Ret Report

8/20/2019 Ret Report

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ASSIGNMENT # 01

Statistical Review Of Different Forms Of Energies In Pakistan

Submitted To

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

GROUP MEMBERS

Abdul Wahab 11-ME-70

Ahsan Ali 11-ME-76

S Muntazir Mehdi 11-ME-100

M Farrukh 11-ME-130

Sikandar Hayat 11-ME-142

Rizwan Ul Hassan 11/R-10-ME-39

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


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Natural Gas In Pakistan:-

The miraculous Pakistan is blessed with infinite natural resources by the God and natural gas is

the most precious one. At present, the average production of natural gas in the country is 4,058

million cubic feet per day (mmcfd). The volume of gas, which is currently injected into Sui

Northern Gas Pipelines (SNGPL) system from Punjab on average, is 140.535 mmcfd and KP is356.007mmcfd.

There are 169 natural gas reservoirs in the country. According to information provided to Senate

Secretariat, KP is presently producing about 8.89 percent of total gas volume of the country,

while 2.7 trillion cubic feet (TCF) original gas reserves have been recovered so far which, is

about 5 percent of the total original discovered gas reserves of the country. The Senate was

informed that during last ten years ending June 2011, OGDC had drilled 247 wells, out of which

125 wells were exploratory and 122 were appraisal and development. Out of these, 79 wells were

dry and were abandoned, and the amount spent on these wells was Rs 27.86 billion. The OGDC

had drilled wells in various parts of the country ranging in depth from 1000 meter to more than

5000 meter. The cost of wells also varies from $7 million to $25 million, depending on the depth

of the well and geological and drilling complications encountered. Similarly, total amount

allocated to Basin Study/Exploration Research Department for last eight years was Rs.1135

million. During the said period Geological Parties conducted 18 geological surveys and mapping

projects in different exploration blocks of OGDC.

Natural Gas Proved Reserves:-

Natural gas reserves statistical data recorded is given in the following table:-

Year Reserves1980 0.4

1981 0.5

1982 0.5

1983 0.5

1984 0.5

1985 0.6

1986 0.6

1987 0.6

1988 0.7

1989 0.6

1990 0.6

1991 0.8

1992 0.6

1993 0.7

1994 0.6

1995 0.6

1996 0.6

1997 0.6

1998 0.6


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-0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Natural Gas Proved Resreves in Trillion Cubic

Metres

Series 1

1999 0.7

2000 0.7

2001 0.7

2002 0.8

2003 0.8

2004 0.8

2005 0.9

2006 0.8

2007 0.8

2008 0.7

2009 0.7

2010 0.7

2011 0.7

2012 0.62013 0.6


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Tabular data of production and consumption of natural gas in Pakistan is as in the foolowing

table:-

Year Production Consumption1980 7.2 7.8

1981 7.8 8.5

982 8.5 8.4

1983 8.4 8.6

1984 8.6 8.8

1985 8.8 9.5

1986 9.5 10.1

1987 10.1 10.7

1988 10.7 11.5

1989 11.5 12.2

1990 12.2 13.2

1991 13.2 13

1992 13 14.9

1993 14.9 15.2

1994 15.2 15.6

1995 15.6 17

1996 17 16.9

1997 16.9 17.8

1998 17.8 20.3

1999 20.3 21.5

2000 21.5 22.7

2001 22.7 24.6

2002 24.6 30.4

2003 30.4 34.5

2004 34.5 35.5

2005 35.5 36.1

2006 36.1 36.8

2007 36.8 37.5

2008 37.5 38.4

2009 38.4 39.6

2010 39.6 39.2

2011 39.2 41.2

2012 41.2 41.6


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coal resources may generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years. There

are vast resources of coal in all four of Pakistan’s provinces and in Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

Map 1 shows locations and names of major coalfields and coal occurrences of Pakistan.

According to rough estimates, the total coal resources of Pakistan are more than 185 billion

tonnes. Coal reserves, together with heating values (as on received basis), of all the four

Provinces and Azad Kashmir are given here below.

