7/27/2019 Ahmed Hassan Dani (1920-2009)
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AHMED HASSAN DANI: (1920-2009)Author(s): Luca M. Olivieri
Source:East and West,
Vol. 59, No. 1/4, BON: THE EVERLASTING RELIGION OF TIBET.TIBETAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PROFESSOR DAVID L. SNELLGROVE (December 2009), pp.379-384Published by: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757820.
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AHMED HASSAN DANI
(1920-2009)
Ahmed
Hassan
Dani,
archaeologist,
Professor
Emeritus
at
Quaid-e
Azam
University,
Islamabad and
Honorary
Director
of theTaxila
Institute
for
Asian
Civilizations,
passed
away
on
26
January
2009
at
the
age
of
88.
Time
and
place
do
not
make
a
man
a
witness
by right
of birth.
Witnesses
are
those who
actively
mark their
eras,
or
else those
through
whom
an
era
manifests itself.The
biography
of
A.H. Dani
places
him
in
the first
group.
A.H.
Dani
was
born
into
a
Kashmiri
family
in
Basna,
in
the
state
of
Chahattisgahr,
Central
Provinces,
British India. His interest in
antiquities
led him to
study
Sanskrit at
Banaras Hindu
University,
where he
was
the firstMuslim
student
to
obtain
a
MA
honours
degree
in
1944.
The
same or
the
following
year
he
began
training
as a
field
archaeologist
at
the Taxila
School of
Archaeology
under
Mortimer
Wheeler;
again
under the
guidance
of the
great
British
archaeologist,
in
1950 he
attended
the
Mohenjo-daro
School. Wheeler's
watchful
eye
had from the
outset
fallen
upon
Dani
and other
young persons,
including
F.A.
Khan,
and
they began
to
form the basic nucleus of
his
reorganization
of
Archaeological
Survey
of
India,
which enabled the British administration
to
bequeath
to
the future
States
a
comprehensive
and efficient
government
archaeological
service.
While F.A. Khan
(x)
was
beginning
his
career
in
West
Pakistan
(in
the late
1950s
he
became
the
Director
General of
the
Department
of
Archaeology
Museums
of
Pakistan),
Dani,
already
an officer of the
Archaeological
Survey
(first
osting
to the
Taj
Mahal,
Agra)
was
posted
to
the
East
Pakistan
in
1947.
In
1949 he
was
promoted Superintendent-in-Charge.
These
were
years
of
transformation,
in
which
the
Department
of
Archaeology
of Pakistan still
borrowed
its
positions,
nomenclature and
management
from
the old
Archaeological
Survey.
In
this
sense,
as
Dani
left the
service
in
the
early
1960s,
it
may
be said that
if
he
ever
belonged
to
the
structure
that would later be known
as
Department
of
Archaeology
and
Museums
(DOAM),
it
was
only
for
a
few
years,
above all
in
theDhaka
period
(1950-1962)
when,
as
well
as
the
university
chair,
he held the
post
of
Curator of theDhaka
Museum.
In
1950
he
was
appointed
Assistant
Professor
(History)
at
Dhaka
University.
In
1955
he
received
a
PhD
at
the
Institute
of
Archaeology
of
University
College
of London.
It
was
precisely
in
the
university
that
Dani
was
to
find the
environment
most
favourable
to
the
expression
of his
capacity.
In addition to
study
and
research,
he also had a
genius
for
organization
and
dissemination,
as
well
as
being
an
interlocutor
open
to
civil
society.
His work
as a
scholar
capable
of
embracing
vast
areas
of
history
and
archaeology
and of
combining
a
scientific
approach
with
an
interest
in
popularization, clearly
emerges
from the
long
list of
his
monographies
(2):
Bibliography
of
theMuslim
Inscriptions
of
Bengal
(1957),
{l)
See F.A.
Khan
obituary,
this Volume.
