Verkenning : Wetenschappelijke inzichten over hypnose · hypnosis Lucid dreaming. 5 ... of mental...

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Verkenning : Wetenschappelijke

inzichten over hypnose

Dr. Nicole Ruysschaert

Psychiater

Immediate Past - President ESH - European Society of Hypnosis

Board of Directors member ISH – International Society of Hypnosis

Public Relations VHYP

Trainer – supervisor VHYP – ESH – BiP - ISH

E-mail [email protected]

Website http://www.nicoleruysschaert.com

2018 Lentesymposium VHYP

Is er interesse voor onderzoek?

Wat onderzoekt men / kan men onderzoeken?

Breinactiviteit

Klinische effectiviteit? Evidence-Based behandeling?

Meerwaarde van hypnose bij behandelingen? Bij

psychotherapie?

Toepassingsdomeinen

© 2018 Dr. Nicole Ruysschaert 2

Hypnose en Research?

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.nicoleruysschaert.com/

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PubMed

“Hypnosis” 14437 results

“Hypnosis and Pain” 1937 results

“Hypnosis research” 3361 results

“Hypnosis and Smoking” 258 results


Publicaties


ISH Congress Paris 2015

2.500 participants from 56 nations and

320 speakers from 36 nations.

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Scientific Pre- congress

“New directions in hypnosis research: strategies for

advancing the cognitive and clinical neuroscience

of hypnosis”

Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2017, 1–14

doi: 10.1093/nc/nix004

Hypnose?

Inductie

Hypnotiseer-baarheid

Suggestie

Neuroplas-ticiteit

Psycho-therapie?


Een reis of excursie?

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A specific state? Altered State of Consciousness

SocialPsychological

RelatedPhenomenon


Hypnosis


Consciousness

hypnosis

Lucid

dreaming

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APA Division 30 - 2014 Revised definition of hypnosis.

Hypnosis: “A state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion.”

Hypnotic induction: “A procedure designed to induce hypnosis.”

Hypnotizability: “An individual’s ability to experience suggested alterations in physiology, sensations, emotions, thoughts, or behavior during hypnosis.”


Hypnosis Definition

Hypnotherapy: “The use of hypnosis in the

treatment of a medical or psychological

disorder or concern.”

(American Psychological Association, division 30 hypnosis)

(Elkins et al, 2015)


Hypnosis Definition

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Central Components Hypnotic

Response


Mazzoni, Venneri, McGeown, & Kirsch, 2013; Oakley & Halligan, 2010

Hypnotic response is

located at the

confluence of three

central factors:

Interindividual variability

in hypnotizability

The induction procedure

The content of hypnotic

suggestions

Functionele connectiviteit

Samenwerking tussen verschillende zones in de hersenen die een bepaalde functie delen

Kunnen verwijderd van elkaar zijn, en toch samen actief worden = verschillende huizen waar overal oud jaar wordt gevierd

Structurele connectiviteit

Hersenzones zijn anatomisch of fysisch met elkaar verbonden = wegen tussen huizen of kernen


Netwerken en Connectiviteit

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Neuronal Networks


Operator

Directing

input to

brain areas

Reflection,

selfconscious-

ness

Focused

mental

activity


Neuronal Networks

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Central Executive Network


CEN likely enables the maintenance of attentional focus towards relevant mental representations during cognitive absorption, and may partake in the deployment of reliable mental strategies during the hypnotic response.

CEN contribute to the generation and maintenance of mental images

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Salience Network


SN involved in

detecting, integrating,

and filtering relevant

somatic, autonomic,

and emotional

information,

Default Mode Network


DMN involved in self

reflection, thoughts

about you, introspection,

mind wandering, and

spontaneous cognition

(Buckner, Andrews

Hanna, & Schacter,

2008; Mason et al., 2007;

Smallwood & Schooler,

2015).

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Which of your networks are activated

now?


Engagement / increase of the prefrontal

attention network (Raz & Buhle, 2006).

Reduction in default network activity:

Reduces introspection and the generation of

internal thoughts

Reduction in spontaneous cognition

Increased attention focus in anticipation of

upcoming instructions


Hypnotic induction

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Curiosity………preparedness

………….I wonder if it is comfortable for you to move

your hands???????????

Will you feel an energy between your hands???

I wonder if those hands feel like being drawn

together, or perhaps pushed apart or maybe held in

the same place…..?

(Hill & Rossi, 2017)


Curiosity………preparedness

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CEN likely enables the maintenance of

attentional focus towards relevant mental

representations during cognitive absorption,

and may partake in the deployment of reliable

mental strategies during the hypnotic

response.

CEN contribute to the generation and

maintenance of mental images


Networks implication in

hypnosis

SN : this network integrates signals from internal and external sources to govern neural responses to behaviourally relevant and salient events (Uddin,2017),

Modulations of this network during hypnosis may correspond to wide ranging changes in awareness (Demertzi et al.,2016).

