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Overview

What is RFID?

How RFID Works

Current Applications

Future Applications

Potential Research Discussion

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What is RFID?

Radio Frequency Identification

The use of radio frequency tags to

identify real objects.

What does i t mean to ident i fy something?

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Identification

 Assign IDs to objects

Link the ID to additional information

about the object

Link the ID to complementary info

Find similar objects

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Identification Examples

Bar Codes

License Plates

Social Security Numbers

Student ID

Serial Numbers Car Keys

Database Keys

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How Does RFID Work?

3 Components

Transceiver – Tag Reader

Transponder – RFID tag

 Antenna

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RFID Hardware

Magnetic / Inductive Coupling

Transceiver

Tag Reader

antenna

RFID

Tag

IC or microprocessor

antenna

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RFID Hardware

Propagation Coupling

Transceiver

Tag Reader

antenna

RFID

Tag

IC or microprocessor

antenna

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Types of Tags

Passive Tags

No battery

Low cost

 Active Tags

On-board transceiver

Battery – must be replaced

Longer range

High cost

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Real Tags

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Real Tags

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Real Tags

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Data Transfer

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Frequency Shift Keying

Fc/8/10

0’s are the carrier divided by 8 

1’s are the carrier divided by 10  Count clock cycles between changes

in frequency

Slows the data rate Provides for a simple reader design

Fair noise immunity

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Phase Shift Keying

One frequency

Change the phase on the transition

between a 0 to 1 or 1 to 0

Faster data rate than FSK

Noise immunity

Slightly more difficult to build a readerthan FSK

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Data Encoding

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Multiple Tags?

What happens when multiple tags are

in range of the transceiver?

 All the tags will be excited at the sametime.

Makes it very difficult to distinguish

between the tags.

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Collision Avoidance

Similar to network collision avoidance

Probabilistic

Tags return at random times

Deterministic

Reader searches for specific tags

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Frequency Ranges

Low – 100-500 kHz

short range, low data rate, cost, & power

Intermediate – 10-16 MHz

medium range and data rate

High – 850-950 MHz & 2.4-5.8GHz

large range, high cost, high data rate

needs line of sight

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Frequency Ranges

8 total ranges around the world

No standards … yet 

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Frequency Trade-Offs

   F  r  e  q  u  e  n  c  y

Lifespan

Range

Power

Cost Bandwidth

Line of Sight

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Current Applications

Livestock Tagging

Wild Animal Tracking

Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS)

 Automated Toll Collection

 Animal Husbandry

Vehicle Anti-Theft

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More Applications

Passive / Secure Entry

 Airline Baggage Tracking

Postal Package Tracking

Time and Attendance

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Who’s got an RFID tag withthem right now?

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Security

RFID used to grant entry to secure

areas

Tracks time and movement of people

Dynamically change access codes

Provide automated entry

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Livestock Tagging

Meet Bobby the Cow

Bobby has an old

fashioned ear tag

for identification.

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Bobby’s Part of a Herd 

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Bobby Needs His Shots

 All of Bobby’s herd need their shots 

Each one needs to be recorded

Why use RFID tags instead of the old-

fashioned tags?

cows get dirty

herds can be large

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 Automated Toll Collection

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Package Tracking

Picture courtesy Texas Instruments

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Smart Grocery Store

Every item in the store already has a

bar code.

Why not use an RFID tag?

Speed up checkouts

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Smart Grocery Store

Several carts this

full in early evening

could seriouslyslow down the

checkout process.

How much do

cashiers cost?

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Smart Grocery Store

 Add an RFID tag to

all items in the

grocery.  As the cart leaves

the store, it passes

through an RFID

transceiver The cart is rung up

in seconds.

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RFID UPC

 Artist conception courtesy Motorola

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Smart Groceries Enhanced

Track products

through their

entire lifetime.

Diagram courtesy How Stuff Works

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Smart Fridge

Recognizes what’s been put in it 

Recognizes when things are removed

Creates automatic shopping lists

Notifies you when things are past their

expiration

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RFID Chef

Uses RFID tags to recognize food in

your kitchen

Shows you the recipes that mostclosely match what is available

RFID Chef Movie 

Distributed Systems Group

ETH – Zurich, Switzerland

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Smart Sitterson

Tag locations throughout Sitterson

User walks around with handheld and

transceiver

RFID tags point the handheld to a

webpage with more information about

their location or the object of interest

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Other Future RFID Applications

RFID in the Euro by 2005http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016 

Xerox PARC Page Detectionhttp://www2.parc.com/red/members/back/papers/UIST_RFID.pdf  

RFID in people?

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RFID’s Advantages 

Passive

wireless

Store data on a tag

Can be hidden

Work in harsh environments

Low cost?

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RFID’s Disadvantages 

Lack of standards!

Short range

Cost

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Open Discussion

What identification systems exist that

could be enhanced with RFID?

What new identification systems areonly feasible using RFID?

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References

RFID Chefhttp://www.inf.ethz.ch/vs/res/proj/rfidchef/ 

 AIM Global Networkhttp://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.htm 

Texas Instruments RFID Solutionshttp://www.ti.com/tiris/default.htm 

Interaction Design InstituteRFID Whitepaperhttp://people.interaction-ivrea.it/natasha/rf/RFID_research.pdf  

 Auto-ID Centerhttp://www.autoidcenter.org/ 

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RFID

Cow Jewelry – or – RevolutionTravis Sparks

http://www.cs.unc.edu/~sparkst