Åñ­hj­vèé­yf­hjl­ybö­èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö­ghj­uhfv­Lth­éfd­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne­CIF­geå­kè­reæ­tktr­nhj­yyè­xf­cj­gb­cb­pf­g’znm­vf­nt­vf­nbx­yb­vb­yf­ghzv­rf­vb­gèl­pf­ufkm­ybv­kj­uj­nb­gjv­“eJournal USA”.­Wt­nf­rè­éeh­yf­kb,­zr­≤Trj­yj­vèx­yè­gth­cgtr­nb­db≥,­≤Ukjåfkmyè­ghj­åkt­vb≥,­≤Gb­nfy­yz­lt­vjr­hf­nèÿ≥,­≤Yf­ufkm­yè­gb­nfy­yz­pjd­yèi­ymjÿ­gj­kè­nb­rb≥­nf­≤Cec­gèkm­cndj­è­wèy­yjc­nè≥,­lt­db­cdèn­kñ­ñnm­cz­jc­yjd­yè­gb­nfy­yz,­zrè­cnj­znm­gt­htl­Cgj­ke­xt­yb­vb­Inf­nf­vb­q­vèé­yf­hjl­yjñ­cgèkm­yj­njñ,­f­nf­rjé­fvt­hb­rfy­cmrt­cec­gèkm­cndj,­qj­uj­wèy­yjc­nè,­gj­ukz­lb­q­èy­cnb­ne­wèÿ.

Oj­vè­cz­wz­db­öj­lbnm­jlby­yj­dbq­xf­cj­gbc­fy­ukèq­cmrjñ­vj­djñ,­zrbq­gj­nèv­gt­htr­kf­lf­ænm­cz­ahfy­wepm­rjñ,­gj­hne­ufkmcmrjñ,­hj­cèq­cmrjñ­nf­èc­gfy­cmrjñ­vj­df­vb.­Jr­ht­vè­db­gec­rb­nf­rjé­gt­htr­kf­lf­ñnm­cz­fhfå­cmrjñ,­rb­nfq­cmrjñ­nf­èy­ib­vb­vj­df­vb.­Rj­éty­xf­cj­gbc­rf­nf­kj­uè­pe­ænm­cz­pf­nj­vjv­(rèkm­rècnm­hj­rèd­geå­kè­rf­wèÿ)­è­xbc­kjv­(rèkm­rècnm­yj­vt­hèd,­oj­db­öj­lznm­lhe­rjv­ghj­nz­ujv­hj­re).

Lev­rb,­db­ckjd­kt­yè­d­xf­cj­gb­cfö,­yt­jåj­d’zp­rj­dj­dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm­gj­ukz­lb­xb­gj­kè­nb­re­ehz­le­CIF.­Lth­éfd­ybq­lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­CIF­yt­dèl­gj­dè­lfæ­pf­pvècn­xb­gj­cnèq­ye­lj­cneg­yècnm­Èy­nth­ytn­ht­ceh­cèd,­gj­cbkfy­yz­yf­zrè­gjl­f­ñnm­éeh­yf­kb;­nf­rf­dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm­kz­ufæ­nèkm­rb­yf­db­lfd­wèd­wbö­cfq­nèd.­Cnfn­nè,­aj­nju­hf­aèÿ­nf­èkñc­nhf­wèÿ,­dvè­ot­yè­d­éeh­yf­kfö,­vjé­yf­dèl­ndj­hñ­df­nb­è­gt­htr­kf­lf­nb­gj­pf­vt­éf­vb­Cgj­ke­xt­ybö­Inf­nèd,­pf­db­yzn­rjv­nbö­db­gfl­rèd,­rj­kb­dj­yb­vf­ñnm­xèn­rè­jå­vt­éty­yz­oj­lj­fd­njh­cmrj­uj­ghf­df.­E­nf­rj­ve­hf­pè­ckèl­jn­hb­vf­nb­lj­pdèk­dkfc­yb­rèd­fd­njh­cmrbö­ghfd,­pf­pyf­xt­ybö­e­xf­cj­gb­cè.

Yf­cfq­nè­Åñ­hj­vèé­yf­hjl­ybö­èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö­ghj­uhfv­ht tp://usinfo.st ate.gov/pub/ejournalusa.html­db­vj­ét­nt­pyfq­nb­gj­njx­yè­nf­gj­gthtl­yè­db­gec­rb­xf­cj­gb­cèd­e­rèkm­rjö­tktr­nhj­yybö­ajh­vf­nfö,­f­nf­rjé­gt­ht­kèr­xf­cj­gb­cèd,­oj­uj­ne­ñnm­cz­lj­db­gec­re.­Ghj­cb­vj­yf­lcb­kf­nb­rj­vty­nf­hè­lj­Gj­cjkm­cndf­CIF­e­df­ièq­rhfÿ­yè­fåj­lj­ht­lfr­wèÿ­yf­nf­re­fl­ht­ce:

Editor, eJournal USAIIP/PUBSU.S. Department of State301 4th Street, SWWashington, DC 20547United States of AmericaE-mail: eJournalUSA@state.gov

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eJournal USA

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È­dct­wt­pf­dlz­rb­ght­gf­hf­ne,­zrbq­ddj­lznm­kñ­lb­yè­e­db­ukz­lè­ èy’ær­wèÿ­fåj­zrbq­dj­yf­rjd­nfæ­pf­kè­xt­yè­ct­rey­lb.

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Dcnfd rf: Cnj hèy rb p èc nj hèÿ dfr wb yf wèÿ: Tl dfhl Léty yth

Gjl­åf­nb­ghj­rjé­ye­lb­nb­yertyn uèKK, gj Vèx ybr rt hèd yb rf dctc dèn ymj uj åñ hj jöj hj yb plj hj d’z USAID Cgj­ke­xt­yè­Inf­nb­åt­henm­yf­ct­åt­nhb­df­kè­pj­åj­d’z­pfy­yz­lj­gj­vju­nb­èy­ibv­rhfÿ­yfv­zrj­vj­uf­gj­dyè­it­crj­hbc­nf­nb­cz­gt­ht­df­uf­vb­hz­nèd­ybö­dfr­wby­è­yf­gj­ktu­kb­dj­ghf­wñ­ñnm­hf­pjv­p­ecèæñ­cdè­nj­djñ­cgèkm­yj­njñ­pf­lkz­lj­czu­yty­yz­wèæÿ­vt­nb.

Dcnfd rf:­Cdèn­pyfæ,­oj­hj­åb­nb

Dcnfd rf:­Cnj hèy rb p èc nj hèÿ dfr wb yf wèÿ: Keÿ Gfc nth

Oj­yfv­jåè­wz­ñnm­dfr­wb­ybjc Vfy lf dbl Vfy ceh, cnfh Ibq hfl ybr p gb nfym yj dbö dfr wby dèl lè Ke jöj hj yb plj hj d’z lb nz xj­uj ajy le jjyDfr­wb­yf­wèz­–­yfq­tatr­nbd­yè­ibq­p­trj­yj­vèx­yj­uj­gj­ukz­le­pf­cèå­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­db­éb­dfy­yz­lè­ntq.­Pf­dlz­rb­pe­cbk­kzv­af­öèd­wèd­p­Jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­ghja­èkfr­nbx­yb­vb­otg­kty­yz­vb­p­hj­re­d­hèr­jöjg­kñ­ñnm­lt­lf­kè­åèkm­it­lè­ntq.

Ec­gè­öb­åj­hjnm­åb­p­rj­hjvÅf­uf­njc­nj­hjy­yè­pe­cbk­kz,­cghz­vj­df­yè­yf­pvty­ity­yz­cvth­nyjc­nè­dèl­rj­he,­pf­g’znm­hj­rèd­lf­kb­pvj­ue­lj­czu­nb­gj­cnfd­kt­yjÿ­vt­nb­è­dhz­ne­df­nb­lè­ntq­dèl­yfq­rjy­nf­uè­jp­yè­ijÿ­p­èy­atr­wèq.

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Dcnfd rf: Vbh yè lyè – kèg it ébn nz

Pe­gb­yb­nb­gj­kèj­vèæ­kèn­yf­pfd­élb:­aj­nj­hjp­gj­dèlmIfh Kty gj hnth, cnfh Ibq ht lfr njh éeh yf Ke ≤uKj åfKm yè ghj åKt Vb≥Htf­kè­pf­wèz­Ukj­åfkm­yjÿ­èy­wèf­nb­db­p­kèr­dè­lf­wèÿ­gj­kèj­vèæ­kè­ne­lf­kf­pvj­ue­hèp­rj­pvty­ib­nb­gj­ib­hty­yz­wèæÿ­ödj­hj­åb.­Db­cj­rbö­ht­pekm­nf­nèd­åe­kj­lj­czu­ye­nj­pf­dlz­rb­nf­rbv­ib­hj­rj­vfc­infå­ybv­ghja­èkfr­nbx­ybv­rfv­gf­yè­zv,­zr­Yf­wèj­yfkm­yè­lyè­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ.

Dcnfd rf: Cnj hèy rb p èc nj hèÿ dfr wb yf wèÿ:

Cj kr, Ctq åèy è gj kèj vèæ kèn

Lth éfd ybq lt gfh nf vtyn CIF/njv 12/xbc kj 3

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Dcnfd rf:­Yf ne hfkm yjÿ dèc gb åèkm it yt vfæ

Dfr­wb­yb­e­ÖÖÈ­cnj­hèx­xècnty Kè f. gKjn rèy, db rj yfd xbq hfl ybr uj Kjd yj­uj db rj yfd xj uj lb htr nj hf rjh gj hf wèÿ “SAnofI PASteUr” è uj Kjd ybq ht lfr njh gèl hex yb rf ≤dfr wb yb≥Fd­njh­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­rhfc­ye­öb­db­ckjd­kñæ­cdjæ­åf­xty­yz­qvj­dèh­ybö­yf­ghz­vèd­hjp­dbn­re­dfr­wb­yj­kj­uèÿ­e­gth­iè­lt­cz­nb­kèn­nz­ÖÖÈ­cnj­hèx­xz.

Gj­rèy­xb­nb­p­ödj­hj­åf­vb,­gj­rèy­xb­nb­pè­pkbl­yz­vbèy nth d’ñ p Kè ujK KjV, rt hèd yb rjV dèl lè Ke gf hf­pb nj Kj uèÿ nf Vèé yf hjl ybö ghj uhfV yf wèj yfKm­yj uj èy cnb ne ne fKth uèÿ nf èy atr wèq ybö ödj hjå ghb yf wèj yfKm yj Ve èy cnb ne nè jöj hj yb plj hj d’z, è gè nt hjV lé. jnt cjV, pf dè le df xtV rf atl hb Vèr hj åèj Kj uèÿ, èVe yj Kj uèÿ nf nhj gèx yjÿ Vt lb wb yb eyè dth cb nt ne èV. léjhléf df Iby unj yf q lb htr­nj hjV èy cnb ne ne dfr wby èV. ctq åè yf

Yf­lev­re­trc­gth­nèd,­gjl­jkfy­yz­ödj­hjå,­oj­dhf­éf­kb­kñl­cndj­dghj­ljdé­åf­uf­nmjö­nb­cz­xj­kènm­è­åe­kb­jl­yèæñ­p­ghb­xby­pkbl­yèd,­cnfyt­vjé­kb­dbv­e­ÖÖÈ­cnj­hèx­xè­pf­dlz­rb­db­pyfx­ybv­yf­erj­dbv­lj­czu­yty­yzv.

