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Raptors�Conservation

ПЕРНАТЫЕ�ХИЩНИКИ�И�ИХ�ОХРАНА

2007�№9

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé ÀçèèThe Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia

Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷-ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîéîáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî-ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èñ-ñëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé«Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í.Íîâãîðîä).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñè-áýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí(Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä)

Ýòîò âûïóñê ãîòîâèëè: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî,Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëàé è Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâû,Àííà Øåñòàêîâà

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæ-êè: ïòåíåö áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â ãíåçäå,Òóâà, Ðîññèÿ, èþíü 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

 èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëü-çîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà è C. Ãîìáî-áààòàðà.

ISSN 1814–0076

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè:

630090 Ðîññèÿ,Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547

Editorial adress:

P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk,Russia, 630090

Tel./Fax: (383) 339 78 85

E-mail: [email protected][email protected]

[email protected]

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC

Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå:

Guidelines for Contributors available on website:

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter was found-ed by the non-governmental organizations theSiberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) andthe Center for Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmen-tal Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) and Igor Karyakin(Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Russia).

This issue has been made by: Elvira Nikolenko,Igor Karyakin, Nikolay and Eugene Potapov,Anna Shestakova

Photo on the front cover: chick of the SakerFalcon (Falco cherrug) in the nest, Tyva Repub-lic, Russia, June 2006. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin andS. Gombobaatar.

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ:

Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, âíñ, ê.á.í., ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ;[email protected]

Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñíñ, ê.á.í., ÈÒèÝÁ ÐÀÍ, Ïóùèíî, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, ê.ïåä.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí;[email protected]

Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàø-êåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; [email protected]

À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑÂÓÝÑ, Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D, Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ;[email protected]

Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ;[email protected]

È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA;[email protected]

M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; [email protected]

Èçäàíèå îñóùåñòâëåíî ïðè ÷àñòè÷íîé ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêåÏðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèé-ñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðåãèîíà».

This issue is supported by the Project of UNDP/GEF «BiodiversityConservation in the Russian Part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion».

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Events Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 3

Events

СОБЫТИЯ

31 ìàðòà – 2 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â óíèâåð-ñèòåòå Ëåéñèñòåðà (Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ)áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü åæåãîäíàÿ êîíôåðåí-öèÿ Ñîþçà áðèòàíñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ(BOU) «Ïòèöû êàê õèùíèêè è êàê æåð-òâû».

Õèùíè÷åñòâî ìîæåò áûòü êðèòè÷åñêèâàæíûì ïîêàçàòåëåì, ëèìèòèðóþùèì ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü è ñòðóêòóðó ïîïóëÿöèé ðàçíûõâèäîâ, è ÿâëÿåòñÿ øèðîêî èçó÷åííûì ÿâ-ëåíèåì â ñðåäå ïòèö. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îöåí-êà âëèÿíèÿ õèùíè÷åñòâà ïîñòîÿííî âûçû-âàåò èíòåðåñ, ò.ê. îñíîâíûå ìåõàíèçìûýòîãî ÿâëåíèÿ ÷àñòî ñìåøèâàþòñÿ ñ àíòðî-ïîãåííûìè ôàêòîðàìè èëè äàæå ôîðìè-ðóþòñÿ èìè. Öåëü äàííîé êîíôåðåíöèè –îáñóäèòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ïðè÷èíè ïîñëåäñòâèé õèùíè÷åñòâà äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèéâ ñîâðåìåííîì ëàíäøàôòå.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ îõâàòèò áîëüøîé ñïåêòðòåì:

– õèùíèêè-îðíèòîôàãè;– õèùíèêè-èõòèîôàãè è ïîïóëÿöèè ðûá;– èíòðîäóöèðîâàííûå ìëåêîïèòàþùèå-

õèùíèêè;– âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó ïòèöàìè-õèù-

íèêàìè;– ýêîëîãèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ õèùíèêîâ è çíà-

÷åíèå èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé.Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå áóäåò óäåëåíî îï-

ðåäåëåíèþ âëèÿíèÿ õèùíè÷åñòâà êàê ÿâëå-íèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè è îáúÿñíåíèþ ìåõàíèç-ìîâ, ëåæàùèõ â åãî îñíîâå.

Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ íåîáõîäèìî çàïîëíèòü ðå-ãèñòðàöèîííóþ ôîðìó, äîñòóïíóþ íà âåá-ñàéòå BOU1. Êîíòàêò (1).

