Semantische Interoperabiliteitbinnen het bedrijf

Voor Nederlands Genootschap voor InformaticaAfdeling architectuur12 juni 2008

Spreker : Ing. Richard Claassens MIMBedrijf : SNS BankAfdeling : SNS IT - ArchitectuurFunctie : Informatie Architect

Down-loadfile

Down-loadfile

Down-loadfile

Screenscrape

Screenscrape

Browser

HTTP/XML

Trans-action

file

Trans-action

file

Trans-action

file

Trans-action

file

Messagequeue

Messagequeue

Messagequeue

FTP

Sockets

E-mail

Message

XML/HTTP

Gateway RPC

CICS gateway

APPC

SMTP

CICS gateway

ORB

Applications From Mergers and Acquisitions

Legacy Applications

Purchased Packages

Applications in Trading Partners

E-Marketplaces

End-User Development

Autonomous Divisions

Outsourced and ASP Applications

Probleemstelling

“Jaguar”

“Geautomatiseerde systemen worden steeds meer samengesteld uit delen gedistribueerde functionaliteit die vaak onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkeld zijn, die zich op verschillende platforms bevinden en die zich in principe overal kunnen bevinden.

Focus : semantische interoperabiliteit/integratie binnen het bedrijf

Jaguar?

De lezing is gebaseerd op

Paper: Semantische interoperabiliteit met behulp van een

bedrijfsbrede taxonomie, Richard Claassens, februari 2007

http://www.via-nova-architectura.org/magazine/reviewed/semantische-interoperabiliteit-met-behulp-van-een-bedrijfsbrede-taxo.html

Verkenning op het gebied van Web2.0 en Enterprise2.0

http://architectureren.wetpaint.com/

Agenda

Probleemstelling

Wat is semantische interoperabiliteit ?

Hulpmiddelen om semantiek te beschrijven en structureren

Ontologie

Tagging

Classificatieschema|Taxonomie

Faceted Approach

Bedrijfsbrede hulpmiddelen

Enterprise ontologie

Zachman framework

IBM IFW

Twee componenten

Interoperabiliteit

wisselwerking met één of meer andere autonome operatoren

Semantiek

speelt pas wanneer er bij die wisselwerking tekens betrokken

zijn.

Semantische Interoperabiliteit

Gebaseerd op : Pieter Wisse, Semantiek, interoperabiliteit en infrastructuur, http://www.informationdynamics.nl/pwisse/htm/semantiek_interoperabiliteit_infrastructuur.htm

Stands for

Refers toSymbolize

Concept(s) (in mind)

–or•thought •idea•intension

“Jaguar”

(Odgen, Richards, 1923)

2) Example of the ambiguity of symbols

Symbol(s) –or•term•label•code

Referent(s) -or•thing•object•extension

(Based on Ogden & Richards, 1923)

Een basismodel van semantiek: “The Meaning Triangle”

before: Frege, Peirce;see (Sowa 2000)

Semantic

origination

H2H H2A

A2H A2A

Human

Human

Application

Application

H2A2H

Semantic interpretation

Een bedrijfssysteem bestaat uitmensen, applicaties, verschillendetypen van interactie en de bijbehorende semantische stromen

Semantische stromen in bedrijfssystemen

Gebaseerd op : Dave McComb, Semantics in Business systems, The savvy manager’s guide, 2004, p. 23.

• ...HumanAgent 1(HA1)

HumanAgent 2(HA2)

exchange signs,e.g. nat. language

‘‘JAGUAR“

Internalmodels

Formalmodels

exchange signs,e.g. protocols

MA1HA1 HA2 MA2

a specific domain,e.g. animals

MachineAgent 1(MA1)

MachineAgent 2(MA2)

(H2H) (H2A),(H2A2H),(A2H) (A2A)

= flow of communication and also the flow of semantics (H2H) (H2A),(H2A2H),(A2H) (A2A)

Human to human Human to application Application to human Application to application

Stands for

Refers toSymbolize

Symbol Referent

Concept

Things in the real world

Concepts / Semantic structures

Symbols /Syntactic structures

The Meaning Triangle

&(Based on Maedche, 2002)

“The Meaning Triangle” afgebeeld op een bedrijfssysteem

• ...HumanAgent 1(HA1)

