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Temporary Overvoltages in Gas Insulated Substations
Connected by long HV Cables
Kiran Kumar Munji and Ravikumar Bhimasingu
Crompton Greaves Ltd
Global R&D CentreMumbai, India
Abstract Temporary overvoltages (TOV) are of importance
when determining stresses on equipment related to power-frequency withstand voltage, in particular for the energycapability of surge arrester (SA). The maximum continuous
operating voltage rating (MCOV) of the selected arrester should
be high enough so that neither the magnitude, nor the duration ofthe TOV exceeds the capability of the arrester. To ensure this,
the maximum TOV at/nearby arrestor location has to be
determined along with the maximum time that the system is
operated in the abnormal voltage state for breaker opening,
feeder energisation and single line to ground fault conditions. Inthis paper an attempt has been done to verify the withstand
capability of surge arresters in gas insulated substation (GIS)
during feeder energisation and single line to ground (SLG) fault
conditions. It also provides the necessary separation distance
between the arresters and protective equipment.
KeywordsTemporary overvoltage; Gas insulated substation;Surge arrester; Maximum continious operating voltage;
I. INTRODUCTION
Overvoltages can be caused by a number of system events,such as switching surges, line-to-ground faults, load rejectionand Ferro-resonance. Overvoltages in power system can betraditionally classified into 1) transient overvoltages 2)
temporary overvoltages. Transient overvoltage is defined asshort duration highly damped, oscillatory or non oscillatoryovervoltage, having duration of a few milli seconds or less. Itcan be classified into lightning, very fast front and switching.Temporary overvoltage is an oscillatory overvoltage i.e. at agiven location of relatively long duration (seconds, evenminutes) and is undamped and weakly damped. Main reasonsfor temporary overvoltage are switching or fault clearingoperations [1]. This voltage can be calculated using thecomputer program capable of modeling the distribution system.
Overvoltages may also originate during switching on andoff of capacitor banks into the network. These transientsgenerated due to overvoltages on either the HV or LV side ofthe transformer can combine with cable capacitance whichproduces standing waves with frequencies ranging fromfundamental to 10 kHz and amplitudes upto several times theoriginal ones, leading to electric stress and failure ofcomponents. Hence, in order to analyze these transients and toaccount the wide range of overvoltages originating from thesetransients, precise modeling of components is required. Toensure that the arrester TOV capability is not exceeded, the
maximum TOV at/nearby arrestor location has to bedetermined along with the maximum time that the system isoperated in the abnormal voltage state for breaker opening,feeder energisation and single line to ground fault conditions.
Many papers available in literature have explained aboutthe equipment modeling and transient analysis. Bollen et. al.[2] provided the information regarding power systemtransients. Information regarding lightning transients in powersystem and the validation of surge arrester rating to mitigate
them using coefficient of grounding (COG) was explained byWalsh et. al. [3]. whereas the information regarding highfrequency modeling of various components such astransmission lines and cables, transformers, source equivalents,loads and circuit breaker (CB) in case of transients eventsalong with necessary examples was provided by Durbak et. al.[4]. How cables with different lengths upon energizationindependently influence transients generated at point ofcommon coupling was analyzed by Moore et. al. [5].Information and necessity of high frequency modeling ofcomponents in case of transients was provided by [6-8].
In most cases, a single set of well qualified arrestersinstalled as close as possible to the GIS entrance (i.e. within afew meters) and with short connection leads, will protect a
comparatively long GIS bus. It is, therefore, not usually aquestion of choice between a metal-enclosed surge arresterwithin the GIS or a conventional porcelain type arrester at theGIS entrance but whether a GIS arrester is needed in addition.Provision of a single GIS arrester set only will provide goodprotection at its location, but any open disconnecting switchand breaker between the arrester and the GIS entrance could beleft unprotected.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND EQUIPMENT MODELING
A. System DescriptionThe substation is a 220/33kV GIS connected through cables
at both the voltage levels so, there is no provision for lightingovervoltages in the system. The incoming of 220kV side of
substation is connected through 220kV cables of 30km length(4 incoming lines). These cables are connected to 220kV GISand again the power is transformed from 220kV to 33kVvoltage rating through a power transformer of 220/33/11kV,100MVA rating. The 33kV side of transformer is connected to33kV GIS and there after connected to 33kV distributioncables of 5km length (9 incoming lines).
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Fig. 1. PSCAD implementation of the GIS substation
B. SourceThe source is modeled using a 3-phase and 1-phase short
circuit MVA ratings. Based on these MVA ratings andrespective X/R ratios the positive and zero-sequenceimpedances are calculated. Based on the above inputs positivesequence impedance Z1=0.316+j3.16 and zero sequenceimpedance Z0=0.6815+j6.815 are calculated for 220kVsource.
