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JOURNALURNALUSAUSA

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Åñ­hj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf­CIF­bp­lf­tn­tét­vt-czx­ysq­äktr­nhjy­ysq­éeh­yfk­gjl­yf­pdf­yb­tv­eJournal USA.­D­ds­gec­rfö­änj­uj­éeh­yf­kf­jå­ceé­lf­ñn­cz­dfé­yst­ghj­åkt­vs,­fr­ne­fkm­yst­lkz­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd­b­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb,­f­nfr­ét­fvt­hb­rfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­b­tuj­wty­yjc­nb,­bltb­b­by-cnb­ne­ns.

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Åñ­hj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­cj­öhf­yz­tn­nt­re­obq­b­ghji­kst­yj­vt­hf­éeh­yf­kf­d­yt­crjkm­rbö­äktr­nhjy­ysö­ajh­vf­nfö­yf­cfq­nt­ht tp://www.america.gov/publi cati ons/ejournalusa.html.­Ghj­cmåf­yf­ghfd­kznm­rjv­vty­nf­hbb­b­pf­vt­xf­ybz­d­gj­cjkm­cn-dj­CIF­Df­itq­cnhf­ys­bkb­d­ht­lfr­wbñ­éeh­yf­kf­gj­fl­ht­ce:

Ed itor, eJournal USAIIP/PUBJU.S. Dep artme nt of St ate301 4th St reet, SWWashi ngton, DC 20547Unit ed St ates of AmericaYfi­äktr­nhjy­ysq­fl­htc:­eJournalUSA@st ate.gov

UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ­LT­GFH­NF­VTYN­CIF­/­BÑYM­2008­u.­/NJV­13­/­YJ­VTH­7

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournals.html

eJournal uSa 1

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Yf­cnjz­ott­bp­lf­ybt­äktr­nhjy­yj­uj­éeh­yf­kf­eJournalUSA­ghtl­kf­uf­tn­xb­nf­nt­kzv­dt­kb­rj­ktg­yst­aj­nj-uhf­abb­cf­vbö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­hfc­crf­ps­df­tn­j­njv,­rfr­edt­kb­xb­df­kfcm­nth­hb­nj­hbz­b­djp­hfc­nf-kj­pyf­xt­ybt­gfh­rj­djq­cbc­nt­vs­cnhf­ys­jn­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­r­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbñ.­Lb­htr­njh­CYG­Vä­hb­F.­Åj­vfh­b­ghj­lñ­ct­hs­Rty­Åthyc­b­Läq­njy­Lfy­rfy­jåüzc­yz­ñn­yfv­le­öjd­yeñ­b­änb­xtc­reñ­hjkm­gfh­rjd­d­yf­wbj­yfkm-yjv­cf­vj­cj­pyf­ybb­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­b­bö­pyf­xt­ybt­lkz­dct­uj­vb­hf.­D­lhe­ubö­cnf­nmzö­bltn­htxm­jn­njv,­rfr­hf­åjn­yb­rb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­bö­pf­he­åté­yst­rjk­kt­ub­lt­kzn­cz­bltz­vb,­yf­ds­rf­vb­b­vt­nj­lf­vb­pf­ob­ns­b­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­pt­vtkm­ysö­euj­lbq,­éb­djq­ghb­hj­ls­b­rekm­ne­hs,­–­cf­vj­uj­lhf­uj­wty­yj­uj­lj­cnjz­ybz­kñ­åjq­cnhf­ys.

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eJournal uSa 2

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13 étv xe éb ys rj hj ysUf­kt­htz­aj­nju­hf­abq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF

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29 gfh rb d cb kfö bp vt ybnm cnhf ye

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dty­ysv­ghb­hjl­ysv­ht­ceh­cfv.

32 cj plf dfz yf dt rf (bp dtå-éeh yf kf Oh, Ranger!)Rhbc­Åfh­nth,­yf­xfkm­ybr­åhb­uf­ls­gj­ghj­rkfl­rt­vfh­ihe-

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33 öhj yj kj ubz fvt hb rfy crbö gfh rjdRhfn­rjt­bp­kj­ét­ybt­pyf­xb­ntkm­ysö­cj­ås­nbq­d­bc­nj­hbb­

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hfc­ib­ht­ybz.

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öf­hfr­nt­he­b­bc­nj­hbb.

UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ­LT­GFH­NF­VTYN­CIF­/­BÑYM­2008­u.­/­NJV­13­/­YJ­VTH­7

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournals.html

yf wbj yfkm yst gfh rb – yf ckt lbt yf wbb

LEÖ YF WBB

ÖHF­YB­Nt­KB ÅE LE OT UJ

eJournal uSa 3

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42 Rfv yb pj den (bp dtå-éeh yf kf Oh, Ranger!)Åjå­Cgtk­öja,­tuthm-är­creh­cj­djl­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­

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43 Rkb vfn gt ht vtyLétaa­Hty­yb­rt,­ght­gj­lfdf­ntkm­irj­ks­Conser ve­d­inf­nt­Dbc­rjy­cby

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46 cf vsq rhf cb dsq d vb ht jabc (bp dtå-éeh yf kf Oh, Ranger!)Cmñ­J’Rjy­yjh,­vt­öf­ybr­lj­hjé­yjq­åhb­uf­ls­­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Crf­kbc­nst­uj­hs≥­d­inf­nt­Rj­kj­hf­lj

47 öhf yb nt kb lhtd yt uj vb hfIfh­kby­Gjh­nth,­jn­dtn­cn­dty­ysq­ht­lfr­njh,­eJournalUSACkeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­jö­hf­yz­tn­vtc­nf­gj­ct­kt-

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53 yf cne gt yzö njq ktc nyb ws, ult cnj zk vfh nby Kñ nth Rbyu (bp dtå-éeh yf kf Oh, Ranger!)Vf­hb­cf­Hb­xfh­lcjy,­tuthm-är­creh­cj­djl­­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­vt­vj­hb­fkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­fk­ktb­d­u.­Dfiby­unjy.

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eJournal uSa 4

Ht­rf­Nej­kev­yt­dmtn­cz­yf­ke­ufö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb.­Nej­kev­yt,­gj­ke­xbd­ifz­cnf­nec­jö­hf­yzt­vjq­éb­dj­gbc­yjq­ht­rb,­ghj­nt­rf­tn­gj­nth­hb­nj­hbb­gfh­rf­yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­85­rb­kj­vtn­hjd.­Xenm­r­ct­dt­he­jn­ke­uf­kñ­åb­nt­kb­gt­it­öjl­ysö­ghj­ue­kjr­jå­yf­he­éb­kb­yf­rkjy­yeñ­nhj­ge,­ghj­kt­ufñ­oeñ­dljkm­dt­kb­xt­cn­dty­yjq­ct­hbb­dj­lj­gf­ljd.

©­Aj­nj­FG/Rjy­wtc­cb­jy­yst­ec­ke­ub­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥,­Rbn­Dj­krktn

eJournal uSa 5

Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­–­änj­yt­ghj­cnj­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­

ntkm­yjc­nb,­gf­vzn­yb­rb­b­nth­hb­nj­hbb,­yt­ghj­cnj­uj­hs,­

ktc­yst­vfc­cb­ds,­jpt­hf­b­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­lb­rj­dby­rb.­Jyb­

ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­xfcnm­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­le­öjd­yj­uj­åj­ufn­

cn­df.

Äl­dby­Åth­yåf­ev­–­rfy­lb­lfn­yf­er,­lb­htr­njh­ghj­uhfv­

vs­≤Cdz­oty­yst­uj­hs≥­d­Ujh­yjv­by­cnb­ne­nt­b­fd­njh­

ryb­ub­≤Cdz­oty­yst­uj­hs­vb­hf≥.­Lfy­yfz­cnf­nmz­–­jn­

hs­djr­bp­ryb­ub­≤Kex­ifz­bp­bltq­Fvt­hb­rb­–­ge­nt­it­cn­

dbt­d­aj­nju­hf­ab­zö­gj­yf­ibv­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gfh­rfv≥,­

cj­fd­nj­hjv­rj­nj­hjq­åsk­Åth­yåfe­vjv.­Ryb­uf­ds­ge­ot­yf­

Ct­nmñ­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­gfh­rjd­(gth­djt­bp­lf­ybt­–­2006­u.;­

dnj­hjt­–­2008­u).

Y t­jåsx­yst­gtq­pf­éb­b­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­ghb­hj­ls,­jö­hf­yzt­vjq­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö,­cgj­cjå­ys­ghj­åeé­lfnm­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yjt­gj­cb­kt­joe­ot-

ybt­xe­lf.­Gj­keg­hjp­hfx­ysq­få­hbc­uj­hs­d­ne­vf­yt,­gkfd-yjt­crjkm­ét­ybt­jh­kf­d­gj­kt­nt,­zh­rbt­rj­cst­ke­xb­cjky-wf,­ghjy­pfñ­obt­uke­åb­ys­dt­cty­yt­uj­kt­cf­–­änb­zd­kt­ybz­ghb­hjl­yjq­rhf­cs­cgj­cjå­ys­yt­jåüzc­yb­vj­nhj­ufnm­kñ­ltq.­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­gt­ht­yj­czn­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­lf­kt­rj­pf­

©­A

j­nj­

FG/Ä

­hbr­

Hbc­å

thu

Lt­ht­dmz­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rf­≤Ktc­Vmñ­hf≥­d­jr­he­ut­Vf­hby,­in.­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­jl­yj­uj­bp­gj­cktl­ybö­ltd­cn­dty­ysö­kt­cjd­yf­gkf­yt­nt.­Änb­ghb­åhté­yst­ctr­dj­qb­–­cf­vst­ds­cj­rbt­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­ptv­yjq­akj­hs.­Änjn­rf­kb­ajh­ybq­crbq­gfhr,­yf­pdfy­ysq­d­xtcnm­pf­obn­yb­rf­ghb­hj­ls­Léj­yf­Vmñ­hf,­jn­vt­nbk­d­2008­u.­cdjñ­100­ktn­yññ­uj­ljd­ob­ye.

LEÖ YF WBB

Le öjd yjt b rekm neh yjt pyf xt ybt yf wbj yfkm ysö gfh rjd

Äl­dby­Åth­yåf­ev

eJournal uSa 6

ght­ltks­jåsx­yj­uj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz,­d­jåb­nt­kb­nfq­ys­b­dt­kb­rj­kt­gbz,­gj­dth­ufñ­obt­d­nht­gtn­b­eg­hfd­kzt­vst­yt-gjl­rjy­nhjkm­ys­vb­yfv­cb­kf­vb.­Gj­ct­ofz­gfh­rb,­vyj­ubt­bp­yfc­yf­ltñn­cz­jc­nf­dbnm­gj­pf­lb­gj­dth­öyjc­nyeñ­cet­ne­åel­ytq­b­cnfnm­cj­ghb­xfc­nys­vb­åj­ktt­uke­åby­ysv,­yt­ght-öj­lz­obv­wty­yjc­nzv.­Änb­eåt­éb­of­yt­nhj­ye­njq­ghb­hj­ls­–­b­dghzvm­vtc­nf­le­öjd­yj­uj­jxb­ot­ybz,­ult­vs­djp­dhf-of­tv­cz­r­bc­njx­yb­re­cdjt­uj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­b­pf­yj­dj­joe­of­tv­bp­yf­xfkm­yeñ­cdt­étcnm.

Gj­vb­vj­cdj­tq­yf­ex­yjq­wty­yjc­nb­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­öhf­yb-kbo­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­b­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbz­b­bc­njx­yb­rf­pyf­ybq,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­bvt­ñn­uke­åj­rjt­le­öjd­yjt­b­rekm­neh­yjt­pyf­xt­ybt­lkz­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­yf­hj­lf.­Bltz­ghb­hj­ls­rfr­bc­njx­yb­rf­dljö­yj­dt­ybz­b­jå-yjd­kt­ybz­csu­hf­kf­rkñ­xt­deñ­hjkm­d­cj­plf­ybb­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­1916­u.­Nfr­yf­ghb­vth,­ukfd­ysv­vj­nb­djv­nhe­ljd­jl­yj­uj­bp­gth­dsö­cnj­hjy­yb­rjd­jö­hf­ys­ghb­hj­ls­Léj­yf­Vmñ­hf­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Qj­ct-

vb­nb≥­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­cnf­kj­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­lj­kb­ys­Qj­ct-vb­nb­rfr­≤re­lf­åj­ktt­bpsc­rfy­yj­uj­öhf­vf,­xtv­kñ­åjq­bp­cj­plfy­ysö­he­rf­vb­xt­kj­dt­rf≥.­D­öj­lt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz,­ghj­dt­lty­yj­uj­Fc­cj­wbf­wb­tq­jö­hf­ys­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rjd­(FJYG)­jå­yf­he­éb­kjcm,­xnj­dfé­ytq­ibv­vj­nb­djv,­gj­åeé­lfñ­obv­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjcnm­r­gjl­lth­ért­yf­wbj­yfkm-ysö­gfh­rjd,­zd­kz­tn­cz­njn­afrn,­xnj­jyb­≤zd­kz­ñn­cz­lkz­yfc­rhf­cb­dtq­ib­vb,­yf­båj­ktt­dt­kb­xt­cn­dty­ys­vb­b­ds­ps­dfñ­ob­vb­dj­cöb­ot­ybt­vtc­nf­vb­yf­Ptv­kt≥.

Rhf­cj­nf­b­dt­kb­xbt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­dljö­yj-db­kb­rheg­ytq­ibt­ghj­bp­dt­lt­ybz­éb­dj­gb­cb,­aj­nj­bc­rec-cn­df,­kb­nt­hf­ne­hs­b­ve­ps­rb.­D­rjy­wt­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf­lhf-vf­nb­xtc­rbt­gj­kjn­yf­Nj­vf­cf­Vj­hf­yf­c­bpjå­hf­ét­yb­tv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥­d­in.­Df­qj­vbyu­b­hf­åj­ns­Fkm­åth­nf­Åbh­inf­lf,­pf­gt­xfn­ktd­ibt­lj­kb­ye­Qj­ct­vb­nb,­cgj­cjå­cn­djdf­kb­ghb­dkt­xt­ybñ­yf­hj­lf­d­änb­ds­lfñ­obt­cz­vtc­nf.­Jå­hf­ps­dt­rj­dsö­lt­ht­dmtd­b­vj­ye-vty­nfkm­ysö­ujh­ysö­vfc­cb­djd­yf­aj­nju­hf­ab­zö­Fy­ct­kz­

D­öj­lt­gj­tp­lrb­gj­vfh­ihen­ysv­nhj­gfv­2005­u.­xkt­ys­gkt­vt­yb­yt­p­gth­ct­djp­dhf­of­ñn­cz­yf­gj­kt­åbn­ds­≤Åbu­Öj­ek≥­–­jlby­bp­38­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjv­gfh­rt­≤Ytp­Gth­ct≥.­C­lj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­dht­vty­änb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­by­ltq­ws­ghj­éb­df­kb­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb,­hfp­lt­kty­yjq­ct­ujl­yz­vté­le­inf­nf­vb­Fq­lf­öj,­Jht­ujy,­Vjy­nf­yf­b­Df­iby­unjy.­Ct­ujl­yz­xkt­ys­gkt­vt­yb­dvtc­nt­cj­Ckeé­åjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­pf­ob­of­ñn­b­cj­öhf­yz­ñn­jåütr­ns,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjt­yf­ckt­lbt­b­är­cgj­yf­ns,­cdz­pfy­yst­c­bö­bc­nj­hb­tq­b­rekm­ne­hjq.

CYG,­Yf­w

bj­yf

km­ys

q­bc

­nj­hb

­xtc­r

bq­g

fhr­

≤Ytp

­Gth

­ct≥.

eJournal uSa 7

Flfv­cf­ghj­åeé­lf­kb­xed­cn­dj­dyt­dht­vty­yjq­rhf­cj­ns,­cj-öhf­ybd­itq­cz­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö.­Rjv­gj­pb­njh­Athl­Uhj­at­åsk­yf­cnjkm­rj­jit­kjv­kty­gj­ct­ot­yb­tv­Åjkm­ij-uj­Rf­ymj­yf­d­Fhb­pj­yt,­xnj­gj­kf­ufk­ct­åz­yt­cgj­cjå­ysv­ds­hf­pbnm­cdjb­xed­cn­df­d­ckj­dfö­b­ce­vtk­gt­ht­lfnm­cdjb­dgt­xfn­kt­ybz­kbim­d­ve­ps­rt,­cj­plfd­cdjñ­cf­veñ­bp-dtcn­yeñ­hf­åj­ne­–­≤Cñb­ne­Åjkm­ij­uj­Rf­ymj­yf≥.

Hjkm­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­–­cke­ébnm­rekm­neh­ys-vb­cbv­dj­kf­vb­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­b­cf­vj­blty-nbx­yjc­nb.­Lkz­vyj­ubö­jyb­öhf­yzn­gth­dj­plfy­yeñ­cenm­b­bp­yf­xfkm­ysq­leö­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd.­Hj­lb­nt­kb­åt­hen­cdj­bö­lt­ntq­d­gj­tp­lrb­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­rfr­d­yt­rjt­vbh­crjt­gf­kjv­yb­xt­cn­dj,­xnj­ås­jp­yf­rj­vbnm­cz­

c­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­nz­vb,­jkb­wtn-dj­hzñ­ob­vb­wty­yjc­nb,­bltf­ks­b­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­bc­nj­rb­yf­itq­cnhf­ys.­Dnj­hjq­gj­åeé­lfñ­obq­afr­njh,­cj­ukfc-yj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybñ­FJYG,­ajh­ve­kb­he­tn­cz­nfr:­≤Yf­ib­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­–­yf­ckt­lbt,­rj­nj­hjt­vs­jc­nfd­kz­tv­yf­ibv­lt­nzv≥.

Nf­rbt­cbv­dj­ks­rfr­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥,­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­b­≤Åjkm­ijq­Rf­ymjy≥­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cnhf­ye­d­wt­kjv,­d­nj­dht­vz­rfr­ktl­yb­rj­dst­dth­ib­ys­df­iby­unjy­crjq­uj­hs­Häq­ybh­cnf­kb­ds­hf­pb­ntkm­ysv­cbv­dj­kjv­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crj-uj­Ctdt­hj­-Pf­gf­lf.­Ukfd­yfz­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yjcnm­≤Uhäqn­Cvj­rb­Vf­ey­nbyc≥,­yf­båj­ktt­gj­ct­oft­vj­uj­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj-uj­gfh­rf,­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­d­tuj­fc­cj­wbf­wbb­c­rekm­ne­hf­vb­Fg­gf­kfx­crbö­ujh­b­by­ltq­wtd­xt­hj­rb.

Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­jkb­wtn­dj­hz­ñn­dfé­yst­fvt-hb­rfy­crbt­wty­yjc­nb­b­ec­nhtv­kt­ybz.­Ds­cj­rbt­dth­ib­ys­b­uke­åj­rbt­rf­ymj­ys­nf­rbö­gfh­rjd,­rfr­fkzc­rby­crbq­≤Lt­yf­kb≥­b­≤Åjkm­ijq­Rf­ymjy≥,­dj­gkj­of­ñn­d­ct-åt­njh­ét­cn­dty­yjcnm­b­dt­kb­xbt­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd,­ght­djp­yj­cb­vst­d­cdjtjåhfp­yjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­ubv­yt­≤Ghtr­hfc­yfz­Fvt­hb­rf≥.­Jå­ibh­yst­gtq­pf­éb­b­yt­nhj­ye-nst­vtc­nf,­jö­hf­yzt­vst­cbc­nt­vjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rjd,­cke­éfn­yf­gj­vb­yf­yb­tv­j­cnhtv­kt­ybb­r­cdj­åj­lt­b­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb,­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obv­cnth­étym­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­rekm­ne­hs­b­bc­nj­hbb.­Ds­cj­rbt­uj­hs­b­yt­öj­ét­yst­rhfz­d­nf­rbö­gfh­rfö,­rfr­≤Uhfyl-Nt­njy≥­(in.­Df­qj­vbyu),­Ct­dth­ysq­Rfc­rfl­(Df­iby­unjy)­b­≤Dhfy­utkm-Cd.­Äkb­zc≥­

(Fkzc­rf),­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­ñn­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­lkz­bc­gs­nf­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­ajh­vb­he­ñn­öf­hfr­nth­b­fvt­hb­rfy­creñ­cnhf­cnm­r­ght­jlj­kt­ybñ.­Vyj­ubt­ghb­tp­éf­ñn­d­ltd­cn­dty­yst­kt­cf­b­gj­nf­ty­yst­eujk­rb­Htl­de­lf­(Rf­kb­ajh­ybz),­Crf­kbc­nsö­ujh­(Rj­kj­hf­lj)­b­lhe­ubö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­rfr­d­ghb­hjl­yst­cj­åj­hs,­d­gj­bc­rfö­dyen­hty­yt­uj­vb­hf­b­cj-pth­wf­ybz,­f­nfr­ét­c­wt­kmñ­pf­yj­dj­jå­htc­nb­gj­yb­vf­ybt­cdjt­uj­vtc­nf­d­vb­ht­b­cvsc­kf­ébp­yb.

Fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­by­ltq­ws­dvtc­nt­c­lhe­ub­vb­rj­hty­ys-vb­rekm­ne­hf­vb­Uf­dfq­crbö­jc­nhj­djd,­Fkzc­rb­b­Cf­vjf­jnjé­lt­cn­dkz­ñn­cdjb­uke­åj­xfq­ibt­le­öjd­yst­wty­yjc­nb­cj­cdz­oty­ys­vb­vtc­nf­vb,­dt­hjq,­hb­nef­kf­vb­b­nhf­lb-wbz­vb,­cdz­pfy­ys­vb­c­ptv­kz­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ct­ujl­yz­cnf­kb­xfc­nmñ­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.­Öj­gb­b­lhe­ubt­gkt­vt­yf­

Hf­åj­nf­öe­ljé­yb­rf­ÖÈÖ­d.­Fkm­åth­nf­Åbh­inf­lf,­rj­nj­heñ­vjé­yj­edb­ltnm­d­Frf­lt­vbb­bpjå­hf­pb­ntkm­ysö­bc­rec­cnd­Gty­cbkm­df­ybb­d­­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­cgj­cjå­cn­djdf­kf­ghb­dkt­xt­ybñ­dyb­vf­ybz­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb­r­ghb­hjl­ysv­xe­lt­cfv­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­Pf­gf­lf­b­cj­plf­ybñ­­b­jö­hf­yt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.

©­Aj­nj­FG/Ö.­Hfva­vkfl­ibq.

eJournal uSa 8

Rj­kj­hfl­crj­uj­gkf­nj­jn­ghfd­kz­ñn­cz­d­gf­kjv­yb­xt­cn­dj­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Vt­cf­Dth­lt≥­lkz­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybz­hb­nef­kjd­d­ujh­ysö­éb­kb­ofö­fyf­cf­pb,­cdj­bö­nf­by­cn-dty­ysö­ghtl­rjd.­Xt­hj­rb­hfc­cvfn­hb­df­ñn­≤Uhäqn­Cvj­rb­Vf­ey­nbyc≥­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Rf­hj­kb­yt­b­Nty­ytc­cb­rfr­ptv­kb­cdj­bö­ghtl­rjd­b­cxb­nf­ñn­rheu­kst­öjk­vs,­nf­rbt­rfr­≤re­gjk≥­Rkby­uvf­yf,­vtc­nf­vb­lkz­eåt­éb­of­b­djc­cnf-yjd­kt­ybz­cbk,­f­nfr­ét­bc­nj­rf­vb­yt­ce­obö­ébpym­htr.­Rj­hty­yst­uf­dfq­ws­gj­xb­nf­ñn­kf­de­b­hfc­nb­ntkm­yjcnm­dek­rf­yf­Rb­kfeäf­d­Uf­dfq­crjv­dek­rf­yb­xtc­rjv­yf­wbj-yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­rfr­cdz­oty­yeñ­jåb­ntkm­b­nt­kj­Gb­ks,­åj­ub­yb­dek­rf­yjd,­rj­nj­hfz­yt­ctn­ébpym­b­gkj­lj­hj­lbt­gj­chtl­cn­djv­cdj­tq­ju­yty­yjq­äyth­ubb.­Xth­yj­yj­ubt,­kf­rj-nf­b­lhe­ubt­hfd­yby­yst­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­by­ltq­ws­ecnhf-bdf­ñn­cjk­ytx­yst­nfy­ws­b­jn­ghfd­kz­ñn­cz­yf­gj­bc­rb­db­lt­ybq­yf­wt­ht­vj­yb­fkm­yst­jåütr­ns­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­nf­rbö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­rfr­≤Ukä­cb­th≥­(Vjy­nf­yf)­b­≤Åäl­käylc≥­(ñé­yfz­Lf­rj­nf).­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­gt­ht­bvt­yj­df­kf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­yf­Fkzc-rt­≤Uj­hf­Vfr­Rby­kb≥­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr-pf­gj­dtl­ybr­≤Lt­yf­kb≥­d­pyfr­edf­ét­ybz­r­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yj­ve­yf­pdf­ybñ­cf­vjq­ds­cj­rjq­njx­rb­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Fvt­hb­rt­yf­zps­rt­rjt­rjy­(≤lt­yf­kb≥­jp­yf­xf­tn­≤ds­cj­rbq≥).­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­

gfhr­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­Cf­vjf­gj­vj­uf­tn­åt­htxm­jås­xfb,­dt-he­b­nhf­lb­wbb­Cf­vjf,­≤cdz­oty­yjq­ptv­kb≥­cf­vj­fy­crj­uj­yf­hj­lf.

B,­yf­rj­ytw,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­bvt­ñn­jcj­åeñ­wty­yjcnm­b­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yjcnm­lkz­yf­hj­ljd­dctö­rekm-neh­rfr­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö,­nfr­b­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.­Fvt­hb­rfy­ws­zgjy­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­ghj­éb­dfñ­obt­yf­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crjv­Ctdt­hj­-Pf­gf­lt,­r­ghb­vt­he,­hfc­cvfn-hb­df­ñn­uj­he­Häq­ybh­rfr­≤Ael­pbz­ve­Nf­rj­vs≥,­fc­cj­wbb-hez­äne­uj­he­cj­cdz­oty­ysv­dek­rf­yjv,­rj­nj­hsq­cke­ébn­cbv­dj­kjv­bö­hjl­yjq­Zgj­ybb.­Fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws­jcj­åty-yj­ujh­lzn­cz­≤Cjk­lfnf­vb­Åea­af­kj≥­–­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy-crbv­gth­cj­yf­kjv­fh­vbb­CIF,­gj­vj­ufd­ibv­jö­hf­yznm­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥,­≤Ctr­dj­qb≥­b­lhe­ubt­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­d­hfy­ybq­gt­hb­jl­bö­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz.­Kñ­lb­ghb­tp­éf­ñn­cj­dct­uj­vb­hf,­xnj­ås­gj­ct­nbnm­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­CIF­b­yf­åhfnm­cz­jgs­nf­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­nf­rbö­ét­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rjd­d­cdj­bö­cnhf­yfö.­Jl­yf­bp­kex­ibö­bltq­Fvt­hb­rb­cnf­kf­jå­hfp­wjv­lkz­pf­ob­ns­yt­jåsr­yj­dty­ysö­vtcn­yf­Ptv­kt­b­rheg­ysv­drkf­ljv­d­vb­hj­deñ­rekm­ne­he.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­cnf­nmt,­yt­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­­

ec­nf­yjd­rb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal uSa 9

Rty­Åthyc­b­Läq­njy­Ley­rfy­–­åhb­uf­lf­rb­yj­lj­re­vty­nf­

kbc­njd,­pf­dth­ifñ­obö­hf­åj­ne­yfl­12­xf­cj­dsv­abkm­vjv­

j­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö­CIF.­Jyb­lf­kb­by­nth­dmñ­Fktr­

cfy­lht­Få­åjl­bp­“eJournal USA”­dj­dht­vz­ght­ås­df­ybz­d­Df­iby­unj­yt,­ult­lkz­hf­åjn­yb­rjd­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­

ysö­gfh­rjd­åsk­ghj­dt­lty­ghtl­df­hb­ntkm­ysq­ghj­cvjnh­

abkm­vf.

