Tonian1000-850

Mesoproterozoicum1600-1000

Plantae

Oomycota

Mycetozoa s.str.

Choanoflagellata

Microsporidia

Metazoa

Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota

Ascomycota(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Basidiomycota

Lecanoromycetes

Plant pathogen

Arthropod pathogen

phagotroph

Saprotroph / mutualists

lichenized

Dicaria

Opistho-konta

Fungi

terrestrial

Multiple loss of flagellum

Phytophora infestans

Amphiacantha

Chytridium

Glomeromycota

Phycomyces

terrestrialUnikonta

Bikonta

Nuclearia simplex

Nuclearia

(Chromista)

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

Ektomycorrhiza

First Glomeromycota fossils

Ordovician490-440

Silurian440-410

Devonian410-355

Carboniferous 355-290

First lichens

Ordovician490-440

Silurian440-410

Devonian410-355

Charophytes

Em

bryo

phyt

es

Marchantiopsida

Bryophyta

Aglaophyton Rhynia

Tra

cheo

phyt

es

Lycopodiaceae

Isoetales

Drepanophycales

Psilophyton

Sphenopsida

Pterydophyta

Seed plants

Cambrian540-490

?

First land plants

?

Molecular data put the divergence of Bryophytes and Tracheophytes to the end of the Proterozoic (540 to 700 mya).

Parafunaria sinensis

Chara Lunularia cruciata

Devonian 410-355

Stomata of Rhynia Pterychthyodes, Placoderna

Rather warm, zoned climate Rather warm, zoned climateSouthern glaciation,

mass extinction

Moresnetia zalesskyi

Kampecaris forfarensis , Myriapoda

Niedźwiedzki et al. 2010)

Creeping on land

Polypterus senegalus (lung fish)

Standon et al. 2014, Nature 513, 54

After eight months raised on land, fin development resembled those of primitive amphibians.

Morphological plasticity might be a strong motor of evolution.

Carboniferous 355-300

Ice ageMass extinction

Warm and wet climateHigh oxygen concentration

Breyeria harlemensis Paleodictyoptera

Euproops rotundatus Xiphosura

Delitzshala bitterfeldensis

Homoptera

Equisetum

Lepidodendron source of today’s coal

Carboniferous 355-300

Ice ageMass extinction

Warm and wet climateHigh oxygen concentration

Synapsid reptiles Diapsid reptiles

Temporal fenestra

Heterodont Homodont

Anapsid reptiles

Homoodont

Archeothyrisfirst primitive Synapsid

Petrolacosaurusfirst primitive Diapsid

heterodont

Hylonomusa first primitive

Anapsid

Carboniferous 355-290

Permian290-250

Trias250-205

Jurassic205-140

Cretaceous140-65

Pelycosauria

Therapsida

Mammalia(mammals)

Am

nion

Sarco-pterygia

Mesosauria

Testudines(turtles)

Crocodylia(crocodyles)

Pterosauria

Dinosauria

Aves (birds)

Euryapsida

Squamates(Snakes, lizards)

Rhyncho-cephalid(Comodo waran)

Synapsid cranion

Diapsid cranion

Lepidosauromorpha

Archosauromorpha

Anapsida

Anapsid cranion

Permian 300-250

Ice ageMass extinction

Warmer and arid AridMass

extinction

Anapsid reptiles

Mesosaurus, Permian primitive anapsid aquatic reptile

Milleretta, Permian primitive anapsid terrestrial reptile

Aldabra tortoise

Dimetrodon, Permian primitive synapsid Pelycosaur

Pelycosaur → Therapsida → Theriodontia (mammal like)

Proburnetia, Permian primitive synapsid Therapsid

Annatherapsidus petri , Permian synapsid Theriodont

Permian 300-250

Ice ageMass extinction

Warmer and arid AridMass

extinction

Synapsid reptiles

Mammal like teeth

Permian 300-250

Ice ageMass extinction

Warmer and arid AridMass

extinction

Diapsid reptiles

Tuatara, Lepidosauria

Pterodactylus kochii, Archosauromorpha

Ichthyosaurus, Lepidosauria

LepidosauromorphaSquamata, Tuatara

ArchosauromorphaPterosauria, Dinosauria

Ichthyosauria

Thecodont dentition

Acrodont and pleurodont dentition

Terrestrisuchs, Crocodylomorpha

Endothermy?Scale derived thermoregulating body cover?

Thermoreg-ulating body cover

Crocodylomorpha

6. From Meso- to Cenozoic

Triassic 250-205Pangaea

Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana

Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present day continents

Hot and dryPolar regions moist

and temperate

Warm and dryNo ice caps at poles

Very warm no ice caps at poles. Ocean temperatures

about 15-20º higher than today

Pangaea

Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents

Very warm no ice caps at poles. Ocean temperatures about 15-20º higher than today

From Müller et al. 2008)

Saurischia

Ornithischia

Stegosauria

Ceratopsia

Pterosauria

Sauropoda

Therapoda

Archaeopteryx

Microraptor gui

Aves(birds)

Archosauromorpha

Triceratops

Stegosaurus

Diplodocus

Dinosauria

Herbivores

Herbivores

Mainly Carnivores

Triassic 250-205Pangaea

Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana

Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents

Iguanodon

Oviraptor

Carnivores

(Flight / display feathers)Paraves

Nemicolopterus crypticus

Thyranosaurus rex(Down feathers)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Late Triassic EarlyJurassic

