1

xtexb awri iqxt2010/`"ryz zpyl

yicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql

milyexi

2010 xanvca 8 - `"ryz zaha '`

2

okez / hl`dpi`©

xrRôxb ”wri

. . ...dlild il` aiywd el / ...oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee3 ¨©¨

. . . . . . . . . . . (ipizxa .` .w :mbxz) cec xepik / lci™ qcec4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qxtd ihtey zehlgd6

2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd. . . . . .8

oixtl` awri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

lnxk le`y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

ocel wgvi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

dlew xy`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

xiny dwp`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

- .x.e`.n.w.`yilÎuiaeail dnly x"c ly ezey`xa. . . . . . .18

2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn dxivid cecirl qxta mikefd. . . . . .19

hiig cecÎdyn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

xbpiclqÎrlq edil`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

xlcpq qixea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

ht`fltr xcpqkl`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

xenlt xfril`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn xwgne micenil zblna mikefd. . . . .36

l`ienÎoncleb crl`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

cleepixb irex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

iel dwil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

l`pzp jlil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ zepwY ic oe™¨

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn43

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri mrc oe™ oh`rxe`l©¨

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx44

3

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oxrhy hin hpiieerb hk`p ic hl`ee¨©

,oxrxh hin oe`

,obrx hin oe`

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(oiihy õ oe™ oh`y oi`)¨

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(davn ly dliva)

4

x r R ô x b ” w r i

lci™ qcec

,orbprd lci™ oöf brl™ lhra qcec xrai`

,hliRyrb mi` sie` h`d xrhqön xrqiexb xrc q`ee¨¨

orbprxa ze`i”p oe` xrcil mi` brl™ xr q`ee¨

.hlidrb miexh ` oi` dnyp oöf mi` oe`©

ornewrb hpiee ` fi` oe™v oe™ hk`p ral`d©©©

,cpila hryfcp`larbne` xcg mrc oi` h`d oe`¨¨

,ornexa oöf hxixrbp` qrpexhq ic h`d qr fia¨¨

:cpil oaiedrbp` lci™ xrc jif oe™ h`d¨¨

obx`n mrc wreexrc oe` bipiw oön sie` j`ee ,jx`d¨©¨

,og oe™ aiel ` hin ,oarl oe™ xiy ` hin©©

obx`ax`™ bxra ic oi` qph`y ic jif ol`f¨¨©¨

.oiibrv b`h oi` jif jyeg xrc hk`p oe™ oe`©¨

xrprh ic hprwxrc h`d cec lci™ oöf oe™¨

,hli™rb R`w oöf sie` mrh` oyix™ ` oe`©¨¨

...rpiiy zepexkf oe` xrcil jif hp`nxrc h`d¨¨

.hliRyrb liw jif h`d oe™v xrc x`d oöf hin¨¨

5

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(ipizxa .` .w :mbxiz)

6

qxtd ihtey zehlgd

edil` x"c ,x"ei - xhky ewpi x"cn zakxend ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .`

,megza miwdaen mixweg ly zrc zeega mb dpiir xy` ,xciw oxd` x"ce rlq

lrtn lr 2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd©

zeaxz megza dcakp dnexz enxz zipebaxd mzelirta xy` miyi`d z` miig

:oldlck ,yicii zeaxz meciwae dipnex zecdi

oixtl` awriiagxae ux`a ,dipnexa yicii oexh`iz owgyk miig lrtn lr -

.miax mixeyr jxe`l ,laz

lnxk le`yzeaxzl eznexze zipnexd dtya il`xyi xteqk miig lrtn lr -

.dipnex icedi

ocel wgvizeaxz meciwl eznexze yiciia i`qne i`pezirk miig lrtn lr -

.yicii

dlew xy`miizextq mixeaig ly qetcl dpwzde xeciq megza miig lrtn lr -

.yiciia miax miixwgne

xiny dwp`.yicii zeaxze zextq ,oeyl zvtda miig lrtn lr -

.x.e`.n.w.`-dipnex i`vei micedi ly zeaxzl inlerd cebi`dly ezey`xa -

Îuiaeail dnly x"cly ixehqidd cerizd xeniye fekix ,seqi` lr ,yil

.ux`a dipnex i`vei axwa mipy jxe`l zizeaxz zelirte dipnex icedi

xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .a

daizka miwqerd oldlc mixagnd z` ,2010/`"ryz zpyl dxivid cecirl

:dtexi` gxfne dipnex icedi ly mnler dfkxnay

hiig cecÎdynxtqd meqxt lr -.h`xh oii` fi` hqpxr fia lkiiny ` oetœ©¨

xbpiclqÎrlq edil`xtqd meqxt lr -ztxehn zeityd`eyd ztewz lr ,

.dixg`e dipnexa

xlcpq qixeaxtqd meqxt lr -oexMif oön oet qrwipee`eeÎcnlly miigd lr , ¨œ

.diaxqa icedi

ht`fltr xcpqkl`.zehlwa mneqxte miizepn` mixiy ly yiciil mebxz lr -

xenlt xfril`xtqd meqxt lr -ayr enk miryx gextadipnex icedi iig lr ,

.ihqipenewde ihqiytd xhynd onfa

7

i"r oxwd zldpdl ybedy xnega oeir ixg` ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .b

xtexb awri y"r oxwdn xwgne cenil zbln wiprdl cg` dt dhilgd ,micnrend

:oldlck mixwegle mihpcehql 2010/`"ryz zpyl

l`ienÎoncleb crl`,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a ipy x`ezl hpcehq -

.d`eyd ztewza yicii zeaxza dgnzn

cleepixb irexxwegd ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq -

.oexeyi zea` ly ezxivia yicii oeyl ly dnzeg z`

iel dwilzwqerd ,abpay oeixebÎoa zhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl zihpcehq -

.dipnexa d`eyd ilevip ly miig ixetiqa

l`pzp jlilzcwnznd ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl zihpcehq -

.zixarae yiciia exviy mixteq ly zizextqd mzelirta

8

xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd2010/`"ryz zpyl

oixtl` awri

sxhvd 1948Îae iq`ia mexbetd on qpa lvip ,1921 xaehwe`a dipnexa clep

xirv owgykiciid izklnnd oexh`izldglvda wgiy mipy xyrk .hyxweaa

eizerteda ,dxiaa ax icedi ldw jyny ,df oexh`iz ly zepeebnd zewtda dax

.zepkyd zevx`a s`e dipnexa dcyd ixra

ritedl daxd ,zepey zewdl mr oixtl` wgiy ,1961Îa dvx` eziilr ixg`

.iq`lwd iciid oexh`izd ly x`ehxtxd on zeienc mlbn `edyk mlerd iagxa

dtexi`a ,l`xyia o`bi'fc ly ecivl dkex` dtewz wgiy `ed ,xzid oia

zena lr elredy zixara zebvd zexyra szzyd oixtl` ,z`f caln .a"dx`ae

mihxqa rited oke ,cere "oiql zia" ,"dniad" oebk ,mipeyd ze`xh`izd

.miax miil`xyi

dlrnd dwdll oixtl` sxhvd ,"lityicii" oexh`iz ly ecqeeid mr ,1988Îa

dwtdd zn`zd jez ,miipxcene miiq`lw zefgn xtqn dax dglvda dpy lk

ipn`p axwa xzeia mivxrpde miaed`d mipwgyd cg` `ed .onfd gexl wgynde

miciwtzd lk z` dnad lr ezelirt zepy 65 jldna mlibe ,yiciia oexh`izd

.mbxeznde ixewnd x`ehxtxd ly milecbd

dkf 1988Îa .1985Îa wxeiÎeipa oixtl`l wpred oc`tcleb mdxa` y"r qxtd

il`xyid oexh`izd qxt qwha .xpxl oxw mrhn yiciia oiihvnd owgyd qxta

lr dpynd owgy qxt :miizxwei miqxt ipy oixtl`l ewpred 2002-2001 zpyl

lrtn lr qxt oke ,oeniiq lip ly (adfd ixrp) "oh`i rprcl`b ic" dbvda ciwtz¨©

.zilbxn xi`n y"r oexh`iza miig

9

lnxk le`y

hWa 1937 ileia clepiyrn zligz mr .exehiexw le`y mya ,dipnex ,ihyp`t ¤¤

ligzde diqpniba cnl my ,ip`yehea fegnd xirl yxeb ,micedid cbp dai`d

eixiy jxk xe` d`x 1958Îa .eixiyn mqxtl“Întâia fãclie”(oey`xd citld)

evli` zepehlyd .dlhea xtqd zvtdy `l` ,dipnex `av ly mixtqd z`veda

.1964 zpy seqa ux`l ribd `ede ,dipnex z` aefrl eze`

dtya mipetewzd lka dwihqivilaete dfext ,dxiy lnxk mqxtn l`xyia

oeneia .zipnexd“Viata noastrã”myd zgz reaw xeh mqxtn `ed ,

,l`xyia mqxty oey`xd uaewd ."hwpetxhpew"“Jurnal de front”(axw onei)

.30 libl mixiy 30 llek ,1967Îa

mixteqd zecg`zd z` 1972Îa cqiie mfi `ed ,micg` mixag mr cgi

,1975 zpyn lgde ,zecb`zdd `iypk ynyn `ed .zipnexd dtya miil`xyid

dnrhn `veiy sq`nd z` jxer“Izvoare”zvrena xag `ed .(zepiirn)