Coordinate altered CEN and DN dynamics frequently observed during hypnosis (Deeley et al., 2012;Demertzi et al., 2011; McGeown et al., 2009).



hypnosis

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DN : reduced activity in the frontal part of the

DN parallels decreases in self-related or

internally directed thoughts (Lynn et al., 2015;

McGeown et al., 2009)



hypnosis

Absorption / focus / mental images

Less self consciousness or self awareness

Less alertness for external stimuli

DMN activity decreases in hypnosis



hypnosis

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Response




located at the

confluence of three

central factors:


in hypnotizability



suggestions


HHIs compared to

LHIs show higher

connectivity between

the dorsolateral

prefrontal cortex - part

of executive control or

EC network and the

salience network

(Hoeft et al., 2012; Huber et al., 2014)

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Hypnotizability correlates with greater brain

volume in certain frontal lobe areas

(Horton, Crawford, Harrington, & Downs, 2004; Huber, Lui, Duzzi, Pagnoni, & Porro, 2014)


Hypnotic Susceptibility


Is this possible? ??

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Alcohol stoort activiteit frontale executieve

functies (Dienes & Duka, 2013)

Geeft toename van responsiviteit op

hypnotische suggesties!


Frontale Cortex

Hypnotic response

Occurs because of inaccurate higher order thoughts of intending.

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a region likely involved in constructing accurate higher order thoughts.

Selective reduction of activity DLPFC with rTMS Make it harder to be aware of intending to perform an action.

Easier to respond to a hypnotic suggestion

Inhibiting psychological functions supported by this region mayenhance response to suggestion

(Dienes and Hutton, 2013; Semmens-Wheeler et al. 2013; De Pascalis et al. 2015)


Hypnotic Responses

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Hypnotic Responses



Response




located at the

confluence of three

central factors:


in hypnotizability



suggestions

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No fake!!!! No simulation!!!


Brain activity in different

areas reflects the

subjective experience!

Effects are real and not

merely pretending

Top-down views of hypnosis (Raz, 2011b)

Suggestion-related hypnotic phenomena involve a wide spectrum of frontal activation patterns (Landry & Raz, 2015)

Response influenced by

Individual cognitive strategies /variablility

Content of suggestion

Quality of interaction

(McConkey & Barnier, 2004).


Hypnotic Suggestions

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Neuroimaging of hypnotic response to

suggestion validates the potential of hypnosis

to reliably act upon targeted aspects of

emotion, cognition, thought, and action.

Ideomotor suggestions : perceived

involuntariness ….predictive coding model of

motor control (Jamieson, 2016, Friston, 2010)




Surprise

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Perceptual suggestions

Cognitive suggestions





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Pain Control Hand immersed in hot water.

Modulation of pain intensity and S1 activity :

hypnotic suggestions to increase or decrease subjective intensity of pain

increase or decrease in rCBF in area of S1 cortex.

Modulation of pain unpleasantness and ACC activity :

hypnotic suggestions to modulate pain unpleasantless, changes in the ACC activity (emotional experience)

suggestions for decreasing pain unpleasantness were associated with decreased activity in the ACC,





Top Down processes!

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Suggestions for analgesia, and suggestions for pain : increase of rCBF in the ACC : the same structure involved in pain processing and in modulation of pain.

(Rainville, 2000)



Type of suggestion influences the production

of specific movements

(e.g., Halligan, Athwal, Oakley, & Frackowiak, 2000)

and the inherent sense of agency that typically

accompanies voluntary movements (i.e., the

feeling of control over one’s actions)

Blakemore, Oakley, & Frith, 2003


Ideomotor Suggestions

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Suggestion different from imagination!!!


It’s different

Ideomotor Suggestions


1. Hypnotic paralysis suggestion = left hand paralysed:

2, not hypnotized

3, pretend left hand is paralysed

Move your left hand

(1+2 + 3)

Activity motor cortex

1. motor cortex +precuneus = involvement of mental imagery and memory about self,

primary motor cortex recruits distinct neural circuits than feigned paralysis

Activation of precuneus

Modified representation of the self (Cojan et al., 2009; Ward, Oakley, Frackowiak, & Halligan, 2003).

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Stimuli Used in a Study of

Color Perception in Eight

Highly Hypnotizable Subjects

Subjects were asked to see

these stimuli as they

actually appeared or

to see the color one as if it

were only in shades of gray

and to see the gray-scale

one as if it were in color


Hypnotic visual illusion alters color

perception in the brain




PET Image of Perceptually Driven Color Activation in Eight Highly Hypnotizable Subjects

The named areas were activated more when the subjects were told to view veridically a color stimulus than when they were told to view veridically a gray-scale stimulus

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We conclude that hypnosis is not simply role enactment. Consistent with other recent work (19), we find that the vivid changes in subjective experience attained under these hypnotic conditions are associated with changes in brain function that are typical of differences in actual perception among highly hypnotizable subjects.

Kosslyn, et al, (2000) (Am J Psychiatry, 157:1279–1284)





Theo Olthuis

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Impact of Hypnosis



Brain Plasticity

As mind changes brain changes

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Everything your immaterial mind imagines leaves material traces.

Each thought alters the physical state of your brain synapses at a microscopic level.

Mind is using the brain to create itself -!lifelong neuroplasticity of the brain.