Rty­Åthyc­–­jlby­bp­cf­vsö­bp­dtcn­ysö­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­

rb­yj­lj­re­vty­nf­kbc­njd,­fd­njh­ds­cj­rj­wt­yb­vsö­hf­åjn,­

vyj­ubt­bp­rj­nj­hsö­gj­cdz­ot­ys­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbv­cj­ås­nb­zv.­

Tuj­abkm­vs­gj­rf­ps­df­kbcm­Geå­kbx­yjq­ckeé­åjq­dt­of­ybz­

–­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­nt­kt­ct­nmñ­c­jå­ibh­yjq­felb­nj­hb­tq.­Tuj­

abkmv­≤Uhfé­lfy­crfz­djq­yf≥­gj­ke­xbk­cf­vsq­ds­cj­rbq­

htq­nbyu­cht­lb­ct­hbf­kjd­pf­dcñ­bc­nj­hbñ­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­

yt­rjv­vth­xtc­rj­uj­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz.

Läq­njy­Ley­rfy­–­gb­cf­ntkm­b­rb­yt­vf­nju­hf­abcn,­­

fd­njh­lt­dz­nb­rybu,­d­xbc­kt­rj­nj­hsö­–­≤Yf­Pf­gfl:­­

Gent­it­cn­dbt­gj­Fvt­hb­rt­Kmñb­cf­b­Rkfh­rf≥­b­≤Vb­kb­

bp­yb­jn­re­lf:­d­gj­bc­rfö­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­he­åt­étq≥.­Jy­­

hf­åj­nfk­c­Åth­ycjv­yfl­abkm­vf­vb­≤Uhfé­lfy­crfz­­

djq­yf≥,­≤Åtq­cåjk≥­b­≤Léfp≥.

Dj ghjc:­E­dfc­pf­gkt­xf­vb­jå­ibh­ysq­cgb­cjr­abkm-vjd­yf­dfé­ytq­ibt­nt­vs­rfr­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq,­nfr­b­rekm­neh­yjq­bc­nj­hbb­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd:­≤Uhfé­lfy-crfz­djq­yf≥,­≤Léfp≥,­≤Kmñbc­b­Rkfhr:­ge­nt­it­cn­dbt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rjq­är­cgt­lb­wbb≥.­Gfh­rb­–­änj­tot­jl­yf­nt­vf,­pf­rj­nj­hjq­cnj­bn­yt­xnj­dfé­yjt­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­bc­nj­hbb?

Bc nj hbz cf vjq Fvt hb rbBy­nth­dmñ­c­Rt­yjv­Åth­ycjv­b­Läq­nj­yjv­Ley­rf­yjv

Kf­df­cnt­rf­tn­c­Rb­kfeäf­–­jl­yj­uj­bp­fr­nbd­ysö­dek­rf­yjd­d­Uf­dfq­crjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­dek­rf­yb­xtc­rjv­gfh­rt.­Gt­htl­gj­ct­nb­nt­kz­vb­gfh­rf­ghtl­cnf­ñn­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­df­dek­rf­yb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­70­vbk­kbj­yjd­ktn,­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­rj­nj­hjq­cajh­vb­hj­df­kbcm­jc­nhj­df,­cnfd­ibt­vtc­njv­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­eyb­rfkm­ysö­ärj­cbc­ntv­b­cdjtjåhfp­yjq­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjq­rekm­ne­hs.­Gfhr,­nth­hb­nj­hbz­rj­nj­hj­uj­gjl­yb­vf­tn­cz­jn­ehjd­yz­vj­hz­lj­ds­cj­ns­gjx­nb­d­4200­vtn­hjd,­jö­df­ns­df­tn­ctvm­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­pjy.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/L

ä­dbl

­Léjh

­lfy

eJournal uSa 10

Åthyc:­Cj­dth­ity­yj­dth­yj.­Rju­lf­vs­ds­åb­hf­tv­nt­ve­abkm­vf,­nj­jåsx­yj­vs­botv­yt­rbq­ghtl­vtn,­d­rj­nj-hjv­cev­vf­åjkm­it­cj­cnfd­ysö­xfc­ntq.­Nf­rjq,­rj­nj­hsq­cgj­cj­åty­jn­hf­éfnm­dyen­hty­ybt­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbz­fvt­hb­rfy-crjq­bc­nj­hbb­b­tt­gj­nty­wb­fk.­Yf­vjq­dpukzl,­bvty­yj­yf­änjv­caj­re­cb­hj­df­yj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­yf­ibö­hf­åjn.­Yfc­by­nt­ht­cj­df­kf­ghj­åkt­vf­ghj­cnhf­ycn­df:­rf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv­yfc,­uhfé­lfy,­jght­ltkz­tn­ptv­kz­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd.­Vs­pf­yb­vf­kbcm­änjq­nt­vjq,­bpe­xfz­bc­nj­hbñ­fvt­hb-rfy­crj­uj­Pf­gf­lf,­änj­yt­dt­hj­zn­yjt­vtc­nj­cnjkr­yjdt­ybz­

hfp­ysö­rekm­neh.­Vs­gjl­yb­vf­kb­tt­d­abkm­vt­≤Kmñbc­b­Rkfhr≥­b­d­≤Gj­tp­lrt­Uj­hf­wbj≥­–­abkm­vt­j­gth­djv­fd­nj­vj­åbkm­yjv­ge­nt­it­cn­dbb­xt­htp­dcñ­cnhf­ye.­F­yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­gj­cktl­ybö­itc­nb­ktn­vs­hf­åj­nf­tv­yfl­bc-nj­hb­tq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­cxb­nf­tv,­xnj­bc­nj­hbz­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­fvt­hb­rfy­wf­vb­cdj­tq­ptv­kb­–­änj­b­tcnm­bc­nj­hbz­cf­vjq­Fvt­hb­rb.

Ley rfy:­Cbc­nt­vf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­nfr­ét,­rfr­åtq­cåjk­b­léfp­–­bpjå­ht­nt­ybt­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd.­Rju­lf­Yf-wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥­åsk­pf­kj­éty­d­1872­u.,­änj­åsk­gth­dsq­cke­xfq­d­bc­nj­hbb­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df,­rju-lf­at­lt­hfkm­yjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­ghb­yz­kj­ht­it­ybt­j­njv,­xnj­jå­ibh­ysq­exfc­njr­ptv­kb,­f­yt­ghj­cnj­uj­hjl­crjq­gfhr­bkb­crdth,­åe­ltn­cj­öhf­yty­d­gth­dj­plfy­yjv­db­lt­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq.­Änj­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­bltz,­bpjå-ht­nt­ybt.­Yfi­abkmv­gs­nf­tn­cz­ghj­ckt­lbnm­äne­bc­nj­hbñ­c­cf­vj­uj­yf­xf­kf.­Gj­ljåyj­bltt­cdj­åj­ls,­jyf­cnf­kf­jl-yjq­bp­cf­vsö­gj­ge­kzh­ysö­cnf­ntq­ärcgjh­nf­bp­CIF.­Yt­öj­xe­gj­rf­pfnm­cz­ij­db­ybc­njv,­yj­z­tq­jxtym­ujh­éecm.

Dj ghjc:­Cbc­nt­ve­gfh­rjd­yf­ps­df­ñn­≤kex­itq­bp­bltq­Fvt­hb­rb≥,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­änj­ås­kj­gth­djt­ht­it­ybt­yf­

ehjd­yt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­jö­hf­yznm­ptv­kñ­nf­rbv­cgj­cj­åjv­–­rfr­lkz­gjkm­ps­jå­ot­cn­df,­nfr­b­lkz­tt­cj­åcn­dty­yj-uj­åkf­uf.­Ds­cxb­nft­nt,­xnj­cbc­nt­vf­gfh­rjd­–­dfé­ysq­cnf­nmz­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­ärcgjh­nf?

Åthyc:­Åt­pec­kjd­yj.­Vs­cxb­nf­tv,­xnj­cf­vfz­gt­ht-lj­dfz­bltz­–­änj­bltz­cdj­åj­ls,­afr­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ajh­vb-hj­df­ybz­yf­wbb.­Yj­tc­kb­ds­åb­hfnm­kex­ieñ­bltñ­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­vs­eét­cajh­vb­hj­df­kbcm,­nj­tcnm­dct­jc­yj­df-ybz­jc­nf­yj­dbnm­cz­yf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö.­Njn­afrn,­xnj­ctq­xfc­ce­ot­cn­detn­ghb­vth­yj­4000­gfh­rjd­ghb­vth­yj­

d­200­cnhf­yfö,­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­detn­j­njv,­yf­crjkm­rj­ec­gti­yf­änf­bltz.­Djn­vs­pltcm­cb­lbv­b­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­tv,­f­ghb­änjv­vs,­rfr­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­uhfé­lf­yt,­zd­kz­tv­cz­dkf­ltkm­wf­vb­cf­vsö­éb­dj­gbc-ysö­ujh­ysö­vfc­cb­djd,­cf­vj­uj­åjkm­ij-uj­rf­ymj­yf­yf­Ptv­kt,­cf­vsö­åjkm­ibö,­ds­cj­rbö­b­lhtd­ybö­lt­ht­dmtd­–­cj­dctv­yt­gkj­öjq­gjh­natkm­lkz­uhfé­lfy.

Ley rfy:­Änj­b­tcnm­xth­nf­lt­vjr-hf­nbb­–­xnj­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yst­vtc­nf­yt­lj­kéys­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rjv­lkz­cdth­öåj­uf­nsö­bkb­lkz­nb­ne­kj­dfy­yj­uj­ldj­hzy­cn­df­b­fhbcnj­rhf­nbb.­Änb­yf­ib­cf­vst­ght­rhfc­yst­vtc­nf­ghb­yfl­kt-éfn­dctv­b­rfé­lj­ve.­Pf­ybö­jn­dt­xf­ñn­dct,­b­jyb­lj­cneg­ys­lkz­dctö.­Nf­rj­dj­jght­ltkt­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­ghb­hjl­ysv­åj­ufn­cn­dfv­–­cf­vsv­ds-cj­rbv­lt­ht­dmzv,­cf­vsv­dt­kb­rj­ktg­ysv­

dj­lj­gf­lfv­b­cf­vj­ve­åjkm­ij­ve­rf­ymj­ye.­Cnhf­yf,­rj­nj-hfz­cvju­kf­dct­uj­änj­uj­lj­cnbxm­–­änj­cnhf­yf,­hjé­lty-yfz­c­blt­tq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Åthyc:­Yb­xt­uj­änj­uj­ås­yt­ås­kj­åtp­cnb­ve­kf­lt-vjr­hf­nbb.

Ley rfy:­Bvty­yj­änj­ve­b­gj­cdz­oty­yfi­abkmv.Dj ghjc:­Gfh­rb,­gf­vzn­yb­rb­b­jåütr­ns­cbc­nt­vs­yf-

wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­gj­dt­cn­deñn­j­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­ghb­hj­lt,­lj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjq­ägj­öt,­f­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­bc­nj­hbb­–­j­vj­vty­nfö­ckf­ds­b­gj­pjh­ysö­gzn­yfö.­Rf­rbt­bö­änbö­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysö­bc­nj­hbq­ds­yf­vt­ht­ys­gj­rf­pfnm­d­abkm­vt?

Åthyc:­Jc­yjd­yjt­dyb­vf­ybt­vs­elt­kz­tv­cj­plf­ybñ­ghb­hjl­ysö­gfh­rjd,­rj­nj­hsö­d­yf­cnjz­obq­vj­vtyn­yf-cxb­ns­df­tn­cz­58,­b­ghj­ckt­éb­df­tv­jxtym­ckjé­yeñ­b­lj­djkm­yj­lhf­vf­nb­xtc­reñ­bc­nj­hbñ­bö­pf­hjé­lt­ybz.­D­jc­yjd­yjv­ét­änj­bc­nj­hbz­kñ­ltq­c­cf­vsv­hfp­yj­jå­hfp-ysv­ébp­yty­ysv­jgs­njv,­rj­nj­hst­rfr­ås­pf­cnf­db­kb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­jå­hf­nbnm­dyb­vf­ybt­yf­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yst­vtc­nf,­pf­cke­éb­dfñ­obt­jö­hf­ys,­b­pf­xfc­neñ­gj­cdz­nb­kb­änj­ve­dcñ­ébpym.

Ht­ébc­ct­hs­Läq­njy­Ley­rfy­(ckt­df)­b­Rty­Åthyc­d­vjy­nfé­yjq.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/K

b­Vfh

­hb­yt

h

eJournal uSa 11

Ley rfy:­Gjl­kñ­åsv­rfv­ytv­d­kñ­åjv­yf­wbj­yfkm-yjv­gfh­rt­yfq­ltim­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­d­ltqcn­dbb.­Pf­rfé­lsv­gfh­rjv­rhj­tn­cz­bc­nj­hbz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­kex­itv­cvsc­kt­änj­uj­ckj­df:­bc­nj­hbz­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­ysö­kñ­ltq,­nht­åeñ-obö­≤cgfc­nb­änjn­jåütrn≥,­f­nfr­ét­xfc­nj­eåté­lfñ­obö­d­kex­itv­cke­xft­åtp­hfp­kbx­ysq­Rjy­uhtcc­cgfc­nb­tuj­b­pf­ob­nbnm.­Nf­rj­df­få­cnhf­rnyfz­bltz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­yj­dtlm­jåsx­yj­jn­ltkm­yst­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­bkb­vf­ktym­rbt­uheg­gs­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­hs­xfu­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­xt­uj-nj,­xnj­gjq­ltn­yf­gjkm­pe­ckt­leñ­ot-ve­gj­rj­kt­ybñ.­Nj­vf­cf­Léta­ath­cj­yf­[nht­nbq­gj­cxt­ne­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­Ght­pb­ltyn­b­fd­njh­Ltr­kf­hf­wbb­yt­pf­db­cb-vjc­nb]­nf­rfz­eåté­lty­yjcnm­gj­hf­lj­df­kf­ås.

Åthyc:­Vs­ghj­ckt­éb­df­tv­celm­ås­jxt­dbl­ysö­gth-cj­yf­étq,­rfr­nj­Léjy­Vmñh­b­Ntl­lb­Hep­dtkmn,­yj­vs­gj­pyf­rj­vbv­dfc­b­c­yt­crjkm­rb­vb­lt­czn­rf­vb­lhe­ubö,­gj­bc­nb­yt­ds­lfñ­obö­cz­kñ­ltq­hfp­kbx­yj­uj­cj­wb­fkm­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjc­nb,­hf­cs,­gj­kf­b­gth­dj-yf­xfkm­yj­uj­uhfé­lfy­cn­df.­Yfi­abkmv­hfc­crf­ps­df­tn­j­njv,­rfr­jyb­gj­cdz­nb­kb­cdjb­ébp­yb­änjq­bltt­b­rfr­bö­ltqcn­dbz­gt­ht­ct­rf­ñn­cz­c­åj­ktt­uke­åj­rjq­blt­tq,­rj­nj-heñ­vs­jå­ceé­lf­tv.

Ley rfy:­Cbc­nt­vf­gfh­rjd­pf­yb­vf­kfcm­jö­hf­yjq­bc­nj-hb­xtc­rbö­vtcn­lj­1930­u.,­gj­rf­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­lj­djkm­yj­vj­kj­ljt­dt­ljv­cn­dj,­yt­dpz­kf­yf­ct­åz­d­yf­itv­öhj­yj­kj­ub­xtc­rjv­b­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjv­gj­dt­cn­djdf-ybb,­ghj­ckt­éb­dfñ­otv­hjé­lt­ybt­b­ädj­kñ­wbñ­lfy­yjq­bltb,­aeyr­wbñ­jö­hf­ys­jåütr­njd,­nf­rbö,­rfr­gj­kz­chf-ét­ybq,­Vt­vj­hb­fk­Kby­rjkm­yf,­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yfz­Fk­ktz­d­Df­iby­unj­yt,­Cnf­nez­Cdj­åj­ls.­C­drkñ­xt­yb­tv­nf­rj­uj­hj­lf­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­jåütr­njd­gfh­rb­cnf­kb­cbv­dj­kjv­cf-vjq­Fvt­hb­rt.­Gfh­rb­dj­gkj­nb­kb­bltñ­cf­vjq­Fvt­hb­rb.

D­abkm­vt­vs­lt­kf­tv­änjn­fr­wtyn­yf­nf­rbö­vtc-nfö,­rfr­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­gf­vzn­ybr­≤Gj­kt­

åbn­ds­Efib­nf≥,­ult­ghj­bpji­kf­hfc­ghf­df­c­by­ltq­wf­vb-if­qt­yf­vb;­vtc­nj­pf­rkñ­xt­ybz­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­zgjy­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjv­gfh­rt­≤Vfy­pf­yfh≥;­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­chtl­yzz­irj­kf­d­Kbnnk­Hjr,­b­nfr­lf­ktt­–­lj­Jr­kf­öj­vf-Cb­nb­b­Iäyr­cdbk­kf.­Vs­gjl­xth­rb­df­tv,­xnj­änf­bltz,­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­yf­wbb­pf­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq,­cvju-kf­yf­rj­ytw­jö­df­nbnm­lf­ét­nt­vtc­nf,­ult­ghj­bpji­kb­gt­xfkm­yst­cj­ås­nbz,­c­ntv,­xnj­ås­bp­åt­éfnm­bö­gj­dnj-ht­ybz.

Åthyc:­Jlby­bp­yf­båj­ktt­dfé­ysö­vj­vty­njd­yf­it­uj­abkm­vf­b­pyf­rjv­cn­df­c­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb­–­änj­yf­ckjt­ybz­dht­vt­yb.­Vs­db­lbv­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rfö­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yst­jå­hf­ps­dht­vt­yb­–­kb­åj­yt­lfd­ybö­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­cj­ås­nbq,­kb­åj­rheg­ysö­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­rf­nfr­kbp­vjd,­nf­rbö­rfr­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­Åjkm­ij­uj­Rf­ymj-yf.­Yj,­rfr­erf­ps­df­ñn­vyj­ubt­gth­cj­yf­éb­abkm­vf,­lt­kj­yt­njkm­rj­dj­dgt­xfn­kt­yb­zö­jn­änbö­vtcn,­yj­b­d­kñ­lzö,­rj­nj­hst­gt­ht­éb­df­ñn­änb­joe­ot­ybz­dvtc­nt­c­nj­åjq.­Xfc­nj­dgt­xfn­kt­ybz­jn­gfh­rf­ajh­vb­he­ñn­cz­gjl­dkbz-yb­tv­nj­uj­afr­nf,­xnj­nt­åz­ne­lf­ghb­dt­kb­vf­vf­c­gf­gjq,­b­gj­änj­ve­pltcm­ce­ot­cn­detn­ntc­yfz­gcb­öj­kj­ub­xtc­rfz­cdzpm­c­kbx­yjc­nmñ.­Gj­plytt,­cnfd­dphjc­ksv,­ns­ghb­dj-lbim­ne­lf­cdj­bö­lt­ntq­b­gt­ht­lf­tim­bv­nj,­xnj­bc­nj­hbr­Ebkmzv­Rhj­yjy­yf­ps­df­tn­≤kbx­yjq­äc­nf­at­njq≥­jn­jl­yj-uj­gj­rj­kt­ybz­lhe­uj­ve­kñå­db­r­vtc­ne,­dj­gkj­oty­yjq­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö.

Nj­ét­cf­vjt­ghj­bc­öj­lbn,­rju­lf­ns­ghb­öj­lbim­d­cj-åj­hs­td­hj­gs­b­bc­gs­ns­df­tim­dj­kyt­ybt­jn­nj­uj,­xnj­nhb­cnj­kt­nbz­ei­kj­yf­gj­cnhjq­re­änbö­cj­åj­hjd­dhex­yeñ,­b­rfr­cf­vj­pf­ådty­yj­hf­åj­nf­kb­änb­kñ­lb;­njx­yj­nfr­ét­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­cåkb­éf­ñn­c­xed­cn­df­vb­jn­ltkm­ysö­kñ­ltq,­dyj­cz­obö­cdjq­drkfl­d­gj­dt­cn­djdf­ybt.­B­änj­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yf­bc­nj­hbz.

Dj ghjc:­Bp­dctö­jåütr­njd,­rj­nj­hst­dfv­ghb­ikjcm­gj­ct­nbnm­pf­gt­hb­jl­cütv­rb,­rf­rjq­gj­rf­pfk­cz­dfv­cf-vsv­dj­kyeñ­obv?

Åthyc:­Yfv,­lhe­pmzv­b­rjk­kt­ufv,­plj­hj­dj­gj­dtp­kj,­vs­cj­åb­hf­kb­yt­dt­hj­zn­yst,­eyb­rfkm­yst­dgt­xfn­kt­ybz­dj­vyj­ubö­vtc­nfö.­Z­dcgj­vb­yfñ,­rfr­vs­cj­cnfh­itq­lj-xt­hmñ­gks­kb­dybp­gj­Åjkm­ij­ve­Rf­ymj­ye,­dpåb­hf­kbcm­yf­dthö,­gj­vyñ­djp­åeé­lt­ybt,­bc­gs­nfy­yjt­yf­dth­ib­yt.­Dcgj­vb­yfñ,­rfr­vs­ghb­ås­kb­d­cf­vjt­cth­lwt­Lt­yf­kb­[ult­hfc­gj­kj­ét­yf­cf­vfz­ds­cj­rfz­uj­hf­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Fvt-hb­rt]­yf­Fkzc­rt­–­gjc­kt­4-ö­xf­cj­djq­gj­tp­lrb­yf­vf-ib­yt­bp­Fy­rj­hb­léf­lj­dütp­lf­d­gfhr,­f­gj­njv­tot­90­vbkm­[ghb­vth­yj­145­rb­kj­vtn­hjd]­gj­uhey­nj­djq­lj­hj­ut­d­gj­kyeñ­uke­öj­vfym.­Vs­ec­nf­yj­db­kb­rf­vt­hs­pf­vtl-kty­yjq­cütv­rb­d­jå­kfx­yeñ­gj­uj­le,­b­d­nt­xt­ybt­nhtö­xf­cjd,­d­jr­he­ét­ybb­yf­ct­rj­vsö,­gb­nf­zcm­jl­yb­vb­åe­nth-åhj­lf­vb,­dlheu­edb­lt­kb­Lt­yf­kb.­Läq­njy­åsk­c­cs­yjv,­

≤Rhf­cj­nf­yeé­yf­dctv­nfr­ét,­rfr­b­öktå≥,­–­crf­pfk­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­åj­htw­pf­jö­hf­ye­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­Léjy­Vmñh,­≤vtc­nj­lkz­buh­b­vj­kbnd,­ult­ghb­hj­lf­vj­étn­pf­kt­xbnm­hf­ys,­jc­dt­ébnm­b­ghb­lfnm­cb­ks­b­jh­uf­ybp­ve,­b­le­it≥.

Åbå­k

bj­nt

­rf­R

jy­uh

tc­cf

,­jn

­ltk­

gt­xf

n­ysö­

bp­lf

­ybq­

b­aj

­nju­h

f­abq

eJournal uSa 12

b­c­yf­vb­åsk­yfi­gj­cnj­zy­ysq­rb­yjj­gt­hf­njh.­Lkz­vt­yz­änj­ås­kj­ghj­cnj­rfr­xe­lj.

Ley rfy:­Cf­vjt­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yjt­d­änjv­ghj­tr­nt­–­änj­nj,­xnj­gj­pdj­kbk­yfv­gj­ct­nbnm­ght­rhfc­ytq­ibt­vtc­nf­yf­itq­cnhf­ys.­Vs­lj­kéys­åsnm­yf­vtc­nt­pf­45­vb­yen­lj­dj­cöj­lf­cjky­wf,­xnj­ås­ghj­ckt­lbnm­gt­ht­öjl­jn­yj­xb­r­lyñ.­Änb­vj­vty­ns­–­cf­vst­djk­itå­yst­d­ghb­hj­lt.­Yf­if­pf­lf­xf­–­clt­kfnm­öj­hj­ibt­rfl­hs,­gj­änj­ve­vyj­uj­dht­vt­yb­vs­ghj­dj­lbv­d­vjk­xf­kb­djv­jéb­lf­ybb­dj­cöj­lf­cjky­wf.­Dct­uj­nj­dj­r­ltqcn­dbñ­d­jéb­lf­ybb­änj­uj­djk-itå­yj­uj­cdt­nf,­b­yb­xt­uj­kex­it­b­åsnm­yt­vj­étn.

Gj­tp­lrb­c­ct­vmtq­åj­uf­ns­djk­itå­ys­vb,­le­öjd­ys­vb­b­ab­pb­xtc­rb­vb­gt­ht­éb­df­ybz­vb,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­ns­db­lbim­dct­änj­dvtc­nt­c­cs­yjv,­c­ét­yjq,­c­ltnm­vb.­Neh­gj­öjl­gj­Åjkm­ij­ve­Rf­ymj­ye­c­cs­yjv­d­Ltym­jn­wf­nhel­yj­c­xtv-yb­åelm­chfd­ybnm.­Ghtl­hfc­cdtn­yfz­ghj­uek­rf­gj­kf­dj­dj­ve­gj­kñ­yf­Uf­df­qzö­c­cs­yjv­b­yf­åkñ­lt­ybt­pf­dj­cöj­ljv­cjky­wf­b­dj­lj­gf­ljv­kf­ds,­crf­ns­dfñ­obv­cz­d­jrt­fy­b­cj­plfñ­obv­yj­deñ­ptv­kñ,­–­änj­uj­z­yb­rju­lf­yt­pf­åe­le­b­yf­ltñcm,­xnj­b­jy­nj­ét.­n

Ghb­vt­xf­ybz:

1.­Léjy­Vmñh­(1838–1914)­cxb­nf­tn­cz­jl­ybv­bp­dt­le­obö­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­pf­obn­yb­rjd­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­cdjt­uj­dht­vt­yb.­Jy­ds­cne­gfk­d­pf­ob­ne­jö­hf­ys­Lj­kb­ys­Qj­ct­vb­nb­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­b­åsk­jc­yj­df­nt­ktv­rke­åf­≤Cmth­hf≥,­rj­nj­hsq­ct­ujl­yz­bp­dtc­nty­rfr­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­pf­ob­ns­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls.

2.­Ntj­ljh­Hep­dtkmn­åsk­ght­pb­lty­njv­CIF­c­1901­gj­1909­uu.­–­d­gt­hb­jl,­rju­lf­at­lt­hfkm­yjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­hfc­ib­hb­kj­cgb­cjr­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­kt­cjd­b­gf­vzn­yb­rjd,­öj­nz­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­ås­kf­cj­plf­yf­gjc­kt­jrjy­xf­ybz­tuj­ght­pb­ltyn­crj­uj­chj­rf,­d­1916­u.

3.­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­chtl­yzz­irj­kf­d­Kbnnk­Hjr,­infn­Fh­rfy­pfc­–­gf­vzn­ybr­åjhm­ås­d­CIF­pf­uhfé­lfy­crbt­ghf­df,­d­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­jåüzd­kt­yf­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbv­gf­vzn­yb­rjv.­D­1957­u.­dhfé­ltå­yj­yf­cnhj­ty­yfz­njk­gf­ghj­ntc­nj­df­kf­ghj­nbd­ghb­yz­nbz­d­irj­ke­lt­dz­nb­xth­yj­rj­ébö­irjkm­yb­rjd.­Ght­pb­ltyn­Le­fqn­Äq­pty­öfeäh­ghb­rf­pfk­ds­cnf­dbnm­djq­crf­lkz­pf­ob­ns­irjkm­yb­rjd,­lt­vjyc­nhb­hez­ht­ib­ntkm­yjcnm­at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­ds­gjk­ybnm­gj­cnf­yjd­kt­ybt­Dth­öjd­yj­uj­ce­lf­CIF­jå­jn­vt­yt­ctu­ht­uf­wbb­d­irj­kfö.