Dcnfd rf: Idbl rbq elfh gj ödj hj åè

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xfy­yz­dfr­wby­è­gj­cghb­zkf­pyb­éty­yñ­wèy­yf­ybö­e­yf­åf­

uf­nj­cnbc­kè­iè­nth­vè­yb,­yèé­wmj­uj­vjé­yf­åe­kj­jxè­re­df­

nb,­db­öj­lz­xb­p­ce­nj­trj­yj­vèx­ybö­nty­lty­wèq.

GAVI yf­vf­uf­ænm­cz­nf­rjé­ghb­crj­hb­nb­dghj­df­léty­yz­

yj­dèn­yèö­dfr­wby­e­rhfÿ­yfö,­oj­hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz.­D­vb­ye­

kj­ve­vf­cj­dt­db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz­nf­rbö­ght­gf­hf­nèd­e­trj­yj­

vèx­yj­dèl­cnf­kbö­rhfÿ­yfö­gj­xb­yf­kj­cz­xt­htp­15–20­hj­rèd­

gèc­kz­nj­uj,­zr­dj­yb­yf­åe­df­kb­gj­ib­hty­yz­d­èy­lec­nhèf­kè­

pj­df­yj­ve­cdè­nè.­E­pd’zp­re­p­wbv­e­kbc­nj­gf­lè­2006­hj­re­

GAVI­cödf­kbd­ghj­gj­pb­wèñ­oj­lj­hjp­ib­hty­yz­fhtf­ke­db­

rj­hb­cnfy­yz­ldjö­yj­dj­cndjht­ybö­dfr­wby­lkz­ghja­èkfr­

nb­rb­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym,­zrè­oj­hj­re­dåb­df­ñnm­åkbpm­rj­1,5­

vky.­lè­ntq.­Gth­if­p­ybö­–­ghj­nb­hj­nf­dè­he­ce,­zrbq­cghb­

xb­yzæ­e­lè­ntq­nzé­rè­ghj­yj­cb,­oj­yt­hèl­rj­ghb­pdj­lznm­

lj­cvth­nè,­f­lhe­uf­–­ghj­nb­gytd­vj­rj­rf,­oj­db­rkb­rfæ­

gytd­vj­yèñ,­vt­yèy­uèn­è­ctg­cbc.

Wè­ldè­dfr­wb­yb­cgth­ie­åe­lenm­gj­cne­gj­dj­dghj­df­lée­

df­nb­cz­e­rèkm­rjö­rhfÿ­yfö,­oj­lfcnm­vjé­kb­dècnm­pf­rèy­

xb­nb­lj­lfn­rj­dè­lj­ckè­léty­yz­ÿöymjÿ­tatr­nbd­yjc­nè.

Cgj­ke­xt­yè­Inf­nb­åt­henm­fr­nbd­ye­exfcnm­e­lè­zkm­

yjc­nè­GAVI­è­gèl­nhb­ve­ñnm­wè­ke­ybp­re­gf­hf­ktkm­ybö­

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db­ghj­åe­dfy­yz­dfr­wby,­ghb­pyf­xt­ybö­lkz­db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz­e­

rhfÿ­yfö,­oj­hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz,­f­nf­rjé­lj­ckè­léty­yz­yt­uf­

nbd­yj­uj­dgkb­de­tgè­lt­vèq­yf­trj­yj­vè­re.­P­vt­njñ­dlj­

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yjc­nè­dfr­wby,­zrè­lf­ñnm­pvj­ue­ghj­nz­ujv­gtd­yj­uj­xf­ce­

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pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz­dldè­xè­ghj­nz­ujv­g’z­nb­hj­rèd.

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pvty­ib­kf­cz­lj­120­nb­czx,­njå­nj­yf­75fi.

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yfkm­yè­vè­yèc­nth­cndf­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­nf­Èyè­wèf­nb­df­åj­hjnm­åb­p­rj­hjv­(lbd. ht tp://www.measlesiniti ati ve.org).

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kñ ltq eg hj ljdé åf uf nmjö lt cz nb kènm. Wt pf dlfy yz

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rb lkz wmj uj gj nhèå yè crkfl yè jh uf yè pf wèq yè pf öj lb nf

åtp gt ht åèq yt pf åtp gt xty yz vf nt hè fkm yb vb ht ceh cf vb è

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wb yf wèÿ, pè cgèd hj åèn yb rf vb Dèl lè ke gkf yj djÿ ève yè pf wèÿ

Fvt hb rfy cmrj uj wty nhe åj hjnm åb p ödj hj åf vb (WÅÖ).

Lj rnjh Dtyc Lèw jxj kñæ Ctr njh ukj åfkm yjÿ åj hjnm åb

p rj hjv, Cnè dty Cnñ fhn – af öè dtwm p jå vè ye vt lbx yjñ

èy ajh vf wèæñ, f Rf hty Dèk rèyc – rjy cekm nfyn p gb nfym

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Cöèl yèq Fpèÿ, lj gj vf ufñ xb rhfÿ yfv, oj hjp db df ñnm cz,

pf ghj df lée df nb ghj uhf vb vf cj djÿ ève yè pf wèÿ lè ntq.

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Lèw: Nfr.­Rj­kev­åèz­lj­rèy­wz­1980­ö­hj­rèd­hjp­db­df­

kf­le­ét­yt­gj­uf­ye­ghj­uhf­ve­è­ve­yè­pf­wèÿ.­F­gj­nèv,­rj­kb­

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nb,­zr­db­rj­yfy­yz­ghj­uhf­vb­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ­phb­df­ænm­

cz­dyfc­kè­ljr­dèq­yb.

F­ot­æ­ghb­rkf­lb­dnhf­nb­pf­wè­rfd­kt­yjc­nè­p­

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Dèk rèyc: Z­öj­nè­kf­å­lj­lf­nb­kb­it­jl­yt:­rj­kb­vb­uj­

dj­hb­vj­ghj­gj­kè­nbx­ye­dj­kñ­ehz­le,­vb­vfæ­vj­yf­edf­pè­

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pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz,­dj­yb,­zr­nèkm­rb­p’zd­kz­ænm­cz­nf­rf­vjé­

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Åeh­rè­yf­Af­cj.

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öye­nb­yf­ct­kty­yz­dèl­exfc­nè­d­ghj­uhf­vfö­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ.

Lèw: Öj­xe­yf­dtc­nb­ghb­rkfl­p­dkfc­yj­uj­lj­cdè­le.­Vt­yè­

lj­dt­kj­cz­ghf­wñ­df­nb­e­vtr­cb­rfy­cmrj­ve­inf­nè­Cè­yf­

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ne­df­kj­èp­pf­öèl­yjñ­vt­lb­wb­yjñ.

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cke­uj­de­dfy­yz?

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hjp­db­yt­yè­ibq­ctu­vtyn­cbc­nt­vb­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z,­

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ght­gf­hf­nb.

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htf­kè­pf­wèÿ­jåjö­ghj­uhfv­è­pf­åtp­gt­xe­ænm­cz­pf­dlz­rb­Ghj­

uhf­vè­hjp­ib­ht­yjÿ­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ­DJ­JP,­flét,­zr­ojq­yj­

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rfæ­vj­ikz­öèd­lj­gj­ukbå­kty­yz­nf­rjÿ­cb­yth­uèÿ.

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jg­nb­vfkm­ye­cnf­nt­uèñ­lèq.

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yt­nb?

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ghj­uhf­vb­≤Gj­kèj­gkñc≥,­oj­plèq­cyñ­ænm­cz­≤Rotary Int er national≥­d­Yè­ut­hèÿ.

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åkbpm­rè­lj­nj­uj,­oj­db­qijd­p­gèl­rjy­nhj­kñ­e­Yè­ut­hèÿ.

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Vf nt hè, zrè ghb ytc kb lè ntq yf otg kty yz, xt rf ñnm hf pjv p yb vb cdjæÿ xth ub e vèc nè Nf rfq (Yè ut hèz, infn Rf yj). E kbg yè 2004 hj re d wèq rhfÿ yè åe kj crf cj df yj 11-vè czx ye pf åj hj ye yf dfr wb yf wèñ ghj nb gj kèj vèæ kè ne, zrf cghb xb yb kf gèl db oty yz pf ödj hñ df yjc nè nf vèu hf wèñ dè he ce lj èy ibö fa hb rfy cmrbö rhf ÿy.

Ve cekm vfy cmrbq ht kè uèq ybq kè lth ot gbnm ghj nb gj kèj vèæ kè ne yt vjd kz e vt lbx yj ve wty nhè, hjp-ujh ye nj ve pf lj gj vj ujñ UNICEF e gt htl vèc nè Rèy if cb.

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Fvt hb rfy cmrbq lj åhj dj ktwm p jh uf yè pf wèÿ ≤Rotary Int er national≥ ot gbnm lb nb ye d jl yèq èp irèk èy lèq cmrj uj inf ne Fn nth Ghf lti (2004 hèr). ≤Rotary Int er national≥ – jlby èp gfh nyt hèd è pf cyjd yb rèd UÈKG. Wz jh uf yè pf wèz dytc kf e ajyl Èyè wèf nb db gj yfl 500 vèkm qj yèd lj kf hèd CIF, f ÿÿ lj åhj djkm wè db nhf nb kb yf åj hjnm åe p gj kèj vèæ kè njv cj nyè vèkm qj yèd uj lby.

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Ldf lj åhj djkm wè, oj yt cenm èpj nth vèx yè rjy ntq yt hb p dfr wb yjñ, uj ne ñnm cz lj gjl dèh yj uj jå öj le jl yj uj p yf ct kt ybö gey rnèd e hf qj yè Uf vth gèl xfc Yf wèj yfkm ybö lyèd ève yè pf wèÿ (Taèj gèz, 2005 hèr). Pf dlz rb wmj ve pf öj-le åe kj otg kt yj 15 vky. lè ntq e dèl gj dèlm yf gèl db oty yz pf ödj hñ df yjc nè, gj d’zpf yt p nbv xf cj dbv ghb gb yty yzv dfr wb yf wèÿ e Gèd yèx yèq Yè ut hèÿ e 2003–2004 hj rfö.