Province Resources in Million Tonnes Heating Value

(Btu/lb)

Sindh

Baluchistan

Punjab

184,623

217

235

5,219

9,637

9,472

-13,555

-15,499

-15,801

Total 185,175


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Tabular data production and consumption of coal is given in the following table:-

Year Production Of Coal Consumption Of Coal

1981 0.7 0.81982 0.8 0.9

1983 0.8 1

1984 1 1.2

1985 1 1.3

1986 0.9 1.5

1987 1.1 1.7

1988 1.2 1.8

1989 1.2 2

1990 1.3 2.1

1991 1.3 2

1992 1.3 2.1

1993 1.4 2.2

1994 1.4 2.2

1995 1.4 2.2

1996 1.5 2.2

1997 1.4 2.1

1998 1.5 2.1

1999 1.5 2.1

2000 1.4 2

2001 1.5 2.1

2002 1.6 2.4

2003 1.5 2.9

2004 1.5 3.8

2005 1.6 4.1

2006 1.7 4.2

2007 1.6 5.1

2008 1.8 5.3

2009 1.6 4.7

2010 1.6 4.5

2011 1.6 4.3

2012 1.5 4.32013 1.5 4.4


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Comments:

The graph is plotted for the data of coal from year 1981 to 2013. The data includes the

consumption of coal and the production of coal. When we plot both the data on the same axis we

got a clear comparison between the production of coal in Pakistan and the consumption of coal in

Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the coal production in Pakistan is much greater than the

consumption of coal. The production of coal in Pakistan is increasing year by year and the

consumption also but production rate is much greater than the consumption rate. So, Pakistan is

exporting the coal because its consumption of coal is less than the production.

Nuclear Power In Pakistan:-

As of 2012, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 3 licensed-commercial nuclear power

plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear

power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear

governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants. As of 2012, the

electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of

-

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Production Of Coal

Consumption Of Coal


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electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric

power and ~0.3% from Coal electricity. Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along

with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Pakistan plans on

constructing 32 nuclear power plants by 2050.

Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors:-

As of today, only 3 commercial nuclear power plants are currently operating. The following list

provides information about current and future commercial nuclear power plants.

Nuclear power

reactors

Type LocationNet

capacity

Construction startConnected

to grid

Commercial

operation

CHASNUPP-I PWR Chasma, Punjab

Province

300

MWe1 August 1993

13 June

2000

15

September

2000

CHASNUPP-II PWR Chasma, Punjab

Province

300

MWe28 December 2005

14 March

2011

20 May

2011

CHASNUPP-III PWR Chasma, Punjab

Province

340

MWe28 April 2009 2016 N/A

CHASNUPP-

IV[17] PWR

Chasma, Punjab

Province

340

MWe2011 2017 N/A

CHASNUPP- V PWR Chasma, Punjab

Province

1000

MWe2014 2020 N/A

KANUPP-I[18] PHWR Paradise

Point, Karachi, Sindh90 MWe 1 August 1966

18 October

1971

7 December

1972

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHASNUPP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHASNUPP-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex#Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant_III_.26_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHASNUPP-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistani_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHASNUPP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor


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KANUPP-

II[19][20] PHWR

Paradise

Point, Karachi, Sindh

1000

MWe

Preliminary work started but

then the project was put on

hold in 2009.

2020 2020

KANUPP-III PHWR ] Paradise

Point, Karachi, Sindh

1000

MWe

Designing of reactor is

completed. But the

construction has not yet

started

2020 2020

Muzaffargarh

Nuclear Power

Complex

PHWR Muzaffargarh, Punjab 1000

MWe

PAEC reportedly plans to

install three Chinese nuclear

reactors at Muzaffargarh and

the site is now being prepared.

2020 2020

Production and consumption statistical data is described in the table below:-

Year Production Consumption

1981 0.1 0.1

1982 0.2 0.2

1983 0.2 0.2

1984 0.3 0.3

1985 0.4 0.4

1986 0.5 0.5

1987 0.3 0.3

1988 0.2 0.2

1989 0.1 0.1

1990 0.4 0.4

1991 0.4 0.4

1992 0.6 0.6

1993 0.4 0.41994 0.6 0.6

1995 0.5 0.5

1996 0.3 0.3

1997 0.5 0.5

1998 0.4 0.4

1999 0.1 0.1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex


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2000 0.9 0.9

2001 2.1 2.1

2002 1.9 1.9

2003 1.9 1.9

2004 2.4 2.4

2005 2.6 2.6

2006 2.7 2.7

2007 2.5 2.5

2008 1.9 1.9

2009 2.9 2.9

2010 2.5 2.5

2011 3.9 3.9

2012 5.7 5.7

2013 4.8 4.8

Pakistan Yearly Nuclear Energy Consumption and Production in Terawatt-Hours (TWh)