4.­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­vt­vj­hb­fk­d­Jr­kf­öj­vf­Cb­nb­–­lfym­éth­ndfv­b­cgf­cf­nt­kzv­dj­dht­vz­nt­hfr­nf­d­at­lt­hfkm­yjv­plf­ybb­d­cnj­kb­wt­änj­uj­inf­nf­d­1995­u.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­dphs­df­plf­ybz­Fkma­ht­lf­G.­Veh­hs­gj­ubå­kj­168­xt­kj­dtr­b­gj­ke­xb­kj­hf­yt­ybz­åj­ktt­800­xt­kj­dtr.­Änj­åsk­cf­vsq­rheg­ysq­nt­hfrn­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­nth­hb­nj­hbb­lj­cj­ås­nbq­11­cty­nzå­hz­2001­u.

5.­Iäyr­cdbkk,­in.­Gty­cbkm­df­ybz­–­vtc­nj­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­vt­vj­hbf­kf­≤Htqc­93≥,­yf­lfy­ysq­vj­vtyn­d­ghj­wtc­ct­cj­plf­ybz,­rj­nj­hsq­åe­ltn­cke­ébnm­yf­gj­vb­yf­yb­tv­j­rhe­it­ybb­fdbf­kfq­yt­hf­11­cty­nzå­hz­2001­u.­Gfc­cf­éb­hs­htq­cf­gj­éth­ndj­df­kb­cj­åcn­dty­yjq­ébp­ymñ,­xnj­ås­gj­vt­ifnm­pf­ödf­nbd­ibv­cf­vj­ktn­nth­hj­hbc­nfv­yf­gfcnm­yf­Df­iby­unjy.­Cf­vj­ktn­heö­yek­åkbp­uj­hjl­rf­Iäyr­cdbkk,­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­xt­uj­gj­ubå­kb­44­xt­kj­dt­rf,­yf­öj­lbd­ibt­cz­yf­tuj­åjh­ne.

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­by­nth­dmñ,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­dpukz­ls­b­

gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­ec­nf­yjd­rb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Uj­hf­Vfr­Rby­kb,­ds­cj­njq­gjx­nb­d­6200­vtn­hjd­–­cf­vfz­ds­cj­rfz­dth­ib­yf­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Fvt­hb­rt­b­ukfd­yfz­­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjcnm­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Lt­yf­kb≥­yf­Fkzc­rt.­Kj­cb,­rf­hb­åe,­dj­krb­b­vtl­dt­lb­uhbp­kb­­jåb­nf­ñn­yf­åj­ktt­xtv­2.4­vky.­utr­nf­hjd­yt­nhj­ye­nsö­pt­vtkm.­Fh­ötj­kj­ub­nfr­ét­jå­yf­he­éb­kb­är­cgj­yf­ns,­­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñ­obt­j­njv,­xnj­fåj­hb­ut­ys­Fkzc­rb­éb­kb­yf­änjq­ptv­kt­tot­12­ns­czx­ktn­yf­pfl.

Yf­w

bj­yf

km­yj

t­ut

­ju­hf

­ab­xt

c­rjt

­jå­o

t­cn­d

j/Aj­n

j­Ut

n­nb

eJournal uSa 13

Rfé­lsq­bp­gjx­nb­400­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­cbc­nt­vt­CIF­eyb­rf­kty­–­änj­bpj­åb­kbt­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­lj-

cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­ntq,­xe­ltc­ghb­hj­ls­bkb­ägj­öfkm­ysö­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­cj­ås­nbq,­ägb­pj­ljd­bc­nj­hbb­elb­db-

ntkm­yjq­ptv­kb­b­kñ­ltq,­cj­plfd­ibö­yf­ytq­cnhf­ye.­Yf­cdj­bö­cnhf­yb­wfö­éeh­yfk­≤Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb,­

yf­wbj­yfkm­yjt­yf­ckt­lbt≥­ghtl­kf­uf­tn­df­it­ve­dyb­vf­ybñ­yt­rj­nj­hst­bp­änbö­ägb­pj­ljd­b­uf­kt­htñ­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­db­ljd,­

rj­nj­hst­jlby­bp­yf­åkñ­lf­nt­ktq­jgb­cfk­rfr­≤yj­dsq­hfq­b­yj­deñ­ptv­kñ,­d­rj­nj­hst­dljö­yek­ébpym­leö-cj­pb­lf­ntkm≥.

Étv xe éb ys rj hj ys

Ldf­åt­ksö­båb­cf­d­rec­nfö­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Ä­dth­uktqlc≥­d­in.­Akj­hb­lf.­Änb­gnb­ws,­rj­nj­hsö­­vjé­yj­åt­pj­ib­åjx­yj­ep­yfnm­gj­rhfc­yj­ve­rkñ­de,­dj­lzn­cz­jn­ñuf­CIF­lj­ct­dt­hf­Ñé­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb.

©­Aj­nj­FG/Dbkma­ht­lj­Kb

eJournal uSa 14

Änjn­vf­zr­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf,­cf­vsq­ds­cj­rbq­d­vb­ht­rbh­gbx­ysq­vf­zr­–­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjcnm­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­åt­ht­uj­djq­gj­kj­cs­≤Vsc­Ufn­nt­hfc≥,­gth­dj­uj­exfc­nrf­vjh­crj­uj­gj­åt­ht­émz,­rj­nj­hj­ve­Rjy­uhtcc­ghb­cdj­bk­cnf­nec­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf.­Gfhr,­ghb­kt­ufñ­obq­r­gj­kj­ct­åf­hmth­ysö­jc­nhj­djd­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crjv­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rjv­gj­åt­ht­émt­b­pf­yb­vfñ­obq­åj­ktt­12­nsc.­utr­nf­hjd,­hf­le­tn­kñ­åb­nt­ktq­gkzé­ysö­ghj­ue­kjr­b­hs­åj­kj­djd,­f­nfr­ét­cke­ébn­ghb­cnf­yb­otv­lkz­gt­ht­ktn­ysö­gnbw.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/X

fr­Å

hf­ey

Gf­vzn­ybr­Df­iby­unj­ye­(ckt­df)­b­Vt­vj­hb­fk­Léta­ath­cj­yf­yf­öj­lzn­cz­d­cnj­kb­wt­cnhf­ys­b­bpjå­hf­ét­ys­pltcm­­d­jr­he­ét­ybb­wdt­ne­obö­zgjy­crbö­db­ity,­rj­nj­hst­wdt­nen­dct­uj­yt­crjkm­rj­dt­cty­ybö­lytq.­Jåf­gf­vzn­yb­rf­­döj­lzn­d­rjv­gktrc­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­fk­ktb,­rj­nj­hfz­zd­kz­tn­cz­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gfh­rjv.

©­Aj­nj­FG/Xfh­kb­Nfcyf­lb

eJournal uSa 15

Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Uhfyl­Nt­njy≥­bp­dtc­nty­cdjb­vb­peå­xf­ns­vb­uj­hf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­htp­rj­gjl­yb­vf­ñn­cz­bp­jpth,­jc­nfd­ibö­cz­gjc­kt­­jn­cneg­kt­ybz­ktl­yb­rjd.­Jy­yf­öj­lbn­cz­d­inf­nt­Df­qj­vbyu­b­ghb­kt­uf­tn­r­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­ve­gfh­re­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/L

eu­kf

c­C.­G

b­pfr

Änjn­dj­kr­yj­cbn­jitq­ybr­c­nhfy­pb­cnj­hjv,­c­gj­vj­omñ­rj­nj­hj­uj­pf­ybv­yf­åkñ­lf­ñn­åbj­kj­ub­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥.­Lt­cz­nb­ktn­ybt­gj­gsn­rb­djc­cnf­yj­dbnm­xbc­kty­yjcnm­dj­krjd­d­Crf­kbc­nsö­uj­hfö­gj­pdj­kb­kb­d­2008­u.­bc­rkñ­xbnm­kt­uty­lfh­yj­uj­öbo­yb­rf­bp­cgbc­rf­db­ljd,­yf­öj­lz­obö­cz­gjl­eu­hj­pjq­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybz.

©­A

j­nj­FG/Ckeé

­åf­jö­hf­ys­hs

å­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­b­lb­rbö­

éb­djn­ys

ö­CIF,­Ebkmzv­Räv­gåtkk

Lb­rbt­kj­if­lb­åhj­lzn­gj­åf­hmth­ysv­jc­nhj­dfv­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­gj­åt­ht­émz­­Fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rj­uj­jrtf­yf.­Änjn­nf­åey­vjé­yj­edb­ltnm­yf­Itr­kajhl­crbö­åfy­rfö­c­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­vjh­crj­uj­gj­åt­ht­émz­≤Rtqg­Ke­rf­en≥­d­Ct­dth­yjq­Rf­hj­kb­yt.­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­yt­rbq­xfc­nysq­ajyl­jce­ot­cn­dkz­ñn­cj­dvtcn­ysq­rjy­nhjkm­yfl­cnf­lf­vb­b­dht­vz­jn­dht­vt­yb­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb­åhfnm­éb­djn­ysö­d­jgt­re.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/≤

Yj­d

jc­nb

­b­j

åjp­h

t­ybt

≥,­L

ébv

­Åf­e

ylc

eJournal uSa 16

©­A

j­nj­

FG/≤

Cjkn

­Käq

r­Nh

b­åmñ

y≥,­Lé

e­lb­

Af­ö

bc

Tuthm­(dyb­pe­cghf­df)­dt­ltn­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­ddthö­gj­crkj­ye­yf­jl­yjv­bp­exfc­nrjd­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Fh­rb≥­d­inf­nt­Ñnf.­Yt­jåsx­ysq­kfy­lifan­bk­kñc­nhb­he­tn­vbk­kbj­ys­ktn­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­cj­ås­nbq,­yf­tuj­nth­hb­nj­hbb­hfc­gj­kj­ét­yj­cf­vjt­åjkm­ijt­d­vb­ht­xbc­kj­ghb­hjl­ysö­fhjr.

eJournal uSa 17

Hs­åf­Acanthu­rus­tr­iosteg­us­dvtc­nt­c­ctl­kj­dbl­yjq­rhs­kfn­rjq­(Chae­todon­ephippum)­d­dj­lfö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­Cf­vjf.­Jrj­kj­1000­db­ljd­hså­dj­lbn­cz­d­ntg­ksö­ghj­phfx­ysö­dj­lfö­gfh­rf­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbö­jc­nhj­djd.­Änjn­gfhr,­ex­hté­lty­ysq­d­1993­u.,­jåj­uf­nbk­cbc­nt­ve­gfh­rjd­CIF­gf­kt­jn­hj­gb­xtc­rb­vb­dkfé­ys­vb­léey­ukz­vb,­nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbv­jc­nhjd­ysv­gtq­pf­étv­b­ärj­cbc­nt­vjq­rj­hfk­kj­dsö­hb­ajd.

Aj­n

j­lk

z­CY

G­G

b­nth

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v

Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Frf­lbz≥­yf­bp­ht­pfy­yjv­gj­åt­ht­émt­inf­nf­Väy­cnfk­gth­dsv­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gfh­rjv­r­dj­cnj­re­jn­Vbc­cb­cb­gb.­D­yf­xf­kt­ÖÖ­dt­rf,­db­lz­yf­cneg­kt­ybt­uj­hjl­crj­uj­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­df­yf­ghb­hjl­yeñ­rhf­cj­ne,­lfkm­yj­dbl­ysq­cnj­hjy­ybr­jö­hf­ys­ghb­hj­ls­gj­lfhbk­äne­ptv­kñ­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­CIF­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­gfh­rf.

≤Yf­w

bj­yf

km­yj

t­ut

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c­rjt

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t­cn­d

j≥/A

j­nj­

Utn­n

b

eJournal uSa 18

Utq­pth,­bp­dtcn­ysq­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥­rfr­≤Cnf­hsq­dth­ysq≥,­yf­pdfy­nfr­gj­nj­ve,­xnj­tuj­bp­dth­ét­ybz,­ghj­bc­öj­lz­obt­ghb­vth­yj­20­hfp­d­ltym,­vjé­yj­ghtl­crf­pfnm­­c­90­ghj­wty­nyjq­njx­yjc­nmñ.­≤Cnf­hsq­dth­ysq≥­ghb­yfl­kt­ébn­r­cbc­nt­vt­utj­nth­vb­xtc­rbö­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­ntq­änj­uj­hfc­gj­kj­éty­yj­uj­d­inf­nfö­Df­qj­vbyu,­Fq­lf­öj­b­Vjy­nf­yf­gfh­rf,­d­rj­nj­hjv­vjé­yj­dcnht­nbnm­cf­vst­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­ysq­yf­åjh­utj­nth­vb­xtc­rbö­zd­kt­ybq­yf­ptv­kt.

Aj­nj­lkz­CYG­Cäy­lb­Rby­pth

eJournal uSa 19

Lsv­rf,­rj­nj­heñ,­rfr­gj­kf­uf­ñn,­gj­hjé­lf­ñn­ju­hjv­yst­ktc­yst­vfc­cb­ds­änbö­ujh,­gj­cke­éb­kf­gj­dj­ljv­r­yf­pdf­ybñ­gfh­rf­≤Uhtqn­Cvj­rb­Vf­ey­näqyc≥,­hfc­gj­kj­éty­yj­uj­yf­uhf­yb­wt­inf­njd­Nty­ytc­cb­b­Ct­dth­yjq­Rf­hj­kb­ys.­Gfhr­zd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­jå­hf­ptw­cf­vjq­gth­dj­plfy­yjq­ghb­hjl­yjq­cht­ls­dj­cnjx­yjq­xfc­nb­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd,­f­nfr­ét­åtc­rj­ytx­yj­uj­åj­ufn­cn­df­akj­hs­b­afe­ys.­Hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­rekm­ne­hs­–­tot­jl­yf­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yfz­xth­nf­gfh­rf,­ult­d­cdjt­dht­vz­jåb­nf­kb­gkt­vt­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­by­ltq­wtd,­f­lth­prbt­gth­dj­ghj­öjl­ws­ikb­xt­htp­änb­uj­hs­yf­pf­gfl,­jc­yj­ds­dfz­gj­ct­kt­ybz.

©­Aj­nj­FG

Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Gt­ot­hf­vf­vjy­nf≥­–­cf­vfz­lkby­yfz­gt­oth­yfz­cbc­nt­vf­d­vb­ht,­bc­ckt­lj­dfy­yfz­gjx­nb­yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­600­rb­kj­vtn­hjd.­Jå­ckt­lj­df­ybz­änbö­njy­yt­ktq­b­gj­kjc­ntq,­ghj­kj­éty­ysö­gjl­ptv­ktq­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­vb­rf­nfr­kbp­vf­vb­10­vbk­kbj­yjd­ktn­yf­pfl,­lj­cbö­gjh­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­cz,­b­rjy­wf­bv­yt­dbl­yj.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/C

YG,­Uä

­hb­Å

th­lj

Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gf­vzn­ybr­≤Xth­nj­df­åfi­yz≥­yf­öj­lbn­cz­d­ctdt­hj­­djc­njx­yjq­xfc­nb­inf­nf­Df­qj­vbyu.­Jrj­kj­20­gkt­vty­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­by­ltq­wtd­öhf­yzn­kt­uty­ls­j­cj­plf­ybb­åfi­yb,­b­vyj­ubt­cxb­nf­ñn­tt­cdz­oty­ysv­vtc­njv.­Åfi­yz­ås­kf­gj­rf­pf­yf­d­abkm­vt­1977­u.­≤Ntc­yst­rjy­nfr­ns­nht­nmt­uj­hj­lf≥.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/≥

Éb­k

tnn­

Ymñ

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jhl≥

,­Cn

b­dty

­Åt­h

tyl

eJournal uSa 20

Jcj­åeñ­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yjcnm­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Åhfqc­­Rf­ymjy≥­d­inf­nt­Ñnf­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cnhfy­yst­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz,­ht­pekm­nfn­djp­ltqcn­dbz­fn­vj­cath­ysö­ec­kj­dbq­b­ähj­pbb.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/L

éjy

­Utq

kmg­h

by

D­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­d­in.­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz­jkt­yb­yf­ke­ufö­–­ghb­dsx­yfz­rfh­nb­yf.­Nhel­ytt­jå­yf­he­ébnm­rheg­yj­hj­ubö­åf­hf­yjd,­gj­crjkm­re­jyb­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­ñn­nhel­yj­ljc­neg­yeñ­fkm­gbq­creñ­pj­ye.­D­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­jc­nf­kjcm­vf­kj­änbö­åf­hf­yjd,­b­jyb­cxb­nf­ñn­cz­db­ljv,­yf­öj­lz­obv­cz­gjl­eu­hj­pjq­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybz.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/L

éta

a­Xb

e

Änf­pyf­vt­yb­nfz­crf­kf­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­yf­ps­df­tn­cz­≤Äkm­Rf­gb­nfy≥­b­åhj­cf­tn­ct­hmtp­ysq­ds­pjd­crf­kj­kf­pfv.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/Å

ty­V

fh­uj

eJournal uSa 21

Cj­dj­reg­yjcnm­he­xmtd­b­crfk­lt­kf­tn­dj­lj­gf­ls­jl­yjq­bp­ukfd­ysö­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­ntq­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­d­inf­nt­­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.

©­A

j­nj­

FG/≤

Aht

c­yj­

åb≥,­V

fhr­

Rhjc

­ct

eJournal uSa 22

Jlb­yj­rbq­ne­hbcn­cnj­bn­yf­ent­ct­d­inf­nt­Väy,­yf­gj­cktl­ytv­exfc­nrt­vfh­ihe­nf­≤Fgf­kf­xfy­Nhtqk≥­lkb­yjq­d­3460­rb­kj­vtn­hjd.­Änjn­nhel­ytq­ibq­vfh­ihen,­bp­kñå­kty­ysq­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­vb­kñ­åb­nt­kz­vb­gj­öj­ljd,­ghj­kt­uf­tn­c­ct­dt­hf­yf­ñu­dljkm­jl­yjq­bp­cnf­htq­ibö­d­vb­ht­ujh­ysö­wt­gtq.­Vfh­ihe­ns­≤Fgf­kf­xfy­Nhtqk≥­b­≤Gf­cb­abr­Rhtcn­Nhtqk≥,­ghj­nz­yed­ibq­cz­yf­4186­rb­kj­vtn­hjd­jn­Rfyf­ls­lj­Vtr­cb­rb,­gth­ds­vb­gj­ke­xb­kb­cnf­nec­jö­hf­yzt­vsö­jåütr­njd­cj­ukfc­yj­Pf­rj­ye­j­cbc­nt­vt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­vfh­ihen­ysö­nhjg.

©­Aj­nj­FG/Gjk­Öe­uec

eJournal uSa 23

Rju­lf­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­cj­plf­df­kbcm­gth­dst­yf­

wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb,­kñ­lb­tot­gkj­öj­gj­yb­vf­kb­nt­ckjé­

yst­pf­rj­ys,­rj­nj­hst­eg­hfd­kz­ñn­vb­hjv­ghb­hj­ls.­D­

nt­xt­ybt­vyj­ubö­ktn­ju­hjv­ys­vb­ht­pth­df­vb­jå­ot­cn­dty­

ysö­pt­vtkm­dt­lf­kf­åñ­hjr­hf­nbz,­rj­nj­hfz­yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt­

yt­gj­yb­vf­kf­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq­änbö­vtcn.­

Ghji­kb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz,­ght­élt­xtv­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­ghby­

wb­gs­jå­ht­kb­lj­cnjq­yjt­vtc­nj­d­evfö­öhf­yb­nt­ktq­cf­vsö­

lhf­uj­wty­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­cnhf­ys.

Hb­xfhl­Eäcn­Ctk­kfhc­–­eitl­ibq­yf­gty­cbñ­bc­nj­hbr­

Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­fd­njh­ryb­ub­≤Jö­hf­yf­ghb­hj­ls­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö:­Bc­nj­hbz≥­(Preserving Natu re in the National Parks: A His tory. Yale Unive rs ity Press, 1997).­Jy­åsd­ibq­ght­pb­ltyn­Jå­ot­cn­df­Léjhléf­

Efq­nf­–­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­

yf­pdfy­yjq­d­xtcnm­åbj­kj­uf,­rj­nj­hsq­åsk­jc­yj­df­nt­ktv­

yf­ex­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­bpe­xt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­ghb­

Ckeé­åt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.

D­1973­uj­le­z­gj­ke­xbk­lj­kéyjcnm­bc­nj­hb­rf­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.­Åe­le­xb­yj­dsv­cj­nhel­yb­rjv­änjq­edf­éft­vjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­z­

ghtl­gj­kf­ufk,­xnj­åbj­kj­ub­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd­lj­kéys­bu-hfnm­ukfd­yeñ­hjkm­d­eg­hfd­kt­ybb­nf­rb­vb­pyf­vt­yb­ns­vb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb,­rfr­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥,­≤Ä­dth-uktqlc≥­b­≤Åjkm­ibt­Lsv­xf­nst­Uj­hs≥­(Gre at Smoky Mounta ins),­c­bö­yt­bc­xth­gft­vsv­rkf­lt­ptv­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­bc­nj­hbb.­Hf­pe­vt­tn­cz,­pf­åj­nf­jå­ärj­kj­ubb­lj­kéyf­åsnm­gth­dj­jxt­htl­yjq­ghb­ht­it­ybb­ghj­åktv­gfh­rj­dj­uj­öj­pzq-cn­df.­Rfr­z­åsk­yf­bdty^

Uj­hfp­lj­gj­plytt,­d­1990-t­uj­ls,­rju­lf­z­gb­cfk­bc­nj­hbñ­nj­uj,­rfr­Ckeé­åf­gfh­rjd­eg­hfd­kz­kf­yf­wbj-yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb­b­bö­ghb­hjl­ys­vb­åj­ufn­cn­df­vb,­z­jcjp­yfk­vfc­inf­ås­njq­åjhm­ås,­rj­nj­heñ­dt­kb­åbj­kj­ub­pf­dyt­lht­ybt­vt­nj­ljd­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obö­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­ghby­wb­gfv.­D­nt­xt­ybt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq­jyb­dt­kb­chf­ét­ybz­c­afr­nb­xtc­rb­ght­jå­kf­lfñ­ob­vb­d­inf­nt­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd­ghj­atc­cbj­yf­kf­vb,­jc­yjd­yjq­pf­åj­njq­rj­nj­hsö­ås­kf­pf­ob­nf­gfh­rj­dsö­kfy­lifa­njd­rfr­chtl-cn­df­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­ne­hbp­vf.

Änb­yt­cjd­gf­lfñ­obt­rjy­wtg­wbb­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­gfh­rf­vb­jn­hf­éf­ñn­nj,­xnj­dctu­lf­ås­kj­wty­nhfkm­yjq­lb­ktv­vjq­d­eg­hfd­kt­ybb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb­CIF:­xnj­bvty-yj­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­gfh­rf­lj­kéyj­åsnm­cj­öhf­yt­yj­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq?­Njkm­rj­kb­kfy­lifan­rfr­nf­rj­djq­–­dt­kb­rj­ktg­yst­gtq­pf­éb­c­kt­cf­vb­b­ke­uf­vb,­ds­cj­rb­vb­uj­hf­vb,­lb­rb­vb­wdt­nf­vb­b­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­ys­vb­éb­djn­ys-vb?­Bkb­yt­xnj­åjkm­itt­–­tc­nt­cn­dty­yfz­cbc­nt­vf­rfé-lj­uj­gfh­rf­d­wt­kjv,­drkñ­xfñ­ofz­d­ct­åz­yt­njkm­rj­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­bkb­kfy­lifa­nyst­xe­lt­cf,­yj­nfr­ét­b­ju­hjv­ysq­cgtrnh­vt­ytt­äa­atr­nysö­db­ljd­–­nf­rbö,­rfr­nhf­ds­bkb­uhb­ås?

Pf­gj­cktl­ybt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­r­änjq­ghj­åkt­vt­ghb-åf­db­kjcm­tot­jl­yj­cj­jå­hf­ét­ybt:­dct­xf­ot­änb­gfh­rb­hfc­cvfn­hb­df­ñn­cz­rfr­ébp­yty­yj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vst­lkz­ärj-kj­ubb­gkf­yt­ns­–­lkz­ytt­jyb­gj­-cdjt­ve­yf­cnjkm­rj­ét­dfé­ys,­rfr­b­léey­ukb­Fvf­pjy­rb.

Kfy lifa ns b yf erf d yf wbj yfkm ysö gfh rfö CIFHb­xfhl­Eäcn­Ctk­kfhc

Gkf­rfn­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­ds­ge­oty­ysq­d­rjy­wt­1930­ö­uu.,­ghb­ps­df­tn­r­jö­hf­yt­dct­uj­éb­dj­uj,­jl­yf­rj­ghji­kb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz,­ght­élt­xtv­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­gfh­rf­vb­cnf­kj­ghfr­nb­rj­dfnm­gj­­yfc­njz­ot­ve­åt­hté­yjt­jn­yj­it­ybt­r­ghb­hjl­ysv­cj­jå­ot­cn­dfv,­ce­ot­cn­deñ­obv­d­gfh­rfö.

Libr

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,­Prin

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on

eJournal uSa 24

Jl­yf­rj­dt­kb­xt­cn­dty­yfz­rhf­cj­nf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rjd­dj­vyj­ubö­cke­xf­zö­gj­hjé­lf­tn­dgt­xfn­kt­ybt,­xnj­kfy­lifan­rfr­nf­rj­djq­cj­cnfd­kz­tn­dtcm­cvsck­ce­ot-cn­djdf­ybz­gfh­rjd­b­xnj­bvty­yj­jy­gjl­kt­ébn­jö­hf­yt.­Ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj,­jö­hf­yf­kfy­lifa­njd­ås­kf­ukfd­ysv­afr­nj­hjv­ex­hté­lt­ybz­gth­dsö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­–­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crj­uj­gfh­rf­d­1872­uj­le,­f­dcktl­pf­ybv­–­gfh­rjd­≤Ctr­dj­qb≥­b­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­d­1890­uj­le.­Dlj­åf-djr­r­äa­atr­nyjq­nj­gju­hf­abb,­dfé­ysv­afr­nj­hjv­lkz­ib­hj­rjq­geå­kb­rb­ås­kb,­d­jc­yjd­yjv,­pf­vtn­yst­yt­djj­he-éty­yj­ve­ukf­pe­äkt­vty­ns­ghb­hj­ls­–­kt­cf­b­lb­rbt­wdt-ns,­f­yt­vs­ib­bkb­cf­kf­vfy­lhs.­D­rjy­wt­ÖÈÖ-uj­dt­rf­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rfz­yf­erf­kbim­pf­hjé­lf­kfcm.­Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­vyj­ubt­dfé­yst­åbj­nb­xtc­rbt­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­ås­kb­drkñ­xt­ys­d­ght­ltks­gfh­rjd,­änj­d­jc­yjd­yjv­ghj­bc­öj-lb­kj­gj­dj­kt­cke­xfz­–­rju­lf­nf­rbt­åbj­wt­yj­ps­dcnht-xf­kbcm­yf­nth­hb­nj­hb­zö,­ds­lt­kty­ysö­c­wt­kmñ­pf­ob­ns­kfy­lifa­nf,­änj­uj­ght­rhfc­yj­uj­≤af­cf­lf≥­ghb­hj­ls.

eöjl pf af cf ljv: dyb vf ybt yf kfy lifan

D­1916­uj­le­Rjy­uhtcc­CIF­cj­plfk­Ckeé­åe­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­c­wt­kmñ­rj­jh­lb­yb­hj­df­ybz­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­gj­cnj­zy­yj­hfc­ne­otq­cbc­nt­vjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.­Gj­cdz­oty­ysq­tq­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­ysq­frn­ght­lecvfn­hb­dfk­jö­hf­ye­kfy­lifa­njd,­jåütr­njd­tc­nt­cn­dty­yj­uj­ghj­bc-öjé­lt­ybz­b­lb­rjq­ghb­hj­ls,­f­nfr­ét­gj­ke­xt­ybt­geå-kb­rjq­eljdjkm­cn­dbz­jn­änbö­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­ntq,­yj­nfr,­xnj­ås­gfh­rb­jc­nf­df­kbcm­≤yt­gjd­hté­lty­ys­vb,­xnj­ås­b­åe­le­obt­gj­rj­kt­ybz­gj­ke­xf­kb­jn­ybö­nf­rjt­ét­eljdjkm­cn­dbt≥.­Yf­vt­ht­ybz­änj­uj­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yj­uj­fr­nf­dctu­lf­ås­kb­fv­åb­df­kty­nys­vb,­gj­crjkm­re­jy­åkf­ujc-kj­dbk­rfr­jö­hf­ye,­nfr­b­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­gfh­rjd.­Yj­d­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yjq­ghfr­nb­rt­yf­vtc­nfö­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­gfh-rjd­≤yt­gjd­hté­lty­ys­vb≥­jn­yj­cb­kjcm­gjx­nb­wt­kb­rjv­r­gfh­rj­dsv­kfy­lifa­nfv,­f­yt­r­njy­rjc­nzv­åbj­nb­xtc­rbö­cj­jå­ot­cnd­änbö­gfh­rjd.