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Cbc nt vf jöj hj yb plj hj d’z CIF fr nbd yj ghj gf ueæ dfr wb yf wèñ ghj nb ct pjy yj uj uhb ge ct htl yf ct kty yz. E gth iè lyè jcèy ymjÿ tgè lt vèÿ uhb ge 2006 hj re lj åhj djkm wè lj gj vju kb Eg hfd kèy yñ jöj hj yb plj hj d’z Jr-kf öj vf-Cè nè ghj dtc nb vf cj de ève yè pf wèq ye rfv gf yèñ. Yf pyèv re db lyj rf dfkm rf le vf iby, zrè db ib re df kb cz d xth ue åè kz ghb lj hjé ymj uj ève yè pf wèq yj uj gey rne, lt ojl yz hj åb kb gj yfl 1700 otg ktym.

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Cnty kè F. Gkjn rèy – db rj yfd xbq hfl ybr uj kjd yj uj

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– uj kjd ybq ht lfr njh rkf cbx yj uj

gèl hex yb rf ≤Dfr wb yb≥.

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ghj­ntÿ­yèd.

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åb­kñ­lb­ye­dèl­DÈK­èy­atr­wèÿ,­e­yfq­åkbé­xj­ve­vfq­åen­

ymj­ve­vf­kjq­vj­dèh­yf.

•­Uhbg­pf­kb­if­ænm­cz­åf­yfkm­yjñ,­ghj­nt­èyj­lè­cvth­

ntkm­yj­yt­åtp­gtx­yjñ­èy­atr­wèæñ.­Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb­yf­nt,­oj­

yf­zd­yè­ghj­nbu­hb­gjp­yè­dfr­wb­yb­dtkm­vb­tatr­nbd­yè,­pf­

dlz­rb­påf­uf­xty­yñ­fy­nb­uty­yj­uj­cgtr­nhf­wbö­ght­gf­hf­nèd­

pf­hf­öe­yjr­lj­lfn­rj­dbö­dè­hec­ybö­ghj­ntÿ­yèd,­ddt­lty­yñ­

lj­ÿöymj­uj­crkf­le­fl’ñ­dfy­nèd,­f­nf­rjé­rjv­åè­ye­dfy­yñ­

éb­dbö­è­dåb­nbö­dfr­wby­vjé­yf­lj­czu­nb­ot­yf­lèq­yè­ij­uj­

pf­öbc­ne­dèl­wmj­uj­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz.­∆

Lev rb, db ckjd kt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dèl åb df ñnm gj ukz lb

è gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.

��eJournal USA

Pf ufkm yj dbp yf yj, oj dfr wb yb æ jl ybv èp yfq åtp gtx yè ibö

è yfq lt itd ibö pf cj åèd pf gj åè ufy yz ödj hj åfv è gj rhf oty­

yz plj hj d’z yf ct kty yz. Wtq afrn pf kt ébnm dèl ldjö

yt dè lj vbö: xb db yfq lt yj dfr wb ye, tatr nbd ye ghj nb gtd­

yjÿ ödj hj åb, è zr oj nfr, nj xb vjé yf ÿÿ pf cnj ce df nb e

vfc inf åfö dcmj uj kñl cndf.

Zr åb dèl gj dèlm yf jåbl df gb nfy yz åe kf cndth lyjñ

cnj cjd yj gtd yj uj rkf ce

cnf hj lfd yèö ödj hjå, pkbl yè

yf gkf yt nè vjé yf åe kj å

pyfx yjñ vè hjñ gjl jkf nb.

Pf ytl åf yè nhj gèx yè ödj hj åb

(PNÖ) p lbc ghj gjh wèq yjñ

éjh cnj rèc nñ dhf éf ñnm

gt ht dfé yj vti rfy wèd yfq­

åèl yè ibö rhf ÿy, nj lè zr d

èy lec nhè fkm yj ve cdè nè ghj

ybö vfq ét yt xe nb. Jl yfr

cmj ujl yè phj cnfæ ec dè ljv­

kty yz nj uj, oj tyth uèq yè pe­

cbk kz, cghz vj df yè yf ghj­

a èkfr nb re wbö pf ödj hñ­

dfym, f jn ét – yf pf gj åè­

ufy yz èy df kèl yjc nè kñ ltq,

zrè yf ybö cnhfé lf ñnm,

vju kb å cghf db nb yt fåbz­

rbq gj pb nbd ybq dgkbd yf

zrècnm ébn nz è gj cghb znb

kèr dè lf wèÿ pkbl yèd e rhfÿ yfö, oj hjp db df ñnm cz.

Ldf trc gth nb jå uj dj hñ ñnm ghj åkt ve PNÖ pè cnfh­

ibv ht lfr nj hjv éeh yf ke ≤Ukj åfkm yè ghj åkt vb≥ Ifh­

kty Gj hnth. Kè Ujkk, rt hèd ybr Dèl lè ke gf hf pb nj kj uèÿ

nf vèé yf hjl ybö ghj uhfv Yf wèj yfkm yj uj èy cnb ne ne

fkth uèÿ nf èy atr wèq ybö ödj hjå ghb Yf wèj yfkm yj ve èy cnb­

ne nè jöj hj yb plj hj d’z, nf Gè nth Lé. Jntc, lj rnjh vt­

lb wb yb, pf dè le dfx rf atl hb vèr hj åèj kj uèÿ, ève yj kj uèÿ nf

nhj gèx yjÿ vt lb wb yb eyè dth cb nt ne èv. Léjhléf Df iby u­

nj yf è lb htr njh Èy cnb ne ne dfr wby èv. Fkm åth nf Ctq åè­

yf, lè kznm cz cdjÿ vb lev rf vb ghj lj czu ye nbq gj cneg è

cnhf nt uèñ cbc nt vb jöj hj yb plj hj d’z e wèq cat hè.

Gb nfy yz:­Lj­rnj­ht­Jntc,­Db­yf­pdf­kb­wè­ödj­hj­åb­

≤åèå­kèq­yb­vb≥.­Zrbq­db­cyj­djr­vjé­yf­phj­åb­nb­p­ju­kz­le­

yf­déb­nbq­Df­vb­nth­vèy­ghj­nhb­df­kècnm­èc­nj­hèÿ­wbö­pf­

ödj­hñ­dfym­è­ghj­nt,­yf­crèkm­rb­nzé­rj­dj­yb­dhf­éf­ñnm­

kñl­cndj?

Jntc:­Åèå­kèq­yb­vb­yf­pb­df­ænm­cz­uhe­gf­nfr­pdf­ybö­pf­

ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå,­lj­zrjÿ­döj­lbnm­nhb­yfl­wznm­

öhj­yèx­ybö­èy­df­kè­lb­peñ­xbö­

èy­atr­wèq­nf­èy­df­pèq.­Yf­ybö­

cnhfé­lfæ­vfq­ét­db­yzn­rj­dj­

yfq­åèl­yè­it­yf­ct­kty­yz­cdè­ne.­

P­2,7­vkhl.­kñ­ltq,­zrè­d­

ct­htl­ymj­ve­ojl­yz­db­nhf­xf­

ñnm­yf­ct­åt­vty­it­yèé­ldf­

lj­kf­hb­CIF,­ghb­åkbp­yj­

gj­kj­db­yf­–­yj­cèÿ­jl­yj­uj­fåj­

q­rèkm­rjö­wbö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym.­

Cgèkm­yjñ­jp­yf­rjñ­wbö­ödj­

hjå­æ­èy­df­kè­lb­pf­wèz­ödj­hbö­è­

drhfq­yt­uf­nbd­ybq­dgkbd­yf­

hjp­db­njr­lè­ntq,­gt­ht­åèu­df­uèn­

yjc­nè­nf­gj­kj­uèd,­f­nf­rjé­yf­

ghf­wtp­lfn­yècnm.­Cf­vt­xt­htp­

öhj­yèx­ybq­gt­ht­åèu­p­gj­lfkm­

ijñ­èy­df­kè­lb­pf­wèæñ­dj­yb­

cghj­vjé­yè­pf­rjy­cth­de­df­nb­

pkbl­yè­e­yfq­åèl­yè­ibö­rhfÿ­

yfö­cdè­ne.­Vjé­yf­crf­pf­nb,­

oj­wè­ödj­hj­åb­cf­vè­gj­hj­léeñnm­pkbl­yè.

Wè­gj­itc­nè­dhf­éf­ñnm­kñl­cndj­p­ghf­èc­nj­hbx­ybö­xf­

cèd.­Zc­rhf­dè­jgb­cb­rkè­yèx­yjÿ­rfh­nb­yb­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­

gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå­vjé­yf­pyfq­nb­e­åf­uf­nmjö­cnf­hj­lfd­yèö­

ntr­cnfö­–­Åèå­kèÿ,­Nfk­ve­lè,­Åuf­uf­dfl­Uè­nè,­ghf­wzö­Uèg­

gjr­hf­nf,­æub­gtn­cmrbö­gf­gè­he­cfö.­Xt­htp­ÿö­yæ­lfd­yæ­gj­öj­

léty­yz­wè­ödj­hj­åb­ot­yf­pb­df­ñnm­åèå­kèq­yb­vb.

Jn­ét,­zr­oj­ukz­ye­nb­yf­pf­ytl­åf­yè­nhj­gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb­

d­wè­kj­ve,­vjé­yf­lèq­nb­db­cyjd­re,­oj­dj­yb­nfr­cf­vj­fr­

ne­fkm­yè,­zr­è­CYÈL,­vf­kz­hèz­xb­ne­åth­re­kmjp,­è­cmj­ujl­yè­

e­yfc­æ­pvj­uf­lj­cbnm­lèæ­dj­åj­hj­nb­cz­p­yb­vb.

Gb nfy yz: Lj­rnj­ht­Ujkk,­xj­ve­d­vb­ye­kj­ve­hjp­hjå­

wè­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­wbö­ödj­hjå­yt­ghb­lè­kz­kb­åf­uf­nj­edf­ub,­

è­zr,­yf­Df­ie­lev­re,­cb­nef­wèz­pvè­yñ­ænm­cz­yb­yè?

Gj rèy xb nb p ödj hj åf vb, gj rèy xb nb pè pkbl yz vb

Èy­nth­d’ñ­p­Kè­Ujk­kjv­è­Gè­nt­hjv­Lé.­Jnt­cjv

Shistosoma mansoni – wt vèr hjc rj gèx ybq xth d’zr-gf hf pbn, zrbq cghb xb yzæ ibc nj cj vjp. Påel ybr éb dt e pf hf ét yèq dj lè è, ghj yb rfñ xb rhèpm irè he, db rkb rfæ pf ödj hñ dfy yz, zrbv ehf ét yj åèkm it yèé 200 vky. vti rfy wèd gkf yt nb.

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�� eJournal USA

Ujkk:­Dghj­ljdé­nhb­df­kj­uj­xf­ce­påt­hè­uf­kf­cz­fr­nbd­

yf­pf­wè­rfd­kt­yècnm­gb­nfy­yz­vb­åj­hjnm­åb­p­nhj­gèx­yb­vb­

ödj­hj­åf­vb,­fkt­dj­yf­pèq­ikf­yf­yè­dtwm­ot­yf­gj­xfn­re­

ÖÖ­cnj­hèx­xz.­Rj­kb­dèq­cmrj­dè­p’æl­yfy­yyz­rhf­ÿy­Pf­öj­le­

lbc­kj­re­df­kb­cz­e­ht­uèj­yfö­pè­cgt­rjn­ybv­rkè­vf­njv,­nhj­

gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb­db­rkb­rf­kb­édf­dbq­èy­nt­htc,­zrbq­gèc­kz­

db­dt­lty­yz­wbö­dèqcmr­gj­xfd­puf­cf­nb.