-

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Production

Consumption


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Comments:

The graph is plotted for the data of nuclear energy from 1980 to 2012. The data

includes the production of nuclear energy and the consumption of nuclear energy. When both the

data is plotted on the same axis we got a clear comparison of the production of nuclear energy in

Pakistan and the consumption of nuclear energy in Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that theconsumption of nuclear energy in Pakistan is almost same as the production of nuclear energy.

So, Pakistan produce as much nuclear energy as it required.

Crude Oil In Pakistan:-

Pakistan's first oil field was found in the late 1952 in Baluchistan

near a giant Sui gas field. The Toot oil field was not discovered until the early 1960s in the

Punjab. It covers 122.67 square kilometres (47.36 sq mi). Pakistan Petroleum and Pakistan

Oilfields explored and began drilling these field with Soviet help in 1961 and activity began in

Toot during 1964. The Toot area is one of the oldest oil producing regions in Pakistan with the

first oilwell drilled in 1964 when President Ayub Khan encouraged a mineral development

policy. It is located in the Pothohar Plateau, Punjab Province, which is located approximately

135 km southwest of the capital city of Islamabad. In 1964 the first well was drilled and

commercial production started in 1967. There are about 60 million barrels of oil in place of

which 12%-15% is recoverable. At its peak during 1986, the field was producing approximately

2,400 barrel of oil per day. It has grown steadily since then, producing both oil and, to a lesserdegree, natural gas.[1] Oil production was entirely confined to the Potwar Plateau till 1981, when

Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower

Sindh gas-fields were producing more oil than the Potohar Plateau. Since then, new deposits

have also been found here

Crude oil proved reserves tabular data is as below:-

Year Crude oil Reserves

1980 0.200000003

1981 0.196500003

1982 0.239999995

1983 0.1963

1984 0.082900003


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1985 0.082000002

1986 0.108999997

1987 0.096000001

1988 0.096000001

1989 0.170440003

1990 0.118560001

1991 0.162090003

1992 0.162

1993 0.412

1994 0.203280002

1995 0.203280002

1996 0.203280002

1997 0.208000004

1998 0.208000004

1999 0.208000004

2000 0.208000004

2001 0.208000004

2002 0.298240006

2003 0.310440004

2004 0.288679987

2005 0.288679987

2006 0.289200008

2007 0.289200008

2008 0.289200008

2009 0.338999987

2010 0.312999994

2011 0.312999994

2012 0.28064999

2013 0.247529998


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Crude Oil Proved Reserves Graph

Production & Consumption statistical data for crude oil is in the table below:-

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Proven Reserves

Year production consumption

1980 10 104

1981 10 113

1982 12 134

1983 13 137

1984 17 140

1985 35 159.67

1986 42 165.75

1987 42 180.43


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1988 45 194.2

1989 48 205.63

1990 62 220.05

1991 62 221.06

1992 61.35 227.21

1993 60.36 256.42

1994 55 282.17

1995 57.1 298.09

1996 55 326.9

1997 57 333.04

1998 54.91 346.84

1999 53 368.57

2000 54.42 365.01

2001 59.87 360.12

2002 64.27 355.89

2003 60 336.6

2004 62 326.85

2005 65.63 336.19

2006 65.67 357.08

2007 65.19 382.26

2008 58.58 389.75

2009 55.37 390.94

2010 65 392.3

2011 65 418

2012 72 440.11

2013 80.8 437.06


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Crude Oil Production & Consumption Comparison Graph