(2)
uring
the
past twenty
ears
his
publisher
was
generally
ang-e
Meel of Lahore.
[i]
379
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Prehistory
and
Protohistory
of
Eastern
India With
a
Detailed
Account
of
theNeolithic Cultures
(1960),
Dacca:
A
Record
of
Its
Changing
Fortunes
(1962),
Indian
Palaeography
(1963),
Alherunis Indica:
A
Record
of
the
Cultural
History
of
South
Asia
about
AD.
1030
(University
of
Islamabad, 1973),
Indus
Civilization:
New
Perspectives (Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad,
1981),
Thatta: Islamic
Architecture
(Institute
of
Islamic
History,
Culture
Civilization,
1982),
Chilas:
The
City
of
Nanga
Parvat
(Dyamar)
(1983),
The
Historic
City
of
Taxila
(Centre
for
East
Asian Cultural
Studies,
1986),
Perspectives of
Pakistan.
National
Institute
of
Pakistan Studies
(Quaid-e-Azam
University,
1989),
History
of
Northern
Areas
of
Pakistan
(Historical
studies,
National
Institute
of
Historical and
Cultural
Research,
1989),
A
Short
History
of
Pakistan,
Book One:
Pre-Muslim
Period
(University
of
Karachi,
3
editions,
1967, 1984,
1992),
Peshawar:
Historic
City
of
the
Frontier
(2nd
Revised
edition,
1995),
Human
Records
on
Karakorum
Highway
(1995),
Central
Asia
Today
(1996),
New
Light
on
Central
Asia
(1996),
Romance
of
the
Khyber
Pass
(1997),
History
of
Northern
Areas
of
Pakistan
(Up
to
2000
AD)
(2001),
Historic
City
of
Taxila
(2001),
History
of
Pakistan:
Pakistan
through
Ages
(2007).
To
the above works
must
be
added the
two
volumes
published by
UNESCO
of which
Dani
was
the co-editor:
History
of
Humanity,
Volume
III,
From
the
Third
Millennium
to
the
Seventh
Century
BC
(1996)
and
the first of the
six volumes of
History
of
Civilizations
of
Central
Asia
(1992).
He
was an
able
organizer
of
museum
displays
(1947-1949,
Verandra
Museum,
Rajshahi;
1950-1962,
Dhaka
Museum;
1962-1971: Peshawar
Museum,
Lahore
Museum;
1993:
Islamabad
Museum).
He
often held
management
positions
on
committees and
scholarly
societies
where,
as
an
important
interlocutor,
he
was
able
to
bring
the
needs of research closer
to
civil
society.
His
many
posts
include: 1950:
Secretary
General
of the
Asiatic
Society
of
Pakistan;
1955:
President of the
National
Committee for
Museums;
1970:
Chairman of the Research
Society,
University
of
Peshawar;
1979: President
Archaeological
and Historical
Association
of
Pakistan;
1992-1996:
Advisor
on
Archaeology
to
the
Ministry
of
Culture;
1994-1998:
Chairman
of National Fund
for
Cultural
Heritage;
1978-2007:
Director,
and later
Honorary
Director of the
Centre for the
Study
of the Civilizations
in
Central
Asia
(from
1997: Taxila
Institute of
Asian
Civilizations,
TIAC).
It is
apparent
from his
many
publications
and
scholarly
positions
that his
early
career
was
centered
in
Dhaka while
the
later
stages
were
organized
from
Islamabad. The central
phase
of his
career
was
spent
at
Peshawar,
to
which
university
Dani
was
called
in
1962. This
is
probably
the
explanation
of
the
pause
mentioned earlier.
It
represented
Dani's
most
intense,
if
not
his
most
fruitful
period
as
a
field
archaeologist.
It
coincides
with the
creation
of
the
Department
of
Archaeology
of the
University
of Peshawar
which,
in
the short
space
of
a
few
years
was
to
become the
cutting
edge
of
archaeological
studies
in
Pakistan.