.l`xyia illkd mixteqd cebi` ly mildpnd

zpya lgd .dwihqivilaete dxiy ly mivaw 32 ly mxagn `ed lnxk le`y

zrÎiazka zeax mqxtn `ede ehr ixtn mixtq 20În xzei dipnexa erited 1996

ux`a zextq ixwan cvn dax dkxrdl dzkf lnxk le`y ly ezaizk .my

ziwaelq ,ziqex ,ziaxr ,zixar odipia ,zety 12Îl enbxez eixiy ;dipnexae

zpyn lgd .miaeyg mipnex mixxeyn ly mixiy zixarl mbxz `ede .zipiqe

.dipnexa ze`hiqxaipe`a cnlp ezxiy 2000

mdipia ,miax miizxwei miqxta dtprd zizxivid ezelirt lr dkf lnxk le`y

,zipnexd zine`ld dvrend qxt ,Ewqpin` i`din y"r zipnexd dincw`d qxt¤¦¤§

mixteqd cebi` .dxiyl db`la o`i'vel qxt ,dwihqivilaetd megza ewqpe` qxt

.miig lrtn lr qxt el wiprd l`xyia illkd

qxta eziikf lbxl lnxk le`y ixac

,icaekn©

zwprdl ia exga xy` mihteyl dwenr dceza ixac z` gzt` mkzeyxa

.aeygd qxtd

xg`l mipy rax` ,1937 uiwa clep mkiptl cnerd yi`d ,iizeaxe iizexiab

xqg `edy dprhd meyn dpie ly zeiepn`l dincw`d ici lr dgcpy ,ipelty

gikedl ligzd ,xlhid slec` `ed ,xaexblwiy slec` xirvd `ed `ld ,oexyik

10

,hext xdpd zcb lr izclep .mixyrd d`nd ly ipexyik ikd hgeyd `edy

wx eidy migetiq ,dixhqe` z`e mihceqd z` gtiq xlhid slec` ea onfl jenqa

ily dxiirdn izyxeb mdd minia .dtexi` lka rviay mincd ugxnl oenicw

ixebnl ecrep `ly zenewn cerae bb ziilra izxxebzd .ip`yehea fegnd xirl

ieqik lra lwlewn oery did iziid xy` clil didy cigid revrvde ,mc`

,ycgn ezakxde ewexit ,oerya ily zewqrzdd .zefbtdd onfa wefipy ,adfen

ixd ik ,oryk invr z` qpxtl lke` lcb`ykl ile`y zeewl iixedl dnxb

"qefe`lw qexnep" llba miincw` zerevwna milaben cinzne f`n eid micedid

.xlcpq ,hiig ,oryk zexirf zek`ln eid mxear xzepy dne

`l adfend ieqik lra oeryd z`e ,zecli `ll zecli ly mipy xtqn exar

.iziid `l mlern mvray clik oiicr ip`e ,73 oa ip` meik .mlern owzl izglvd

,yiciidy zexnl ,zipnexd dtyd ,izcnl xy` dtya izad`zd xirv libn

da mixacny dtyl ily dad`d .dyibp xzei il dziid ,ily miaqd ly mzty

mze`n revrv eze` itlk izygxy dad` dze`l dznc daepcl mihtxwd oia

xak .ald z` mihiwynd ,dly mineqwd millvl ,day ynyl d`vi iytp .mini

,oery eze` ly oepbpna enk dlind zeakxen jez l` lelvl izcnl izexirva

oiay zewizyl izaywd ,lwynd z` izcnl .oelblb cil oelblb ycgn aikxdle

,ia` ly lwlewnd oeryd z` .dlind ly dirvt z` izyag s` mizrle ,milind

ly xye`de a`kd ici lr lrtend zrd oerya iztlgd ,adfend ieqikd lra

.miigd

11

ocel wgvi

,"`"yiv" zyx ly xtq ziaa cnl ezeclia .1924 xaehwe`a ,dyxeea clep¨

qgi z`e yiciid zad` z` btq `ed my .yicii dziid da d`xedd ztyy

,ihiiaeqd xef`l hlnp ,oiletl ipnxbd `avd zyilt ixg` .dzeaxzl zeixg`d

`ed .lxE` oetv xef`a ,dhewxiea diitk dpgnl glype 1949 ipeia xvrp my

ccp mipy rax` jynae 1941 xaehwe`a "iwqxewiy zpipg" zxbqna xxgey

.zevrendÎzixaa dpekizd diq`a hiltk

eixed ziae dztqp ezgtyn lk ik el rcep ,1946 ileia dyx`eel ay xy`k

meza .1948 xanvca ux`l ribde oilet z` afr ,'fcela dxvw zedy ixg` .axgp

ecerii z` `vn dxdna j` ,dilvxd iptle`a dxvw dtewz car i`avd ezexy

zhiqxaipe`a zincw` dlkyd ykx mb ,onf xeark .yicii ztya i`pezirk

.aia`Îlz

,(aia`Îlz) "qröp rhvrl" oeneid ly zkxrn xag did 1991-1953 mipyd oia

.(aia`Îlz) "ob`xtÎqparl" oegxidÎecd z` jxer `ed meid cr 1971 zpyneœ©

,zexiwqd ,zeniyxd ,zeazkd itl` calny ,jxrene xyken hqivilaet

zpyn lgd ,szzyd ,ux`a mqxty yiciia miihnzd mixn`nd ,mipFhiltd¤§¤¦

xeh lra `ed 1997 zligzn ."höv xrfcpe`" iwxeiÎeipd oegxia reaw ote`a ,1968

.(wxeiÎeip) "qhxreex`t" oereaya iyi`œ¨

j`p brirb oi`" - mda oexg`d .mixtq mqxtl ocel wgvi ligzd 1968Îa¨

2009Îa rited ,zeniyxe mixn`n ly mikxk ipya xiyr xgan - "ohprn`n¨

mipyd jldna yicii zeaxzl zpeEbnd eznexz lr .aia`Îlza wieeiil z`veda

dpyd xaehwe`a .miqxt 14Îka dkf `ed i`qne i`pezirk ezelirt ly zeaxd

mrhn yicii oeyla zextql mixtq xken ilcpn y"r izxweid qxtd el wpred

.aia`Îlz ziixir

qxta eziikf lbxl ocel wgvi ixac

m`d izrci `l ,`"ryz zpyl xtexb qxta diikfd lr il ericed xy`k ,dligz

mixeyr dyiyk jyna yicii zepezira i`pezirk iig lrtn lr qxtd il wpren

izkxre izazky mixtqd lr `ny e` ,yicii zeaxz meciwl wa`na iwlg lr oke

ixg` cevna) "ohprnôn jôp brirb oi`" ,mday oexg`d xtqde ,mipyd jyna

ef dcaer ."ux`d" ly "mixtq" sqena adlp zxewia xn`na dkf s`y ,(mirbxd

12

zeqgiizd zixard zepezira `evnl ozip `ly hrnk ,recik ,oky ,oeivl die`x

.mlera xg` mewna e` ,l`xyia minqxtznd yiciia mixtql zipivx

izxga mzekfa ;yicii zad`l ize` ekpig xy` ,oileta ixenle ixedl dcen ip`

.dfd onfa ,dfd qwhle dfd mewnl ize` `iady i`pezird ceriia

6000Îl aexw jezn zeazke mixn`n 207 izqpik xtqd ly mikxkd ipya

,zeirae mi`yep ly ax oeebna oc xtqd .zi`pezird izcear zepy 56Îa izazky

wc xened ly uevnwa miizxagd epiig ly zeiexfend z`e miqwecxtd z` dlrn©

dpid ,dxe`kl dheytd ze`ivnd .mzeakxene mkxr itl die`xd zepivxa mbe

.zizieefÎaxd ,xnelk ,zil`wetihlend di`xd ly akxen xven dyrnl

ywan `ed da ,xiivl ziaihwRqFxhx ,zibevii dkexrzk izpigan `ed df xtq¤§§¤§¦¦

eytp inip lka xeywd i`pezirk .mipy zexyr jyna eziiyrn wlg mkql

jôp brirb oi`" lr ixac ,izxivi zty ,cgkpy mrd ztye m`d zty ,yiciil

...mkiptl zrk invr z` bivdl zxbqn il miynyn "ohprnôn

zextq" dpeknd dfn cxtp spr `idy ,zihqivilaetd zextql jiiy df xtq

edyna dxecg `id xy`k ,dti zegt `l zeidl dleki `id mb ik m` ,"dti

miigae dwihileta zeineinei zeieygxzd lr i`pezir geeicl xarny d`xyddn

zextq xvei oial hqivilaet xteq oia wcd lcadd .hxtd lye llkd ly

,epexyik cva oeincd z` ezaizka szyn hqixhladÎxteqdy `ed zihqixhlA¤

xac ,oeinca yeniy `ll cala epexyik z` lirtdl "i`yx" hqivilaetd eli`e

dxivid spra mb ,dtid zextqd sprl dneca .dfd spra leqt s` `edy

d'fhxetixd oebk ,mipey mixp`'fe zeixebihw ,mibeq mpyi zihqivilaetd

,zerqn ixetiq ,oei`ixd ,zineineid dnxcd ,zxewiade zepyxtd ,zi`pezird

zekiiye zeixebihw izy oia leabd lr ody zexivi mb yi .cere zepexkif ,ze`pweic

.odizyl

õp brirb oi`" ixtql `eana:x`yd oia izazk "ohprnôn j

mev .xney xriif jie` oe` ohprn`n ic oe™ xrbri xrc fi` hqil`pxeyf xrc©¨

mrc ,xraöxy mrc oe™ ciiyxrhpe`xraöxy`axrc hqil`pxeyf xrc fi` , ©©

xraöxyx`™xrc .bpexiq`R xrc oe™ rn`xc ic h™ixy oi` xraô hlcp`eex`™ xr . ©©©©©

oe` x`h`nx`™pi` xrc fi` xr .(mewilaeR ox`™) xrxiwilaeR xi` fi` hqivilaeR©¨©¨

- ol`eew rxi` oyieev xrlhinx`™ xrc oe` ,riv`nx`™pi` xrc oe™ xrföeexrai`¨©©©

.xrpriil mrc oe` - riv`nx`™pi` xrc oe™ ol`eew ic©¨©

:siqen ip` oexg`d ixtql `ean eze`a

rkrlbrh ic oxipif`b`n oe` orln`f™ie` ,oaölwR` q`c wihkiee ief` fi` x`™xrc©©¨¨©©©

xrpiiy xrc oe™ zexivi ic iee ief` - xrkia oe™ orlee`h ic oyieev qriv`nx`™pi`¨©¨©

ryic`ixrR ic ,ol`pxeyf iilxrlM ic rw`h oxree wilr™ev hyip .xeh`xrhil©©©¨

13

:"orpif`b`n" o™exrbp` oriiqr oe` orlwihx` ,qriv`nx`™pi` oe™ orbpeln`f©¨©©¨©©

ic hln`frbpö` oxree orlee`h iieev rxriif oyieevorlwihx`xrwihqöb xrc oe™ ¨©©

xrc oe™ orlwihx` ic iee ief` - jiexarb owihqöb mrc xõ™ rivwec`xR¨©©

hln`frbpö` oxree jiexarb olrixrh`n oxõ™ oe` rivwec`xR xrlrixrh`n©¨©©

xin iee ,ol`™ rciia oi` ."oc`lwq" - orpif`b`n ic oe™ hpree rhxrienrb ic oyieev©©©©

sie` hxree hx`q mrc oe™ jea q`c .orpinxrh ralrf ic hin jif xin ovep`a ,orrf©¨¨

xryihqivilaeR xrc` xryihqil`pxeyf xrc oe™ oif`b`n xrc o™e` mrc©©©¨

oi` riv`nx`™pi` xrc oe™ xrpif`b`n xrc hxree hqivilaeR xrc oe` ,xeh`xrhil©©©¨©

.hiiwkrlbrhÎb`h xriexb xrc oe™ rn`xc ic haöxy xr :yeAln oyix`xrhil xi`©©¨

mb mibdep oke .migpend mze`a miynzyn ,ze`xl ozipy itk ,mixwnd ipya

df dxwna ,i`pezird .mc`d ly "zipgexd xwead zgex`"k oezird z` zepkl

aiigy dfd ipgexd oefnd z` dlila "lyan" ,dlil jxer xnelk ,zeycgd jxer

izyl ziqexa ik oiivl i`ck) xwead zgex`l zeixhd zeipngld enk ixh zeidl

...dip'viRÎe 'uõ'viR" :dnec c`n lilv "dt`n"e "zepezir" milnd¤¤

oin xevil :ztqep dpeek il dziid dl`d mikxkd ipyl "mirbxd" qepika ,mle`

miixeaivd miigae hxtd iiga zineineid dnxcd ly ziperav dwi`fen

oezird xy`k ,rcind oecip dly dgky dze`n dze` livdl ick ,miihiletde

z`e ezeixh z` rcind ca`n meid zxgnl mpn` .d`ixwd meza lql jlyen

`ed ,dtewzd ly dil`ixd z` bviind ,df rcin `weec j` ,ely zeil`ehw`d

z` zca`n dixehqidd jka .iaihwlewd oexkifd on mlrp ,ceai`l jled xy`

ly izin`d miite`e onfd gex mr rbnd z` ,zizin`d zeygxzdd cnin

.zllek dpenz zxivil mivegpy zexecd

Îehilitd ,zeqnd ,mixn`nd

Îkifde mixetiqd ,zepei`xd ,mip

ly mikxkd ipya eqpeky zepex

,"ohprnôn jôp brirb oi`" ixtq

iperav qtiqt cgia mieedn

dizeirae dxagd iig ly dôxne©

mi`ae epinia l`xyi zpicna

zinyxd dixehqidd z` xbz`l©

ly miknqn lr aexl zipapd

lre mipey miicqnn minxeb

`l` ,ziaihpxhl` dixehqid mieedn mpi` md .xzei e` zegt zinyx divhpnewec

,mdixg` cinzn scxn ick jez i`pezird ckly mirbx ly ,wfaÎzepenz ly sqe`

dgMydne dgkyn livdl izywia .zixehqidd dpenzd z` milydl miieyrd¨¨

14

miwa`n ,miizin`d dxagd iig ly mihaid dixlwtq`ak mitwynd mirbx

.zi`pezir dnxck mgivpdle miihilete miixhpnlxt ,miizxag

oey`xd ixtq .mipey mixp`'fne mibeqn eid dzr cr iznqxty mixtqd

ly "mingeld xcqn" xtq ly yiciil mebxz ,"cõxõRÎxr™nrw"xxeynd

.1968Îa mqxtzd ,ewpi lqxn "`c`c"d on` iciÎlr xie`n ,xtg miig i`penftde¨

`vi 1979 zpya .leky` iel ,f`c dlynnd y`x azk yiciil mebxzl `eand z`

1987Îa .mixvn mr melyd ly ihnxcd jildzd xetiq - "mely ev melg oe™"