Ujc­nb­yb­wf­≤Utq­pth­≤Cnf­hsq­dth­ysq≥,­gj­cnhj­ty­yfz­d­1904­uj­le­d­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt,­ghb­dktr­kf­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­r­änjq­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­nb,­yj­cnhjb­nt­kb­d­nt­dht­vt­yf­vf­kj­pf­le­vs­df­kbcm­jå­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­gj­cktl­cn­dbzö­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­df.

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eJournal uSa 25

Jce­ot­cn­dkzz­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dj­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­gfh-rjd­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­ght­lj­cnf­dbnm­ne­hbc­nfv­lj­cneg­r­ds­lfñ­obv­cz­éb­dj­gbc­ysv­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­nzv,­gth­dst­vt­yt­lét­hs­gfh­rjd­b­nt,­rnj­ghb­itk­bv­yf­cvt-ye,­cnht­vb­kbcm­lj­åbnm­cz­phb­ntkm­yjq­ufh­vj­ybb­vté-le­yj­djc­nhjq­rf­vb­b­tc­nt­cn­dty­ysv­kfy­lifa­njv.­Jyb­ecnhf­bdf­kb­rtv­gby­ub,­cnhjb­kb­jnt­kb­ds­cit­uj­rkfc­cf­b­ghj­rkf­ls­df­kb­crj­hjc­nyst­nhfc­cs­crdjpm­éb­dj­gbc­yst­eujk­rb­gfh­rjd.­By­ét­yt­hs­b­cgt­wbf­kbc­ns­gj­cf­lj­dj-gfh­rj­djq­fh­öb­ntr­ne­ht­gj­vtc­nb­kb­vyj­ubt­bp­gth­dsö­jnt­ktq,­ve­pt­td­b­lhe­ubö­jåütr­njd­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­dyen­hb­ukfd­ysö­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­ntq­rfr­nf­rj­dsö.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­jyb­xfc­nj­cnhjb­kb­d­fh­öb­ntr­neh­yjv­cnb­kt­ghb-vb­nb­df,­bc­gjkm­pez­nz­ét­kst­åhtd­yf­b­rf­vtym,­xnj­ås­bö­gj­cnhjq­rb­ds­ukz­lt­kb­lt­nf­kmñ­tc­nt­cn­dty­yj­uj­kfy­lifa-nf.­Gj­ljåysv­ét­jå­hf­pjv­jyb­cnhjb­kb­fd­nj­lj­hj­ub­b­vjc­ns,­dgb­cs­dfz­bö­d­ghb­hjl­yjt­jr­he­ét­ybt.

Jhb­ty­nb­he­zcm­yf­nf­rbt­phb­ntkm­yst­afr­nj­hs,­hfp-hf­åjn­xb­rb­b­cnhjb­nt­kb­gfh­rjd­njq­hfy­ytq­ägj­öb­gjx­nb­yt­ghj­zd­kz­kb­pf­åj­ns­jå­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­ghj­wtc­cfö.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­vt­yt­lét­hs­dct­ét­fr­nbd­yj­djp­hf­éf­kb­ghj­nbd­yt­rj­nj­hsö­rheg­ysö­dnjh­ét­ybq­yf­gfh­rj­deñ­nth­hb­nj­hbñ­–­ét­ktp­ysö­lj­hju,­gkj­nby­b­ht­pth­def­hjd.­Jyb­nfr­ét­pf­ob­of­kb­kt­cf­b­dyti­yt­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yst­db­ls­lb­rjq­ghb­hj­ls,­jcj­åty­yj­rheg­ysö­vkt­rj­gb­nfñ-obö.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­tc­kb­jc­nf­dbnm­d­cnj­hj­yt­jåütr­ns­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­ne­hbc­njd,­uj­hs­b­lj­kb­ys­gfh­rjd­cj­öhf-yz­kbcm­yt­gjd­hté­lty­ys­vb,­kt­cf­wdt­kb,­f­ke­uf­gtc­nht­kb­hfc­nb­ntkm­yjc­nmñ.

Jl­yf­rj­eöjl­pf­kfy­lifa­nf­vb­yt­ghtl­gj­kf­ufk­fr-nbd­yj­uj­exfc­nbz­yf­erb,­gj­änj­ve­ås­df­kj,­xnj­d­eg­hfd-kt­ybt­gfh­rf­vb­ghj­cf­xb­df­kbcm­vt­nj­ls,­yt­jn­dt­xfñ­obt­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­ghby­wb­gfv:­ghb­dyt­ct­ybt­är­pj­nb­xtc­rbö,­yt­-fåj­hb­uty­ysö­db­ljd;­gj­lfdkt­ybt­ktc­ysö­gj­éf­hjd­lkz­ght­ljndhf­ot­ybz­ntv­ysö­ihf­vjd­d­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­gtq­pf-éfö;­eybx­nj­ét­ybt­gev­b­dj­krjd,­jöj­nbd­ibö­cz­yf­lhe-ubö­vkt­rj­gb­nfñ­obö;­f­nfr­ét­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­gtc­nb­wb­ljd­lkz­ght­ljndhf­ot­ybz­pf­hf­ét­ybz­b­gj­tlf­ybz­hfc­nb­ntkm-yjc­nb­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­kt­cjd­fåj­hb­uty­ys­vb­yf­ct­rj­vs­vb.

Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­≤e­öjl­pf­af­cf­ljv≥­cnfk­jå­otg­hb-yz­njq­ghfr­nb­rjq­–­vt­nj­ljv­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­éb­dj­gbc­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb,­rj­nj­hsq­jåtc­gt­xb­dfk­ib­hj­rjq­geå­kb­rt­djp-vjé­yjcnm­yf­ckfé­lfnm­cz­bvb,­öj­nz­vf­kj­rnj­gj­yb­vfk­jcjp­yf­dfk­jgfc­yjcnm­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obö­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­gj­cktl­cn­dbq.­Nju­lfi­ybv­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­kzv­rf­pf­kjcm,­xnj,­gj­rf­hfp­db­nbt­gfh­rj­dj­uj­öj­pzq­cn­df­ct­hmtp­yj­yt­pf-nhf­ub­df­tn­kfy­lifa­ns,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­jc­nf­yen­cz­≤yt­gjd­hté­lty­ys­vb,­xnj­ås­b­åe­le­obt­gj­rj­kt­ybz­gj­ke-xf­kb­jn­ybö­nf­rjt­ét­eljdjkm­cn­dbt≥,­rfr­ghtl­gb­cs­dfk­Rjy­uhtcc.

jpf åj xty yjcnm ärj kj ub xtc rb vb ghj åkt vf vb

R­ct­ht­lb­yt­1920-ö­uj­ljd­gfh­rj­dst­åbj­kj­ub­cnf­kb­gj­yb­vfnm,­xnj­akj­hf­b­afe­yf­zd­kz­ñn­cz­kbim­cj­cnfd-ys­vb­xfc­nz­vb­ju­hjv­ysö,­dpf­bvj­cdz­pfy­ysö­ärj­kj­ub­xtc-rbö­rjv­gktr­cjd.­Jl­yf­rj­vyt­ybt­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­j­yf­ex­yjv,­jc­yj­dfy­yjv­yf­ht­pekm­nf­nfö­bc­ckt­lj-df­ybq­vt­nj­lt­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­gfh­rj­dsv­öj­pzq­cn­djv­ås­kj­yf­cnjkm­rj­ybp­rbv,­xnj,­rju­lf­d­1929­uj­le­yf­rj­ytw­yf­xf­kb­cdjñ­hf­åj­ne­tc­nt­cn­dty­yj­yf­ex­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs­Ckeé­ås,­änj­ghj­bpji­kj­njkm­rj­åkf­uj­lf­hz­xfc­nysv­ceå­cb­lb­zv­cj­cnjz­ntkm­yj­uj­åbj­kj­uf­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd­Léjhléf­V.­Hfq­nf.­Dcrj­ht­Ckeé­åf­gfh­rjd­yf­xf­kf­ab-yfy­cb­hj­df­ybt­tuj­ghj­uhfvv,­yj­ds­hjc­itt­ås­kj­dkbz­ybt­ntö­åbj­kj­ujd,­rj­nj­hst­hf­åj­nf­kb­gjl­he­rj­djl­cn­djv­Hfq-nf,­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­evtym­ib­kjcm­gjc­kt­tuj­åtp­dht­vty­yjq­cvth­nb­d­yf­xf­kt­1936­uj­lf­d­fd­nj­vj­åbkm­yjq­fdf­hbb.

Kbim­gjx­nb­xt­htp­nhb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­åbj­kj­ufv,­d­åjhm­åt­c­jhb­ty­nb­hj­dfy­yjq­yf­nhf­lb­wbb­Ckeé­åjq­gfh-rjd,­elf­kjcm­dj­pjåyj­dbnm­cdjb­gj­gsn­rb­gj­dkb­znm­yf­vt­njl­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­gfh­rf­vb.­Yf­änjn­hfp­gjl­lth­érf­ghb­ikf­bp­dyt.­D­1963­uj­le­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yfz­frf­lt­vbz­yf-er­d­cdj­tv­tétujl­yjv­lj­rkf­lt­gjl­dth­ukf­Ckeé­åe­gfh-rjd­jc­nhjq­rhb­nb­rt,­ghb­pdfd­tt­he­rj­djl­cn­dj­jå­hf­nbnm­cz­r­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybñ­by­nty­cbd­ysö­yf­ex­ysö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq,­xnj­ås­jåtc­gt­xbnm­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­cbc­ntv­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.­Frf­lt­vbz­lf­kf­jgb­cf­ybt­gfh­rjd­rfr­≤dpf­bvj­cdz­pfy­yjq­cbc­nt­vs­hfc­nt­ybq,­éb­djn­ysö­b­cht­ls­jåb­nf­ybz≥­b­gj­ht­rj­vty­lj­df­kf,­xnj­ås­r­ybv­jn­yj­cb­kbcm­rfr­r­≤åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­åfy­rfv≥.­Bp­jn­xt­nf­cnf­kj­zc­yj,­xnj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­cj­cht­lj­nj­xty­yj­uj­ukfd­ysv­jå­hf­pjv­yf­eöj­lt­pf­kfy­lifa­njv,­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yj.

D­njv­ét­1963­uj­le­cgt­wb­fkm­yfz­rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­yfz­rj­vbc­cbz­gjl­ghtl­ct­lf­ntkm­cn­djv­ghj­atc­cj­hf­Rf­kb-ajh­ybq­crj­uj­Eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­F.­Cnfh­rt­hf­Ktj­gjkm­lf,­jl­yj­uj­bp­dt­le­obö­åbj­kj­ujd­cdjt­uj­dht­vt­yb,­jgeå­kb-rj­df­kf­lj­rkfl­jå­eg­hfd­kt­ybb­gfh­rj­dsv­öj­pzq­cn­djv;­jy­cnfk­cf­vsv­dkbz­ntkm­ysv­lj­re­vty­njv­nf­rj­uj­hj­lf­gjc­kt­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yj­uj­fr­nf­1916­uj­lf,­ex­ht­lbd­it­uj­Ckeé­åe­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.­D­lj­rkf­lt­Ktj­gjkm­lf­ås­kf­gjl­xth­rye­nf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf-ybz­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­öf­hfr­nt­hf­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­f­nfr­ét­ås­kj­ht­rj­vty­lj­df­yj,­xnj­ås­rfé­lsq­rheg­ysq­ghb­hjl-ysq­gfhr­ghtl­cnfd­kzk­cj­åjq­≤jå­hfp­xbr­gth­dj­plfy­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb≥.­D­lj­rkf­lt­ås­kj­pf­zd­kt­yj,­xnj­fåj­hb­uty­yst­åbj­nb­xtc­rbt­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­dyen­hb­rfé­lj­uj­gfh­rf­lj­kéys­≤gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­cz­bkb,­ult­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj,­åsnm­djc­cjp­lf-ys­–­yf­cnjkm­rj­åkbp­rj,­yf­crjkm­rj­änj­djp­vjé­yj­–­d­njv­db­lt,­rj­nj­hsq­ght­jå­kf­lfk,­rju­lf­lfy­yeñ­jå­kfcnm­dgth­dst­gj­ct­nbk­åt­ksq­xt­kj­dtr≥.

eJournal uSa 26

Bpjå­hf­éty­yjt­pltcm­hfc­nt­ybt­≤vtl­dt­émz­nhf­df≥­[rct­hj­abk­kev­ghjx­ysq]­ghj­bp­hfc­nf­tn­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Ukf­cmth≥­d­inf­nt­­Vjy­nf­yf­b­zd­kz­tn­cz­fåj­hb­uty­ysv­lkz­ht­ubj­yf­Crf­kbc­nsö­ujh.­Vtl­dt­lb­gb­nf­ñn­cz­änbv­hfc­nt­yb­tv­dtc­yjq,­f­nfr­ét­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­tuj­­d­cdj­bö­åth­kj­ufö­rfr­vf­nt­hb­fk­lkz­gjl­cnbk­rb.­Ltqcn­deñ­obt­eét­d­nt­xt­ybt­yt­crjkm­rbö­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq­vt­nj­ls­gfh­rj­dj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­­cnf­hf­ñn­cz­pf­ob­nbnm­dct­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­fn­vj­cat­hs­gfh­rf,­jn­yt­éysö­hfc­nt­ybq­b­vb­hf­yf­ct­rj­vsö­lj­dpls­vfñ­obö­cz­­ddscm­gb­rjd­b­ujh­ysö­rhz­étq.

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eJournal uSa 27

D­nf­rjv­gjl­öj­lt­jn­hf­pb­kjcm­gj­yb­vf­ybt­åjkm­ibö­gt­ht­vty­d­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­lt,­ds­pdfy­ysö­gj­zd­kt­yb­tv­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­td­hj­gtq­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­b­bö­ntö­yj-kj­ubz­vb.­D­ntö­rheg­ysö­ghb­hjl­ysö­gfh­rfö,­ult­ärj-kj­ub­xtc­rfz­htc­nfd­hf­wbz­ås­kf­djp­vjé­yf,­jyf­vju­kf­ås­gj­dth­yenm­nf­rbt­ghj­wtc­cs­dcgznm.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­lj­rkfl­Ktj­gjkm­lf­pf­kj­ébk­aey­lf­vtyn­ghj­wtc­cf­ckbz-ybz­≤eöj­lf­pf­af­cf­ljv≥­c­eg­hfd­kt­yb­tv,­jc­yj­dfy­ysv­yf­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­ghby­wb­gfö.­Djc­cjp­lf­dft­vsq­gth-dj­plfy­ysq­gtq­pfé­åe­ltn­wt­yty­d­hfd­yjq­cnt­gt­yb­rfr­cdj­tq­ghb­ev­yj­éty­yjq­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­wtkm­yjc­nmñ,­nfr­b­ab­pb­xtc­rjq­rhf­cj­njq.­D­jc­yj­de­änbö­ecb­kbq­ktu­kj­joe-ot­ybt­åt­pjn­kf­uf­ntkm­yjc­nb,­jcjp­yf­ybt­nj­uj,­xnj,­öj­nz­dt­kb­xt­cn­dty­yst­kfy­lifa­ns­gfh­rjd­åe­len­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­tot­ljk­uj,­bö­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­yt­cvj­étn­ds­ébnm­åtp­gt­ht­vty­d­gjl­öj­lt­r­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­ghj-åkt­vfv­gfh­rjd.

Ljk­uj­dht­vty­yjt­pyf­xt­ybt­lj­rkf­lf­Ktj­gjkm­lf­ås­kj­xfc­nbx­yj­jåec­kjd­kt­yj­tuj­eåt­lb­ntkm­yjc­nmñ­d­gj­lfxt­ckjé­ysö­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­ghj­åktv.­D­åj­ktt­njy­rjv­fc­gtr­nt,­jl­yf­rj,­tuj­db­lt­ybt­gth­dj­plfy­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb­pf­nhj­ye­kj­hj­vfy­nb­xtc­rbt­b­gfn­hbj­nb­xtc­rbt­cnhe­ys,­gjl­crf­ps­dfz­yt­xnj­dhj­lt­afy­nf­pbb­yf­nt­ve­≤Bp­Yj­dj­uj­Cdt­nf≥­–­jå­hf­pf­gfh­rjd­rfr­yt­nhj­ye­njq­ptv­kb.­Ckeé­åf­gfh­rjd­ghj­ybr­kfcm­änjq­blt­tq­b­öj­nt­kf­lj­ytc­nb­tt­lj­ib­hj­rjq­geå­kb­rb.­Nf­rjt­db­lt­ybt­jrf­pf­kjcm­d­gjk­yjv­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­aey­lf­vty­nfkm­ys­vb­rekm­neh­ys­vb­ghb-xb­yf­vb­cf­vj­uj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­–­xed­cn­djv­hj­vfy­nb­xtc­rj­uj­yf­wbj­yf­kbp­vf,­yf­rj­nj-hjv­dctu­lf­ås­kf­jc­yj­df­yf­ib­hj­rfz­gjl­lth­érf­änbö­gfh­rjd,­c­bö­rjt-ult­tot­cj­öhf­ybd­ib­vb­cz­gtq­pf­éf­vb­gth­dj­gj­ct­kty­xtc­rbö­ahjy­nb­hjd,­ds­cj­rb­vb­uj­hf­vb­b­yt­jåüzn­ys­vb­jn­rhs­ns­vb­ghj­cnhf­ycn­df­vb,­–­vjo­ys­vb­ut­ju­hf­ab­xtc­rb­vb­cbv­dj­kf­vb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­rjh­ytq­b­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­ghtl­yfp­yf­xt­ybz.

Lj­rkfl­Ktj­gjkm­lf­csu­hfk­yf­he­re­åbj­kj­ufv,­cnht-vbd­ibv­cz­bp­vt­ybnm­yt­rj­nj­hst­vt­nj­ls­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd.­Gjkm­pe­zcm­jc­yj­dfy­ys­vb­yf­ht­pekm­nf-nfö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq­vt­nj­lf­vb­ht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz­gj­éf­hjd,­gfh­rb­cnf­kb­gs­nfnm­cz­bvb­nb­hj­dfnm­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­tc­nt­cn-dty­yj­djp­yb­rfñ­obö­gj­éf­hjd.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­vt­yt­lét­hs­gfh­rjd­kbr­db­lb­hj­df­kb­ghj­uhfv­vs­jgs­kt­ybz­by­ctr­nb-wb­lf­vb­b­jåtc­gt­xb­kb­åjkm­itq­pf­ob­njq­fåj­hb­uty­ysö­öbo­yb­rjd.­Jyb­nfr­ét­ghb­kf­uf­kb­ecb­kbz­r­nj­ve,­xnj­ås­evtym­ibnm­gj­ge­kz­wbb­jcj­åty­yj­ltc­nher­nbd­ysö­är­pj­nb-xtc­rbö­db­ljd,­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­djp­dhf­ofz­d­gfh­rb­bc­xtp-yed­ibt­fåj­hb­uty­yst­db­ls.

Eg­hfd­kt­ybñ­ghb­hjl­ys­vb­ht­ceh­cf­vb­d­gfh­rfö­nfr­ét­cgj­cjå­cn­djdf­kb­byb­wbf­nb­ds­Rjy­uhtc­cf,­drkñ­xfz­≤Pf­rjy­j­gth­dj­plfy­yjq­ghb­hj­lt≥­(1964)­b­≤Pf­rjy­j­db­lfö,­yf­öj-lz­obö­cz­gjl­eu­hj­pjq­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybz≥­(1973).­Änb­b­lhe-

ubt­pf­rj­ys,­d­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­≤Pf­rjy­j­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rt­CIF≥­(1969),­gj­vju­kb­ecj­dth­ity­cn­dj­dfnm­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb,­b­åkf­uj­lf­hz­bv­vt­nj­ls­hf­åj­ns­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd­cnf­kb­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm-cz­yf­vyj­uj­nof­ntkm­ytt,­d­njv­xbc­kt­pf­cxtn­exfc­nbz­yf­ct­kt­ybz­d­gfh­rj­djv­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybb.

Jl­yf­rj­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yjt­ldb­ét­ybt­1960-ö­b­1970-ö­uj­ljd,­drkñ­xfz­lj­rkf­ls­Ktj­gjkm­lf­b­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­frf­lt­vbb,­yt­cvju­kj­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­bp­vt­ybnm­nhf­lb­wb-jy­ysq­ghb­jhb­ntn­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­änj­uj­dt­ljv­cn­df­–­pf-åj­ne­j­éb­dj­gbc­yjv­af­cf­lt­ghb­hj­ls.­Yt­jl­yj­rhfn­yst­ghb­ps­ds­r­hfc­ib­ht­ybñ­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rbö­ghj­uhfvv,­ébp­yty­yj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsö­lkz­rf­xt­cn­dty­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt-ybz­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ljq,­yt­gj­ke­xb­kb­lj­cnf­njx­yjq­gjl­lthé­rb­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd,­Rjy­uhtc­cf­b­yf­ct­kt­ybz­pf­ght­ltkf­vb­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df.

yt ht ity yst pf lf xb ghb hjl ysö ht ceh cjd

D­rjy­wt­ÖÖ-uj­dt­rf,­cj­ghj­djé­lfd­it­uj­cz­nf­rb­vb­yf-hfc­nfñ­ob­vb­ghj­åkt­vf­vb,­rfr­ukj­åfkm­yjt­gj­ntg­kt­ybt,­hjcn­yf­ct­kt­ybz­b­hfp­he­it­ybt­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­cht­ls­jåb­nf-ybz,­cj­rhf­ot­ybt­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbz­dj­dctv­vb­ht­ghb­dktr­kj­åj­ktt­ghb­cnfkm­yjt­dyb­vf­ybt­jå­ot­cn-dty­yjc­nb­r­rjy­wtg­wbb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­rfr­ghb-hj­lj­jö­hfy­ysö­kf­åj­hf­nj­hbq­b­≤ut­yt­nb­xtc­rbö­åfy­rjd≥.­Ext­yst­b­dct­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rbt­ckjb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­Fvt­hb­rb­cnf­kb­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­dfé­yjq­cj­cnfd­kzñ­otq­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­plj­hj­dmz­gkf­yt-ns­–­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­ht­pth­def­hjd­ut­yt­nb­xtc­rj­uj­vf­nt­hbf­kf­b­jc­nhj­djd­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­ébp­yb,­åfc­nbj­yjd­pf­ob­ns­ghj­nbd­yt­jå­hf­nb­vsö­bp­vt­yt­ybq­bkb­jrjy­xf­ntkm­yjq­gj­nt­hb­åbj-kj­ub­xtc­rbö­db­ljd.

D­1997­uj­le­z­jgeå­kb­rj­dfk­cdjñ­ryb­ue­≤Jö­hf­yf­ghb­hj­ls­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö:­bc­nj­hbz≥­–­vtc­nf­vb­dtcm­vf­rhb­nb­xtc­rbq­fyf­kbp­vt­nj­ljd­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­tc­nt­cn-dty­ys­vb­ht­ceh­cf­vb,­ghb­vt­yzd­ibö­cz­Ckeé­åjq­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­nt­xt­ybt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq.­D­jn­dtn­yf­änj­Ckeé­åf­gfh­rjd­gjx­nb­yt­vtl­kty­yj­yf­xf­kf­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybt­yj­djq­b­fv­åb­wb­jp­yjq­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yjq­byb­wbf­nb­ds,­bp­dtcn­yjq­rfr­≤Yt­ht­ity­yst­pf­lf­xb­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh-cjd≥­(Natural Re source Challen ge).­Jåüzd­kty­yfz­d­fd­uec­nt­1999­uj­lf,­änf­byb­wbf­nb­df­åsc­nhj­pf­djt­df­kf­lde­ögfh-nbq­yeñ­gjl­lth­ére­d­Rjy­uhtc­ct,­rj­nj­hfz­bvt­tn­vtc­nj­b­ct­ujl­yz.­D­jå­otv­b­wt­kjv,­byb­wbf­nb­df­≤Yt­ht­ity­yst­pf­lf­xb≥­cdj­lbn­cz­r­yf­båj­ktt­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­ve­edt­kb­xt-ybñ­ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybz­b­xbc­kty­yjc­nb­gth­cj­yf­kf­yf­ex­yj-uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ys­vb­ht­ceh­cf­vb­pf­dcñ­bc­nj­hbñ­Ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd.

Åe­le­xb­gj­bc­nb­yt­dct­jåütv­kñ­otq,­byb­wbf­nb­df­≤Yt­ht-ity­yst­pf­lf­xb≥­yf­rfg­kb­df­tn,­ghb­vt­yz­tn­b­hfc­ghj­cnhf-

eJournal uSa 28

yz­tn­yf­ex­yst­pyf­ybz­cht­lb­ghj­atc­cbj­yf­kjd­b­ib­hj­rbö­ckj­td­yf­ct­kt­ybz­d­wt­kzö­jö­hf­ys­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­b­jå­ot­uj­åkf­uf­rfr­gfh­rjd,­nfr­b­jå­ot­cn­df­d­wt­kjv.­D­xbc­kj­rjy­rhtn­ysö­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obö­byb­wbf­nb­ds­döj­lzn­ckt­leñ­obt­ec­rj­hty­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs:­by­dty­nf­hb­pf­wbz­gfh­rj­dsö­fåj­hb­uty­ysö­db­ljd,­rfr­yf­ptv­ysö,­nfr­b­djl-ysö;­rjy­nhjkm­pf­bp­vt­yt­ybz­vb­d­bö­cj­cnjz­ybb;­f­nfr­ét­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­b­htc­nfd­hf­wbz­yf­öj­lz­obö­cz­gjl­eu­hj­pjq­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybz­gj­ge­kz­wbq­b­jl­yj­dht­vty­yjt­ecnhf­yt­ybt­yt­fåj­hb­uty­ysö­db­ljd.­Byb­wbf­nb­df­≤Yt­ht­ity­yst­pf­lf-xb≥­nfr­ét­ghb­ps­df­tn­r­ekex­it­ybñ­rjy­nhj­kz­pf­rf­xt-cn­djv­djp­le­öf­b­dj­ls.­Rhb­nb­xtc­rb­dfé­ys­rfr­gjl­åjh­gth­cj­yf­kf,­cgj­cjå­yj­uj­lj­cnbxm­änbö­b­lhe­ubö­wt­ktq,­nfr­b­ght­lj­cnfd­kt­ybt­yf­ct­kt­ybñ­lj­gjk­yb­ntkm­ysö­djp­vjé-yjc­ntq­gj­ke­xfnm­eljdjkm­cn­dbt­jn­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­gfh­rjd­b­ep­yf­dfnm­j­ybö­b­j­njv,­rfr­bö­cj­öhf­yznm.