C. CablesThe range of frequencies of primary interest in a switching
transients study varies from the fundamental power frequencyup to about 10 kHz. For transient overvoltage study it isrequired that the cable systems should be modeled accuratelybecause a simple -section does not simulate reflections incables, and it is thus usually used only for steady state studies.The surge, propagating in cable systems and impedances of thecable systems are highly frequency dependent. Therefore, forhigh frequency transient studies, frequency dependent model isused.
Fig. 2. Representation of single core cable
Cables behave differently for different frequencies. Forexample, the resistance of the cable increases at higherfrequencies due to the skin effect and provide some dampingeffect to system response compared to normal power systemfrequencies. As switching frequencies involve wide range offrequencies it necessary to model frequency dependent modelof cables which includes travelling wave phenomena thereby
accurate response of system may be obtained [9]. There aretwo types of cables in system, single core XLPE cable of1000mm
2arranged in trefoil configuration are used for 220kV
(30km length) and three core XLPE cable of 400mm2shown in
Fig. 3 are used for 33kV (5km length). Single core cables haveconductor, insulation, shield, jacket and semi conductor (SC)shields as shown in Fig. 2. Frequency dependent phase modelis used for modeling both single and three core cables in
PSCAD. This Model uses curve fitting to duplicate thefrequency response of a line or cable. It is the most advancedtime domain model available as it represents the full frequencydependence of all line parameters [10](including the effect of afrequency dependent transformation matrix).
1. Conductor Stranded Circular Aluminium Conductor
2. Screen- Extruded Semi Conducting Compound
3. Insulation XLPE Compound
4. Insulation screen - Extruded Semi Conducting Compound
5. Insulation Screen (Metallic part)-Copper Tape
6. Inner sheath Extruded PVC Type ST-2 Compound
7. Galvanized Steel Strip Armoured
8. Outer sheath Extruded FR PVC Type ST-2 Compound9. FILLER PVC
Fig. 3. Arrangement of 33kV 400mm2cables
D. TransformersFor switching surge transient studies, the transformer modelused is a reduced order representation with less detail, in
comparison with a model used for insulation coordinationstudies. Usually a lumped parameter coupled-winding modelwith a sufficient number of R-L-C elements gives theappropriate impedance characteristics at the terminal within thefrequency range of interest. The nonlinear characteristic of the
220kV GIS
220kV GIS
220kV GIS
220kV GIS
CABLE220KV
CABLE220KV
CABLE220KV
CABLE220KV
220KVGIS
220KVGIS
220KVGIS
TX1
TX2
TX3
TXBAY1
TXBAY2
TXBAY3
GIS SA
AIS SA
33kV GIS1
33kV GIS2
33kV GIS3
33kV GIS4
33kV GIS5
33kV GIS6
33kV GIS7
33kV GIS8
33kV GIS9
CABLE1
CABLE2
CABLE3
CABLE4
CABLE5
CABLE6
CABLE7
CABLE8
CABLE9
BRK1A
BRK1B
BRK1C
BRK1D
BRK2A
BRK2B
BRK2C
BRK2D
BRK3A
BRK3B
BRK3C
BRK4A
BRK4B
BRK4C
BRK5A
BRK5B
BRK5C
BRK5D
BRK5E
BRK5F
BRK5G
BRK5H
BRK5I
RL RRL
E1A
E1B
E1C
E1D
E2A
E2B
E2C
E3A
E3B
E3C
E4A
E4B
E4C
E4D
E4E
E4F
E4G
E4H
E4I
AIS SA
0.01784
Cable # 1
0.043650.048150.05245
1.0 [m]
0.0 [m]
Conductor
Insulator 1
Sheath
Insulator 2
SC Layer 1
SC Layer 2
12
3
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core should usually be included, although, the frequencycharacteristic of the core is often ignored. The transformer isrepresented by its short circuit impedance, magnetizinginductance and losses [11].
E. Surge arresterZnO surge arrester is composed of non-linear resistors
where overvoltage impulses can be diverted into current surgeswhile the energy of the wave is discharged. In this way, surgearresters limit the amplitude of the TOVs.
Surge arresters are preferably located close to theequipment to protect, in our case, at the terminal of the powertransformer and at feeder ends. The location of surge arrestersis shown in TABLE II. The protection level of the ZnO arresteris set with sufficient margin to the TOVs depending on thesystem grounding and operating conditions [12].