90 lr) zepn`d zeclez lr zegiye zeqn ,mixn`n uaew wieeiil .d z`veda `vi

(rava zehlt 32 ,zepenz ineliv 500 mr ,miilqxaipe`e micedi ,mil`xyi mipn`

lr - ocr ob ipipR) "xrlhqpiw obree oe` hqpew obree - ocrÎob oe™ lxrR" mya

Îmrcrn" :mi`ad mixtqd z` qetcl izpkde izkxr sqepa .(mipn` lre zepn`

xehxõ ;(1999) "uõlRwx`n ohlõ oe™" ,eeôlea sqei ;(1976) "jeaÎrixôhõpõq©

.(1999) "obrwhpõ hiexpbxôn mrc - jôc oe`" ,xrnxrl

,oiihyted qxt ,(1991) xrbp`n qxt :mipyd jyna mda izikfy miqxtd oia

mely ly ezenl dpy 80 lbxl wlet l`xyi y"r qxt ,onkit qxt ,iwqaelhi'f qxt

ize` eaiig zra dae ,ize` eccer wtq `lly dxkd zeze`e miqxR cere - mkilr

qxt il wpred dpyd xaehwe`a .yicii ztya dxivid meciw ly lrtna jiyndl

ip` zrk .aia`Îlz ziixir mrhn yicii oeyla zextql mixtq xken ilcpn y"r

sxhvn 2010/`"ryz zpyl xRexb awri uxrpd xxeynd y"r qxtdy jka `b

oxwd zldpdl dcen ip` jk lre ,dk cr mda izikfy micaeknd miqxtd zniyxl

.eze` il wiprdl dhilgdy

15

dlew xy`

ezgtyn .qixta 1937Îa clep ,clebpiliiv zial dige qgpt oa dlew xy`

mlerd zngln zepya .1933Îa ztxvl dze` dafr j` ,dipnxbl oiletn dxbid

.ztxv mexca dgtynd dxzzqd diipyd

zecqena ux`a jpgzd xy` .l`xyil dzlr dgtynd dpicnd mew mr

.yicii xaice miipxez

"cenlzd lkid" zaiyia jk xg`e "xcg"a miipxez micenila jiynd xy`

ziaa car xzid oiae qetcd revwn z` cnl xirv liba xak j` ,aia`Îlza

i`avd ezexy ixg` .dgtynd zqpxtl riiql ick oeghiad cxyn ly qetcd

xar myl ,milyexia mipey qetc izaa dcear jez df revwna mlzydl jiynd

.ei`eyip ixg`

dxkdl dkf dlew xy` ,mibeqd lkn miixar mihqwh xeciqa zeignenl xarn

zelaewnd aizkd zehiy ifxa eze`iwa lya mixwege mixagn axwa dxwedle

zixara dlernd ezhily .yiciia azekd xeaivd ly mipeyd mixfbnd lr

xy` ly otec z`veid zipkhd zepneinde ddeabd zihzq`d zeyibxd ,yiciiae

cvn mipeebn mixneg ly qetcl dpwzdde cenira ,xeciqa iehia icil ze`a dlew

.dqtcdd zxeve mi`yepd

ctwend xeciqde cidÎazk gEprR zcear lr dlew xy` dkf zcgein dkxrdl¦§©

oelind) "j`xRy xryicii xrc oet jeaxrhxree xrqiexb" ly iriaxd jxkd lyœ¦©

milyexia "`tl`" qetcd ziaa qtcpy ,l"f wx`n lcei ly ezkixra (lecbd iciid

e`vi ,"ze` xev" xe`l d`vede qetc ziaa cearl lgdyk ,1985 f`n .1980Îa

cere zepn` ,xwgn ,dfext ,dxiy ixtq ly zeax zexyr zepneind eici zgzn

.d`ibye zerh lkn diiwp yiciia

16

xinyÎxey dwp`

,zipnxb zeaxze oeyl dxecg dziidy dgtyna ,dpiaewea ,uiaepx'va dclep

dlvip ,xird ly ipnxbd yeaikd ixg` .ipnex xtq ziaa dlgd dicenil z` j`

ccein didy ,xird y`x reiql zeced dixhipqpxhl yexibd on dzgtyn mr cgi

.oicÎjxerd dia` mr

yicii zextqle oeyll diqpniba drceezd ,mihiiaeqd oehlyd zgz uiaepx'va

zelrl dhilgd dwp` j` ,dipnexl dgtynd dxfg 1946Îa .oda dad`zde

.oiqixtwa miycg dryz ly zedy ixg` ,1948 uiwa l`xyil dribd `id .ux`l

zextq xve`n mihqwh z`xwde wgyna zeaxz iaxra ritedl dligzd oiqixtwa

mihqwhd x`ehxtxe ,dwinrde dkld yiciia zextqd mr dzexkd jynda .yicii

mixteq ly zeycg zexivia xyrzde jld zepey zexbqna d`ixwdy miiqlwd

.mlerd one l`xyin yiciia

"l`xyi lew"a yiciia miineid mixeciyl dwp` dnxz xzeia zicegii dnexz

dhiqxaipe`a gexd ircnl zihpcehq dzeid f`n zpii`xne zipiixw xeza

ze`lnbl dzyixt iptly mipyae dxika zkxerl dziidp onfd `eaa .zixard

ekf miwgxnay mipif`nd ,diwte` agexle dvxnl zeced .dwlgnd zldpnl¦

eayiizdy yicii ixaec miaeyg mipn`e mixteq ,mi`wihilet ly mlew z` renyl

.xewial eribd e` ux`a

."qhxreex`t" oereayd xear mixn`n zazeke "mye ci"a zcaer dwp` dpexg`lϬ

xinyÎxey dwp` ixacqxta dziikf lbxl

wpreny lr ,jxcl izinr lk myae inya ,xtexb oxw zldpdl dcen ip`qxt il

.yicii zeaxz megza miig lrtn lr

ixxeyna mihleadn ,xtexb awri xxeynd ly ez`eev it lr dnwed oxwd

ayei xn`y itk .yicii ztya mixveia jenzle ccerl dxhna ,dipnex zecdi

dxag"a miiwzdy xtexb awri ly exkfl rexi`a xhky ewpi x"c ,oxwd ly y`xd

dpi` yicii ,dnezi `id yiciiy oiad xtexb awri" :milyexia "yicii zeaxzl

zecdi ly mixwege yiciia mixteq ccerle jenzl yi okle dpicn meyl zkiiy

".mdizexivi z` xe`l `ivedl mdl xyt`le ,dipnex

iig z` izycwd ,dxnyl jxeva mipin`nd ,yicii iade` izinr mr cgi ,ip`

oekizd xtqd zia zxbeak .xirv libn yicii zeaxze dtyd zvtdle getihl

yiciia zipkezd zeevl dvx` iziilr ixg` iztxev ,dpiaewea ,uiaepx'va yiciia

17

,zepiixwa my izcar dkex` dtewz ."dlerl l`xyi lew"e ,"dlebl oeiv lew"a

iziide zeevd z` izldip s` zepexg`d mipyae ,zeaxz zeipkeze zeycg izkxr

iziid ,z`f zxbqna ."l`xyi lew"a yiciia mixeciyl dwlgnd lr zi`xg`

zeycgl oif`dl mlerd iagx lkae ux`a on`p ldwl dxyt`y dniynl dtzey¦

izla wlg `ede epnn cxtp izla wlg `idy dtya zepeebn zeipkezle l`xyin

mipn`l ,gex iyp`l ,mixteql dna mipzepd ,dl` eicx ixeciy .dpnn cxtp

awri ly ez`eev z` zicegii jxca `lnl ick mda yi ,yicii ztya mixveile

.xtexb

z` il wiprdl oekpl d`vny lr dze` dxiwene xtexb oxw zldpdl dcen ip`

.dax dcez .miig lrtn lr qxtd

18

zeaxzl inlerd cebi`d - ."x.e`.n.w.`"

