Transculture- Canada

7/28/2019 Transculture- Canada

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T rans -cu l tura l Va luesW eek 4Cul tural Va lu es o f Ca na d a

Canadian culture is a term that explains the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representativeof Canada andCanadians, not only to its own population, but people all over the world. Canada's culture has historically beeninfluenced byEuropean cultureand traditions, especiallyBritishandFrench. Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada's

Aboriginal peoplesand immigrant populations have become incorporated into mainstream Canadian culture. It has subsequentlybeen influenced byAmerican culturebecause of its proximity and migration between the two countries.

Canada is often characterised as being "very progressive, diverse, andmulticultural".Canadian Government policies such as;publicly funded health care,higher and more progressive taxation, outlawingcapital punishment, strong efforts to eliminatepoverty,an emphasis on cultural diversity, imposing strictergun control, and most recently legalizingsame-sex marriage are socialindicators of how Canada's political and cultural identities differ from that of the United States.

Canada'sfederal governmenthas influenced Canadian culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created crowncorporations to promote Canadian culture through media, such as theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation(CBC) and theNationalFilm Board of Canada(NFB), and promotes many events which it considers to promote Canadian traditions. It has also tried toprotect Canadian cultureby setting legal minimums onCanadian contentin many media using bodies like theCanadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission(CRTC).

Development of a culture

Historical influences

North American fur tradersat work as depicted in 1777 byClaude J. Sauthier

Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactions withFirst NationsandInuitpopulations in what is nowCanada were relatively peaceful, compared to the experience ofnative peoplesin the United States. Combined with relatively lateeconomic developmentin many regions, this peaceful history has allowedAboriginal Canadiansto have a lasting influence on thenational culture while preserving their own identity (see:The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples). Over the course of threecenturies countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part ofCanadian languageand use.Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. Thename "Canada"itselfderives from theSt. Lawrence Iroquoianword meaning "village" or "settlement".Canada's capital cityOttawacomes from the

Algonquin languageterm "adawe" meaning "to trade".

Most of Canada's territory was inhabited later than otherEuropean coloniesin the Americas, with the result that themes andsymbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian culture The Frenchoriginally settledNew Francealong the shores of the Atlantic Ocean andSaint Lawrence River, during the early part of the 17thcentury. TheBritishconquest of Canada and subsequent immigration, during the mid 18th century brought the largeFrancophonepopulation under British rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation, while the migration of 46,000United EmpireLoyalistsfrom theThirteen Coloniesbrought American influences which gave the Canadian provinces a distinct American flavoruntil theGreat Migration of Canada(1815 to 1850) from theBritish Isles. Canada until the 1940s saw itself in terms ofEnglishandFrenchcultural, linguistic and political identities, and to some extent aboriginal.
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TheDr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese GardeninVancouver's Chinatownis the first full-size Chinese or "scholars"gardenbuiltoutside of China

Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as theContinuous journey regulationandChinese Immigration Act) that had favouredBritish, American and other European immigrants (such asDutch,German, Italian,Polish, SwedishandUkrainian) were amendedduring the 1960s, resulting in an influx of diverse people from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbeans. By the end of the 20th centuryimmigrants increasingly wereChinese,Indian,Vietnamese,Jamaican,Filipino,LebaneseandHaitianAs of 2006, Canada hasgrown to havethirty four ethnic groupswith at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts. 16.2% of the population self identify as avisible minority.

Canada has also evolved to bereligiouslyandlinguisticallydiverse, encompassing a wide range of dialects, beliefs and customs.According to the 2001 census, 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group,accounting for 43.6% of the population. The largestProtestantdenomination is theUnited Church of Canada(accounting for 9.5%of Canadians), followed byAnglicans(6.8%),Baptists(2.4%),Lutherans(2%), and other Christian denominations (4.4%). About

16.5% of Canadians declareno religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest ofwhich areIslam(2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%). English and French are thefirst languagesof 59.7% and 23.2% of the population,however over six million people in Canada listed another language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common includeinclude: Chinese (3.1%), Italian (1.4%), German (1.2%), Spanish (1.2%),Punjabi(1.1%),Tagalog(0.9%),Tamil(0.8%),Gujarati(0.6%).

