SA BOERBOK | Nuus 2019-2020 | No 27 · SA BOER GOAT| News 2019 - 2020 | Nr 27 3 UITGEGEE...

2 SA BOERBOK | Nuus 2019-2020 | No 27

3SA BOER GOAT| News 2019 - 2020 | Nr 27

UITGEGEE DEUR/PUBLISHED BYS.A. Boerboktelersvereniging/ S.A. Boer Goat Breeders’ Association

Tel: 051 633 3744

E-pos/E-mail: [email protected]

Webtuiste/Website: www.boerboksa.co.za

Saamgestel deur/Compiled by: Michelle Kruger

Redakteur/Editor: Michelle Kruger

Proeflees deur: Stephanie van der Walt

: Faheem Kala

Co-ordination of Publication:

Firefly Publications (Pty) LtdCharmainé Alberts

Posbus/PO Box 444, Brandfort, 9400

Tel: 051 821 1783 | [email protected]

Ontwerp deur/Designed by: Caria Vermaak

VOORBLAD: Lukas Burger, Wêreld Kampioen Ram & Ooi

Van die/from the President 6Redaksioneel/Editorial 8Die Storie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Boerboktelersverenigingen die Veredelde Boerbok/ The Story of the South AfricanBoer Goat Breeders’ Association and the Refined Boer Goat 12Board members/Raadslede 20Geskiedenis/History 222020 Annual Program/ Jaarprogram 35Riglyne vir ‘n suksesvolle bokboerdery/Guidelines forsuccessful goat farming 39Weiveld en die boerbok/Pasture and the goat 44Johann Swiegers Boerdery Bpk. 48Voeding van die Boerbok/Feeding the Boer Goat 50Prikkelvoeding aan boerbokooie/Flush feeding Boer goat ewes 58Pamper during pregnancy pays off 80The control of stress related diseases is in the hands of thehandler/Die beheer van stresverwante siektes berus in dieHanteerder se hande 85Siekte & siektebheer by bokke 94‘n Ondeurdagte besluit kan tot groot skade lei/A rash decisionmight lead to severe damage 95Hartwater 99Treating Heartwater 104Vrotpootjie & voetabsesse 105Foot abscess 108Foot rot 110Absesse/Abscess 112Ensoötiese aborsie (Chlamydiose)/Dealing with abortion insheep and goats 116Vuilbek ORF virus 118Maltakoors 122Kriptosporidiose 122

PPR (pes van kleinvee) 126Genetiese hulpmiddels vir die Boerbok ras 128Identification of Boer Goat 133Algemene inligting & interne reëls/General information &internal rules 134Doelstellings van die SA Boerboktelersvereniging/The aimsof the SA Boer Goat Breeders’ Association 139Services/Dienste 140Breeding police/Teelbeleid 144Boerbok rasstandaarde/Boer Goat breed standards 148Suid-Afrikaanse beoordelaars/South African judges 156Inspekteursdag 1582018 Algemene Jaarvergadering/Annual General Meeting 1602018 Presidential Annual Report/Presidensiële Jaarverslag 1622018 Algemene Jaarvergadering/Annual General Meeting 1642019 Presidential Annual Report/Presidensiële Jaarverslag 1622018 Nasionale veiling/National auction 1682019 Nasionale veiling/National auction 170Geskiedenis - Nasionale veilings/History - National auctions 172Vaccination/Inentingsprogram 175Produksieveilings/Production sales 178Boerbok Wêreldskou/World Championships 192Savanna Wêreldskou/World Championships 208Kalahari Red Wêreldskou/World Championships 208Wêreldskou Prysuitdelingsfunksie & SABTV 60 Jarige Feesvieringe/World Show Prize giving event & SABGBA 60th Anniversary 234Wêreldskou veiling/sale 246KLUBS: Wes-Kaap 248 Bosveld 256 Noord-Kaap 268 Oos-Kaap 276 Sentraal Binneland 284 Gordonia 290 Hoëveld 292 Kalahari Reds 296 Savannas 312Exporting small stock from South Africa 322South African friends 324Doornpoort Genetics’ tour to Le Ra Reunion 326Boerbok ledelys 328Kalahari Red ledelys 346Savanna ledelys 349Nampo 352

CONTENTS INHOUDSOPGAWE

Hennie en Hein Booysen IFCSakkie Nell OBC Pieter Smith IBC Agenbag Maans en Marianna 240-241André Kock en Seun 57 Andrews Marz and Lynn Wickenden: Carrington View Boergoats 171 ATKA Dr. Avenant 227 Barnard Andre 103 Bezuidenhout Janiece: Klipfontein Boerbokstoet 181 Bosveld BBK 256Bothma Anton en Rickus 262-263 Botha P.W. 141Botha Theuns: Kanonfontein Boerbokstoet 29Byleveld Casper en Loudine: Nico Botha Boerbokstoet 66-67 Chrizoo Kalahari Red Stud 305Coetzee Connie 131 de Klerk Thabo 289 Dos Santos Lindie 237 Dreyer C W 299 Deyzel Xander: Kleinbegin Boerbokstoet 143 Deyzel Xander: Kleinbegin Kalahari red Stoet 295 Dry Antoinette 283 du Raan Leonard 93 du Toit Fielie 247 Ferreira Gerrie 275Fourie Joubert Boerbokstoet 19Henderson Johnny 25Hexagon Industries 219Horn Albie 267 Horn Joubert 215 Johnson Ian 155 Joraan Jac 10-11Jordaan Willie 7Kala Faheem: Bushra Kalahari Red Stud 303 Karsten Boerdery 124-125 KLK 206

ADVERTENSIESADVERTISEMENTS

Kotzé Koenie 177-178 Kriek Kobus en Sarel: Schoonheid Boerbokstoet 100-101 Kruger Japie: Boomrivier Boerbokstoet 71 Laing Francois 159le Roux Hennie: Witsand Boerbokstoet 41Lombard Ilse 115 Lombard Wentzel 78-79 Lotter Annke en Manntjie MANNEKE 75 Lötter Kobus: Doornpoort Genetics 63Louw Dirk: Conradie Boerbokstoet 203 Lukas Burger 54-55Stephanus Malan: Paardefontein Boerbokstoet 15Molatek 84Maritz Braam: Cone Boerbokstoet 83 Moore Paul 109 Myburg Melissa - Milamiek boerbokstoet 222-223Nell Vaatjie 33 Nieuwoudt Pip: Nama Boerbokstoetery 37Odendaal Carla 189 Ramsem 138Shashane CN 211 Scheffer Anton: Bossie Boerdery 111 Scholtz Tatie en Amie: GPS Boerdery 311 Strauss Johan en Danie: Rietkuil Boerbokstoet 135 Strydom Barry 350-351van der Merwe Joubert 45 van der Westhuyzen Pieter: Volhard Boerbokstoet 137 Van Huyssteen Salmon 191van Rensburg P.J. 89 van Tonder Matthys: Grondegoed Boerbokstoet 121Vleissentraal 207Voermol 60Vollgraaf Andries 185Wiese Dries 97

Die mening wat in die inhoud van hierdie Joernaal uitgespreek word, is nie noodwendig die sienswyse van die Genootskap nie. Die Genootskap aanvaar geen verantwoordelikheid vir enige aansprake wat in advertensies gemaak word nie.

The opinions expressed in this Journal are not necessarily the views of the Society. The society accepts no responsibility for claims made in advertisements.

© Kopiereg S.A. Boerboktelersvereniging

Alle regte voorbehou. Geen gedeelte van hierdie publikasie mag sonder skriftelike verlof van die outeursreghouer gereproduseer of in enige vorm of langs enige elektronies of meganiese weg weergegee word nie, het sy deur fotokopiëring, plaat- of bandopname, mikroverfilming of enige ander stelsel van inligtings berging.

©Copyright S.A. Boer Goat Breeders Association

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photographic, magnetic or other means, without prior permission of the copyright holder.

6 SA BOERBOK | Nuus 2019 | No 27

1959 – 2019Jaar60

7SA BOER GOAT| News 2019 | Nr 27


Dit is weereens ŉ groot voorreg om die voorwoord te kan skryf vir een van die beste, dalk die beste joernaal in die veebedryf. Groot dank aan Michelle vir alles wat jy doen vir die boerbokbedryf, al die harde werk, lang ure duisende kilometer om inligting en foto’s te bekom om hierdie joernaal ŉ pragstuk en iets besonders te maak. Baie welkom aan Stefanie van der Walt as ons sekretaresse, dankie ook vir jou bydrae en insette.

Ons vier vanjaar ons sestigste bestaansjaar as telersvereniging. Sestig jaar waarop ieder en elk wat deel uitgemaak het opreg trots kan wees.

Dit was en is sekerlik een van die moeilikste jare wat boerdery nog ooit gesien het. Die grootste dele van ons land en ook ons buurlande gaan gebukkend onder die ergste droogte in menseheugenis. Ten spyte van die droogte is ons bedryf baie gesond en groei deurentyd. Die eer vir die groei moet opgedra word aan ons telers wat alles in hul vermoë gedoen het om deel uit te maak van skoue, veilings en ander geleenthede waar ons ras ten toon gestel word of was.

Dankie aan ons Hemelse Vader vir die voorreg om rentmeesters te kan wees van so ŉ wonderlike ras. Onthou die volgende:

“God didn’t promise days without pain, laughter without sorrow, nor sun without rain, but he did promise strength for the day, comfort for the tears and light for the way.”

Hou moed, vertrou op God, maak ŉ verskil en gaan voort om hierdie wonderlike rasse Boerbok, Kalahari Red en Savanna te verbeter!

It is once again a great privilege to be able to write the preface to one of the best, perhaps the best, Journal in the livestock industry. A sincere thanks to Michelle for everything she does for the boer goat industry, all the hard work, long hours and thousands of kilometres to gather information and photos to make this journal a splendour and something special. Welcome to Stefanie van der Walt as our secretary; our thanks to her also for her contribution and input.

We are celebrating our sixtieth anniversary as a breeders’ association - sixty years that everyone who participated in can be truly proud of.

It was and certainly is one of the most difficult years farming has ever experienced. Most parts of our country and also our neighbouring countries are suffering the worst drought in human memory. Despite the drought, our industry is healthy and constantly growing. The honour for the growth must be dedicated to our breeders who have done everything in their power to be part of shows, auctions and other events where our breed has been exhibited.

Our thanks to our Heavenly Father for the privilege of being stewards of such a wonderful breed. Remember the following:

“God didn’t promise days without pain, laughter without sorrow, nor sun without rain, but he did promise strength for the day, comfort for the tears and light for the way.”

Have courage, trust in God, make a difference and keep improving this wonderful goat breeds Boer Goat, Kalahari Red and Savanna!

“God didn’t promise days without pain, laughter without

sorrow, nor sun without rain, but he did promise strength for the day, comfort for the tears

and light for the way.”

van diefrom the President


Eerstens baie dankie dat u met ŉ Boerbokjoernaal in die hand sit. Dit beteken u stel belang in ons deugsame ras. Mag hierdie boek vir u die antwoorde en motivering gee waarna u soek. Aan ons nuwe toetreders tot die bedryf: onthou, selfs die suksesvolste telers het met ŉ paar bokkies begin en moes ŉ lang pad stap om suksesvol te wees. Wees altyd gemotiveerd met ŉ visie!

Om ’n boer te wees, beteken jy is een van die min mense wat hoop het vir die toekoms. Jy glo dat môre beter gaan wees en dat die werk wat jy vandag doen aan die einde van die seisoen vrugte gaan afwerp. Dit is een van die eienskappe wat boere deursettingsvermoë gee wanneer moeilike tye aan hul deur kom klop. Veeboerdery se volhoubaarheid en winsgewendheid is erg onder druk a.g.v. die feit dat Suid-Afrika ŉ waterarmland is. Teen die jaar 2030 gaan Suid-Afrika in ‘n ernstige waterkrisis gedompel wees. Dit is die bevinding van ‘n onlangse studie wat deur die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou gedoen is.

Elke boer moet alles in sy en haar vermoë doen om die allerbeste gebruik van die natuurlike hulpbronne tot sy beskikking te maak, en elke bokboer moet gedurigdeur daarvan bewus wees dat die bedryf ‘n belangrike bydrae tot ons volk se ekonomie lewer. Alleen deur rasionele denke, beplanning en optrede kan die volk se ekonomie beskerm word.

In tye van droogte word ŉ besondere las op elke landsburger gelê om sy deel by te dra om die veestapel te red. Om die effek van droogtes te verminder, moet ‘n deurlopende proses by die boer wees. Die boerdery moet so aangepas en aangevul word dat die boer gedurig in ŉ staat van gereedheid is om droogtes te bestuur. Die boer wat nie beplan nie se veld gaan baie agteruit en sy verliese word al groter van die een droogte na die volgende.

Die drie belangrikste natuurlike hulpbronne van ŉ boerdery is die grond, die plantegroei en die water. Dit is daarom vanselfsprekend dat die boer aandag sal

First of all, thank you for holding this Boer Goat Journal in your hands; it means you are interested in our wonderful breed. May this book answer your questions and motivate you further. To our new entrants to the industry: remember, even the most successful breeders started with only a few goats and had to go a long way to be successful. Always be motivated with a vision! Investments in Agriculture are the best weapon against hunger and poverty, and this will make life better for billions of people.

Being a farmer means you are one of the few people who have hope for the future. You believe that tomorrow will be better and that your work will bear fruit at the end of the season. This is one of the qualities that make farmers persevere when hard times come knocking on their door. Livestock farming’s sustainability and profitability are severely under pressure owing to South Africa being a water poor country. By the year 2030, South Africa will be plunged into a severe water crisis. This is the finding of a recent study conducted by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

Every farmer must do everything in his or her power to make the best use of the natural resources available to him, and every goat farmer must constantly be aware that the industry is making an important contribution to our nation’s economy. Only by rational thinking, planning and action can the nation’s economy be protected.

In times of drought, a particular burden is placed on every citizen to contribute his part to save the herd. To reduce the impacts of droughts must be a continuous process by the farmer. Farming practices must be adjusted and supplemented that the farmer is constantly in a state of readiness to manage drought. The veld of the farmer who does not have a drought management plan will deteriorate and his losses will increase from one drought to the next.

RedaksioneelEditorial- Michelle Kruger


The three most important natural resources on a farm are soil, vegetation and water. It is therefore obvious that the farmer will have to pay attention to the physical, biological and hydrological planning of his farm to ensure the most efficient conservation and utilisation of these scarce and precious natural resources on the farm.

Knowledge of the physical, biological and hydrological planning of your farm; knowledge of agricultural economics; and business skills are crucial.

Seen in the light of the climate change, the role of the goat, and therefore more specific of the Boer Goat, will increase tremendously in the future. Sheep and cattle are mainly herbivores, which means that they can only use part of the vegetation, and therefore only part of the rainfall has been converted into vegetation. By contrast, the goat uses all available and edible vegetation. Goats are well adapted to dry regions and will eat fallen leaves. Any possible plant can be utilized, and converted back into manure, which in turn builds up the soil.

These are the reasons why the goat is so important, and we should direct our management to the veld, the product of ground and water, to the best of our ability.

We must also be careful not to neglect the unique characteristics of goats by breeding and ennobling.

Be proud of your farm! Follow up sales to monitor customer satisfaction.

Become involved in organised agriculture. Support Agricultural Institutions so that our voices can be heard at national level and among fellow stakeholders in the value chain.

moet skenk aan die fisiese, biologiese en hidrologiese beplanning van sy plaas, ten einde die doeltreffendste bewaring en benutting van hierdie skaars en kosbare natuurlike hulpbronne op sy plaas te verseker.

Kennis oor die fisiese, biologiese en hidrologiese beplanning van u plaas; kennis van die basiese feite in verband met boerdery-ekonomie; en kennis van die bestuur van u eie bedryf is van kardinale belang.

Gesien in die lig van die klimaatsverandering gaan die rol van die bok, en dus veral van die boerbok in die toekoms geweldig toeneem. Skaap en bees is hoofsaaklik grasvreters, dit beteken dat hulle net ‘n deel van die plantegroei kan gebruik, en dus net ‘n deel van die reënval wat in plantegroei ingaan is gebruik. Daarenteen gebruik die bok alle beskikbare en vreetbare plantegroei. Bokke is goed aangepas vir droeë streke en sal selfs blare wat geval het van die grond af eet. Elke moontlike vreetbare plant kan benut word, en weer in mis omgeskakel word wat weer die grond opbou.

Hierdie is dus die redes hoekom die bok van soveel belang is, en ons behoort ons bestuur daarop te vestig dat die veld, die produk van grond en water, so goed as moontlik bestuur word. Ons moet ook waaksaam wees om nie die unieke eieskappe van bokke te verwaarloos d.m.v. teling en veredeling nie.

Wees trots op u boerdery! Volg verkope op om kliënte se tevredenheid te monitor.

Wees betrokke by georganiseerde Landbou. Ondersteun Landbou-instellings sodat ons stemme op nasionale vlak en by medebelanghebbendes in die waardeketting gehoor kan word.


Die Storie van die Suid-AfrikaanseBoerboktelersvereniging endie Veredelde Boerbok

The Story of the South African Boer Goat Breeders’ Association and

the Refined Boer Goat- M I C H E L L E K R U G E R


1959 – 2019: The Boer Goat Breeders’

Society is 60 years old this year. In this

journal, I would like to pay tribute firstly to

the goat, and secondly to our founding

members, board members and members.

Since the goat was domesticated 7 500 to 7 000 BC, they were spread throughout the world and there is certainly no animal species on earth that can substitute the goat in the life and survival of man. The African Renaissance began with the cultivation of the refined boer goat at the beginning of the 20th century. The revival and rebirth by

breeding the boer goat - which forms an integral part of the African goat - adheres to the basic principles of a Renaissance. A renewal of thinking and change in the beliefs of a group of farmers in the Eastern Cape transformed the indigenous boer goat into the best meat goat breed in the world. This is a unique achievement given the fact that 341 goat breeds occur around the world. Realising where goat farmers found themselves 80 - 90 years ago and where they stand today, shows a remarkable effort. The group of farmers in the Eastern Cape who took the initiative to improve the boer goat had no choice but to play the hand they were dealt by circumstances. In this hand was the then indigenous goat breed, which was an integral part of the African goat. It was the goat that the indigenous farmers acquired to farm with. That is how the name boer goat was eventually established. The farmers who advocated an improvement of the breed accepted working with the available breeding material with which they were familiar. At the same time, they realised the superior qualities and advantages of the boer goat and formulated a purposeful breeding policy. With vision, good cooperation and a spirit of goodwill, these people strived to breed a uniform boer goat with superior meat characteristics, high growth rate and fertility, which would still retain its hardiness and adaptability. The end

1959 – 2019: Die Boerboktelersgenootskap

is hierdie jaar 60 jaar oud. Graag bring ek

in hierdie joernaal hulde aan eerstens die

bok en tweedens aan ons stigterslede,

Raadslede en lede.

Sedert die bok 7 500 tot 7 000 vC makgemaak is, is hulle dwarsoor die wêreld versprei en bestaan daar seker geen diersoort op aarde wat die plek van die bok kan inneem in die lewe en voortbestaan van die mens nie. Die Afrika Renaissance het reeds aan die begin van die 20ste eeu met die teelt van die veredelde boerbok begin. Die herlewing en wedergeboorte by wyse van teling van die boerbok – wat ŉ integrale deel van die Afrika-bok vorm, voldoen aan die basiese beginsels van ŉ Renaissance. ŉ Vernuwing van denke en wysiging in die lewensopvatting van ŉ groep boere in die Oos-Kaap het die inheemse boerbok omskep in die beste vleisbokras in die wêreld. Gesien teen die agtergrond dat daar 341 bokrasse verspreid oor die wêreld voorkom, maak dit ŉ unieke prestasie. As besef word waar boerbokboere hulle 80 – 90 jaar gelede bevind het en waar hulle vandag staan was dit ŉ merkwaardige poging. Die groepie boere in die Oos-Kaap wat die inisiatief geneem het om die boerbok te verbeter, het geen ander keuse gehad as om die hand te speel wat deur omstandighede vir hulle gedeel was nie. In hierdie hand was die destydse inheemse bokras, wat ŉ integrale deel was van die groter geheel, naamlik die Afrika-bok. Dit was die bok wat die boere van die inheemse mense bekom het om daarmee te boer. Só het die naam boerbok mettertyd ontstaan. Die boere wat ŉ verbetering van die ras voorgestaan het, het dit aanvaar om met die beskikbare teelmateriaal, waarmee hulle vertroud was, te werk. Hulle het terselfdertyd die voortreflike kwaliteite en eienskappe van die boerbok besef en ŉ doelgerigte teelbeleid geformuleer. Met visie, goeie samewerking en in ŉ gees van welwillendheid het hierdie mense daarna gestreef om ŉ eenvormige boerbok met voortreflike vleiseienskappe, ŉ hoë groeisnelheid en vrugbaarheid te teel, wat tog nog sy gehardheid en aanpasbaarheid sou behou. Die eindproduk was ŉ bok wat die maksimum vleis onder veldtoestande kon produseer.

Die pad wat die veredelde boerbok moes loop, was maar ongelyk en hobbelrig. Boerboktelers het nie die voordeel van ŉ nuutgeskape ras, met sy spesifieke eienskappe en voordele gehad om voor te hou nie. Nee, hulle moes die eeu-oue Afrika-bok – later die boerbok genoem – met al sy bagasie van ŉ swak bouvorm, veldvernieler, rondloper en tipelose mengelmoes uitdaag. Hulle moes hom omskep en ŉ nuwe mantel omhang. Hy is tot ŉ “nuwe” ras geselekteer en ontwikkel. Dit het hulle


product was a goat that could produce the maximum meat under veld conditions.

The road the refined boer goat had to walk was uneven and bumpy. Boer goat breeders did not have the benefit of a newly created breed, with its specific characteristics and advantages, to preserve. No, they had to challenge the centuries old African goat - later called the boer goat - with all its baggage of a poor build, veld destroyer, wayward animal. They had to transform it and dress it in a new cloak. It had to be selected and developed into a “new” breed. They did this by breeding and selecting phenotypically from the indigenous goat without using cross breeding with another pure goat breed. This highlights the selection ability of these early boer goat breeders.

To balance the discussion of the boer goat, we must not scorn the ancient boer goat - the one from which the refined boer goat was selected - too much to emphasise the phenomenal progress of the new product. It is true that there was a mix of colours and types that showed a great variation in conformation and size. Among them were numerous well-built goats of different colours which created a large gene pool. If they were not there, there would have been no basis for selection

and breeding. Eventually, “the stone which the builders rejected became a cornerstone” (Ps. 118: 22).

The late Mr Jeremias Triegaardt of the farm Van Wyksvlei in the Bedford district may be called a pioneer in the breeding process of the boer goat, while the Jordaans, Nell, Schoemans, Bothas and Krugers from Somerset East and environs made a very significant contribution.