dipnex i`vei micedi ly

ldpn dpy dze` f`ne ,aia`Îlza 1980Îa cqep caeknd ixeaivd cqend

,cebi`d .dipnex zecdi zeaxz xwge dvtd ,getih aiaq zipebax zelirt

zeieqpkzd oebx`a micgein mibyidl ribd ,yilÎuiaeail dnly ly ezey`xa

mi`yep epecip oda ,dzaiaqe aia`Îlza mitzzyn zeax zeiztewz zeizeaxz

oerna .'eke xe`l mi`veid miycg mixtq ,dipnex zecdi ly dxarl mirbepd

ze`n da mixwany ,zipnexa xwira ,zety yya dxiyr diixtq dpyi cebi`d

.mi`xew

ekld miipnex zeaxz ipebx`e gex iyp` mr miqgid ,dipnexa xhynd iepiy f`n

dyib zpzip dipnexae rcin itelig ly zelert miniiwzn dpexg`l .ewcdzde

,.x.e`.n.w.` oky ,cgeina aeyg df haid .ok iptl mixebq eidy mipeikx`l

seqi` megza mipyd jxe`l dcnzda lrt ,yilÎuiaeail dnly ly ezey`xa

oeikx`d .dipnex icedi ly mxar lr miixewn zecerze mixneg ly xeniye

rbepd lka mlerd one ux`d on miax mixweg ynyn .x.e`.n.w.` ly xiyrd

.dipnex icedi ly mxar xwgl

19

xtexb oxwn dxivid cecirl qxta mikefd2010/`"ryz zpyl

hiig cecÎdyn

ziaa cnl ,"xcg"a micenil ixg` .`hil ,(ipiiqx) oiiqx xira 1925 i`na clep

lk z` xbq ihiiaeqd oehlydyk ,1940Îa .flh zaiyia jk xg`e 'faipeta xtq

oetvl yxebe xvrp `ed .zi`hil diqpniba cnle dziad ay `ed ,`hila zeaiyid

xef`a diitk dpgna xiq` dide `hil ly ipnxbd yeaikd iptl mini xtqn diqex

.lxe`l axrnny inew

ok lr ,ezgtyn z` `le ezia z` `l `vn `l dnglnd ixg` exirl xfgyk

aey xvrp `ed .zihiiaeqd diahl ,dbixl 1949Îa ribd myne ,ociiwl xar

ux`l eziilr cre 1956Îa exexgy ixg` .inewa dcear dpgnl yxebe 1950Îa

.lnFba xxebzd 1990Îa¤

daizka epiipr .df revwna ezqpxtl care oiipa qcpdnk micenil miiq 1961Îa

mqxt dnglnd ixg`e ,diipyd mlerd zngln iptl cer ligzd zizextq

"rnihyÎqwl`t" zrdÎazka yiciia mixiye xelwlet ixac ,mixetiq ,mixn`nœ¨

l`xyil eziilr f`n .dawqena `viy "cp`lniid yihree`q"ae dyx`eea `viy¨©

16Îe miax mixetiq ,xtqna 500Îk ,eixn`n .ehr ixt mixtq dryz erited

.ziqexe zixar ,yiciia enqxtzd zeitxbepen

dkf `ede ,l`xyia yiciia mi`pezirde mixteqd zceb`a xag hiig cec dyn

.mipey miizextq miqxta

zixara azkpy hiig cecÎdyn ly hqwh

qxta eziikf lbxl

d l g z d d

:ily mickpd ize` el`y mrt

mixn`n ze`n yngn xzeie mixtq dryz xak xe`l e`vi jly hrdn ,`aq -

?dn liayae aezkl zlgzd iznn ,dywaa ,cibz .mixetiqe

mihxtd lk z` izgky ip` ik ,zeprl oken iziid `l dlgzda ,zn`d

,dxixa il dziid `l j` .miinei e` mei `l ,mipy 75În xzei exar .zeclidn

` xtql ick oexkifd ilb lr izilr.zn`d lk z

20

ily dzika micinlzd ."xcg"a izcnl .diipyd mlerd zngln iptl df did

.zizpy dkxrdl ogan oirn did df .zixara zexey yy ly xiy aezkl eywazd

zixara zexey dxyr miizy ly xiy azk `ed ?mkiptl cnerd xegad dyr dn

rexb oeiv ,2 lawiy geha did `ed dziad jldyk .yiciil mbxz mb `ed eze`

.ce`n

ip` me`zt .ogleyl zgzn `agzdl iziqip ,dzikl dxend qpkpyk ,zxgnl

:il `xew eze` rney

!cenr ?my ytgn dz` dn ,hiig -

.gexa dlr enk il ewywy miilbxdy dcaerd z` wx ,izybxd cvik xkef ippi`

hilgd mixend cre ,dfn ueg .+5 zlaiw dz`e zpievn jly dceard ,cec -

.xtqdÎzia ly xiwd oezira jly mixiyd z` mqxtl

zexvd lk eligzd meid eze`n ;xvw onf wx j` ,oaenk izgny ?mkl cib` dn

.ily

yie mdixag zeglvda mignyy micli yi .zetewzd lka micli md micli

ipnn wegvl eligzd dl`k micli .migilvn mdixag xy`k mi`pwny micli

."xxeynd ewyny" il e`xwe ize` ehipwde

iyp` lk .aeh xxeyne diqpniba dxen ,i`hil did `ed ?ewyny did df in

.uega sgi uiwa zkll bdpn el did .ely daizkd llba wx `le eze` exiwed xird

:xne` cinz did `ede .epnn epwgve eixg` epkld miclid epgp`

.mkn wgv` ip` xgn ,ipnn miwgev mz` meid ?ze`ixa lr mircei mz` dn -

ote` dfi`a la` .`hil z` eyak miv`pdyk elxeba dlr dn rcei ipi`

,ewyny" meiÎmei izrnyy oeeik :ernyz f` ?ily miigl ely eiig mixeyw

.mixiy aezkl ligzdle il mibrell `weec zeyrl oeirx iy`xl qpkp "ewyny

mei lka ."hpöd"e ,"rnihy ryicii ic" ,yiciia mipezir f` e`vi `hila eplv`¦

mixiy mdl izgly zg` mrt .zixarae yiciia ,miclil micenr dnk etxv iyiy

mrtd mbe ,aey izgly .mze` eqitcd ?miayeg mz` dne .zetyd izya ily

f` iziid .zixarae yiciia mixetiq mrt icne mixiy aezkl izlgzd jke .eqitcd

.11 oa

.gqt iptl dytegl ep`vi ,flh zaiyi icinlz ,epgp` ,1939 qx`n ycega

lr ,dkplt xira gepl ,micinlz zveaw ,eprqp mini dnkl dziad reqpl mewna

eyak onf eze`a .(lnn) dctilwl mini dnkl epxar jk xg`e ,ihlad mid zty

xef` z` eyak mb md liawnay dfk did eply "lfnd"e ,diwaelqek'v z` miv`pd

diiqelke`d cbp miv`pd zeticx z` epybxd cine skz .my epgp`yk ,lnn

cib` .oend df lr azkp xak ik ,df `yepl o`k qpkidl dvex ippi` j` ,zicedid

epgxa mini xtqn ixg` .eplaiwy zeknd jxc miv`pd "zad`" z` epybxdy wx

21

mlek `l ,epxrvl .,zi`nvr oiicr dziidy ,`hill dlila leabd z` epivge

eca` f`n .leabd lr miv`pd ici lr exep dveawd on mixag ipy ;hlnidl egilvd

.mixbeand mr lxebd z` izwlig jyndae mixerpd il

zevx`d z` mb 1940Îa eyak mihiiaeqd ,aehelen-Rexhpaix mkqd it lr

cin exbq miihiiaeqd zepehlyd ,`hill mzqipk mr .`hil z` llek ,zeihlad

,zebltn ,ze`xh`iz ,zrÎazke mipezir :zicedi zeaxza ewqry zecqend lk z`

wlg s`e "xin" ,"dwceaelq" ,"'faipet" ,"flh" enk mlerd lka zercep zeaiyi

.micedi ly zelraa maexa eidy zeiepge milrtn eni`ld md .zqpkdÎizan

eidy micedi .cizr ila ,dcear ila ,dqpxt ila ,yekx ila exzep miax miyp`

jk ,(mihqipenewd milirtdn ueg) zelila enlrp miaeyg milirte zebltn iy`x

mwlg lxebe ,mipeivÎ`le mipeiv ,zeaxz ipwqr ,zixarae yiciia mipezir ikxer mb

.dfd meid mvr cr reci `l

dpnfd izlaiw ip` s`e ,mixirv mixteq zceb` eniwd mihiiaeqd ,z`f mr

iptl miinei oky ,zetxhvdd qteh z` `lnl izwtqd `l j` .dceb`l sxhvdl

,ziad lk z` ewxq ,.a.b.w iliig ipy izial evxtzd ,`hill mipnxbd zqipk

ily `a` ly miknqne zi`hile zixar ,yiciia mixiy mr ily qwpt enixgd

,xdeqd ziaa cgein xcg dligz :mihiiaeqd cvn "dpzn"l izikf .ize` exvre

zepgnn cg`l ,diqex oetvl ize` eyxb xaqd e` htyn mey ila ,jk xg`

zgzn zelrn 40 mr ,ce`n dti mewn did .mipald miaecd xef`a ,inewa dceard

.mipal ly lrtn my did .xhn 3 daeba blye qt`l

,dwilaetxd mexcl xvw onf ixg` ize` exiard `ed jexa yecwd zxfra j`

elblb mdil`y zexdpd zcb lr mbe zexria izcar .xzei gep xiee` bfn did my

.ux`d fkxnl xdpd jxc xxb zeipe`a gelynl mze` oikdl ick micbe`n ur ilea

tp o`k mb ,oetvd zepgna enk,xewl ,dywd dcearl oaxw miyp` ze`n el

.arxle zelgnl

yiciiae ziqexa izazk .dnglnd ixg` zepezira mqxtle zextq aezkl izay

xacdyk ."dwiexhqxt"l cr invrl izxny mqxtl did xyt` i`y dne

mlxeby mixg` lre ilr exary ze`lzd lr .izi` iiazke dvx` izilr xyt`zd

oiicr yibxn ip`e izybxd cinz .iixtqa xteqn ily xecd zexew lr ,dnec did

.mi`ad zexecl xkf xi`ydl cirdl daeg

22

xbpiclqÎrlq edil`©§¦§¤

enke "dxez cenlz"ae "xcg"a cnl .dipnex ,hxiq xira 1930 xaehwe`a clep¦¤

(1940 ipei) zevrend zixal dpiaewea oetv dgteqyk .ipnexd innrd q"diaa ok

.miqexd zbiqpl cr zxzgna `xnb cnl my .dxFbcqa eaq lv` gx`zd©¨¨

evxt 1941 ipeia dxebcql ixbpedde ipnexd ,ipnxbd `avd zqipkl dbiqpd oia

eizqa .micedid lr zeyw zexfb elhed odixg`e miax micedi ebxdp oda zerxt

zepexwl zeqba eqgcp dxiird icedi .yexibd zcewt dribd ,a"yz zekeq ,1941

dxiiya jynp rqnd ,mini xtqn ixg` .(diaxqaa) hWlEwxnl elaede xwa©§¤§

dgilvd dwaFplA ipi`xwe`d feglewa .dixhqipqpxh l` ,mi`xep mi`pza ,zilbx©¤§¨

ehbl apbzdle dxiiyd on ,mitqep miyxebn mr cgi ,gexal edil` ly ezgtyn

elg mipikde xewd ,arxd i`pz lya .mitzxnd cg`a dpkzyd dgtynd .cyxa

.xvw onf jez exhtp miaxe qetiha miyp`d

my aiilewipa ipnxb diitk dpgnl glype edil` ly eia` cklp 1943 aia`a

miiwl ick cyxal yeyz xfge gxa edil` ly `a` .bEa xdp lr xyb mixiq`d epa

edil` ."deevn xa"d iptl mei xhtp ik jkl dkf `l j` ,epa ly deevnÎxad z`

minezik exared f` ,miycg dryzk cer ehbd i`pza ecxy dphwd ezeg`e

ribd dzi` militrn zveawl my sxhvd edil` ,hyxwea xexgy mr .iq`il

cr dixhqe`a mixewrd zepgn oia "dgixa"d ikxca ccp miizpyk .hqtceal

.1945 seqa eplinl ribdy©

,"epialq zia" l` sxhvdl "dgixa"d iyp` ly drvdd z` laiw edil`

ribd epialq xrep mr .dvx` diilrl dnvr dpikdy mitl`d ixda xrep ziinipt

militrnd j` ,"aexefelx` miig" militrnd ziip` lr ux`d itegl dpey`xl

my lawzd zixara ahid hlyy edil` .oiqixtwl hcpnd zepehly ici lr elbed

gztpy (iep ac 'text minil) oniep ac zldpda ,"bxaphex y"r mikixcnl xpinq"l

evwedy mihwitihxvl zeced 1947 eizqa ux`l ribd xac ly eteqa .1947 uiwa

zelretdÎwyn" i`lwgd xtqd zia ziinipta uaey ux`a .d`eyd inezil

z` xikd my .mipeyd ze`lwgd itpra dceare micenil daliyy "deewzÎgzt

ozgzd dzi`y ,dixhqipqpxh zxbeae uiaepx'v zcili ,xvif dipd ,cizrl eziirx

.1952Îa

xtk" iteziy ayen znwda mixg` mixbea mr cgi szzyd ,1951-1949 mipya

dxenk car .milyexia mxkÎoira mixenl otle`a mlzyd okn xg`le "l`ipc

lilbay dxeacÎzency ayena ixef`d q"diaa ;abpa mgexiÎlz zxarna jpgne

szzyd mipyd jldnay ,edil` .l"ln xtka uiaepexd` y"r q"diaae oezgzd

23

ick milyexil 1964Îa mdicli zyelye ezy` mr xar ,zepey zeienlzyda

cily mxkdÎzia izklnnd q"diaa car mipy xyrk .dhiqxaipe`a cenll

dixehqide `xwn ,zixar zextq cnl liawnae oili cec y"r xpinqd

deabd q"dia"a zenlzyd zpy ixg` ,1975 zpya .zixard dhiqxaipe`a

xir zepekya miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl dpnzd ,jepigd cxyn ly "ledipl

dagxed minil .xeqn mixen zeev mr cgi mwiye cgi` mze` mgpn ziixwe mipb

did ldpne jpgnk zvne`nd ezcearl liawna .miipia zaihgl q"dia zxbqn

zibebctd dvrend x"ei mipy yng - mixend zexczqd ly inlyexid sipqa lirt

zezenra lirt zeidl jiynd `ed zepexg`d mipya ze`lnbl ez`v ixg` .cere

szeye "xtexb awri" y"r ycwdd zldpda xag mb `ed .z`y xzia zepey

.xxeynd ly ez`eev it lr xtexb oxw mrhn miqxt zwelgl

c"i ly zipeylÎecd ezxivi lr dfz zaizka ipy x`ezl eicenil znlyd mr

oncixt awri zxiy z` xewgl edil` ybip ,l"f qqxe l`eny zkxcda uiaewxa

jiynd ocq ly ezewlzqd xg`l .l"f ocq ac 'text zkxcda yiciia wx azky

ly ezxivie eiig lr winrnd exwgn ze`vez .dk`lna jehpiiy l`igi 'text

xzin" :mixtq ipya enqxtzd ,xehwec x`eza eze` ekify ,mdizetewzl oncixt

dixhqipqpxhn" ;wieeiil .d z`veda e"pyza `vi (mikxk ipy) "dhlra hhex rexw

cec" qxt el wpred ipyd xtqd meqxt lr .d`ved dze`a b"qyza `vi "l`xyil

"oiihyted.2009 zpyl

xear oey`x qxta dkf 1953Îa .eixerp f`n zihqixhla daizka wqr edil`

uaewa "mippzqn" exetiq mr cgi qtcpy ,"mgexi lzl myn" milerd iign xetiqd

mifepb ciÎiazk znlydl dptzd ,eixwgn meqxt xg`l .(b"iyz caerÎmr) mihay

rited zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl - "dixhqipqpxh iyigq" .qetcl mzpwzdle

.2008 milyexi ,"lnxk" z`veda ,onex - "ixg` mipy ray" .2007Îa milyexia

dpexg`le 2009Îa milyexi ,zexgae mixerp ixiy xgan - "d`ey mezi zepeibd"