Ñîþç áðèòàíñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ (BOU),Öåíòð ýêîëîãèè è ãèäðîëîãèè (Äîðñåò) èêîìïàíèÿ «Biotrack»2 18 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã.ïëàíèðóþò ïðîâåäåíèå ñåìèíàðà «Ðà-äèîïðîñëåæèâàíèå ïòèö».

Ñåìèíàð áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü â òåõíîëîãè-÷åñêîì öåíòðå â Äîð÷åñòåðå (Äîðñåò, Âå-ëèêîáðèòàíèÿ).

 òå÷åíèå îäíîäíåâíîãî ñåìèíàðà áóäóòðàññìîòðåíû ñëåäóþùèå àñïåêòû ðàäèî-ïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ ïòèö:

– äëÿ ÷åãî íóæíî ðàäèîïðîñëåæèâàíèå;

British Ornithologists’ Union Annual Con-ference «Birds as Predators and as Prey»will be hold in University of Leicester (UK)on the 31 March – 2 April 2007.

Predation can be a crucially important fac-tor limiting populations and is a widely stud-ied process in birds. However estimating theimpacts of predation is an ongoing chal-lenge, not least because the underlyingmechanisms are often confounded or evendriven by anthropogenic factors. The aim ofthis conference is to provide a general fo-rum for current research into the underly-ing causes and population consequences ofpredation, placing special emphasis onthese processes in the modern landscape.

The conference will encompass a widerange of themes:

– birds predating birds;– piscivorous birds and fish populations;– introduced mammals as predators;– interactions between avian predators

themselves (intraguild predation);– the behavioral ecology of predation and

habitat effects.Emphasis will be placed on establishing

the impacts on populations and on explain-ing mechanisms underlying predation byaccounting for ecological and behavioralcomplexity.

It is intended that the conference will ap-peal to ornithologists with varied interests, andto those concerned generally with the man-agement of habitats and bird populations.

Every participant should fill the registrationform available on BOU website1. Contact (1).

The British Ornithologists’ Union, Centre forEcology & Hydrology (Dorset) and Biotrack2

are planning to hold the Workshop «Ra-dio-tracking Birds» on 18 April 2007.

The workshop will be in the CEH WinfrithTechnology Centre, Dorchester, Dorset, UK.

This one-day workshop will cover the fol-lowing aspects of radio tracking:

– why radio-track;– how radio-tracking works;– designing experiments;– results from radio-tracking;– radio-tracking practical.To demonstrate how effective radio-track-

ing is we will explore a local ornithological

(1) Contact:

British Ornithologists’UnionConference OfficeP.O. Box 417Peterborough PE7 3FXtel.: +44 (0) 1 733 844820 [email protected]

1 http://www.bou.org.uk/BOUConfform.pdf2 http://www.biotrack.co.uk

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ÑîáûòèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 94

– êàê âåä¸òñÿ ðàáîòà ïî ðàäèîïðîñëåæè-âàíèþ.

 õîäå ñåìèíàðà áóäóò îáñóæäàòüñÿ ïðàê-òè÷åñêèå ñòîðîíû è âîçìîæíûå ðåçóëüòà-òû ðàäèîïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ. Ó ó÷àñòíèêîâ áó-äåò âîçìîæíîñòü íà ïðàêòèêå îñâîèòüïðîñòåéøèå ìåòîäû ðàäèîïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ,ïîçíàêîìèòüñÿ ñ îáîðóäîâàíèåì è âûáðàòüíàèáîëåå ïîäõîäÿùåå äëÿ ðàçíûõ íàó÷íûõè ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷.

Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ íåîáõîäèìî çàïîëíèòü ðå-ãèñòðàöèîííóþ ôîðìó, äîñòóïíóþ íà âåá-ñàéòå BOU3.

Êîíòàêò (1).

21–23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Êàçàíè â Òà-òàðñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì ãóìàíèòàðíî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîì óíèâåðñèòå ïëàíèðóåò-ñÿ ïðîâåäåíèå íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîéêîíôåðåíöèè «Ýêîëîãî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèåèññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå».

 ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû êîíôåðåíöèè ïðåäïî-ëàãàåòñÿ ðàññìîòðåòü è îáñóäèòü ñëåäóþ-ùèå ïðîáëåìû:

– èçó÷åíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ÑðåäíåìÏîâîëæüå è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ;

– ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è ñîõðà-íåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ;

– ëàíäøàôòíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ÑðåäíåìÏîâîëæüå;

– ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ãåîýêîëîãèè;– ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå è âîñïè-

òàíèå â øêîëå è âóçå.Ïðåäóñìîòðåíà íåáîëüøàÿ ýêñêóðñèîí-

íàÿ ïðîãðàììà.Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â êîíôåðåíöèè íåîáõîäè-

ìî äî 1 èþëÿ 2007 ã. íàïðàâèòü â Îðãêî-ìèòåò ìàòåðèàëû è çàÿâêó íà ó÷àñòèå ñ óêà-çàíèåì Ô.È.Î., ìåñòà ðàáîòû, äîëæíîñòè,ó÷¸íîé ñòåïåíè, çâàíèÿ, òåëåôîíà. Ïå÷àò-íûé âàðèàíò ìàòåðèàëîâ ñîïðîâîäèòü äèñ-êåòîé ëèáî ïðîäóáëèðîâàòü ïî ýëåêòðîí-íîé ïî÷òå. Âçíîñ íà èçäàòåëüñêèå ðàñõîäûñîñòàâëÿåò 150 ðóá. Åãî íåîáõîäèìî âûñû-ëàòü ïî÷òîâûì ïåðåâîäîì ïî àäðåñó:420036, ã. Êàçàíü, óë. Òèìèðÿçåâà, ä. 6, êâ.19, Èáðàãèìîâîé Ê.Ê. Îðãâçíîñ â ðàçìåðå200 ðóá. îïëà÷èâàåòñÿ ïðè ðåãèñòðàöèè.

Îðãàíèçàöèîííûé êîìèòåò îñòàâëÿåò çàñîáîé ïðàâî îòêëîíÿòü ìàòåðèàëû, íå ñî-îòâåòñòâóþùèå òåìàòèêå êîíôåðåíöèè.Äëÿ ïðèíÿòèÿ ê ïóáëèêàöèè ïðåäïî÷òåíèåáóäåò îòäàâàòüñÿ ìàòåðèàëàì, ïîëó÷åííûìçà ïîñëåäíèå 4–5 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé, ñîäåð-æàùèì ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç, îáîáùåíèÿ,à òàêæå íîâûå èäåè è ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.

Êîíòàêò (2).

study. Time will be spent explaining how toradio-track efficiently and get the best re-sults. It is important to understand how ra-dio-tracking works and how that influencestracking methods. Equipment will be de-scribed so that you can choose the best foryour needs. You will have the chance to tryout the equipment in different situations andto get expert advice on how best to radio-track in the field.

Every participant should fill the registrationform available on BOU website3. Contact (1).

The Tatar State Humanitarian-Pedagogi-cal University is planning to hold the Con-ference «Ecological and Geographical re-search at the Middle Volga Region» on21–23 September 2007.

This conference will cover the followingaspects of ecological and geographical re-search:

– study of biodiversity at the Middle Vol-ga region and bordering territories;

– problems of biodiversity and nature con-servation;

– study of landscapes at the Middle Volgaregion;

– regional problems of geological ecology;– environmental education in schools and

universities.Some excursions will be organized.For the participation in the conference

the application form and the report shouldbe sent to the Conference Committee until1 July 2007. Contact (2).

Raptor Research Foundation’s 5th Eura-sian Conference will be held in Batumi,Republic of Georgia from October 9th to13th 2007.

Organizers of the conference: the RaptorResearch Foundation, the Georgian Centerfor the Conservation of Wildlife (GCCW) andthe Directorate for Environment and Natu-ral Resources of Adjara (DENRA).

The conference will include a full programof scientific presentations, workshops andsymposia, as well as social events to includewine tours and birding trips.

Registration will open via conference’swebsite4 in February 2007 and priority willbe given to Raptor Research Foundationmembers. Contact (3).

5th North Eurasian Conference about rap-tors will be held in Vitebsk, Republic ofByelorussia in February 2008.

