Res Designs

7/31/2019 Res Designs

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RESEARCH DESIGNS


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RESEARCH DESIGNS

Research Design- is theplan,

structure and strategy ofinvestigation so as to obtain

answers to research questions and

to control variance.


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Research Design

A research design has following aspects;

SAMPLING

What information? How it is to be gathered?

Which source ?

Methods of data/information collection

Interview Observation

Analytical design


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CONCEPTS IN RESEARCH

DESIGNSVARIABLE

INDEPENDENCE VARIABLE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

EXTRANEOUS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

CONTROLRESEARCH HYPOTHESES


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CONCEPTS IN RESEARCH

DESIGNSEXPERIMENTAL / NON-EXPERIMENTAL

HYPOTHESES TESTING RESEARCH

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

CONTROL GROUP

EXPERIMENT-ABSOLUTE/COMPARATIVE

TEST UNITS


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Target Group Can Dictate Design...

Demographics/Lifestage/lifestyle

Age, Sex, SEC, Working status,Occupation, Education

Joint, nuclear, single, couple, infant, kids

Eating out/travel abroad/have sports car

Usagecharacteristics

Recent, lapsed, potential, regular/occasional, heavy/light

Attitudinal E.g. Health conscious, Tech savvy

Awareness E.g. Aware of brand, seen advt...


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Research Design

Conclusive

Research Design

Descriptive

Research

Causal

Research

Cross-Sectional

Design

Longitudinal

Design

Single Cross-

Sectional Design

Multiple Cross-

Sectional Design

Exploratory

Research Design

A Classification of Research Designs


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Exploratory Research

Searching for Hypothesis

Methods include:

Secondary data

Experts opinion

In-depth Discussions

Case studies

Observation


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DESCRITIVE DESIGNS

CROSS

SECTIONAL

Conducted on largesample

One time study

Present stateSimple/multiple

longitudinal

Conducted on a limited

select sampleSetting neutral

Adequate exposure

Information collectedafter a fixed interval


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Brand Purchased Time Period

Period 1 Period 2Survey Survey

Brand A 200 200Brand B 300 300Brand C 500 500Total 1000 1000

Cross-Sectional Data May

Not Show Change


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BrandPurchasedin Period 1

Brand Purchased in Period 2

Brand A Brand B Brand C Total

Brand ABrand BBrand CTotal

1002575

200

50100150300

50175275500

2003005001000

Longitudinal Data May

Show Substantial Change


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Conclusive Research

To test a hypothesis

Methods include:

Descriptive research Statistical :

Cross-sectional

Time series

Longitudinal

Case studies

Experimental research

Designs of Experiments


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PRE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

ASSOCIATION HYPOTHESES

NON EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESES

TESTING RESEARCH

RANDOMIZATION NOT POSSIBLE

NO CONTROL ON E.I.V.s


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AFTER ONLY STUDY

SELF SELECTION BY SAMPLE

NO PRETEST

TREATMENT EFFECT: X O

( X-I.V. & O-D.V. )

Limitations

No pretestUntrained?

I.V.not controlled


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ONE GROUP PRETESTPOST

TESTSELF SELECTION

PRETEST PROVISION

TREATMENT : O X O

TREATMENT EFFECT: O - O & X

Limitation

Testing effect

Economic conditions?


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STATIC GROUP COMPARISON

DESIGNEXPOST FACTO

E.G.&C.G.

I.V.-D.V.

X E.G. O

No X C.G. OTREATMENT EFFECT: O-O & X


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TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL

DESIGNS(Simple)

I.V IS CONTROLLED

E.I.V. IS REGULATEDEIV- History

Maturation

Mortality

Testing effect

Instrument effect


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PRETEST-POSTTEST

CONTROL GROUP DESIGN

I.V.-D.V.

Randomization possibleExptl. Hypotheses testing research

Causal hypotheses

Financial Constraints

Time Constraints(time lag)


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PRETEST-POSTTEST

CONTROL GROUP DESIGNDiagrammatically: E.G.-- R O X O

C.G.--R O O

Treatment effect= ( O - O ) - ( O - O )

Method of Analysis:Simple Regression

Disadvantage:Testing effect


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POST TEST ONLY CONTROL

GROUP DESIGNI.V.-D.V. /RANDOMIZATION POSSIBLE

CAUSAL HYPOTHESES

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

URGENCY TO SOLUTIONS

DIAG: E.G.--R X O

C.G--R O

Treatment effect:O - O(SimpleRegression)


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RANDOMIZED GROUP DESIGN

I.V.-DIFFERENT LEVELS----D.V.RANDOMIZATION

FIELD EXPERIMENT

NO E.I.V. IDENTIFIEDMethod of analysis:ONE-WAY ANOVA


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RANDOMIZED GROUP DESIGN

TREATMENT LEVEL

High Med Low

Xn Xn Xn

Xn Xn Xn

Xn Xn Xn

X X X


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RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

I.V.-Different levels-D.V.

1 E.I.V.-Different levels

FIELD EXPERIMENT

Method of analysis:TWO-WAY ANOVA


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RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

TREATMENT LEVELS

B High Med Low

L uns Xn Xn Xn

O Xn Xn Xn

C sem. Xn Xn Xn

K Xn Xn XnS skil. Xn Xn Xn

Xn Xn Xn

1st numeral-block;2nd numeral-level


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LATIN SQUARE DESIGN

I.V.-Different levels-D.V.

2 E.I.V.s

Rotation of treatment between the two E.I.V.s

Method of Analysis:THREE -WAY ANOVA


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LATIN SQUARE DESIGN

ORGANISATION

bank ccard mres restateP engineer A B C D

R eco. B A D C

O arts C D A BF science D C B A


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FACTORIAL DESIGN

2 I.V. -Different levels---1 D.V.

FIELD EXPERIMENT

CAUSAL HYPOTHESES

Mix of Simple and Complex design

Method of Analysis :

Main effect :Two-way ANOVA

Interaction effect :Line of best fit


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FACTORIAL DESIGN

UNIT PRODUCTION

W 1-2 3-4 5-6

A 3 Rs. A B CG

E

I 4 Rs. D E F

N

C

E. 5 Rs. G H I


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You are employed by the Tarai foods ltd. by their product managerwho wants to know what should be the ideal

price differential( RS.2.50;3.00; 3.50) between their frozen vegetable

and those marketed by Mother Diary. The clientele for the frozenvegetables is mostly working women.

Identify your variables, test units, hypotheses, and the research design

diagrammatically and state the method of analysis.


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You are a research executive with a universityoffering a number of post-graduate courses likeM.Com, MCA, MBA etc. Though any kind of

educational qualification enhances ones personality.You believe that the two-year MBA program offeredby the university has a slow and steady significant onthe personality development (especially in terms ofin t rovers ion/ext rovers ion) o f the s tudents .

Identify your variables, hypotheses and test units.What is your research design, represent i tdiagrammatically and state your method of analysis.


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You are the HRD manager with ABB (India). ABB has recentlytaken over a major unit in Calcutta .You are sent on a postingthere and are given the task of introducing a new operation

scheme which your Parent organization feels will improve theefficiency there. But you perceive during your stay that there isan underlying dissatisfaction amongst the employees and it isessential to gauge their view and opinion of the takeover andtheir expectations before introducing the scheme.

Identify your variables, hypotheses and test units. What is yourresearch design, represent it diagrammatically and state yourm e t h o d o f a n a l y s i s .

Res Designs

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