When one talks about the establishment of the South African Boer Goat Breeders’ Association in 1959 and the period that preceded it, three people immediately come to mind. They happen to have the same first name, Theunis. The first one is the late Mr Theunis Jordaan or TB Jordaan from Buffelsfontein, Somerset East. A man who became famous as a breeder and judge of Friesian cattle, Merino sheep and his beloved boer goats. In his book “Hierjy Boerbok”, Prof Etienne Terblanche says he had the privilege of joining TB Jordaan and his wife Bessie, staying and working on the farm Buffelsfontein for six weeks before going to Grootfontein Agricultural College. One morning they went to the farm Karkotskraal just south of Somerset East where a herd of boer goats grazed. The old man, Mr Antoon Fourie, who looked

vermag deur fenotipies uit die inheemse boerbok te teel en te selekteer sonder om van kruisteling met ŉ ander suiwer bokras gebruik te maak. Dit beklemtoon die seleksievermoë van hierdie vroeë boerboktelers.

Om balans te hou in die bespreking van die boerbok, moet ons nou nie die ou boerbok – dié een waaruit die veredelde boerbok geselekteer is – te veel afkraak om die fenomenale vordering van die nuwe produk te beklemtoon nie. Dit is waar dat daar ŉ mengelmoes van kleure en tipes was, wat ŉ groot variasie in bouvorm en grootte getoon het. Tussen hulle was talle goedgeboude vleisbokke van verskillende kleure wat ŉ groot genepoel daargestel het. As hulle nie daar was nie, sou daar geen basis vir seleksie en teling gewees het nie. Uiteindelik het “die steen wat die bouers verwerp het ŉ hoeksteen geword!” (Ps. 118 : 22).

Wyle mnr Jeremias Triegaardt van die plaas Van Wyksvlei in die distrik Bedford kan as baanbreker beskou word in die veredelingsproses van die boerbok terwyl die Jordaans, Nelle, Schoemans, Bothas en Krugers van Somerset-Oos en omgewing ŉ baie belangrike bydrae gelewer het.

Wanneer van die stigting van die Suid-Afrikaanse Boerboktelersvereniging in 1959 en die tydperk wat dit vooraf gegaan het gepraat word, word daar onmiddellik aan drie persone gedink. Hulle het toevallig dieselfde voornaam, naamlik Theunis. Die eerste een is wyle mnr Theunis Jordaan of te wel TB Jordaan van Buffelsfontein, Somerset-Oos. ŉ Man wat bekendheid verwerf het as teler en beoordelaar van Friesbeeste, Merinoskape en sy geliefde boerbokke. In sy boek “Hierjy Boerbok”, vertel prof Etienne Terblanche dat hy die voorreg gehad het om vir 6 weke by TB Jordaan en sy vrou Bessie op die plaas Buffelsfontein te bly en te werk voordat hy Grootfontein Landboukollege toe is. Een oggend is hulle na die plaas Karkotskraal net suid van Somerset-Oos waar ŉ trop boerbokooie geloop het. Die oubaas, mnr Antoon Fourie, wat na die bokke omgesien het, was ŉ oudstryder uit die Anglo-Boereoorlog. Toe hulle die werf binnery was die bokke oppad kraal toe. Sowat 50 meter van hulle af het die bokke vasgesteek; kop omhoog die lug besnuif en nuuskierig met kraakstewels nader gestap, soos wat net ŉ boerbok kan doen. Dit was ŉ trop van sowat 400 ooie – almal wit met rooikoppe en goed gebou – en die een het soos die ander gelyk. Wat ŉ gesig om te aanskou! Daardie dag het prof Etienne besef dat TB Jordaan iets beet het wat die wêreld kan skud. Dit was sowat 9 jaar


after the goats, was a veteran of the Anglo-Boer War. When they entered the yard, the goats were on their way to the kraal. About 50 yards from them, the goats

suddenly stopped, heads up, sniffing the sky and walking curiously with cracking boots, as only a boer goat can do. It was a herd of about 400 ewes - all white with red heads and well-built - and one looked exactly like the other. What a sight to behold! That day, Prof Etienne realised that TB Jordaan possessed something that could shake the world. That was about nine years before the founding of the SA Boer Goat Breeders’ Association.

Mr TB Jordaan was a student at the Grootfontein Agricultural College in 1924 and then continued to further his knowledge of Merino sheep for a year (1925) in Australia. On his return to South Africa, he wrote letters to some of his Grootfontein student friends, asking them to be on the lookout among their own boer goats on the farm, as well as

other farmers in the area, whether they could find big framed goats with a good build. He obtained eight goats on the way from Frasersburg and Loxton. Just imagine how cumbersome it was to send a few boer goats by train from Fraserburg’s region to Somerset East! This presented no trouble at all to this man when it came to boer goats!

He was the first chairman of the Boer Goat Breeders’ Association - an office he held in a dignified and competent manner from 1959-1968. It was not a bed of roses; and he had to hold the reins firmly at some meetings. An exploration through the minutes of annual meetings at that time tells the story of storm and urge around the boer goat. Intense discussions were mainly about the colour of the goat.

Because Mr Jordaan’s Buffelsfontein Boer Goat Stud, of which he was stud master from 1930-1960, was the first boer goat stud in the country registered as such, I provide the information of its origin and development as he recorded it in 1959.

“This stud of refined boer goats was founded in the year 1931, with the purchase by me of a ram from the late Mr Jeremias Triegaardt of the farm of Wyksvlei, Bedford, and half of the boer goats that belonged to the partnership of WG Jordaan and Sons, of which I was a partner. Around 1918, my father, the late WG Jordaan, bought about fifteen goats from Mrs Van de Venter of

voor die stigting van die SA Boerboktelersvereniging.

Mnr TB Jordaan was in 1924 ŉ student aan die Grootfontein Landboukollege en het daarna ŉ jaar lank (1925) in Australië sy kennis van die Merinoskaap verder gaan aanvul. Met sy terugkeer na Suid-Afrika het hy briewe aan sommige van sy Grootfonteinse studentemaats geskryf en gevra om op die uitkyk te wees by hulle eie boerbokke op die plaas, asook by ander boere in die omgewing, of daar nie mooi groot bokke met ŉ goeie bouvorm tussen hulle was nie. Hy het 8 bokke op die manier uit Fraserburg en Loxton se wêreld bekom. Dink net watter omslagtigheid dit was om destyds ŉ paar boerbokke met ŉ trein uit Fraserburg na Somerset-Oos te stuur. Geen moeite was vir hierdie man te veel wanneer dit by ŉ boerbok gekom het nie!

Hy was die eerste voorsitter van die Boerboktelersvereniging – ŉ amp wat hy vanaf 1959-1968 op waardige en bekwame wyse behartig het. Dit was nie ŉ pad wat met rose besaai was nie, en hy moes die leisels op sommige vergaderings stewig vasvat. ŉ Verkenning deur die notules van daardie tyd se jaarvergaderings vertel die storie van storm en drang rondom die boerbok. Heftige besprekings het veral oor die kleur van die bok gehandel.

Omdat mnr TB Jordaan se Buffelsfontein Boerbokstoet, waarvan hy stoetmeester vanaf 1930-1960 was, was die eerste boerbokstoetery in die land wat as sulks geregistreer is, verskaf ek die inligting van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling daarvan soos wat hy self in 1959 geboekstaaf het.

“Hierdie stoet van veredelde boerbokke is gestig in die jaar 1931, met die aankoop deur my, van ŉ ram van wyle mnr Jeremias Triegaardt van die plaas van Wyksvlei, Bedford, en die helfte van die boerbokooie wat behoort het aan die vennootskap van WG Jordaan en Seuns, waarvan ek ŉ vennoot was. Omstreeks 1918 het my vader, wyle WG Jordaan, ongeveer vyftien bokooie van mev Van de Venter van die plaas Slot, distrik Somerset-Oos gekoop. Dit was wit gladdehaar bokooie met ligte rooi koppe. Hy het toe ŉ ram van wyle mnr IB van Heerden van Kaalplaas, Cradock gekoop. Dit was ŉ besonder groot rooi-appelbok ram, met ŉ sterk konstitusie. Hierdie ram en ooie was dus die fondament van die huidige stoet. Min of meer sestig jaar gelede het baie boere elk ŉ klompie boerbokke gehad. Hulle


the farm Slot, Somerset East district. They were white smooth-haired goats with light red heads. He then had a ram from the late Mr IB van Heerden of Kaalplaas, Cradock. It was a particularly large red-apple goat ram, with a strong constitution. These ram and ewes were therefore the foundation of the present stud. More or less sixty years ago, many farmers each had a number of goats. However, in those historical times they were of just about every colour of the rainbow and on top of that many of them were long-haired. The only characteristic people considered at that time was constitution. The colour, proportion, uniformity and pigmentation did not matter at all. In 1925, while I was in Australia, my father and brother, who was also a partner in the business, bought one ram from Mr. Triegaardt, and later another ram from the same Mr Triegaardt of Bedford”.

The second Theunis was Mr Theunis Botha from Grootfontein, Somerset East. He had given much time and paid attention to realise his ideal for the improvement of the boer goat. Already in 1943 he published a publication entitled, “Improving the boer goat Breed”. The presentation of the information that he had tracked everywhere; his own knowledge and view; the organised presentation and just the work that was put into it - and that more than 60 years ago - is incredible. He describes the requirements that must be set to achieve greater consistency regarding the breeding of the desired type of boer goat. He published a point scale that, in consultation with Mr Jordaan, was set up to serve as a selection card for the ideal boer goat. He states that it is almost the same breed as the one Mr PJJ van Rensburg (1938) described in his pamphlet entitled “Boer Goats”. This work of Mr Theunis Botha served as a guide to the first and also later boer goat brochures and he deserves full recognition for his valuable contribution. He was also the first person to speak of the refined boer

goat in 1950. Unfortunately, he died at a young age.

The third Theunis was Mr Theunis Kruger from Dirkskraal in Somerset East. His knowledge of boer goats and the quality of his stud goats demanded respect from everyone. The boer goat was his life and a visit to his farm to look at his goats, chat and share his knowledge with

him was, according to his contemporaries, a great experience. His keen observation and close connection with nature made him an expert on and judge of boer goats. This intense interest in the boer goat prompted him to liaise with former names in 1950 to investigate the possibility of establishing a Boer Goat Breeders’ Association. However, after careful deliberation, they decided against it because the time was not yet ripe

was egter in daardie oudae omtrent alle kleure van die reënboog en boonop was baie van hulle langharig. Die enigste eienskap wat die mense destyds in aanmerking geneem het, was konstitusie. Die kleur, eweredigheid, eenvormigheid en pigmentasie het hoegenaamd geen saak gemaak nie. In 1925, terwyl ek in Australië was, het my vader en my broer wat ook ŉ vennoot in die besigheid was, een ram van mnr Triegaardt gekoop en later nog een ram van dieselfde mnr Triegaardt van Bedford”.

Die tweede Theunis was mnr Theunis Botha van Grootfontein, Somerset-Oos. In lewe ŉ persoon wat baie tyd en aandag geskenk het om sy ideaal tot verbetering van die boerbok te verwesenlik. Reeds in 1943 het hy ŉ publikasie getiteld: “Die verbetering van die boerbokras” die lig laat sien. Die aanbieding van die inligting wat hy oral nagespeur het; sy eie kennis en siening; die geordende aanbieding en sommer net die werk wat daarin gesit is - en dit meer as 60 jaar gelede – is ongelooflik. Hy beskryf daarin die vereistes wat daargestel moet word om groter ooreenstemmendheid omtrent die teling van die gewenste tipe boerbok te verkry. Hy publiseer ŉ punteskaal wat in oorleg met mnr TB Jordaan opgestel is, om as keurkaart vir die ideale boerbok te dien. Hy vermeld dat dit feitlik dieselfde ras is as die een wat mnr PJJ van Rensburg (1938) in sy pamflet getiteld “Boerbokke” beskryf het. Hierdie werk van mnr Theunis Botha het as handleiding gedien by die eerste en ook latere boerbokbrosjures en hy verdien volle erkenning vir sy waardevolle bydrae. Hy was ook die eerste persoon wat in 1950 van die veredelde boerbok gepraat het. Hy is ongelukkig op ŉ jong ouderdom oorlede.

Die derde Theunis was mnr Theunis Kruger van Dirkskraal in Somerset-Oos. Sy kennis van die boerbok en die gehalte van sy stoetbokke het respek by almal afgedwing. Die boerbok was sy lewe en ŉ besoek aan sy plaas om na sy bokke te kyk, te gesels en sy kennis met hom te deel, was volgens sy tydgenote ŉ ervaring soos min. Sy fyn waarnemingsvermoë en noue skakeling met die natuur het van hom ŉ kenner en beoordelaar van boerbokke sonder weerga gemaak. Hierdie intense belangstelling in die boerbok het hom aangespoor om reeds in 1950 met voorvermelde naamgenote te skakel om die moontlikheid vir die stigting van ŉ Boerboktelersvereniging te ondersoek. Na noukeurige beraadslaging het hulle egter daarteen besluit omdat die tyd nog nie ryp was vir die stigting van so ŉ vereniging nie, omdat daar te min telers met die gewenste teelmateriaal was. In 1959 nader drie ander boere mnr Kruger, sonder dat hulle van mekaar


for the establishment of such an association, because there were too few breeders with the desired breeding material. In 1959, three other farmers approached Mr Kruger, unbeknown to one another, to discuss the possibility of establishing a breeders’ association again. They were Messrs Piet van Dyk, later of Doornkraal, Middelburg Cape, Syce Botha of Roodekranz, Somerset East, and Corrie Oberholser of the Northern Cape. This common endeavour gave Mr Kruger new impetus and he announced in agricultural newspapers that a founding meeting for a boer goat breeders’ association would be held at Somerset East on 4 July 1959. He was rewarded for his zeal because 16 people attended the meeting and a committee was appointed to set breed standards and draw up a constitution. Members present at the founding meeting of 4 July 1959 were: PB Botha, PB van Dyk, TB Jordaan, Colin Bennett, PJ Botha, LA Nell (Senior) WJ Jordaan (Zeiss), Paul Jordaan (Driefontein), LR Steyl, TP Kruger and WS Berrington. At a later meeting held on 16 October 1959, the breed standards and constitution were approved and a board was elected.

Piet van Dyk later became chairman of the Boer Goat Breeders’ Association and was a reliable source for the Grootfontein Agricultural College for providing demonstration material during courses and also act as a course leader. Syce Botha was the uninterrupted secretary of the Boer Goat Breeders’ Association for many years from 1959 until 1982, and is currently honorary life president. He walked the road with the boer goat, experienced turbulent annual meetings - especially in the early years - inspected and, as a breeder and judge, his contribution was praiseworthy. This man with his bright blue eyes and distinctive smile knows a boer goat, and there is certainly no question about a boer goat under the sun that he has not yet answered. The Breeders’ Association could therefore use him abroad with great success in courses, as a judge at shows and on information days. After his wedding, his wife Marlene assisted him.

weet, om weer die moontlikheid vir die stigting van ŉ telersvereniging te bespreek. Hulle was mnre Piet van Dyk, later van Doornkraal, Middelburg Kaap, Syce Botha van Roodekranz, Somerset-Oos, en Corrie Oberholser van die Noord-Kaap. Hierdie gemeenskaplike strewe gee mnr Kruger nuwe moed en hy adverteer in landbounuusblaaie dat ŉ stigtingsvergadering vir ŉ Boerboktelersvereniging op 4 Julie 1959 op Somerset-Oos gehou sou word. Hy word beloon vir sy ywer want 16 persone woon die vergadering by en ŉ komitee word aangewys om rasstandaarde en ŉ grondwet op te stel. Lede teenwoordig op die stigtingsvergadering van 4 Julie 1959 was: PB Botha, PB van Dyk, TB Jordaan, Colin Bennett, PJ Botha, LA Nell (Senior) WJ Jordaan (Zeiss), Paul Jordaan (Driefontein), LR Steyl, TP Kruger en WS Berrington. By ŉ latere vergadering gehou op 16 Oktober 1959, is die rasstandaarde en grondwet goedgekeur en is ŉ bestuur verkies.

Piet van Dyk het later voorsitter van die Boerboktelersvereniging geword en was ŉ steunpilaar vir die Landboukollege Grootfontein om demonstrasiemateriaal tydens kursusse te verskaf en ook as kursusleier op te tree. Syce Botha was van die stigtingsvergadering in 1959 vir baie jare (tot 1982) onafgebroke sekretaris van die Boerboktelersvereniging en is tans ere lewenspresident. Hy het die pad saam met die boerbok geloop, onstuimige jaarvergaderings – veral aan die beginjare – beleef, inspeksie gedoen en as teler en beoordelaar sy plek meer as volgestaan. Hierdie man met sy helder blou oë en kenmerkende glimlag ken ŉ boerbok, en daar is seker nie ŉ vraag oor ŉ boerbok onder die son, wat hy nog nie beantwoord het nie. Daarom kon die telersvereniging hom met groot sukses in die buiteland by kursusse, as beoordelaar by skoue en inligtingsdae gebruik. Na sy troue, het sy vrou Marlene hom bygestaan.

History is the version of

past events that people

have decided to agree upon

- Napoleon Bonaparte


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Board MembersRaadslede


PRESIDENTMnr. Hennie Booysen Posbus 55,KURUMAN, 8460053 712 2112/082 902 [email protected]

VISE-PRESIDENTMnr. Lukas Burger Posbus 143,Griekwastad, 8365082 856 [email protected]

WES-KAAP BOERBOKKLUBMnr. Pip NieuwoudtPosbus 284, Clanwilliam, 8135027 482 2807/083 650 [email protected]

BOSVELD BOERBOKKLUBMnr. Josef KleynhansPosbus 1081, Ellisras, 0555072 073 [email protected]

NOORD-KAAP BOERBOKKLUBMnr. Hennie le Roux Posbus 3296, Upington, 8800083 757 [email protected]

OOS-KAAP BOERBOKKLUBMnr Kobus LötterPosbus 147, Willowmore, 6445082 432 [email protected]

SENTRALE BINNELANDSE B/B KLUBMnr Gerald Calitz Posbus 760, VENTERSDORP, 2710083 502 [email protected]

GORDONIA BOERBOKKLUBMnr Bennie Nortje Posbus 347, Groblershoop, 8850082 944 [email protected]

HOËVELD BOERBOKKLUB Mnr. Andries Putter Posbus 2919, Ermelo, 2350072 106 [email protected]

ADDISIONELE LIDMnr. Hein Booysen Posbus 1756, Kuruman, 8460082 414 [email protected]

RASDIREKTEURMe. Michelle KrugerGriffithstraat 12, ALIWAL-NOORD, 9750051 633 [email protected] | www.boerboksa.co.za

SA KALAHARI REDMnr. Herman Pheiffer Posbus 34394, Faunasig, 9325082 458 [email protected]

SA SAVANNA Mnr. Tattie ScholtzPosbus 110082, Hadison Park, Kimberley, 8306082 493 [email protected]

SEKRETARESSE Stefanie van der Walt Aliwal-Noord072 108 [email protected]

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GeskiedenisHistory


Motivated by Messrs TB Jordaan of Buffelsfontein, Somerset East, Theunis Botha of Grootfontein Somerset East, Piet van Dyk of Doornkraal, Middelburg, Syce Botha of Roodekranz, Somerset East and Corrie Oberholtser of the Northern Cape, Mr Theunis Kruger of Dirkskraal, Somerset East, placed an advertisement in the agricultural newspapers that a founding meeting for a Boer Goat Breeders’ Association would be held at Somerset East on 4 July 1959. His enthusiasm paid off because 16 persons attended the meeting and a committee was appointed to draw up breed standards and a constitution. On 16 October 1959 the breed standards and constitution were approved and the executive was elected.

First Chairperson: Mr TB Jordaan of Buffelsfontein, Somerset East. He held the reigns from the foundation of the SABGBA and held them firmly for the first 9 years (1959-1968).

Gemotiveer deur Mnre. TB Jordaan van Buffelsfontein, Somerset-Oos, Theunis Botha van Grootfontein Somerset-Oos, Piet van Dyk van Doornkraal Middelburg, Syce Botha van Roodekranz, Somerset-Oos en Corrie Oberholtser van die Noord-kaap, plaas Mnr. Theunis Kruger van Dirkskraal, Somerset-Oos ‘n advertensie in die landbou nuusblaaie dat ‘n stigtingsvergadering vir ‘n Boerboktelersvereniging op 4 Julie 1959 op Somerset-Oos gehou sal word. Hy word beloon vir sy ywer, want 16 persone woon die vergadering by en ‘n komitee word aangewys om rasstandaarde en ‘n konstitusie op te stel. Op 16 Oktober 1959 is die rasstandaarde en konstitusie goedgekeur en ‘n bestuur verkies.

Eerste Voorsitter: Mnr. T.B. Jordaan van Buffelsfontein, Somerset-Oos. Hy het die leisels met die stigting van die SABTV in die hand geneem en dit stewig vasgevat vir die eerste 9 jaar. (1959-1968)

Eerste SA Boerbok inligtingboekie!

First SA Boer Goat information booklet!

Eerste Nasionale Veiling, Somerset-Oos 54 Ramme aangebied, 22 verkoop. Gemiddelde prys: R135 Duurste ram R380!

First National Sale, Somerset East 54 Rams offered, 22 sold. Average price: R135. Most expensive ram: R380!

1959

1959

1960

1960


1ste SA Kampioenskappe: 1962 Te Somerset-Oos2de SA Kampioenskappe: 1964 te Port Elizabeth3de SA Kampioenskappe: 1966 te Somerset-Oos

S.A. Groot kampioen ram 1966: Boy Jordaan, Somerset-OosS.A. Groot kampioen ooi 1966: T B Jordaan, Somerset-Oos

1st SA championships: 1962 at Somerset East2nd SA championships: 1964 at Port Elizabeth3rd SA championships: 1966 at Somerset East

SA Grand Champion Ram 1966: Boy Jordaan, Somerset East SA Grand Champion Ewe 1966: TB Jordaan, Somerset East

1966

Tweede Voorsitter: Johan Vosloo, het vir 8 jaar as Voorsitter leiding geneem. (1969-1977)

Second Chairperson: Johan Vosloo. He chaired the Association for 8 years (1969-1977).

Derde Voorsitter: P D van Dyk het vir 8 jaar die leisels met waardigheid en respek gehou. (1978-1986)

Third Chairperson: PD van Dyk held the position for 8 years with dignity and respect (1978-1986).

Eerste Nampo vind plaas op die huidige terrein wat as Nampo Park bekend staan. Theuns en Paula Botha, Jaco Lambrecht en Marie Fick verteenwoordig die Boerbokras.

Inskrywing uit Oom Theuns Botha se dagboek:

First Nampo took place at the current site now known as Nampo Park. Theuns and Paula Botha, Jaco Lambrecht and Marie Fick represented the Boer Goat breed.

Entry from Oom Theuns Botha’s diary:

1969

1978

1974


Die 1ste Boerbok Nuus sien die lug!