.mixvw mixetiq uaew

qxta eziikf lbxl xbpiclqÎrlq edil` ixac

`l dligz .9 oa iziid ,1939 xanhtqa ,diipyd mlerd zngln dvxtyk

Îziaae "dxez cenlz"a cenll izkynd .dpiaeweaa epizenewna xac ybxed

(1940 ipei) zevrend zixal dpiaewea oetv dgteqyk .hxiq dxiira ipnexd xtqd

izcnl dpy jynae my izrwzp .leabl xarny dxFbcqa iaq lv` izgx`zd©¨¨

.(1941 ipei) miqexd zbiqpl cr zxzgna `xnb

24

dxebcql ixbpedde ipnexd ,ipnxbd `avd zqipkl dbiqpd oia evxty zerxta

xhynd .ccype uxtp ziad wx .ziqit drbtp `l izgtyn j` ,miax micedi ebxdp

xeqi` ,aedv cec obn zcipr :drecid ziv`pd zpekznd itl zexfb lihd ipnexd

Îzgny axr .a"yz zekeq cr jynp dfd avnd .zeilklk zelabde ,zeldwzd

.yexibd zcewt lr ricede miliiga deEln ipnex oivw zqpkd ziaa rited dxez

dxezÎzgnya epaviizd ,z`yl milbeqny lwyna milhlhne oefna micievn

d`vi zakxde dax zetitva xwa zepexwl epze` eqgc .deEvnk zakxd zpgza

mi`nve miarx ,mini dnk ixg` .oexwd dvwa exavp ezny mipwfe mileg .jxcl

diayezy (diaxqaa) hWlEwxn zpgza zakxd dxvr ,gixqnde qegcd xiee`a©§¤§

ixg`e zakxdn zeqba epcxEd .ipnexd yeaikd ly mipey`xd minia ecnyed

ly diqinew epl dkxr ,binvd iAxqAd ueaa mixhneliw dnk ly dcirv©©©¦

,adfd ,sqkd zcicy dllky zipctw divifiwxR ,zipnexd dixnxcp'fd¤§¦¦¦¨

ly miqexdd mizal epqpked zedf ilehp .zepenzde zecerzd ,mihiykzd

zeieebdn milrxen eid zex`ad in .mihphxFRcl xarn dpgnl ektdy hWlEwxn©§¤§¤§©§¦¥

.zia eze`a exby micedid ixaw - xtr ilz ennexzd mizad zezifgae zeaiwxnd¦¥

minxcp'f .xhqiipc xdp xarl zilbx dxiiya epze` e`ived mini dnk ixg`§¦¤§¤

epipg axr zeptl .milygpd z` ebxde mdiaex zezwa onfd lk evi`d miyeng

miqp` ,miccey .meybde jeygd xria epilr xar dni` lil .uE`qFw xria§¥

mixeckd zwixye xayd zewrfe dxiiyd lr ehyt daiaqd ixki`n migvexe

epkynd ue`qewn .xria dlil eze` ddyy in lk ytpa zihne`xh zwlv exized

zeiag xyb lr xdpd z` epivg .lFRni dxiird cil xhqiipcd zcb cr jxzydl©§

Îqpxhl eprbd .ecixgd xdpa driahl miltende miltepd zewrv .xzle`n§©§§

.dpill lFRni dxiira dvgnl qexd ihiiaeq ixeaiv dpanl epqgcp .dixhqip¦§§¦¨©§

wfgd xewa ,arxa ,ipraehd ueaa epwa`p .zinnd rqna epkynd zxgnl

cba mixken jxca .aefr ipi`xwe` feglew ly deexe` e` ztxa mipl ,blyae

cWxA ehb l` dwaFplA feglewn epzgtyn dhlnp `itwn dlila .mgl zxenz©¤§¨¤§©

)Bershad.ea epnwnzde dpilecd dlrna qexd zia zgz aegh szxn epilib .(

blyn epxvi min .ytp 20Îl lrn epzi` cgi mi`vnp szxna ik xxazd xweaa

reayk .blyd lr mze` epny iehigl .mipik evxy micbad .lf` lke`d .qnen

.mifede miarx ,mitlern eaky szxnd ixiic lk .zexdad qetiha epilg ep`ea mein

ekld odixg` ,eply (dngp) dgp `zaq dixg` ,dxf `zaq dxhtp dligz¤¤

oey`x xp wilcd `a`y ixg` dxhtp ,dipd ,Epn` .mdixede izcec ipa mnlerl¦¥¤¦¨

hrnk exhtp dkepgd bg jyna .ohw dnc` getz ivg ly zpFgnEba dkepg ly¤

izcec za ,dnly `a` :qetihd ztbnn e`ixad lekd jqa .szxnd iyp` lk

zetere zeigl sxh zexawd zia xcb cil egped miznd .ikep`e dig izeg` ,dxlw§¨¨

25

mlek exawp rwxwd zxytd ixg` wx .mixaw zexkl elki `l d`etwd dnc`a ik

.mig`Îzexaw dyiya

icedi ,owfd cec 'x mb lltzd ea izxzgn "oiipn"a yicw cibdl `a` mr izkld

.oefn ytgl ehba cgi mihheyn epiide epxagzd .sqei mya ckp el didy ,inewn

divhipqd llbay xdpd zcb lr cceazdl micxei epiid miblyd zxytd ixg`

`aq .zixeaiv d`xgnl dktd dcexidea aegxl dpetd xcg zxica xb sqei ly ¨¢¨¨

ige minxcp'fcec 'x oWi xcgd ixeg`n jeka .zelila ellezyd mipnxb mili¨©

.wixd xcga epze` gx`l mikqd `ed .owfd

ekiynd mipikd la` hrn xtzyd avnd .szxnd z` epafr 1942 aia`a

eplaqe mifx ce`n epiid .ep`xad qpae dixhpficn eplaq uiwa .epnc z` uevnl

aia`a .ce`n dlilc dbilnn ,"dxcpF'f" zpkdl dgnen iziidp .cinzn arxn§§¨

dpgna diitkÎzcearl gwlpe zicedid dxhynd dkxry cevna `a` qtzp 1943

oebx` ly ipnxbTODTiziidp .ihdixhl aiilewip oia bEA xdp lr xyb dpay§¦¨¦

cigid qpxtndlyepzgtynweyl apbzn iziid arxd mr ccenzdl icke dphwd

.mizivn ipa`e mixextb zexki`l xeknl dqpne xki` zlbr ixeg`n ipi`xwe`d

owz lr epiid xebl dti` epl didy oeeik la` ,epnyxp minezid zia mwedyk

minezi" lywxn zixrw lawl izeg` mr izkld mei lk ixdva ."miipxhqw`

.mixdva zxgnl cr epze` riaydl eid mixen`y ,dbilnn e` ,xaiw mgl zqexte

`ed .diitkd zcear dpgna `a` z` cixhd ily deevndÎxae 13 libl izaxwzd

zia lrt xak onf eze`a .deab mega gcew `edyk cyxal ribdl gilvde gxa

c"yz ixyz 'da xhtp `a` .'ze`ix zwlc' - raw `texd .ftye` `a`e ohw mileg

z` aefrp miiga x`yip m`y izxcp dieeldd ixg` .ily "deevnÎxa"d iptl mei

dze`l ,dpihqltl ribdl ick lekd dyrpe zezinvl mcn daewrd dtexi` znc`

oecedi) 'dpihqlRl oc'f' - millwn eid iceqid xtqd ziaa "mipnexd ixag"y ux`©§©©©¤§¦¨

.(dpihqltl

dixhqipqpxhn xifgdl dipnex ocex mikqd epia` zen ixg` miyceg drayk

izx`yp ip` .micba ztlgde iehig epxar iq`il jxca dpgza .miletk minezi

ixg` .dvx` diilre hwitihxv zlawl hyxweal dglyp dphwd izeg`e iq`ia

dzi` militrn zveawl hyxweaa iztxhvde iq`i z` izafr hyxwea xexgy

mixewrd zepgn oia ccep ,"dgixa"d ikxca miizpyk izpxnz .hqtceal izrbd

xhqe`az` dvgy "diilrÎueaiw"l iztxhvd j`lieea .j`lie ,u`xb ,uipAiil :di©§¦§¦©

"dgixad" fkxna .dilhi`l 1945 xanvcl 24Îa miblyend mitl`d ixd

zia z` .mitl`d ixda xrep zinipt "epialq zia" l` sxhvdl il rved eplinay©

z` obx` `ed .xliy zveawn ixirf dyn - zicedid dcbixad yi` ldip epialq¦

.'c dveawa izvaey ip` .ezveaw ly ikepigd mbcd itl ziad

26

) "ewq`ilea"l epxar xzeie dpy xearkBogliascozilbl izla dltrd z`xwl (

."miligzn" zxeag cnll ilr lhed ."zixarl dxen" iziidp o`k .l`xyi ux`l©¥

) "FhpFRhn" zevia l` zexidna epwlzqd epilr dzlr zihixad zyleadykMeta ¤©§

Pontomid zty lr epxb miyceg dnk .miihilet mixiq` ipileqen `lk ea mewn ,(

23Îay cr ,ze`bd inina etved e` ,zitxegd gexa etterzdy milde`a oekizd¥

dpgnd len mi ala "aexefelx` miig" militrnd ziip` dpbr 1947 x`exatl

zexega ep`vn dpiyd itcn lr ,ddeabd diipe`d l` epbltd ineb zexiqa .eply

zezgyn ray cbp axw ick jez .diceeya d`xadn e`ay dcnyd zepgn zelevip

z` riwadl diip`d dgilvd ,(a`il` dael) xezx` hipxawd zbdpda ,zeihixa

qx`nl 2Îa epilbede zeiplkd icia epyakp .milbÎza znc`a rwzidle xevnd

dpgna dpkey eply dxeagd .oiqixtwa militrnd zepgnl ,aelkÎziip`a ,1947

,"bxaphex y"r mikixcnl xpinq"l izlawzd yizn repky ixg` .65 sxeg

.1947 uiwa gztpy (iep ac 'text minil) oniep ac zldpda

zepgnay d`ey inezil mihwitihxv diphixa zlynn dzvwd hqebe`a

epqpked ,xetik mei axr ,zxgnle oiqixtw z` epafr g"yz ixyz 'g meia .oiqixtw

zia ziinipta izvaeye izxxgey mini dnk xeark .zilzr dpgna dpihpxwl

meid zivgne epcnl meid zivgn ."deewzÎgzt zelretdÎwyn" i`lwgd xtqd

ly oey`xd cecba epvaey ,"dpbd"l eprayp o`k .mipeyd ze`lwgd itpra epcar

.d'bt irxet len epxnye deewz gzta r"pcbd

zxbeae uiaepx'v zcili ,xvif dipd ,cizrl iziirx z` izxkd o`k

ep`vie "xrq oirxb" z` epcqi ,1949 uiwa ,micenild meiq z`xwl .dixhqipqpxh

izglyp miayend zrepz mrhn .zeayiizdl dpkdk zxpik zveawa dxykdl

miliig oirxb mr epcg`zd eizqa ."lxa zia" ly oey`xd ipeirxd xpinql

"l`ipc" yehpd xtkd zenc` lr epl dzvwedy rwxwd lr epilr cgie mixxgeyn

rd llba wxtzdl aeyiid lgd 1951 seqa .iteziy ayen miwdl dxhnadiil

.exfg `le "mixed zxfr"l e`vi eribd mdixedy mixag .dipnexn zipendd

epxnye meia epcar .wynd z` (zexega 3Îe mixega 4) epwfgd miyceg dyely

dpey`xd dtq`ae dwixt` mexcn izeayiizd oirxb mr epcg`zd .dlila¥

.epafre epalrp .micnrenk mdil` sxhvpy ehilgd

iznyxp ,yxid ac ixag mr cgi ,ip`e zeppb qxewl dnyxp ,izxag ,dipd

lr miaefr mizaa epxb .itqk iav x"c zldpda ,mxkÎoira mixenl fxefn otle`l

lgx ly xrepd zeega eniiwzd zegex`d mr micenilde mixfpnd cil xdd rlv

mixena xEngd xeqgnd llba .ce`n miiaiqphpi` eid micenild .iavÎoa zi`pi

zervdd lkn .zexarna xtq izal mixen "cevl" minxfd lkn migwtn e`a

dxenl wewf `edy orh clt gwtnd ik ,("mgexi" meid) mgexiÎlz zxarna izxga

27

,oey`x meia .dipnexn miycgd milerd mr xywzl lkeiy yiciie zipnex xacnd

jnqen izla dxenk dxarnd ly q"dia sixva cnll izlgzd ,1952 x`exata 3

.'b beq

xda oey`xd q"dia z` epnwd ,`hiln d`ey levip ,oeqxb caer dxend mr cgi

xvif dipd z` dyi`l iz`yp dxarna izerwzyd ixg` mini dxyr .abpd

sixva epxb .dknqd zepigal opekzdl izlgzd dpezgd ixg` .aia`Îlza zepaxa

,milerl zephphw zexic zepal eligzdyk .epizey`xnl ohq mr xcbd cil

1953 hqebe`a epxwr daebza .miycg miler eppi` ik epze` egc .ep` mb epnyxp

ick miiznxl epxar mipy rax` xeark .oezgzd lilbay dxeacÎzency ayenl

ly dgelyk cwtzy aia`Îlza mixen zenlzydl deabd q"diaa cenll lke`y¦

eid xak .l"ln xtka uiaepexd` y"r q"diaa izixed o`k .milyexi zhiqxaipe`

cearl izvl`p .dcear dbiyd `l ik mda dltih dipde micli dyely epl

mipy yy xeark .ax mevnva epiig .bixg xrep ly cqena jixcnk mb miaxra

.jixcne dxenk "zelretd wyn"l izxfge jepigd cxynn dyteg zpy izgwl

jiyndl ,oiwld oerny 'text ,ixen il rivd mixen zenlzydl deabd q"diaa©§¦

jepigd cxynn izywiae ef drca dziid iziirx mb .zixard dhiqxaipe`a icenil

.milyexil dxard

y"r xpinqd cily mxkd zia izklnnd q"diaa cearl izlgzd 1964 eizqa

,zixar zextq izcnl liawnae mipy xyr jyna g-f zezik izkpig o`k .oili cec

.my ireci mixene mixeqtext lv` zixard dhiqxaipe`a dixehqide `xwn

dnly gwtnd il rivd 1974 zpya .dngp eply mipewfd za dclep milyexia

meza .jepigd cxyn ly "ledipl deabd q"dia"a zenlzyd zpyl z`vl odkd

mgpn zixwe mipb xir zepekya miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl izipnzp icenil©

mixend zeeve oeyy il` ,oe`b mixn - ipbq mr cgi .mnwyle mcg`l ilr lhedy©

xcg eplrtd ,micinlz 1200Îk ecnl q"diaa .dpekya jepigd z` epnwiy

dldwne mipbp 40 ly dtiyp ilk zxenfz epnwd ,xira mipey`xd on miaygn

miywzn micinlz xifgdl gilvdy "dcinld mewiyl fkxn" epnfi .dlecb

dkqgy iceqil dcenvd miipiad zaihg dziid zxzekd zleb .m`dÎzezikl

qxt" z` eplaiw jepiga epibiyd lr .daihgl 'e dzikn xarnd xayn z` miclil

."f"nyz mixend zexczqd

zexczqd ly "zeprfbe zeinyihp`a dnglnl dzenr"a lirt iziid liawna

,revwnl ixag mr cgi ,iznfi inlyexid sipqa .oieel mely x"c zey`xa mixend©

yng .dceard zrepz ikxr gexa q"dia znwde jepigd xetiyl minexet znwd

miizpy .milyexia mixend zexczqd cily zibebctd dvrend x"ei iziid mipy

28

izpdike milyexia miiceqid mildpnd oebx` x"eil izxgap ze`lnbl iz`v iptl

.mipy yely ciwtza

izlgzd ,hxehwecl ikixcn zeidl mikqdy ,ocq ac 'text ,ixen zvlnda

`l q"diaa dceard qner llba .yiciia wx azky oncixt awri zxiy z` xewgl

witqd ocq 'text .mlerd on ixen zewlzqd iptl xwgnd z` miiql izwtqd

iznbxze zepezird on izhwily xxeynd ly zexgad zxiy z` wx ze`xl

x`ezd z` izlaiw .dkxcda jiynd jehpiiy l`igi 'text .zixarl yiciin

"y"i zzenr" zldpda szzyn ip` f`n .ze`lnbl iz`v ixg` dpy iyilyd

zexczqd ly mi`lnbd mixend oebx`a xag ;milyexi sipq (d`ey icli/inezi)

zeaxzl dxaga xag ;milyexi sipq "jnr" oebx`a xag ;milyexi sipq ,mixend

lr miqxt zwelgl szey ip` "xtexb awri" y"r ycwdd zldpda xagke yicii

mixtq ze`vedl reiqe yicii zeaxz mixwegd mihpcehql zebln ;miig lrtn

.xtexb awri xxeynd z`eev z` m`ezd megza

mineqxt:dxiye zxetiq .1

Îaqtcp ."mgexi lzl myn" milerd iign xetiqd xear oey`x qxta izikf 1953

.b"iyz (caer mr) qag dkxa zkixra "mihay" uaewa "mippzqn" ixetiq mr cgi

dixhqipqpxh iyigq.2007 milyexi ,"ze` xev" ,zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl -ray

ixg` mipy.2008 milyexi ,"lnxk" z`ved ,onex -d`ey mezi zepeibdxgan -

.2009 milyexi ,"ze` xev" ,zexgae mixerp ixiyztxehn zeitymixetiq uaew -

"xtexb awri oxw" zkinza xe` d`xy 2010 milyexi ,"ze` xev" z`ved ,mixvw

.dixhqipqpxha etqpy "xpaix zial dpge (lyit) mixt` xvif y"r oexkifd oxw"e

:xwgn ixtq .2

,dhlra hhex rexw xzinjxka .(e"pyz ,wieeiil .d z`ved) mikxk ipya qtcp

likn 'a jxk .ely zexgad zxiy xwge oncixt awri xxeynd ly ditxbeiad '`

,dwiceixta exnzyp e` enqxety diipyd mlerd zngln cr yiciia eixiy z`

..zixarl icia minbxezn

l`xyil dixhqipqpxhnoncixt ixiy lk z` llek .(b"qyz ,wieeiil .d z`ved)