Metal-oxide surge arresters are capable of operating forlimited periods of time at power-frequency voltages above theirMCOV rating. The amount of overvoltage that a metal-oxidearrester can successfully withstand depends on the length oftime that the overvoltage exists [13]. Manufacturers candescribe the arrester overvoltage capability in the form of acurve that shows temporary power-frequency overvoltage
versus allowable time shown in Fig. 4. Surge arrester is usuallyrepresented by non linear V-I characteristics as shown inTABLE I. for TOV study.
TABLE I. V-ICHARACTERISTICS FOR SURGE ARRESTERS
Rated voltage (kV) 216kV 30kV
Highest system voltage (kV) 245 36
MCOV (kV) 178 25.5
Voltage at 5 kA (kV) 560 80
Voltage at 10 kA (kV) 605 84
Voltage at 20 kA (kV) 670 94
TABLE II. LOCATION OF SURGE ARRESTERS
216kV SA 30kV SA
220kV side of powertransformer (AIS)
33kv side of powertransformer (GIS)
Incoming of 220kV line (GIS) Incoming of 33kv line (GIS)
Fig. 4. Temporary overvoltage capability curve
F. Gas insulated substationFig. 5 shows the internal single line diagram of 220kV and
33kV GIS. The GIS components like spacer, Elbow, circuit
breaker, Earth switch (ES) and PT are represented by theirequivalent capacitance as shown in TABLE III.
Fig. 5. Single line diagram showing various components of GIS
TABLE III. SHUNT CAPACITANCE OF GISCOMPONENTS
GIS component Capacitance (pF)
Circuit breaker 50spacer 20
Elbow 45
Earth switch 45
PT 75
G. SwitchgearSwitchgear includes circuit breakers and vacuum switches,
which make or break circuits. In switching surge studies, theswitch is often modeled as an ideal conductor (zero impedance)when closed, and an open circuit (impedance) when open.
III. SIMULATION DETAILS &CASE STUDIES
For the GIS substation, the following 8 cases have beensimulated. The simulated single line diagram modeled in
PSCAD is shown in Fig. 1. It assumed that the voltagemeasurement is available at the surge arrester locations, namelyE1A, E1B, E1C, E1D, E2A, E2B, E2C, E2D, E3A, E3B, E3C,E4A, E4B, E4C, E4D, E4E, E4F, E4G, E4H and E4I. Also, atthese locations, surge arrestor currents and energy levels areavailable. The locations are shown in Fig. 1.
1) Case: 1BRK1A is closed with remaining breakers in open
condition. The case is run to check the overvoltage seen by theSA (216kV) located at the incoming of 220kv line of substationwhen energisation of a single 220kV cable. The case is run for500ms with energisation of BRK1A at 400ms and 405ms.
2) Case: 2BRK1A is closed with breakers BRK1B to BRK1D already
in ON condition. The case is run for 500ms with energisationof BRK1A at 400ms and 405ms.
3) Case: 3BRK3A is closed with breakers (BRK1A to BRK1D) and
(BRK2A to BRK2D) already in ON condition. The case is runfor 500ms with energisation of BRK3A at 400ms and 405ms.
0.1 1 10 100
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
216kV
30kV
Maximum time duration in seconds
VoltageperunitMCOV
220 (30)
220 1
220 2
21
220
33 1
33 2
30
33 1
33 2
33
30
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4) Case: 4BRK3A is closed with breakers BRK3B to BRK3D already
in ON condition. The case is run for 500ms with energisationof BRK3A at 400ms and 405ms.
5) Case: 5BRK5A is closed with breakers BRK5B to BRK5I in OFF
condition. The case is run for 500ms with energisation ofBRK5A at 400ms and 405ms.
6) Case: 6BRK5A is closed with breakers BRK5B to BRK5I alreadyin ON condition. The case is run for 500ms with energisationof BRK5A at 400ms and 405ms.
7) Case: 7SLG fault is created at the end of 33kV cable. Fault is
created at 405ms which exists for 140ms and BRK5A clear thisfault at 545ms. The fault exists till 200ms.
8) Case: 8SLG fault is created at 220kv side of power transformer no
3. Fault is created at 405ms which exists for 140ms andBRK3C clear this fault at 545ms. The fault exists till 200ms.
The simulation is carried out for 500ms to let the transients
settle down to steady state condition. After 400ms breakeroperations are initiated at voltage zero (Vz= 400ms)
and voltage
peak (Vp= 405ms). The time step has to be coherent with thehighest frequency phenomenon appearing in the system duringthe transient under consideration. A value of one-tenth of theperiod corresponding to the highest frequency is advised. Thetime step has to be lower than the travel time of any of thepropagation elements of the network [14]. A value of half ofthis travel time is advised.