Pf­vb­ye­kè­ldf­lt­cz­nb­kèn­nz­dèl­åe­kb­cz­hf­lb­rfkm­yè­

pvè­yb­e­ntö­yè­wè,­åèj­ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ­nf­yf­ibö­gèl­öj­lfö­lj­kè­

re­dfy­yz­è­ghja­èkfr­nb­rb­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå.­Ÿö­db­rkb­rf­

ñnm­vèr­hj­jh­uf­yèp­vb,­yf­åf­uf­nj­crkfl­yè­iè­pf­åfr­nt­hèÿ­nf­

dè­he­cb,­p­zrb­vb­pf­pdb­xfq­gj­d’zpf­yè­yf­iè­ezd­kty­yz­ghj­

pf­hfp­yè­ödj­hj­åb.­Pf­dlz­rb­yj­dèn­yèv­ntö­yj­kj­uè­zv­vb­vfæ­

vj­pvj­ue­ukbå­it­phj­pe­vè­nb­pf­rj­yj­vèh­yjc­nè­hjp­dbn­re­

wbö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym­è­gj­­yj­dj­ve­åj­hj­nb­cz­p­yb­vb.

Èy­ibv­rkñ­xj­dbv­afr­nj­hjv,­oj­pf­pyfd­pvèy,­æ­ec­

dè­ljv­kty­yz­yf­vb­dpfæ­vj­gj­d’zpf­yjc­nè­ce­xfc­yj­uj­cdè­ne.­

Zr­ojq­yj­crf­pfd­Gè­nth,­rhfÿ­yb,­lt­kñ­ne­ñnm­wè­ödj­hj­

åb,­gj­nth­gf­ñnm­dèl­pkbl­yèd.­E­wbö­rhf­ÿy­lj­cè­yt­åe­kj­

vjé­kb­djc­nè­gt­ht­dtc­nb­cdjÿ­yf­ufkm­yè­vt­lbx­yè­gj­nht­åb­

e­rf­nt­uj­hèñ­ukj­åfkm­ybö­db­vju,­zrè­db­pyf­df­kf­å­afh­

vf­wtd­nb­xyf­èy­lec­nhèz­è­zrè­cnb­ve­kñ­df­kb­å­hjp­hjå­re­

yj­dbö­ght­gf­hf­nèd.

Yb­yè­cb­nef­wèz­pvè­yñ­ænm­cz,­è­vb­hj­pe­vèæ­vj,­oj­nhj­

gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb­–­ghj­lern­è­djl­yj­xfc­jl­yf­p­ghb­xby­åèl­

yjc­nè.­Dljc­rj­yf­kty­yz­ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ­nf­gj­zdf­yj­dbö­pf­cj­åèd­

åj­hjnm­åb­p­nhj­gèx­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb­lf­kb­yfv­pvj­ue­hj­

pèh­df­nb­wt­pf­xf­hj­df­yt­rj­kj­è­cghz­ve­df­nb­yf­iè­pe­cbk­kz­

ne­lb,­lt­dj­yb­yfq­gjn­hèå­yè­iè.

Jntc:­Jl­yèæñ­p­yfq­crkfl­yè­ibö­ghj­åktv,­oj­gj­cnf­

ñnm­cmj­ujl­yè­gt­htl­yf­vb,­æ­nt,­oj­yf­if­ntö­yj­kj­uèz­e­

gtd­yj­ve­hj­pe­vèy­yè­db­gt­ht­lb­kf­yf­ie­plfn­yècnm­hjp­gj­

lè­kz­nb­ÿÿ­ghj­lern­vèé­kñlm­vb,­zrè­qj­uj­gj­nht­åe­ñnm.­

Xb­vjé­yf­pf­cye­df­nb­rjv­gf­yèñ,­oj­db­gec­rf­kf­

å­ght­gf­hf­nb­lkz­kñ­ltq,­zrè,­db­nhf­xfñ­xb­yf­

ct­åt­ojl­yz­gj­ldf­lj­kf­hb,­yt­pvj­éenm­pf­ybö­

pf­gkf­nb­nb?­Yt­vj­ét­åe­nb­q­vj­db­ghj­nt,­ojå­

jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz,­jhè­æy­nj­df­yf­yf­jn­hb­vfy­yz­ghb­åen­

re­è­dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yf­gt­htl­cdjÿ­vb­fr­wèj­yt­hf­vb,­

cnf­kf­kè­lt­hjv­p­db­hjå­ybw­ndf­gjl­èå­ybö­dfr­wby.

Jl­ybv­èp­yf­ghzv­rèd­gjl­jkfy­yz­wèæÿ­ce­gt­

htx­yjc­nè­æ­yf­if­cgèd­ghf­wz­p­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybv­

èy­cnb­ne­njv­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­è­Ajy­ljv­Åèk­kf­

nf­Vt­kèy­lb­Utq­ncèd­p­vt­njñ­pf­cye­dfy­yz­yj­djÿ­

yt­ghb­åen­rj­djÿ­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ,­zrf­pfq­vf­nb­vtnm­

cz­db­hjå­ybw­ndjv­dfr­wby.­Vb­db­dxfæ­vj­yj­de­

lj­rnhb­ye,­puèl­yj­p­zrjñ­db­hjå­yb­rjv­dfr­wb­yb­

yt­jåj­d’zp­rj­dj­gj­dby­yf­åe­nb­dt­kb­rf­afh­vf­

wtd­nbx­yf­rjv­gf­yèz.­Yf­nj­vècnm­vb­gkf­yeæ­vj­

cndjhb­nb­ojcm­yf­phf­pjr­Gfh­nyth­cndf­p­hjp­

hjå­rb­dfr­wby­(GHD),­zrt­rj­jh­lb­ye­df­nb­vt­pe­cbk­kz­p­

db­hjå­ybw­ndf­ght­gf­hf­nèd,­tatr­nbd­ybö­ghj­nb­nf­rbö­pf­ödj­

hñ­dfym,­zr­jy­öj­wth­rjp­xb­ibc­nj­cj­vjp.

Wt­gj­cghb­zæ­åeh­ökb­dj­ve­hjp­dbn­rj­dè­dcèö­nbö­xe­lj­

dbö­ntö­yj­kj­uèq,­zrè­åe­kb­pf­gj­xfn­rj­df­yè­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybv­

èy­cnb­ne­njv­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­ghj­nz­ujv­ldjö­jcnfy­yèö­

lt­cz­nb­kènm,­f­jn­ét,­åe­lt­yf­kf­uj­lét­yj­db­gecr­yj­dj­uj­

gj­rj­kèy­yz­åèj­afh­vf­wtd­nbx­yjÿ­ghj­ler­wèÿ.

Gb nfy yz:­Tgè­lt­vèz­CYÈ­Le­nf­rjé­pve­cb­kf­cgèkm­yj­

ne­rhf­ÿy­nf­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq­lj­yj­hèd­rhf­ot­phj­pe­vè­nb,­yf­

crèkm­rb­dfé­kb­djñ­gt­ht­le­vj­djñ­yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ­åtp­gt­rb­

q­trj­yj­vèx­yj­uj­hjp­rdè­ne­æ­plj­hj­d’z­yf­ct­kty­yz.­Xb­yt­

fyf­kj­uèx­yè­vèh­re­dfy­yz­kt­éfnm­d­jc­yj­dè­gt­ht­rj­yfy­yz­­

d­nj­ve,­oj­nhj­gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb­nté­pf­cke­uj­de­ñnm­yf­

edf­ue?

Jntc:­Åt­pe­vjd­yj.­Èc­yeæ­lb­dj­dbé­ybq,­öj­xf­q­lj­rèy­

wz­yt­ajh­vf­kè­pj­df­ybq­pd’z­pjr­vèé­plj­hj­d’zv­è­åtp­

gt­rjñ.­Ghb­lb­dbd­ibcm­lj­rhf­ÿy­cdè­ne,­zrè­dghj­ljdé­

jcnfy­yèö­20­hj­rèd­åhf­kb­exfcnm­e­påhjq­ybö­rjy­akèr­

nfö,­vjé­yf­gj­vè­nb­nb,­oj­yf­ct­kty­yz­åèkm­ijc­nè­p­ybö­

gj­nth­gfæ­dèl­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå.

Puf­lfq­nt,­zrè­njx­rb­gkf­yt­nb­e­wtq­gt­hè­jl­åe­kb­yfq­

uf­hz­xè­ib­vb.­Cj­vf­kè,­Cmæh­hf­Ktj­yt,­Kè­åt­hèz­–­ÿöymjñ­

pf­ufkm­yjñ­hb­cjñ­æ­db­cj­rf­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yècnm­yf­vf­kz­hèñ,­

pf­ytl­åf­yè­nhj­gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb,­DÈK/CYÈL,­è­wt­yt­ghj­cnj­

påèu.­Yb­yè­p’zd­kz­ænm­cz­vjé­kb­dècnm­db­rj­hbc­nf­nb­vt­lb­

rj­ghj­aè­kfr­nbx­yè­pf­öj­lb­zr­èycnhe­vtyn,­plfn­ybq­pf­

uf­cb­nb­rjy­akèrn­è­pvty­ib­nb­yf­ghe­ue­d­wbö­yfq­åèkmi­

db­cyf­ét­ybö­ht­uèj­yfö.

Gb nfy yz: Lj­rnj­ht­Ujkk,­pe­gb­yènm­cz­lt­nfkm­yè­it­yf­

lj­czu­yty­yzö­åèj­ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ,­zrè­lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm­dfv­åj­hj­

nb­cz­p­nhj­gèx­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb.­E­xj­ve­cf­vt­gj­kz­ufæ­

ghj­uhtc?

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N-kèv aj wb nb – rkñ xj dbq rjv gj ytyn èvey yjÿ cbc nt vb. Yf pyèv re db lyj, zr ÿö yz aeyr wèz gj he ie ænm cz ghb DÈK-èy aè re dfy yè.

��eJournal USA

Ujkk:­Gj­xyè­vj,­yf­ghb­rkfl,­p­vf­kz­hèÿ.­Vb­pyfæ­vj,­

oj­lkz­gèl­nhbv­rb­tgè­lt­vèx­yj­uj­ghj­wt­ce­gj­nhèå­yè­nhb­

rjv­gj­yty­nb:­gf­hf­pbn­påel­ybr,­rj­vfh­gt­ht­yjc­ybr­è­jh­

uf­yèpv­kñ­lb­yb­ujc­gj­lf­hz.­Vb­gj­dby­yè­hjp­iba­he­df­nb­

ut­yjv­rjé­yj­uj­p­ybö,­oj­lfcnm­yfv­vjé­kb­dècnm­jn­hb­

vf­nb­yf­åf­uf­nj­njx­yè­ie­èy­ajh­vf­wèñ­ghj­ébn­næ­dbq­wbrk­

påel­yb­rf­yf­ut­yt­nbx­yj­ve­è­vj­kt­re­kzh­yj­ve­hèd­yè.