≤Yt­ht­ity­yst­pf­lf­xb­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd≥­jn­rhs-kb­yj­deñ­ähe­d­eg­hfd­kt­ybb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb.­Gj­cnt­gty­yj­vté­le­cnj­hjy­ybrf­vb­≤eöj­lf­pf­af­cf­ljv≥­b­ghb­dth­éty­wf­vb­jc­yj­dfy­yj­uj­yf­lfy­ysö­yf­erb­vt­nj­lf­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb­djp­ybr­yt­ås­df-ksq­lj­cbö­gjh­ehj­dtym­gj­yb­vf­ybz­b­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­df.­Dfé­yj­nj,­xnj­änj­gj­vj­uf­tn­Ckeé­åt­gfh­rjd­pf­yznm­gj­pb­wbñ,­kex­it­ghb­cgj­cjå­kty­yeñ­lkz­ghj­nb­djc­njz-ybz­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­eu­hj­pfv­änj­uj­cnj­kt­nbz.­B­yf­rj­ytw,­åkf­uj­lf­hz­egj­he,­rj­nj­hsq­Byb­wbf­nb­df­lt­kf­tn­yf­jö­hf­yt­wt­kjc­nyjc­nb­ghb­hjl­yjq­cht­ls­gfh­rjd,­b­Rjy­uhtcc,­b­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­b­lf­ét­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­rfr­yf­wbz­cnf­kb­ib­ht­b­åj­ktt­rjv­gktr­cyj­d­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­by­nth­ght­nb­hj­dfnm­jc­yj­dj­gj­kf­ufñ­obq­frn­Rjy­uhtc­cf­1916­uj­lf­j­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjc­nb­cj­öhf­ybnm­yf­wbj-yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­≤yt­gjd­hté­lty­ys­vb,­xnj­ås­b­åe­le­obt­gj­rj­kt­ybz­gj­ke­xf­kb­jn­ybö­nf­rjt­ét­eljdjkm­cn­dbt≥.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­ec­nf­yjd­rb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal uSa 29

D­1969­uj­le­vj­kj­ljq­cne­ltyn­åbj­kju­bp­Rjc­nf­Hb­rb­

ghb­töfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns,­xnj­ås­edb­ltnm­bp­yen­hb­

hf­åj­ne­cbc­nt­vs­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF.­D­1970­uj­le­

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hfp­lt­kbnm­yf­ldt­ägj­öb:­lj­b­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­yf­hjl­änjq­

cnhf­ys­ghb­yzk­ht­it­ybt­cj­öhf­ybnm­tt­eyb­rfkm­yjt­åbj­kj­

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yf­pdfk­tuj­jl­ybv­bp­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­kb­lt­hjd­dt­rf.

D­1969­uj­le­z­d­nt­xt­ybt­yt­crjkm­rbö­vt­cz­wtd­ghb­cnfkm­yj­yf­åkñ­lfk­pf­hf­åj­njq­yf­wbj­yfkm-yjq­cbc­nt­vs­gfh­rjd­CIF.­Vt­yz­ghb­ukf­cb­kb­

exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­Vté­le­yfhjl­yjv­ct­vb­yf­ht­gj­bpe­xt­ybñ­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­fyf­kj­ubx­ysö­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rjd,­d­hfv­rfö­rj­nj­hj­uj­z­b­tot­ghb­vth­yj­25­exfcn­yb­rjd­cj­dctö­rjy­wjd­cdt­nf­cvju­kb­gj­ct­nbnm­hzl­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­gfh­rjd.­D­gfh­rfö­vs­dcnht­xf­kbcm­c­cf­vs­vb­hfp­kbx­ys-vb­cj­nhel­yb­rf­vb,­jn­tut­htq­b­åbj­kj­ujd­lj­njh­uj­dj­uj­gth­cj­yf­kf.

Z­nju­lf­yt­le­vfk­j­rf­hmt­ht­d­gfh­rj­djq­ckeé­åt,­gj-crjkm­re­nf­rj­uj­dt­ljv­cn­df­d­Rjc­nf-Hb­rt­yt­ce­ot­cn­djdf-kj.­Jl­yf­rj,­rju­lf­z­dth­yek­cz,­Rjy­uhtcc­Rjc­nf-Hb­rb­ghb­yzk­pf­rjy­jå­ex­hté­lt­ybb­gfh­rj­djq­cbc­nt­vs.­Gj­änj-ve­gth­dst­itcnm­vt­cz­wtd­z­pf­yb­vfk­cz­cj­plf­yb­tv­änjq­cbc­nt­vs­rfr­lj­åhj­dj­ktw,­f­d­1970­uj­le­vt­yz­ghb­yz­kb­yf­gj­cnj­zy­yeñ­hf­åj­ne,­b­z­cnfk­dnj­hsv­cj­nhel­yb­rjv­gfh­rj­djq­ckeé­ås­cnhf­ys.

Gfh rb vj uen bp vt ybnm cnhf yeFkm­df­hj­Eufk­lt

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eJournal uSa 30

Vjq­rjk­kt­uf­Vf­hbj­Åj­pf,­gth­dsq­cj­nhel­ybr­ckeé-ås,­nfr­ét­exf­cn­dj­dfk­d­egj­vz­ye­njq­jp­yf­rj­vb­ntkm­yjq­gj­tp­lrt,­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­yjq­Ckeé­åjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rjd­CIF.­D­gj­tp­lrt­vs­ep­yf­kb­j­njv,­rfr­jh­uf­yb­pj-df­yj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­gfh­rf­vb,­ghb­tv­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­b­jö­hf­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­b­ghb­hj­ls.­Cbc­nt­vf,­cj­plfy­yfz­d­Cj­tlb­yty-ysö­Inf­nfö,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cz­vyt­jr­yjv,­xt­htp­rj­nj­hjt­yfv­nju­lf­jn­rhs­kfcm­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rfz­gth­cgtr­nb­df.

Åe­le­xb­åbj­kj­uf­vb,­vs­pyf­kb,­xnj­yf­ib­gfh­rb­cj-plf­ñn­cz­lkz­pf­ob­ns­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbz­cnhf­ys.­D­yf­itq­vf­ktym­rjq­cnhf­yt,­pf­yb­vfñ­otq­kbim­jl­ye­nhtnm­ghj­wty­nf­dctq­ce­ib­gkf­yt­ns,­ghtl­cnfd­kt­yj­5­ghj­wty­njd­dctö­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­db­ljd,­ce­ot­cn­deñ­obö­yf­Ptv­kt.­D­nj­dht­vz­nth­vby­≤åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­hfp­yj­jå-hf­pbt≥­tot­yt­dj­itk­d­jåb­öjl,­jl­yf­rj­vyj­ubt­nhj­gb-xtc­rbt­ajh­vs­ébp­yb­bpe­xf­kbcm­e­yfc­eét­lt­czn­rb­ktn.­Ghj­cdt­oty­yst­ght­gj­lfdf­nt­kb,­e­rj­nj­hsö­z­exbk­cz­d­Eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­Rjc­nf-Hb­rb,­ghb­db­kb­yfv­by­nt­htc­r­ärj-kj­ubb­b­ädj­kñ­wbb.­Ghb­änjv­vs­db­lt­kb,­xnj­jc­djt­ybt­cnhf­ys­dt­ltn­cz­jxtym­åsc­nhs­vb­ntv­gf­vb.

cj öhf yt ybt Rjc nf-hb rb

Vs­gj­yz­kb,­xnj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­eåt­lbnm­rjc­nf­hb­rfy­wtd­cj­plfnm­nf­rbt­gfh­rb­b­cj­öhf­ybnm­eyb­rfkm­yst­åj­ufn­cn­df­yf­itq­cnhf­ys.­Vs­jåüzc­yz­kb­kñ­lzv,­xnj­Rjc­nf-Hb-rf­lj­kéyf­jc­nfnm­cz­Rjc­nf-Hb­rjq,­xnj­uj­kfz­cnhf­yf,­kb­ity­yfz­kt­cjd­b­lb­rjq­ghb­hj­ls­–­änj­eét­yt­Rjc­nf-Hb­rf.­Yeé­ys­ås­kb­gfh­rb­b­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rb,­xnj­ås­öjnm­xnj-nj­cj­öhf­ybnm­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq,­lkz­yf­ibö­lt­ntq,­xnj­ås­jyb­pyf­kb,­rf­rjq­ås­kf­cnhf­yf­yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt.­Änf­bltz­åtp­nhe­lf­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yb­kfcm­gj­dctq­cnhf­yt.­Hfp­db­nbt­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rj­uj­ne­hbp­vf­b­cdz­pfy­yst­c­ybv­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­ås­kb­dnj­hbx­yjq­wt­kmñ.

Bc­nj­hbñ­Rjc­nf-Hb­rb­vjé­yj­hfp­lt­kbnm­yf­ldf­gt-hbj­lf­–­lj­b­gjc­kt­cj­plf­ybz­gfh­rjd.­Pf­yt­crjkm­rj­ktn­gjc­kt­yf­xf­kf­hf­åj­ns­gj­cj­plf­ybñ­gfh­rjd­cnhf­yf­gjk-yj­cnmñ­bp­vt­yb­kfcm.­Ctq­xfc­ytn­nf­rj­uj­rjc­nf­hb­rfy­wf,­rj­nj­hsq­yt­cks­öfk­jå­jö­hf­yt­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­bkb­j­ghb­hjl­ysö­åj­ufn­cn­dfö­cnhf­ys,­b­gjx­nb­dct­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ds­bu­hs­df­tn­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc-nb.­Cj­plf­dfz­gfh­rb­b­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rb,­vs­bp­vt­yb­kb­yf-ghfd­kt­ybt­hfp­db­nbz­b­ärj­yj­vb­re­yf­it­uj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df.­E­

Fksq­vf­rfj­–­gnb­wf­bp­ct­vtq­cn­df­gj­ge­uf­td,­jåb­nfñ­ofz­d­nhj­gb­xtc­rbö­kt­cfö­Rjc­nf­Hb­rb­b­fyf­kj­ubx­ysö­fhtf­kfö­ht­ubj­yf.­Änf­zh­rfz­gnb­wf,­nfr­ét­bp­dtcn­yfz­rfr­Ara­macao,­uytp­lbn­cz­d­rhj­yfö­nhj­gb­xtc­rbö­kt­cjd,­ult­uec­nfz­kb­cn­df­crhs­df­tn­tt­jn­öbo­yb­rjd.

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eJournal uSa 31

yfc­yj­dfz­gf­hf­lbu­vf­hfp­db­nbz,­yf­if­cnhf­yf­yt­gj­öj­éf­yf­ne,­rf­rjq­jyf­ås­kf­40­ktn­yf­pfl.

Lj­1970­uj­lf­d­cnhf­yt­yt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kj­jö­hf­yzt­vsö­ghb­hjl­ysö­pjy,­f­yt­pfc­nhj­ty­yst­jå­kfc­nb­cnhf­lf­kb­jn­ujh­ysö­hfp­hf­åj­njr,­jöj­ns­b­kt­cj­gj­df­kf,­jcj­åty­yj­nf-rbt­vtc­nf,­rfr­gj­ke­jc­nhjd­Jcf­–­cf­vjt­rhf­cb­djt­vtc­nj­d­vb­ht.­Änf­nth­hb­nj­hbz­yt­dt­hj­zn­yj­rhf­cb­df­b­öf­hfr­nt-hb­pe­tn­cz­pyf­xb­ntkm­ysv­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pb­tv.­Pf­yf­ib­vb­ecb­kbz­vb­gj­cgf­ct­ybñ­Jcs­ckt­lbn­dtcm­vbh.­Kñ­lb­ghb­tp­éf­ñn­cñ­lf,­xnj­ås­gj­cvjn­htnm­yf­änjn­

gj­ke­jc­nhjd.­tuj­ärj­yj­vb­rf­yt­bvt­tn­yb­xt­uj­jå­ot­uj­c­ujh­ys­vb­hfp­hf­åjn­rf­vb­bkb­kt­cj­gj­df­kjv­–­nt­gthm­cnfd-rf­clt­kf­yf­yf­ghb­hj­le.

Yf­ys­yti­ytv­änf­gt­cnf­yjd­kt­ybz­gfh­rj­djq­cbc­nt­vs­d­Rjc­nf-Hb­rt­ghj­åkt­vs­dct­tot­tcnm.­D­gfh­rfö­åtc­xby-cn­deñn­jöjn­yb­rb,­cke­xf­ñn­cz­gj­éf­hs.­Yj­åj­ktt­ct­hmtp-yfz­ghj­åkt­vf­ce­ot­cn­detn­pf­ght­ltkf­vb­gfh­rjd.­Rju­lf­d­hfc­gj­kj­éty­yjq­yt­gj­lfkt­re­jn­gfh­rf­lt­htd­yt­dt­ltn­cz­åtc­rjy­nhjkm­yjt­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dj,­gfh­rb­bc­gs­ns­df­ñn­yf­ct­åt­gt­xfkm­yst­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­ckf­åj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­yt­ljc-nf­njx­yj­uj­rjy­nhj­kz­b­jn­cen­cn­dbz­rj­jh­lb­yf­wbb­vté­le­vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­vb­b­lhe­ub­vb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ys­vb­jh­uf­yf-vb.­Crjg­kt­ybt­plf­ybq,­pf­uhzp­yt­ybt­dj­ls­b­jn­cen­cn­dbt­rf­yf­kb­pf­wb­jy­yjq­cbc­nt­vs­ece­ueå­kz­tn­cb­nef­wbñ.­Dct­änj­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­d­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjq­åkb­pjc­nb­jn­hz­lf­gfh­rjd­b­zd­kz­tn­cz­yf­ct­ujl­yz­jl­yjq­bp­yf­ibö­ukfd­ysö­ghj­åktv,­d­lj­gjk­yt­ybt­r­jn­hb­wf­ntkm­ysv­gj­cktl­cn­dbzv­bp­vt­yt­ybz­rkb­vf­nf.

cgf ct ybt gkf yt ns

Hfym­it­vs­yt­pyf­kb­j­njv,­xnj­gkf­yt­nt­uhj­pbn­åt­lf.­Ctq­xfc­änj­yfv­bp­dtcn­yj.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­rjk­ktr­nbd­yj­uj­gj­dt­lt­ybz­xt­kj­dt­xt­cnd­djp­ybr­ct­ujl­yzi­ybq­rjk­ktr­nbd-ysq­bc­njx­ybr­jgfc­yjc­nb:­ukj­åfkm­yjt­gj­ntg­kt­ybt,­hfp-he­it­ybt­åb­jc­at­hs,­bc­xtp­yj­dt­ybt­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­db­ljd,­nfñ­obt­kmls­yf­gj­kñ­cfö­b­lhe­ubt­eu­hj­ps.

D­vj­tq­cnhf­yt­nt­gthm­xf­ot­ghj­bc­öj­lzn­yf­djl­yt­ybz­b­el­kb­yb­kbcm­gt­hbj­ls­pf­ce­öb.­Gj­ujl­yst­bp­vt­yt­ybz­

ghb­dj­lzn­r­hfc­ib­ht­ybñ­pf-cei­kb­dsö­pjy,­b­yt­rj­nj­hst­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rbt­db­ls,­jåb­nfñ-obt­d­gjq­vty­ysö­ärj­cbc­nt-vfö,­gt­ht­åb­hf­ñn­cz­yf­dthö,­d­uj­hs.­Ne­rf­ys­éb­den­d­nf­rbö­vtc­nfö,­ult­jyb­hfym­it­yt­dj­lb­kbcm;­nj­ét­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­c­ve­hf­dmz­vb.­Änb­bp­vt­yt-ybz­bc­rf­éf­ñn­nrfym­ébp-yb.­Vs­gs­nf­tv­cz­pf­ob­nbnm­åbj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­d­gfh­rfö,­yj­nf­rbt­zd­kt­ybz­yf­åkñ­lf­ñn­cz­gj­dctq­cnhf­yt.­D­Rjc­nf-Hb­rt­vyj­uj­clt­kf-yj­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­jö­hf­yzt­vsö­pjy,­b­dct­ét­änj­kbim­jc-nhj­df­d­vj­ht­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­ghj­åktv.

Yt­kmpz­jn­nz­ub­dfnm­ht­it-ybt­änbö­uhjp­ysö­ukj­åfkm-ysö­ghj­åktv;­vs­yt­vj­étv­gj­pdj­kbnm­ct­åt­nf­rjq­hjc­rj-

ib.­Jn­rkf­ls­dfnm­vt­hs­ghj­nb­dj­ltqcn­dbz­ukj­åfkm­yj­ve­gj­ntg­kt­ybñ­–­pyf­xbn­ghb­pyfnm­cz,­xnj­yfv­åtp­hfp­kbx­yj,­rf­reñ­gkf­yt­ne­b­rf­rbt­ec­kj­dbz­ébp­yb­vs­jc­nf­dbv­yf-ibv­lt­nzv.­Yj­z­jg­nb­vbcn­b­ndth­lj­dt­hñ,­xnj­tc­kb­vs­dct­yf­xytv­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­–­rfé­lsq­bp­yfc,­yf­ib­ct­vmb,­yf­hj­ls­b­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­–­b­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­ghz­vj­ctq­xfc,­gkf­yt­nf­yt­jc­nf­ytn­cz­d­ljk­ue,­b­vs­gj­åt­lbv.

Hzl­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­lkz­änjq­cnf­nmb­ght­lj­cnfd­kty­Ajy­ljv­nhj­gb­xtc­rj­uj­kt­cf­O2 For Life.­Ltz­ntkm­yjcnm­ajy­lf­gj­cdz­ot­yf­cj­öhf­yt­ybñ­b­pf­ob­nt­ghb­hj­ls­nhj­gb­rjd;­ajyl­pf­ob­of­tn­500­fr­hjd­(åj­ktt­200­utr­nf­hjd)­d­hf­qj­yt­gj­ke­jc­nhj­df­Jcf.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Dyen­hty­ybt­jh­uf­ys­änjq­cntr­kzy­yjq­kz­uei­rb­bp­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb­dbl­ys­crdjpm­tt­­ghj­phfx­yeñ­rj­ée.

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eJournal uSa 32

Z­–­yf­xfkm­ybr­åhb­uf­ls­gj­ghj­rkfl­rt­vfh­ihe­njd­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm-

yjv­gfh­rt­≤Frf­lbz≥.­Åhb­uf­lf­ds­öj­lbn­yf­hf­åj­ne­d­6­xf­cjd­en­hf,­

f­djp­dhf­of­tn­cz­d­16­xf­cjd.­Åjkm­ieñ­xfcnm­dht­vt­yb­vs­ghj­dj­lbv­pf­

heå­rjq­kt­cf,­tuj­ds­dj­pjv­b­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­djv­bp­rfv­yz­–­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­

vs­gt­ibv­öj­ljv­lj­cnfd­kz­tv­cdjb­hñr­pf­rb­b­bycnhe­vty­ns­yf­hf­åj­xeñ­

gkj­ofl­re.­Änjn­nz­ét­ksq­ab­pb­xtc­rbq­nhel­nht­åe­tn­yf­ds­rjd,­rj­nj­hst­

yf­hf­åf­ns­df­ñn­cz­uj­lf­vb,­yj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­bp­yfc­yb­yf­xnj­lhe­ujt­cdjñ­

hf­åj­ne­yt­ghj­vt­yz­tn.­Yf­xfk­z­hf­åj­nfnm­d­åhb­uf­lt­dj­dht­vz­ktn­ybö­

rf­yb­rek,­rju­lf­exbk­cz­d­rjk­kt­lét,­b­djn­19­ktn­cgec­nz­z­lj­cbö­gjh­

pf­yb­vf­ñcm­änjq­hf­åj­njq­b­kñå­kñ­tt.

Nen,­rj­ytx­yj,­b­vtc­nj­jxtym­rhf­cb­djt.­D­≤Frf­lbb≥­vyj­uj­jn­dtc­ysö­

ujh,­rj­nj­hst­gjl­yb­vf­ñn­cz­bp­jrtf­yf,­nb­öbö­kt­cjd,­gtd­xbö­gnbw,­jkt­ytq,­

vtkm­rfñ­obö­yf­nhj­gby­rt,­gkf­dfñ­obö­d­jpt­ht­uf­ufh...­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­gj­ke-

xf­tim­uke­åj­rjt­eljd­ktn­dj­ht­ybt­jn­cf­vjq­hf­åj­ns:­ht­vjy­nf­rf­vty­ysö­ktc­nybw­b­lj­hj­étr,­gj­cnhj­ty­ysö­dhex­yeñ­80­

bkb­100­ktn­yf­pfl,­bc­gjkm­pez­nt­ét­vt­nj­ls,­rf­rbt­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­nju­lf,­c­njq­ét­wt­kmñ­rj­nj­hfz­ås­kf­e­rf­vty-

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gjc­kt­ndj­tq­cvth­nb.

Jcj­åjt­eljd­ktn­dj­ht­ybt­gj­ke­xf­tim,­rju­lf­db­lbim­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq,­c­ktu­rjc­nmñ­dpåb­hfñ­obö­cz­gj­ktc­nyb­wt,­rj­nj-

heñ­vs­gj­cnhjb­kb,­bkb­ghj­ue­kb­dfñ­obö­cz­gj­vj­ot­yjq­lj­hjé­rt,­rj­nj­heñ­vs­ghj­kj­éb­kb­xt­htp­uhzpm,­jå­ceé­lfz­

dbl­bkb­erf­ps­dfz­yf­yt­åj­b­cj­dctv­yt­jå­hf­ofz­dyb­vf­ybz­yf­nhj­ge.­D­nf­rbt­vj­vty­ns­z­gj­yb­vfñ,­xnj­bv­b­yt­yeé-

yj­jå­hf­ofnm­yf­änj­dyb­vf­ybz,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­vs­gj­pf­åj­nb­kbcm­j­njv,­re­lf­bv­cnf­dbnm­yj­ub­b­ctq­xfc,­b­xt­htp­100­ktn,­

f­bö­lt­kj­–­pf­yb­vfnm­cz­åj­ktt­dfé­ys­vb­dt­of­vb,­nf­rb­vb­rfr­jn­dtc­yst­uj­hs,­gjl­yb­vfñ­obt­cz­bp­jrtf­yf,­nb­öbt­kt­cf,­

gtd­xbt­gnb­ws,­jkt­yb,­vtkm­rfñ­obt­yf­nhj­gby­rt,­b­gkf­dfñ­obt­d­jpt­ht­uf­uf­hs.

Rhbc­Åfh­nth­hf­åj­nf­tn­yf­xfkm­yb­rjv­åhb­uf­ls­gj­ghj­rkf­ls­df­ybñ­vfh­ihe­njd­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­≤Frf­lbz≥­d­in.­Väy.­Änf­cnf­nmz­dgth­dst­gj­zdb­kfcm­d­

Ge­nt­dj­lb­nt­kt­gj­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­ve­gfh­re­≤Frf­lbz≥­d­in.­Väy­d­ct­hbb­ge­nt­dj­lb­nt­ktq­gj­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­gfh­rfv.­Pf­gjl­hjå­yjq­by­ajh­vf­wb­tq­gj­gj­ct­ot­ybñ­gfh­

rjd­jå­hf­ofq­ntcm­yf­cfqn:­OhRanger.com.

Cj plf dfz yf dt rfRhbc­Åfh­nth

Oh, RangeR®

eJournal uSa 33

1872Rjy­uhtcc­CIF­ex­hté­lf­tn­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crbq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­gkj­of-lmñ­2­vky.­fr­hjd­(åj­ktt­xtv­800­nsc.­utr­nf­hjd)­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­Df­qj­vby-uf­b­Vjy­nf­ys­≤d­rf­xt­cn­dt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­gfh­rf­bkb­vtc­nf­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­lj­ce­uf­lkz­gjkm­ps­b­eljdjkm­cn­dbz­uhfé­lfy≥.

1890–1916Rjy­uhtcc­ex­hté­lf­tn­tot­nhb­yfl­wfnm­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­gfh­rjd.­Dct­jyb,­drkñ-xfz­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­≤Vf­eyn­Htq­yth≥­(Mount Rainer)­d­inf­nt­Df­ibyu-njy,­≤Qj­ct­vb­nb≥­(Yosemite)­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­b­≤Hj­rb­Vf­ey­nby≥­(Rocky Mountain)­d­Rj­kj­hf­lj,­hfc­gj­kj­ét­ys­d­pf­gfl­yjq­xfc­nb­cnhf­ys.

1906Yt­jå­öj­lb­vjcnm­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­jåütr­njd­lj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjq­rekm­ne­hs­fvt-hb­rfy­crbö­by­ltq­wtd­pf­rhtg­kz­tn­cz­d­≤Pf­rj­yt­j­lhtd­yjc­nzö≥,­lfñ­otv­ght­pb­lty­nfv­CIF­yt­ju­hf­yb­xty­yst­gjk­yj­vj­xbz­lkz­jåüzd­kt­ybz­wty­ysö­jåütr­njd­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gf­vzn­yb­rf­vb.­R­1909­uj­le­ght­pb­ltyn­Ntj­ljh­Hep­dtkmn­jåüz­dbk­j­cj­plf­ybb­18­nf­rbö­gf­vzn­yb­rjd.

1916Rjy­uhtcc­ghb­yb­vf­tn­pf­rjy­j­cj­plf­ybb­ghb­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dt­dyen­hty­ybö­ltk­CIF­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­(CYG)­lkz­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­35­gjl­dt-ljv­cn­dty­ys­vb­tq­gfh­rf­vb­b­gf­vzn­yb­rf­vb.

1926Rjy­uhtcc­ex­hté­lf­tn­yf­wbj-yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­d­Fg­gf­kfx-crbö­uj­hfö­–­≤It­yfy­lj≥­(Shenandoah),­≤Uhtqn-Cvj­rb­Vf­ey­nbyc≥­(Gre at Smoky Mounta ins)­b­≤Vf­vjn­Rtqd≥­(Mammoth Cave).­Ex­hté­lt-ybt­gfh­rjd­yf­dj­cnj­rt­Cj-tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd­clt­kf­kj­bö­lj­cneg­ys­vb­lkz­éb­nt-ktq­rheg­ysö­yf­ct­kty­ysö­wty­nhjd­b­ecb­kb­kj­gjl-lthé­re­gfh­rj­djq­cbc­nt­vs­d­cf­vjv­Rjy­uhtc­ct.

1930Dgth­dst­ex­hté­lt­ys­yf­wbj-yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­d­vtc­nfö,­jn­kb­xfñ­obö­cz­yt­cnjkm­rj­ghb­hjl­yjq­rhf­cj­njq,­crjkm-rj­cdj­tq­dfé­yjq­hj­kmñ­d­bc­nj­hbb­cnhf­ys.­Cht­lb­ybö­–­

Öhj yj kj ubz fvt hb rfy crbö gfh rjd

Ght­pb­ltyn­Ntj­ljh­Hep­dtkmn,­åjkm­ijq­kñ­åb­ntkm­lj­ce­uf­yf­cdt­étv­djp­le­öt,­pf­gt­xfn­kty­d­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt­d­1903­uj­le.­D­1906­uj­le­jy­gjl­gb­cfk­≤Pf­rjy­j­lhtd­yjc­nzö≥,­yf­ghfd­kty­ysq­yf­pf­ob­ne­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­b­cnhjt­ybq­lj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­rekm­neh.

Aj­n

j­YCG

D­yf­xf­kt­1900­ö­uj­ljd,­ghb­vth­yj­d­nj­dht­vz,­rju­lf­änf­aj­nju­hf­abz­ås­kf­clt­kf­yf­d­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crjv­gfh­rt,­pf­ghz­éty­yst­kj­iflm­vb­gj­djp­rb­ås­kb­tlby­cn­dty­ysv­db­ljv­nhfyc­gjh­nf­yf­nhzc­rbö­lj­hj­ufö,­dt­le­obö­d­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb.