MiddleJurrasic

Late Jurrasic EarlyCretaceous

LateCretaceous

Maastrichtian Total

Epoch

Nu

mb

er

of g

en

era

z

Estimated diversity

Mesozoic dinosaur diversity

Data from Wang, Dodson (2006), Sullivan (2006)

Total 1844 genera

Recent

Birds: 1200 genera

Mammals: 1135 genera

Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana

Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents

Basal Theropoda

Archaeopteryx

Confuciusornis

Yixianornis

Jinfengopteryx

Rahonavisprobably flight

Troodon(large brain, stereoscopic sight, nocturnal

Mahakala

Deinonychus

Velociraptor

Aves

ParavesFlight / display

feathershomoiotherm,

Pneumatic bones

10 – 80 kg

< 1 – 50 kg

1 – 5 kg

< 1 kg<1 – 60 kg

<1 – 20 kg

< 1 kg

Down

feathers

Dromaeosauridae

Avialae

Cretaceous 140-65 Paleogene 65-23 Neogene 23-

Evolution of birds

Palaeognathae

Neognathae

Anseriformes

Galliformes

Passeriformes

Psittaciformes

Apodiformes

Falconiformes

Others

Tinamiformes

Struthioniformes

Strigiformes

Adaptive radiation

Triassic250-205

Jurassic205-140

Cretaceous140-65

Cycadophyta

Gingkophyta

Permian290-250

Pinophyta

Carboni-ferous

355-290

Cordaitales Gnetophyta

Welwitschia mirabilis

Magnoliophyta

Archaefructus liaoningensis

Gingko

Nymphaeaceae

„Dicotyls”

„Monocotyls”

Amborella trichopoda

Adaptive radiation

Adaptive radiation

Cretaceous 140-65

Cenozoic 65-

Paleogene 65-23 Neogene 23-

Mesozoic 250-65

Monotremata

Marsupialia

Afrotheria Elephants

Elephant shrews

Xenarthra Ant eaters

Euarchontoglires

Primates

Tree shrews

Rodentia

Lagomorpha

LaurasiatheriaChiroptera

Cetarthiodactyla

Perissodactyla

Carnivora

Adaptive radiation

Genetic diversification

Extant mammalian lineages

Adaptive radiation

Adaptive radiation

Adaptive radiation

Cetacea

Devonian TriassianPermianCarboniferous CretaceousJurassic Tertiary to recent

PalaeodictyopteraOdonata

EphemeropteraDictyopteraPlecopteraZorapteraEmbiopteraIsoptera

GrylloblatodeaDermaptera

PhasmidaOrthopteraMallophagaPsocopteraThysanopteraHeteropteraHymenopteraNeuropteraColeoptera

MecopteraSiphonaptera

Diptera

LepidopteraTrichoptera

Genetic diversification

Genetic diversification

In the Triassic period all extant taxa already existed

The rise of insects

Adaptive radiation

HymenopteraNeuropteraColeoptera

MecopteraSiphonaptera

Diptera

LepidopteraTrichoptera

The rise of holometabolous insects

Jurassic

Cretaceous

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

Nu

mb

er

of

fam

ilie

s

K O S D C P T J Kr Pa NE

InsectsVascular plants

Terrestrial Tetrapoda

Nu

mb

er

of

ge

ne

ra

Cretaceous 140-65

Photos from: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/

Paleogene 65-23

The earliest ants

An early bee

A swarm of midgesThe earliest moth

An early lacewing An early weevil A weevil in amber

The Cretaceous –Tertiary impact

K-T boundary

The K-T boundary. The arrow indicates a layer of Iridium rich ash.

Iridium is rare on the surface of the earth but much more common in Chondrite meteors

Luis Alvarez 1911- 1988

Walter Alvarez 1940-

The Chicxulub Impact structure buried beneath the Yucatan Peninsula has 150 -

300 km in diameter

Age dates of melt rock in the structure have at date of 65 Ma.

Extinctions at the K-T boundary were not evenly distributed across taxa

15% of all marine families went extinct, 50 % at generic level, maybe 80-90 % of all species.

Affected were mainly plankton, marine predators, and shallow water communities.

25 % of terrestrial families and 56 % at generic level went extinct.

Nothing bigger than 25 kg survived (predators and herbivores).

Unaffected were higher plants (10% extinction), mammals (rise of 20%), and birds.

However, dinosaur and pterosaur diversity declined even before the impact.

Probably the impact wiped out the last survivors.

Cretaceous and Paleogene saw

an enormous diversification of • Angiospermes (flowering plants)• Holometabolic insects (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera)• mammals• birds• snails• probably lizards• probably fish

a decline in diversity of• Gymnospermes (conifers)• Brachiopoda

the extinction of • Ammonites• Belemnites• Pterosaurs• Dinosaurs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

607080

Time (mya)

Nu

mb

er

of t

axa

zSpecies

Genera

K-T boundary

Global species richness of dinosaurs

Data from Sullivan (2006)

Reports of surviving dinosaurs are highly controversial.

Today’s reading

The Mesozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic.htm http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic2.htmlThe Cenozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Neogene.html

http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Paleogene.html