The first Boer Goat News was published!

Vierde Voorsitter: S.W. (Boetie) Malan was vir 12 jaar aan die stuur van sake. Mnr. Malan word verkies tot Die SABTV se bestuur in 1965 waar hy as Vise President verkies word in 1978, en later in 1986 tot President.

Die eerste proewe en eksperimente van boerbok-vreetgewoontes was gedoen op Paardefontein deur die Landbou Departement. Gedurende sy tydperk op die bestuur het hy meeste van die kwalifiserende senior beoordelaarskursusse aangebied en hou ook die rekord vir die beoordeling van die meeste Nasionale kampioenskappe – 7 skoue in totaal. (1986-2000)

Fourth Chairperson: SW (Boetie) Malan was in charge for 12 years. Mr Malan was elected to the SABGBA executive in 1965 until he was elected as Vice President in 1978 and later, in 1986, as President.

The first studies and experiments on boer goat feeding habits were conducted at Paardefontein by the Department of Agriculture. During his term in the executive he presented most of the qualifying senior judge courses and also held the record for judging the most National Championships – 7 shows all told (1986-2000).

(P.B.) Syce Botha bedank as Sekretaris na ‘n dienstermyn van 22 jaar! Mnr. Botha was Sekretaris vanaf die stigtingsdatum, 4 Julie 1959 tot Jan 1983, hy was bygestaan deur sy vrou, Marlene. Hy is gekies November 1983 as Raadslid tot November 1986 toe hy bedank het. Hy is toe gekies as Lewenslange Ere President van die Vereniging. Mnr. Botha staan nog steeds aktief in die Boerbokbedryf. Op foto: SA Groot Kampioen ooi, 1976 (Somerset-Oos)

(PB) Syce Botha resigned as secretary after a term of office of 22 years! Mr Botha was the secretary from the inception date, 4 July 1959, until January 1983. He was assisted by his wife, Marlene. In November 1983 he was elected as a Council member and remained such until November 1986 when he resigned. He was then elected as Lifelong Honorary President of the Association. Mr Botha remains active in the boer goat industry. On photo: SA Grand Champion Ewe, 1976 (Somerset East)

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1982

1986


Die eerste Senior Kursus is gehou in Maart 1987 te Kimberley en aangebied deur Mnre. Theuns Botha en Herman Groenewald. 8 Studente slaag die kursus. Koenie Kotzé was die Student met die hoogste punte!

The first Senior Course was held at Kimberley in March 1987 and presented by Messrs Theuns Botha and Herman Groenewald. Eight students passed the course and Koenie Kotzé was the student with the highest marks!

Die begin van Embrio uitvoere – deur Theuns Botha, Kanonfontein

The start of embryo exports – by Theuns Botha, Kanonfontein

1987

1989

1994

1992

Vyfde Voorsitter: Izak Vorster was vir 18 jaar op die bestuur van die SABTV, waarvan hy vir 6 jaar die leiding as Voorsitter geneem het.

Mnr. Vorster was die eerste Suid-Afrikaner wat in 1995 oorsee genooi was om Boerbokke in Texas (VSA) op ‘n belangrike kampioenskapskou te beoordeel. (Cornelius du Toit en Louis van Rensburg was die Ringbeamptes. 900 Bokke is gedurende hierdie skou op 1 dag van 11uur die oggend tot 12 uur die nag beoordeel!)

Mnr. Vorster was die enigte Beoordelaar wat ooit 2 jaar agtermekaar gevra is om die Sydney Royal te beoordeel (2007/2008). Voorsitter: 2001 - 2007

Fifth Chairperson: Izak Vorster served in the executive of the SABGBA for 18 years of which he was the chair for 6 years.

Mr Vorster was the first South African who was invited abroad in 1995 to judge boer goats in Texas (USA) at an important championship show. (Cornelius du Toit and Louis van Rensburg were the ring officials; 900 goats were judged during this show in one day, from 11 am to 12 midnight!)

Mr Vorster was the only judge ever to have been asked to judge at the Sydney Royal for two consecutive years (2007/2008).

Chairperson: 2001 - 2007

2001


Lukas Burger verkoop Cruiser vir R200 000 aan Hannes de Witt.

Lukas Burger sold Cruiser to Hannes de Witt for R200 000.

Duurste ram op ‘n produksieveiling verkoop vir R170 000 deur Andrew Jordaan / Most expensive ram sold on a production Auction by Andrew Jordaan for R170 000.

Vlnr: Andrew Jordaan (Verkoper), Louwrens Bibby (Afslaer), Chris Troskie (CMW) en Andrew Jordaan Jnr.

Most expensive ram at a production sale sold at R170 000 by Andrew Jordaan.

Fltr: Andrew Jordaan (seller), Louwrens Bibby (auctioneer), Chris Troskie (CMW) and Andrew Jordaan Jnr.

Na afloop van die 2002 jaarvergadering ontvang Fiekie Henderson hierdie pragtige geskenk van die SABTV as blyk van waardering vir uitstekende diens gelewer as Vise-President en Bestuurslid oor baie jare.

After the 2002 annual meeting Fiekie Henderson received this gracious gift from the SABGBA as a mark of appreciation for excellent service rendered as Vice President and member of the executive for many years.

2002

Gordonia Boerbokklub word gestig met Freddie Stolper as Voorsitter.

The Gordonia Boer Goat Club was founded with Freddie Stolper as Chairperson.

Samewerking ooreenkoms tussen die SA Boerbok, Kalahari red en Savanna Genootskappe word op ‘n jaarvergadering gehou die 19de Oktober 2005 algemeen aanvaar. Die betrokke Voorsitters is Mnre. Izak Vorster (Boerbokke), Louis van Rensburg (Kalahari red) en Mervyn Swart (Savanna).

A collaboration agreement between the SA Boer Goat, Kalahari Red and Savanna Societies was overall approved at an annual general meeting on 19 October 2005. The chairpersons concerned were Messrs Izak Vorster (Boer Goats), Louis van Rensburg (Kalahari Red) and Mervyn Swart (Savanna).

2004

2005

2006

2006


Duurste ram op Nasionale Veiling te Kimberley verkoop vir R60 000 deur Stephanus Malan aan Koenie Kotzé.

Most expensive ram at National Sale at Kimberley sold to Koenie Kotzé at R60 000 by Stephanus Malan.

2007

Sesde Voorsitter: Francois Maritz neem vir 3 jaar die leiding. Francois was vanaf 1998 ononderbroke op die Raad, en vanaf 2000 Vise-Voorsitter. Francois is bekend onder die Lede as ‘n uiters lojale Boerbokteler en Beoordelaar, hy het inteendeel 5 Wêreldskoue in S.A. beoordeel. (2008 – 2011).

Sixth Chairperson: Francois Maritz held the position for 3 years. Francois served uninterruptedly on the Council from 1998 and from 2000 as Vice Chairperson. Francois is known among the members as a very loyal boer goat breeder and judge; in fact he has judged at 5 World Shows in SA (2008 – 2011).

Sewende Voorsitter: Stephanus Malan. Stephanus het sy graad in landbou bestuur verwerf aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, en hierna ‘n melkplaas vir 3 jaar bestuur te Alexandria. In 1993 neem Stephanus die boerbokstoet by sy pa, Boetie Malan, eertydse President van die SA Boerboktelersvereniging vanaf 1986 - 2000, oor. Stephanus het al vele male oorsee beoordeel, en 2 keer die Wêreld kampioenskappe in Suid-Afrika. Hy was vir 6 jaar Voorsitter van die Ooskaap Klub, en is vanaf 2011 die President van die SA Boerboktelersvereniging.

Seventh Chairperson: Stephanus Malan.

Stephanus graduated with a degree in agricultural management at the University of Stellenbosch, and then managed a dairy farm at Alexandria for 3 years. In 1993 Stephanus took over the boer goat stud from his father, Boetie Malan, former President of the SA Boer Goat Breeders’ Association from 1986 - 2000. Stephanus has judged abroad many times, and twice at the World Championships in South Africa. He was the Chairperson of the Eastern Cape Club for 6 years, and has been the President of the SA Boer Goat Breeders’ Association since 2011.

2008

2011

2013Duurste ooi op ‘n Wêreldskou Veiling verkoop vir R50 000 deur Karsten Boerdery aan Lukas Burger.

Most expensive ewe at a World Show Sale sold for R50 000 to Lukas Burger by Karsten Boerdery.


Agste Voorsitter: Hennie Booysen, matrikuleer aan Hoërskool Kalahari, Kuruman, 1973.Weermag 1973-1974. Begin boer saam met sy Pa met Boerbokke, Van Rooy Skaap en Beeste 1974-1977 toe hy oorlede is.

1977 - neem ook die Boorkontrakte oor en bestuur die boorwerk by Myne en bou die besigheid op tot ‘n groot suksesvolle Boormaatskappy wat wêreld bekend is.

Hoof Uitvoerende Beampte van besigheid 1977 - huidig.

Boer nogsteeds met Boerbokke, Van Rooy Skaap en Beeste. Het ook die Boerdery opgebou en boer vandag op 35000 hektaar grond met 1200 koeie. Dra by tot ‘n groot voorsiener van Rooivleis in Suid-Afrika, met ‘n sterk volhoubaarheid in die boerdery sektor.

2016

2013

2015

2015

2013

Duurste Kalahari Red ram verkoop (Wêreldskou Veiling, Bloemfontein) vir R130 000 deur Deon Jacobs aan Fanus Hanekom en Anton Bothma.

Most expensive Kalahari Red ram (World Show Sale, Bloemfontein) sold to Fanus Hanekom and Anton Bothma by Deon Jacobs at R130 000.

Lukas Burger verkoop Tolla aan Pip Nieuwoudt vir R450 000.

Lukas Burger sold Tolla to Pip Nieuwoudt at R450 000.

Lukas Buger verkoop Kettie aan Hennie en Hein Booysen vir R250 000.

Lukas Buger sold Kettie to Hennie and Hein Booysen at R250 000.

Duurste Kalahari red ooi verkoop vir R50 000 deur Tollie Jordaan aan Fanus Hanekom. (Wêreldskou Veiling, Bloemfontein).

Most expensive Kalahari Red ewe sold to Fanus Hanekom by Tollie Jordaan at R50 000. (World Show Sale, Bloemfontein).


Duurste Boerbok ooi verkoop deur die Nico Botha Boerbokstoet van Britstown vir ’n nuwe rekordprys van R150 000 aan Pieter Smith van Alldays.

Most expensive Boer Goat ewe sold by the Nico Botha Boer Goat Stud of Britstown for a new record price of R150 000 to Pieter Smith of Alldays.

2018 May Befonk Boer Goat Auction: Most espensive ram, Trump, sold by Barry Strydom for R200 000,00 to Xander Deyzel of the Kleinbegin Boer Goat Stud.

2016

2017

2018

Duurste boerbokram verkoop op ‘n produksieveiling deur Lukas Burger aan Petrus Visagie vir R210 000.

Most expensive boer goat ram sold at a production sale to Petrus Visagie by Lukas Burger at R210 000.

Duurste Savanna ram, Charles (Wêreldkampioen, 2017) tot op hede verkoop vir R50 000 deur Koenie Kotzé aan Mannetjie Lottering van Hluhluwe, Natal.

Most expensive Savanna ram (Charles, World Champion 2017) sold by Koenie Kotzé to Mannetjie Lottering of Hluhluwe for R50 000.

Lukas Burger verkoop Slingshot aan Petrus Visagie vir R330 000, ’n nuwe Rekord prys vir verkope tydens ’n Produksieveiling.

Lukas Burger sold Slingshot to Petrus Visagie for a new record price of R330 000.


2019

2019

Take Three Genetics ProduksieveilingSA Rekord: Duurste oop ooitjie verkoop deur die Nico Botha Boerbokstoet aan die Atka Boerbokstoet vir R50 000.

Take Three Genetics production AuctionSA Record: Most expensive maiden ewelamb sold for R50 000 by the Nico Botha Boer Goat Stud to the Atka Boer Goat Stud.

SA Boerbok Nasionale VeilingSA Rekord: Duurste ooi verkoop deur Lukas Burger vir R60 000.SA Rekord: Duurste ram verkoop deur Lukas Burger vir R120 000.

SA Boer Goat National AuctionSA Record: Most expensive ewe sold by Lukas Burger for R60 000.

SA Record: Most expensive ram sold by Lukas Burger for R120 000.

Take Three Genetics ProduksieveilingDuurste kudde ooi verkoop deur Pieter Smith vir R60 000 aan Salmon van Huyssteen

Take Three Genetics production AuctionMost expensive commercial ewe sold by Pieter Smith so Salmon van Huyssteen for R60 000.

“We are not makers of history.We are made by history.”

Martin Luther King Jr.


DATUM VEILING TELERS PLEK

JANUARIE/JANUARY

22-25 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Skou en Veiling

Parys

28-29 Raadsvergadering Bloemfontein

29 Karoo Boerbok Produksieveiling PW Botha, Hennie le Roux, Richard Biggs, Andre Barnardt, Eric Meyer en Hannes de Witt

Jansenville

FEBRUARIE/FEBRUARY

5 Oos-Kaap Boerbokklub Veldram veiling Graaff-Reinet

6 Prieska veldram Veiling Jaco van Rensburg Prieska

8 Innibos Boerbokgroep Produksieveiling Johan Boshoff, Anton Bothma, Joubert Fourie, Kobus Fourie, Ruan Smit, Xander Deysel

Polokwane (Pietersburg)

12 Griekwaland-Wes Veiling Izak Gous Postmasburg

13 Jaco van Rensburg Upington

15 Bobaas Boerbokveiling Johan Strauss, Lukas Burger Parys, Afridome

20 Karoo Boerbok Produksie Veiling PW Botha, Hennie le Roux, Richard Biggs, Andre Barnardt, Eric Meyer en Hannes de Witt

Jansenville

20-21 Wes-Kaap Boerbokklub Streekskampioenskappe en skou veiling

Riversdal

27 Take 3 Genetics Leonard du Raan, Pieter Smith, Casper Byleveld Parys, Afridome

29 Doornpoort Genetics Kobus Lotter Onderstepoort

MAART/MARCH

4 Top 8 Produksieveiling Jacques Pretorius, Ampie Coetsee, Lukas Burger, Leonard du Raan, Johan Strauss, Hennie le Roux, Connie Coetzee

Kimberley

11 Mount Stewardt Anton Scheffer Mount Stewart

11 Ghaapseberg Stanley Barkhuizen, Markus Fourie, Desre Ferreira Skougronde Vryburg

10-13 Bosveld Boerbokklub jr. En sr. kursus Pretoria

14 Bosveld Boerbokklub veiling Pretoria

19-21 Noord-Kaap Boerbokklub Skou en jaarvergadering

Griekwastad

21 Greenstone Produksieveiling Cobus Meyer Bona Bona Game Lodge Noord-Wes

21 Quattro Kobus Lotter, Vaatjie Nell, Sakkie Nell, Johnny Henderson, Anton Scheffer

Bela Bela

2020Annual ProgramJaarprogram


24-25 BEOORDELAARS EKSAMEN BLOEMFONTEIN

28 Kareelandgroep Produksieveiling Matthys van Tonder, Freddie Stolper, Sakkie Nell, Ansunet Cilliers, James Freitas, Dick Venter

Rustenburg

APRIL

1 Slagvee Veiling Gordonia Klub Upington

1-4 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Vryburg

3 Top 10 Gordonia Upington

4 Karsten Boerdery Produksieveiling Heraldo Smith Pretoria, Conrad Herbst

11 Bosveld Boerbokklub Warmbad

25 Soetdoring Boerbokstoet(Albert van Zyl), Sterkstroom Boerbokstoet Gerald Calitz

Pretoria

MEI/MAY

7-8 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Swartruggens

9 Befonk Lukas Burger en Barry Strydom Polokwane (Pietersburg)

12-15 Nampo

21 JG Korb Boerdery Griekwastad

28-31 Hoëveld Boerbokklub Royal Skou Pietermaritzburg

JUNIE/JUNE

2-6 Kalahari Red Klub Skou Pretoria

6 Kalahari Red Klub Veiling Pretoria

9-11 Wes-Kaap Klub jr. En sr. kursus Clanwilliam

JULIE/JULY

8-10 Bosveld Klub Junior Kursus Ellisras

14-15 Raadsvergadering Bloemfontein

18 4 Africa Boer Goat Sale Karsten Bdy, Hein Booysen, CR Botha en Jacques Pretorius

Zeerust/ Lichtenburg

AUGUSTUS/AUGUST

1 Innibos Boerbokgroep Produksieveiling Bela Bela

6 Martin Compion Produksieveiling Martin Compion Upington

13 Louis van Rensburg Loeriesfontein

11-15 Bosveld Boerbokklub Warmbad

20 Karsten Boerdery Produksieveiling Heraldo Smith Upington

28-29 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Bultfontein

SEPTEMBER

5 Doornpoort Genetics Kobus Lotter Bela Bela

9 Louis van Rensburg Griekwastad

10-12 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub & Hoëveld Boerbokklub

Standerton

10-12 Wes-Kaap Boerbokklub Skou Moorreesburg

16 Lukas Burger Boerbokstoet Produksieveiling Lukas Burger Kimberley

24 Kasteel Boerbok-en Kalahari Red Produksieveiling

Dries Wiese Kasteel, Loxton

25 Oos-Kaap Boerbokklub Somerset-Oos

25-26 Junior & Senior Kursus P W Botha Jansenville

26 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub & Hoeveld Boerbokklub

Pretoria

26 Innibos Boerbokgroep Produksieveiling Polokwane(Pietersburg)


OKTOBER/OCTOBER

7 Quattro Kobus Lotter, Vaatjie Nell, Sakkie Nell, Johnny Henderson, Anton Scheffer

Willowmore

8 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Vryburg

8-10 Weskaap Klub Sandringham Stellenbosch Livestock ekspo

10 Nama en Atka Bela Bela

15-16 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Swartruggens

20 Raadsvergadering Bloemfontein

21 Raadsvergadering & Inspeksie/Keuring Bloemfontein

22 NASIONALE VEILING Bloemfontein

31 Soetdoring Boerbokstoet(Albert van Zyl), Sterkstroom Boerbokstoet

Pretoria

NOVEMBER

5 Karoo Boerbokke PW Botha, Hennie le Roux, Richard Biggs, Andre Barnardt

Groblershoop

5-7 Sentraal Binneland Boerbokklub Zeerust

21 Bosveld Boerbokklub SALE OF THE ROSES Polokwane

21 Karoo Boerbokke PW Botha, Hennie le Roux, Richard Biggs, Andre Barnardt

Lichtenburg

18-19 Wes-Kaap Boerbokklub Algemene Jaarvergadering

Nieuwoudtville

19 Wes-Kaap Boerbokklub Veiling Nieuwoudtville

28 Kareelandgroep Produksieveiling Matthys van Tonder, Freddie Stolper, Sakkie Nell, Ansunet Cilliers, James Freitas, Dick Venter

Rustenburg

I t a lways seems

imposs ib le . . .

unt i l i t ’ s done.

Dream big!

Probleme wat doeltreffendheid van boerbokboerdery kan verhoed

1 ONGEDIERTESOngediertes word feitlik orals by lam- en kleinveevrektes as die belangriskte probleem geidentifiseer. Die bedryf verloor jaarliks sowat R1 miljard met meestal jakkalse en rooikatte wat baie meer skade as veediefstal aanrig. Ongediertes vreet meer vleis as dit wat Suid-Afrika invoer.

Bestry ongediertes met regte stappe en middele

ROOFDIERE SE ROL

Roofdiere is onontbeerlik in die biostelsel en speel ’n belangrike rol om ’n gesonde balans in die natuur te handhaaf deur onder meer siek, swak en ouer diere te vang en te vreet. Sommige van die roofdiere is ook goeie opruimers en aas op die karkasse van wilde diere en vee.

Die roofdiere is territoriaal en die gedrag van spesies speel ’n groot rol in die afbakening van hul gebiede. Indien alle roofdiere ondeurdag vrekgemaak word, ly dit tot ’n versteuring van die biodiversiteit in die omgewing.

Die natuur se natuurlike reaksie gaan wees om so gou moontlik die balans te probeer herstel.

Problems that may prevent the efficiency of goat farming

1. VERMINVermin are identified as the most important problem almost everywhere in lamb and sheep mortality. The industry loses about R1 billion annually through mostly jackal and predators doing much more damage than stock theft. Vermin eat more meat than South Africa imports.

Combat vermin with the right steps and resources

RIGLYNE vir ‘nSUKSESVOLLE BOKBOERDERYGUIDELINES for SUCCESSFUL GOAT FARMING- MICHELLE KRUGER

41


Predators’ role

Predators are indispensable in the biosystem and play an important role in maintaining a healthy balance in the wild by catching and eating sick, weak and older animals, among others. Some of the predators are also good scavengers and prey on the carcasses of game.

The predators are territorial and the behaviour of their species plays a major role in delimiting their areas. If all predators were eliminated, it would disrupt the biodiversity in the area.

Nature’s natural response is to try to restore the balance as soon as possible.

The gap created leads to the influx of foreign predators. This larger number of younger, foreign animals try to establish themselves in a new habitat and will also tend

Die leemte wat geskep is, lei tot die invloei van vreemde roofdiere. Hierdie groter getal jonger, vreemde diere wat in ’n nuwe habitat probeer nesskop, sal gewoonlik ook makliker op die beskikbare voedselbronne teer, veral kleinvee wat redelik moeiteloos gevang kan word.

HOE GEMAAK MET BESTRYDING?

Daar is talle maniere om roofdiere te bestry. Gebruik verkieslik nie-dodelike metodes soos kudde-oppassers (honde, donkies en alpakkas), krale, roofdierwerende heinings en beskermende halsbande.

Slegs wettige beheermetodes moet gebruik word en dit moet rég gebruik word. Rig dit slegs op die roofdier wat veeverliese veroorsaak het.

Hou volledige rekords van verliese weens roofdiere en statistiek van roofdiere wat vrek gemaak is, soos die soort, geslag, ouderdom en die maaginhoud.

43SA BOER GOAT| News 2019 - 2020 | Nr 27 43SA BOER GOAT| News 2019 | Nr 27


to feed on the available food resources more easily, especially on small stock that can be caught effortlessly.

What about combating predators?

There are numerous ways to combat predators. Preferably use non-lethal methods such as herd caretakers (dogs, donkeys and alpacas), kraals, predator-proof fences and protective collars.

Only legal control methods should be used and used properly. Only target the predator that causes livestock losses.

Keep complete records of losses due to predators and statistics of predators killed, such as species, gender, age and stomach contents.

Provide the above information to a conservation agency that coordinates predator management.

CRITERIA

The criteria by which all control methods must be measured include:

Cost-effectiveness; the cost of control must also be in line with the losses suffered.

It must be successfully applied by accredited hunters.

It must be done with mercifully and limit suffering.

It should target the particular predator that caused damage.

It must be ecologically acceptable with a minimum impact on the predator species and the environment.