HumanAgent 2(HA2)

exchange signs,e.g. nat. language

‘‘JAGUAR“

Internalmodels

Formalmodels

exchange signs,e.g. protocols

HA1MA2

a specific domain,e.g. animals

MachineAgent 1(MA1)

MachineAgent 2(MA2)

Ontology Description

Ontology

Formal Semantics

=The ontological commitment refers to agreements on the use of the shared vocabulary by the agents committed to the ontology

Stands for

Refers toSymbolize

Symbol Referent

Concept

Things in the real world

Concepts / Semantic structures

Symbols /Syntactic structures

The Meaning Triangle

commit

MA1

commit

commit commit

HA2

commit

(Based on Maedche, 2002)

Oplossingsrichting : ontologie

a philosophical discipline The Science of Being

Aristotle, Metaphysics.

•Immanuel Kant, Charles Sanders Pierce

Ontology

Comes from

Borrowed by Used in

Welke Ontologie ?

(Based on Guarino, 1998)

Research fields

Knowledge engineering

Knowledge representation

Qualitative modeling

Language engineering

Information modeling

Information integration

Knowledge management and organization

Database design

Agent based system design

Information systems

Enterprise integration

Natural language translation

Medicine

Mechanical engineering

Standardization of product knowledge

Electronic commerce

Geographic information systems

Legal information systems

Biological information systems

Stands for

Refers toSymbolize

Symbol Referent

Concept

1)The Meaning Triangle

Philosophical viewpoint

Computer science viewpoint

An ontology is an explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation(Gruber 1995)

An ontology is a shared understanding of some domain of interest. (Uschold et al. 1996)

... philosophical discipline, branch of philosophy that deals with the natureand the organisation of reality.” (Guarino 1998)

2) Utmost views on ontology

Welke Ontologie ? twee uiterste invalshoeken

philoso-phical ontology

pragmaticontology

top level ontology

universalontology

domain specific ontology

generalontology

taskspecificontology

task inde-pendantontology

language de-pendant ontology

language inde-pendant ontology

formalontology

not formal onto-logy

VIEW

specific ontology

LEVEL SUBJECT PURPOSE LANGUAGE FORMALIZING

application specificontology

Guarino, Nicola (1998). Formal Ontology and Information Systems,. In: Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Proceedings of the First International Conference (FOIS'98), June 6-8, Trento, Italy, 3-15. Ed. Nicola Guarino. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Bodil Nistrup Madsen (2002), based on a.o.:

ontology

Welke Ontologie ?

Natural language Formal, standardized language

TermLists(flat)

Wea

kly

stru

ctur

edS

tron

gly

stru

ctur

ed

Classification andcategorization(hierarchical)

Ontologies(associative)

Controlled Vocabulary

Authority List

Synonym ringsSubjects headings

Classification schemes

TaxonomiesMind Maps

Faceted classification

Thesauri

TAO topics maps

Full topic maps

position paper by Tore Hoel, Oslo University College, 2007

Technieken voor het beschrijven van semantiek (op een logaritmische schaal)

Natural language Formal, standardized language

TermLists(flat)

Wea

kly

stru

ctur

edS

tron

gly

stru

ctur

ed

Classification andcategorization(hierarchical)

Ontologies(associative)

Controlled Vocabulary

Authority List

Synonym ringsSubjects headings

Classification schemes

TaxonomiesMind Maps

Faceted classification

Thesauri

TAO topics maps

Full topic maps

..verschillende bedrijfsbrede hulpmiddelen er op afgebeeld

2) Tag Cloud

3)Zachman Framework

1) Enterprise ontology

4) IBM IFW

Enterprise

Purpose

Time

Action

Inter-contextrelationship

Object

Actor

FacilityLocation

(1) Voorbeeld: topniveau van een enterprise ontologie

Somebody (actor) does Something (action), for Some reasons (purpose), for Someone (object), with the help of Something (facility), Somewhere (location) and Sometimes (time)

Mauri Leppänen, A Contextual-Based Enterprise Ontology, 2007

Context

Communities of interests and boundary objects

3) Boundary objects

Distributed Intelligence: From Reflective Practitioners to Reflective Communities, Gerhard Fischer.Center for LifeLong Learning & Design (L3D)Department of Computer Science and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~gerhard/, may 2005.