Aj­n

j­YCG

eJournal uSa 34

vtc­nj­d­inf­nt­Dbh­ub­ybz,­ult­hj­lbk­cz­Léjhlé­Df­iby­unjy,­b­geyrn­rf­gb­ne­kz­wbb­fy­ukb­xfy,­clfd­ibö­cz­fvt­hb­rfy­crjv­djq­crfv­d­1783­uj­le,­xtv­b­pf­dth­ib­kfcm­Fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­ht­dj­kñ­wbz.

1933Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­b­gf­vzn­yb­rb­gj­cne­gf­ñn­d­dt­lt­ybt­tlb­yjq­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­r­rj­nj­hjq­gt­ht­öj­lzn­gjk­yj­vj­xbz­gj­eg­hfd-kt­ybñ­jåütr­nf­vb,­hf­ytt­yf­öj­lbd­ib­vb­cz­d­ñhbc­lbr­wbb­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­jåj­hj­ys­b­Ckeé­ås­ktc­yj­uj­öj­pzq­cn­df.

D­hfv­rfö­≤Yj­dj­uj­reh­cf≥­(ghj­uhfv­vf­ght­pb-lty­nf­Ahfy­rkb­yf­Hep­dtkm­nf­gj­åjhm­åt­c­ärj-yj­vb­xtc­rjq­ltg­htc­cb­tq)­cj­plf­tn­cz­Uhfé­lfy-crbq­rjh­gec­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd.­Eét­xt­htp­yt­crjkm­rj­ktn­åj­ktt­120­ns­czx­hf­åjn­yb­rjd­änj­uj­rjh­ge­cf­nhe­lzn­cz­d­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö­yf­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dt­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg,­ujc­nb­ybw­b­lhe­ubö­jåütr­njd­ne­hbc­nb­xtc-rjq­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs.

1935Ghb­yzn­≤Pf­rjy­jå­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­jåütr­nfö≥,­d­

rj­nj­hjv­cajh­ve­kb­hj­df­yf­≤yf­wbj­yfkm­yfz­gj­kb­nb­rf­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­lkz­dct­jå­ot­uj­gjkm­pj­df­ybz­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­vtcn,­plf-ybq­b­jåütr­njd­jå­ot­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­pyf­xt­ybz­yf­hf­ljcnm­b­åkf­uj­uhfé­lfy­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd≥.­Ib­hj­rbt­gjk­yj-vj­xbz­gj­ghj­dt­lt­ybñ­d­ébpym­änjq­gj­kb­nb­rb­ght­lj­cnfd­kt­ys­Ckeé­åt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.

1936Ghb­yzn­≤Pf­rjy­j­gfh­rfö,­gfh­rj­dsö­lj­hj­ufö­b­jå­hf­pj­df­ntkm­yjv­lj­ce­ut≥,­ght­lj­cnfd­kzñ­obq­Ckeé­åt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­gjk­yj­vj­xbz­gj­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­de­c­lhe­ub­vb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ys­vb­dt­ljv­cn­df­vb­lkz­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz­ghj­öj­lz­obö­gj­nth­hb­nj­hbb­gfh­rjd­fd­nj­nhfcc­b­lhe­ubö­jåütr­njd­gfh­rj­dj­uj­öj­pzq­cn­df­yf­at­lt­hfkm­yjv­b­vtcn­yjv­ehjd­yt­b­yf­ehjd­yt­inf­njd.

1941–1945Bp-pf­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys­htp­rj­cj­rhf­of­tn­cz­ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybt­b­gj­ct­oft­vjcnm­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.

1958–1962Rjy­uhtcc­ex­hté­lf­tn­Rj­vbc­cbñ­gj­bpe­xt­ybñ­ht­ceh­cjd­lj­ce­uf­yf­cdt­étv­djp­le­öt­b­gj­he­xf­tn­tq­d­nt­xt­ybt­xt­ns­htö­ktn­bpe­xbnm­ckt­leñ­obt­dj­ghj­cs:­gj­ét­kf­ybz­b­gj­nhtå­yjc­nb­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­yf­hj­lf­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­lj­ce­uf­yf­cdt­étv­djp­le­öt;­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­cnhf­ys­d­jå­kfc­nb­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­nf­rj­uj­lj­ce­uf­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­gj­nhtå­yjc­nz­vb­yf­ct­kt­ybz;­f­nfr­ét­cnhf­nt­ubz­b­ghj­uhfv­vs,­rj­nj­hst­gj­pdj­kzn­eljd­ktn­dj­hbnm­änb­gj­nhtå­yjc­nb­d­åe­le­otv.

1963Rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­ysq­rj­vb­ntn,­djp­ukfd­kzt­vsq­åbj­kj­ujv­F.­Cnfh­rt­hjv­Ktj­gjkm­ljv,­ht­rj­vty­le­tn­CYG­ce­ot­cn­dty­yj­bp­vt­ybnm­cbc­nt­ve­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ys­vb­ht­ceh­cf­vb­b­åbj­nb­xtc­rb­vb­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­vb.

1964Ghb­yzn­≤Pf­rjy­j­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­cbc­nt­vt­jö­hf­ys­lb­rjq­ghb­hj­ls≥,­dt­le­obq­r­pf­ob­nt­nf­rbö­ht­ubj­yjd,­≤ult­ptv­kz­b­ghb­ce­obt­tq­ajh­vs­ébp­yb­yb­rfr­yt­ju­hf­yb­xt­ys­ghb­cen­cn­dbtv­xt­kj­dt­rf,­ult­xt­kj­dtr­–­kbim­dht­vty­ysq­ujcnm≥.

Vf­ib­ys­yf­åt­ht­ue­jpt­hf­Cbkm­dfy­d­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­gfh­rt.­Aj­nju­hf­abz­clt­kf­yf­dcrj­ht­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­d­gfhr­hfp­ht­ib­kb­dütp­éfnm­yf­fd­nj­vj­åb­kzö.­Änj­gth­dsq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­d­cnhf­yt.­Jy­åsk­jc­yj­dfy­d­1872­u.­b­hfc­gj­kf­uf­tn­cz­d­jc­yjd­yjv­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­inf­nf­Df­qj­vbyu;­gfhr­åj­ufn­lb­rjq­ghb­hj­ljq­b­ckf­dbn­cz­cdjb­vb­utq­pt­hf­vb­b­uj­hz­xb­vb­bc­njx­yb­rf­vb.

Bc­n

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eJournal uSa 35

1965Ghb­yzn­≤Pf­rjy­j­ajy­lt­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­pt­vtkm­b­dj­l≥.­tuj­cenm­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­d­njv,­xnj­ds­hex­rf­jn­ghj­lf­éb­döjl-ysö­åb­kt­njd,­lj­öj­ls­jn­htf­kb­pf­wbb­cgb­cfy­yj­uj­bve­ot-cn­df­b­gj­cneg­kt­ybz­bp­lhe­ubö­bc­njx­yb­rjd­yf­ghfd­kz­ñn­cz­yf­ghb­jå­ht­nt­ybt­gfh­rj­dsö­pt­vtkm­rfr­yf­at­lt­hfkm­yjv­ehjd­yt,­nfr­b­yf­ehjd­yt­inf­njd.

1966Cj­ukfc­yj­≤Pf­rj­ye­j­jå­jö­hf­yt­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­jåütr­njd­CIF≥,­dct­gfh­rb­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­pyf­xt­ybz­drkñ­xt­ys­d­≤Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­ht­tcnh­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­vtcn≥,­f­cj­nhel­yb-rfv­at­lt­hfkm­ysö­ghb­hj­lj­jö­hfy­ysö­dt­ljv­cnd­b­dt­ljv­cnd­inf­njd­gj­he­xty­rjy­nhjkm­pf­eg­hfd­kt­yb­tv­nf­rb­vb­bc­nj-hb­xtc­rb­vb­jåütr­nf­vb.

1968Ght­pb­ltyn­Kby­ljy­Léjy­cjy­gjl­gb­cs­df­tn­≤Pf­rjy­j­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­cbc­nt­vt­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg≥­b­≤Pf­rjy­j­yf­wbj­yfkm-yjq­cbc­nt­vt­yt­jc­dj­ty­ysö­b­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­htr≥.­Pf­rjy­j­nhj­gfö­åsk­gth­dsv­pf­rj­yjv,­ght­lecvfn­hb­dfñ­obv­cj­plf­ybt­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg­lkz­ght­ghj­djé­lt­ybz­lj­ce­uf­d­uj­hjl­crbö­ec­kj­db­zö,­f­nfr­ét­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg­d­jn­lf-kty­ysö­vtcn­yjc­nzö.­D­Pf­rj­yt­j­ht­rfö­cajh­ve­kb­hj­df­yf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yfz­gj­kb­nb­rf­jö­hf­ys­yt­rj­nj­hsö­htr,­rj­nj­hst­≤jå­kf­lf­ñn­jcj­åty­yj­ds­lfñ­ob­vb­cz­éb­dj­gbc­ys­vb­gtq­pf­éf­vb,­djp­vjé­yjc­nz­vb­lj­ce­uf­b­jn­ls­öf,­utj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­vb­öf-hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf­vb,­gj­ge­kz­wb­tq­hså­b­lhe­ubö­db­ljd,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­vb,­rekm­neh­ys­vb­b­nj­ve­gj­ljåys­vb­jcj­åty­yjc­nz­vb≥.

1970Rjy­uhtcc­ghb­yb­vf­tn­≤Pf­rjy­jå­jå­obö­gjk­yj­vj­xb­zö≥,­rj­lb­ab­wb­hj­dfd­ibq­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rbt­yf­ghfd­kt­ybz­hf­åj­ns­CYG­b­ghtl­gb­cfd­ibq­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­vt­nj­ljd­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ys­vb,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­vb­b­htr­htf­wb­jy­ys­vb­jåütr­nf­vb.

1978≤Pf­rjy­j­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö­b­vtc­nfö­lj­ce­uf≥­ex­hté­lf­tn­15­yj­dsö­gfh­rjd­d­lj­gjk­yt­ybt­r­ce­ot­cn­deñ­otq­gfh­rj-djq­cbc­nt­vt,­d­njv­xbc­kt­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yeñ­pj­ye­jn­ls­öf­≤Uj­hs­Cfy­nf-Vj­yb­rb≥­d­inf­nt­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz,­c­tt­ce­hj­ds­vb­uj­hf­vb,­gtc­xf­ys­vb­gkz­éf­vb­b­crf­kbc­ns­vb­åt­ht­uf­vb.

1980Ghb­yzn­≤Pf­rjy­jå­jö­hf­yt­pt­vtkm­Fkzc­rb,­ghtl­cnfd­kzñ­obö­jå­ot­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­by­nt­htc≥,­rj­nj­hsq­edt­kb­xbk­gkj-oflm­ce­ib,­yf­öj­lz­otq­cz­d­ñhbc­lbr­wbb­CYG,­yf­50­ghj­wty­njd,­lj­dt­lz­tt­lj­47­vbk­kbj­yjd­fr­hjd­(gjx­nb­20­vbk-kbj­yjd­utr­nf­hjd).

1981Lfy­cnfhn­≤Ghju­hfv­vt­djc­cnf­yjd­kt­ybz­b­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybz­gfh­rjd≥,­d­hfv­rfö­rj­nj­hjq­pf­gj­cktl­eñ­obt­gznm­ktn­yf­cnf­åb­kb­pf­wbñ­b­vj­lth­yb­pf­wbñ­ht­ceh­cjd­b­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs­gfh­rjd­ås­kj­ds­lt­kt­yj­åj­ktt­1­vbk­kb­fh­lf­lj­kkf­hjd.

2006Ght­pb­ltyn­Léjhlé­Åei­jåüzd­kz­tn­jå­≤Byb­wbf­nb­dt,­gj­cdz­oty­yjq­cnj­kt­nbñ­cbc­nt­vs­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd≥,­b­j­cj­plf­ybb­gf­hb­ntn­yj­uj­ajy­lf­åñ­létn­ysö­fc­cbu­yj­df­ybq­b­åkf­ujn­dj­hb­ntkm­ysö­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybq­yf­hfp­db­nbt­gfh­rjd­d­gt­hb­jl,­ghtl­it­cn­deñ­obq­cnj­ktn­ytq­uj­ljd­ob­yt­cj­lyz­jc­yj­df­ybz­gfh­rj­djq­cbc­nt­vs­CIF.

2016Ghfp­lyj­df­ybt­100-ktn­yt­uj­ñåb­ktz­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF.

Lfy­yfz­by­ajh­vf­wbz­ghb­dj­lbn­cz­gj­bp­lf­ybñ­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­≤Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb:­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt­cbc­nt­vs≥­pf­2005­u.­(The National Parks: Shaping the System).

D­1968­uj­le­ght­pb­ltyn­Kby­ljy­Léjy­cjy­gjl­gb­cfk­≤Pf­rjy­­j­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­cbc­nt­vt­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg≥­b­≤Pf­rjy­j­­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­cbc­nt­vt­yt­jc­dj­ty­ysö­b­éb­dj­gbc­ysö­htr≥

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eJournal uSa 36

Vä­hb­A.­Åj­vfh­–­17­q­gj­cxt­ne­lb­htr­njh­Ckeé­ås­yf­

wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF.­Jyf­gj­ke­xb­kf­äne­lj­kéyjcnm­

d­2006­u.­gjc­kt­16­ktn­hf­åj­ns­yf­hfp­kbx­ysö­gfh­rj­dsö­

jåütr­nfö.­D­gbcm­vty­yjv­by­nth­dmñ­“eJournal USA”­lb­htr­njh­Åj­vfh­hfc­crf­ps­df­tn­j­cdj­tq­kñå­db­r­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­

gfh­rfv­b­j­njv,­xt­uj­jyf­öj­nt­kf­ås­lj­åbnm­cz­yf­änjv­

gj­cne­d­ÖÖÈ­dt­rt.

Dj ghjc:­D­rf­rjv­cvsc­kt­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­cbv­dj­kbx­yf­lkz­dctq­bc­nj­hbb­Fvt­hb­rb,­pf­ct­kt-ybz­b­hfc­ib­ht­ybz­cnhf­ys?

Åj vfh:­Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­cf­vsö­hfp-ysö­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­cbv­dj­kbx­yf­lkz­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­bc­nj­hbb­dj­dctv­tt­jåüt­vt.­D­yf­itv­dt­lt­ybb­yf­öj­lzn­cz­jå­kfc-nb,­öhf­yz­obt­d­ct­åt­fvt­hb­rfy­creñ­bc­nj­hbñ­b­rekm­neh-ysq­jgsn,­yf­xb­yfz­c­gth­dsö­gj­ct­kt­ybq­d­Létqvcnfe­yt,­infn­Dbh­ub­ybz,­lj­åjhm­ås­pf­yt­pf­db­cb­vjcnm,­jn­hfc­ib-ht­ybz­nth­hb­nj­hbb­b­dj­qy,­d­rj­nj­hsö­vs­chf­éf­kbcm,­lj­nz­ét­kjq­exfc­nb­rj­hty­ysö­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­b­vtym­iby­cnd.­Vs­eg­hfd­kz­tv­jåütr­nf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­gjl­xth­rb­df­ñn­rfé-lsq­fc­gtrn­yf­it­uj­hjc­nf­rfr­yf­wbb,­dct­yf­ib­lj­cnb­ét-ybz­b­gt­xfkm­yst­ägb­pj­ls­bc­nj­hbb.

Cj­dctö­rjy­wjd­cnhf­ys­b­vb­hf­cütp­éf­ñn­cz­gj­ct-nb­nt­kb­d­vtc­nf,­rj­nj­hst­c­jl­yjq­cnj­hj­ys­jn­hf­éf­ñn­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­leö­b­gj­dt­cn­deñn­j­ut­hj­bp­vt­b­éth­ndfö,­f­c­lhe­ujq­hfc­crf­ps­df­ñn­b­j­åj­ktt­uhec­nysö­cnhf­yb­wfö­bc­nj­hbb,­rj­nj­hst­nj­ét­xfcnm­yfc­cf­vbö.

Z­kñå­kñ­gj­dnj­hznm,­xnj­≤ce­ot­cn­deñn­jcj­åst­vtc-nf,­rj­nj­hst­jåüt­lb­yz­ñn­dctö­yfc­rfr­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­–­änj­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb≥.

Dj ghjc:­Rf­reñ­lj­gjk­yb­ntkm­yeñ­ukf­de­Df­if­ébpym­lj­åfd­kz­tn­r­änjq­bc­nj­hbb?

Åj vfh:­Z­c­eljdjkm­cn­dbtv­b­ujh­ljc­nmñ­yf­ps­dfñ­ct­åz­≤fvt­hb­rfy­rjq­gj­cj­åcn­dty­yjq­dj­kt≥.­Z­ghb­yz­kf­ghb­cz­ue­yf­dth­yjcnm­Cj­tlb­yty­ysv­Inf­nfv­28­jr­nzå­hz­1977­u.­d­u.­Cgj­rtqy,­infn­Df­iby­unjy;­änj­åsk­vj­vtyn­b­d­vj­tq­ébp­yb,­b­d­ébp­yb­vj­tq­ct­vmb,­rj­nj­hsv­z­dtcm­vf­ujh­lf.

Vjz­bc­nj­hbz­–­änj­b­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­bc­nj­hbz,­b­bc­nj-hbz­bv­vbu­hfy­nf.­Vjz­ct­vmz­dkf­lt­kf­rheg­yjq­afå­hb­rjq­gj­ghj­bp­djl­cn­de­nhb­rj­nfé­ysö­bp­lt­kbq­d­u.­Ktc­nth,­Fy-ukbz.­Vyt­jxtym­gj­dtp­kj:­z­ds­hjc­kf­d­ct­vmt­c­pf­vt­xf-ntkm­ys­vb­hj­lb­nt­kz­vb,­xt­nshm­vz­åhf­nmz­vb­b­ctc­nhjq.­Vjz­kñ­åjdm­r­jö­hf­yt­ghb­hj­ls­pf­hj­lb­kfcm­d­uj­ls­ébp­yb­d­xe­ltc­ysö­fy­ukbq­crbö­lt­htd­yzö.­Vjb­hjl­yst­c­äy­ne­pb­fp­vjv­jn­yj­cb­kbcm­r­jö­hf­yt­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­bc­nj­hbb.

Jcj åst vtc nf, jåüt lb yzñ obt dctö fvt hb rfy wtd

By­nth­dmñ­c­Vä­hb­A.­Åj­vfh

Vä­hb­A.­Åj­vfh­hf­åj­nf­tn­lb­htr­nj­hjv­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­c­2006­u.­Gjl­tt­yf­xf­kjv­20­ns­czx­cj­nhel­yb­rjd­b­140­ns­czx­lj­åhjdjkm­wtd,­rj­nj­hst­pf­åj­nzn­cz­gjx­nb­j­400­gfh­rj­dsö­jåütr­nfö.

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ÖhF YB nT kB ÅE LE OT UJ

eJournal uSa 37

Xfcnm­ltn­cn­df­z­ghj­dt­kf­d­CIF.­Z­gj­ås­df­kf­d­Åjkm­ijv­Rf­ymj­yt,­Jrf­vt­ytd­itv­kt­ce,­e­Pj­kj­nsö­dj-hjn,­yf­uj­ht­Hfi­vjh­b­dj­vyj­ubö­lhe­ubö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö.­Dj­dht­vz­änbö­gj­ct­ot­ybq­z­gj­ke­xb­kf­jå­hf­pj-df­ybt,­rj­nj­hjt­yb­rf­rfz­irj­kf­yt­vju­kf­ås­vyt­lfnm­–­edb­lt­kf­b­joe­nb­kf­fvt­hb­rfy­creñ­rekm­ne­he­hfp­ysö­inf­njd.­Änb­ltn­crbt­joe­ot­ybz­ghb­db­kb­vyt­åjkm­ieñ­kñ­åjdm­r­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­gtq­pf­éfv,­rekm­ne­ht­b­yf­hj­le.­Gj­änj­ve­z­bc­rhty­yt­cxb­nfñ,­xnj­Cbc­nt­vf­yf­wbj­yfkm-ysö­gfh­rjd­–­änj­cf­vsq­åjkm­ijq­eyb­dth­cb­ntn­d­vb­ht^

Z­yf­xf­kf­hf­åj­nfnm­d­Ckeé­åt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­1990­uj­le­b­hf­åj­nf­kf­d­hfp­ysö­gfh­rfö­b­ht­ubj­yfö,­c­hfc­ne­otq­åkf­uj­lfh­yjc­nmñ­b­gj­yb­vf­yb­tv­cbc­nt­vs­gfh-rjd­d­wt­kjv,­dj­dctv­tt­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbb­b­ib­hj­nt.­Vt­yz­gt­ht­dt­kb­yf­lj­kéyjcnm­lb­htr­nj­hf­d­2006­u.­c­lj­kéyjc-nb­lb­htr­nj­hf­ctdt­hj­-djc­njx­yj­uj­ht­ubj­yf,­re­lf­döj­lbn­By­lt­gty­ltyc-Öjkk­d­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­d­rj­nj­hjv­jn­ws-jc­yj­df­nt­kb­Fvt­hb­rb­gj­rkz­kbcm­jn­lfnm­cdjb­≤ébp­yb,­cj­cnjz­ybt­b­cdz­neñ­xtcnm≥­yf­åkf­uj­cdj­åj­ls.

Yj­lt­kj­yt­dj­vyt.­Lt­kj­d­yt­ght­öj­lz­otq­dfé­yjc-nb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­cj­öhf­yt­ybb­ghb­hjl­ysö­b­rekm­neh­ysö­ht­ceh­cjd­cnhf­ys­lkz­yf­ibö­dye­rjd.­Vjz­pf­lf­xf­–­ghb­dktxm­rfé­lj­uj­fvt­hb­rfy­wf­r­gfh­rfv­b­uf­hfy­nb­hj­dfnm­ab­yfy­cj­deñ­ghjx­yjcnm­b­jö­hf-ye­gfh­rj­dsö­ht­ceh­cjd.

Dct­vjb­lj­cnb­ét-ybz­cnf­kb­djp­vjé­ys­åkf­uj­lf­hz­cj­nhel­yb-xt­cn­de­åj­ktt­20­ns­czx­veé­xby­b­éty­oby,­rj­nj­hst­egjh­yj­nhe-lzn­cz­bpj­lyz­d­ltym­yf­änjq­ckeé­åt­–­änj­jyb­ec­nf­yfd­kb­df­ñn­rjy­nfr­ns­c­ltnm­vb­yf­itq­cnhf­ys­b­åe­lzn­d­ybö­kñ­åjdm­r­ghb-hj­lt,­yf­ert­b­bc­nj­hbb.­Vjz­hjkm­kbim­d­njv,­xnj­ås­jåtc­gt­xbnm­bv­yt­jå­öj­lb­vst­lkz­hf-åj­ns­bycnhe­vty­ns­b­cj­jå­ofnm­cnhf­yt­jå­bö­ghj­åkt­vfö.

Dj ghjc:­Rf­rj­ds,­yf­Dfi­dpukzl,­cf­vst­ct­hmtp­yst­pf­lf­xb,­cnjz­obt­ct­ujl­yz­gt­htl­Ckeé­åjq­gfh­rjd?

Åj vfh:­Ce­ot­cn-detn­yt­crjkm­rj­pf­lfx,­

cnjz­obö­gt­htl­Ckeé­åjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­yf­xf­kt­ÖÖÈ­dt­rf.­Gj­pdj­kñ­ct­åt­bö­gt­ht­xbc­kbnm:

cnb­ve­kb­hj­dfnm­gjl­lth­ére­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­yf­hj­ljv­zz

yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­djp­hj­lbnm­d­ytv­xed­cn­dj­ujh­ljc­nb­pf­≤kex­ieñ­bp­bltq­Fvt­hb­rb≥;ekex­ibnm­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­cbc­nt­vs­d­ÖÖÈ­dt­rt­lkz­zz

jåtc­gt­xt­ybz­gj­nhtå­yjc­ntq­vt­yzñ­ot­uj­cz­yf­ct­kt­ybz­–­cñ­lf­döj­lbn­yf­åjh,­elth­éf­ybt,­jåe­xt­ybt­b­gjl­uj-njd­rf­yj­dj­uj­gj­rj­kt­ybz­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq­ckeé­ås;ec­nf­yj­dbnm­rjy­nfrn­c­ib­hj­rb­vb­ckjz­vb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­zz

b­jn­rjh­htr­nb­hj­dfnm­yf­ib­vt­nj­ls­c­ntv,­xnj­ås­bl­nb­d­yj­ue­c­ct­ujl­yzi­yb­vb­ntö­yj­kj­ub­zv­b­åsc­nhj­vt-yzñ­otq­cz­lt­vju­hf­ab­tq­yf­itq­cnhf­ys.­Änj­dj­ghjc­bvt­tn­lkz­vt­yz­gth­dj­cnt­gty­yeñ­dfé­yjcnm.Yf­ib­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­kb­b­cj­nhel­yb­rb­lt­kf­ñn­dct­djp-

vjé­yjt,­xnj­ås­gj­ct­ot­ybt­gfh­rjd­jc­nfd­kz­kj­öj­hj­itt­dgt­xfn­kt­ybt.­Lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­bl­nb­d­yj­ue­cj­dre­cf-vb,­ntö­yj­kj­ubz­vb­b­vt­yzñ­obv­cz­lt­vju­hf­ab­xtc­rbv­cj­cnf­djv­ÖÖÈ­dt­rf,­vs­hfp­hf­åj­nf­kb­vyj­uj­zpsx­yst­b­nfr­nbkm­yst­är­cgj­yf­ns­b­yj­dst­vt­nj­ls­lj­cne­gf­b­cnf­hf­tv­cz­yt­jn­cnf­dfnm­jn­cj­dht­vty­ysö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq,­bc­gjkm­pez­d­njv­xbc­kt­by­ajh­vf­wbñ­d­by­nth­yt­nt,­gjl-rfc­ns­b­är­creh­cbb­gj­vj­åbkm­yj­ve­nt­kt­aj­ye.­tcnm­b­lhe­ubt­ghb­vt­hs.

Jc­dt­oty­yst­cne­kmz­jkb­wtn­dj­hz­ñn­éth­nds­dphs­df­at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­plf­ybz­d­Jr­kf­öj­vf­Cb­nb,­in.­Jr­kf­öj­vf­d­1995­u.­Gjc­kt­jn­rhs­nbz­änj­uj­gf­vzn­yb­rf­d­2000­u.­Åj­vfh­hf­åj­nf­kf­tuj­by­cgtr­nj­hjv.­Jåütrn­zd­kz­tn­cz­­ab­kbf­kjv­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­yj­tuj­dkf­ltkm­wtv­b­eg­hfd­kzñ­otq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­tq­ds­cne­gf­tn­­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­vt­vj­hb­fkm­ysq­ajyl­Jr­kf­öj­vf­Cb­nb.

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j­nj­FG/Äkb­pf­Fvty­lj­kf

eJournal uSa 38

Vs­lj­kéys­ght­dhf­nbnm­yf­ib­gfh­rb­d­åj­ktt­éb­dst,­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yst­b­ghb­nz­uf­ntkm­yst­vtc­nf­ge­ntv­ekex-it­ybz­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs,­yf­åj­hf­cj­nhel­yb­rjd,­jåe­xt­ybz­b­dyt­lht­ybz­yj­dj­uj­gj­rj­kt­ybz­kb­lt­hjd­ÖÖÈ­dt­rf.

Dj ghjc:­Gfh­rb­xfc­nj­egj­vb­yf­ñn­cz­d­xbc­kt­cf­vsö­kñ­åb­vsö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­by­cnb­ne­njd,­yj,­åt­pec­kjd­yj,­ås­df­ñn­cb­nef­wbb,­rju­lf­djp­yb­rf­ñn­hfp­yj­ukf­cbz­d­dj-hgj­ct­j­njv,­rfr­ghf­dbkm­yj­he­rj­dj­lbnm­jåütr­njv­bkb­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfnm­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­yf­hhf­nbd.­Rfr­Ds­cghfd­kzt-ntcm­c­nf­rb­vb­cb­nef­wbz­vb?