Here
Dani
not
only
lectured: here he succeeded in
setting
up
a school of studies
and,
together
with his
pupils,
who
later became
professors
in
the
same
Department,
he
promoted
important
excavation
campaigns
in
theNorth
West Frontier
Province.
In
1958,
while
Dani
was
still
in
Dhaka,
F.A.
Khan,
now
Director
General
of
DOAM,
invited
Mortimer
Wheeler
to
resume an
old
excavation
programme
at
Charsadda
(scheduled
for
1947)
(3).
This led
to
the
discovery
of
part
of the
ancient
city
of Pushkalavati.
However,
(3)
See
the
introduction
nM.
Wheeler,
Ch?rsada.
A
Metropolis
of
the
NW
Frontier,
xford 1962.
380
[2]
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this
extremely
important
excavation
was
not
followed
through
and all
we
know
about the
site
is
contained
in
the
extremely
succinct
results
of the
excavation of five trenches
(4).
In
1963
Dani
resumed the
project, focusing
in
particular
on
the artificial
mesa
of
Shaikhan-dheri,
just
North
of the
high ground
of
Bala-hisar,
where Wheeler's
excavations
had been carried
out.
The
photographs
accompanying
the
report
(5)
betray
the
Dani school of field
archaeology:
it
is
impossible
mistake the
military
precision
of the
camp,
with the
paths
marked with chalk
on
to
which
carefully
aligned
tents
open
-
the order
learned
at
the Taxila
School
of
Archaeology
under Wheeler's
guidance?
Also the
excavation of
Shaikhan-dheri,
in
which the
British
archaeologist
F.R.
Allchin
had been
invited
to
participate,
was
unfortunately
interrupted
after the second
campaign.
His
working
group
at
the
University
of Peshawar
focused
on
several different
fields,
all
linked
to
the
major
themes
of
the
regional archaeology
of
the
NWFP.
The fieldwork
reports
were
published
in
numerous
monographic
issues
of the
journal
conceived
by
Dani
for the
Department
of
Archaeology
of the
University
of
Peshawar,
Ancient
Pakistan
(6).
His
working
team
carried
out
initial
excavations
of
a
rock
shelter
at
Sanghao,
between
Mardan and
Buner,
the
finds
relating
to
which
were
initially
attributed to the Palaeolithic
{Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
I,
1964)
and then
in
the
early-historic
age
urban settlement
at
Shaikhan-dheri
(Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
II,
1965-66).
Dani
then
gradually
moved
slightly
northward,
to
the
Lower
Dir
valley,
a
region
adjoining
Swat.
Here,
in
the
meantime,
the
IsMEO
Archeological
Mission
led
by
Giuseppe
Tucci
had
begun
(1956)
multiple
excavation activities.
In
Dir,
in
the
area
around
Timargarha,
the theme
of
the
protohistorical
necropolises
was
tackled,
while
in
the
meantime,
the
Italians
had
performed
extensive excavations
in
Swat;
in
the
same
area,
also
a
large
settlement
dating roughly
to
the
same
period
was
excavated
at
Balambat
(Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
Ill,
1967).
Later,
Dani's
team
concentrated
on
the
excavation
of
several
Buddhist sacred
areas
(in
particular
Andhan-dheri and
Chatpat),
and
on
the
excavation of
the
multiphase
settlement of Damkot
(entrusted
toAbdur
Rahman) (Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
IV,
1968-69).
After
completing
his
research
in
the
area
of
Dir,
Dani
focused
his
efforts
on
the
Gomal
plain,
D.I.
Khan,
(Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
V,
1970-71),
but the
results
of
the
excavation
of
the
pre-Harappan
site
of
Rahman-dheri,
the
most
important
of the
plain,
will be
published
by
F.A.
Durrani,
who
replaced
him
at
the
head
of the
Department
of
Archaeology,
and Farid Khan.