Cmj­ujl­yè­gj­dyèc­nñ­hjp­iba­hj­df­yj­ut­yjv­gf­hf­pb­nèd,­

zrè­db­rkb­rf­ñnm­ktq­ivf­yè­jp,­ödj­hj­åe­If­uf­cf­q­fa­hb­

rfy­cmrbq­nhb­gf­yj­cj­vjp.­Dj­yb­le­ét­gjl­èå­yè,­ghj­nt­vf­

ñnm­gtd­yè­dèl­vèy­yjc­nè.­Gèc­kz­ghj­dt­lty­yz­gj­hèd­yzkm­ybö­

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kè­re­dfy­yz­ÿÿ­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­ajhv­yt­pf­délb­ghb­pdj­lbnm­

lj­htu­ht­cèÿ­cghb­xb­yt­ybö­ytñ­gj­he­itym.

Vb­öj­nè­kb­å­gj­xb­yf­nb­låf­nb­ghj­kñ­ltq­zrj­vj­uf­

hf­yè­it­è­pf­gj­åè­uf­nb­ödj­hj­åfv,­eyt­vjé­kbd­kññ­xb­ÿö­yèq­

hjp­db­njr.

Jntc:­Z­puj­lty­èp­wbv.­Vb,­exfc­yb­rb­Ukj­åfkm­yjÿ­vt­

ht­éè,­ddf­éfæ­vj,­oj­jg­nb­vfkm­ybv­gèl­öj­ljv­lj­åj­hjnm­

åb­èp­pf­ytl­åf­yb­vb­nhj­gèx­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb­æ­yt­db­åèh­yf­

rj­hbcnm­öè­vè­jg­ht­gf­hf­nèd­xb­dfr­wb­yb,­f­ÿö­gj­æl­yfy­yz­nf­

hjp­hjå­rf­yf­wèq­jc­yj­dè­lj­åht­crj­jh­lb­yj­df­yjÿ­è­rjy­nhj­

kmj­df­yjÿ­ghj­uhf­vb.

Gb nfy yz: È­yf­pf­dth­ity­yz­crf­éènm,­zrbq­xby­ybr­e­

wèq­cat­hè,­yf­df­ie­lev­re,­yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibq­lkz­zr­yfq­

idbl­ij­uj­jn­hb­vfy­yz­rèy­wt­dj­uj­ht­pekm­nf­ne?

Ujkk:­Yf­erj­dè­lj­ckè­léty­yz­pf­délb­ckèl­hjp­ukz­lf­

nb­zr­gt­ht­le­vj­de­ec­gè­öe,­hjp­hf­öj­df­ye­yf­dèl­lf­kt­ye­

gth­cgtr­nb­de.­Ntv­gb­lj­ckè­létym­ghb­crj­hñ­ñnm­cz­pf­dlz­

rb­hjp­iba­he­dfy­yñ­ut­yj­vf­è­dèl­rhbn­nzv,­phjå­kt­ybv­yf­

wèq­jc­yj­dè.­Cf­vt­p­yb­vb­vb­gj­d’zpeæ­vj­gj­cneg­e­yfq­

åkbé­xj­ve­vfq­åen­ymj­ve.

Rhèv­nj­uj,­hjp­hjå­rf­ybp­rb­dfr­wby­db­qikf­yf­rkè­

yèx­ye­cnf­lèñ.­Gè­nth­puf­le­dfd­ghj­Èyè­wèf­nb­de­p­hjp­hjå­rb­

ghj­nb­fy­rè­kjc­njv­yjÿ­dfr­wb­yb.­Dt­lenm­cz­nf­rjé­gj­ie­rb­

dfr­wby­ghj­nb­ibc­nj­cj­vj­pe­nf­ktq­ivf­yèj­pe,­è­gj­gthtl­yè­

ht­pekm­nf­nb­yfc­le­ét­nè­ifnm.

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ghj­ce­df­ñnm­cz­dgt­htl,­è­ÿö­yèq­gj­cneg­cnfæ­lt­lf­kè­idbl­

ibv­pf­dlz­rb­yj­dèn­yèv­ntö­yj­kj­uè­zv.

Jntc:­Cmj­ujl­yè­e­yfc­p’z­db­kf­cz­ht­fkm­yf­vjé­kb­dècnm­

pyb­pb­nb­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yècnm­yf­cèv­yfq­gj­ib­ht­yè­ibö­nhj­

gèx­ybö­èy­atr­wèq­nf­èy­df­pèq­–­fc­rf­hb­ljp,­fy­rè­kjc­nj­vjp,­

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kz­hè­jp­è­nhf­öj­ve­–­pf­dlz­rb­ghj­uhf­vè­èy­ntu­hj­df­yj­uj­rjy­

nhj­kñ,­oj­gt­htl­åf­xfæ­db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz­rhfÿ­yf­vb,­zrè­hjp­

db­df­ñnm­cz,­ght­gf­hf­nèd,­oj­ÿö­yf­lf­ñnm­rhfÿ­yb­lj­yj­hb,­

nf­kè­rèd­dkfc­yj­uj­db­hjå­ybw­ndf.­Fr­nbd­yè­if­åj­hjnm­åf­p­

yf­pdf­yb­vb­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz­vb,­zrè­dhf­éf­ñnm­yfq­åèl­yè­it­

yf­ct­kty­yz­cdè­ne,­vju­kf­å­pde­pb­nb­ÿö­yèq­fht­fk­d­Fa­hb­wè,­

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pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yñ­wbö­ght­gf­hf­nèd­vb­cnfy­tvj­cdèl­rf­vb­hèp­

rj­uj­gj­rhf­oty­yz­plj­hj­d’z,­jc­dè­nb­q­trj­yj­vèx­yj­uj­hjp­

dbn­re,­f­vjé­kb­dj,­yf­dènm­è­åèj­åtp­gt­rb.

Jlby­èp­ghj­tr­nèd­Ukj­åfkm­yjÿ­vt­ht­éè­e­cat­hè­åj­hjnm­

åb­èp­pf­ytl­åf­yb­vb­nhj­gèx­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb­cghz­vj­df­ybq­

yf­gj­cnf­xfy­yz­gf­rt­nèd­ght­gf­hf­nèd­idbl­rjÿ­lèÿ.­Pf­lj­gj­

vj­ujñ­wbö­gf­rt­nèd­vjé­yf­yf­kf­uj­lb­nb­tatr­nbd­yt,­åtp­

gtx­yt­è­lj­cneg­yt­kè­re­dfy­yz­gf­hf­pb­nfh­ybö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym,­

è­e­vfq­åen­ymj­ve­vb­vju­kb­å­pyb­pb­nb­pf­ödj­hñ­df­yècnm­

fåj­gj­dyèc­nñ­gjl­jkf­nb­wè­cèv­yfq­gj­ib­ht­yè­ibö­nhj­gèx­

ybö­ödj­hjå.­Rhèv­nj­uj,­yfv­dlf­kj­cz­å­gj­dyèc­nñ­pheq­

ye­df­nb­tgè­lt­vèx­ybq­kfy­wñ­éjr­ldjö­èp­ybö­–­aè­kz­hèj­pe­

è­nhf­öj­vb,­dyfc­kè­ljr­xj­uj­dj­yb­gt­htc­nf­kb­å­cnfy­jdb­nb­

ghj­åkt­ve­lkz­cbc­nt­vb­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.

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idbl­rjÿ­lèÿ­vfæ­ceg­hj­dj­lée­df­nb­cz­fr­nb­dè­pf­wèæñ­yf­erj­

dbö­lj­ckè­létym­p­vt­njñ­hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­ödj­hjå,­

zrè­vb­gkf­yeæ­vj­kèr­dè­le­df­nb­(njå­nj­fy­rè­kjc­nj­vj­pe,­

ibc­nj­cj­vj­pe,­ktq­ivf­yèj­pe­nf­db­hfp­rb­Åe­he­kè,­f­nf­rjé­

ltz­rbö­èy­ibö­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå),­åj­hjnm­åf­p­

zrb­vb­yb­yè­kb­if­ænm­cz­fr­ne­fkm­yjñ­ghj­åkt­vjñ.­∆

Lev rb, db ckjd kt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj dzp rj dj dèl åb df ñnm gj ukz lb è gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.

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Pf ytl åf yè nhj gèx yè ödj hj åb dhf éf ñnm vfq ét db yzn rj­

dj pkb lty yt yf ct kty yz cèk è gt htl vècnm rhf ÿy p ybpm rbv

hèd ytv lj öj lèd uhj vf lzy. Ÿö db rkb rf ñnm åfr nt hèÿ nf

gf hf pb nb – xth db è yfq ghjc nè iè, – è dj yb vj éenm ghb­

pdj lb nb lj kt nfkm ybö yf ckèl rèd, fkt yf cfv gt htl cghb­

xb yz ñnm èy df kè lb pf wèñ ödj hbö, cgjn dj hñ ñnm jå kbx xz,

pf nhb ve ñnm hjp db njr lè ntq, ec rkfl yñ ñnm df uèn yècnm

è gj kj ub, jå vt ée ñnm ghf wtp lfn yècnm.

Kñ­lb,­zrè­cnhfé­lf­ñnm­yf­pf­ytl­åf­yè­nhj­gèx­yè­

ödj­hj­åb,­pf­pyf­ñnm­cnbu­vf­nb­pf­wèÿ­e­cec­gèkm­cndè­

q,­rhèv­ghj­åktv­pè­plj­hj­d’zv,­gj­nth­gf­ñnm­ot­

q­dèl­cj­wè­fkm­yj­uj­egj­ckè­léty­yz.­Phti­njñ,­pf­ytl­åf­yè­

nhj­gèx­yè­ödj­hj­åb­gèl­hb­df­ñnm­plj­hj­d’z­yfq­åèl­yè­ibö­

ghj­ifh­rèd­yf­ct­kty­yz­è­ghb­hè­rf­ñnm­ödj­hbö­yf­éb­dj­nèy­

yz­e­pkbl­yzö.­E­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve­nf­ht­uèj­yfkm­yj­ve­vfc­

inf­åfö­dgkbd­wbö­ödj­hjå­yf­cnèkm­rb­yb­oèd­ybq,­oj­ÿö­

ddf­éf­ñnm­jl­yèæñ­p­gt­ht­le­vjd­db­ybr­yty­yz­åèl­yjc­nè­q­

trj­yj­vèx­yjÿ­cnfu­yf­wèÿ.