Identity

Themaple leafis the symbol most associated withCanadian identity.

The issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny, perhaps more than the identity of the people of any other modern nation.Journalist and professorAndrew Cohenwrote in 2007:

The Canadian Identity, as it has come to be known, is as elusive as theSasquatchandOgopogo. It has animatedand frustratedgenerations of statesmen, historians, writers, artists, philosophers, and the National Film Board...Canada resists easy definition.

Andrew Cohen, The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are[

In true Canadian fashion, however, even the search for an identity has become itself an object for self-criticism.

The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations

between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguisticsurvival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and theBritish Empire, resulting in a gradual politicalprocess towards complete independence from the imperial power and, finally, the close proximity of English-speaking Canadians tothe military, economic and cultural powerhouse of the United States. In the 20th century immigrants from African,Caribbeanand

Asian nationalities have shaped the Canadian identity, a process that continues today with the continuing arrival of large numbers ofimmigrants from non British or French backgrounds, adding the theme of multiculturalism to the debate.
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Nationalism and protectionism

Quebec's National Holiday(French:La Fte nationale du Qubec) is celebrated annually on June 24,St.

John the Baptist Day

In general, Canadian nationalists are highly concerned about the protection of Canadiansovereignty and loyalty to theCanadian State, placing them in thecivic nationalistcategory. It

has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism, or at least hostility towards the UnitedStates, often plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies. A unified, bi-cultural,

tolerant and sovereign Canada remains an ideological inspiration to many Canadian nationalists.

AlternativelyFrench Canadiannationalism and support for maintaining French Canadian culture

would inspireQuebec nationalists, many of whom were supporters of theQuebec sovereigntymovementduring the late-20th century.

Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious,

interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian

cultural production and limit the effect of foreign, largely American, culture on the domestic

audience. Sharing alarge borderand (for the majority) a common language with the UnitedStates, Canada faces a difficult position in regard to American culture, be it direct attempts at the

Canadian market or the general diffusion of American culture in the globalized media arena.

While Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences, it also must balance this with

responsibility in trade arrangements such as theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and theNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA).

Arts

Visual arts

The Jack Pine, byTom Thomson, 1916. Oil on Canvas, in the collection of theNational Gallery of Canada

The arts have long flourished in Canada, and especially since the end of World War II in 1945.]

Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure throughpublications and periodicals featuring Canadian art, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across thecountry.
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The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. During the mid-19th century,Cornelius Krieghoff, a Dutchborn artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of thehabitants(French-Canadian farmers). At about the same time, the CanadianartistPaul Kanepainted pictures of aboriginal life in western Canada. A group of landscape painters called theGroup of Sevendeveloped the first distinctly Canadian style of painting. All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadianwilderness.

Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles.Emily Carrbecame famous for herpaintings oftotem polesin British Columbia. Other noted painters have included the landscape artistDavid Milne, theabstract

paintersJean-Paul RiopelleandHarold Townand multi-media artistMichael Snow. The abstract art groupPainters Eleven,particularly the artistsWilliam RonaldandJack Bush, also had an important impact on modern art in Canada. Canadian sculpturehas been enriched by the walrus ivory, muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by theInuit artists. These carvingsshow objects and activities from the daily life, myths and legends of the Inuit. Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional giftgiven to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.

Literature

Canadian writerRobertson Davies, author ofThe Deptford Trilogywhich included the famous book,Fifth Business.

Canadian literatureis often divided into French and English-language literature, which are rooted in the literary traditions of Franceand Britain, respectively. Canadas literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective onnature, frontier life, and Canadas position in the world, Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. Canadian literature is often

categorised byregion or province; by the status of the author (for example,, literature of Canadian women,Acadians, Aboriginalpeoples, andIrish Canadians); and by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars."

Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards. In 1992,Michael Ondaatjebecame the first Canadian to wintheMan Booker PrizeforThe English Patient.Margaret Atwoodwon the Booker in 2000 forThe Blind AssassinandYann Martelwon it in 2002 for theLife of Pi.[68]Carol Shields'sThe Stone Diarieswon theGovernor General's Awardsin Canada in 1993, the1995Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and the 1994National Book Critics Circle Award.

Theatre

TheNational Arts Centrewas designated aNational Historic Site of Canadain 2006

Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s. Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months,especially theStratford Shakespeare FestivalinStratford, Ontario, and theShaw FestivalinNiagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. TheFamous People Playersare only one of many touring companies that have also developed an international reputation. Canada alsohosts one of the largestfringe festivaltheEdmonton International Fringe Festival. There are also 2 major theatre venues inOttawa,the government-owned and sponsoredNational Arts Centreand the privately ownedGreat Canadian Theatre Company.
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Shakespeare_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_People_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_People_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Arts_Centre_2010.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davies.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Arts_Centre_2010.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davies.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Canadian_Theatre_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_People_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Diarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Shieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Martel2010-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Pihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Martelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Assassinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Patienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ondaatjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Canadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deptford_Trilogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ronaldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painters_Elevenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Riopellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milne_(artist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Carrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Krieghoff


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Media

Canada has a well-developedmediasector, but its cultural output particularly inEnglishfilms, television shows, and magazines is often overshadowed by imports from theUnited States. Television, magazines, and newspapers are primarily for-profitcorporations based onadvertising,subscription, and other sales-related revenues. Nevertheless, both the television broadcastingand publications sectors require a number of government interventions to remain profitable, ranging from regulation that bars foreigncompanies in the broadcasting industry to tax laws that limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.

Television

CBC's English-language master control point, theCanadian Broadcasting Centre, in Toronto

Canadian television, especially supported by theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation, is the home of a variety of locally producedshows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of

language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions. The success of French-language domestic television andmovies in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. In recent years nationalism has been used to promptproducts on television. TheI Am Canadiancampaign byMolsonbeer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infuseddomestically brewed beerand nationalism.

Film

A number ofCanadian pioneers in early Hollywoodsignificantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the earlydays of the 20th century. Over the years, many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainmentindustry, although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians.

Standard Theatre, 482 Queen Street West. (Toronto, Canada), 1906

Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films, actors, and auteurs. In fact, thiseclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works, such as auteursAtom Egoyan(TheSweet Hereafter, 1997) andDavid Cronenberg(The Fly,Naked Lunch,A History of Violence). Also, the distinct French-Canadiansociety permits the work of directors such asDenys ArcandandDenis Villeneuve. At the76th Academy AwardsArcand'sTheBarbarian Invasionsbecame Canada's first film to win theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.James Cameronis avery successful Canadian filmmaker, having been nominated and receiving manyAcademy Awards.

TheNational Film Board of Canada, is 'a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflectCanada to Canadians and the rest of the world'. The agency helped to pioneer the concept of the documentary. Canada hasproduced many popular documentaries such asThe Corporation,Nanook of the North,Final Offer, andCanada: A People's History.The Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Westerncinema. It is the premire film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins.

The CRTC's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster's transmission time mustinclude content that is produced by Canadians, or covers Canadian subjects.[81]This also applies toUS cable televisionchannelssuch as MTV (MTV (Canada)and theDiscovery Channel(Discovery Channel (Canada), which have local versions of their channelsavailable onCanadian cable networks. Similarly,BBC Canada, while primarily showingBBCshows from the United Kingdom, alsocarries Canadian output.
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Canada's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions.[ Since the 1980s, Canada, and Vancouver inparticular, has become known asHollywood North. The American TV seriesQueer as Folkwas filmed in Toronto. Canadianproducers have been very successful in the field ofscience fictionsince the mid-1990s, with such shows asThe X-Files,StargateSG-1, thenew Battlestar Galactica,Smallville, andThe Outer Limits, all filmed in Vancouver. As with its southern counterpart inCalifornia, many Canadians are employed in the film industry.