MANAGEMENT PLAN

The successful management of vermin requires the development of a natural habitat plan whereby the farmer can observe different predators, their numbers and their nature.

A typical integrated pest management plan includes:

A map showing watering holes and nests; details of breeding times; records of production information, losses and costs of combating vermin.

Further information: Contact details of nature conservation officers involved in the management of large predators.

Priority should be given to using non-lethal control measures.

Clock and scent collars. The collars are inexpensive and easy to use, freely available and developed by farmers for local conditions.

The following may also be considered:

Verskaf bogenoemde inligting aan ’n bewaringsinstansie wat roofdierbestuur koördineer.

KRITERIA

Die kriteria waaraan alle beheermetodes gemeet moet word, sluit in:

Kostedoeltreffendheid. Die koste van die beheer-maatreëls moet ook in pas wees met die verliese wat gely is.

Dit moet suksesvol deur geakkrediteerde jagters toegepas word.

Dit moet genadig gedoen word en lyding beperk.

Dit moet gerig wees op die spesifieke roofdier wat skade veroorsaak het.

Dit moet ekologies aanvaarbaar wees met ’n minimum uitwerking op die roofdiersoort en die omgewing.

BESTUURSPLAN

Die suksesvolle bestuur van ongediertes vereis die ontwikkeling van ’n natuurlike habitatplan waarvolgens die boer verskillende roofdiere, hul getalle en hul geaardheid kan waarneem.

’n Tipiese geïntegreerde ongediertebestuursplan sluit die volgende in:

’n Kaart wat watergate en neste aandui.

Besonderhede van aanteeltye.

Aantekeninge van produksie-inligting, verliese en koste van bestryding.

Kontakbesonderhede van natuurbewaringsbeamptes wat by die beheer en bestuur van groot roofdiere betrokke is.

’n Voorrangsaak moet wees om nie-dodelike bestrydingsmaatreëls te gebruik.

Klok- en reukbande. Die nekbande is goedkoop, maklik om te gebruik, vryelik bekombaar en ontwikkel deur boere vir plaaslike omstandighede.

Die volgende kan ook oorweeg word:

“Veldwagter”-nekbande. Dié tegnologie bevat ’n sensor wat aan beweging gekoppel is. Dit stel die boer in staat om te reageer op ’n moontlike roofdier in of diefstal van die trop.

Die nadeel is dat hierdie nekband net in ’n selfoonopvangsgebied werk.

Heinings. Dit is die enigste


“Field Keeper” - collars. This technology includes a sensor that is connected to movement which allows the farmer to respond to a potential predator or theft in the herd.

The disadvantage is that this collar only works in a cell phone reception area.

Fences. They are the only tool that bars the entry of vermin 365 days of the year. It is a sustainable, long-term solution for smaller areas. Predators dig holes under the fence, so the base of the fence must be attached to the ground. Electrification of fences can also provide a solution.

Deterrents. These may include lights or alarms that frighten predators.

Protective animals. There is new interest in more efficient, traditional ways of protecting livestock, such as Anatolian dogs, alpacas and donkeys. The use of Anatolian dogs is effective only if properly selected and trained. The dogs must be placed in the area from a young age to form a close bond with the herd.

Donkeys are also good “watchdogs”. A single donkey, especially female, takes on the herd as her own and will therefore protect it.

Alpacas are also used as protective animals. Research has shown the effectiveness of alpaca is due to their curious and fearless nature.

“King” collars. This collar is an adjustable PVC collar placed around the neck of every animal in the herd. This makes it difficult or impossible for a jackal to bite the animal.

“Dead Stop” collars. It is a firmer collar than the King collar and protects the herd from predator attacks. Other controls are needed if sheep/goats are bitten from behind.

To use these methods effectively, it remains important that workers receive training on vermin, predators and all tools to control their numbers.

Source: RPO Newsletter

2. MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS DURING LAMBING

Management problems during lambing were identified as the second most important problem during a survey. With a goat breed where 70% of ewes are able to lamb, and an average lamb mortality of 13.3% is experienced nationwide, various management problems can arise during lambing. Add cold, rainy weather that can strike during lambing, and poor veld conditions for late-pregnant and lactating ewes and all kinds of management problems can occur.

hulpmiddel wat 365 dae van die jaar in die pad van ongediertes staan. Dit is ’n duursame langtermyn-oplossing vir kleiner gebiede. Roofdiere grawe gate onderdeur die heining; dus moet die basis van die heining teen die grond geheg wees. Elektrifisering van heinings kan ook ’n oplossing bied.

Afskrikmiddels. Dit kan insluit ligte of alarms wat die ongedierte ontsenu.

Beskermingsdiere. Daar is nuwe belangstelling in doeltreffender, tradisionele maniere om vee te beskerm, soos Anatoliese honde, alpakkas en donkies. Die gebruik van Anatoliese honde is alleenlik doeltreffend as hulle korrek geselekteer en opgelei is. Die honde moet van kleintyd in die omgewing geplaas word sodat hulle ŉ hegte band met die trop kan vorm.

Donkies is ook goeie “waghonde”. ’n Enkele donkie, veral vroulik, neem die trop as haar eie aan en sal dit dus beskerm.

Alpakkas word ook as beskermingsdiere gebruik. Navorsing het getoon die doeltreffendheid van die alpakka is weens hulle nuuskierige en vreeslose geaardheid.

“King”-halsbande. Dié halsband is ’n verstelbare PVC-halsband wat om die nek van elke dier in die trop geplaas word. Dit maak dit moeilik of onmoontlik vir ’n jakkals om ’n dier aan die keel te byt.

“Doodstop”-halsbande. Dit is ’n stewiger halsband as die King-halsband en beskerm die trop teen rooikat-aanvalle. Ander beheermaatreëls is nodig as skape van agter gebyt word.

Om dié metodes doeltreffend aan te wend, bly dit belangrik dat werkers opleiding ontvang oor ongediertes en alle hulpmiddels om hul getalle te beheer.

Bron: RPO Nuusbrief

2. BESTUURSPROBLEME TYDENS LAMTYDBestuursprobleme tydens lamtyd is tydens ŉ opname as die tweede belangrikste probleem uitgewys. Met ŉ bokras waar 70% van die ooie meerlinge kan lam en ŉ gemiddelde lammortaliteit van 13.3% landwyd ondervind word, kan verskeie bestuurprobleme tydens lamtyd opduik. Voeg koue, reënerige weer wat gedurende lamtyd kan toeslaan, en swak veldtoestande vir laatdragtige en lakterende ooie daarby, en allerhande bestuursprobleme kan te voorskyn tree.

3. SIEKTES EN SIEKTEBEHEER Siektes en siektebeheer beklee die derde belangrikste plek van probleme wat kan opduik om doeltreffende bokboerdery te kortwiek. Alhoewel boerbokke meer bestand is teen sekere siektes, soos byvoorbeeld bloutong, is daar talle ander siektes waarteen


voorkomend geënt, gedip en gedoseer moet word. Hieronder ressorteer ensoötiese aborsies, pasteurella, baarmoeder-sponssiekte en vuilbek by lammers. Dit word later meer volledig bespreek.

4. ARBEIDSPROBLEME

Arbeidsprobleme word toenemend moeilik. Verstedeliking en ontvolking van die platteland asook lone, in die sin dat minimumlone vasgestel is, asook arbeidswetgewing dra by tot hierdie probleem.

5. SWAK VELDTOESTANDE Droogtes van wisselende intensiteit is ŉ algemene verskynsel in Suid-Afrika, en meer as die helfte van die subkontinent is onderhewig aan periodieke droogtes. Droogtes oefen ook ŉ groot invloed uit op veldtoestande terwyl seisoenale droogtes meer dikwels in swak veldtoestande neerslag vind. Die boerbokboer paar sy ooie gedurende Maart/April wanneer laatsomer- en herfsreëns val en die geslagsaktiwiteit van die bok op sy hoogste is.

6. RONDLOOP VAN BOKKEDie rondloopgewoonte van bokke is ŉ onderwerp wat ernstige bespreking uitlok! Daar is een denkskool wat sê die bok is inherent ŉ swerwer en skep sy eie ruimte! Bokke het ŉ goeie bokbestandekampe- en grensdrade nodig om hulle in ŉ weidingstelsel te akkommodeer.

WEIVELD EN DIE BOERBOK Alhoewel die boerbok/Kalahari Red/Savanna goed verspreid is oor land, is daar tog hoë reënval dele en uitsluitlike grasveld-distrikte wat nie as die natuurlike tuiste van die bok beskou word nie. Die boerbok is goed aangepas by die beboste bergdele soos die Valleibosveld in die Oos-Kaap, en kan gedy in dele wat soms te ruig en onherbergsaam vir ander kleinveerasse is. Met sy kort, gladde hare, vlugvoetigheid en vaste tred kan hy teen steil, dig beboste bergdele indring en wei, asook meer dikwels as ander langhaar- en woldraende kleinvee gedip word sonder dat nadelige gevolge intree.

PLANTEGROEI VAN DIE KALAHARI-DORINGVELD EN OMLIGGENDE GEBIEDE

Plantegegroei van die Kalahari-doringveld en omliggende gebiede bekoor baie mense met sy wye verskeidenheid bome, struike, gras- en bossiesoorte wat baie aanloklik is vir bees- en boerbokboerdery. Die volgende uiteensetting gee nie net die bome, struike, grasse en bossie se botaniese en gewone name aan nie, maar ook die bruikbaarheid, hoedanigheid en neigings indien dit bewei word:

3. DISEASES AND DISEASE CONTROLDisease and disease control occupy the third most important area of problems that can arise to handicap effective goat farming. Although goats are more resistant to certain diseases, such as blue tongue, there are many other diseases that need to be vaccinated, dipped and dosed for. These include enzootic abortions, pasteurella infection, uterine sponge disease in lambs. This will be discussed in greater detail later.

4. LABOUR PROBLEMSLabour difficulties are becoming an increasing problem. Urbanisation and depopulation of the countryside as well as wages, in the sense that minimum wages have been set, as well as labour legislation contribute to this problem.

5. POOR VELD CONDITIONSDroughts of varying intensity are a common phenomenon in South Africa, and more than half of the subcontinent is subject to periodic droughts. Droughts also exert a great influence on veld conditions, while seasonal droughts are more often experienced in poor veld conditions. Goat farmers mate their ewes during March/ April when late summer and autumn rains fall and the rams’ activity is at its highest.

6. GOAT VAGRANCYThe vagrant habits of goats is a topic that provokes serious discussion! There is one school of thought that believes that a goat is inherently a wanderer and creates its own space! Goats need effective goat-proof camp and border fences to accommodate them in a grazing system.

PASTURE AND THE GOATAlthough the boer goat/ Kalahari Red/ Savanna is well distributed across the country, there are nevertheless high rainfall areas and exclusive grassland districts that are not considered the natural home of goats. Goats are well adapted to the forested mountain areas such as the valley bushveld in the Eastern Cape, and can thrive in parts that are sometimes too rugged and inhospitable to other small stock. With its short, smooth hair, agility and firm footing, it can penetrate and graze on steep, densely forested mountain areas, as well as be dipped more often than other long-haired and woolly breeds without adverse effects.

VEGETATION OF THE KALAHARI THORNVELD AND SURROUNDING AREAS

Vegetation growth of the Kalahari thornveld and surrounding areas captivates many with its wide variety of trees, shrubs, grass and shrub species, which is very attractive for cattle and goat farming. The following outline not only gives the botanical and common names of the trees, shrubs, grasses and shrubs, but also the usefulness, capacity and trends if grazed:


Botaniese naam/Botanical name

Gewone naam/Common name

Status Bruikbaarheid/Usefulness Hoedanigheid/CapacityNeigings/Tendencies

*Bome, >2m, gewoonlik eenstammig/Trees, >2 m, usually single stemmedAcacia erioloba Kameeldoring Vreetbaar/edibleAcacia tortilis Haak-en-steek Vreetbaar, geneig om te verdig met oorbeweiding/Edible,

inclined to compact in overgrazingAcacia karroo Soetdoring Vreetbaar/edible Olea europaea subsp africana Wildeolyf Vreetbaar/edibleBoscia albitrunca Witgat (boom) Hoogs vreetbaar/Highly edible Zizyphus mucronata Blinkblaar-wag-‘n-bietjie Hoogs vreetbaar/Highly edible Struike, gewoonlik <2 m, gewoonlik meerstammig/Shrubs, usually <2 m, usually multi-stemmedTarchonanthus camphoratus Basterolien Vreetbaar/edibleRhus ciliata Suurkaree Onvreetbaar/inedible Rhus pyroides Brand taaibos Vreetbaar/edible Euclia crispa Ghwarrie Onvreetbaar, neig om te verdig/inedible, inclined to compactDiospyros pallens Jakkalsbessie Vreetbaar/edibleGrewia flava Ronsyntjiebos Hoogs vreetbaar/highly edible Maytenus heterophylla Pendoring Onvreetbaar, neig om te verdig/inedible, inclined to compactEhrehtia rigida Deurmekaarbos Hoogs vreetbaar/highly edible Croton gratissimus Kalahariboegoe Onvreetbaar/inedibleBuddleja saligna Baster olien Onvreetbaar/inedible Acacia mellifera Swarthaak Vreetbaar, erge verdigter/indringer/Edible/ serious

compacter/invaderGrasse/GrassesThemeda triandra Rooigras Klimaks/ climax Hoogs gewens/highly desirableCymbopogon plurinodis Terpentyngras Klimaks/ climax Gewens/desirable Anthephora pubescens Borseltjiegras Klimaks/ climax Hoogs gewens/highly desirableEustachys paspaloides (bruin) Hoenderspoor Klimaks/ climax Hoogs gewens/highly desirableSchmidtia pappophoroides Krulgras Klimaks/ climax Gewens/desirable Stipagrostis obtuse Kortbeenboesmangras Klimaks/climax Minder gewens/less desirable Aristida stipitata Naald steekgras Klimaks/climax Gewens/minder gewens/Desirable/ less desirable Eragrostis lehmanniana Knietjiesgras Subklimaks/Sub climax Gewens/desirableEragrostis trichophora Fyn-blousaadgras Subklimaks/Sub climax Gewens/hoogs gewens/Desirable/ highly desirableSchmidtia kalihariensis Kalaharisuurgras Pionier /Pioneer Ongewens/undesirableTragus koelerioides Pionier/Pioneer Ongewens/undesirable Aristida congesta Wit steekgras Pionier/ Pioneer Ongewens/undesirableEnneapogon desvauxii Agtdaegras Pionier/ Pioneer Ongewens/undesirableStipagrostis uniplumis Blinkaar boesmansgras Subklimaks/ Sub climax Ongewens/undesirable Karoobossies/Karoo bushGnidia polycephala Jannewarie (bos) Onsmaaklike bossie/Unpalatable bushPntzia incana Ankerkaroo Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushEriocephalus ericoides Kapokbos Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushChrysocoma ciliata Bitterbos Onsmaaklike bossie/Unpalatable bushHermannia comosa Kapokkie Smaaklike bossie/Palatable bushPeliostomum leucorrhizum Springbokbossie Smaaklike bossie/Palatable bushSalvia verbenaca Wilde salie Onsmaaklike bossie/Unpalatable bushPollichia campestris Smaaklike bossie/Palatable bushGeigeria ornativa Vermeerbossie Onsmaaklike bossie – giftig/Unpalatable bush - poisonousSutera atropurpurea Bruinsaffraanbossie Smaaklike bossie/Palatable bush


Zygophyllum microphyllum Hondepisbos Smaaklike bossie/Palatable bushPentzia globosa Bitterkaroo Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushRosenis humilis (blou) Perdekaroo Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushPlinthus karooicus Silwerkaroo Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushOsteospermum muricatum Boegoebossie Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bushPteronia glomerata Gombos Minder smaaklike bossie/Less palatable bush

Oor die algemeen, as die veld in ŉ goeie toestand is, het dit ŉ rooi-pers kleur a.g.v. Themeda triandra en Cymbopogon plurinodis. As dit oorbewei word, verander die kleur na die wit van die Eragrostis en Stipagrostis spesies, veral Stipagrostis uniplumis is dan kenmerkend en die veld is baie onvreetbaar, behalwe vir die goeie karoobossies wat dan neig om te verdig. Wanneer die veld uitgetrap raak, neem die pioniersgrasse oor, veral Schmidtia kalihariensis wat hoogs onvreetbaar is; die swakker karoobossies neig dan ook om die veld in te neem en veral Geigeria ornativa raak dan ŉ probleem.

Generally speaking, if the veld is in a good condition, it is reddish-purple in colour owing to Themeda triandra and Cymbopogon plurinodis. If it is over-grazed the colour changes to the white of the Eragrostis and Stipagrostis species, especially Stipagrostis uniplumis is then distinctive and the veld is inedible, except for the good Karoo bush which then tends to compact. When the veld becomes worn-out, the pioneer grasses take over, particularly Schmidtia kalihariensis that is highly inedible; die weaker Karoo bush is then inclined to take over the veld and especially Geigeria ornativa becomes a problem.

Die draad sny die bewaarde veld soos ŉ mes af van die oorbeweide veld. The fence sharply separates the reserved veld from the over-grazed veld.

DIE PLAAS BEESPAN, geleë in die Griekwastad-

omgewing, is sedert 1908 in die besit van die

Swiegerse en is daar al die jare met merino’s geboer.

In die tagtigerjare het my buurman AC Vlok vir my

oorreed om ‘n klompie gekeurde boerbokooitjies

by ‘n skoolvriend van hom, Andrew Jordaan van

Cradock, te gaan koop. Vol entoesiasme is die projek

aangepak, maar soos enige uitdaging is daar goeie en

slegte tye wat ervaar word.

My seun Johann, met sy eie besigheid in Johannesburg,

het die boerdery gedurende 2006 begin huur en

ek was bevoorreg om op die plaas aan te bly en

vir hom toesig te hou. Hy het ‘n voorliefde vir die

boerbok ontwikkel en het later met die kundigheid

van Bennie Jordaan, ‘n rasinspekteur, van die beter

ramme op die Griekwastad veldramveiling gekoop.

Ons glo dat prestasie toetsing die toekomspad ook

van die boerbok is. Gedurende 2014 is my seun met

breinkanker gediagnoseer en 2 jaar later oorlede.

Gedurende hierdie 2 jaar het ons om praktiese

redes besluit om die merino’s te verkoop en die

boerbokstoet uit te brei. As alles goed verloop, sal die

eerste ramme September 2020 by die veldramveiling

op Griekwastad beskikbaar wees.

Bennie Jordaan sal die stoet in September 2020 koop

en die plaas dan begin huur.


Lieb SwiegersWyle

Johann SwiegersBennie Jordaan

Vrugbare, veldaangepaste diere, funksioneel doeltreffende spene IS ONS PRIORITEIT, EN EERLIKHEID ONS TROTS

Johann Swiegers BDY BK Gilraad Boerbokstoet

Stamboek no 668135 ~ Stoet no 627Navrae: Bennie Jordaan 082 372 6837

E pos: Bennie Jordaan [email protected]


VoedingFeeding

van die Boerbok

the Boer Goat


When we talk about feeding animals, we are

dealing with a very serious matter. Whether

we wish to produce meat, wool or mohair, it

is inevitable that pasturage, full-feed rations

and additional feeding will play a minor or

major role depending on circumstances. The

usage intensity of this resource and aids will

be determined by the producer’s specific

objectives, needs, preferences, perception,

knowledge and pursuits.

Drought – Written by Prof HO de Waal Pr. Sci. Nat., Anim. Sci. [401721/83] University of the Free State, Bloemfontein

Most people working with farmers understand the hardships of a drought.

The current situation is tough, but it can be managed and the following measures may help to prevent unnecessary deaths and reduce financial losses:

• Ensure that the cash flow is judiciously maintained as far as possible.• Protect the core breeding animals. After the drought the female animals must again generate income.• Where still possible, use supplementary feeding on the veld strategically.• Reduce the number of animals that depend on food sources on the farm by marketing surplus

animals or removing them temporarily from the veld – in a pen or to established pastures.

• Limit animals’ movement by putting them into small camps with shady trees or other shelter. There is better control of the quantities of feed that is provided to the animals daily.

• Ensure that all animals have continuous access to adequate clean drinking water.

• Separate the stronger and weaker animals to reduce competition at the feeding troughs.

• Do not feed animals ad lib over long periods. Ration feed according to the desired production levels, for example survival or maintenance (maintenance of body mass) or lactation.

• Do not waste feed by spreading it on the ground – use suitable feeding troughs or old conveyer belts.

• Provide rationed quantities of feed every second or third day; thus most animals get sufficient food. It will also reduce competition at the feeding troughs.

Wanneer dit oor voeding van diere gaan,

is ons met ‘n baie ernstige saak besig. Of

ons vleis, wol of bokhaar wil produseer, is dit

onafwendbaar dat weiveld, volvoer-rantsoene

en byvoeding in ‘n mindere of meerdere mate,

na gelang van omstandighede, ‘n rol sal speel.

Die gebruiksintensiteit van hierdie hulpbron en

hulpmiddels sal deur die produsent se spesifieke

doelwitte, behoeftes, voorkeure, persepsie,

kennis en strewes bepaal word.

Droogte - Geskryf deur prof HO de Waal Pr. Sci. Nat., Anim. Sci. [401721/83] Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Bloemfontein

Die meeste mense wat met boere werk, het begrip vir die ontberings van ŉ droogte.

Die huidige situasie is benard, maar dit kan bestuur word en die volgende maatreëls kan help om onnodige vrektes te verhoed en finansiële verliese te verminder:

• Sorg dat die kontantvloei sover moontlik oordeelkundig gehandhaaf word.

• Beskerm die kern teeldiere. Die vroulike diere moet na die droogte weer inkomste genereer.

• Waar nog moontlik, maak strategies van aanvullende voeding op veld gebruik.

• Verminder die aantal diere wat van voerbronne op die plaas afhanklik is deur surplus diere te bemark of tydelik van die veld te verwyder – in ŉ kraal of aangeplante weiding.

• Beperk diere se beweging deur hulle in klein kampies met koeltebome of ander beskutting te plaas. Daar is beter beheer oor die hoeveelhede voer wat daagliks aan die diere verskaf word.

• Verseker dat alle diere deurgaans toegang tot genoeg skoon drinkwater het.

• Skei die sterker en swakker diere om kompetisie by die voerbakke te verminder.

• Moenie diere ad lib. oor lang periodes voer nie. Rantsoeneer voer volgens produksievlakke wat verlang word, byvoorbeeld oorlewing of onderhoud (handhawing van liggaamsmassa) of laktasie.

• Moenie voer mors deur dit op die grond uit te gooi nie – gebruik geskikte voerbakke of ou vervoerbande.

• Verskaf gerantsoeneerde hoeveelhede voer elke tweede of derde dag. Sodoende kry die meeste


• What can be fed? The basis for ruminants is roughage, whether on the veld or in the trough. Coarsely ground roughage is always better utilised (less wastage) than in the long form. The energy contained can be increased with a suitable source (e.g. ground maize) and then balanced by a suitable source of raw protein. The intake of minerals is also balanced according to animals’ needs.

