Bodem zonder grenzen

Wim van der Putten

Netherlands Instituut voor EcologieHeteren ���� Wageningen

Traditioneel bodemecologisch onderzoek neemt een grote vlucht…

When and where

In principe kun je je een leven lang vermaken met een handje vol met grond

Field experiments across Europe (CLUE / TLinks): how to restore species-rich grassland communities? Effects of sowing mid succession plant species on biodiversity and ecosystem development.Started 1996.

LSD NC

HSD

Treatments

LSD = Low sowing diversity (4 species)HSD = High sowing diversity (15 species)NC = Natural colonization

10 m

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

same plant species, same plant community

same plant species, different plant community

different plant species, same plant community

different plant species, different plant community

Holcus Anthox. Leucanth. Plantago Tanacetum Vicia LotusNem

atod

e co

mm

unity

sim

ilarit

y of

2 in

divi

dual

pla

nts

Grass G G F F F L L

What are the spatial scales soil organisms operate at?

-Strong effects bacterivoresand predators

-No effects for plant feeders

-No effects of plant functional groups

Festuca ovina

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

same plant species, same plant community

same plant species, different plant community

different plant species, same plant community

different plant species, different plant community

Festuca Holcus Anthox. Leucanth. Plantago Tanacetum Vicia LotusNem

atod

e co

mm

unity

sim

ilarit

y of

2 in

divi

dual

pla

nts

Grass G G Forb F F Legume L

Nematode community composition is determined by plant species, as well as by where these plant species grow

Bezemer et al. Ecology (2010)

Root zone soil core

Taxon diversitysoil food webplant species-specific

Food web modelno differencein functioning

Effects of root pathogens, root herbivores and symbionts on plant biodiversity:relatively little contribution of these soil biota to soil biomass, but profound effectson plant community composition.

- Soil biota + Soil biota

Lourens Baas Becking (1930’s):"Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects”

Cross-continental biological invasions • + 12000 introduced species• Costs: appr 30 billion Euro/yr

• + 25000 introduced species• Costs > 35 billion US$ / year

Biological invasions:Invasiveness of Prunus serotina

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) is an early successional tree species from Northern and Central Americacurrently invading NW European forests after being introduced

Europe

USA

Results greenhouse experimentswith Prunus serotina in the U.S. (native range) and in the Netherlands(exotic range).

--

+-

USANL

Seedling mortalityin soil in greenhouse

Packer and Clay Nature 2000

Reinhart et al. 2003 Ecology Letters

Conclusion:Sequencing and testing of Pythiumisolates showed:In USA P. attrantheridium was morevirulent than in Europe. Therefore, no escape from enemies, but release from virulent enemy strains

Reinhart et al. New Phytologist 2010

Range shifts or new invasions by climate change?

•50 % of recently established plant species in the Netherlands from warm climate region•Same pattern also for lichens, mosses, insects and aquatic/marine species

Lactuca serriola

Hooftman et al. Basic and Applied Ecology 2006

Quite some species move successfully to higher latitudes and altitudes

100 2000Distance (km)

1

0

Jaccardsimilarity index

Nematodes

Bacteria

Chalk grasslands in southern UK: nematode and bacteria similarity decline with distance(source: the EU-TLinks project). Soil-borne enemy release by range shift possible?

Monroy et al. submitted

Plant-soil feedback experimentswith range expanding exotic and related native plant species

Soil community X

Plant species A

-

+Soil community A

Bad guys > Good guys

Good guys > Bad guys

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

plan

t soi

l fee

dbac

k

*

Engelkes, Morriën et al. 2008 Nature

Exotics Natives

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

plan

t soi

l fee

dbac

k

*

Morriën, Engelkes et al. in prep.

own = foreign own = foreign

Exotic Native

0

4000

8000

12000

Exotics NativesPla

nt p

aras

itic

nem

atod

es/g

roo

t

Exotic plants are inert for rhizosphere fungi and have less root-feeding nematodes

Exotics Natives

Before warming After warming

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

C

B

D

A

Before warming After warming

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Before warming After warming

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Herbivore

C

B

D

A

Van der Putten et al. Phil. Trans. 2010

Three scenario’s for climate warming.

(aboveground herbivores andcarnivores also stand for belowgroundmultitrophic communities.)

Bodem: naar een grenzeloze toekomst