Music

Ottawa Jazz Festival insideRideau Centre, 2008

TheMusic of Canadahas reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country.Aboriginals, the French, and the

British have all made contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its owncomposers,musiciansandensemblessince the mid 1600s. From the 17th century onward Canada has developed a music infrastructure, that includeschurchhalls,chamber halls,conservatories,academies,performing arts centers,record companys,radio stationsand television musicvideo channels.[86][87]The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity andmigration between the two countries.Canadian rockhas had a considerable impact on the development of modernpopular musicand the development of the most popularsub-genres. The national anthem of CanadaO Canadaadopted in 1980, was originallycommissioned by theLieutenant Governor of Quebec, the HonourableThodore Robitaille, for the 1880St. Jean-Baptiste Dayceremony.Calixa Lavallewrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge SirAdolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906. Music broadcasting in the countryis regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). TheCanadian Academy of Recording

Arts and Sciencespresents Canada's music industry awards, theJuno Awards, which were first awarded in a ceremony during thesummer of 1970.

Video games

Canada has one of the largest video game industry in terms of employment numbers right behind the USA and Japan with 16,000employees, 348 companies, and a direct annual economic impact of nearly $2 billion. Canada has grown from a minor player in thevideo games industry to a major industry player. In part, this is made possible by a large pool of university-educated talent and highquality of life, but favourable government policies towardsdigital mediacompanies also play a role in making Canada an attractivelocation for game development studios.

Symbols

One of the national symbols of Canada, the beaver is depicted on theCanadian five-cent pieceand was on the firstCanadianpostage stamp, c.1859.
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Main articles:National symbols of CanadaandCanadian royal symbols

Official symbols of Canada include themaple leaf,beaver, and theCanadian Horse.[100][101][102]Many official symbols of the countrysuch as theFlag of Canadahave been changed or modified over the past few decades in order to 'Canadianize' them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom.[103]Other prominent symbols include theCanada goose,loonand morerecently, thetotem poleandInuksuk.[104]Symbols of the monarchy in Canada continue to be featured in, for example, theArms ofCanadaand armed forcesHer Majesty's Canadian Ship. The designation 'Royal' remains for institutions as varied as theRoyalCanadian Mounted Policeand theRoyal Winnipeg Ballet. Duringunification of the forcesin the 1960s, a renaming of the branchestook place, resulting in the "royal designations" of the navy and air force being abandoned.[105]On August 16, 2011, the Governmentof Canada announced that the name "Air Command" was re-assuming the air force's original historic name,Royal Canadian AirForce, "Land Command" was re-assuming the nameCanadian Army, and "Maritime Command" was re-assuming the nameRoyalCanadian Navy.[106]The change was made to better reflectCanada's military heritageand align Canada with other keyCommonwealth of Nationswhose militaries use the royal designation.[106]

[edit] Humour

Main article:Canadian humour

Canadian humouris an integral part of the Canadian Identity. There are several traditions in Canadian humour in bothEnglishandFrench.[107][108]While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Canadians'shared history andgeopoliticalsituation in North America and the world. Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy. Onethread is the portrayal of a "typical" Canadian family in an on-going radio or television series.[109]Another trends include outright

absurdity,[110]

political and cultural satires.[111]

Satire is arguably a primary characteristic of Canadian humour.[112]

Just for Laughs Festivalin Montreal, Qubec at theSaint-Denis Theatre.

The beginnings of Canadian radio comedy started in the late 1930s with the debut ofThe Happy Gang, a long-running weeklyvariety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes.[113]Canadian television comedy begins withWayne andShuster, a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War, and moved their act to radio in1946 before moving on to television.[114]Second City Television, otherwise known asSCTV,Royal Canadian Air Farce,This HourHas 22 Minutes,The Kids in the Halland more recentlyTrailer park boysare regarded as television shows which were veryinfluential on the development of Canadian humor.[115]Canadian comedianshave had great success in the film industry and areamongst the most recognized in the world.[115]