Nf­rè­ödj­hj­åb,­zr­DÈK/CYÈL,­ne­åth­re­kmjp­è­vf­

kz­hèz,­ltö­nj­nté­ddf­éfæ­≤pf­ytl­åf­yb­vb≥.­Jl­yfr­yf­

åj­hjnm­åe­p­wèæñ­≤dt­kb­rjñ­nhèq­wtñ≥­db­nhf­xf­ñnm­dt­kb­

xtp­yè­rji­nb.­Djl­yj­xfc­yt­pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­yj­éjl­yjÿ­ib­

hj­rj­vfc­infå­yjÿ­èyè­wèf­nb­db,­cghz­vj­df­yjÿ­yf­gjl­jkfy­yz­

nhb­yfl­wz­nb­yfq­gj­ib­ht­yè­ibö­èy­atr­wèq­nf­èy­df­pèq,­oj­

yf­kt­éfnm­lj­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå.­Ghj­uhf­vb­

hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­dcèö­pf­ödj­hñ­dfym,­puf­lf­ybö­e­

Oj nf rt pf ytl åf yè nhj gèx yè ödj hj åb

Rj kev åèq cmrbq cj klfn lt vjy cnheæ jp yf rb ktq ivf yèj pe yf irè hè gkt xf nf jå kbx xz. Dèy pf ödj hèd gèl xfc ckeé åb e léey ukzö yf gèd lyè Rj kev åèÿ, gèc kz xj uj kè re dfd cz yf dèq cmrj dèq åf pè gj åkb pe Åj uj nb.

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wèq­cnfn­nè,­gt­ht­åe­df­ñnm­yf­cnf­lèÿ­gj­xfn­rj­dbö­yf­erj­dbö­

lj­ckè­létym.

utkm­vèY­nj­Pb­(ukbc­nYè­èY­df­Pèÿ)

Fy rè kjc nj vf­–­wt­xth­d’zr,­zrbq­gf­hf­pb­neæ­e­rbi­rfö­

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lj­pf­kè­pj­lt­aè­wbn­yjÿ­fyt­vèÿ­nf­db­cyf­éty­yz­jh­uf­yèp­ve.­

Nzé­rbq­fy­rè­kjc­nj­vjp­vj­ét­cnf­nb­cth­qjp­yjñ­gt­ht­­

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öhj­yèx­ybq­fy­rè­kjc­nj­vjp,­pvty­ie­ænm­cz­yf­40fi.

Jy öj wth rjp­–­wt­gf­hf­pb­nfh­yt­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz,­db­rkb­rf­

yt­xth­d’z­rjv,­zrbq­gt­ht­lf­ænm­cz­xt­htp­ere­cb­pf­hf­ét­yjÿ­

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gj­he­ity­yz­pj­he.

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–­wt­èy­df­pèz,­zre­db­rkb­rf­ñnm­

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dj­lè,­pf­hf­ét­yèq­yt­xbc­nj­nf­vb.­

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ghj­gfc­yb­wz,­rf­itkm­è­åèkm­e­v’z­pfö.­Ghb­gj­dnjh­ybö­pf­

hf­éty­yzö­xt­htp­rèkm­rf­hj­rèd­vj­éenm­hjp­db­df­nb­cz­ehf­

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vky.­jcèå,­p­zrbö­280­nb­czx­oj­hj­re­gj­vb­hfæ.

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yf­9­hj­rèd.

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ghb­ere­cfö­gè­of­yjÿ­ve­öb.­Gt­ht­åèu­ödj­hj­åb­vjé­kb­dbq­e­

irèh­yèq­ajh­vè­p­en­dj­hty­yzv­db­hf­pjr­fåj­dèc­wt­hfkm­yèq,­

zrf­ceg­hj­dj­léeænm­cz­ehf­éty­yzv­dyen­hèi­yèö­jh­uf­yèd.­

Db­hfp­rb­ghb­ktq­ivf­yèj­pè­pf­dèl­cen­yjc­nè­kè­re­dfy­yz­yt­

Hj åèn ybr vècm rjÿ rj ve yfkm yjÿ ckeé åb vèc nf Nt ue cè ufkm gb (Ujy le hfc) jå re hñæ åe lb yjr gèl xfc rfv gf-yèÿ pè pyb oty yz vjc rè nèd, zrè gt ht yj cznm påel yb rf kb öj vfy rb lty ut.

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pf­ujññnm­cz­dghj­ljdé­åf­uf­nmjö­vè­cz­wèd­è­hj­rèd.­Ehf­éty­

yz­dyen­hèi­yèö­jh­uf­yèd­ghb­dèc­wt­hfkm­yj­ve­ktq­ivf­yèj­pè­

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ibö­lj­ckè­létym.

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rkf­lf­ñnm­yf­yf­wèj­yfkm­yè­ht­ue­kz­njh­yè­futyn­cndf­(YHF)­

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gj­vj­ue.

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Ghb­gt­ht­dt­pty­yè­dfr­wb­yb­dèl­db­hjå­yb­rf­lj­vèc­wz­pf­

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dkf­lb,­vt­lbx­yè­ghf­wèd­yb­rb­nf­kè­lt­hb­vèc­wt­dbö­uhj­vfl.­

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–­pvè­yññ­xb­rj­kèh,­cbu­yf­kè­pe­ñnm,­oj­nf­xb­èy­if­fv­ge­

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rj­lj­nhb­ve­df­nb­cz­evjd­ÿö­påt­hè­ufy­yz,­lj­ève­yè­pf­wèq­ybö­

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påt­hè­uf­kf­cz­dj­yf­e­yf­kté­ybö­ntv­gt­hf­neh­ybö­evj­dfö.

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åtP­Gt­rf­èY’ær­wèq

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vjé­kb­dècnm­ÿöymj­uj­nhfd­ve­dfy­yz­gèl­xfc­vf­yè­ge­kz­wèq.­

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irèh­ybö­gj­rhb­dèd­èvj­dèh­yj­rjy­nf­vè­yj­df­yb­vb­ujk­rf­vb­

nf­pdt­lt­lj­vè­yè­ve­ve­pf­åhel­yty­yz­lj­drèk­kz.

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Copyright © Dctc dèn yz jh uf yè pf wèz jöj hj yb plj hj d’z. Dcè

ghf df påt ht ét yj.

Lev rb, db ckjd kt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj dzp rj dj dèl åb df ñnm gj ukz lb è gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.

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E hjp db yt ybö rhfÿ yfö cdè ne, lt gkf yj de dfr wb yf wèñ lè ntq

ghj dj lznm eét dghj ljdé rèkm rjö lt cz nb kènm, ltz rè ödj­

hj åb ghfr nbx yj yt ht æc nhe ñnm è pufl rb ghj ÿö yè af nfkm­

yè yf ckèl rb xb nzé rè ec rkfl yty yz cnb hf ñnm cz p gf v’z­

nè. Åfnm rb d èy lec nhèf kè pj df yj ve cdè nè gt ht dfé yj yt

åf xb kb lè ntq, e zrbö p’z db kb cz cnèq rè gf hf kè xè dyfc kè ljr

gj kèj vèæ kè ne fåj cgj dèkm ybd cz hj pe vj dbq hjp db njr gèc­

kz rj he. È nj ve cnhfö gt htl wb vb ödj hj åf vb dét yt nz­

éèæ yfl kñlm vb nfr, zr hf yè it.

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gf hf nèd è afkm cb aè rj df ybö kè rèd, oj db rkb rfæ e uhj vfl­

cmrjc nè pf yt gj rj æy yz dèl yjc yj

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ghj ler wèÿ nf dct kzæ yt lj dè he

lj ht rj vty lf wèq ghj dèl ybö vt­

lbx ybö rèk. Nf rbq cnfy cghfd

æ jl yèæñ p ghb xby dèl vj db ltz­

rbö åfnm rèd dèl gkf yj djÿ ève yè­

pf wèÿ, ht rj vty lj df yjÿ lth éfd­

yb vb vt lbx yb vb ecnfy jdf vb

nf kè rf hz vb. Èy nth ytn cndj­

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tatr nbd yj uj jå vè ye èy ajh vf­

wèæñ, zrf xfc nj db zd kz ænm cz

yt ghfd lb djñ fåj yt njx yjñ.

Åf uf nj ehz lj dbö nf vèé­

yf hjl ybö jh uf yè pf wèq è ghja t­

cèq ybö fcj wèf wèq yf vf uf ñnm cz

hjp cèz nb gj åjñ dfy yz oj lj

åtp gtx yjc nè dfr wby. Pjr ht vf,

nf re vt ne cnf dbnm gt htl

cj åjñ Yf wèj yfkm yf vt ht éf p jå vè ye èy ajh vf wèæñ ghj

ève yè pf wèñ (YVÈÈ), zrf lfæ gj hf lb åfnm rfv oj lj dfr wb­

yf wèÿ lè ntq.

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dfr­wb­yb­yt­cenm­e­cj­åè­hb­pbr­db­ybr­yty­yz­gj­åèx­ybö­lèq,­

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ñnm­yf­åf­uf­nj­ce­dj­hè­ibv­cnfy­lfh­nfv­åtp­gtx­yjc­nè,­fyèé­

åelm­z­rè­kè­rb,­flét:

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plj­hj­dbv,­è­dj­yb­gj­uj­léeñnm­cz­yf­otg­kty­yz,­ghb­

vè­hjv,­ghj­nb­Haemophilus infl ue nz ae­nb­ge­b­kb­it­

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rèd,­zrb­vb­kè­re­ñnm­pf­ödj­hñ­dfy­yz,­db­rkb­rf­yè­wbv­

vèr­hj­jh­uf­yèp­vjv.

•­Åf­uf­nj­dfr­wby­ghb­pyf­xt­yj­lkz­lè­ntq,­njå­nj­ÿö­

ddj­lznm­e­dè­wè,­rj­kb­dgth­it­db­zd­kz­ñnm­cz­ghj­åkt­

vb­aè­pbx­yj­uj­è­gcb­öèx­yj­uj­hjp­dbn­re,­fkt­wt­yt­jp­

yf­xfæ,­oj­ÿö­ghj­dj­reæ­cf­vt­

dfr­wb­yf.

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d’z­è­lj­åhj­åe­ne­yf­ct­kty­yz­

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�� eJournal USA

Inf­nfö­åe­kj­pf­ht­æc­nhj­df­yj­cgf­kfö­gf­hj­nb­ne,­påel­ybr­

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påt hè uf ñnm cz gj ghb yf zd yècnm afr nèd, zrè cdèl xfnm ghj

ÿö åtp gèl cnfd yècnm.

��eJournal USA

Wè­pdb­ye­df­xty­yz,­zrè­hf­yè­it­vjé­yf­åe­kj­gj­zc­yb­nb­

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Dpz nj pè cnfn nè Vfh nè yf Vf æh cf è Lèæ uj Gè yt lb

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jhb uè yf kjv cnfn nè vjé yf jp yf qj vb nb cz nen: ht tp://www.immuniz ationinfo.org/immuniz ation_issues_ de tail.cfv?id=52. Flfg nj df yj éeh yf kjv ≤Ukj åfkm yè ghj åkt­

vb≥ p lj pdj ke dkfc yb rf fd njh cmrbö ghfd.