• Feed granules are simply convenient (transport, handling, less wastage) but coarsely ground roughage and proper balance (explained above) can satisfy animals’ needs adequately.

• Limit the daily intake of salt (NaCl) by sheep to 5-10g and cattle 50-60g.

The core flock

• Flocks must be grouped according to age and production status. In sheep and goats ewes are scanned and multiple status determined so that their feeding can be specifically adapted.

• Apart from pregnancy the condition of teeth must also be determined, especially with older ewes. Goats with worn teeth can complete their production in pens, but at a price.

• Draw a pan inventory of available veld and other food sources. The information is required to determine how many mouths can be kept till after the beginning of the following summer.

• Reduce the number of animals that are dependent on food sources on the farm by marketing surplus animals or removing them temporarily from the veld. Take note of the reproduction record and weaner weights of female animals’ progeny. In every age group there are fewer productive animals that can be culled.

• The principle of cut-your-losses comes up and further expenditures must be discounted against expected income on the short to medium term. Guard against selling younger breeding animals because they are now in a good condition and pregnant and a premium can be bargained for.

• Obtain veterinary advice when making possible adjustments to the dosing and vaccination programmes.

In general

Farmers’ situations differ – get in touch with a professional expert to help with strategic planning. If there is little grazing material on the veld, licks will be pointless – often too large quantities of supplementary feeding is given on the veld under such conditions. Judge beforehand when to remove animals from the veld and feed them strategically in smaller camps. Op pad reserve could perhaps be further plant material for cutting and baling. The blades of thornless prickly pears are a very good source of food– whole blades for cattle and roughly chopped for sheep and goats. During droughts we cannot be fastidious about the quality of

diere genoeg kos om te vreet. Dit sal ook kompetisie by die voerbakke verminder.

• Wat kan gevoer word? Die basis vir herkouers is ruvoer, hetsy op die veld of in die krip. Grofgemaalde ruvoer word altyd beter benut (minder vermorsing) as in die lang vorm. Die energie-inhoud kan verhoog word met ŉ geskikte bron (bv. gemaalde mielies) en word dan gebalanseer met ŉ geskikte ruproteïenbron. Die inname van minerale word ook gebalanseer volgens diere se behoefte.

• Voerkorrels is bloot gerieflik (vervoer, hantering, minder vermorsing) maar grofgemaalde ruvoer en behoorlik gebalanseer (hierbo verduidelik) kan goed in diere se behoeftes voldoen.

• Beperk die daaglikse inname van sout (NaCl) by skape op 5-10g en beeste 50-60g.

Die kernkudde

• Kuddes moet volgens ouderdom en produksiestatus groepeer word. By skape en bokke word ooie geskandeer en meerlingstatus bepaal sodat hulle voeding spesifiek aangepas kan word.

• Benewens dragtigheid moet die toestand van tande ook bepaal word, veral by die ouer ooie. Slytbekke kan wel hul produksie in krale voltooi, maar dit sal teen ’n prys geskied.

• Stel ’n inventaris op van beskikbare veld en ander voerbronne. Die inligting is nodig om te bepaal hoeveel bekke aangehou kan word tot na die begin van die volgende somer.

• Verminder die aantal diere wat van voerbronne op die plaas afhanklik is deur surplus diere te bemark of tydelik van die veld te verwyder. Let op die reproduksierekord en speengewigte van vroulike diere se nageslag. In elke ouderdomsgroep is daar minder produktiewe diere wat uitgeskot kan word.

• Die beginsel van “cut-your-losses” kom ter sprake en verdere uitgawes moet teen verwagte inkomste oor die kort- tot mediumtermyn verdiskonteer word. Waak daarteen om jonger teeldiere van die hand te sit omdat hulle nou in ’n goeie kondisie en dragtig is en ’n premie beding kan word.

• Kry veeartsenykundige advies om moontlike wysigings aan die doseer en entprogramme aan te bring.

Algemeen

Boere se situasie verskil – kontak ŉ professionele kundige vir hulp met strategiese beplanning. Indien daar min weidingsmateriaal op die veld is, sal lekke ook nie help nie – dikwels word te groot hoeveelhede aanvullende voeding onder sulke toestande op veld gegee. Oordeel vroegtydig wanneer om diere van die veld te verwyder en strategies in kleiner kampies te voer. Op pad reserwe is dalk nog plantmateriaal om te sny en te baal. Die blaaie van doringlose turksvye is ŉ baie goeie voerbron – heel


food sources that might make a difference between life and death for animals. If lower grade roughage such as veld grass hay or harvest residues or prickly pear blades are available, animal feeding experts can use it as a basis to formulate a diet that can satisfy animals’ minimum needs.

The ruminant

Plant material selected during droughts on poor

and dry veld, contain little protein. The digestive system of ruminants and the symbiosis with microbes in the large and reticulo-rumen offer an opportunity for supplementing crude protein with a non-protein nitrogen source (NPN) such as feed-grade urea. The microbes in the reticulo-rumen break down cellulose (fibre) and form new nutrients (volatile fatty acids and microbic protein). The complex fourfold “stomach” gradually develops from the suckling phase (single stomach) to that of a physiologically adult ruminant. In younger calves and lambs the reticulo-rumen is still developing. Therefore use natural and higher quality protein sources rather than NPN; flow-past protein may be strategically provided.

Supplementary feeding (licks)

It is always advisable to answer the following critical questions about a supplementary feeding programme:

• What is the aim with the supplementation? Must protein, energy, a combination of protein and energy, or minerals be supplemented? Must animals’ condition improve or dry animals only maintain maintenance (mass) or must lactation be supported? Animals in different production phases must therefore strategically receive specific types and quantities of supplementations.

• How may the purpose be best achieved? Are the less productive animals removed to make all grazing available for the remaining animals? The option is seldom used and can make a large contribution to making supplementary feeding programmes more effective and cheaper for the remaining animals.

• Can it be determined whether the purpose was achieved? Here most well-intended efforts fail to improve animal performance because the recommended levels of supplementation are seldom maintained. Intake of supplementary feeding varies and is influenced by feeding space (number of animals/trough), access to the troughs (dominance among animals), level of supplementation and how often troughs are filled.

• Unless the provision of supplementary feeding is

blaaie vir beeste en grof gekap vir skape en bokke. Tydens droogtes kan ons nie te kieskeurig wees oor die gehalte van voerbronne wat ŉ verskil tussen lewe en dood vir diere mag beteken nie. Indien laegraadse ruvoer soos veldgrashooi of oesreste of turksvyblaaie beskikbaar is, kan dierevoedingkundiges dit as basis gebruik om ŉ dieet te formuleer wat diere se minimum behoeftes kan bevredig.

Die herkouer

Plantmateriaal wat tydens droogtes op skraal en droë veld geselekteer word, bevat min proteïen. Die verteringstelsel van herkouers en die simbiose met mikrobes in die groot- en ruitjiespens (retikulo-rumen) bied geleentheid om ruproteïen met ŉ nie-proteïenstikstofbron (NPN) soos voergraad ureum aan te vul. Die mikrobes in die retikulo-rumen breek sellulose (vesel) af en vorm nuwe voedingstowwe (vlugtige vetsure en mikrobiese proteïen). Die komplekse vierledige “maag” ontwikkel geleidelik vanaf die suipfase (enkelmaag) na dié van ’n fisiologies volwasse herkouer. In jonger kalwers en lammers is die retikulo-rumen nog besig om te ontwikkel. Gebruik dus natuurlike en hoër gehalte proteïenbronne eerder as NPN; verbyvloeiproteïen kan strategies verskaf word.

Aanvullende voeding (lekke)

Dit is altyd raadsaam om die volgende kritiese vrae vir ŉ aanvullende voedingsprogram te beantwoord:

• Wat is die doel met die aanvulling? Moet proteïen, energie, ŉ kombinasie van proteïen en energie, of minerale aangevul word? Moet diere se kondisie toeneem of droë diere slegs onderhoud (massa) handhaaf of moet laktasie ondersteun word? Diere in verskillende produksiefases moet dus spesifieke tipes en hoeveelhede aanvullings strategies ontvang.

• Hoe kan die doel die beste bereik word? Is die minder produktiewe diere verwyder om alle weiding vir die oorblywende diere beskikbaar te stel? Die opsie word te min gebruik en kan ŉ groot bydrae lewer om aanvullende voedingsprogramme meer doeltreffend en goedkoper vir die oorblywende diere te maak.

• Kan bepaal word of daar in die doel geslaag is? Hier faal die meeste goed bedoelde pogings om diereprestasie te verbeter want die aanbevole peile van aanvulling word selde gehandhaaf. Inname van aanvullende voeding wissel en word beïnvloed deur vreetspasie (getal diere/bak), toegang tot die bakke (dominansie tussen diere), peil van aanvulling en

(Vervolg op/Continue on p56)


managed, some animals feed too much and others get too little to benefit from it.

• Animals must not be fruitlessly fed on the veld.

• A variety of products is available; obtain advice from a professional animal feed expert on the options and products that may be considered.

• Animals may indeed experience a moderate loss (10-15%) in body mass, but then it must be controlled over a reasonably long period and take place under judicious feeding management.

Veld fires

• Runaway fires or accidental fires can change current tough conditions into disaster conditions. Areas where veld was burned already practically exist in an extreme drought.

• Make effective firebreaks, especially along roads, around living quarters and refuse dumps. Roads are not effective firebreaks as the road surface is smooth and coals are easily blown across by wind. Fire also spreads through storm-water pipes.

• Veld fires suppress grass production for about two seasons. Veld must therefore rest at least one growth season after accidental fires and at least one growing season before a planned fire.

In conclusion

• Animal health starts at the mouth; good feeding is the basis of healthy animals and production. Changes in management may also require adjustments in the programme for disease prevention (inoculation). Remember that vaccination is a simple action (an injection), while generating immunity is a more complex process in animals that needs protein (amino acids in the diet) to manufacture antibodies. During droughts the dry seasons are particularly harsh and the protein contained in grass is low. Timely inoculation may be considered to ensure development of better immunity.

• Drastic changes in management such as limiting animals in pens cause greater stress and susceptibility to diseases. The occurrence of opportunistic diseases may increase and require inoculation that is not normally required. Specific local conditions and circumstances are determinants of any adjustments to inoculation, dipping and dosing programmes. Discuss any possible adjustment to the disease control programme with your veterinarian.

• Vitamin status must also be evaluated and supplemented.

Our best wishes in your stock farming!

hoe dikwels bakke opgevul word.• Tensy die voorsiening van aanvullende voeding nie

bestuur word nie, vreet sommige diere te veel en ander diere te min om baat daarby te vind.

• Diere moet nie vrugteloos op veld gevoer word nie.• ŉ Verskeidenheid produkte is beskikbaar; kry advies

by ŉ professionele dierevoedingkundige oor die opsies en produkte wat oorweeg kan word.

• Diere mag wel ’n matige verlies (10-15%) in liggaamsmassa ervaar, maar dan moet dit oor ’n redelik lang periode en onder beheer van oordeelkundige voedingsbestuur geskied.

Veldbrande

• Wegholbrande of ongeluksvure kan huidige benarde toestande in ramptoestande verander. Gebiede waar veld gebrand het verkeer prakties reeds in ŉ uiterste droogte.

• Maak doeltreffende brandbane, veral langs paaie, rondom woonkwartiere en ashope. Paaie is nie goeie vuurbreuke nie want die padoppervlakte is glad en kole word maklik deur wind oorgewaai. Vuur sprei ook deur stormwaterpype.

• Veldbrande onderdruk grasproduksie vir sowat twee seisoene. Veld moet dus ten minste een groeiseisoen na ongeluksbrande en ten minste een groeiseisoen voor ŉ beplande brand rus.

Ten slotte

• Diergesondheid begin by die bek; goeie voeding is die grondslag van gesonde diere en produksie. Veranderinge in bestuur mag ook aanpassings in die program vir siektevoorkoming (inenting) vereis. Onthou inenting is ’n eenvoudige aksie (ŉ inspuiting), terwyl opwekking van immuniteit ŉ meer komplekse proses in die dier behels wat proteïen (aminosure in die dieet) benodig om teenliggame te vervaardig. Tydens droogtes is die droë seisoene veral baie straf en die proteïeninhoud van gras laag. Tydige inenting mag oorweeg word ten einde ontwikkeling van beter immuniteit te verseker.

• Drastiese veranderinge in bestuur soos die inperking van diere in krale veroorsaak groter stres en vatbaarheid vir siektes. Die voorkoms van opportunistiese siektes mag vergroot en inenting benodig wat nie normaalweg nodig is nie. Spesifieke plaaslike toestande en omstandighede is bepalend in enige wysigings van inenting-, dip- en doseerprogramme. Bespreek enige moontlike aanpassing in die siektebeheerprogram met jou veearts.

• Vitamienstatus moet ook geёvalueer en aangevul word.

Ons wens jou sterkte toe met die veeboerdery!

(Vervolg van/Continue from p53)


Aangesien dit oor byvoeding gaan, is die beste manier om byvoeding te beskryf as ’n bestuur strategie wat deur ’n boer toegepas word wanneer daar onvoldoende voeding beskikbaar is om in die voedingsbehoeftes van diere te bevredig en/of wanneer daar voldoende voeding van laer kwaliteit beskikbaar is, om ’n bevredigende produksiepeil te handhaaf.

Ooie wat met paring in massa toeneem, is meer geneig om tweelinge te produseer as dié wat massa handhaaf of verloor. Besetting en tweelinggeboortes neem af indien die ooie kort voor die paarseisoen massa verloor. Ovulasietempo (aantal eiselle per hittesiklus afgeskei) bepaal die boonste limiet van

As this is about additional feeding, the best way of describing flush feeding (additional feeding) is that it is a management strategy applied by a farmer when adequate feeding is unavailable to satisfy the nutritional requirements of animals and/or when adequate feeding of lower quality is available to maintain a satisfactory production level.

Ewes that increase in weight prior to and during mating are Inclined to produce twins compared to those that lose weight. Conception and twin births decrease if the ewes lose weight and body condition just before mating season. The ovulation rate, which is the number of ova per oestrus cycle secreted, determines the upper

PRIKKELVOEDINGaan BOERBOKOOIEFLUSH FEEDINGBOER GOAT EWES- DR. JASPER COETZEE


limit of the ewe’s fecundity (multiple births) and this is controlled genetically. The degree to which a ewe reaches her genetic reproduction potential depends on environmental factors such as feeding and management (Downing & Scaramuzzi, 1991). According to Rowe and Atkins (2005), feeding has the greatest influence (>70%). To thus ensure a high birth rate, ewes must be in an excellent condition (3.5 KP) at mating. For every kg that they are heavier than the 3.5kp, the lambing percentage increases by about 1.5 to 2.5%. To get ewes to increase their weight, they must be placed in camps two months prior to mating and be fed a flush lick from at least three weeks before the mating season begins for at least six weeks.

On dry pasture Voermol Maxiwol Production pellets are fed as a flush lick at 300 to 400 g/ewe/day. Maxiwol Production pellets must not be fed where the drinking water is brackish or where much salsola spp. occur, as it will result in inadequate lick intake. No salt lick or block must therefore be fed. On green pasture or where the drinking water is brackish or where much brak bush occur, a Maxiwol lick mixture (250 kg Voermol Maxiwol concentrate + 200 kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 50 kg salt) at 300 to 400 g/ewe/day must be fed as a flush lick. Where teasers are used, the feeding level of the flush lick for adult ewes can be decreased by the fourth week of the mating season to 250 g/ewe/day and the following week to 200 g/ewe/day. The latter is a maintenance feeding level and should be adequate for early pregnant adult ewes until the rams are removed, if adequate pasturage is available. If teasers are not used, the flush feeding level must be decreased only from the sixth week of the mating season. The reason why the flush feeding level is reduced is that research shows that the highest embryo survival occurs where ewes are fed at a maintenance feeding level shortly after conception. On the other hand, till the rams are removed, the flush lick for young ewes is fed at the same level (300 g/ewe/day) as for flush feeding provided to maintain their recommended target mass increases (±70 to 180 g/ewe/day). Any loss of mass must be avoided in both the young and adult ewes during the mating season, as it may result in embryo resorption. The latest research indicates that it is economically justified and non-negotiable to provide flush feeding to ewes that lambed twins in the last lambing season, as well as to young ewes that were mated for the first time. The rest of the ewes are fed only flush feeding if they are thin or skinny (< 3.0 KP), but not if they are in an excellent condition (3.5 KP) because it is then not economically justified.

Ewes must be injected with Multimin™ (G1853) plus Vitamin A & E four to six weeks prior to the mating season, as well as be given the necessary dosing and inoculations (multi-clostridial vaccine and enzootic abortion). From four weeks before the mating season

die ooi se fekunditeit (meerlinggeboortes) en dit word geneties beheer. Die mate waarin ‘n ooi haar genetiese reproduksiepotensiaal bereik, is afhanklik van omgewingsfaktore soos voeding en bestuur (Downing & Scaramuzzi, 1991). Voeding het volgens Rowe & Atkins (2005) die grootste invloed (>70%). Om dus ‘n hoë lampersentasie te verseker, moet ooie in ‘n uitstekende kondisie (3.5 KP) met paring wees en vir elke kg wat hulle swaarder is met paring, styg die lampersentasie met ongeveer 1.5 tot 2.5 %. Om ooie in ‘n stygende massa te kry, moet hulle twee maande voor die paarseisoen in spaarkampe geplaas word en vanaf minstens drie weke voor die paarseisoen vir minstens ses weke ‘n prikkellek gevoer word.

Op droë weiding word Voermol Maxiwol Produksiekorrels as ‘n prikkellek teen 300 tot 400 g/ooi/dag gevoer. Maxiwol Produksiekorrels moenie gevoer word waar die drinkwater brak is of waar baie brakbossies voorkom nie, want dit sal onvoldoende lekinname tot gevolg hê. Geen soutlek of -klip moet daarom gevoer word nie. Op groenweiding of waar die drinkwater brak is of waar baie brakbossies voorkom, moet ‘n Maxiwollekmengsel (250 kg Voermol Maxiwolkonsentraat + 200 kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 50 kg sout) teen 300 tot 400 g/ooi/dag as ‘n prikkellek gevoer word. Waar koggelramme gebruik word, kan die voedingspeil van die prikkellek vir volwasse ooie teen die vierde week van die paarseisoen na 250 g/ooi/dag en die volgende week na 200 g/ooi/dag verlaag word. Laasgenoemde is onderhoudvoedingspeil en behoort voldoende vir vroeë dragtige volwasse ooie te wees, totdat die ramme uitgehaal word, indien daar voldoende weiding beskikbaar is. Indien koggelramme nie gebruik word nie, moet die prikkelvoedingspeil eers vanaf die sesde week van die paarseisoen verlaag word. Die rede waarom die prikkelvoedingspeil verlaag word, is omdat navorsing toon dat die hoogste embrio-oorlewing geskied waar ooie kort na besetting op ‘n onderhoudvoedingspeil gevoer word. Daarenteen word die prikkellek vir jongooie, totdat die ramme uitgehaal word, teen dieselfde vlak (300 g/ooi/dag) as vir prikkelvoeding voorsien om hulle aanbevole teikenmassatoenames (± 70 tot 180 g/ooi/dag) te handhaaf. Enige massaverlies moet by beide die jong- en volwasse ooie gedurende die paarseisoen voorkom word, want dit kan embrio-resorpsie tot gevolg hê. Die nuutste navorsing toon dat dit ekonomiese geregverdig en ononderhandelbaar is om prikkelvoeding te voorsien aan ooie wat hulle laaste lamseisoen tweelinge gelam het, asook aan jongooie wat die eerste keer gepaar word. Die res van die ooie word slegs prikkelvoer gevoer indien hulle maer of skraal (< 3.0 KP) is, maar nie as hulle in ‘n uitstekende kondisie (3.5 KP) is nie omdat dit dan nie ekonomies geregverdig is nie.

Ooie moet vier tot ses weke voor die paarseisoen met


ewes must be kept calm and no stressful activities must be conducted in this period. Where ewes are shorn and dipped two to four weeks before the mating season, the conception was 89% due to these stressful activities, against 96% where these activities were conducted longer than four weeks before the mating season. Where ewes were driven over a long distance shortly before mating, the resultant stress reduced their ovulation rate by up to 60%. Avoid mating ewes on clover and lucerne pasture that is under moisture constraints, damaged by insects or contaminated by viruses or fungi as these plants produce hormones under these conditions that may influence the lambing percentage detrimentally.

Feeding during early pregnancy

Any factors that may cause tension must be avoided during early (first month of) pregnancy, as they may result in embryo mortalities. Where ewes were handled during mating by bringing them to the pen every fourth day to identify covered ewes, their lambing percentage was 65% against 98% of the ewes that were not handled. To prevent embryo mortalities and death of the foetuses, where possible, no stressful activities (e.g. dosing, vaccination, shearing, dipping, etc.) must take place during the mating season till at least one month after the rams were removed. The difference (also known as the disappearance factor) between the number of lambs scanned and those that were actually born (dead and living), is an indication of the embryonic and foetal losses (foetuses that die) and may be as high as 23% and even higher.

During the first month of pregnancy adult ewes must maintain their mass, while young ewes must increase by about 70 to 180 g/ewe/day in mass (NRC, 2007). Owing to the risk of resorption, ewes must not be weighed during early pregnancy. The use of teasers is highly recommended because it makes flush feeding even more beneficial. Where ewes receive flush feeding (300

g/ewe/day) from three weeks before the mating season for six weeks, adult ewes’ feeding level is adjusted after six weeks of flush feeding if teasers were used. Where teasers are used, the feeding level of the flush lick for adult ewes can thus be decreased by the fourth week of the mating season to 250 g/ewe/day and the following week to 200 g/ewe/day. The latter is a maintenance feeding

level and if adequate pasturage is available, it should be adequate for early pregnant adult ewes until the rams are removed. If teasers are not used, the flush feeding level must be decreased only from the sixth week of the

Multimin™ (G1853) plus Vitamien A & E gespuit word, asook die nodige doserings en entings (multiklostridiale entstof & Ensoöties aborsie) ontvang. Vanaf vier weke voor die paarseisoen moet ooie rustig gehou word en geen stresvolle aktiwiteite moet in hierdie periode uitgevoer word nie. Waar ooie twee tot vier weke voor die paarseisoen geskeer en gedip is, was die besetting 89 % as gevolg van hierdie stresvolle aktiwiteite teenoor 96 % waar hierdie aktiwiteite langer as vier weke voor die paarseisoen uitgevoer is. Waar ooie kort voor paring oor ‘n lang afstand aangejaag is, het die stres as gevolg daarvan hulle ovulasietempo met tot 60 % verlaag. Vermy die paring van ooie op klawer- en lusernweiding wat aan ‘n vogstremming ly, deur insekte beskadig of met virusse of swamme besmet is omdat hierdie plante onder hierdie omstandighede hormone produseer wat die lampersentasie nadelig kan beïnvloed.