Dani's
strategy
consisted of
organizing
thematic
working
campaigns
with
a
grand
deployment
of forces for
the duration
of
a
campaign
(generally
one
season).
For
instance,
the
(4)
In
recent
years,
the
excavations have been resumed within
the framework
of
an
Anglo-Pakistani
project;
see R.
Coningham
L Ali, Charsadda. The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar,
Oxford 2007.
(5)
Published
in
the
Journal
of the
University
of
Peshawar,
Ancient
Pakistan,
Vol.
Ill,
1965.
(6)
Ancient
Pakistan
should be
considered
a
journal
(or
rather
a
research
bulletin),
although,
because
of the
monographic
nature
of
nearly
all
its
volumes,
initially
dited
by
Dani
himself,
and then
by
his
successors,
is
generally
considered
in
Pakistan
as a
series and cited
as
such
(after
a
long
pause,
the
last
issue,XVI,
2005,
dedicated
to
Farid
Khan,
came
out
last
year;
the
new
issue
(XVII)
is
in
preparation).
Prof.
Nasim
Khan
of the
Department
of
Archaeology
of the
University
of Peshawar
recently
set
up
a new
journal,
Gandh?ran
Studies,
of
a
miscellaneous
rather
than
monographic
nature,
dedicated
to
historical
research.Volumes
I,
II
and
III
have
already
been
published.
[3]
381
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season
of the Buddhist
excavations
involved
the simultaneous excavation of several
sites,
while another
group
explored
the late-ancient
fortified
settlements.
At
the end of each
campaign,
as we
have
seen,
a
prompt
excavation
report
was
published
in
Ancient
Pakistan.
For
the Italian
archaeologists working
in
Swat,
three
excavation
reports
are
particularly
important:
the
one
dedicated
to
the Shaikhan-dheri
excavations
(Vol.
II),
the
one on
the
excavations
performed
in
Dir in
protohistoric necropolises
(Vol.
Ill)
and
the
one
dedicated
to
the
excavations
carried
out
in
Buddhist sacred
areas
and
late-ancient
settlements,
again
in
the
Dir
area
(Vol.
IV).
These consist
of three of the
main
topics
tackled
in
parallel
(although
not
simultaneously)
also
by
the Italian
Mission
in
Swat
under the direction of
Domenico
Faccenna:
the urban settlements
(Udegram,
Barama,
Barikot),
the
protohistoric necropolises
(mainly
Katelai and
Loebanr),
the
sacred
areas
(Butkara
I, Panr,
Saidu
Sharif).
Also
in
other
aspects,
of the Italian
research,
such
as
the documentation of the
Buddhist
rock
sculptures,
Dani
promoted
activities that
broadened the
scope
of the Italians'
work,
such
as
the
discovery
of the
Dir
sculptures.
The
interpretationsproposed by
the
two
working groups
in
different
occasions
diverged
but
the scientific discussion
was
although always
marked
by
great
mutual
respect.
Dani
was
indeed
one
of the
foreign
guests
invited
by
IsMEO
to
Rome
in
1982
to
the
presentation
of
the
Domenico Faccenna's final
report
on
the Butkara
I
excavations. To
acknowledge
the
profound
scientific bonds
linking
him
to
IsMEO,
the
Institute
nominated
Dani
Honorary
Member
in
1986.
In
the final
phase
of
Dani's
career
we
find him
working
in
Islamabad,
where he
set
up
that
splendid
institute
represented
by
the
present-day
TIAC,
now
directed
by
Ashraf Khan.
In
1967 the
University
of
Islamabad
(later
the
Quaid-i
Azam
University)
was
authorized
by
the
Ministry
of
Education,
Government
of Pakistan
to
establish
a
Research
Centre
for the
study
of
the Civilizations of
Central Asia. The
guiding
spirit
behind this idea
was
actually
A.H.