Artifacts, documents and perhaps even vocabulary that can help people from different communities build a shared understanding. Boundary objects will be interpreted differently by the different communities, and it is an acknowledgement and discussion of these differences that enables a shared understanding to be formed.

1) A community of practice is a group of people who do a certain type of work, talk to each other about their work, and derive some measure of their identity from that work.

2) A community of interest involves members of distinct communities of practice coming together to solve a particular problem of common concern (Arias and Fischer 2000).

1)

2)

3)

(2) Van persoonlijke tagging naar sociale tagging

Informatie objecten

Persoonlijke tagseen gebruiker organiseert eigen data en data van anderen

Tekstueel&Niet- tekstueel

Tag Cloud: A visual representation of social tags, organized into paragraph-style layout, usually in

alphabetical order, where the relative size and

weight of the font for each tag corresponds to the relative frequency of its use.

Publiekelijk toegankelijk Match?

Gebaseerd op presentatie: Digital categorization , 2005, Rashmi Sinha

= voorbeeld van een boundary object

Een informatie(object) dat de moeite waard is om terug te halen: een artikel, afbeelding, enz.

Fase 0 Fase 1

Meerdere concepten worden geactiveerd

Fase 2

Een van de concepten wordt gekozen

Categoriseer

Registreer het gekozen concept

Een informatie(object) dat de moeite waard is om terug te halen: een artikel, afbeelding, enz.

Fase 0 Fase 1

Meerdere concepten worden geactiveerd

Tagging

Registreer alle geactiveerde concepten

Het cognitieve proces achter digitale categorisatie (1) en tagging (2)

Analysis-

Paralysis!

1) Categorisatie

2) Tagging

Gebaseerd op presentatie: Digital categorization , 2005, Rashmi Sinha

e.g. DATA

ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE - A FRAMEWORK

Builder

SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)

MODEL(CONCEPTUAL)

ENTERPRISE

Designer

SYSTEMMODEL(LOGICAL)

TECHNOLOGYMODEL(PHYSICAL)

DETAILEDREPRESEN- TATIONS(OUT-OF- CONTEXT)

Sub-Contractor

FUNCTIONINGENTERPRISE

DATA FUNCTION NETWORK

e.g. Data Definition

Ent = FieldReln = Address

e.g. Physical Data Model

Ent = Segment/Table/etc.

Reln = Pointer/Key/etc.

e.g. Logical Data Model

Ent = Data EntityReln = Data Relationship

e.g. Semantic Model

Ent = Business EntityReln = Business Relationship

List of Things Importantto the Business

ENTITY = Class ofBusiness Thing

List of Processes theBusiness Performs

Function = Class ofBusiness Process

e.g. "Application Architecture"

I/O = User ViewsProc .= Application Function

e.g. "System Design"

I/O = Screen/Device Formats

Proc.= Computer Function

e.g. "Program"

I/O = Control BlockProc.= Language Stmt

e.g. FUNCTION

e.g. Business Process Model

Proc. = Business ProcessI/O = Business Resources

List of Locations in which the Business Operates

Node = Major BusinessLocation

e.g. Logistics Network

Node = Business LocationLink = Business Linkage

e.g. "Distributed System

Node = I/S Function(Processor, Storage, etc)Link = Line Characteristics

e.g. "System Architecture"

Node = Hardware/SystemSoftware

Link = Line Specifications

e.g. "Network Architecture"

Node = AddressesLink = Protocols

e.g. NETWORK

Architecture"

Planner

Owner

Builder

ENTERPRISEMODEL

(CONCEPTUAL)

Designer

SYSTEMMODEL

(LOGICAL)

TECHNOLOGYCONSTRAINED

MODEL(PHYSICAL)

DETAILEDREPRESEN-

TATIONS (OUT-OF

CONTEXT)