iazk z` izgprt .micea`l eaygpe ci azka ecxy e` enqxet ,d`eya eazkpy

exagzpy mr ixiy :migtqp .zixarl miznbxze (izirx zxfra) cid

yicii zeaxza zeielirt zxiwq ;ixehqid xywda itxbeia xivwz ;dixhqipqpxha

zpyl "oiihyted cec" qxta ize` dkif df xwgn .1947-1940 mipya dipnexa

.2009

29

xlcpq qixea

eicenil z` miiq 1975Îa .(zevrend zixa f`) ,diaxqa ,ulaa 1950Îa clep

,diaclen ly zipetniqd zxenfza xpk dide apiyiw ly dwiqenl oeixehaxqpewa

.deewqena iwxeb y"r zextql oeknd ly yiciil dwlgna cnl jynda j`

"cp`lniid yihree`q" zrdÎazka yiciia mixetiq mqxtl ligzd `ed¨©

1992Îa ux`l eziilr cr 1990În .zkxrnl sxhvd dxdnae 1981Îa (deewqen)

dze`a .apiyiwa "lew xrfcpe`" zrd azk ly iciid wlgd ly jxerd mb did

.diaclen ly zine`ld difieelhd ixeciya yiciia zipkez dgpd dtewz¦

1998 f`n ."hiiwÎoe`Îcpiw" yiciia miclil zrÎazk `ivede jxr l`xyia

oereayd ly iy`x jxerk ynyn `ed 1999 i`n f`ne wxeiÎeipa xlcpq xxebzn

`ed ,2007 i`nn lgd .ely eicxd zeipkez lye (yiciia dxecdnd) "qhxreex`t"Ϭ

."htpewev ic" zrd azk z` mb ,jiixhq` icpb mr cgia ,jxerœ

enbxez eizexivi .dxiye dfext ixtq dryz xlcpq mqxt 2010-1986 mipyd oia

miizextq miqxt xtqna dkf `ede ,zipnexe zixar ,zipnxb ,ziztxv ,zilbp`l

.miaeyg

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raeyg ,xrhkry ewp`i x"c ,cp`tÎxrR`xb mrpet xrvifx`t xraeygœœ¨œ¨œ¨©œ

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.cp`tÎxrR`xb awri oet föxR xrc hvi` oe` föxRÎo`nkit awriœœ©œœ¨œ¨

30

xrc obree hcrxrbR` oiey ,riprnexÎqiexb - cp`l `f` `hyip bp`l oiey fi`'q©¨©©©¨

ohk`n rprciyx`t xrhpe` h`d q`ee ,"ria`x`qra" upiee`xR xrwil`n ©̀¨¨©©¨¨œ©©

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hyip jin oa`d xrföd oet hpree ic oe` oq`b ic f` ,hlitrb hyip a`d'k oe`¨œ©©œ¨

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oet qrhkiyrb rwif`c ic oe` wila ohin iif ev oxixev jif htx`crb x`p a`d'k - jxc¨¨©œ¨œ

31

ji` a`d qrhkiyrb rl` hyip .gen oön oi` oxree hR`frbpö` ol`f l`n ©̀¨¨©©¨

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!iif x`t oaöla zekf xrc oe` dikf icœ©

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xrc sie` orp`hyrb j`p fi` xr oree ,otielev jölb mi` ev brlt ji` .liy xrc oet jifœœœ¨©

xrai` hprd rhwrxhyrbqie` rpöf xrhpe` xrhteyiMx`t ` oiihy oaöla oe` lreey©œ©œ

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oiiw xrn oiey jif ji` a`d ,rlrkrcÎqrip`lc qpciif mrc xrhpe` oiihy oön oet qrbxœ¨¨

.hlitrb hyip oarl oön oi` l`n¨œ

zeevin rhqrxb iieev - hgey ` oe` lden ` ,cv qrn`n oön oet ,mdxa` rciif oön©œœ©©©

mrc oyieev "okiivÎcpea" mrc ok`n :h`hy xrfcpe` oi` oxitqie` xr hbrltœœ¨©

q`c aehy xryicii xrcri oi` orbprxa oe` ,xrcpiw rpöf oe` xrh`t ohyxraii`œ¨¦¨

sie` hwpeR oreerb lg fi` zegily oöf .ser rhrliewrbÎxyMhk`n ic oree ,höv xrc©

iee hwpeR ,mbR oiiw hf`lxrc hyip h`d dpen` oöf xra` ,cii ` oöf ev hxreex`t h`d¨œ©©¦¨¨¨

hk`p xrc oi` sih fia olrhyp` hbrlt xr q`ee ,slg oöf sie` rldnibR oiiw - xr¨œ¨©

oöf xr h`d ,`xen rqiexb ic wicpröf xaeb .ux`Îjxc oe` clecrb qiexb hin ,oöx ©̀œ¨

oet xrwin`hyR` o` - wih`w mdxa` rciif oön .mrh` ohvrl ofia ob`xhrb zegily¨¨©œ¨©¨©œ

xr fi` - x`i up`b ` oet cii ` ,hyrlewx`n rip`l`w xryicii xra`x`qra xrc©©¦¨¨©©¦œ©©¨

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...ux`d oe` oexMf oön oi` hvrf`a jif h`d q`ee ,wipee`eeÎcnl xrhyxr¨¨¨©©

jie` x`p ,xrvrlw oe` oiihy fiela hyip orpöf hrhy f` ,hb`frb h`d xrvrnr¨¨©¨

xrai` ob`xhrb jif ji` a`d .harlrb ohx`c oa`d rklree ,oyhprn oet qrhkiyrbœ¨¨¨¨

Îwihöxt rciif oön iee ,iif xrai` hprd rhwrxhyrbqie` hin cpeÎrp oön oet hrhy icœœ

qnrxehÎow`lb oe` qxrhqielw rwihkrxR ic oet minlv ic iee hlitrb oe` ,qhk`pÎev©œœ¨

ic xin okrhy reewq`n oe` eeriw ,ryx`ee ,b`xR ,okpin ,fix`R ,rivrpree oi`©¨©¦¨

oniq ` yexita oreerb fi` jrhy rwihtib ic oet wihiiee mrc olit q`c oe` ;qrip`lc¨¨œœœœ©

mrc fia xega edil` oet - hrhy ic oet zeiUrn ic wprcrb oe` wprc ji` f` ,oetxrcœ©œœ

ox`eerb hwihyxrc hyip fi` dkxa qpciif oön .o`qlrprv`w wgvi oet bp`frb ohvrl©œ©¨¨

oe` xrhöee hryhRryrb if a`d'k ;"b`leb" oet oxrb`l oi` oe` oxrb`lÎhieh ic oi`©©œ©¨

...oqrbx`t hyip if ol`f oif rpön jie` f` ,hbx`frb jif¨©¨œ©

32

ht`fltr xcpqkl`

dnglna zxiyy ,eia` .zevrendÎzixaa ,lnFba lcbe 1943Îa xiaiqa clep¤

ziaa cnl xcpqkl` .oiletl dnglnd ixg` aeyl xga ,ipletd cecbd zxbqna

ipkhiletd oekna eicenil meiqa .ziplet hrne yicii xaic ziaa j` ,iqex xtq

eze` ekif df megza zeaxd eize`vnde dwipexhwl` qcpdn didp `ed wqpina

.ihiiaeqd oehlyd cvn dilcna

oelega ibelepkh jepigl oekna car 1990 xanvca l`xyil eziilr ixg`

.milyexia "m`l`"ae

iexwd iqex dhixt ilka zepey zexenfza obipe dwifen ad` eixerp f`n

dpey`xd dxeyd on mixnf ziigpda ,1997 f`n ,dgnzd `ed ux`a ."dxnec"

carn `ed .yiciia agx ldw lr daed` ziqlw dwifen ly x`ehxtx xiyl

zetyn yiciil zizepn` dxiy ,zexte`e zehxte`n zeix` ,zeqpnex ly mihqwh

.zepey

i`vei xeaiv iptl xwira ,mipzyn zeipkeze miakxda mixnfd mr eizerted

.dax dglvdl zekef ,zeaxz iade` xaryl zevrendÎzixadxiyd zeipkeza

ht`fltr mxez ,eznfeia ux`a miax zenewna zeniiwznd ,yiciia dwiqende

.yicii oeyll dwifd wefigl zeax

33

xenlt xfril`

icenil miiq 1960Îa ux`l eziilr iptl .1929Îa dipnex ,dipaliqpxha clep

z` milyd 1964Îa .'felw ly dhiqxaipe`a ziqex zeaxzae diteqelita .` .n

.uegd cxynl sxhvde milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a hxehwecd icenil