Dani,
who
was
later able
to
dedicate himself
to
it
full
time,
in
particular
after
retiring
from
teaching
in
1980.
The
Centre,
under
Dani's
guidance,
became
a
participating
member
of
UNESCO,
representing
Pakistan
in
the
country's
programmes
on
Central
Asia.
In
UNESCO
there
was
a
proposal
to
expand
the
scope
of the
Centre
and make
a
comparative
study
of the civilizations
of the
whole of
Asia. With the
consent
of the
Government
of
Pakistan,
Quaid-i-Azam
University
accepted
the
proposal
in
1997 and thus the
name
of the
Centre
was
changed
to
Taxila
Institute
of
Asian
Civilizations
(TIAC)
exactly
30
years
after
its
birth and
was
deemed
to
be
a
constituent institute of the
Quaid-i-Azam
University
(7).
The
flexible
structure
of the
Centre and
TIAC enabled
Dani
to create
a
dense network
of
high
level relations and
exchanges
with
the
principle
fellow
scholars of
the
Republics
of Central
Asia and
Russia
(still
USSR),
Afghanistan,
China,
Mongolia,
India
and
Iran.
The
activities
centering
around these
relations
are
reflected
in
the
contributions
to
the
Centre's fine official
bullettin,
the
Journal
of
Central
Asia,
the
present-day Journal
of
Asian
Civilizations
(8),
and
in
the research
activities,
such
as
the
well-known
Silk
Route
UNESCO
Expedition
of
1990
1991.
The
interest
in
Central
Asia
also underlines
a
geopolitical
conception
on
which
many
(7)
Today
TIAC
is
actually
also
a
post-graduate
training
entre
for
hD
students.
(8)
The last
issue of
thebullettin
(Vol.
XXXI,
nos.
1-2,
July
nd
December, 2008),
is
monographic
and
it
is
entirely
dedicated
to
German
ethnographic
and
anthropological
research
in
Northern Pakistan
('Masters
of
Understanding:
German
Scholars
in
the Hindu
Kush and
Karakoram,
1955-2005').
382
[4]
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6/7
of
Dani's historical
reconstructions
are
based.
In
this
conception,
both
in
the
past
and
in
the
present,
the focus
of the
cultural,
strategic
and
commercial
interests
of
the lands South
of
the
Karakorum-Himalaya,
from the
Harappan
civilization
to
modern
Pakistan,
was
always
Central
Asia.
This
was
the
direction taken
also
by
Dani's last
large-scale
archaeological
and
epigraphical
enterprise
-
the
co-direction with
Karl
Jettmar
of
the Pak-German
Study Group
in
Karakorum,
starting
in
1980. The
project
arose
out
of
an
idea and the
early
research
conducted
by
a
Karakorum
veteran,
K.
Jettmar,
but found
an
extraordinary
support
in
Dani
(9).
To
give
a
concise
description
of the
aims
and
results
of this
project
is
no
easy
matter.
In
the
ultimate
analysis
it consists
of
a
work
of
documentation,
study
and
the
publication
of
tens
of thousands
of
inscriptions
(also
in
Chinese
and
Hebrew)
and
engravings
(from
prehistory
to
historical
and late-ancient
times)
found
along
the
upper
course
of
the
Indus,
along
the
routes
linking
Kashmir,
Tibet,
the
Pamir
area,
ancient
Gandhara,
Swat,
and
so
on.
Today
these
routes
are
partially
followed
by
the
modern
Karakorum
Highway,
the
opening
of which
marked
the
beginning
of
Jettmar
and Dani's
project. Today
the
project
is
being
continued under
the direction
of
H.
Hauptmann
and
the
series of
monographic
publications
in
German and Urdu
is
now
quite
voluminous
(10).
In
the
years
of the research
in
Karakorum,
there
were
less
occasions
for
meetings
between Italian
archaeologists
and
Dani.