Sub-

Contractor

FUNCTIONING

MOTIVATIONTIMEPEOPLE

e.g. Rule Specification

End = Sub-condition

Means = Step

e.g. Rule Design

End = Condition

Means = Action

e.g., Business Rule Model

End = Structural AssertionMeans =Action Assertion

End = Business ObjectiveMeans = Business Strategy

List of Business Goals/Strat

Ends/Means=Major Bus. Goal/Critical Success Factor

List of Events Significant

Time = Major Business Event

e.g. Processing Structure

Cycle = Processing CycleTime = System Event

e.g. Control Structure

Cycle = Component Cycle

Time = Execute

e.g. Timing Definition

Cycle = Machine CycleTime = Interrupt

e.g. SCHEDULE

e.g. Master Schedule

Time = Business EventCycle = Business Cycle

List of Organizations

People = Major Organizations

e.g. Work Flow Model

People = Organization UnitWork = Work Product

e.g. Human Interface

People = RoleWork = Deliverable

e.g. Presentation Architecture

People = UserWork = Screen Format

e.g. Security Architecture

People = IdentityWork = Job

e.g. ORGANIZATION

Planner

Owner

to the BusinessImportant to the Business

What How Where Who When Why

Copyright - John A. Zachman, Zachman International

SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)

Architecture

e.g. STRATEGY ENTERPRISE

e.g. Business Plan

TM

Zachman Institute for Framework Advancement - (810) 231-0531

1 2 3 4 5 6

1

2

3

4

5

(3)

The Information Framework

-Three views-Three levels

-Ten columns-Five rows

-Fifty cells

(Modelware International, 1999)

III) Technical ViewII) Business ViewI) Organisation View

Structure SkillsStrategy Data Functions Workflow Solutions Interface Networks Platform

Domain Concept(A-level)

Domain Classification(B-level)

GenericTemplate(C-level)

DesignContext(C’-level)

OperationalBound(D-level)

Deconstructionlevel

Compositionlevel

Implementationlevel

Types of infomation

of constraint

Business Data Concepts Classification =

(4)

Level

EnglishProsePoetry

SonnetBallad

GermanProsePoetry

SonnetBallad

FrenchProsePoetry

SonnetBallad

To illustrate the differences between faceted and enumerative classifications, consider the class Literature.

In an enumerative scheme we might have the following subclasses:

Language facet :

EnglishGermanFrench

Form facet :

ProsePoetry

SonnetBallad

In a faceted scheme we might have the following instructions and subclasses:

Language facet is cited before form facet

Citation order:

Faceted classificationa Library discipline

Ranganathan 1939

Involved Party(IP)INVOLVEDPARTYTYPE

Individual INDIVIDUAL GENDERFemale

Male

OrganizationORGANIZATION LEGAL STRUCTURETYPE

Corporation

Partnership

IP DescriptorIP DESCRIPTORTYPE

IPName componentIP NAMECOMPONENT TYPE

Given Name

Name Initial

Family name

IP RelationshipIP RELATIONSHIPTYPE

IP/IP-relationshipIP/IPRELATIONSHIPTYPE

IP is spouse of IP

IP is employee of IP

IP is customer of IP

INDIVIDUALEMPLOYMENTSTATUS

Working Individual

Not Employed Individual

1. Fundamental hierarchy

2. Descriptive hierarchy

3. Relationship hierarchy

Answer(s) Question = + scheme

Explanation of the B-level-Concept Involved party (IP)

(Modelware International, 1999)

IFW Framework-3 Layers of the data column

Deconstructionlevel

Compositionlevel

Implementationlevel

Conceptual

Logical

Physical

A-level

B-level

C-level & C’-level

D-level

9 data concepts

27 classification hierarchies

54 business objects

(Modelware International, 1999)

Semantische Interoperabiliteitbinnen het bedrijf Bedrijfsbrede taxonomieën met de volgende karakteristieken:

Een ‘boundary object’ voor de diverse ‘communities’, die met het

bedrijfsinformatiesysteem te maken hebben

als communicatiemiddel dat effectieve en efficiënte samenwerking

ondersteunt

Een middel om standaardisatieprocessen te ondersteunen

Voor efficiënte ontwikkeling van applicaties en koppelingen tussen

geautomatiseerde systemen

Vermindering van fouten in de gegevensverwerking

Initieel ontwikkeld op basis van ontologieën, die het relevante deel van

de realiteit zo goed mogelijk beschrijven

Om te komen tot een stabiele basisstructuur, die met minimale impact

aanpasbaar en uitbreidbaar is