zxiy 1973-1969 mipya ,dtexi` gxfnl dwlgna iy`x xfer did 1969 cr

.elqe`a zexixbya 1975 cr ,jynda ,bxeapqwelae diblaa l`xyi zexixbya

,miine`lpia mipebx`l dwlgna mipey miciwtz `lin 1991-1977 mipya

xixby did 1994-1991 mipya .ztxvae zipihld dwixn`a l`xyi zeiexixbya

yekx zxfgdl uegd zexy urei ,2001 cr ,jk xg`e ,qixta ewqpe` cil l`xyi

.dtexi`a icedi

zeipicne diteqelit ly mi`yepa miax mixwgne mixn`n mqxt xenlt xfril`

.ayr enk miryx gexta `ed ,mda oexg`dy ,mixtq dray oke zepey zetya ueg

qxta eziikf lbxl xenlt xfril` ixac

,iizeaxe iizexiab ,l"f xtexb awri xxeynd y"r oxwd ipn`p ,y`x ayeid ipec`

ie`x ixtq z` mz`vn xy` lr dwenrd izcez z` riadl ipevxa lk ziy`x

ly dfd haidd z` jixrn ip`y eil`n oaen .eneqxt oeninl mxzy reiql

zernynd z` ip` jixrn jkn xzei elit` ile`e dfn zegt `l j` ,mkzhlgd

miqgiin mz`y zeaiygd iabl dxin` ,izrcl da dieag oky ,dly zilnqd

.al axwn mrtde dax dcez aey ,okae .cidÎazk ly eneqxtl

cili icedi xrp ly eizexew z` xtqn "ayr enk miryx gexta" ixtq

izy iweyiga leak `ed xy`k ogana eze` cinrd lxebdy dipaliqpxh

1948Îa ihqipenewd jtdnd iptl ,dipnexa ef xg` efa ehlyy zexehhwicd

ewqpehp` lyxnd zbdpda zihqiytÎziv`pd zepcexd zepya lcb `ed ;eixg`e

.iwiaylead iekicd xhyn ikygna xbazde

dilt`e zeticx ly dtewz ,xrpd ly zeclid zepy xe`iza ligzn xetiqd

ziv`pd dipnxb ly dnglnd zepya xingde jld avnd .ytpa dribt elit`e

,zxaben micedi z`pya dpiit`zdy dtewz ,zevrend zixa cbp dizexexbe

daeclen oetve dpiaewea icedi ,ef dtewza .xiaknl zegivxe miipend miyexib

dipnex icedi lk yexibl zipkezd meyiil micwn crvk dixhqipqpxhl eyxeb

miaeyiid on etq`p dipaliqpxh mexc laga micedid ,z`f znerl .dxifb ux`l

myexib ze`xwl ze`hb mxear ynyl epneqy zexiir xtqna efkexe miphwd

34

;xac ly eteqa lretd l` d`vi `l z`fd zipkezd ,lfnd daxnl .(oilet) uflAl¤§¤

.dhlgdd lehial e`iad mipey mivgl

miiebd elib ipa ly mzenil` mr ef dtewza ccenzn exetiq z` llebnd clid

diqpnibd icinlz .zenkg zeleagz zervn`a mdilr xeabl mrt icn gilvne

mixfeby drya d`pda miwgeve ea millrzn ,reyryl xewn ea mi`ex zipexird

izyn zg` z`oke) eixed zia ,1940 zligz ly xhqaliqd bg lila .eize`t

zlc qp jxca j` ,mixpeibl mipeixa ici lr mitwzen (eil` jenqd zqpkdÎzia

.mirbtp `l ziad ipae dzeixixay sxg mitiwznd ugla zcner dqipkd

Îmexc xef`a micedid iy`x lrne ,zeineiw zecxg zeqenr dnglnd zepy

mr .zeend zepgnl yexibd zpkq ,qlwenc ly eaxgk ,dielz dipaliqpxh axrn

lr ozrtyd z` ,zei`avd zercedd zernyn z` gprtl ecnl micedid ,onfd

riwtd `avd ,ab` jxcak ,cg` mei .cizrd iabl odizeklyd z` mbe avnd

jk .zery 24 jez ezeptl deeive axd zgtyn ly mixebnd zia z` eikxvl

zxica dnglnd seq cr stehvdl zeytpd ryz za xrpd ly ezgtyn dvl`p

.dxebq zqtxne xcg

dilt`d ztewz ziy`xn dnqgp miixeaivd xtqd izal icedid xrepd zyib

dpi`y dl`yn xcba xzep dgtynd zqpxta riiql mixirvd ly mpevx mbe

rvidd .diitk zecearl eqieb 17 libl eribdy mixrpd ,ok lr xzi .yeninl zpzip

mr jtd davwda xknpy mgld s`e mvnhvde jld miweeya oefnd ikxvn ly

.dxeyd on gxf`d zaiwa reaw ayezl did arxd .ynn lik` izlal onfd

,ihqiytÎiv`pd oehlyd lern dipnex xexgy mr ,1944 hqebe`a 23 ixg`

jynp `l ziqgi rebxd avnd mle` .zirahd dznxl day zineiwd dcxgd

iwlg lk lr dbxcda ehlzyde ekld eipepbpny ,iwiaylead xhynd ;onf jxe`l

xrpd ly elxeb .ihqiytÎiv`pd ryxd ly enewn z` qtz ,1948 seq cr dpicnd¤

zevixr zepy xqixz ly miai`knd miweyigd ici lr erawp eizexewe xtqnd

.1960 zpya l`xyia yteg iigl xxgeyn biltdy cr ewlg zpn eidy ziwiaylea

lnpa dqinrdy zil`xyid dpitql apbzdl epeiqip 1948 xanvca 31 lila

zihnxd elrpp dipnexn d`ivid ixry .lykp "divwqaiid iler" z` dvphqpew

dziid ef .'felw ly dhiqxaipe`a diteqelit icenill myxp xRqnde ,1951Îa¥

ezepiihvd sxg oky ,miincw`d eiiga mixeqii jxc ,"dfexelec `iee" ly dzligz

epnn dllyp ,dneiqa oey`xd qxta eziikfe dpey`xd micenild zpya dxzid

lqtql xefgl dyxed `ede dzpey ef dhlgd .diteqelit icenila jiyndl zekfd

z` drinyde jepigd cxyna daviizd mizinr zveawy ixg` wx micenild

xy`k ,1952Îa ,dzr .aey yxeb `ed diipyd dpyd seqa mle` .dtiwzd dz`gn

`ede zegnl cer frd `l yi` ,efer `elna dpicna llezyd mec`d xexhd oehly

35

dribtd zaiq z` el zelbl gxhi edyiny ilan micenild on ziteq wgxed

e`ven `ed eizexvl xewnd ik oiad `ed ,z`f mr .dlkydl zirahd ezekfa

ecnrn lr dl` "mi`hg" zrtyd yehyhl jxcdye ipeivd exare izgtynd

ly mirepn i`peknk envr xiykd ok` `ed .lretk ezxykda xaer dxaga

.xehwxh

xfg `ed ,dpicna ihiletd gzna znieqn ditxdl zeced oke ,df crvl zeced¤

jynda .dxzi zepiihvda mze` miiqe dhiqxaipe`a micenill miizpy xeark

ly dixehqidl oeknd zxbqna diteqelitl dwlgna xweg miizpyk ynyn `ed

diteqelitd zecleza miwxt xwga dgnzn `ed ef dtewza .mircnl dincw`d

ixn`n zixbpedae zipnexa zrÎiazka mqxtn liawnae ziqlwd zipnxbd

.zeizextq zeniyx oke ,diteqelite dwibel i`yepa zeqn ,mixtq ,zxewia

,oekxcl dywa xRqnd mb yibn ,dvx` diilrl dnyxdd yecig mr ,1958Îa¥

dceard qwpta oky ,izxag ieciple diteqelitl oeknd on eyexibl `iady crv

lr .zernyn lra ciwtz lka ewiqrdl xeq`y okeqn mxeb `ed ik myxp ely

cearl jlede miitk caerl aey ytgzn `ed ,okl mcew cnly gwld jnq

oekxca xRqnd dkf deeqend ecnrna zekex` miizpy uwn .mixtka i`lnygk¥

.eizea` ux`a zn` zexigl `vie lgeind

ditxbeiad on mile`y mihxta yeniya epi` xetiqd ly ecegii :meiql dxrd

cinrdy lxebd zgvpda `l` ,miax mixagn ehwpy dhiy ,envr xagnd ly

milt` mixhyna el eax`y zepkq mr ccenzd xy`k xtqnd iig z` ogana¥

hexhextae azka dpey`xl crzn df xtqy ipnec - siqe` jkl .odl leki `ede

.d`eyd zepya dipaliqpxh mexca dxiira micedid iig z`

36

xtexb oxwn xwgne micenil zblna mikefd2010/`"ryz zpyl

l`ienÎoncleb crl`

,le`ixhpena xxebzdl dxar ezgtyn ,1987Îa .1983 ileia l`xyia clep

.miicedi xtq izaa crl` cnl my ,dcpw

ezeid zra envr zegeka crl` cnl yicii .zixar dziid ziaa xeaicd zty

xy` en`a riizqn `edyk ,le`ixhpena libwn zhiqxaipe`a dixehqidl hpcehq

z` dxaiczeaxzae dixehqida oiiprzdl ligzd `ed jynda .dzeclia dtyd

oeknd zxbqna ipy x`ezl cenll ux`l `a 2009 uxnae dtexi` gxfn icedi ly

yicii zeaxz megza zegnzdl dpeek jez ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a ,eppnf zecdil

.d`eyd ztewza

dblnd zlaw lbxl l`ienÎoncleb crl` ixac

,cpöx™ rxröh ,cpô™ÎxrRôxb mrc oe™ xriihyxô™ r”eyg

,ricprRihq xrwifôc xrc hin oxree ev hpielõa ce”M xrqiexb õ xin fi` qr

xryiprnexÎhlõ oqiexb mrc oe™ p"` cpô™ mrc jxec hliihrbev wivxõdhiixa

.l"f xrRôxb ”wri ,hrôR

'™ôxR ,jxcÎdxen oe` xrxrl mrprrfrbpô oön hnew wpõc oxrcpefõa õ

oy›rxard möa ocq ”c oe™ p"` rxcrhõw xryicii xrc sie` ,jehpiiy l`igi¦

'™ôxR öa orpxrl ev zekf mrc hõdrb aôd ji` .milyexi oi` hrhiqxreeipe`

hôd xr qôee ,qrivwrl rhõeeixR sie` mipnf öxc oe™ jyna jehpiiy

dkxcd oe` slid oöf .höv xrprbii` oöf oe™ oeayg o™ie` ohôarbpô wivxõdhiixa

2009 uxõn oi` wixev xôi oalõdhxrcpô xrai` hin cpõl oi` mewpô oön hpif,

oarlpö` jif jiiy qôee ulõ hin xôp ,rxr™q xryinrcõwõ xrc oi` xôp hyip

.ovõyevRô hyip orprf ,l`xUiÎzpicn oi`

hôd qôee ,cinlY mrprfreerb õ qkehpiiy '™ôxR jie` ji` liee orwpõcõa

crx ji` :l"f ocq ”c '™ôxR ,yic›iÎznkg oi` bl™en oqiexb möa hpxrlrb jie`

,hrxrq oet ,xrbpicl`qÎrlq edil` x"c xryxô™ oe` bôbõcrR mrc obree©œ

ev obiprbxõ™ qôc hõdrb ji` aôd wixev xôi oRõpw õ hin .rpiee`weaÎmexc¨

öa iex™ xrvieeôpxryh xrhpõnxõy oöf oe` xrbpicl`qÎrlq x"c hin oqreny©

37

2009 xranrvrc oi` uprxr™pôw xrnilyexi xrcÎxrhpi` xrwifôc xrc .