Fig. 6 & Fig. 7 show the voltage waveform at E1A for case:1, when BRK1A is closed at Vz and Vp respectively. In thesecases we have observed a voltage peak of -271.5kV and292.88kV. Fig. 8 to Fig. 11shows the voltage waveforms forthe case: 2. we have observed a voltage peak of 292.2kV at
E1A, which is 16% higher than the MCOV rating of SA. Thevoltage rise is less than the MCOV rating at other locations. Incase of SLG faults at 33kV and 220kV (Fig. 14 to Fig. 16) theovervoltage occur during breaker opening but persist for shortduration and they are below surge arresters TOV capabilitycurve (Fig. 4).
Fig. 6. Voltage wave form at E1A (energized at Vz) for Case 1
Fig. 7. Voltage wave form at E1A (energized at Vp) for Case 1
Fig. 8. Voltage wave form at E1A for Case2, energized at Vz
Fig. 9. Voltage wave form at E1B for Case2, energized at Vz
Fig. 10.Voltage wave form at E1A for Case2, energized at Vp
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
PHASE-A PHASE-B PHASE-C
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
350 400 450 500
,
Voltage
(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
350 400 450 500
,
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300 350 400 450 500
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
350 400 450 500
,
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
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Fig. 11.Voltage wave form at E1B for Case2, energized at Vp
Fig. 12.Voltage wave form at E4A for Case5, energized at Vz
Fig. 13.Current through surge arrestor at 4A (SA4A) for Case 5 when cable isenergized at Vz
Fig. 14.Voltage wave form at E4A for Case7
Fig. 15.Current through surge arrestor at 4A (SA4A) for Case 7
Fig. 16.Voltage wave form at E2C for Case8
TABLE IV. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Case Location Voltage peak
(kV)
%rise
( MCOV)
COG
Case 1 (Vz) E1A -271.55 107.8 -
Case 1 (Vp) E1A 292.88 116.3 -
Case 2 (Vz) E1A -287.59 114.2 -
E1B -234.91 93.3 -
Case 2 (Vp) E1A 292.2 116.1 -
E1B 224.3 89.1 -
Case 5 (Vz) E3A -39.17 108.6 -E4A -39.17 108.6 -
Case 5 (Vp) E3A -39.17 108.6 -
E4A -39.17 108.6 -
Case 6 (Vz) E4A -29.20 81.06 -
Case 6 (Vp) E4A 29.62 82.13 -
Case 7
(when fault occurs)
E4A -32.48 90.0 0.696
Case 7(when BKR opens)
E4A -54.12 150.0 -
Case 8
(when fault occurs)
E2C -235.25 93.4 0.755
Case 8
(when BKR opens)
E2C -340.94 135.4 -
IV. OBSERVATIONS FROM THE SIMULATIONS
It is observed that the values of peak over voltages aremore in the cases of breaker opening during faultclearance.
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
350 400 450 500
,
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-40
-20
0
20
40
350 400 450 500
,
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-0.00010
-0.00005
0.00000
0.00005
0.00010
350 400 450 500
Current(kA)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
450 500 550 600 650
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-2
0
2
4
6
8
538 540 542 544 546 548 550 552
,
Current(kA)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
-400
-200
0
200
400
0 200 400 600 800
,
Voltage(kV)
Time (ms)
Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C
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The value of COG is within the IEEE standard limits(IEEE Standard C62.92.1-2000) which are less than0.80
For the Case 7, voltages of the other 2 phases areclamped to certain value. This situation occurredbecause of the unloaded cable is de-energized. In suchcases, grounding of the two ends of the cable ismandatory while re-energizing.
The minimum distance between 220kV side oftransformer and 216kV surge arrester is found to be10.2m. The protective margin of transformer and surgearrester is found to be 20.3% and 42% respectively. Asthe distance between transformer and surge arrester is6m, the surge arrester can be placed anywhere in the 6mdistance. The safety margins are applicable only for theconnecting leads of surge arrester not exceeding 7m.
The minimum distance between 33kV side oftransformer and 30kV surge arrester is found to be5.6m. The protective margin of transformer and surgearrester is found to be 20.7% and 30% respectively. Asthe distance between transformer and surge arrester is20m, connected through cable, the surge arrester has to
be placed near the transformer terminals. The safetymargins are applicable only for the connecting leads ofsurge arrester not exceeding 2m.
The arrester spark over voltage indicates a definite andadequate margin of protection as compared to choppedwave (CWW) value of transformer. There is almostabsolute assurance that the front of wave (FOW)withstand value provide adequate margin of protectionwith the above mention lead lengths and separationdistances.