Voeding gedurende vroeë dragtigheid

Enige faktore wat spanning kan veroorsaak, moet gedurende vroeë (eerste maand van) dragtigheid vermy word, want dit kan embriomortaliteite tot gevolg hê. Waar ooie gedurende paring gehanteer is deur hulle elke vierde dag kraal toe te bring om gedekte ooie te identifiseer, was hulle lampersentasie 65 % teenoor die 98 % van die ooie wat nie gehanteer is nie. Om embriomortaliteite en afsterwing van die fetusse te voorkom, moet waar moontlik, geen stresvolle aktiwiteite (bv. dosering, ent, skeer, dip, ensovoorts) gedurende die paarseisoen tot minstens een maand nadat die ramme uitgehaal is, uitgevoer word nie. Die verskil (ook bekend as verdwynfaktor) tussen die aantal lammers geskandeer en dié wat werklik gebore (dood en lewendig) word, is ‘n aanduiding van die embrionale en fetale verliese (fetusse wat afsterf) en kan maklik so hoog as 23 % en selfs hoër wees.

Gedurende die eerste maand van dragtigheid moet volwasse ooie hulle massa handhaaf terwyl jongooie ongeveer 70 tot 180 g/ooi/dag in massa moet toeneem (NRC, 2007). Weens die risiko van resorpsie mag ooie nie gedurende vroeë dragtigheid geweeg word nie. Die gebruik van koggelramme is hoogs aan te beveel omdat dit prikkelvoeding nog meer betalend maak. Waar ooie vanaf drie weke voor die paarseisoen vir ses weke prikkelvoeding (300 g/ooi/dag) ontvang het, word volwasse ooie se voedingspeil na ses weke van prikkelvoeding aangepas indien koggelramme gebruik is. Waar koggelramme gebruik word, kan die


voedingspeil van die prikkellek vir volwasse ooie dus teen die vierde week van die paarseisoen na 250 g/ooi/dag en die volgende week na 200 g/ooi/dag verlaag word. Laasgenoemde is onderhoudvoedingspeil en indien daar voldoende weiding beskikbaar is, behoort dit voldoende vir vroeë dragtige volwasse ooie te wees totdat die ramme uitgehaal word. Indien koggelramme nie gebruik word nie, moet die prikkelvoedingspeil eers vanaf die sesde week van die paarseisoen verlaag word. Die rede hoekom die prikkelvoedingspeil verlaag word, is omdat navorsing toon dat die hoogste embrio-oorlewing geskied waar ooie kort na besetting op ‘n onderhoudvoedingspeil gevoer word. Daarenteen word die prikkellek vir jongooie, totdat die ramme uitgehaal word, teen dieselfde vlak (300 g/ooi/dag) as vir prikkelvoeding, voorsien om hulle aanbevole teikenmassatoenames te handhaaf.

Enige massaverlies moet by beide jong en volwasse ooie gedurende vroeë dragtigheid voorkom word, want dit kan embrioresorpsie tot gevolg hê. Wanneer die ramme uitgehaal word, word die byvoedingspeil van beide die jong en volwasse ooie aangepas en word daar gewoonlik na ander lekke oorgeskakel. Die lekke moet verseker dat ‘n matige massatoename gedurende middragtigheid gehandhaaf word (sien Middragtigheid, Afdeling 5). Hou ooie rustig en staak alle aktiwiteite gedurende die paarseisoen en die eerste paar weke (± 4 – 6 weke) nadat die ramme uitgehaal is om embrionale en fetale vrektes te beperk (Henderson, 1990). Voorsien skaduwee (in die vorm van bome of skadunet) as die dagtemperatuur meer as 28 ° C, maar definitief as dit meer as 32 ° C is. Ooie moet altyd vrylik toegang tot skoon en goeie gehalte drinkwater hê wat so na as moontlik aan die skaduwee moet wees. Baie brak- en soutwater verhoog die hittespanning wat die risiko vir embrionale en fetale verliese verhoog.

Voeding gedurende middragtigheid

Gedurende middragtigheid (Maand twee en drie van dragtigheid) is die optimale groei van die plasenta (nageboorte) van kritieke belang. ‘n Klein nageboorte gee aanleiding tot ‘n toename in lamvrektes weens te klein lammers (minder as 3.5 kg) met geboorte as gevolg van swak lewensvatbaarheid van die pasgebore lammers; swak moedereienskappe en ‘n lae melkproduksie van die ooie (Kelly en Ralph, 1990). Die plasenta produseer hormone wat noodsaaklik is vir die instandhouding van dragtigheid; ontwikkeling van die uier en die stimulering van moedereienskappe. ‘n Afname van tot 25 % in melkproduksie is by ooie waargeneem wat voor Dag 100 van dragtigheid ondervoed is ten spyte daarvan dat hulle ad lib.-voeding gedurende die laaste ses weke van

mating season. The reason why the flush feeding level is reduced is that research shows that the highest embryo survival occurs where ewes are fed at a maintenance feeding level shortly after conception. On the other hand, the flush lick for young ewes is given at the same level (300 g/ewe/day) as for flush feeding to maintain their recommended target mass increases until the rams are removed.

Any loss of mass among both young and adult ewes must be prevented during early pregnancy, as it may result in embryo resorption. When the rams are removed, the additional feeding levels of both the young and adult ewes are adjusted and they are usually switched over to other licks. The licks must ensure that a moderate mass increase is maintained during mid-pregnancy (see Mid-pregnancy, section 5). Keep ewes calm and stop all activities during the mating season and the first few weeks (± 4 – 6 weeks) after the rams were removed to limit embryonic and foetal deaths (Henderson, 1990). Provide shade (such as trees and shade-netting) if the daytime temperature is above 28 °C, but it is a necessity if the daytime temperatures rise above 32 °C. At all times ewes must have free access to clean and good quality drinking water that must be as close to the shade as possible. Very brackish and salty water increases the heat tension which raises the risk of embryonic and foetal losses.

Feeding during mid-pregnancy

During mid-pregnancy (months two and three of pregnancy) the optimal growth of the placenta (afterbirth) is critically important. A small afterbirth results in an increase in lamb deaths due to too small lambs (less than 3.5 kg) at birth as a result of poor life susceptibility of the new-born lambs, poor maternal characteristics and low milk production of the ewes (Kelly & Ralph, 1990). The placenta produces hormones that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, development of the udder and the stimulation of maternal characteristics. A reduction of up to 25% in milk production was observed in ewes that were


dragtigheid ontvang het (Mavrogenis et al., 1980).

Gedurende die tweede en derde maand van dragtigheid moet volwasse ooie met enkelingfetusse ± 50 g/dag; dié met tweelingfetusse ± 80 g/dag; dié met drielingfetusse ± 100 g/dag in massa toeneem. In die geval van jongooie is die onderskeie massatoenames ongeveer 100; 110 en 140 g/dag (NRC, 2007). Voedingspeile vir die onderskeie groepe ooie kan eers aangepas word na skandering, wat geskied ongeveer 42 dae nadat die ramme uitgehaal is.

Dit gebeur dikwels dat weens baie goeie voedingstoestande die produsent min beheer het oor die weidingsinname van die middragtige ooi wat soms tot gevolg het dat die ooie baie en selfs uitermatig vet kan word. Dit kan grootliks voorkom word deur die drakrag te verhoog. Ooie moet met skandering in groepe (droë ooie; ooie met enkelingfetusse; ooie met tweelingfetusse en ooie met drielingfetusse) verdeel word sodat differensiële voeding (voeding volgens behoefte) toegepas kan word. Dragtige jongooie moet egter apart van dragtige volwasse ooie gehou en bestuur word. Om bestuur te vergemaklik, kan van die onderskeie groepe met oorleg bymekaar gevoeg word. Met differensiële voeding kan presisievoeding toegepas word. Dit is die mees kostedoeltreffende en ekonomiese manier om ooie te voer. Alle droë ooie, insluitend jongooie wat vir die eerste keer gepaar is, moet met skandering uitgeskot word. As alternatief kan droë ooie na ‘n kruisteeltkudde geskuif word, maar met hulle eerste mislukking (nie ‘n lam speen nie) moet hulle summier geprul word.

Indien middragtige ooie nie in staat is om hulle teikenmassatoename op die beskikbare weiding te handhaaf nie, skakel op die stadium wanneer die ramme uitgehaal word oor na ‘n geskikte onderhoudslek. Die tipe lek hang van die tipe weiding, asook die gehalte en hoeveelheid daarvan af. Op volop droë weiding kan een van die volgende onderhoudslekke (100 tot 180 g/ooi/dag) voorsien word:

(1) Rumevite Ekonolek (V11147).(2) 250 kg Voermol Winslekkonsentraat (V17865) +

50 kg gemaalde mielies, heel garspitte of Voermol Melassemeel (V1995) + 100 kg sout.

(3) Voermol Proteïenblok (V10448).

Indien die droë weiding skaars is of as die aanbevole onderhoudslekke nie die voorgeskrewe massatoenames, veral in die geval van jongooie, handhaaf nie, kan een van die volgende produksielekke (250 tot 350 g/ooi/dag) voorsien word:

(1) 700 kg Rumevite Ekonolek + 300 kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte.

(2) 400 kg Voermol Winslekkonsentraat + 400 kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 150 kg sout.

underfed before Day 100 of pregnancy, regardless of the fact that they received ad lib. feeding during the last six weeks of pregnancy (Mavrogenis et al., 1980).

During the second and third months of pregnancy adult ewes with single foetuses must increase in mass by ± 50 g/day; those with twin foetuses by ± 80 g/day; those with triplet foetuses by ± 100 g/day. In the case of young ewes, the respective mass increases are about 100; 110 and 140 g/day (NRC, 2007). Feeding levels for the respective groups of ewes can only be adjusted after scanning, that takes place about 42 days after the rams were removed.

It often happens that, owing to very good feeding conditions, the producer has little control over the pasture intake of the mid-pregnant ewes that sometimes results in the ewes becoming extremely fat. This can be greatly prevented by increasing the carrying power. Ewes must be divided into groups with scanning (dry ewes; ewes with single foetuses; ewes with twin foetuses and ewes with triplet foetuses) so that differential feeding (feeding according to need) can be applied. Pregnant young ewes, however, must be kept and managed apart from pregnant adult ewes. To facilitate management, some of the respective groups may be combined with discretion. With differential feeding, precision feeding can be implemented. It is the most cost-effective and economic way of feeding ewes. All dry ewes, including young ewes that were mated for the first time, must be culled after scanning. As an alternative, dry ewes can be moved to a cross-breeding flock, but with their first failure (not weaning a lamb) they must be culled forthwith.

If mid-pregnant ewes are unable to maintain their target mass increase on the available pasture, at this stage switch over to a suitable maintenance lick when the rams are removed. The type of lick depends on the type of pasturage, as well as its quality and amount. On abundant dry pasture one of the following maintenance licks (100 to 180 g/ewe/day) can be provided:

(1) Rumevite Ekonolek (V11147).(2) 250 kg Voermol Winslek concentrate (V17865) +

50 kg ground maize, whole barley seed or Voermol Molasses meal (V1995) + 100 kg salt.

(3) Voermol Protein block (V10448).

If the dry pasturage is scarce or if the recommended maintenance licks do not maintain the prescribed mass increases, especially in young ewes, one of the following production licks (250 to 350 g/ewe/day) may be provided:

(1) 700 kg Rumevite Ekonolek + 300 kg ground maize or whole barley seed.

(2) 400 kg Voermol Winslek concentrate + 400 kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 150 kg salt.


(3) Voermol Energieblok (V11456) of Voermol Produksielek (V10108) of Voermol Maxiwol Produksiekorrels (V15415).

Op groen aangeplante weiding kan Voermol Molovite (V7266) teen 200 g/ooi/dag en op groen natuurlike veldweiding Voermol Supermol (V7267) teen 250 g/ooi/dag aangevul word om die voorgeskrewe massatoenames te handhaaf. Indien die voorgeskrewe massatoenames nie met hierdie lekke op groenweiding gehandhaaf kan word nie, moet dit om die helfte met gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte gemeng en teen onderskeidelik teen 400 en 500 g/ooi/dag gevoer word.

Voeding gedurende laatdragtigheid

Laatdragtigheid (vierde en vyfde maand van dragtigheid) is een van dié belangrikste stadiums in die reproduksiesiklus van die ooi omdat ongeveer 80% van die fetusgroei gedurende hierdie stadium van dragtigheid plaasvind wat ‘n betekenisvolle toename in die voedingsbehoeftes van die laatdragtige ooi tot gevolg het (Bell, 1995; Dawson et al., 1999). Die feit dat ongeveer 80% van lamvrektes verband hou met die voeding van die ooi gedurende die laaste paar weke voor en onmiddellik na lam, beklemtoon verder die belangrikheid van voldoende en korrekte voeding gedurende laatdragtigheid (Seymour, 1998). Indien ooie slegs vir een week gedurende laatdragtigheid ondervoed word, kan goeie voeding daarna nooit ten volle daarvoor vergoed nie (Mellor & Matheson, 1979). Laatdragtige ooie met enkelingfetusse moet dus vanaf vier weke voor lam; dié met tweelingfetusse vanaf ses weke en dié met drielingfetusse vanaf agt weke voldoende voedingstowwe (d.i. deurvloeiproteïen, energie, minerale, spoorelemente en vitamines) inneem om uier-ontwikkeling te stimuleer; bies- en melkproduksie te verhoog; moedereienskappe van die ooie en lewenskragtigheid van lammers te verbeter, asook geboorteprobleme (geel lammers met geboorte) en abnormale dik en taai bies te beperk en om ‘n

(3) Voermol Energy block (V11456) or Voermol Production lick (V10108) or Voermol Maxiwol Production pellets (V15415).

On green established pastures Voermol Molovite (V7266) may be given at 200 g/ewe/day and on green natural veld pasturage Voermol Supermol (V7267) at 250 g/ewe/day may be supplemented to maintain the prescribed mass increases. If the prescribed mass increases cannot be maintained with these licks on green pasturage, it must be mixed half and half with ground maize or whole barley seed and fed respectively at 400 and 500 g/ewe/day.

Feeding during late pregnancy

Late pregnancy (fourth and fifth months of pregnancy) is one of the most important stages in the reproduction cycle of the ewe, as approximately 80% of the foetus growth occurs during this stage of pregnancy that results in a significant increase in the feeding needs of the late pregnant ewe (Bell, 1995; Dawson et al., 1999). The fact that about 80% of lamb deaths are related to the feeding of the ewe during the last few weeks before and immediately after lambing, further emphasises the importance of adequate and correct feeding during late pregnancy (Seymour, 1998). If ewes are underfed for only one week during late pregnancy, good feeding afterwards can never fully compensate for it (Mellor & Matheson, 1979). Late pregnant ewes with single foetuses must therefore ingest adequate nutrients (i.e. from flow protein, energy, minerals, trace elements and vitamins) from four weeks before lambing; those with twin foetuses from six weeks and those with triplet foetuses from eight weeks to stimulate udder development; increase colostrum and milk production; improve maternal characteristics of the ewes and vitality of lambs, as well as limiting birth problems (yellow lambs at birth) and abnormally thick and sticky colostrum, and to ensure an ideal birth mass (4.5 to 5.5 kg) that results in maximum lamb survival and that all contribute to limit lamb deaths and/or increase lamb growth. According to Robinson (1990) udder development depends directly on the amount of flow


ideale geboortemassa (4.5 tot 5.5kg) te verseker wat maksimum lamoorlewing tot gevolg het en wat almal meehelp om lamvrektes te beperk en/of lamgroei te verhoog. Volgens Robinson (1990) is uierontwikkeling direk afhanklik van die hoeveelheid deurvloeiproteïen ingeneem. Die aanvulling van deurvloeiproteïen op swak gehalte droë weiding het die massa lam gespeen per ooi gepaar met tot 5.1kg verhoog, asook die daaropvolgende lampersentasie met tot 28 persentasie-eenhede (Brand, 1999). Volwasse ooie moet minstens 15% (d.i. 7.5kg vir ‘n 50kg ooi) en jongooie 10% in massa gedurende die laaste twee maande van dragtigheid toeneem om ‘n gewenste geboortemassa (3.5 – 5.5kg) vir hoë lamoorlewing te verseker.

Die voorsiening van ‘n hoë deurvloeiproteïenlek (300 – 500g/ooi/dag) soos ‘n Maxiwol-lekmeng-sel (250kg Voermol Maxiwol + 200kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 50kg sout); Maxiwol Produksiekorrels; Maxiwol Readymix of Maxiblok voor lam is ononderhandelbaar. Indien die weiding skaars is of waar ooie in lamkampe of lamhokke laat lam word, moet ‘n volledige lammerooirantsoen [375kg gemaalde lusern (20 – 25mm lengtes) + 350kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 150 kg Voermol Maxiwolkonsentraat + 50kg Voermol Procon + 80kg Voermol Melasse-meel] vanaf vier of selfs ses weke voor lam gevoer word. Aangesien hierdie rantsoen ureum bevat, moet die maksimum inname tot 2.5 kg/ooi/dag beperk word om ureumvergiftiging te voorkom. Indien hoër peile gevoer moet word, skakel dr. Jasper Coetzee vir ‘n alternatiewe rantsoen. Ooie moet stadig en geleidelik op hierdie volledige rantsoen aangepas word om suurpens te voorkom. Sorg dat ooie voldoende vreetspasie (langwol ooie: ± 45 – 50cm/ooi; kortwol ooie: ± 40 – 45cm/ooi) op die volledige lammerooirantsoen het. Ooie wat gedurende laatdragtigheid ondervoed is se piek en volhoubaarheid van melkproduksie is laer as goed gevoerde ooie. Ooie moet ook vier tot ses weke voor lam met Multimin™ (G1853) asook Vitamien A en E ingespuit word, asook die nodige doserings en entings (multiklostridiale) ontvang.

Voeding gedurende laktasie

Die voedingspeil gedurende die eerste twee maande na lam moet sodanig wees dat ooie nie meer as 10% van hulle massa verloor nie. Proewe toon dat waar die ooie meer massa verloor het, hulle daaropvolgende lampersentasie tot 25 en in een geval tot 51 persentasie-eenhede laer was. Dit is toelaatbaar dat ooie in vroeë laktasie kondisie verloor solank die kondisiepunt nie laer as 2.0, maar verkieslik nie laer as 2.5 daal nie. Die doelwit moet wees dat jongooie wat vir die eerste keer lam, nie meer as 3 % en volwasse ooie nie meer as 7 % in massa gedurende die eerste twee maande van laktasie verloor nie.

protein ingested. The supplementation of flow protein on poor quality dry pasturage increased the mass lamb weaned per ewe mated by up to 5.1 kg, as well as the successive lambing percentage by up to 28 percentage units (Brand, 1999). Adult ewes must increase in mass at least 15% (i.e. 7.5 kg for a 50 kg ewe) and young ewes by 10% in mass during the last two months of pregnancy to ensure a desired birth mass (3.5 – 5.5 kg) for high lamb survival.

The provision of a high flow through protein lick (300 – 500 g/ewe/day) such as a Maxiwol-lick mixture (250 kg Voermol Maxiwol + 200 kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 50 kg salt); Maxiwol Production pellets; Maxiwol Readymix or Maxiblok before lambing is non-negotiable. If the pasturage is scarce or where ewes are allowed to lamb in lambing camps or lambing pens, a complete lambing ewe ration [375 kg ground lucerne (20 – 25 mm lengths) + 350 kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 150 kg Voermol Maxiwolconcentrate + 50 kg Voermol Procon + 80 kg Voermol Molasses meal] must be fed from four or even six weeks prior to lambing. As this ration contains urea, the maximum intake must be limited to 2.5 kg/ewe/day to prevent urea poisoning. If higher levels must be fed, get in touch with Dr Jasper Coetzee for an alternative ration. Ewes must be slowly adapted to this complete ration to prevent acidosis. Make sure ewes have adequate feeding space (long-wool ewes: ± 45 – 50 cm/ewe; short-wool ewes: ± 40 – 45 cm/ewe) on the complete lambing ewe ration. The peak of milk production and sustainability of ewes that are underfed during late pregnancy are lower than those of well-fed ewes. Four to six weeks before lambing ewes must also be injected with Multimin™ (G1853) as well as Vitamins A and E, and be given the required dosing and vaccinations (multi-clostridial).

Feeding during lactation

The feeding level during the first two months after lambing must be such that ewes do not lose more than 10% of their mass. Trials show that where the ewes lost more mass, their percentage units were lower and subsequent lambing percentage up to 25 and in one case to 51%. It is permissible that ewes lose condition in early lactation as long as the condition point is not lower than 2.0, but preferably not lower than 2.5. The aim should be that young ewes lambing for the first time, lose not more than 3% and adult ewes not more than 7% in mass during the first two months of lactation.

Limiting feed intake can reduce milk production by up to 50%. The growth of twin lambs are detrimentally affected if lactating ewes experience a feed limitation for longer than 10 days. Milk production of lactating ewes are detrimentally affected by a feed limitation of four weeks and no increase in milk production occurs even though ad lib. feeding is provided after this period.


‘n Beperking van voerinname kan melkproduksie met tot 50 % verlaag. Die groei van tweelinglammers word nadelig beïnvloed indien lakterende ooie vir langer as 10 dae ‘n voedingsbeperking ervaar. Melkproduksie van lakterende ooie word nadelig beïnvloed deur ‘n voedingsbeperking van vier weke en geen styging in melkproduksie vind plaas nie al word ad lib-voeding na hierdie periode voorsien. Die ideaal is dat ooie na lam na groen aangeplante weiding of weimielies geskuif word. Om ‘n hoë speenmassa te verseker, asook ‘n hoë lampersentasie met die daaropvolgende lamseisoen, moet dieselfde deurvloeiproteïen-gebaseerde lek of volledige lammerooi rantsoen wat gedurende laatdragtigheid gevoer word ook gedurende vroeë laktasie op die beskikbare weiding gevoer word. Na lam word die onderskeie laatdragtigheidsvoedingspeile van die Maxiwollekke met ± 100 g/ooi/dag verhoog terwyl volledige voere vir ooie wat onderskeidelik een- en tweelinglammers soog teen ongeveer 3 % en 4 % van liggaamsmassa gevoer word. Lakterende ooie op weimielies of mielie-oesreste met baie pitte, moet ‘n spesiale lekmengsel (150 kg Voermol Landelek plus 50 kg Voermol Procon) teen 250 tot 350 g/ooi/dag gevoer word. Op staande sojahooi (ongeoeste sojabone) of op soja-oesreste met baie pitte word Voermol Molovite (200 g/ooi/dag) aanbeveel.