Åj vfh:­Rj­ytx­yj,­ås­df­ñn­vj­vty­ns,­rju­lf­djp­yb-rf­ñn­htp­rbt­hfp­yj­ukf­cbz­c­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysv­vyt­yb­tv,­b­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­yf­kf­éb­dfnm­jn­yj­it­ybz­c­cj­ct­lz­vb­gfh­rjd,­gfh­nyt­hf­vb­b­ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rbv­cj­jå­ot­cn­djv.­tc­kb­cke-ifnm­kñ­ltq,­bp­dkt­rfnm­jgsn­b­ghb­yb­vfnm­vt­hs­lkz­dj­dkt­xt­ybz­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb­b­yf­ibö­gfh­nyt­hjd-ne­hbc-njd­d­jå­ceé­lt­ybt­dj­ghj­cjd,­cdz­pfy­ysö­c­gfh­rf­vb,­vs­vj­étv­ecnhf­yznm­änb­htp­rbt­hfp­yj­ukf­cbz.­D­wt­kjv­vs­cajh­vb­hj­df­kb­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­c­gfh­nyt­hf-vb­b­cvju­kb­ght­jlj­ktnm­yt­gj­yb­vf­ybt­b­hfp­yj­ukf­cbz.­D­rjy­wt­rjy­wjd,­e­yfc­dtlm­jå­ofz­wtkm.

Pf­gt­hb­jl­vj­tq­18-ktn­ytq­hf­åj­ns­d­Ckeé­åt­yf-wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­z­ghb­jå­ht­kf­ht­ge­nf­wbñ­xt­kj­dt­rf,­jåüt­lb­yzñ­ot­uj­kñ­ltq.­D­2000­u.­z­hf­åj­nf­kf­by­cgtr­nj-hjv­d­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­vt­vj­hbf­kt­≤Jr­kf­öj­vf-Cb­nb≥,­yf­vtc­nt­dphs­df­at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj­plf­ybz­Veh­hf­d­1995­u.,­eytc­it­uj­ébp­yb­168­xt­kj­dtr.­Lj­jn­rhs­nbz­vt­vj­hbf­kf­yf­ct­kt­ybt­jn­yj­cb­kjcm­r­yfv­c­yt­rj­nj­hjq­yt­ghb­zpymñ,­xnj­jåüzc­yb­vj­gjc­kt­nhf­ut­lbb­nf­rj­uj­vfc­inf­åf.­Z­dcnht­xf­kfcm­c­xkt­yf­vb­ct­vtq­gj­ubå­ibö,­cgf­cf­nt­kz­vb,­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kz­vb­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wbb­inf­nf­b­vtcn­ysö­jh­uf-

yjd­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­lf­df­kf­dctv­djp­vjé­yjcnm­ds­crf­pfnm­cz.­Dfé­yj,­lf­ét­ébp­yty­yj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­ds­cke­ifnm­dct­cnj-hj­ys,­drkñ­xfz­ntö,­rj­uj­z­yf­ps­dfñ­dj­hxe­yf­vb.

Dj ghjc:­Jl­ybv­bp­nht­åj­df­ybq­Gfh­rj­djq­ckeé­ås­zd­kz­tn­cz­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­gfh­rjd­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq.­Yt­vju­kb­ås­Ds­hfc­crf­pfnm­jå­jå­hf­pj­df­ntkm­ysö­ghj-uhfv­vfö­Ckeé­ås,­rj­nj­hst­hfp­hf­åj­nf­ys­lkz­dj­cgb­nf-ybz­vj­kj­lt­éb­d­le­öt­gj­yb­vf­ybz­dfé­yjc­nb­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­ghb­hjl­ysö,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­b­rekm­neh­ysö­jåütr­njd?

Åj vfh:­Jå­hf­pj­df­ntkm­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs­Ckeé­ås­yf-wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­hfp­hf­åj­nf­ys­c­wt­kmñ­jåj­uf­ot­ybz­ébp­yb­b­hfc­ib­ht­ybz­ghj­wtc­cf­jåe­xt­ybz,­f­nfr­ét­dj-cgb­nf­ybz­e­kñ­ltq­kñå­db­r­gfh­rfv­b­lhe­ubv­gf­vzn­ysv­vtc­nfv,­lkz­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz.­Ås­kf­hfp­hf­åj­nf­yf­ghj­uhfv­vf­≤Gfh­rb­rfr­rkfc­cyst­rjv­yf­ns­(GRR)≥­c­wt­kmñ­cj­ltqcn­dbz­ghj­cdt­ot­ybñ­c­gj­vj­omñ­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­ysö­vt­hjg­hbz­nbq­c­ntv,­xnj­ås­kñ­lb­åjkm-it­ep­yf­df­kb­j­yf­ex­ysö,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­b­rekm­neh­ysö­ghj­wtc­cfö­b­bc­ckt­lj­df­yb­zö.­Lf­ktt­jyb­vj­uen­ghb­vt­ybnm­änb­pyf­ybz­lkz­ajh­ve­kb­hj­df­ybz­cj­åcn­dty­ysö­ghby-wb­gjd­ghb­yz­nbz­ht­it­ybq­b­he­rj­djl­cn­df.­Vs­öj­nbv­ghb­dbnm­kñ­lzv­yf­dsr­gj­ébp­yty­yjq­pf­åj­ns­j­gfh­rfö­c­gj­vj­omñ­ghj­uhfvv,­rj­nj­hst­dj­dkt­rf­ñn­bö­d­hfp-kbx­yst­db­ls­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­c­ghb­vt­yt­yb­tv­är­cgj­yf­njd,­abkm­vjd,­lbc­rec­cbq­b­n.­g.

Yf­if­dt­le­ofz­dyen­hb­gfh­rj­dfz­ghj­uhfv­vf­lkz­lt­ntq­b­ct­vtq­–­änj­≤Ghju­hfv­vf­ñysö­tut­htq≥,­rj­nj­hfz­ghb-ps­df­tn­lt­ntq­≤jn­rhs­dfnm,­ep­yf­dfnm,­jö­hf­yznm≥.­Rju­lf­ñyst­tut­hz­b­bö­ct­vmb­ghb­öj­lzn­d­gfhr,­jyb­gj­ke­xf­ñn­åhj­iñ­hs­c­hfp­dkt­rf­ntkm­ys­vb­ghj­uhfv­vf­vb,­cgt­wb­fkm-yj­hfp­hf­åj­nfy­ys­vb,­xnj­ås­gj­vjxm­bv­bpe­xfnm­gfhr.­Åhj­iñ­hs­pyf­rj­vzn­c­bc­nj­hb­tq­gfh­rf­b­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­eujk­rb­gfh­rf,­rj­nj­hst­vj­uen­jc­nfnm­cz­yt­pf­vt­xty­ys-vb.­Bpe­xfz­gfhr,­jyb­ep­yf­ñn­yj­dst­afr­ns­jå­bc­nj­hbb­cnhf­ys,­jå­bö­cj­åcn­dty­yjv­rekm­neh­yjv­yf­ckt­lbb­b­j­yf­itv­jå­otv­vb­ht­ghb­hj­ls.­Ye­b,­rj­ytx­yj,­fc­gtrn­≤jö­hf­ys≥­rfr­xfcnm­änjq­ghj­uhfv­vs.­Jrj­kj­500­ns-czx­ñysö­tut­htq­tétujl­yj­yf­öj­lzn­ghb­kj­ét­ybt­cdj­bv­cb­kfv­b­d­gfh­rt,­b­lj­vf­b­pf­åj­nzn­cz­j­njv,­xnj­ås­b­d­åe­le­otv­dctu­lf­ås­kb­gfh­rb­lkz­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq.

Åjkm­iby­cn­de­ñysö­tut­htq­–­jn­7­lj­12­ktn,­b­vs­yf­lttv­cz,­xnj­bv­lj­cnfd­kz­tn­hf­ljcnm­yf­öj­lbnm­yj­dst­njx­rb­cj­ghb­rjc­yj­dt­ybz­c­kñ­åb­vs­vb­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­gfh­rf­vb­–­vtc­nf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ajh­vb­hj­df­kb­bc­nj­hbñ­cnhf­ys,­jå­hfp­wf­vb­ghb­hjl­yjq­rhf­cj­ns­b­yf­ex­ysö­lb­rj-db­yjr.­B­rj­ytx­yj­vs­cnf­hf­tv­cz­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­dfnm­lt­ntq­b­bö­ct­vmb­b­ghb­dbnm­bv­pf­åjn­kb­djt­jn­yj­it­ybt­r­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysv­gfh­rfv.­n

Tuthm­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­gfh­rf­≤Öfh­gthc­Ath­hb≥­d­Pf­gfl­yjq­Dbh­ub­ybb­gj­plhfd­kz­tn­≤yj­dj­bc­gt­xty­yj­uj≥­ñyj­uj­tut­hz.­Änjn­gf­ht­ytr­gj­cne­gf­tn­d­Ckeé­åe­gfh­rjd­lkz­cj­ltqcn­dbz­jö­hf­yt­b­pf­ob­nt­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­uj­hj­lf­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf,­rj­nj­hsq­­csu­hfk­rkñ­xt­deñ­hjkm­d­Uhfé­lfy­crjq­djq­yt­CIF.

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eJournal uSa 39

Gfhr,­cj­ukfc­yj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yty­yj­ve­fy­ukbq­crj­ve­jght­ltkt­ybñ­–­änj­kt­cbc­nfz­vtcn­yjcnm­c­wdt­nf­vb­b­bp­db­kbc­ns­vb­nhj­gby­rf­vb,­re­lf­kñ­lb­ghb­öj­lzn­gj­ue­kznm­b­jn­ljö­yenm.­Jl­yf­rj­yt­rj­nj­hst­nth­hb­nj-

hbb,­yf­öj­lz­obt­cz­d­dt­ljv­cn­dt­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­dj­dct­yt­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñn­lfy­yj­ve­jgb­cf-ybñ.­D­erf­pf­nt­kt­gj­391­≤jåütr­ne≥­d­cbc­nt­vt­CYG­vjé­yj­yfq­nb­gj­kz­chf­ét­ybq,­dj­ty­yst­gfh­rb,­bc­nj­hb-xtc­rbt­jåütr­ns,­vt­vj­hbf­ks,­gf­vzn­yb­rb,­ht­rb,­exfc­nrb­gj­åt­ht­émz­b­vfh­ihen­yst­nhj­gs.­F­nfr­ét­gfh­rb.

Ghji­kj­åj­ktt­130­ktn­c­ntö­gjh,­rfr­d­1872­u.­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­åsk­ex­hté­lty­gth­dsq­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysq­gfhr.­R­vj­vty­ne­cj­plf­ybz­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­d­1916­lkz­pf­åj­ns­j­nf­rbö­yf­wbj­yfkm-ysö­cj­rhj­db­ofö­änjn­gth­dsq­gfhr,­≤Qtk­kj­ec­nj­ey≥,­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfk­eét­jrj­kj­gj­ke­dt­rf.­Dct­änj­dht­vz­hfp­db­df­kbcm­b­cvt­yz­kb­lheu­lhe­uf­bltb­j­njv,­rf­rbt­bvty­yj­jåütr­ns­pf­cke­éb­df­ñn­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­bö­jö­hf-yz­kj­at­lt­hfkm­yjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj.

Yt­pf­db­cb­vj­jn­nj­uj,­r­rf­rjq­jab­wb­fkm­yjq­rf­nt­uj­hbb­jn­yj­cbn­cz­jåütrn­–­r­gf­vzn­yb­rfv,­gfh­rfv,­bc-nj­hb­xtc­rbv­jåütr­nfv­bkb­r­jl­yjq­bp­20­lhe­ubö­rf­nt­uj­hbq­gfh­rjd,­vtc­nf,­gj­rj­kt­ybz­vb­jn­åb­hfd­ibt­cz­

lkz­jcj­åjq­pf­ob­ns­b­cj­öhf­yt­ybz,­hfc­rhs­df­ñn­wty­yjc­nb­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd­b­gj­dt­cn­deñn­j­njv,­xnj­cnhf­yf­öj­nt­kf­ås­cj­öhf­ybnm­lkz­åe­le­obö­gj­rj­kt­ybq.

Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­åj­uf­ns­ht­ceh­cf­vb­b­hfc­gj-kj­ét­ys­yf­jå­ibh­ysö­exfc­nrfö­ce­ib­bkb­dj­ls,­xnj­gj­vj­uf­tn­jåtc­gt­xbnm­fltr­dfn­yeñ­pf­ob­ne­änj­uj­ghb-hjl­yj­uj­lj­cnjz­ybz.­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­Crf­kbc­nsö­Ujh­d­ñuj-djc­njx­yjq­xfc­nb­CIF­b­Åjkm­ijq­rf­ymjy­yf­ñuj-pf­gf­lt­–­ldf­cf­vsö­gj­ge­kzh­ysö­gfh­rf­d­änjq­rf­nt­uj­hbb.

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Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbt­gfh­rb­b­jåütr­ns­–­änj­vtc­nf,­ult­nfr­bkb­byf­xt­ht­if­kfcm­celm­åf­cnhf­ys;­r­ybv­nfr­ét­vj­uen­jn­yj­cbnm­cz­dj­ty­yst­gfh­rb­b­gj­kz­chf­ét­ybq.­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­gfhr­Yt­pf­db-cb­vjc­nb­drkñ­xf­tn­plf­ybz­b­jåütr­ns­d­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­infn­Gty­cbkm­df­ybz,­ult­djc­cnfd­ibt­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­gj­ct­kty­ws­uj­nj­db­kbcm­r­jåüzd­kt­ybñ­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­åhb­nfy­crjq­rj­hj­ys.­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­jåütrn­≤Vfy­pf­yfh≥­d­dj­cnjx­yjq­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­cj­plfy­lkz­jö­hf­ys­b­gj­ge­kz­hb­pf­wbb­nth­hb­nj­hbb,­yf­rj­nj­hjq­ås­kb­by­nth­yb­hj­df­ys­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­zgjy­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé-lt­ybz­dj­dht­vz­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys.­D­äne­uheg­ge­

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Rju lf gfhr – cj dctv yt gfhr

Pfk­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­d­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­infn­Gty­cbkm­df­ybz­–­cj­jhe­ét­ybt­rj­kj­yb­fkm­ysö­dht­vty,­ult­d­1775­u.­Léjhlé­Df­iby­unjy­åsk­yf­pyf­xty­ukfd­yj­rj­vfy­leñ­obv­Rjy­nb­yty­nfkm­yjq­fh­vb­tq,­f­d­1776­u­ås­kf­ghb­yz­nf­Ltr­kf­hf­wbz­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb.­Pfk­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­–­jc­yjd­yjq­äkt­vtyn­gfh­rf,­rj­nj­hsq­jö­df­ns­df­tn­20­rdfh­nf­kjd­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­wty­nhf­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb­pf­cnhjq­rb­18­uj­dt­rf­b­drkñ­xf­tn­åj­ktt­lt­cz­nb­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­plf­ybq.

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eJournal uSa 40

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Yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­fk­ktb,­vjh­crbt­gj­åt­ht­émz,­åt­ht­uf­jpth,­ht­rb,­éb­dj­gbc­yst­vfh­ihen­yst­nhj­gs­b­vtc-nf­lkz­jn­ls­öf­b­hfp­dkt­xt­ybq­–­kbim­yt­rj­nj­hst­bp­jc­nfkm­ysö­400­jåütr­njd­jcj­åjq­rf­nt­uj­hbb,­yf­öj­lz-obö­cz­d­ñhbc­lbr­wbb­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd.

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eJournal uSa 41

Lt­cz­nb­kt­nbt­pf­lt­cz­nb­kt­nb­tv­Ckeé­åf­yf-wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF­(CYG)­lt­kbn­cz­

jgs­njv­cj­vyj­ub­vb­cnhf­yf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­gkf­yb­he-ñn,­hfc­ib­hz­ñn­bkb­cj­dth­ity­cn­deñn­cdjb­gfh­rb­b­pf­åj­nzn­cz­j­cj­öhf­yt­ybb­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls.­Jå­vty­jgs­njv­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­yf­jc­yj­dt­dpf­bv­yjc­nb­–­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­cnj­hj­yf­nfr­ét­gj­ke­xf­tn­yt­gjc-htl­cn­dty­yeñ­gjkm­pe­jn­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­jå­ot-ybz.­Nfr,­yt­crjkm­rj­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq­yf­pfl­CYG­crj­gb­hj­df­kf­yt­rbq­td­hj­gtq­crbq­jå­hf­ptw,­rj­nj-hsq­cj­dht­vt­ytv­cnfk­jl­yjq­bp­jn­kb­xb­ntkm­ysö­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq­gfh­rjd­CIF.

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Ut­nt­b­tuj­ét­yf­ås­df­kb­d­td­hj­gt,­f­nf­rjt­ge­nt­it­cn­dbt­d­nt­dht­vt­yf­ås­kj­lj­cneg­yj­kbim­yt­vyj­ubv­ghb­db­kt­ub­hj­dfy­ysv­fvt­hb­rfy­wfv.­Nfv­jyb­db­lt­kb,­rfr­exb­nt­kz­dt­len­gj­fkm­gbq­crbv­nhj­gfv­uheg­gs­irjkm­yb­rjd,­gj­gen­yj­hfc­crf­ps­dfz­bv­j­wdt­nfö,­hfc­nt­yb­zö­b­jn­rhs­dfñ­obö­cz­kfy­lifa­nfö.­Ds­zc­yb­kjcm,­xnj­änj­ås­kb­yt­ghj­cnj­extå­yst­är­creh­cbb.

Idtq­wfh­ws­cxb­nf­kb,­xnj­nf­rbt­ehj­rb­d­uj­hfö­gj­vj­uf­ñn­hfp­kbx­ysv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­uheg­gfv,­cj­ce­ot­cn-deñ­obv­d­änjq­yt­åjkm­ijq­ujh­yjq­cnhf­yt,­ght­jlj­kt­dfnm­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­b­zps­rj­dst­åf­hmt­hs­b­wt­ybnm­cdjq­rhfq.­Jyb­gj­kf­uf­kb,­xnj­tc­kb­dj­dht­vz­nf­rbö­är­creh­cbq­lt­nb­dvtc­nt­yf­ckfé­lf­ñn­cz­rhf­cj­njq­cdj­tq­ptv-kb,­nj­e­ybö­vj­étn­hfp­dbnm­cz­b­jå­ott­xed­cn­dj­gfn­hbj­nbp­vf­b­ujh­ljc­nb,­rj­nj­hjt­jåüt­lb­ybn­bö,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­hfp­kb­xbz­d­zps­rt­bkb­ht­kb­ubb­bö­ct­vtq.

Ceg­he­ub­Ut­nt­ht­ib­kb,­xnj­nf­rjt­cj­dvtcn­yj­gt­ht­éb­njt­c­gj­vj­omñ­är­creh­cj­dj­lf­xed­cn­dj­dj­cöb­ot­ybz­rhf­cj­njq­ghb­hj­ls­vj­étn­gjq­nb­yf­gjkm­pe­b­Cj­tlb­yty­ysv­Inf­nfv,­d­rj­nj­hsö­ghj­éb­df­tn­vyj­ét­cn­dj­kñ-ltq­cf­vj­uj­hfp­yj­uj­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.­Jyb­gjl­hz­lb­kb­yf­ne­hf­kbc­njd­b­åj­nf­yb­rjd­b­jh­uf­yb­pj­df-kb­är­creh­cbb­yf­xfc­nysö­re­hjh­nfö­dj­rheu­éb­dj­gbc­yj­uj­jpt­hf­Nf­öj,­hfc­gj­kj­éty­yj­uj­d­uj­hfö­Cmth­hs-Yt-df­ls­vté­le­Rf­kb­ajh­yb­tq­b­Yt­df­ljq.

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eJournal uSa 43

Gj­lfy­ysv­Utj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­ckeé­ås­CIF­

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crf­ps­df­ñn­cz­yf­cbc­nt­vt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­

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rhf­ot­ybt­ds­åhj­cjd­eu­kt­hj­lf­d­fn­vj­cat­he.

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b­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybñ­gfh­rjd­CIF.

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eJournal uSa 44

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≤B­lt­fkm­yjt­gfh­nyth­cn­dj­gfh­rf­c­rkb­vf­njv­–­änj­ght­élt­dct­uj­gfhr­c­ye­kt­dsv­åf­kfy­cjv­ävbc­cbb­eu-kt­hj­lf,­yt­ghj­bp­dj­lz­obq­ds­åhj­cjd­d­fn­vj­cat­he≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­Yjh­njy.­Ghb­döj­lt­d­gfhr­dvtc­nt­c­rfh­njq­gt­it­öjl­ysö­nhjg­b­ghj­gec­rjv­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbñ­gfh­rf­ds­gj­ke­xft­nt­åhj­iñ­he­j­njv,­rfr­ct­åz­dtc­nb,­yt­yf­yj-cz­eoth­åf­ärj­kj­ubb.­Dvtc­nj­crjg­kt­ybz­pf­uhzp­yzñ­obö­jr­he­éfñ­oeñ­cht­le­xfc­nysö­fd­nj­vj­åb­ktq,­chf­éfñ-obö­cz­pf­yt­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­gfh­rj­djx­yst­vtc­nf,­r­df­ibv­ec­ke­ufv­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­yf­fkm­nth­yf­nbd­yjv­njg­kb-dt­fd­nj­åe­cs,­rj­nj­hst­åsc­nhj,­åtc­iev­yj­b­åtp­pf­uhzp-yzñ­obö­fn­vj­cat­he­ds­ökj­gjd­lj­cnfd­kz­ñn­dfc­d­kñ­åjq­euj­kjr­gfh­rf.­D­wty­nht­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­gfh­rf,­rj­nj­hsq­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­ckb­df­tn­cz­c­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ljq­åkf­uj­lf­hz­cdj­tq­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­fh­öb­ntr­ne­ht­b­kfy­lifa­nyjq­gkf­yb­hjd­rt,­drkñ­xfz­≤pt­kt­yeñ­rhs­ie≥­bp­fåj­hb­uty­ysö­hfc­nt­ybq,­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­cz­xbc­nfz­äyth­ubz­cjky­wf,­dtn­hf­bkb­utj­nth­vfkm­ysö­bc­njx­yb­rjd,­ntö­yj-kj­ubz­cdt­nj­lbj­ljd­b­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjt­jc­dt­ot­ybt.­D­åe­at­nt­ds­gj­re­gft­nt­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­xbc­neñ­b­ds­hf­oty­yeñ­d­änjq­ét­vtcn­yjc­nb­tle.­Ghtl­vt­ns­bc­rec­cn­df,­ghj­lfñ-obt­cz­d­vf­uf­pb­yt­ce­dt­yb­hjd,­clt­kf­ys­bp­enb­kb­pj­dfy-ysö­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­–­nf­rbö,­rfr­cntr­kj­bkb­fkñ­vb­ybq.­D­nef­kt­nfö­cnj­zn­eyb­nf­ps­c­vf­kj­jåütv­ys­vb­ckbd­ys­vb­åfx­rf­vb­b­evs­dfkm­yb­rb­c­fd­nj­vf­nb­pb­hj­dfy­ysv­jn­rkñ-xt­yb­tv­rhf­yjd­lkz­ärj­yj­vbb­dj­ls;­bö­vj­ñn­yt­njr­cbx-ys­vb­xbc­nz­ob­vb­chtl­cn­df­vb.­Chtl­cn­df­gt­ht­ldb­ét­ybz­tut­htq,­gfn­he­kb­heñ­obö­nth­hb­nj­hbñ­gfh­rf,­yt­ds­åhf-cs­df­ñn­pf­uhzp­yzñ­obö­dt­ot­cnd­d­fn­vj­cat­he.­Hfc­gj­kj-éty­yst­d­jn­lf­kty­ysö­exfc­nrfö­gfh­rf­plf­ybz­cyfå­ét­ys­aj­nj­ufkm­df­yb­xtc­rb­vb­gf­yt­kz­vb,­eljd­ktn­dj­hzñ­ob­vb­bö­äyth­ut­nb­xtc­rbt­gj­nhtå­yjc­nb.­Yf­ob­nfö­b­gkf­rf­nfö­gj­ct­nb­nt­kzv­gfh­rjd­ghtl­kf­uf­ñn­cz­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obt­jåüzc­yt­ybz­b­cj­dt­ns­gj­evtym­it­ybñ­bö­cj­åcn­dty­yj­uj­djp­ltqcn­dbz­yf­jr­he­éfñ­oeñ­cht­le­rfr­dj­dht­vz­gj­ct-ot­ybz­gfh­rf,­nfr­b­gj­djp­dhf­ot­ybb­lj­vjq.

Änf­rfh­nb­yf­–­nj­ét­yt­ghj­cnj­vtx­ns­j­åe­le­otv.­≤Yt­lf­ktr­njn­ltym,­rju­lf­gjx­nb­dct­änj­cnf­ytn­ht­fkm-yjc­nmñ≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­Yjh­njy.­–­≤Vs­d­cb­kfö­pyf­xb­ntkm-yj­cj­rhf­nbnm­gj­nhtå­kt­ybt­äyth­ubb.­Vs­d­cb­kfö­pyf­xb-ntkm­yj­cj­rhf­nbnm­ds­åhj­cs­d­fn­vj­cat­he.­Vs­d­cb­kfö­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­cj­rhf­nbnm­gj­nhtå­kt­ybt­dj­ls,­bc­gjkm­pez­ct-

ujl­yzi­ybt­ntö­yj­kj­ubb,­b­tc­kb­vs­ct­hmtp­yj­djp­mvtv­cz­pf­lt­kj,­pf­10­ktn­vs­cvj­étv­lj­åbnm­cz­änj­uj­xenm­kb­yt­d­rfé­ljv­gfh­rt.­Ghj­wtcc­njkm­rj­yf­xfk­cz,­yj­gfhr­pf­gfh­rjv­ghb­cjt­lb­yz­tn­cz­r­yfv­rfé­lsq­ltym≥.

Jlby­bp­nf­rbö­gfh­rjd­–­gfhr­≤Pb­jy≥­d­inf­nt­ñnf.­D­2000­uj­le­tétl­ytd­yeñ­gt­ht­djp­re­gj­ct­nb­nt­ktq­gj­gfh­re­cnf­kb­jce­ot­cn­dkznm­30­hf­åj­nfñ­obö­yf­ghj­gf­yt­fd­nj­åe-cjd­dvtc­nj­5­ns­czx­xfc­nysö­fd­nj­vj­åb­ktq,­d­ht­pekm­nf-nt­xt­uj­ds­åhj­cs­gfh­yb­rj­dsö­uf­pjd­d­yt­åj­yfl­gfh­rjv­cj­rhf­nb­kbcm­yf­14­nsc.­njyy­d­ujl.­Yj­dsq­≤pt­kt­ysq≥­wtynh­ne­hbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­eljd­ktn­dj­hz­tn­30­ghj­wty­njd­cdj­bö­äyth­ut­nb­xtc­rbö­gj­nhtå­yjc­ntq­pf­cxtn­cjk­ytx­yjq­äyth­ubb­b­80­ghj­wty­njd­gj­nhtå­yjc­nb­d­jc­dt­ot-ybb­pf­cxtn­tc­nt­cn­dty­yj­uj­cdt­nf;­kt­njv­åjkm­ibt­uhf-lbh­yb­c­ärj­yj­vbx­ysv­gj­nhtå­kt­yb­tv­äyth­ubb­cyfå­éf­ñn­wtynh­rjy­lb­wbj­yb­hj­dfy­ysv­djp­le­öjv,­f­d­öj­kjl­yst­lyb­ntg­kj­d­gj­vt­ot­ybb­elth­éb­df­tn­cz­c­gj­vj­omñ­gfc­cbd-yjq­jnj­gb­ntkm­yjq­cjk­ytx­yjq­cbc­nt­vs­cj­cnt­yjq­Nhjv­åf­(cnt­yjq,­jå­hf­oty­yjq­r­cjky­we­b­gj­cnhj­ty­yjq­bp­nth­vj-gju­kj­ofñ­ot­uj­vf­nt­hbf­kf­nb­gf­yt­jåjé­éty­yj­uj­rbh­gb­xf­bkb­rfv­yz).­Änjn­yj­dsq­jåütrn,­cxb­nfñ­obq­cz­jå­hfp­wjv­gfh­rj­dj­uj­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­df,­gj­pdj­kz­tn­cj­rhf­nbnm­gj­nhtå­kt-ybt­äyth­ubb­gjx­nb­yf­75­ghj­wty­njd,­f­ds­åhj­cs­gfh­yb­rj-dsö­uf­pjd­–­åj­ktt­xtv­yf­300­nsc.­aey­njd­d­ujl.