V. 216KVSURGE ARRESTER SEPARATION DISTANCE FROM220/33KVTRANSFORMER
The most effective location for any surge arrester is at the
terminals of the equipment to be protected. Locating a surgearrester remote from the equipment to be protected reduces theprotective margin. Depending on a number of factors, thetransient voltage at the equipment can easily be more thantwice the surge arrester protective level. An analysis has to bemade to determine how far a surge arrester can be located awayfrom the transformer and still provide adequate protection.
Fig. 17.Location of surge arrester on 220kV side
Our objective is to find the distance D between surgearrester and transformer
Input parameters:
System voltage: 220kVMaximum system voltage: 245kV (rms)Lightning impulse level (BIL): 1050kVpSurge propagation time (): 300m/usSurge impedance of transmission line: 450
Surge arrester rated voltage: 216kVMaximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV): 178kVMax. Residual Voltage at steep front Impulse (1/20us) at10kA peak (Va): 660kVpChopped wave withstand of transformer (CWW):1.1*BIL=1.1*1050=1155kVRate of rise of surge current (di/dt): 2S/Z
Conductor length between junction J and surge arresterterminals (d): 4mConductor length between surge arrester ground (d): 3mRate of rise of incoming surge at junction J (S): 11kV perkV MCOV (max of 2000kV/us)
Calculation:Rate of rise of incoming surge at junction J (S):11kV*178kV=1958kV/usRate of rise of surge current (di/dt): 2S/Z= (2*1958)/450=8.7kA/us
Inductance of surge arrester leads (uH): 1.3uH/mTotal length d= d+d=4+3= 7mTotal lead inductance: 1.3*7= 9.1uHVoltage across surge arrester from junction J to ground(Vsa): Va+ L*di/dt= 660+ (9.1*8.7) =739.17kV
(This does not necessarily appear simultaneously at thepeak value of arrester residual voltage. However this value ofL*di/dt (79.2kV) demonstrates the order of magnitude of
possible inductive voltage drop which can superimpose thearrester residual voltage.
Maximum stress allowable at the transformer (Vt)
Vt= CWW/1.15 (if time to crest value is less than 2us)Vt= BIL/1.15 (if time to crest value is greater than 2us)Time to crest value: Va/S= 660/1958 = 0.3us (less than 2us.So, use Vt= CWW/1.15)Vt= 1155/1.15= 1004.3kV
=
sa
t
V
V1004.3/739.17= 1.36
From Fig. 18 the x-axis representssaV
SD
*
*
and y-axis
representssa
t
V
V. Based on the ratio obtained above 36.1=
sa
t
V
V
the corresponding x value is 0.09.
'
21
220/33
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The curve shown in Fig. 18, was generated from studiesusing the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
09.0*
*=
saV
SD
(Solving this equation for distance D gives)
D=10.2m
Next step is to calculate the protective margin oftransformer and surge arrester
Protective margin of surge arrester= ((BIL-Vsa)/ Vsa)*100 =
42%
Protective margin of transformer= ((BIL-Vt)/ Vt)*100
For this we have to calculate the actual voltage available at
transformer terminals
/*2*)*( DSVV sat +=
is reflection coefficient at transformer terminals(assumed as 1) factor of 2 arises from the return length fromarrester to transformer
kVVt 3.872300/)2.10*2*1958(17.739 =+=
This gives the protective margin of transformer as 20.3%
Similar methodology is adopted for 33kV side of surgearrester.
Fig. 18.Curve for separation distance of surge arrester from transformer
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper temporary overvoltages arising due toswitching and fault conditions are studied. Distributedcapacitance of cables plays a major role in overvoltages and isobserved while energizing the unloaded cables. The betterunderstanding of magnitude of overvoltages can be observedby analyzing the system without surge arresters. Care has to betaken while placing the arrester near transformer terminals andlength of connecting leads of surge arrester has to be taken intoconsideration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Mr. Srinivas and Mr.Kondala Rao Bandaru of Crompton Greaves Ltd. for theirvaluable support.
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[11] IEC 60071-4 (2004), Computational guide to insulation co-ordinationand modelling of electrical networks,
[12] IEEE Std C62.22-1997, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems, IEEE PowerEngineering Society
[13] Chennamadhavuni, A, Munji, K.K, Bhimasingu, R, Investigation oftransient and temporary overvoltages in a wind farm, IEEEInternational Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON),Oct 2012.
[14] N. R. Watson, J. Arrillaga, Power Systems Electromagnetic TransientsSimulation, Institution of Electrical Engineers.
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Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013
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