Indien ooie nie skandeer word nie, moet die soog- en droogtegniek gebruik word om droë ooie asook ooie wat gelam het, maar met stertsny geen lam soog nie, te identifiseer. Al hierdie ooie, insluitend jongooie wat die eerste keer gepaar is, moet uitgeskot word. Hierdie ooie moet verkoop word en die inkomste kan gebruik word om dragtige ooie, verkieslik dié wat met tweelinge dragtig is, in te koop. As alternatief kan droë ooie na ‘n kruisteeltkudde geskuif word, maar met hulle eerste mislukking (nie ‘n lam speen nie) moet hulle summier geprul word.

Kruipvoeding van sogende lammers

Weens die uiters doeltreffende voeromsetting van die jong lam, moet alles moontlik gedoen word om te verseker dat die lam volgens sy maksimum genetiese groeipotensiaal groei. Die twee hooffaktore wat die groei van sogende lammers op weiding beperk, is die onvermoë van die lam se rumen om die weiding doeltreffend te benut en die lam se relatief klein rumengrootte wanneer ‘n weiding met ‘n hoë voginhoud bewei word (Joyce & Rattray, 1970). Die voorsiening van kruipvoer aan sogende lammers is ononderhandelbaar vir winsgewende skaapproduksie. Kruipvoeding verhoed speenskok en maak dit moontlik om lammers alreeds op 72 dae ouderdom

The ideal is that ewes are moved to green established pastures or pasture maize after lambing. To ensure a high weaning mass, as well as a high lambing percentage in the subsequent lambing season, the same flow protein-based lick or complete lambing ewe ration that was fed during late pregnancy also be fed during early lactation on the available pasture. After lambing, the respective late pregnancy feeding levels of the Maxiwol licks are increased by ± 100g/ewe/day while complete feeds for ewes that respectively nurse single and twin lambs at about 3% and 4% of body mass. Lactating ewes on pasture maize or maize crop residues with plenty of seed, a special lick mixture (150kg Voermol Landslek plus 50kg Voermol Procon) at 250 to 350g/ewe/day must be fed. On standing soy hay (unharvested soy beans) or on soy harvest residues with plenty of seed Voermol Molovite (200g/ewe/day) is recommended.

If ewes are not scanned, the nursing and dry technique must be used to identify dry ewes as well as ewes that lambed, but do not nurse any lamb at tail cutting. All these ewes, including young ewes that were mated for the first time, must be culled. These ewes must be sold and the income can be used to purchase pregnant ewes, preferably those that are pregnant with twins. As an alternative, dry ewes can be moved to a cross-breeding flock, but at their first failure (did not wean a lamb) they must be culled immediately.

Creep feeding of nursing lambs

Owing to the extremely effective feed conversion of the young lamb, everything possible must be done to ensure that the lamb grows according to its maximum genetic growth potential. The two main factors that limit the growth of nursing lambs on pasturage, is the inability of the lamb’s rumen to effectively utilise the pasturage and the lamb’s reasonably small rumen size when pasturage with a high moisture


op ‘n minimum massa van 25 kg vroeg te speen. Waar lammers op 100 dae gespeen word, sal kruipvoeding verseker dat lammers se speenmassa minstens 45 %, maar verkieslik 50 % van hulle volwasse massa is. Lammers wat kruipvoeding ontvang, kan 10 tot 20 % swaarder met speen wees en tot 50 dae vroeër bemark word terwyl ‘n groot persentasie lammers direk van die ooie op drie tot vier maande ouderdom bemark kan word. Sogende lammers wat direk van die ooie bemark word, het ‘n baie hoë uitslagpersentasie (> 50 %). ‘n Ooilam wie se moeder goeie voeding vanaf vier weke voor lam tot speen ontvang het, asook die ooilam self tot op 14 weke ouderdom, maar verkieslik tot geslagsrypheid, sal maksimum ontwikkeling van die toekomstige reproduksiepotensiaal van die ooilam verseker. Spierselvermeerdering by lammers vind tot op drie maande ouderdom en spiergroei tot op ongeveer nege maande ouderdom plaas. Die maksimering van beide verhoog die karkaswaarde van slaglammers en die uiteindelike volwasse grootte van jongramme asook -ooie, wat in laasgenoemde geval verhoogde leeftydproduksie en -reproduksie tot gevolg het.

‘n Gemaalde kruipvoermengsel (150 kg Voermol SS 200 + 175 kg Voermol Procon + 40 kg Voermol Melassemeel + 625 kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte) of kruippille (150 kg Voermol SS 200 + 150 kg Voermol Procon + 600 kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 100 kg lusern) kan vanaf twee weke ouderdom tot ongeveer twee weke na speen ad lib. gevoer word. Sorg dat daar voldoende vreetspasie (± 2.5 tot 5 cm/lam) is. Lammers wat kruipvoeding ontvang en vir die slagmark bestem is, kan op ses weke ouderdom met ‘n geskikte oorinplantaat (bv. Ralgro® of Zeraplix) geïnplanteer word omdat dit groei en voeromsetting verbeter.

Voeding van droë ooie

Na speen moet droë ooie voldoende geleentheid gebied word om hulle massa, wat hulle sedert die vorige paarseisoen verloor het, te herwin. Om prikkelvoeding te spaar, moet ooie reeds op die stadium wat hulle lammers gespeen word, volgens kondisie in minstens twee groepe (skraal vs. goeie kondisie) verdeel word. Die skraal ooie moet dan op beter weiding geplaas word om hulle kondisie te herwin sodat hulle met die aanvang van die prikkelvoedingsperiode in ‘n goeie kondisie (minstens 3.0 KP) is. Afhangend van die kondisie van die ooie met speentyd blyk dit dat die beste resultate in terme van lampersentasie verkry word

content is grazed (Joyce & Rattray, 1970). The provision of creep feed to nursing lambs is non-negotiable for profitable sheep or goat production. Creep feed prevents weaning shock and make it possible to early wean lambs already at 72 days of age on a minimum mass of 25 kg. Where lambs are weaned on 100 days, creep feed will ensure that lambs’ weaner mass is at least 45%, but preferably 50% of their adult mass. Lambs receiving creep feed, can be 10 to 20% heavier at weaning and be marketed up to 50 days earlier while a large percentage of lambs can be marketed directly from the ewes at three to four months of age. Nursing lambs that are marketed directly from the ewes have a very high slaughter percentage (> 50%). A ewe lamb whose mother received good feeding from four weeks before lambing to weaning, as well as the ewe lamb itself up to 14 weeks of age, but preferably until sexual maturity, will ensure maximum development of the future reproduction potential of the ewe lamb. Muscle cell increase in lambs occurs up to three months of age and muscle growth up to about nine months of age. The maximising of both increases the carcass value of slaughter lambs and the eventual adult size of young rams and ewes which, in the latter case, result in increased lifetime production and reproduction.

A ground creep feed mixture (150 kg Voermol SS 200 + 175 kg Voermol Procon + 40 kg Voermol Molasses meal + 625 kg ground maize or whole barley seed) or creep pellets (150 kg Voermol SS 200 + 150 kg Voermol Procon + 600 kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 100 kg lucerne) can be fed ad lib. from two weeks of

age until about two weeks after weaning. Make sure there is adequate feeding space (±2.5 to 5 cm/lam). Lambs receiving creep feed and destined for the slaughter market, can be implanted six weeks of age with a suitable ear implant (e.g. Ralgro® or Zeraplix) (g)as it improves growth and feed conversion.

Feeding dry ewes

After weaning dry ewes must be given adequate opportunity to regain their mass that they lost since the previous mating season. To save on flush feeding, ewes must be divided according to condition into at least two groups (weaning vs. good condition) already at the

stage that their lambs are being weaned. The weaning ewes must then be placed on better pasturage to regain their condition so that they can be in good condition (at least 3.0 KP) at the start of the flush feeding period.


Depending on the condition of the ewes at weaning, it appears that the best results are obtained in terms of lambing percentage if lambs are weaned at lest three months before the following mating season. Trials in this regard show that it benefits the conception of ewes (98% vs. 90% and 94% vs. 79%). An effort must be made to have dry ewes in a good condition (at least 3.0 KP) at the beginning of the flush period. If the quality and quantity of the available pasture is such that this objective (i.e. 3.0 KP) is not feasible, a lick must be provided. The type of lick depends on the type of pasturage, as well as its quality and quantity. One of the following production licks (250 to 350 g/ewe/day) may be considered:

(1) 700kg Rumevite Ekonolek + 300kg ground maize or whole barley seed.

(2) 400kg Voermol Winslek concentrate + 400kg ground maize or whole barley seed + 150kg salt.

(3) Voermol Energy block (V11456) of Voermol Production lick (V10108) of Voermol Maxiwol Production pellets (V15415).

On green, established pastures Voermol Molovite (V7266) can be given at 200g/ewe/day and on green natural veld pasturage Voermol Supermol (V7267) supplemented at 250g/ewe/day to maintain the prescribed mass increases. If the prescribed mass increases cannot be maintained with these licks on green pasturage, it must be mixed half and half with ground maize or whole barley seed and fed at respectively 400 and 500 g/ewe/day.

LAMBING SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATION

If you farm or want to farm with boer goats, you must realise that you are dealing with an intelligent, adventurous breed. Every surprise – and there may be many – does not necessarily have to end in a crisis.

Lambing time, and the activities that center around it, are very important to the farmer, because at that time there is so much interaction between person, animal and environmental factors that ignorance and awkwardness can create chaos. Hence it is important to arrange all the activities around lambing time such that optimal use can be made of the available manpower, resources (water, veld and lands) and physical facilities (camps, pens and barns.) The focal point should be to take through as many lambs born alive as possible – especially during the first 3 days after birth – eventually to reach the weaning stage. This scenario must be in place to:

• Offer the ewes in lamb the optimum opportunity to give birth uninterrupted at the lambing location, clean their lambs, recognise them and nurse them.

• Limit interference at the lambing location by limiting other ewes and/or people to the minimum.

• Grant the lambs born alive the maximum opportunity

as lammers minstens drie maande voor die volgende paarseisoen gespeen word. Proewe in dié verband toon dat dit die besetting van ooie bevoordeel (98 % vs. 90 % en 94 % vs. 79 %). Daar moet gepoog word om droë ooie met die aanvang van die prikkelperiode in ‘n goeie kondisie (minstens 3.0 KP) te hê. Indien die gehalte en hoeveelheid van die beskikbare weiding van so ‘n aard is dat hierdie mikpunt (d.i. 3.0 KP) nie haalbaar is nie, moet ‘n lek verskaf word. Die tipe lek hang van die tipe weiding, asook die gehalte en hoeveelheid daarvan af. Een van die volgende produksielekke (250 tot 350 g/ooi/dag) kan oorweeg word:

(1) 700kg Rumevite Ekonolek + 300kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte.

(2) 400kg Voermol Winslekkonsentraat + 400kg gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte + 150kg sout.

(3) Voermol Energieblok (V11456) of Voermol Produksielek (V10108) of Voermol Maxiwol Produksiekorrels (V15415).

Op groen aangeplante weiding kan Voermol Molovite (V7266) teen 200g/ooi/dag en op groen natuurlike veldweiding Voermol Supermol (V7267) teen 250g/ooi/dag aangevul word om die voorgeskrewe massatoenames te handhaaf. Indien die voorgeskrewe massatoenames nie met hierdie lekke op groenweiding gehandhaaf kan word nie, moet dit om die helfte met gemaalde mielies of heel garspitte gemeng en teen onderskeidelik teen 400 en 500 g/ooi/dag gevoer word.

LAMSTELSELS EN TOEPASSING DAARVAN

As ‘n mens met ‘n Boerbok boer of wil boer, moet jy besef dat jy met ‘n intelligente avontuurlike ras te doen het. Elke verrassing – en daar kan baie wees – hoef nie noodwendig in ‘n krisis te ontaard nie.

Lamtyd en die aktiwiteite wat daarom sentreer, is baie belangrik vir die boerbokboer, want op daardie tydstip is daar soveel interaksie tussen mens, dier en omgewingsfaktore dat onkunde en onbeholpenheid chaos kan skep. Daarom is dit belangrik om al die aktiwiteite rondom lamtyd so te orden dat optimaal gebruik gemaak word van die beskikbare mannekrag, hulpbronne (water, veld en lande) en fisies fasiliteite (kampe, krale en skure.) Die fokuspunt moet wees om soveel as moontlik van die lammers wat lewendig gebore word, deur te vat – veral gedurende die eerste 3 dae na geboorte – om uiteindelik die speen stadium te bereik. Hierdie scenario moet in plek wees om:

• Die besette ooie die optimum geleentheid te gee, om op die lamplek onversteurd geboorte te skenk, hulle lammers skoon te maak, te eien en te soog.

• Inmenging op die lamplek deur ander ooie en/of mense tot ‘n minimum te beperk.


A visit to a stud farmer that applied this system successfully produced the following: The larger camp (20-30 ha) is one of a group of 4-5 camps with good internal fences inside a large camp of 80-150 ha. This large camp is fenced with jackal proof fencing.

The farmer allows his ewes to lamb at different times of the year and mate about 30-40 at a time. Then all the ewes mated by a specific ram are placed together in one of these camps. There is good reason for this planning as the overseer has a set of ear tags for every ram’s lambs on which the date of birth, mother’s number, etc. are indicated. By day there is a full-time overseer with the ewes in the veld to watch ewes that lamb. He remains in the background and does not interfere in the lambing location. As soon as the ewes have cleaned and nursed the lambs, he attaches ear tags to the lambs at the lambing location. He does not have to catch the ewes at all because she has an ear tag with a legible number. He must also make sure that ewes do not become separated from her lamb(s).

Stud farmers are becoming increasingly interested in this system because the lambs are healthy and grow rapidly as they can nurse throughout the day and night. Moreover the farmer is certain that the goat ewes’ lambs are correctly identified in the lambing location and the lambs are safe from vermin.

The hand-and-eye technique can be used at the same

to survive.

• Give adequate supplementary feeding – if necessary.

• Pay immediate attention to critical problems – such as vermin that catch lambs or lambs that are stuck. Use skillful workers who are familiar

with a boer goat’s behavior and habits, and who also love working with goats.

• Deal with planned actions such as vaccination and dosing promptly and timely.

There are different systems, namely a pen system, large veld camp system, small camp system, small flock veld camp system, shifting system, pen with small pen system and sophisticated large camp system. In this journal we focus on the latter.

• ‘n Maksimum van die lammers wat lewend gebore word die geleentheid te gun om te oorleef.

• Voldoende aanvullende voeding – indien nodig – te gee.

• Onmiddellike aandag aan kritieke probleme – soos ongediertes wat lammers vang of lammers wat vassit – te skenk. Van vaardige werkers wat ‘n Boerbok se gedrag en gewoontes ken, en wat ook lief is om met ‘n bok te werk, gebruik te maak.

• Beplande aksies soos inenting en dosering stiptelik en tydig af te handel.

Daar is verskillende stelsels nl. Kraalstelsel, groot veldkampstelsel, kleinkampiestelsel, kleintroppie-veldkampstelsel, rondksuifselsel, kraal met kleinhokkiestelsel en gesofistikeerde groot kampstelsel. In hierdie joernaal fokus ons op laasgenoemde.

‘n Besoek aan ‘n stoetboer wat hierdie stelsel suksesvol toepas het die volgende opgelewer: Die groter kamp (20-30 ha) is een van ‘n groep van 4-5 kampe met goeie binne-heinings wat binne-in ‘n grootkamp van 80- 150 ha geleë is. Hierdie grootkamp is met jakkalsproef draad omhein.

Die boer laat sy ooie op verskillende tye van die jaar lam en paar sowat 30-40 op ‘n slag. Dan kom die ooie wat deur ‘n spesifieke ram gedek is almal in een van hierdie kampe. Daar’s ‘n baie goeie rede vir hierdie beplanning want die toesighouer het ‘n stel oorplaatjies vir elke ram se lammers waarop die geboortedatum, ma se nommer ens. opgeteken word. Bedags is daar ‘n voltydse toesighouer by die ooie in die veld om ooie wat lam dop te hou. Hy bly op die agtergrond en meng nie in op die lamplek nie. Sodra die ooie die lammers skoongemaak en laat suip het, sit hy oorplaatjies op die lamplek, aan die lammers. Hy hoef die ooi gladnie te vang nie want sy het ‘n oorplaat met ‘n leesbare nommer aan. Hy moet ook toesien dat die ooi nie van haar bokkie(s) verwyder raak nie.

Stoetboere stel al meer in hierdie stelsel belang want die bokkies is gesond en groei vinnig omdat hulle regdeur die dag en nag aan die ma kan suip. Bowendien is die boer verseker dat die bokooie se lammers korrek op die lamplek geïdentifiseer word en ongediertes nie hoogty onder die lammers vier nie.

Die hand-en-oog-tegniek kan terselfdertyd – omdat


die ooie omgekeer word – gebruik word om ooie met kalbas- en trosspene te identifiseer. Eweso kan ooie met dowwe spene – dis ‘n speen sonder melk – uitgeken word.

Drielingsindroom en die grootmaak van swak bokkies

a) Sonder drieling ooie af in heel klein kampies of hokkies vir een week.

b) Aangesien daar nie plek is vir drie bokkies om tegelyk te drink nie, veroorsaak drielinge gewoonlik die probleem dat die swakste een altyd weggedruk word. Indien drie by die ooi gelos word, kan sy hulle suksesvol groot maak mits sy baie goeie kos kry of die derde bokkie kan afgevat word onder die volgende stelsel: As dit moontlik is om van ‘n drieling ooi een af te vat en aan ‘n eenling ooi wat dieselfde tyd gelam het, te sit, is dit voordelig. So ‘n eenling ooi sal in ‘n klein plekkie (hok) gesit moet word om die bokkie te vat. Vryf die aangee bokkie se rug goed in die ooi se agterkant sodat dit die ma se reuk kry. Bietjie geduld gaan maak dat die bokkie beter uitgroei as ‘n drieling.

c) Maak die derde bokkie hans groot met ‘n bottel of aan ‘n melkbok. Laasgenoemde werk uitstekend en ‘n goeie melkbok kan tot vier lammers gelyk baie goed groot maak met ‘n afhok stelsel.

‘n Algemene resep wat gebruik kan word vir die grootmaak van hanslammers is:

1 liter volroom koeimelk 250ml room 1 x eiergeel (dit is belangrik dat dit net die geel is – die wit veroorsaak diarree)

1 lepel glukosepoeier Vir hierdie algemene resep, word daar aanbeveel dat die kalwers en lammers 10 – 15% van hul liggaamsmassa per dag kry. Die hoeveelheid glukosepoeier moet aangepas word by die kondisie van die kalf of lam. Swak kalwers of lammers sal bietjie meer glukosepoeier benodig. In sterker diere kan te veel gelukospoeier lei tot diarree.

By die gebruik van die algemene resep of enige ander van die melkvervangers is die volgende baie belangrik:

• ‘n Vars mengsel moet daagliks aangemaak word en in die yskas gebêre word.

• Die nodige hoeveelheid vir die spesifieke voeding moet warm gemaak word tot liggaamstemperatuur. Dit kan gedoen word deur die bottel met melk binne in ‘n houer met kookwater te plaas. Toets dan die temperatuur op die agterkant van die hand soos wat ‘n mens vir babas sou doen.

• Die bottels en spene moet na elke voeding ontsmet word – middels vir die gebruik by babas kan gebruik word. Dit is belangrik dat die bottels en spene goed uitgespoel moet word voor hergebruik.

• In die eerste paar weke van die lammers of kalwers se lewe mag dit nodig wees om hulle te stimuleer om te ontlas en te urineer. Dit word gedoen deur ‘n wattebolletjie nat te maak met lou warm water en dan onder die stertjie of oor die skede te vee.

time – as the ewes are turned over – to identify ewes with calabash and cluster teats. Equally, ewes with dry teats – a teat without milk – can also be identified.

Triplet syndrome and raising weak lambs

a) Isolate triplet ewes in very small camps or pens for a week.

b) As three lambs cannot nurse at the same time, triplets usually cause the problem that the weakest one is always pushed away. If three are left with the ewe, she can raise them successfully provided she receives very good food or the third lamb can be taken away under the following system: If it is possible to take one away from a triplet ewe and place it with a ewe that gave birth to a singlet at the same time, it would be beneficial. Such as singlet ewe must be put into a small place (pen) to take to the lamb. Rub the back of the lamb well in the ewe’s rear side so that it absorbs the mother’s scent. Some patience will result in the lamb maturing better than as a triplet.

c) Raise the hand-fed lamb with a bottle or with milk goat. The latter works very well and a good milk goat can effectively raise up to four lambs simultaneously in a boxed-off system.

A general recipe that can be used for raising bottle-fed lambs:

1 litre full-cream dairy milk 250 ml cream 1 x egg yolk (it is important that it is only the yolk – the white causes diarrhoea)

1 spoon glucose powder. For this general recipe it is recommended that the calves and lambs receive 10 – 15% of their body mass per day. The quantity of glucose powder must be adjusted to the condition of the calf or lamb. Weak calves or lambs will need a little more glucose powder. In stronger animals too much glucose powder can cause diarrhoea.

When using the general recipe or any other of the milk replacements the following is most important:

• A fresh mixture must be mixed daily and placed into the fridge.

• The necessary quantity for the specific feeding must be warmed to body temperature. It can be done by placing the bottle of milk into a container with boiling water. Test the temperature at the back of the hand as one would do for babies.

• The bottles and teats must be disinfected after every feed – products used for babies can be used. It is important that the bottles and teats must be rinsed before re-use.

• In the first few weeks of the lambs’ or calves’ lives it may be necessary to stimulate them to defecate and to urinate. Do this by wetting a cotton wool ball with lukewarm water and then wiping under the tail or across the shaft.


Kontrolelys vir lamtyd | Check list for lambing time

60ml vervangbare plastiese spuite Antibiotika Betadine of soortgelyke steriliseer middel vir sterilisasie van toerusting Jodium Steriele smeermiddel om lammers mee uit te haal Rubberbuis Handskoene Maagbuis Gereedskap en toerusting: 2 Kort toue of kabeltjies 1 Bababottel ±300 ml met tiet 1 Emmer en seep Rekkies vir kastrasie en stert afsit en tang HanddoekeInfrarooi verhittingslamp Plastiek moue Lam uittrekker Skêre Ander: Register van geboorterekords, teelrekords en lamdatums. Bevrore bies (in vrieskas)

60 ml disposable plastic syringes Antibiotics Betadine or similar sterilising agent for sterilisation of equipment Iodine Sterile lubrication to get lambs out Rubber tube Gloves Gastric tube Tools and equipment: 2 short strings or cables 1 baby bottle ±300 ml with teat 1 bucket and soap Elastic bands for castration and cutting tails, and pair of pliers TowelsInfra-red heating lamp Plastic sleeves Lamb extractor Scissors Other: Register of birth records, breeding records and lambing dates. Frozen colostrum (in freezer)

OUDERDOMGROEPERING VAN OOIE IN DIE TEELKUDDE

Die ideale ouderomgroepering van boerbokooie in die teelkudde is vyf groepe met ‘n ouderdom van 1.5 tot 6.5 jaar. Dit weerspieël ‘n vervangingspersentasie van 20% jong ooie per jaar en verhoed dat teelooie te oud word; hulle word uitgeskot voordat hulle kragte en melkproduksie afneem en gevolglik nie meer lammers suksesvol kan grootmaak nie.