Vt­ytt­pf­vt­nty­hjcn­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybz­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­xbc-nsö­cnhjb­ntkm­ysö­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­b­yt­njr­cbx­ysö­vjñ­obö­chtl­cnd,­f­nfr­ét­pyf­xb­ntkm­yjt­hfc­ib­ht­ybt­ghj­uhfv­vs­enb­kb­pf­wbb­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­gfh­rf.­≤Byb­wbf­nb­df­≤Gfh­rb­d­gfh­nyth­cn­dt­c­rkb­vf­njv≥­gj­pdj­kb­kf­yfv­cj­cht­lj­nj­xbnm­dyb­vf­ybt­yf­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­lt­b­gj­cktl­cn­dbzö­rkb­vf-nb­xtc­rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq,­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­ds­cnhf­bdfz­ghb­jhb­nt-ns­lkz­yf­itq­cbc­nt­vs­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht-ljq≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­lb­htr­njh­gfh­rf­≤Pb­jy≥­Léjr­Ebn­djhn.­–­≤Nt­gthm­vs­kex­it­gj­yb­vf­tv,­rfr­rkb­vf­nb­xtc­rbt­bp­vt­yt­ybz­dkbzñn­yf­ghb­hjl­yst­b­rekm­neh­yst­ht­ceh­cs­gfh­rf,­b­änj­gj­vj­uf­tn­yfv­yf­öj­lbnm­ht­it­ybz≥.

D­yf­ibö­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rfö­uhz­len­gt­ht­vt­ys,­änj­jxt­dbl­yj.­Yt­cnjkm­gj­yzn­yj,­xnj­bvty­yj­åe­ltn­vt-yznm­cz­b­rfr­gth­cj­yfk­gfh­rjd,­bö­gj­ct­nb­nt­kb­b­cf­vb­gfh­rb­ghb­cgj­cj­åzn­cz­r­änjq­yj­djq­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yjc­nb.­Jl­yf­rj,­rfr­erf­ps­df­tn­lb­htr­njh­gfh­rf­≤F­gjck­Fq-ktyl≥­(Apostle Island)­Åjå­Rhe­vt­yf­rth,­≤vs,­hf­åjn­yb­rb­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­bvt­tv­lt­kj­c­dtx­yjc-nmñ.­Rfr­ås­yb­bp­vt­ybk­cz­rkb­vfn,­yf­ib­gfh­rb­yb­re­lf­yt­lt­yen­cz.­Gt­htl­kb­wjv­ukj­åfkm­ysö­rkb­vf­nb­xtc­rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq­yf­ib­gfh­rb­vj­uen­cnfnm­tot­dfé­ytt­–­dtlm­änj­cf­vst­gth­dj­plfy­yst,­yt­nhj­ye­nst­b­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­pyf­xb­vst­vtc­nf,­jc­nfd­ibt­cz­yf­gkf­yt­nt≥.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal uSa 45

Jn­ecnmtd­htr,­jå­ibh­ysö­ktc­ysö­vfc­cb­djd­b­lj­kby­c­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ys­vb­ptv­kz­vb­lj­cf­lj­dsö­exfc-nrjd­jåsx­ysö­lj­vjd,­by­df­pbd­yst­hfc­nt­ybz­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­ct­hmtp­yjq­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­ghj­åkt­vjq­d­Cj­tlb-

yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­b­dj­vyj­ubö­lhe­ubö­xfc­nzö­cdt­nf.Dct­yf­xb­yf­tn­cz­c­yt­xf­zy­yj­uj­ddj­pf­bkb­ghtl­yf­vt­hty­yj­uj­b­jg­hj­vtn­xb­dj­uj­dyt­lht­ybz­hfc­nt­ybz­bp­cj-

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D­1892­uj­le­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gf­vzn­ybr­≤Heb­ys­Rf­cf­Uhfy­lt≥­cnfk­gth­dsv­fh­ötj­kj­ub­xtc­rbv­pf­gj­dtl­yb­rjv­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd.­Änj­­plf­ybt,­djp­dt­lty­yjt­jrj­kj­700­ktn­yf­pfl­by­ltq­wf­vb­rekm­ne­hs­öj­öj­rfv,­döj­lbn­d­xbc­kj­cf­vsö­åjkm­ibö­lj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­gj­cnhj­tr­­Ct­dth­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb.­D­1930­t­uj­ls­yfl­hfp­df­kb­yf­vb­åsk­gj­cnfd­kty­pf­obn­ysq­yf­dtc.

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eJournal uSa 49

fh ötj kj ubz d yf wbj yfkm ysö gfh rfö

Yf­ct­ujl­yzi­ybq­ltym­Ckeé­åjq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh-rjd­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­df­yj­jrj­kj­70­ns­czx­fh­ötj­kj­ub­xtc­rbö­jåütr­njd,­yf­öj­lz­obö­cz­d­tt­ñhbc­lbr­wbb,­f­lt­czn­rb,­tc­kb­yt­cjn­yb,­ns­czx­tot­yt­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­dfy­ysö­jåütr-njd,­gj­jwty­rfv­Vfr­vf­yf­vj­yf,­njkm­rj­élen­cdjt­uj­jn­rhs­nbz.­Jö­hf­yznm­gf­vzn­yb­rb,­cj­plfy­yst­cjn­yb­b­ns­cz­xb­ktn­yf­pfl,­lj­cnf­njx­yj­ckjé­yj,­f­CYG­jåz­pf­yf­tot­b­jåtc­gt­xb­dfnm­ib­hj­rjq­geå­kb­rt­djp­vjé­yjcnm­­pyf­rj­vbnm­cz­c­yb­vb,­gj­yb­vfnm­b­wt­ybnm­bö.

D­cke­xft­crfkm­ysö­gt­oth­b­ge­äå­kj,­gj­ckj­dfv­Vfr-vf­yf­vj­yf,­≤yt­rj­nj­hst­rf­vty­yst­b­rbh­gbx­yst­cnt­ys­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­cnf­åb­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­xnj­ås­yt­lj­gec­nbnm­gjh­xb­jhb­ub­yfkm­yjq­rkfl­rb≥­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­yf­gks­df­ne­hbc­njd.­Lkz­änj­uj­cgt­wbf­kbc­ns­gj­jö­hf­yt­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­cnf­hb­ys­hfp­hf­åf­ns­df­ñn­cnhjb­ntkm­yst­hf-cn­dj­hs­yf­ptv­kz­yjq­jc­yj­dt,­fyf­kj­ubx­yst­vf­nt­hbf­kfv,­rj­nj­hs­vb­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­lhtd­ybt­cnhjb­nt­kb,­b­cgt­wb­fkm-yeñ­ine­rf­neh­re­lkz­pf­ob­ns­cj­öhf­ybd­ibö­cz­rbh­gbx-ysö­rjyc­nher­wbq.

C­änb­vb­ghj­åkt­vf­vb­cnfk­rb­df­ñn­cz­htc­nfd­hf­nj­hs,­djc­cnf­yfd­kb­dfñ­obt­gf­vzn­yb­rb,­plf­ybz­b­crekmg­ne­he­d­hfp­ysö­vtc­nfö.­Vfr­vf­yf­vjy­b­tuj­rjk­kt­ub-fh­ötj­kj­ub­bp­CYG,­Nth­hb­Xfqklc­b­Åfh­åf­hf­Kbnnk,­ep­yf­kb­vyj­uj­yj­dj­uj­j­njv,­rfr­cghfd­kz­ñn­cz­c­nf­rb­vb­nhel­yjc­nz­vb­pf­he­åté­yst­ghj­atc­cbj­yf­ks,­rju­lf­d­2007­uj­le­uheg-gf­lb­htr­nj­hjd­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf­ghb­ås­kf­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­lkz­pyf­rjv­cn­df­c­jh­uf-yb­pf­wb­tq­eg­hfd­kt­ybz≤­fh­ötj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­vb­b­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb-vb­gfh­rf­vb­b­jåütr­nf­vb­CYG.

Gj­ljåyj­vyj­ubv­fh­öb­ntr­neh­ysv­gf­vzn­yb­rfv­b­wty-ysv­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbv­jåütr­nfv­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd,­gf-vzn­yb­rb­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf­jåsx­yj­gj­cnhjt­ys­bp­gtc­xf­yb­rf,­uhf­yb­nf­bkb­yt­jåjé­éty­yj­uj­rbh­gb­xf.­Gj­ckj­dfv­Vfr-vf­yf­vj­yf,­fa­ufy­crbt­cvjn­hb­nt­kb­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­c­åjkm-ibv­by­nt­ht­cjv­jå­ceé­lf­kb­yf­ex­yst­vt­nj­ls­ds­åj­hf­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­lkz­cnf­åb­kb­pf­wbb­fh­öb­ntr­neh­ysö­jåütr­njd.

Ukfd­ysq­fh­ötj­kju­CYG­yf­lttn­cz,­xnj­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­änjn­jå­vty­by­ajh­vf­wb­tq­gj­vj­étn­lb­htr­nj­hfv­yf­wbj-yfkm­ysö­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf­bp­åt­éfnm­ås­ksö­jib­åjr­bö­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­rjk­ktu.­≤Ctq­xfc­vs­elf­kz­tv­yt­ghf­dbkm­ysq­hf­cn­djh,­rj­nj­hsq­bc­gjkm­pj­dfk­cz­d­hz­lt­cnf­åb­kb­pf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­tr­njd­yf­xf­kf­20-uj­dt­rf.­Vs­pf­vt­yz­tv­tuj­åj­ktt­vzu­rb­vb­hf­cn­djhf­vb­yf­ptv­kz­yjq­jc­yj­dt,­rj­nj­hst­pf­ob­of­ñn­yt­jåjé­éty­ysq­rbh­gbx­b­rf­vtym­jhb­ub­yfkm­yjq­rkfl­rb≥,­–­crf­pfk­Vfr­vf­yf­vjy.­–­≤D­änjq­jå­kfc­nb,­jlb­yf­rj­dj­by­nt­ht­cj­dfd­itq­rjk­ktu­bp­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf­b­yf­ibö­htc­nfd­hf­nj­hjd,­jyb­vyj­uj­ve­cvju­kb­yf­exbnm­lheu­lhe­uf≥.

by ajh vf wbz lkz vtcn yj uj yf ct kt ybz

Fa­ufy­ws­gj­ct­nb­kb­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­nb­Df­iby-unj­yf­b­ghj­dt­kb­dj­ctvm­yt­ltkm­yf­jåütr­nfö­CYG­yf­ñuj-pf­gf­lt­cnhf­ys­d­hfv­rfö­extå­yjq­ghj­uhfv­vs­Wty-nhf­rekm­neh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf-vty­nf­CIF.­Extå­yfz­ghj­uhfv­vf­2007­uj­lf­ås­kf­jl­yjq­bp­vth­gjl­lth­érb­jö­hf­ys­rekm­neh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­Fa-uf­ybc­nf­yf.­tt­exfcn­yb­rfv­hfc­crf­pf­kb­nfr­ét­b­j­njv,­rfr­dt­ltn­cz­jå­ot­cn­dty­yfz­b­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yfz­hf­åj­nf­c­vtcn­ysv­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv.

Eg­hfd­kzz­gjx­nb­400­gfh­rf­vb,­gf­vzn­yb­rf­vb­b­jåütr-nf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­hfc­gj­kj­ét­ys­d­jxtym­cbkm­yj­jn­kb­xfñ-obö­cz­lheu­jn­lhe­uf­yf­ct­kty­ysö­gey­rnfö­gj­dctq­cnhf-yt,­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­kb­CYG­c­uj­lf­vb­ghb­ikb­r­ds­dj­le,­xnj­ntc­yjt­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­dj­vté­le­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wb­tq­gfh­rjd­b­vtcn­ys­vb­dkfc­nz­vb­zd­kz­tn­cz­dfé­ysv­äkt­vty­njv­eg-hfd­kt­ybz­jåütr­nf­vb­ckeé­ås.

tot­jl­yf­cj­cnfd­kzñ­ofz­nf­rbö­dpf­bvj­jn­yj­it­ybq­–­änj­by­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yjc­nb,­gj­änj­ve­fl­vb-yb­cnhf­wbz­gfh­rjd­cnht­vbn­cz­ghb­dkt­rfnm­irjkm­yb­rjd­b­lhe­ubö­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­dfy­ysö­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­vtcn­yj­uj­yf­ct­kt­ybz­yf­cdjb­jåütr­ns.­Änj­ås­kj­≤gjx­nb­jn­rhj­dt-yb­tv≥­lkz­fa­ufy­crbö­ujc­ntq,­crf­pfk­Vfr­vf­yf­vjy.

Gj­ckj­dfv­Vfr­vf­yf­vj­yf,­≤bv­cnhf­iyj­gj­yhf­db­kjcm,­xnj­dj­dht­vz­bö­db­pb­nf­uheg­gs­irjkm­yb­rjd­ghb­tp­éf-kb­yf­är­creh­cbb­b­ktr­njh-är­creh­cj­djl­dj­lbk­bö­gj­dyen­hty­ybv­ldj­hb­rfv­d­Ne­vf­rf­rj­hb­[åsd­ifz­bc­gfy-crfz­vbc­cbz­d­inf­nt­Fhb­pj­yf,­jc­yj­dfy­yfz­d­rjy­wt­17-uj­dt­rf]≥.­Jlby­bp­fa­ufy­crbö­ujc­ntq­ds­hf­pbk­yf­ltéle­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfnm­gj­ljåyst­jå­hf­pj­df­ntkm­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs­d­lj­kb­yt­Åf­vmzy.­Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­d­2001­uj­le­nf­kb­ås­eybx­nj­éb­kb­nfv­ldt­rj­kjc­cfkm­yst­cnf­neb­Åel-ls,­lj­kb­yf­Åf­vmzy­jc­nf­tn­cz­ghb­pyfy­ysv­rekm­neh­ysv­jåütr­njv­vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­vfc­inf­åf,­ult­tot­dbl­ys­ckt­ls­nj­uj,­xnj­d­cdjt­dht­vz­pltcm­ghj­öj­lbk­ctdt­hj­-fa­ufy­crbq­jn­ht­pjr­Itk­rj­dj­uj­ge­nb.

Vfr­vf­yf­vjy­uj­dj­hbn,­xnj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbt­lj­cnj­ghbvt-xf­ntkm­yjc­nb­jn­Fa­uf­ybc­nf­yf­lj­Fhb­pj­ys­rhfq­yt­dfé­ys­lkz­gj­yb­vf­ybz­ébp­yb­b­rekm­ne­hs­ghj­itl­ibö­dt­rjd­gj­cktl­eñob­vb­gj­rj­kt­ybz­vb.­Ghb­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjv­jå­ot­ybb­c­vtc­nf­vb­jåb­nf­ybz,­gj­cnhjq­rf­vb­b­ghtl­vt­nf-vb­vf­nt­hb­fkm­yjq­rekm­ne­hs­ghtl­rjd­vj­kj­ltém­≤yf­xb-yf­tn­uj­hfp­lj­kex­it­gj­yb­vfnm­b­wt­ybnm≥­ghji­kjt.­n

eJournal uSa 50

Xnj­jå­ot­uj­e­By­lt­gty­ltyc-Öjk­kf,­plf­ybz­ÖªÈÈÈ­dt­rf­d­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­in.­Gty­cbkm­df­ybz,­b­e­bpj­åb-keñ­ot­uj­vjh­crjq­ébp­ymñ­Åjkm­ij­uj­Åf­hmth­yj­uj­hb­af­d­Fd­cnhf­kbb?­Rf­rj­df­cdzpm­vté­le­kt­lz-

ys­vb­dth­ib­yf­vb­b­utv­kj­rj­ds­vb­kt­cf­vb­Ktl­yb­rj­djq­åeö­ns­Fkzc­rb­b­lhtd­yb­vb­öhf­vf­vb­b­le­öjd­yjq­fn­vj­cat­hjq­öhf­vj­dj­uj­rjv­gktr­cf­Fy­urjh-Dfn­d­Rfv­åj­lét?

Dct­änb­vtc­nf­cxb­nf­ñn­cz­gf­vzn­yb­rf­vb­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­–­vtc­nf­vb­jcj­åjq­pyf­xb­vjc­nb­d­jå­otv­ghb­hjl­yjv­b­rekm­neh­yjv­yf­ckt­lbb­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df.­Extn­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz,­yf­cxb­ns­dfñ-obq­ct­ujl­yz­åj­ktt­875­vtcn,­dt­ltn­cz­d­hfv­rfö­Rjy­dty­wbb­jå­jö­hf­yt­dct­vbh­yj­uj­rekm­neh­yj­uj­b­ghb­hjl-yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­–­cj­ukf­it­ybz­jå­jö­hf­yt­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­pyf­xt­ybz,­gjl­gb­cfy­yj­uj­185­cnhf­yf­vb,­b­cxb­nf­tn­cz­yf­båj­ktt­ib­hj­rj­ghb­pyfy­ysv­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­bycnhe­vty­njv­gj­jö­hf­yt­b­ghb­hjl­ysö­pf­gj-dtl­yb­rjd,­b­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­rekm­neh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz.

Ctv­yfl­wfnm­bp­20­jåütr­njd­d­CIF,­drkñ­xty­ysö­d­gt­ht­xtym­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz,­döj-lzn­d­cbc­nt­ve­Ckeé­ås­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd,­f­Eg­hfd­kt­ybt­gj­dyti­ybv­cdz­pzv­ckeé­ås­gfh­rjd­ds­gjk-yz­tn­aeyr­wbb­ntö­yb­xtc­rj­uj­cj­dtn­yb­rf­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF­gj­dj­ghj­cfv­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt-lbz.­Cht­lb­jåütr­njd­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­d­CIF­yf­öj­lzn­cz­nf­rbt­yf­cs­oty­yst­cbv­dj­kb­rjq­gf­vzn­yb­rb,­rfr­Qtk­kj­ec­njy­crbq­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr,­Yf­wbj­yfkm­ysq­gfhr­≤Åjkm­ijq­Rf­ymjy≥,­f­nfr­ét­Cnf­nez­Cdj­åj­ls­–­yf­hz­le­c­lhe­ub­vb,­vt­ytt­bp­dtcn­ys­vb­vtc­nf­vb,­nf­rb­vb­rfr­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbq­gf­vzn­ybr­≤Reh­uf­ys­

Yf ckt lbt dct uj xt kj dt xt cn df

Hfc­gj­kj­éty­ysq­yf­ds­cj­nt­åj­ktt­2000­vtn­hjd­yfl­ehjd­ytv­vj­hz,­Vf­xe­Gb­xe­d­Gt­he­åsk­jc­yj­dfy­bv­gt­hb­tq­by­rjd­d­gt­hb­jl­tt­yf­bdsc­it­uj­hfc­wdt­nf­d­Öª­dt­rt.­Rj­vbc­cbz­gf­vzn­yb­rjd­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­dyt­ckf­änjn­jåütrn­d­cdjq­gt­ht­xtym­d­1983­u.

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eJournal uSa 51

Rf­öj­rbz≥­d­in.­Bk­kb­yjqc­–­lj­bc-nj­hb­xtc­rbq­uj­hjl­dht­vty­fvt­hb-rfy­crbö­by­ltq­wtd,­f­nfr­ét­by­ltq-crjt­gj­ct­kt­ybt­Ge­äå­kj-lt-Nf­jc­d­in.­Ymñ-Vtr­cb­rj­–­lj­cbö­gjh­fr­nbd­yj­ltqcn­deñ­ofz­gj­cnhjq-rf­rjv­ve­yfkm­yj­uj­ghj­éb­df­ybz,­djp­dt­lty­yfz­by­ltq­wf­vb­fyf­cf­pb­lj­1400­u.

Bltz­Rjy­dty­wbb­jå­jö­hf­yt­dct­vbh­yj­uj­rekm­neh­yj­uj­b­ghb­hjl-yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­dj­cöj­lbn­r­ds­ldb-ye­nj­ve­d­1971­u.­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­wb­tq­Ght­pb­lty­nf­Hb­xfh­lf­Ybr­cj­yf­ghtl­kj­ét­ybñ,­d­rj­nj­hjv­jyf­ås-kf­ghtl­cnfd­kt­yf­ght­pb­lty­njv­rfr­ukj­åfkm­yjt­dj­gkj­ot­ybt­rjy­wtg­wbb­gfh­rjd,­pf­hj­lbd­itq­cz­d­Cj­tlb-yty­ysö­Inf­nfö.­Ybr­cjy­bp­kj­ébk­äne­bltñ­d­cdj­tv­pf­zd­kt­ybb­j­cnhf­nt­ubb­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­jr­he­éfñ-

otq­cht­ls:­≤Ås­kj­ås­yt­gkj­öj,­tc­kb­ås­r­1972­u.­cnhf­ys­vb­hf­ghb­ikb­r­jå­ot­ve­cj­ukf­it­ybñ­j­njv,­xnj­ce­ot­cn­deñn­jåütr­ns,­bvtñ­obt­nf­reñ­eyb­rfkm­yeñ­vb­hj­deñ­wty­yjcnm,­xnj­r­ybv­ckt­le­tn­jn­yj­cbnm­cz­rfr­r­xfc­nb­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz­dct­uj­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df,­jåütr­ns,­rj­nj­hst­pf­cke­éb­df­ñn­jcj­åj­uj­ghb­pyf-ybz­rfr­xfcnm­ajy­lf­dct­vbh­yj­uj­yf­ckt­lbz≥.

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Carr, Ethan. Mis sion 66: Moder nism and the National Park Dilemma. Amhe rst: Unive rs ity of Mas sachusetts Press­­(Ryb­uf­jgeå­kb­rj­df­yf­cj­dvtcn­yj­c­Åbå­kbj­nt­rjq­bc­nj­hbb­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­gtq­pf­éf­–­Library of American Landsc ape His tory),­2007.

Cunningham, Clay. Yell ows to ne to Denali: Bea rs, Bison, Poache rs, Th ie ves, and Ot her Characte rs. Den ver, CO: Out sk irts Press, 2005.

Davis, Tim othy, Todd A. Crot eau, and Chris to pher H. Marston, eds. America’s National Park Roads and Parkways: Drawings From the His toric American Engine ering Record. Ba ltimo re: Jo hns Hopkins Unive rs ity Press, 2004. (Ryb­uf­jgeå­kb­rj­df­yf­cj­dvtcn­yj­c­jh­uf­yb­pf-wb­tq­The Ce nt er for American Places, Sa nta Fe, New Mexico, and Sta unton, Virginia.)

Duncan, Dayton. Horatio’s Drive: America’s Fi rst Road Trip. New York: Alf red A. Knopf, 2003. (Ghf­df­yf­hfc­ghj-cnhf­yt­ybt­ghb­yfl­kt­éfn­bp­lf­ntkm­cn­de­Random House.)

Harmon, David, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitc aith ley, eds. The Antiq uit ies Act: A Ce ntury of American Archaeology, His toric Preser vation, and Natu re Cons er vation. Tu cson: Unive rs ity of Arizona Press, 2006.

Kaufman, Polly W. National Parks and the Woman’s Voice: A His tory. Albu quer que: Unive rs ity of New Mexico Press, 2006.

Rothman, Hal K., and Sara D. Ewe rt, eds. Encyclopedia of American National Parks. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004.

Safe rstein, Mark J., ed. Oh, Ranger! Tr ue Sto ries From Our National Parks. New York, NY: American Park Ne twork, 2007.

Schullery, Paul. America’s National Parks: The Spe ctacular Fo rces Th at Sh aped Our Tre asu red Lands. New York: D.K. Publ ishing, 2001.

Sellars, Richard W. Preserving Natu re in the National Parks: A His tory. New Haven: Yale Unive rs ity Press, 1997.

Thom pson, John M. Our National Parks: To urs With Range rs. Washi ngton, DC: National Geographic, 2006.

U.S. National Park Service. Honoring the Tr ust: Restoring Dama ged Park Re sources: The National Park Service Environme ntal Re sp onse, Dama ge Assessme nt, and Resto ration Program Progress Rep ort. Washi ngton, DC: National Park Service, U.S. Dep artme nt of the Int erior, Natural Re source Program Ce nt er, Environme ntal Quality Division, 2005.

U.S. National Park Service. The National Parks: Shaping the System. Washi ngton, D.C.: U.S. Dep artme nt of the Int erior, 2005.

Webb, Melody. A Woman in the Gre at Outdo ors: Adventures in the National Park Service. Albu quer que: Unive rs ity of New Mexico Press, 2003.

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Dole sh, Richard J. “Tough Terrain.” Parks and Rec re ation, vol. 39, no. 10 (Oct ob er 2004): pp. 56–63.ht tp://www.nrpa.org/conte nt/de fa ult.aspx?documentId=1550

“Places We Must Sa ve: World Parks at Risk.”National Geographic, vol. 210, no. 4 (Oct ob er 2006).ht tp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0610/fe atu re2/index.html

To urt el lot, Jo nathan B., Simon Williams, and Cas sandra Cartwright. “Desti nation Sc orecard: National Parks.” National Geographic Tr ave ler, vol. 22, no. 5 (July/August 2005): pp. 80–92.ht tp://www.nationalgeographic.com/tr ave ler/fe atu res/nprat ed0507/nprat ed.html#magazi nete xt

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The Mountain Inst it ute(Ujh­ysq­by­cnb­nen)Vté­le­yf­hjl­yfz­yt­rjv­vth­xtc­rfz­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­gj­jö-hf­yt­b­gj­ge­kz­hb­pf­wbb­pyf­ybq­j­rekm­ne­ht,­yf­ct­kt­ybb­b­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­lt­Fyl,­Fg­gf­kf­xtq,­Ub­vf­kf­td­b­lhe­ubö­ujh­ysö­ht­ubj­yjd­vb­hf.ht tp://www.mountain.org

National Parks Tr ave ler(Ge­nt­it­cn­dbt­gj­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gfh­rfv)By­nth­ytn-éeh­yfk,­gj­cdz­oty­ysq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­j­cbc­nt­vt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­b­Ckeé­åt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF.ht tp://www.nationalparks tr ave ler.com

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U.S. National Park Service(Ckeé­åf­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­gfh­rjd­CIF)Dt­ljv­cn­dj­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­df­dyen­hty­ybö­ltk­CIF,­d­xmtq­ñhbc­lbr­wbb­yf­öj­lzn­cz­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­gfh­rb­b­gf­vzn-yb­rb,­gj­kz­chf­ét­ybq,­gfh­rb­dj­ty­yj­uj­b­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­pyf­xt­ybz,­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbt­jåütr­ns,­jpth­yst­b­vjh­crbt­gj-åt­ht­émz,­pj­ys­jn­ls­öf,­éb­dj­gbc­yst­ht­rb­b­gt­it­öjl­yst­nhj­gs,­f­nfr­ét­Åt­ksq­ljv.ht tp://www.nps.gov

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Bear, Tedrick D., and Tre foni M. Riz zi. Teddy’s Tr ave ls: America’s National Parks. Alta dena, CA: TdB Press, 2006.

Beckman, Wendy Hart. National Parks in Cris is: Deb ating the Iss ues. Ber ke ley Hei ghts, NJ: Enslow Publ is he rs, 2004.

De Fr ies, Cheryl L. Se ven Natural Wonde rs of the Unit ed St ates and Canada. Ber ke ley Hei ghts, NJ: MyRep ortLi nks.com Bo oks, 2005.

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Pete rs en, David. National Parks. New York: Children’s Press, 2001.

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