  1 0 0 0 u 1

114 L5  1 0 0 0 1 1

17 L5  1 1 2 1 1 1

55 L5  u 1 1 1 2  2 

15 L5  1 1 1 1 1 1

87 L5  1 0 1 0 1 1

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137 

Appendix Table 59: Male 35+ Lumbar 1-5 Sclerosis. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a ³u´

used for unobservable. 0=absent, 1=sclerosis, 2=sclerosis with some eburnation visible

3=eburnation, more extensive than sclerosis and 4=extreme eburnation (Derevenski et al. 2000:

341). In practice, a score of 4 was never used. All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB:

superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior 

vertebral body.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

113

L1 0 0 0 u 0 0

114

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

55

L1 0 0 1 1 0 0

15

L1 1 1 0 0 1 1

87

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

113

L2  u u u u u u

114

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

55

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

15

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

87

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

113

L3  1 u 0 u 1 u

114

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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17

L3  1 0 0 0 1 0

55

L3  0 0 1 u 0 0

15

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

87

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

113

L4  1 0 1 0 1 0

114

L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

L4  0 0 1 1 0 0

55

L4  0 0 0 1 0 0

15

L4  1 0 0 1 1 0

87

L4  1 0 u u 1 0

L5

L5 

113

L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

114

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

55

L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

15

L5  0 1 0 1 0 1

87

L5  1 1 1 1 1 1

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Appendix Table 60: Male 18-35 Lumbar 1-5 Remodeling. Vertebrae scored from 0-4, with a

³u´ used for unobservable. Score O was given when the inferior margin of the superior articular 

facet is sharp and distinct, and has no increased surface area extending onto the lamina, or 

downwards (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). Score 1 was given when the inferior margin of the

superior articular facet is indistinct and slightly warped without a sharp margin. The facet has an

increased surface area extending downwards onto the proceeding vertebra¶s lamina (Rojas- Sepúlveda

et al. 2008). For score 2, there is a newly formed small bony shelf on the lamina of the proceeding

vertebrae, which acts to support the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (Rojas- Sepúlveda et

al. 2008). Score 3, as in stage 2, is characterized by a significantly larger bony shelf extending

downwards into the laminal groove and outwards onto the transverse process of the proceeding vertebra.

The superior margin of the superior articular process is rounded anteriorally. The inferior articular facet

of the preceding vertebra has indistinct margins and fits together with the articular facet of the proceeding

vertebrae as a lock and key, or a puzzle piece. Lastly the facets of proceeding and preceding

vertebrae are extremely warped and fused together (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al. 2008). In addition, I

used the score of ³unobservable´ for individual facets that were damaged, and a score of 4 for 

cases of extreme remodeling displaying fusion with adjacent vertebrae (Rojas- Sepúlveda et al.

2008). All aspects of the vertebrae are scored: SVB: superior vertebral body, IVB: inferior 

vertebral body, SRF: superior vertebral body, IRF: inferior vertebral body. Ondontids are scored

for C1¶s as well.

Burial Vertebrae SVB IVB SRF IRF SLF ILF

113L1 0 0 0 u 0 0

114

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

17

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

55

L1 0 0 1 1 0 0

15

L1 1 1 0 0 1 1

87

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0

113

L2  u u u u u u

114

L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L2  0 0 0 0 0 0

113

L3  1 u 0 u 1 u

114

L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L3  1 0 0 0 1 0

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L3  0 0 1 u 0 0

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L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L3  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L4  1 0 1 0 1 0

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L4  0 0 0 0 0 0

17

L4  0 0 1 1 0 0

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L4  0 0 0 1 0 0

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L4  1 0 0 1 1 0

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L4  1 0 u u 1 0

L5

L5 

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L5  1 0 0 0 1 0

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L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L5  0 0 0 0 0 0

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L5  0 1 0 1 0 1

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L5  1 1 1 1 1 1