Erasmus Et al. bevind dat die veredelde Boerbok op ‘n relatiewe vroeë ouderdom van 3.5 jaar maksimum vrugbaarheid bereik en dat vierling- en vyflinglammers wat gebore word, meesal by ooie in hierdie ouderdomsgroep voorkom. Hulle bevind verder dat lamvrektes van 10.8%, 8.3% en 31.3% by eenling-, tweeling-, drieling-, en vierlinglammers onderskeidelik voorkom. Dit beklemtoon die hoë vrektepersentasie wat by drielinglammers voorkom en bevestig die siening van baie boerbokboere dat die boerbokooi nie in staat is om ‘n drieling onder natuurlike weiveld toestande groot te maak nie.

Verlaagde telingpersentasie

Die oorsaak van verlaagde telingpersentasie kan geaffekteer word deur die bestuur van die kudde, mineraaltekorte in die voer of aansteeklike siektes. Dit is belangrik om seker te maak dat die bestuur korrek is om te verseker dat optimale produksie en reproduksie bereik word.

AGE GROUPING OF EWES IN THE BREEDING FLOCK

The ideal age grouping of boer goat ewes in the breeding flock is five groups with an age of 1.5 tot 6.5 years. It reflects a replacement percentage of 20% young ewes per year and prevent breeding ewes from becoming too old; they are culled before their strength and milk production decreases and can consequently no longer raise lambs successfully.

Erasmus et al. found that the refined boer goat reaches maximum fecundity at a reasonably early age of 3.5 years and that quadruplets and quintuplets born, occur mostly in ewes in this age group. They further found that lamb deaths of 10.8%, 8.3% and 31.3% occur among singleton, twin, triplet and quadruple lambs respectively. It emphasises the high mortality percentage that appear in triplet lambs and confirms the view of many boer goat farmers that the boer goat ewe is unable to raise triplets under natural pasturage conditions.

Decreased breeding percentage

The cause of decreased breeding percentage may be influenced by the management of the flock, mineral deficiencies in the feed or contagious diseases. It is essential to make sure that management is correct to ensure that optimal production and reproduction are being reached.

Possible factors that may influence the ram:


Moontlike faktore wat die ram sal beïnvloed:

Die ideale hoeveelheid ooie per ram is ook baie belangrik. Indien die ram goeie ondervinding het, kan 35 ooie gebruik word. Met ramme wat minimale ondervinding het, moet ongeveer 20 ooie gebruik word. Vir ramme wat jonger as ‘n jaar oud is, gee slegs ‘n maksimum van 10 ooie.

Die ram kan siek geword het na die vrugbaarheidstoets en dus nie optimaal presteer nie. Maak seker die pote is in ‘n goeie kondisie. Dit is belangrik om ‘n vrugbaarheidstoets te doen voor die ram by die ooie gesit word.

Moontlike faktore wat die ooie kan beïnvloed:

Boerbokooie se siklus is gemiddeld 20 – 21 dae, met uiterstes van 15 tot 25 dae. Indien die ram heeltemal weggevat word van die ooie in die tydperk voor teling (dit beteken dat die ooie nie die ram kan sien of ruik nie), neem dit 6 tot 10 dae vir die ooie om op hitte te kom en te ovuleer. Drie weke is te kort om die ram by die ooie te hou, verleng die tydperk na 5 -6 weke om seker te maak dat al die ooie wat nie met die eerste hitte gevat het nie, nog ‘n kans kry.

Ooie moet verkieslik ouer as 9 maande wees en ten minste 60% van hul volwasse gewig wees, voor teling. Dit is beter om die jong en ouer ooie te skei gedurende die teelseisoen. Ouer ooie kan jonger ooie domineer en intimideer en dan kry die ramme nie kans om die jong ooie te dek nie.

Die kondisietelling van al die ooie moet 8 weke voor teling en met begin van die teelseisoen bepaal word. Perfekte kondisietelling is 2.5 – 3 (kan 2 – 3.5 wees) en verkieslik bietjie styg nader aan die teelseisoen. Bokke bêre meeste van hulle vet in hul buik, dus kom hul maerder voor as wat hulle eintlik is. Indien ‘n bok bietjie vet lyk as mens na die ribbes en heupbene kyk, beteken dit gewoonlik hulle is tot ‘n mate oorgewig. Ooie wat oorgewig is het ‘n verlaagde graad van ovulasie.

Gedurende die 6 weke voor die teelseisoen begin is dit belangrik dat die ooie ‘n goeie kwaliteit voer kry.

Alhoewel boerbokke reg deur die jaar kan ovuleer is die ideale teelseisoen in April en Mei.

Al hierdie bestuursaspekte moet eers na gekyk word en indien dit reg is en die persentasie ooie wat op hitte kom verbeter nie, moet ander redes gesoek word, byvoorbeeld mineraaltekorte.

Geskryf deur drs. Tania Brink en Rhoda Leask, Fakulteit Veeartsenykunde, Universiteit van Pretoria

The ideal number of ewes per ram is also very important. If the ram is well experienced, 35 ewes can be used. With rams having minimal experience, approximately 20 ewes must be used. Rams younger than one year, give only a maximum of 10 ewes.

The ram may become ill after the fertility test and therefore not perform optimally. Make sure the feet are in good condition. It is important to conduct a fertility test before putting the ram with the ewes.

Possible factors that may influence the ewes:

Boer goat ewes’ cycle is on average 20 – 21 days, with extremes from 15 to 25 days. If the ram is completely removed from the ewes or in the period just before breeding (it means that the ewes cannot see or smell the ram), it takes 6 to 10 days for the ewes to come into oestrus and to ovulate. Three weeks is too short to keep the ram with the ewes; extend the period to 5-6 weeks to make sure that all the ewes that did not conceive on the first oestrus get another opportunity.

Ewes must preferably be older than 9 months and be at least 60% of their adult weight before breeding. It is better to separate the young and older ewes during the breeding season. Older ewes can dominate younger ewes and intimidate them and then the rams do not have the opportunity to serve the young ewes.

The condition score of all the ewes must be determined 8 weeks before breeding and at the beginning of the breeding season. The perfect condition score is 2.5 – 3 (can be 2 – 3.5) and preferably rise a little closer to the breeding season. Goats store most of their fat in their abdomen, so they appear thinner than they actually are. If a goat seems a little fat when looking at the ribs and hip bones, it usually means they are somewhat overweight. Ewes that are overweight have a lower rate of ovulation

During the 6 weeks before the breeding season starts it is important for the ewes to get good quality fodder.

Although boer goats can ovulate throughout the year, the ideal breeding season is in April and May.

All these management aspects must first be considered and if they are correct and the percentage of ewes coming into oestrus does not improve, other reasons must be found, for example mineral deficiencies.

Written by Drs Tania Brink and Rhoda Leask, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria

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While many a man may jest at the need for pregnant women to be pampered, biology dictates the importance of this in many regards. In fact, even in farming, the importance of investing great time in pampering and caring for pregnant does is highly recommended. Here, we explore its significance, as well as share recommendations and advice on the topic of prenatal care for goats and how this in fact correlates to lower kid mortality rates.

First to understand is the terminology. The time period from a few weeks before kidding until a month or so after kidding is referred to as the “prenatal period.” This is a very important period whereby breeders need to pamper their does so as to avoid risk of mortality in the kids, as poor conditioned does in pregnancy can oftentimes result in conditions that stand to hurt the foetus. The most dangerous and risky time in the kid’s life are the first 4 weeks. Prenatal deaths are very often

the biggest source of economic loss on one’s farm, and can often be avoided with due care. Remember, the cost is not just the loss, but also includes the feeding, maintenance and veterinary care of the pregnant doe for the months preceding the death of her kid(s). Kid

Pamperduring pregnancy pays off

- BUSHRA STUD – Kalahari Reds & Boer Goats Gakuto, Kweneng District, Botswana Cell: +267 71770777 | [email protected]


mortality is a major challenge for most small stock producers in Botswana. Usually adult goats do not easily succumb to diseases although here and there a farmer can record mortalities in his/her flock.

Major losses are experienced in kids or lambs and it is therefore imperative to look at management practices that can minimize kid mortalities among small stock producers. The first few weeks after birth, known as the “neonatal period” are also vital. Most deaths occur in the neonatal period largely caused by starvation, lambing injuries, infectious conditions and difficult births, coccidiosis and internal parasites, among others.

Colostrum

Special attention should be taken to reduce losses during this period through interventions such as assisting does/ewes with difficult births and making sure that the lamb/kid consumes enough colostrum. Colostrum is just as beneficial in small stock as in humans, and are a source of nutrition (Vitamins A and E, and iron content 10-17 times higher than in normal milk) and antibodies for the new kid, providing much needed immunity in this early period of life. Passive immunity given via colostrum from mother doe to kid lasts between 2–3 months against most bacterial diseases and up to 6 months in the case of viral diseases. Colostrum has laxative qualities and helps to eliminate faecal matter in the new-born’s digestive tract, as well as helps them to maintain body temperature

Colostrum is also a highly concentrated source of energy, acts as a laxative, and is an essential feed within 6 hours of birth. Indeed, allowing the lamb/kid to suckle colostrum is an important part of the maternal bonding process. ‘’Colostrum is key - colostrum is the vaccine of life,’’ notes Dr. Michael Sento of Vet & Agric, Botswana. Colostrum is so important that sometimes it is called “liquid gold,” by virtue of its light yellow or goldish colour. It is recommended that a kid or lamb should consume about 150-180ml of quality colostrum within 24 hours of birth. The first 4-12 hours are the most important.

“If you want healthy young animals that will grow into healthy productive animals, make sure they get colostrum as soon as possible after birth. And make sure it’s decent colostrum,” notes Dr. Alex Niven. Dr. Johan Van Rooyen, another veterinarian based in South Africa says, “Where lambs (kids) did not receive colostrum

immunity, they can die as early as 3-4 weeks of age. Lambs (kids) that did not acquire colostrum immunity should therefore be immunized early.”

Prenatal weight management

The does are pregnant for 5 months. Make sure they get enough food to gain the requisite weight during their pregnancy. A good size for a lamb/kid is 3.5kg at birth. The uterus, placenta and fluids weigh about 1kg, which gives you an approximate total of 5kg. So, the single (one kid) carrying doe/ewe should pick up at least 5kg in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy! As a rule of thumb, a twin-carrying doe needs to pick up 10kg, and a triplet-

carrying mother should gain 15kg in the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. If they do not eat properly during end stages of pregnancy, the kids will be born small and weak, and the does will not have enough milk for them. Amazingly, 70% of foetal growth occurs during this period and the mammary (udder) tissue is also developing, another testament to the importance of care during this late phase of pregnancy.

Vaccinations and vitamins

Vaccinate your pregnant does and de-worm them in the final trimester of their pregnancy. The immunity of the vaccine will pass to the offspring through good intake on colostrum.

Vitamins & Minerals are also vital during this stage, as vitamin deficiencies can lead to abortions, weak or dead kids. Vitamins (and minerals, for that matter) may be obtained through feeds / licks as well as additionally being administered as an oral drench or as injectables. Vitamin A is very important at this stage and so are trace minerals. There are several products on the market then one can use such as ovimin, multimin and by-boost. In addition, phosphate licks / blocks during the latter part of pregnancy is highly advisable, as well as consistent hydration. Allow them free and easy access to fresh, clean water regularly!

Shelter and comfort

Do not milk your does or ewes during the period, and work to ensure that they are comfortable, including protection from extreme heat or cold. This also includes adequate shelter, i.e. shade from heat and rain.

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Breeding age

If does/ewes get enough food, they can breed as early as 6 months of age. However, you should not let them mate this young, as it can slow their growth and they might have trouble breeding again. Mate them only when they have reached two-thirds of the average body weight of the adult does in the herd (normally around 45kg).

Birth weight

Birth weight is also a very critical factor in avoiding neonatal losses. Ideally, kids born should weigh from 3–3.5kg at birth. Heaver kids have a higher energy level and enough strength to get up and suckle from the mothers quickly. Kids born under 2kg often struggle and thus mortality rates are much higher.

Clean birthing environment

It is important to ensure that does/ewes give birth in a clean environment to avoid the kid or lamb contracting an infection soon after birth. The cleanliness of the bedding on the floor is important as dirty bedding can transfer diseases to the kids or lambs. The lamb/kid had been in a germ-free environment in the uterus prior to birth, but once born is exposed to the surrounding environment, including pests and common disease organisms from the environment. It is important disinfect the navel by dipping the umbilical cord in iodine solution to prevent entry of disease causing organisms and subsequent infections. Dipping of the cord in iodine also promotes rapid drying and the eventual breaking away of the cord from the navel. Replace the iodine solution regularly to ensure its cleanliness.

Observation

It is also important for small stock farmers to make it a point that they watch their does/ewes carefully when they are due for delivery. This will help to timely notice if there is a doe/ewe which is facing a difficult birth and requires assistance.

Another important management practice which reduces kid mortality is to ensure that the kid is suckling and the doe/ewe is producing milk. It happens at times to have does which do not produce milk or produces it in very little quantity for one reason or another and this can

result in the kid/lamb starving. Also ensure that there is no rejection of the kid/lamb by the doe/ewe and if there is take measures to foster the kid/lamb or induce the doe/ewe into accepting her offspring. The kidding/lambing environment should also be warm so that kids/lambs do not die of hypothermia (drop in temperature) due to unfavourable weather conditions. Remember, healthy kids/lambs can stand within minutes after birth and are able to move with the herd almost immediately, so pay attention for this, and you can act swiftly if you observe any issues.

Small changes in management and operations on your farm can drastically reduce kid mortality and ensure the long-term health, viability and fertility of your doe or ewe. This in turn can drastically improve your farm operations profitability. Remember, select your breeding bucks well and breed with those bucks whose kids are robust, fit and lively. Select your breeding does for their fertility, good mothering abilities, calm temperament and aim to identify those who comfortably give birth to heavier twins / triplets and raise them well. Does that do not drastically lose body condition after birth are also very good to bred with.

These are just some of the key aspects and areas you need to pay attention to. Most important of all is to observe your goats closely every day. Should you require further advice, do not be shy to call a vet and ask! After all, if a heavily pregnant ewe is left to care for herself, she will start losing condition and the lamb/kid will not grow well. Sadly, this is well eventually catch up with you and you will likely see high mortalities from this line.

As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure, so avoid any challenges by planning well, doing your homework, and paying due attention, as every farmer should.

“I have learned that success isto be measured not so much by

the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles

which he has had toovercome while

trying to succeed.”- Booker T. Washington


60 jarige bestaan! Mensig wat ‘n uitnemende prestasie. Hartlike gelukwense, vir die volgehoue en verdienstelike bestaan van ‘n genootskap wat net sterker en beter raak. Daar is ‘n gesegde uit Noord Afrika “Wanneer ‘n ou mens doodgaan is dit dieselfde as wanneer ‘n biblioteek afbrand” Die genootskap geniet nou pensioenaris status en kan aldus die gesegde as ‘n biblioteek vol kennis gesien word.

Indien daar teruggedink sou word aan die beginjare met bokboerdery is die tegnieke en hulpmiddele maar baie dieselfde as wat vandag gebruik word. Drukgange en kraalstrukture lyk dalk meer modern maar steeds soortgelyk aan vanmelewe se strukture.

In existence for 60 years! What an amazing achievement. Sincere congratulations for the sustained and deserving existence of this association, which is improving by the day. There is a North African proverb that states; “When an old man dies, a library burns to the ground.” The Association now enjoys pensioner status and can thus be compared to a library of knowledge. May this knowledge forever assist in the improvement and sustainability of the Boer goat breed.

Thinking back to the humble beginnings of goat farming, farming methods and resources have not changed much. Handling facilities might be slightly more sophisticated and handling friendly than 60 years ago, but it is still very similar those structures.

DIE BEHEER VANstresverwante siektes berus in die

HANTEERDER SE HANDE

THE CONTROL OFstress related diseases is in theHANDS OF THE HANDLER

- LEON KRUGER, UOVS


Benamings en beskrywings van sekere siektes en plae het ietwat verander sedert die 50’s. Die siekte onder bespreking in die artikel het name verwissel van die aanvanklike Bacillus bovisepticus na Pasteurella haemolytica en vandag verwys ons na dit as Mannheimia haemolytica. Siektes soos slenkdalkoors is ook 60 jaar gelede vir die eerste keer aangeteken in Suid Afrika.

Een aspek van boerdery wat dalk meer aandag geniet as vanmelewe se tyd is ons bewustheid van dierewelsyn. Dit is ‘n kontroversiële onderwerp wat geag word om van toepassing te wees vir geselskapdiere soos honde, katte en perde. Dierewelstand daarenteen is ‘n begrip wat elke boer na aan die hart lê. Die welstand van die diere in die kudde staan gelyk aan bevredigende resultate. ‘n Effektiewe bestuursprogram sluit immunisasie, dip en dosering in. Ons voorsien water en aan die voedingbehoeftes. Krale en hokke word voorsien. Daar kan met reg gevra word “Waarom word my bokke steeds siek ten spyte van voorkomende behandelings, gepaste fasiliteite en ‘n effektiewe betuursprogram?”

Die antwoord is eenvoudig. Ons is nie bewus van die oorsake en effek van stres op bokke nie want stres presenteer nie met onmiddellike gevolge en opsigtelike simptome nie. Die effek wat stres op die gesondheid van bokke het is ‘n onderwerp wat al dekades lank wetenskaplik nagevors is. Stres is ‘n onderwerp waarvan almal weet, maar soos Hans Selye, ‘n Hongaarse

Names and descriptions of certain diseases and pests have also changed somewhat since the 50s. One of the diseases under discussion in this article has changed names from the initial Bacillus bovisepticus to Pasteurella haemolytica, and today we it is referred to as Mannheimia haemolytica. Diseases such as rift valley fever were also recorded for the first time in South Africa 60 years ago.

One aspect of farming practices that may enjoy more attention currently than previously is the consciousness of animal welfare. This is a controversial topic considered by many to be relevant to companion animals (such as dogs, cats and horses) and not livestock. Animal wellbeing is a topic every livestock farmer must respect. Good animal wellbeing equals satisfactory results. To achieve this, an effective management programme that includes immunization, dipping, and dosing must be followed. This must be combined with the provision of water and nutrient requirements, and safe kraals and sheds. Asking the question, “Why do my goats get sick despite all of these preventative measures?” is thus justified.

The answer is straight forward: because of stress. We are not always aware of the causes and effects of stress on goats. This is because stress does not present with immediate consequences and obvious signs or symptoms. The effect of stress on goats is a subject that


sielkundige, gestel het “Everybody knows what stress is and nobody knows what it is” Stres is nie angstigheid nie. Stres is ‘n reaksie op ‘n steurnis van die homeostase van die bok. Homeostase kan beskryf word as ‘n eienskap van die liggaam om sy eie interne omgewing te stabiliseer en konstant te probeer hou. Byvoorbeeld, die liggaam poog om sy temperatuur konstant te hou by 38.5°C (in die geval van bokke). Indien die omgewingstemperatuur dan baie warm is en die liggaamstemperatuur as gevolg daarvan bo 38.5°C styg, sal die bok minder eet, meer in die koelte rus en meer water drink ten einde die temperatuur so na as moontlik aan 38.5°C te handhaaf. Daar is verskeie faktore wat ‘n versteuring van die homeostase veroorsaak, waarvan sommiges belaglik mag voorkom. Byvoorbeeld verskuiwing van een weidingkamp na ‘n ander - Nou moet die bokke nuwe gunsteling lêplekke soek. Insluiting van nuwe dier in die bestaande kudde – Die hiërargie van die kudde is versteur en ‘n nuwe rangorde moet bewerk word. Hantering van bokke, hetsy vir dip, doseer, immunisering of welke rede ookal veroorsaak ‘n definitiewe versteuring van die homeostase. Eintlik kan aanvaar word dat enige aksie wat nie deel is nie van die natuurlike gedrag van bokke ‘n versteuring van die homeostase kan veroorsaak. Die versteuring van die homeostase kan gelyk gestel word aan ‘n stressor. ‘n Stressor is in der waarheid enige eksterne invloed op die homeostase van die bok, waar die bok nie kan kompenseer om die homeostase in stand te hou nie. Die liggaam reageer dan op die stressor met ‘n rits opeenvolgende hormoonreaksies waar een hormoon die vrystelling van ‘n volgende stimuleer en aktiveer met die vrystelling van die streshormoon, kortisol in die bloedsirkulasie as uiteindelike gevolg. Dit staan bekend as die hipotalamus-pituïtêre-adrenale (HPA)-proses.

has been scientifically researched for decades already. Stress is also a topic that everybody knows about, but to quote Hans Selye, a Hungarian psychologist, “Everybody knows what stress is and nobody knows what it is”. He added what stress is not; stress is not anxiety. Stress is a response to a disturbance of the homeostasis of the goat. Homeostasis can be described as the ability of the body to maintain stability of the interior environment and to keep it constant. For example, the body attempts to keep the temperature constant at 38.5 °C (in the case of goats). In the event of a drastic rise in environmental temperature, the goat’s temperature will rise above 38.5°C as a result. Under such circumstances, the goat will eat less, rest for longer periods in the shade and drink more water to maintain its body’s temperature as close to 38.5 °C as possible.

There are numerous factors that may cause a disturbance of the homeostasis, some of which may seem ridiculous. For example, moving goats from one grazing camp to another – the goats must now find a new favourite spot to lie down during chewing the cud. Introduction of new goats to the existing flock- the hierarchy of the flock is now disturbed and a new ranking order has to be established. Handling of goats, whether for dipping, drenching, vaccination or whatever reason, will cause a definite disturbance of the homeostasis of the goat. In fact, any action that does not form part of the natural behaviour of goats, is a disturbance of the homeostasis. This disturbance is a stressor. A stressor is any external influence on the homeostasis of the goat, where the goat cannot compensate to keep the homeostasis stable. The body then reacts to the stressor with a series of hormone secretions whereby one hormone stimulates the activation and release of another and eventually the “stress” hormone, cortisol, is released into the circulating blood. This series of hormone stimulations and releases is known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis.

HPA-proses | HPA-process

Stressor stimuleer/stimulateverstar, vlug, veg vrees reaksie/freeze,

flight, fight, fright reactionstimuleer/stimulate

Hipotalamus vrygestel/releaseKortikotropien vrystelling hormoon/

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)stimuleer/stimulate

Pituitêre klier/Pituitary gland vrygestel/releaseAdrenokortikotropiese hormoon/

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)stimuleer/stimulate

Adrenale korteks/Adrenal cortex vrygestel/releaseGlukokortikoied hormoon (kortisol)/

Glucocorticoid hormone (Cortisol)

onderdruk verdere vrystelling/

suppress further release

DRM Software Reviews

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