xrc oe™ l”ei owixôiÎhxrcped mrc hrncieerb ,meifôRniq xrlõpôivõp

xôi öxc oe™ hkex™ ic oreerb fi` ,uprxr™pôwÎjõxRy xrvieeôpxryh

xôb fia xrfcpe` cvn hraxõÎxifipõbxô oe` bpexipõlR xrkrlxrhõnxõ™ne`

ji` oia ciixt hin .ohprhqiqõ lföxw oöf oe` jehpiiy '™ôxR mrprarbrbxrai`œ

c oi` `zex”g xrpiilw xrc hô ev orpõhyrbevxrc ”xr miycg rhvrl i

.bpelnõfxõ™ xrqiexb

rhkiyrb xrpxrcôn xrc oi` oyiprhprw r™ih qxrbpicl`qÎrlq x"c wpõc õ©

mey oô clõa xr hôd ,rixhqipqpõxh oe` riprnexÎqiexb oi` oc›i ic oe™

xôb ,oxriecõa mev ,rpön oi` ofiela lôv õ hli™rbqie` yiprlwpreew

.d™ewYÎoaxeg xrc oi` orbpearlxrai` qraôa oön obree zerici rhvrprxbõa

mi` aôd ji` qôee mihxR rbxõw ic oe™ rfõa xrc sie` fõ jif hiihyxõ™

oe` oiõn yi õ o™õyõa ev geMa oreerb hyip xrpiiw hlôee ,oarbrbxrai`

xr hôd xraô xõ™xrc ;orbp`brbkxec fi` if zenewn rxrqôee oi` ornihyõa©

fi` if Eee ,qrivwrl ic oyieev qe™ oii` sie` xôp oöf lôf ,obôf hprwrb ôi xin

,orprf ,hxrlwrb™ie` xin xr hôd ,ohpõw rxi` oe™ oc›i ic) .oreerb hyip xrkif

(.rixhqipqpõxh oiiw oxôeerb hwiyxõ™ hyip ,wilb mev

oe` jehpiiy '™ôxR iee mipi”n rklrfõ oe` mi”exw xôR õ oe™ slid xrc jxec

ev ,dglvd xrwipiiee xrcô xrn hin ,orbpelrb xin fi` ,xrbpicl`qÎrlq x"c©

hôd if Eee ,qôi hôhyniid xi` oe™ qiexõ bree qraôa xrc ox›exhqpôwrx

:oriil) mrpcôxrnõq mrc ,"wixa xrhiex" xrc sie` dgRyn xi` hin hpieeerb

xrpiilw õ hin dapba .l`xUia m`e xir xrc hô oe™ lõhxõeew oyic›i (ohqnrxôœ

fia yfõ bxraÎohõRxõw ic xrai` qet ev hf`lrb jif if h`d ,hölqcp`l rRexb©¨¨œ

ji` aôd mexõ iefõ .l`xUiÎux` oiiw oreerb dler hôd if orpõee oe™ ,rilõhi`

ic oi` oarl xi` oe™ clia wicdywyip õ oreerwihyev™iepev föeekrlqia ofieeõa

.oaxeg oe™ oxôi

oöf xõ™ xrhkry ewpõi x"c orwpõcõa wivxõd ji` liee ”i”g oexgõ oexgõ

.orbpeföeepô rkrlcpöx™ rpöf oe` xin hin uprcpôRqrxôw

ornôp o™ie` ricprRihq õ ornewõa ev höhõa oxrcpefõa õ xin xõ™ hôd qr

xrhyxr xrc ,epinaÎcigi õ iee hprwxrpô hpöd hxree qôee ,xrRôxb ”wri oe™

oaôd qr iee ief` ,"dpicnÎxw™d" xrpri oi` yic›i sie` xraöxy xrhvrl oe`©

ailev riprnexÎhlõ rwilônõ ic o™exrbpô lôn oii` hyip xraöxy rwihxô

rn fõ .hyxrdrb hxôc hôd qôee orxa oyixôhõliniqõ oe™ xr™qônhõ xrc

hin oreerb qr fi` ,hxôee yic›i õ orpriil ev oreerb gixhn oiey jif hôd

oi` ornõn oön hwiyrb hôd raôa ic qôee eeixa ic iee ,zeize` ryipöhõl

38

xryiprnex xrc oi` rpraixyrbpô ,rcõpõwYix”r sie` yhôk) ri™õxbôhxô

mrc obrw ohqrnxõ™ hfenrb jif xrhkic xrc hôd xôp hyip .(yic›i hôhypõ

xr hôd evxrc ;xrcprl ryiprnex ic oi` meEwõeeÎxehlew oyic›i owihlônrc

hin ,bree oi` hbiilrb hõdrb oaôd qr qôee xrpiihy ic mexõ oxô™nexõ hfenrb

ic hxröp ,hkõn xrc öa qôee qxrarbÎurfrb ic hyip ,xr›x™ xec õ fiela

xrc hin ,riprnex oi` ueaiw oyic›i oe™ mibidpn "rhxiRivpõnr" hyxnelM

.uiRy xrc oi` clr™vxõeey dgRyn xrhpõwõa

xrc oi` oreerb my dpew jif oaôd xraöxy ryic›iÎyiprnex rxrcpõ zrya

oõhqixh ohrôR ryifiivpõx™ rprxôeerb hnixõa ic lynl iee ,hlree xrhiixa

ic ,xrlqwree oinipa) oõcpô™ ornõyfpra oe` (wôhyprfôx l`eny) õxõv

ic oe™ iieev yhôk orpônxrc ev sie` ,(wiprnilR õ qxrcixa clr™vxõeey

wiczepywr ,cpõl oi` xrwivpii` xrc ,xrRôxb ”wri hôd ,rhqhlea rn`q©

oaôd ofxr™ rpöf oe` .jõxRy xryic›i xrc sie` xrcil ryixil o™õyrb xrhöee

jxec oe` jxec ,obpei möa i` ,yhprnqwlô™ oheyR möa i` orneprbqie` rwõh

xehõxrhil ryic›i rpxrcôn ic hwrchpõ hyxr hôd qôee ,xec ohxiliniqõ

.wixil oöf jxec

xinôl ,oiibxrhpe` möa xrciee ,jif hkõc ,hlõd oeyl ryic›i qôc oree ,hpöd

oi` xrpii` xrcri fõ ,ofieexrc fcpe` hôd qôee hrôR mrpe™ liRyöa õ ornrp

sie` oe` ,d”i”q oe` höv fi` hyip xrklree oi` hqpew o™õy orw lwpiee oöf

ic ornew`a ev ce”M ohqrxb oxõ™ qr hlõd ji` .xôp liee xr jõxRy xrqôee©

õ hin ciix rpön owicprxõ™ liee oe` ,xrRôxb ”wri oe™ p"` ricprRihq rwifôc

xôi wivxr™ xrai` qôee ,cpô™ÎxrRôxb mrpe™ ribrlôw xrc geMÎxyii owivxõd

,xehlew xryic›i z”ehl hiiwihrh oöf xrhöee if hxi™ dxihR qhrôR mrc jôp

.hiiwyixr™ry xryic›i oe™ bpexilenihq oe` bpevihy xrc jxec

39

cleepixb irex

.axtlnid y"r izcÎizklnnd oekizd z` miiqe 1971Îa milyexia clep

."ux`d" oezir zkxrna car okn xg`le ,i`pezirk dyr i`avd ezexiy z`

car my ,qixtl xar miizpy xearke ,oeaa oezird mrhn azkk yniy 1995Îa

.icedid oe`ifend ly zexve`d zwlgna

rceezd liawna .zipnxb zextq icenil ipye oey`x x`ez milyd `ed qixta

rqp xzei xge`n .xira yicii zeaxz fkxna cenll lgde dzeaxze yiciil

icedid oeknae dianelew zhiqxaipe`a dzextqae yiciia mlzydl ick wxeiÎeipl

megza xwgn zecear izy azk yicii zextqa eweqir zxbqna .xira ibele`izd

uxt iciid cxbpee`d xxeyn ly 'rRew ic' zrcepd dn`etd lr dpey`xd :df

,sqepa .ôxiRõy .l lecbd iciid xtqnd ly mexbetd ixetiq lr diipyde yiwxn

dcrepy qixta iwqxeaip wgvi x"c zlgpda zizpyÎcg micenil zipkeza szzyd

.dzextqe yicii z`xedl mixen xiykdl

zixar zextql bega iyily x`ez icenila lgd `ed ,ux`l eaey mr

xxeynd zxivi lr hxehwec zcear lr cweye milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a

miaikxnd ly zernynde ciwtzd lr cgein ybc jez oexeyi zea` il`xyid

.dkeza yiciin mile`yd miipeyld

oia .yiciie ziztxv ,zipnxbn dfexte dxiy mebxza mb wqer cleepixb irex

lcaize oilebxn dp` ,xawveq mdxa` ,yiwxn ly mixiyl minebxz mqxt xzid

.miigÎoa onq`a dwax ,mikex` miigl

40

iel dwil

dzgtyn mr dzlr 1968Îa .dipnex ,dvphqpew lnpd xira 1965Îa dclep

zixar zextqe zepyla ,zillk zextq icenil dcnl ,ux`l zagxend

,d`xed zcerz zlra .2010Îa ipy x`ez dniiqe abpa oeixebÎoa zhiqxaipe`a

.rayÎx`aa mipekizd cg`a zilbp` zcnln iel dwil

,dly dfizd zceara iehia icil d`a dipnex icedi z`eya iel dwil ly dpiipr

jiyndl dzpeek .dipnexn d`ey zelevip rax` ly miigd xetiq lr daeqpy

.iyily x`ezl dicenil jldna df ixwgn oeeika

dblnd zlaw lbxl iel dwil ixac

zixar zextql dwlgna ipy x`ezl icenil zxbqna izazky dfizd zcear

zeicedi miyp exary ze`lza zwqer rayÎx`a zhiqxaipe`a xelwletl daihga

olew :znrex dnnca" .dixg` cin odiig mewiyae d`eyd jldna dipnexn

itk miig ixetiq drax` ly sqe` epid "dipnexa d`ey zelevip miyp ly icegiid

eil`y ,rayÎx`aa "abpd zea` zia"a meia mixxebznd dxey icixy itn exteqy

cenzd ikxc z` xi`dl iziqip ixeaiga .hxetn oeice gezip deelznmr ozec

.zecgeind odizelebqe ogek z` ,miyw miavn

izrny dclik cer .miincw`d iicenil iptl daxd lgd d`eyd ztewza ipiipr

.d`ey zlevip `id izgtyn lk ixdy ,dtewz dze`n mirexi` ixay lr mixetiq

,ini` ia` ,iaqe mipy yelyk jyna dixhqipqpxh z` ecxy ezgtyn lk mr ,ia`

dtewz dze` lr iizeaqe iaq z` le`yl izivx dxrpk cer .dcear dpgna did

mipyd mr .`yepl zybl cvik izrci `le mceak z`tn izyyg j` ,daeyg

.meid cr dxivn ip` jk lre ,ziyi` dixehqid zqit il dca` mnre mze` izcai`

lr xybl ick ,icenil zxbqna dtewz dze` z` `weec xewgl izhlgd ,d`xpk©

.dipnex icedi ly zx`etnd dlidwd lye izgtyn ly dxara df xqgd¤¤

jyna dnnca elaq xy` dipnex zecdi axwa miypa xwira wqer ixwgn

lr dyrp miiyi`d odixetiq gezip .likdln dlc dtyd dze` ,dnei`d dtewzd

zeiecrd oia d`eeyd jezn ;d`eyd z` md mb eegy mixab ly mixetiq rwx

.dixg`e dnglnd ztewza miypd ly icegiid ozelirt ote` z` izx`d zeiyi`d

ziyrn ode ziybx dpigan od ,aivid qiqad z` eeid miypd cvik iznbcd

.d`eyd z` ecxyy odizegtyn mewiyle iyi`d onewiyl ,zilklke

miig ixetiq oegale drixid z` aigxdl ipevxa iyily x`ezl icenil zxbqna

41

ixetiqe miyp ixetiql mz`eeyd jez ,(iwipelq) oeeine dipnexn d`ey zelevip ly

d`eeydd .mnvr micxeyd ici lr zecr ixtqa azkd lr elredy itk mixab

z` oeayga zgwl jxev didi xy`k ,izeaxzd ode ixcbnd rwxd lr od jxriz

.mixtqnd ly daihwtqxtd iepiye onfd xrt

ly mwefigl ,mze`xl ekf `ly izeaqe iaq ly mxkfl miycwen dl` mixwgn

zpn lr eiig ze`ivna `ad xecd ly ezfig` zxabdle d`eyd ilevip iixed

.ecizr z` opkzle likydl lkeie exar z` xikiy

dblnd z` il miwiprnd xtexb oxw ihtey ly dzkxrda zekfl il `ed ceakl

.iibyide izcear lr

42

l`pzp jlil

zhiqxaipe`a zixar zextq dcnl 2001-2000 mipya .1979Îa dipzpa dclep

x`ez icenil dnilyd my ,qixta dzdy 2007-2002 mipyd oiae ,aia`Îlz

.ziztxv zextqa ipye oey`x

mr zextql bega iyily x`ezl dicenila dlgd ,2007Îa ux`l daey ixg`

cenll dze` `iad yicii zextqe oeyla dpiipr .oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a l`xyi

.aia`Îlzae dplieea yiciil miiaiqphpi` miqxewa 2010 uiwae 2008 uiwa

lbet cec ly dfextd iazkl zycwen dzr zcwey `id dilry xehwecd zcear

zhiqxaipe`a l`xyi mr zextql bega zcnln `id ,liawna .yiciiae zixara

onex .mixtq zxewia ,yiciie zixar zextq i`yepa mixn`n zazek ,oli`Îxa

xtql obÎznx qxta dkfe 2008Îa mqxtzd ,"ixard avnd" ,dhr ixt oey`x

.mixekia

dblnd zlaw lbxl l`pzp jlil ixac

dfextd iazk `yepa ily xwgna mipexg`d mialyd iptl zcner ip` ef dpya

x`ezn ,wdaen ixar xteql dk cr aygpy ,lbet .yiciiae zixara lbet cec ly

j` ,yiciia lbet azk zg` dxivi wx ,mpn` .ipeylÎec xteqk izceara dpey`xl

onex edf .exear yiciid ly icegiid dcnrn lr micirny md dzaizk zeaiqp

lra icedi ,lbet ly itxbeiaehe`d ezenc oa ly eizexew z` x`znd ,dngln

zepgna xq`pe diipyd mlerd zngln ztewza qixta ddeyd zixhqe` zepizp

eayen mewnn onexd z` azk lbet .xlhid lr dnglnd zfxkd mr mixfl xbqd

eze` miiqe 1942 ipeia mixfl xvrnd zepgnn eaey ixg` d`xpd lkk ,ztxva

mqxet `l mlern df onex .1944 zpya uieeye` dcnydd dpgnl glypy iptl

.ixt mgpn iciÎlr zixarl mbxez `ede yiciia e`elna

zrdÎazka ritei df onex zaizk `yepa xn`nYOD.iwqxeaip wgvi zkixra

zixar ,zeipeylÎecd ziibeq cenil z` aigxdl deewn ip` hxehwecd meiq xg`l

dwifa zextqa itxbeixehqidd oeird z` cinrdle mitqep mixteql mb ,yiciie

d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ztxva eazkpy daizkde hqwhd zeixe`izl

xtq izazk ,hxehwecd zaizkl liawna ,zepexg`d miizpyd jldna .mixyrd

z`veda aexwa xe` ze`xl cizr `ede lbet cec ly cidÎiazk `yepa xwgn

.oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`

43

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ zepwY ic oe™¨

oe™ eh™ie` oe` dxivi ic oköxhyevxrhpe` fi` rinrxR xrc oe™ liv xrc

oi` oe`) xraöxy ryirxard oe` ryicii owihenxrc ev .mehpcii oyiprnex¦¦¦

o` oi` xrc` ,yiprnex oi` o™`yrb oa`d rklree ,xraöxy jie` ol`™Îm`pqie`©©¨©¨©

dxivi qprnree ,(ux`lÎueg oi` xrc` l`xUi oi` j`xRy xrcnrx™ xrxrcp ©̀©¨

ev .mehpcii oyiprnex mrpe™ xröhyev owihqöb mrc xrhpe` hköxhy¦

oyx`™ ohin bl`™xrc hin oarbrbR` jif oa`d rklree ,qxryx`™ owihenxrc¨¨¨¨¨

rklree ,xraöxy xrc` ,mehpcii oyiprnex mrpe™ rhkiyrb ic xrc` oarl q`c¨¨¦¨

oyiprnex mrc oe™ ohxreeÎxehlew ic f` ,bpe™`y xriif hin hxröhyrböa oa`d¨©©

.wl`™ xrfcpe` oe™ xehlew xrwiclleM xrc oi` oxree oq`lyrbpö` ol`f mehpcii¦¨¨¨

l"f xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn

mixteq ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly dzxivi z` qp lr zelrdl :qxtd zexhn

zifrel dtya exviy mixteq mb llkd on mi`vei mixwnae) zixarae yiciia

ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly zipgexd dnexzd z` dhilan mzxiviy (l"egae ux`a

ixacl e` dipnex zecdi iigl dxeywd xwgn zceara dglvda ewqry mixweg

ikxr z` lilkdle hiladl enxz mzcearay mixagn e` dipnex zecdi ini

.epnr zeaxz ly mikxrd oia dixteq zxivi z`e dipnex zecdi ly zeaxzd

44

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ oh`rxe`l©©¨

xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx2010 - 1971

dirny ipa`

awri oixtl`

wgvi ivx`

lexw qpia

dnly lwia

oe`il yihxa

dnly cec

ikcxn uipec

`bxy xad

a`f o`i'vel uiaewyxd

miig onciif

cecÎdyn hiig

eleq xg

slee xeanh

jexa oihwxh

le`y lnxk

ewpi qeilei

`ial-xece`iz oiihypal

diph ewqpiael

wgvi ocel

yiilÎdnly uiaeail

yilÎdix` yiaiil

dyn xhqnl

xcpqkl` ocexin

iwin wixn` iqexn

ewxin qeixn

ozp wxn

edil` xbpiclqÎrlq

qixea xlcpq

irlwl` dpi'b o`ihqq

xcpqkl` ht`fltr

xfril` xenlt

mdxa` xlt

(wgvi) w`qi` ult

lôxõw oõnclrt

awri oncixt

mgpn enxt

xfril` lwpxt

xy` dlew

miig oefpiax

xehwie eqex

dwp` xiny

xcpqkl` h`lalbity

.x.e`.n.w.`

45

:xxeynd zpenz mr rava dkixk

2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb awri iqxtyicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql

2010 xanvca 8 ,`"ryz zah '` ,milyexi

2010/`"ryz x`i ox`™ rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri oe™ bpeliihev¨©¨mehpcii oyiprnex mrc rbepa ohrax`yx`™ oe` xeh`xrhil x`™©©¨©¦

xehlew ryicii oe`¦xtexb awri y"r oxwdxtexb awri y"r ycwdd

2010 xranrvrc oh8 mrc ,`"ryz zah '` ,milyexi