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yèc nèd Fvt hb rb, Nj df hb cndf lb nz xbö èy atr wèj yèc nèd,

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wèÿ vtl ctc nth, Fvt hb rfy cmrjÿ frf lt vèÿ cè vtq ybö kè rf hèd,

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cmrjÿ vt lbx yjÿ fcj wèf wèÿ.

Lev rb, db ckjd kt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj dzp rj dj dèl åb df ñnm gj ukz lb è gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.

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ht tp://usinfo.st ate.gov/journals/itgic/0307/ij ge/ij ge0307.htm

�� eJournal USA

AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition. AIDS Vaccines: The Ne xt Fr ont iers. (Rjf­kè­wèz­pf­dfr­wb­ye­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le.­≤Dfr­wb­yb­­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le:­yf­cneg­ybq­he­åèé≥).­New York: The Coalition, �00�.­ht tp://www.avac.org/pdf/rep orts/2006_Rep ort/AVAC_ Rep ort_2006_single.pdf

Allen, Arthur. Vaccine: The Contr oversial Story of Medicine’s Gre atest Lifesaver. (Fk­kty­Fh­neh.­Dfr­wb­yf:­gj­kt­vèx­yf­­hjp­gj­dèlm­ghj­vt­lbx­ybq­pf­cèå,­zrbq­dhz­ne­dfd­yfq­åèkm­it­kñl­cmrbö­ébn­nèd).­New York: W.W. Norton, �00�.

Bilous, Julian, et al. “A New Global Immunisation Vision and Str at egy.” (Åè­kj­ec­Lée­kè­fy­nf­èy.­Yj­dt­åf­xty­yz­è­cnhf­nt­uèz­ukj­åfkm­yjÿ­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ).­The Lancet, vol. ���, no. ���� (May �, �00�): pp. ����–����.

Dugger, Celia W. “Mot hers of Nepal Vanquish a Killer of Children [measles].” (Lfu­uth­Ct­kèz­D.­Vf­nt­hè­Yt­gf­ke­­ghb­åjh­re­ñnm­eåbd­wñ­lè­ntq­[rèh]).­The New York Times (April �0, �00�): p. �.

Dugger, Celia W., and Donald G. McNeil, Jr. “Rumor, Fear and Fati gue Hinder Final Push to End Polio.”­(Lfu­uth­Ct­kèz­D.,­­Lj­yfkml­U.­Vfr­Yèk.­Zr­xen­rb,­cnhfö­è­dnj­vf­pf­df­éf­ñnm­phj­åb­nb­jcnfy­yèq­rhjr­lj­kèr­dè­lf­wèÿ­gj­kèj­vèæ­kè­ne).­­The New York Times (March �0, �00�): p. �.

Hotez, Peter J. “The ‘Biblical Diseases’ and U.S. Vaccine Diplo­macy.” (Jntc­Gè­nth­Lé.­≤Åèå­kèq­yè­ödj­hj­åb≥­nf­lbg­kj­vf­nèz­CIF­e­cat­hè­dfr­wb­yf­wèÿ). Brown Journal of World Af fairs, vol. ��, no. � (Wint er �00�/Spring �00�): pp. ���–���.

Hotez, Peter J., and Meghan T. Ferris. “The Anti pove rty Vac-cines.”­(Jntc­Gè­nth­Lé.,­Vt­ufy­N.­Ath­hèc.­Dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­pkbl­yèd).­Vaccine, vol. ��, no. ��/�� (July �00�): pp. ����–����.

Hotez, Peter J., et al. “Incorporating a Rapid­Imp act Package for Neg le ct ed Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tub­erculosis, and Malaria: A Comp re hensive Pro­Poor Hea lth Policy and Str at egy for the De veloping World.” (Jntc­Gè­nth­Lé.­nf­èy.­Jå’æl­yfy­yz­gf­rt­nèd­idbl­rjÿ­lèÿ­ghj­nb­pf­ytl­åf­ybö­nhj­gèx­ybö­ödj­hjå­p­Ghj­uhf­vjñ­åj­hjnm­åb­p­DÈK/CYÈ­Ljv,­ne­åth­re­kmj­pjv­è­vf­kz­hèæñ.­Dctj­czé­yf­gj­kè­nb­rf­è­cnhf­nt­uèz­vt­lbx­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub­åèl­ybv­lkz­rhf­ÿy,­oj­hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz).­­PLoS Medicine, vol. �, no. � (May �00�): pp. ���–���.

Houlton, Sarah. “A Jab to Be at Cancer?” (Uf­ek­njy­Ctq­hf.­Elfh,­zrbq­yj­rfe­neæ­hfr?) Manufa cturing Chemist, vol. ��, no. � (Se ptember �00�): pp. ��–��.

Kahn, Patricia, ed. AIDS Vaccine Handbook.­(Rfy­Gfn­hè­cèz.­Gèl­hex­ybr­p­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le).­New York: AIDS Vac­cine Advocacy Coalition, �nd ed ition, �00�. ht tp://www.avac.org/handbook.htm

Leahy, Michael. “Breaking the Cycle [malaria].”­(Kè­uè­Vfqrk.­Hjp­hb­dfñ­xb­pf­xf­hj­df­yt­rj­kj­[vf­kz­hèÿ]).­The Washington Post Magazi ne (Oct ob er �, �00�): pp. ��–��, ��–��.

Plotkin, Sta nley A. “Vaccines: Past, Prese nt and Futu re.”­­(Gkjn­rèy­Cnty­kè.­Dfr­wb­yb:­vb­ye­kt,­ce­xfc­yt,­vfq­åen­yæ).­Natu re Medicine, vol. �� Suppleme nt (April �00�): pp. �–��.

Plotkin, Sta nley A. “Why Ce rtain Vaccines Have Been Del ayed or Not De vel oped at All.” (Gkjn­rèy­Cnty­kè.­Xj­ve­hjp­hjå­rf­ltz­rbö­dfr­wby­dèl­rkf­lt­yf­fåj­yt­dt­ltnm­cz­dpf­uf­kè).­­Hea lth Af fairs, vol. ��, no. � (May/Ju ne �00�): pp. ���–���.

Seyt re, Bernard, and Mary Shaffer. The De ath of a Disease: A History of the Eradication of Poliomyel itis. (Ctqnh­Åth­yfhl­­è­Vt­hè­Ifa­ath.­Cvthnm­ödj­hj­åb.­Èc­nj­hèz­kèr­dè­lf­wèÿ­­gj­kèj­vèæ­kè­ne).­Piscataway, NJ: Rut gers University Press, �00�.

U.S. Agency for Int er national De velopme nt. Immuniz ation Esse ntials: A Practical Field Guide. (Futy­wèz­CIF­p­vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj­hjp­dbn­re.­Jc­yj­db­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ:­ghfr­nbx­ybq­gj­cèå­ybr). Washington, D.C.: USAID, �00�.ht tp://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACU960.pdf

Wardlaw, Tessa, et al. “Pneumonia: The Leading Killer of Children.”­(Dj­hlkj­Ntc­cf­nf­èy.­Gytd­vj­yèz:­uj­kjd­ybq­eåbd­wz­­lè­ntq). The Lancet, vol. ���, no. ���� (Se ptember ��, �00�): pp. �0��–�0�0.

Wechsler, Jill. “New Research Models Spur Third­World Effo rts.” (Dtx­ckth­Léèkk.­Yj­dè­vj­lt­kè­yf­erj­dbö­lj­ckè­létym­­cgj­ye­rf­ñnm­rhfÿ­yb­nht­nmj­uj­cdè­ne­lj­lèq).­Applied Clinical Trials, vol. ��, no. � (Se ptember �00�): pp. ��–��.

Wolfson, Lara J., et al. “Has the �00� Measles Morta lity Red uc­tion Goal Been Achie ved? A Natural History Modelling Study,” (Dj­kma­cjy­Kf­hf­Lé.­nf­èy.­Xb­lj­czu­ye­nj­pf­gkf­yj­df­yj­uj­pvty­ity­yz­cvth­nyjc­nè­dèl­rj­he­e­2005­hj­wè?­Lj­ckè­léty­yz,­oj­vj­lt­kñæ­ghb­hjl­ye­lb­yf­vè­re­tgè­lt­vèj­kj­uèx­yjÿ­cb­nef­wèÿ)­The Lancet, vol. ���, no. ���� (January �0, �00�): pp. ���–�00.

World Hea lth Organiz ation. Immuniz ation in Practi ce: A Practical Resource Guide for Hea lth Workers. (Dctc­dèn­yz­­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.­Ève­yè­pf­wèz­e­lèÿ:­ghfr­nbx­ybq­gj­cèå­ybr­lkz­vt­lbx­ybö­ghf­wèd­yb­rèd).­Ge neva: WHO, �00�. ht tp://www.who.int/vaccines-docume nts/DoxTrng/h4iip.htm

World Hea lth Organiz ation and UNICEF. Global Immuniz ation Vision and Str at egy 2006–2015. (Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­è­UNICEF.­Åf­xty­yz­è­cnhf­nt­uèz­­ukj­åfkm­yjÿ­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ).­Ge neva and New York: WHO and UNICEF, �00�. ht tp://www.who.int/vaccines­docume nts/ DocsPDF0�/GIVS_Final_EN.pdf

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Ce nt ers for Disease Control and Pre ve ntion (CDC)National Immuniz ation Proje ct­­(Wty­nhb­åj­hjnm­åb­p­ödj­hj­åf­vb.­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­ghj­trn­­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.cdc.gov/nip/de fa ult.htm

Dep artme nt of Hea lth and Human ServicesNational Vaccine Program Of fi ce(Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z­nf­cj­wè­fkm­yj­uj­­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz.­Dèl­lèk­ghj­uhfv­p­hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wby)ht tp://www.hhs.gov/nvpo/

Food and Drug Administr ationCe nt er for Biologics Evaluation and Research(Fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèz­p­ghj­lj­djkm­cndf­è­kè­rèd.­Wtynh­åèj­kj­uèx­ybö­db­ghj­åe­dfym­è­lj­ckè­létym)ht tp://www.fda.gov/cb er/vaccines.htm

National Instit utes of Hea lthVaccine Research Ce nt er(Yf­wèj­yfkm­yè­èy­cnb­ne­nb­plj­hj­d’z.­Wtynh­lj­ckè­léty­yz­dfr­wby)ht tp://www.vrc.nih.gov/VRC/

U.S. Agency for Int er national De velopme ntImmuniz ation Basics(Futy­wèz­CIF­p­vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj­hjp­dbn­re.­Jc­yj­db­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.immuniz ati onbasics.jsi.com/

VÈé­yF­HJl­yÈ­JH­uF­yÈ­PF­wÈÿ

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immuniz ations(Ukj­åfkm­ybq­fkmzyc­p­dfr­wby­nf­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.gavialliance.org/

Pan American Hea lth Organiz ationImmuniz ation(Gf­yf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrf­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.­Ève­yè­pf­wèz)ht tp://www.paho.org/english/ad/fch/im/ªaccines.htm

World Hea lth Organiz ationExpanded Programme on Immuniz ation(Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.­Hjp­ib­ht­yf­­ghj­uhf­vf­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.wpro.who.int/sites/epi/over view.htm

World Hea lth Organiz ationImmuniz ations, Vaccines and Biologicals(Dctc­dèn­yz­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­jöj­hj­yb­plj­hj­d’z.­­Dfr­wb­yb­nf­åè­jg­ht­gf­hf­nb)ht tp://www.who.int/immuniz ation/en/index.html

DFr­wb­yF­wÈZ­lÈ­ntq

Childhood Immuniz ation Support Program(Ghj­uhf­vf­gèl­nhbv­rb­lb­nz­xjÿ­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.cispimmunize.org/Ghj­uhf­vf­gèl­nhbv­rb­lb­nz­xjÿ­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ,­oj­lèæ­pf­cghb­zy­yz­Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ­frf­lt­vèÿ­gt­lè­fn­hèÿ,­yf­lfæ­åfnm­rfv­èy­ajh­vf­wèñ­ghj­dfr­wb­yf­wèñ­lè­ntq.