Humber Collegein Toronto and the cole nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programmes in comedy writingand performance.[116]Montrealis also home to the bil ingual (English and French)Just for Laughsfestival and to theJust for LaughsMuseum, a bilingual, international museum of comedy.[117]Canada has a national television channel,The Comedy Networkdevotedto comedy. Many Canadian cities feature comedy clubs and showcases, most notable,The Second Citybranch in Toronto

(originally housed atThe Old Fire Hall) and theYuk Yuk'snational chain.[118]The Canadian Comedy Awardswere founded in 1999by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence, a not-for-profit organization.[119]

[edit] Sport

See also:Sports in Canada

Sports in Canadaconsists of a variety of games. Although there are many contests that Canada value, the most common areIcehockey,Lacrosse,Canadian football, basketball, soccer,curlingand baseball. All but curling and soccer are considered domesticsports as they were either invented by Canadians or trace their roots to Canada.
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ipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Scobie-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Scobie-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Scobie-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopoliticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopoliticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopoliticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Owram1997-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Owram1997-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Owram1997-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Boberg2010-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Boberg2010-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Boberg2010-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-New2002ty-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-New2002ty-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-New2002ty-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Tinic2005-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Tinic2005-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Tinic2005-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Ganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Ganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Ganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Murray2003-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Murray2003-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Murray2003-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Weingrad-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Weingrad-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park_boyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park_boyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park_boyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Colombo2001-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Colombo2001-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Colombo2001-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Fire_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Fire_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Fire_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Stebbins1990o-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Stebbins1990o-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Comedy_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Comedy_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Comedy_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-118http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_Juste_pour_rire_de_Montr%C3%A9al,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Comedy_Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Stebbins1990o-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Fire_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Colombo2001-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comedianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Charney2005-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park_boyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Weingrad-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_and_Shusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Murray2003-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Ganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_for_Laughs_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Tinic2005-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-New2002ty-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Boberg2010-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Owram1997-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopoliticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Scobie-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Scobie-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_humourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_humourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Restoration-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Canada#cite_note-Restoration-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roya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A scene at the2010 Winter OlympicsinVancouverseconds afterTeam Canadawon gold in men'sice hockey.

Ice hockey, referred to as simply "hockey", is Canada's most prevalentwinter sport, its most popular spectator sport, and its mostsuccessful sport in international competition. It is Canada's official national winter sport.[120]Lacrosse, a sport withindigenousorigins, is Canada's oldest andofficial summer sport.[120]Canadian footballis Canada's second most popular spectator sport,[121]andtheCanadian Football League's annual championship, theGrey Cup, is the country's largest annual sports event.[122]

While other sports have a larger spectator base, association football, known in Canada as soccerin both English and French, has

the most registered players of any team sport in Canada.[123]

Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada. Other popular teamsports includecurling,street hockey,cricket,rugbyandsoftball. Popular individual sports includeauto racing,boxing,karate,kickboxing, cycling, golf,Ultimate (sport), hiking,horse racing,ice skating, rodeo,skateboarding,skiing,snowboarding, swimming,tennis,triathlon, track and field,water sports, and several forms ofwrestling.

As a country with a generally cool climate, Canada has enjoyed greater success at the Winter Olympics than at the SummerOlympics, although significant regional variations in climate allow for a wide variety of both team and individual sports. Greatachievements in Canadian sports are recognized byCanada's Sports Hall of Fame,[124]while theLou Marsh Trophyis awardedannually to Canada's top athlete by a panel of journalists.[125]There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada.[124]

[edit] Cuisine

A small sampling of Canadian foods. Top to bottom, left to right:Montreal-style smoked meat,Maple syrup,Peameal bacon,Buttertart,Poutine,Nanaimo bar

Canadian cuisinevaries widely depending on the regions of the nation. The former Canadian prime ministerJoe Clarkhas beenparaphrased to have noted: "Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a smorgasbord." There are considerableoverlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America, many unique dishes (or versions of certain dishes)are found and available only in the country. Common contenders as the Canadiannational foodincludePoutineandButter tarts. Anoteworthy fact is that Canada is the world's largest producer ofMaple syrup.
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