Then,
unlike
today,
Swat and the
Upper
Indus
appeared
to
be
two
separate
worlds.
In
spite
of
this,
there
were
some
occasions for
contact
with the Italian
Mission.
In
those
years
Umberto
Scerrato had
begun
to
work
on
documenting
the
wooden
mosques
of
Upper
Swat and
the
Kohistan
valleys.
Also
on
this
subject
Dani did
not
fail
to
give
his contribution.
Another
occasion
was
provided
by
the
important
congress
organized
by
Dani's
Centre
at
Gilgit
in
1983
(n),
attended
by practically
the
entire
Italian
Mission which travelled
to
Gilgit
directly
from
Swat.
To
confirm
the
strong relationship
between
Dani
and the Italian
Mission of
IsMEO
IsIAO,
I
recall that
Domenico
Faccenna,
particularly
in
the last
ten
years,
when his
trips
to
Pakistan
became much
less
frequent
and
then
impossible,
whenever
we
were
leaving
for
Pakistan,
never
failed
to
remember
us
to
pay
visit
to
Dani,
or to
give
us
written
message
of
greetings,
or
a
book,
for
Dani.
Within
the
same
period
of less
than
six
months
A.H.
Dani,
D.
Faccenna and F.A.
Khan,
namely
the
main
figures
in
this
story,
have
passed
away,
preceded
briefly by
others.
In
short,
since
2000,
an
entire
generation
has been
swept
away.
The
task
they
have
left
us
is
a
difficult
one,
not
only
in
view of
the
promise
made
by
oriental
studies
regarding
a
historical
synthesis,
also
in view
of the conditions
currently
prevailing
in
the
fieldwhere
thewinds of
war
are
still
blowing,
but
precisely
because of
the
loss of such
figures
that
served
as
a
point
of reference
and
comparison.
To
prevent
the
field of studies
pursued by
these
Master
throughout
their
(9)
See
p.
85
in
K.
Jettmar, etroglyphs
as
Evidence
of
Religious Configuration'
in
Journal
f
Asian
Civilizations,
2008, XXXI,
l-2.This
is
an
English
translation
f
theAfterword
written
by
Jettmar
or the
first
nabridged
English
edition
of
Religionen
des
Hindukusch. The
project
of the
English
edition
was
then
bandoned
by
the
editors
(see
the
oreword
to
the
same
issue
of
the
Journal).
(10)
The
last
volume
(Band
9)
of
the series
Materialien
zur
Arch?ologie
der
Nordgebiete
Pakistans
(Die
Felsbild
Station
Thalpan
IV,
by
D.
Bandini-K?nig)
came
out
in
Summer
2009.
(n)
International
Conference
on
Karakorum
Culture,
Gilgit
24-30
September
1983,
the
proceedings
ofwhich
were
published
in
four
issues
of
the
Journal
of
Central
Asia, VII,
1-2,VIII,
1-2.
[5]
383
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7/7
lives
(and
I
specifically
add
also
K.
Jettmar
and
M.
Taddei
to
these
brief
pages)
from
falling
prey,
as
a
direct
result of the
exploitation
of
the
present
conditions,
to
rank
amateurs
and
art
merchants,
to
uncertain
provenances
and
private
collections,
is
the task of those who
are
left,
but above
all
of those
who
remain
faithful
to
their
teachings.
Post
scriptum
In
general,
this
type
of short
article is
concluded
by
a
long
list of titles
or
honours. This
has
already
been
seen
to
by
other
Journals
(12).
Here
I
shall
only
mention
that Professor
A.H. Dani
was
awarded the
title of
Knight
Commander
by
the Italian
government
in
1994.
Luca M.
Olivieri
(12)
For
instance,
the
obituarypublished by
H.
van
Skyhawk
in
the above-mentioned
monographic
issue
of
Journal
f
Asian
Civilizations
(XXXI,
1-2,
pp.
367-69).
[6]
84
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