Comments:-

The graph is plotted for the data of crude oil from 1980 to 2012. The data includes the

production of crude oil and the consumption of crude oil. When both the data is plotted on thesame axis we got a clear comparison of the production of crude oil in Pakistan and theconsumption of crude oil in Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the consumption of crude oilin Pakistan is much greater than the production of crude oil. That is why Pakistan import a hugeamount of crude oil from gulf countries.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

production

consumption


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References:-

BP-Statistical Review of World Energy 2014 Workbook

United States Energy Information Administration

http://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oil-

export/

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/crude-oil-production

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resources

http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=production

https://pakistaneconomy.wordpress.com/tag/natural-gas-reserves-in-pakistan/

http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-world-having-coal-reserves-.html

Energy Units:-

Introduction:-

Many sorts of units are used in energy discussions. They fall into two broad categories: (a) those

whose definition is not related to a particular fuel, which we here term "basic" units; and (b)

those whose definition is related to idealized properties of a specific fuel, which we here term"source-based" units. These units, along with special topics related to electricity, are discussed in

succeeding sections. Table 1 gives conversion factors between units, as well as the energy

content of specific fuels.

Basic Units:-

Joule (J):-

This is the basic energy unit of the metric system, or in a later more comprehensive

formulation, the International System of Units (SI). It is ultimately defined in terms of the

meter, kilogram, and second.

Calorie (cal):-

Historically the calorie was defined in terms of the heating of water. Thus, in a traditional

definition, one calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of

water by 1°C, from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C. (This is sometimes referred to as the 15 °C

http://www.eia.doe.gov/http://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oil-export/http://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oil-export/http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/crude-oil-productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resourceshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=productionhttps://pakistaneconomy.wordpress.com/tag/natural-gas-reserves-in-pakistan/http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-world-having-coal-reserves-.htmlhttp://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-world-having-coal-reserves-.htmlhttp://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-world-having-coal-reserves-.htmlhttp://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-world-having-coal-reserves-.htmlhttps://pakistaneconomy.wordpress.com/tag/natural-gas-reserves-in-pakistan/http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resourceshttp://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/crude-oil-productionhttp://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oil-export/http://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oil-export/http://www.eia.doe.gov/


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calorie, and differs slightly from the "calorie" measured for other temperature intervals.)

More recently the calorie has been defined in terms of the joule; the equivalence between

the calorie and joule is historically known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Several definitions of the calorie are now in common use, including (2):

thermochemicalcalorie

1 cal = 4.184 J (exact)

15 °C calorie 1 cal =

4.1858

J

International Table

calorie

1 cal =

4.1868

J (exact)

mean calorie 1 cal =

4.1900

J

The International Table (IT) calorie has been adopted in the publications of the EnergyInformation Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/EIA) (3) and of theInternational Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD/IEA) (4). In view of the importance of these publications, it isreasonable to view the IT calorie as being the preferred unit for discussions of energy production and use, but there is no universally adopted practice (see also the discussionof Btu, below).

Sometimes a capitalized version, Calorie, is used to denoted the kilocalorie (kcal). Indiscussing food, the "calorie," capitalized or not, is always the kilocalorie.

British thermal unit (Btu).

This is the English system analog of the calorie. For specific heat capacities to be the

same, whether expressed in Btu/lb-°F or in cal/gm-°C:

1 Btu = 251.9958 cal.

As for the calorie, there is a family of "Btu's" in relatively common use, including:

thermochemical Btu 1 Btu = 1054.35 J

59 °F (15 °C) Btu 1 Btu = 1054.80 J

International Table Btu 1 Btu = 1055.06 J


19/19

19

mean Btu 1 Btu = 1055.87 J

Again, the IT unit is the one used in DOE/EIA publications.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh).

The kilowatt-hour is a standard unit of electricity production andconsumption. By definition, noting that 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts:

1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J (exact).The relationship between the kWh and the Btu depends upon which "Btu" is used. It iscommon, although not universal, to use the equivalence:

1 kWh = 3412 Btu.This corresponds to the International Table Btu. [More precisely, 1 kWh = 3412.14 Btu(IT).]

Large-scale units.

In describing national or global energy budgets, it is common practice to use large-scale

units based upon the joule, Btu, and kWh:

Exajoule (EJ):

1 EJ = 1018 J

Quadrillion Btu(quad):

1 quad = 1015 Btu = 1.055 EJ

Terawatt-year (TWyr):

1 TWyr = 8.76 x 1012 kWh = 31.54 EJ = 29.89 quad

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