(Daniel Siegel )

Finally we can free ourselves from Descartes’view of “the ghost in the machine”


Brain Plasticity

Imagination and mental practice lead to physical changes Imagining one is using one’s muscles strenghtens

them (Guang Yu, Kelly Cole)

Plastic Brain is like a snowy hill in winter (Pascual-Leone)

Hill is like our genes, a given.

(but epigenetics learn us that these can change as well,,,)

Slide down from hill = tracks you have created, and sliding several times it’s difficult to get out of those tracks and they become really speedy.


Brain Plasticity

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A specific state? Altered State of Consciousness

SocialPsychological

Relatedphenomenon


Hypnosis

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Hypnosis is an inherently empathy-laden

experience

Empathy : powerful enough to alter the

experience of consciousness

Trait empathy + hypnotizability ………”trance

of tranceference”


Rapport? Empathic Involvement

Theory

Face-Heart Connection

At birth mammals have bidirectionalcommunication between the face and the heart : the core of the Social Engagement System (VVC Ventral Vagal Complex)

Need to co-regulate through connectedness

How? Facial expressions, gestures, prosodic vocalisations

Basics of attachment and affectregulation

Openness to social engagement / calming down heart rate - fight/flight or SNS responses


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Missing eye contact?

M. orbicularis

oculi......Baby on the lap

Mother doesn’t want to be

distracted by the child

Couple losing interest for each

other


Empathy is a trait that can be reliably found in high hypnotizables

Empathy is important for initiating a hypnotic relationship as predicted by the EIT

Unconscious tendency for people to come into a state of psychophysiological convergence with one another is a sign that the social engagement system of their body is empathically responding to the other person.

= Rapport? = Pacing?


Empathic Involvement Theory

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High hypnotizables use their empathic talents

to adapt to the perspective, expectations,

imagery, emotions, and body language that

their hypnotist presents to them using hypnotic

induction procedures and hypnotic

suggestions

(Wickramasekera II, 2001)




Therapeutic presence : recruiting myelinated vagal

circuits in the client = exercise neural circuits in the

client

Therapist relationally regulates the client’s nervous

system stress responses.

Releasing the orienting response in trance

Therapist regulates client’s physiology and over

time strengthens client’s emotional regulation.


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Neuronal Networks

VHYP activiteiten

ISH congress Montréal – August 2018

Budapest Medical congress – June 2019

Iran Mashhad Asian congress October 2019

ESH congress Basel -2020

All constituent societies of ESH & ISH & CFHTB

congresses


And our hypnosis journey continues!

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The International Society of Hypnosis (ISH) is sponsoring a day-long Pre-Congress Hypnosis Research Symposium that will be held on August 22, 2018.

The aim of this symposium is to “build a bridge of understanding” between highly experienced hypnosis researchers and clinicians.

The clinicians will be discussing what they view as the key mechanisms of hypnosis (i.e., why they think it is so effective) and the most important research questions they would like researchers to address, in order to help them be more effective in their clinical work.

The researchers will be presenting their most up-to-date scientific findings, and discuss the clinical implications of these findings for increasing the efficacy of clinical hypnosis.

Together, the research and clinician participants will share their conclusions, with a goal of identifying the most interesting and fruitful areas of future hypnosis research. The conclusions from the symposium will be shared in a panel discussion during the Congress.


Pre-Congress Hypnosis Research

Symposium

August 22, 2018

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Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is with great pleasure that I invite all members of the hypnosis family, now

spread over the five continents, to come together for our 21st World Congress of

the International Hypnosis Society.

After sharing unforgettable moments in Paris in August 2015, it is now the honour

of the Société Québécoise d’Hypnose to host the next World Congress in

Montreal, Canada in August 2018. A unique city, defined by its multicultural

citizens and languages spoken, reflects perfectly the life of ISH.

The congress is the strongest and most important moment in the life of medical

and clinical hypnosis within our International Society. Bringing together

practitioners in hypnosis and all health professionals from more than 50 countries

will allow a blending of cultures, techniques and specificities of each of us.


It allows you to verify whether your practice is close to that of a

colleague working on the other side of the globe, or to discover

completely different ways that you will bring home. If you have the

soul of a lecturer, the congress is a unique opportunity to convey your

knowledge and your experiences to the particpants here and

elsewhere. Whether you live on the corner of your street or on the

other side of the world, we will join together for this celebration,

crossing the boundaries of languages, cultures and beliefs. We will

learn from each other.

This World Congress will be filled with great moments of encounters

and exchanges. And of course, a world congress is also a time for fun,

surprises, laughter and emotions … a universal time to celebrate.

http://www.ishhypnosis.org/

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Vlaamse Wetenschappelijke Hypnose Vereniging http://www.vhyp.be

European society of Hypnosis http://www.esh-hypnosis.eu/

International Society of Hypnosis http://www.ishhypnosis.org/

Exploring the Science behind Hypnosis. http://www.hypnosisandsuggestion.org/index.html


Verdere informatie hypnose

verenigingen?

http://www.vhyp.be/

http://www.esh-hypnosis.eu/

http://www.ishhypnosis.org/

http://www.hypnosisandsuggestion.org/index.html

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