PATHht tp://www.path.org/vaccine resourcesPATH­–­wt­vèé­yf­hjl­yf­yt­ghb­åen­rj­df­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz,­vt­njñ­­lè­zkm­yjc­nè­zrjÿ­æ­gj­ier­ikz­öèd­lj­hjp­åe­lj­db­nhbd­rjÿ­nf­eyè­dth­cfkm­yjÿ­cbc­nt­vb­vt­lbx­yjÿ­lj­gj­vj­ub­yfq­åèl­yè­ij­ve­­yf­ct­kty­yñ­cdè­ne.

Vaccine Education Ce nt er(Jc­dèn­yèq­wtynh­ghj­gf­ufy­lb­dfr­wb­yf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/microsite/microsite.jsp?id=75918Wtq­cfqn,­ghb­cdz­xt­ybq­cghjc­ne­dfy­yñ­egt­ht­létym­è­lt­pèy­ajh­vf­wèÿ­lj­drj­kf­dfr­wb­yf­wèÿ­lè­ntq,­gèl­nhb­veæ­lb­nz­xf­­kè­rfh­yz­Aè­kf­ltkm­aèÿ­(infn­Gty­cbkm­df­yèz).

ÈyÈ­wÈF­nb­Db­P­HJP­HJå­rb­DFr­wby­GHJ­nb­ltZ­rbÖ­PF­ÖDJ­Hñ­DFym

Aeras Global Tub erculosis Vaccine Foundation(Dctc­dèn­yèq­ajyl­hjp­hjå­rb­ghj­nb­ne­åth­re­kmjp­yjÿ­dfr­wb­yb­“Aeras”)ht tp://www.aeras.org/Vt­njñ­ajy­le­“Aeras”­æ­hjp­hjå­rf­yj­dbö­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­ne­åth­re­kmj­pe­nf­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­ÿö­lj­cneg­yjc­nè­lkz­dcèö,­önj­ÿö­gj­nht­åe­df­nb­vt.­Yt­ghb­åen­rj­df­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­“Aeras”­jn­hb­veæ­aè­yfy­cj­de­lj­gj­vj­ue­dèl­Ajy­le­Åèk­kf­nf­Vt­kèy­lb­Utq­ncèd,­Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö­wty­nhèd­åj­hjnm­åb­p­ödj­hj­åf­vb­nf­ehz­le­­Lf­yèÿ.

AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition(Rjf­kè­wèz­pf­hjp­hjå­re­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le)ht tp://www.avac.orgRjf­kè­wèz­pf­hjp­hjå­re­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le­(AVAC),­­pf­cyj­df­yf­e­1995­hj­wè,­vfæ­yf­vt­nè­fr­nb­dè­pf­wèñ­yf­erj­dbö­­lj­ckè­létym­pè­cndjhty­yz­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le­è­­yf­kf­uj­léty­yz­ÿÿ­db­hjå­ybw­ndf­lkz­gj­nhtå­ecmj­uj­cdè­ne.

Ce nt er for HIV-AIDS Vaccine Immunology(Wtynh­ève­yj­kj­uèx­ybö­lj­ckè­létym­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­­DÈK­èy­atr­wèÿ­nf­CYÈ­Le)ht tp://chavi.org/Wtynh­ève­yj­kj­uèx­ybö­lj­ckè­létym­dfr­wby­ghj­nb­DÈK­èy­atr­wèÿ­nf­CYÈ­Le­(CHAVI)­–­wt­rjy­cjh­wè­ev,­en­dj­ht­ybq­eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb­q­yf­erj­dj­ljc­kèl­yb­vb­vt­lbx­yb­vb­wty­nhf­vb,­pf­cyj­df­yb­vb­Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybv­èy­cnb­ne­njv­fkth­uèÿ­nf­èy­atr­wèq­ybö­ödj­hjå­p­vt­njñ­db­hè­ity­yz­ghj­åktv­hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­DÈK­èy­atr­wèÿ.

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Global Polio Eradication Initi ati ve(Ukj­åfkm­yf­èyè­wèf­nb­df­p­kèr­dè­lf­wèÿ­gj­kèj­vèæ­kè­ne)ht tp://www.polioeradication.org/

Int er national AIDS Vaccine Initi ati ve(Vèé­yf­hjl­yf­èyè­wèf­nb­df­p­hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le)ht tp://www.iavi.orgVèé­yf­hjl­yf­èyè­wèf­nb­df­p­hjp­hjå­rb­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­CYÈ­Le­(ÈFªÈ)­–­wt­yt­ghb­åen­rj­df­jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz,­dèl­lè­kty­yz­zrjÿ­ghf­wñ­ñnm­e­23­rhfÿ­yfö­cdè­ne­yfl­ghb­crj­hty­yzv­lj­ckè­létym,­cghz­vj­df­ybö­yf­cndjhty­yz­dfr­wb­yb,­zrf­å­pf­gj­åè­uf­kf­­hjp­dbn­rj­dè­DÈK­èy­atr­wèÿ­nf­CYÈ­Le.

Malaria Vaccine Initi ati ve(Èyè­wèf­nb­df­p­hjp­hjå­rb­ghj­nb­vf­kz­hèq­yjÿ­dfr­wb­yb)ht tp://malariavaccine.orgVt­njñ­Èyè­wèf­nb­db­p­hjp­hjå­rb­ghj­nb­vf­kz­hèq­yjÿ­dfr­wb­yb­(MVI)­æ­fr­nb­dè­pf­wèz­pe­cbkm­p­hjp­hjå­rb­tatr­nbd­yjÿ­­dfr­wb­yb­ghj­nb­vf­kz­hèÿ­nf­pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz­ÿÿ­lj­cneg­yjc­nè­­lkz­rhf­ÿy,­oj­hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz.

Smithsonian Instit utionWhate ver Happe ned to Polio?(Cvèn­cj­yèd­cmrbq­èy­cnb­nen.­Oj­é­cnf­kj­cz­p­gj­kèj­vèæ­kè­njv?)ht tp://americanhistory.si.edu/polio/index.htm

Tub erculosis Vaccine Fa ct Sheet(Ltz­rè­dè­lj­vjc­nè­ghj­ghj­nb­ne­åth­re­kmjp­ye­dfr­wb­ye)ht tp://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/tbfa ctsheets/250120.htm

Ht­cEH­cb­lKZ­aF­ÖÈD­wÈD

Allied Vaccine Group(Jå’æl­yf­yf­uhe­gf­hjp­hjå­yb­rèd­dfr­wby)ht tp://www.vaccine.org/Wtq­dtå­gjh­nfk­ght­pty­neæ­yf­erj­de­èy­ajh­vf­wèñ­ghj­­dfr­wb­yb.

Immuniz ation Action Coalition(Rjf­kè­wèz­lèq­yf­gèl­nhbv­re­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ)ht tp://www.immunize.org/ht tp://www.immunize.org/catg.d/noneng.htmRjf­kè­wèz­lèq­yf­gèl­nhbv­re­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ­åj­htnm­cz­pf­zr­yfq­gj­dyè­it­jöjg­kty­yz­yf­ct­kty­yz­ghja­èkfr­nbx­yb­vb­otg­kty­yz­vb,­gj­ib­hñæ­jc­dèn­yè­vf­nt­hèf­kb,­ghb­pyf­xt­yè­zr­lkz­af­öèd­wèd,­nfr­è­lkz­ib­hj­rjÿ­uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè.

National Foundation for Infe ctious Diseases(Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­ajyl­åj­hjnm­åb­p­èy­atr­wèq­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb)ht tp://www.nfid.org/index.htmlYf­wèj­yfkm­ybq­ajyl­åj­hjnm­åb­p­èy­atr­wèq­yb­vb­ödj­hj­åf­vb­–­wt­yt­ghb­åen­rj­df­uhe­gf,­vt­njñ­lè­zkm­yjc­nè­zrjÿ­æ­gèl­db­oty­yz­jåèp­yf­yjc­nè­yf­ct­kty­yz­q­vt­lbx­ybö­ghf­wèd­yb­rèd­p­ghb­xb­yf­vb­è­ghb­ywb­gf­vb­kè­re­dfy­yz­nf­ghja­èkfr­nb­rb­èy­atr­wèq­ybö­ödj­hjå.

National Ne twork for Immuniz ation Info rmation(Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf­vt­ht­éf­p­jå­vè­ye­èy­ajh­vf­wèæñ­ghj­ève­yè­pf­wèñ)ht tp://www.immuniz ationinfo.org/Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf­vt­ht­éf­p­jå­vè­ye­èy­ajh­vf­wèæñ­ghj­ève­yè­pf­wèñ­(YVÈÈ)­pfq­vf­ænm­cz­gj­ib­hty­yzv­yf­erj­dj­jå­uhey­nj­df­yjÿ­­èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ,­oj­cnj­ce­ænm­cz­ève­yè­pf­wèÿ.­YVÈÈ­vfæ­cnf­nec­­aè­kèÿ­Nj­df­hb­cndf­kè­rf­hèd­èy­atr­wèj­yèc­nèd­Fvt­hb­rb,­­Nj­df­hb­cndf­lb­nz­xbö­èy­atr­wèj­yèc­nèd,­Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ­frf­lt­vèÿ­gt­lè­fn­hèÿ­nf­èy­ibö­uf­ke­pt­dbö­jå’æl­yfym.

Lth élt gfh nf vtyn CIF yt dèl gj dè lfæ pf pvècn vf nt hèf kèd è zrècnm lj cne ge lj cfq nèd Èy nth yt ne, gj cbkfy yz yf zrè vèc nznm cz e xf cj gb­cè. Wñ dèl gj dè lfkm yècnm gj rkf lt yj db yzn rj dj yf jh uf yè pf wèÿ nf jcèå, oj plèq cyñ ñnm gèl nhbv re puf lf ybö cfq nèd. Dcè Èy nth ytn­ gj cbkfy­yz åe kb fr nbd yb vb cnfy jv yf åt ht ptym 2007 hj re.

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