The publication of the book “Research andprotection of Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga3 http://www.bou.org.uk/BOUWorkshopform.pdf

(2) Êîíòàêò:

Ðàõèìîâ È.È.Êàôåäðà áèîýêîëîãèèÒÃÃÏÓÐåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí420021 Êàçàíüóë. Òàòàðñòàíà, ä. 2òåë.: +7 (843) 292 09 83+7 (843) 571 20 [email protected]

(2) Contact:

Rahimov I.I.TGGPUTatarstana str., 2Kazan, Republic ofTatarstan420021 Russiatel.: +7 (843) 292 09 83+7 (843) 571 20 [email protected]

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Events Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 5

9–13 îêòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â Áàòóìè (Ãðóçèÿ)áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü Ïÿòàÿ Åâðàçèéñêàÿêîíôåðåíöèÿ ôîíäà èññëåäîâàíèÿïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.

Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôåðåíöèè – Ôîíä èñ-ñëåäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, Ãðóçèíñ-êèé öåíòð îõðàíû äèêîé ïðèðîäû è Äè-ðåêöèÿ ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû èïðèðîäíûì ðåñóðñàì Àäæàðèè.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áóäåò âêëþ÷àòü îáøèðíóþïðîãðàììó óñòíûõ äîêëàäîâ, ñåìèíàðîâ èñèìïîçèóìîâ, à òàêæå îáùåñòâåííûõ ìå-ðîïðèÿòèé è ýêñêóðñèé.

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ó÷àñòíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿñ ôåâðàëÿ 2007 ã. íà âåá-ñàéòå êîíôåðåí-öèè4. Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèîðè-òåò áóäåò îòäàí ÷ëåíàì ôîíäà èññëåäîâà-íèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Êîíòàêò (3).

 ôåâðàëå 2008 ã. â ã. Âèòåáñêå (Áåëî-ðóññèÿ) ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîâåäåíèå ïÿòîéêîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñå-âåðíîé Åâðàçèè.

Ê êîíôåðåíöèè ïëàíèðóåòñÿ èçäàíèåòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ñáîðíèêà «Èçó÷åíèå è îõ-ðàíà áîëüøîãî Aquila clanga è ìàëîãîAquila pomarina ïîäîðëèêîâ â ÑåâåðíîéÅâðàçèè».

 ñáîðíèê ïðèíèìàþòñÿ îðèãèíàëüíûåñòàòüè è êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ, õàðàêòåðè-çóþùèå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, äè-íàìèêó íàñåëåíèÿ, ãíåçäîâàíèå, ïèòàíèå,ìèãðàöèè, ãèáðèäèçàöèþ è äðóãèå àñïåê-òû ýêîëîãèè è ïîâåäåíèÿ áîëüøîãî è ìà-ëîãî ïîäîðëèêîâ, îïûò îõðàíû ýòèõ âèäîâ.

Ìàòåðèàëû ìîãóò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíû íàðóññêîì ëèáî àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ.

Àííîòàöèÿ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ëèáî íàðóññêîì ÿçûêå äëÿ àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ ñòàòåéîáÿçàòåëüíà. Ïåðåâîä íàçâàíèÿ ðàáîòû èàííîòàöèè íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê (ðóññêèé äëÿàíãëîÿçû÷íûõ ñòàòåé) ìîæåò áûòü âûïîë-íåí ðåäêîëëåãèåé ïî ñîãëàñîâàíèþ.

Ñòàòüè ìîãóò áûòü èëëþñòðèðîâàíû ÷¸ð-íî-áåëûìè ðèñóíêàìè è òàáëèöàìè. Îáú¸ìðóêîïèñè ñòàòüè íå äîëæåí ïðåâûøàòü 10ñòðàíèö òåêñòà è 6 òàáëèö è ðèñóíêîâ. Ñòà-òüè áîëüøåãî îáú¸ìà ïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïîïðåäâàðèòåëüíîìó ñîãëàñîâàíèþ ñ ðåäêîë-ëåãèåé. Îáú¸ì êðàòêîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ íå äîë-æåí ïðåâûøàòü 1 ñòðàíèöó òåêñòà è ìîæåòâêëþ÷àòü 1 òàáëèöó ëèáî ðèñóíîê.

Ðóêîïèñè ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèéïðèíèìàþòñÿ äî 1 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ýëåêò-ðîííîé ôîðìå â âèäå zip-àðõèâà, âêëþ-÷àþùåãî âñå ôàéëû ðóêîïèñè, ëèáî â ðàñ-ïå÷àòàííîì âèäå. Êîíòàêò (4).

and A. pomarina) in Northern Eurasia” isplanning to the beginning of the conference.

Reports and summaries about distribution,number, population trends, breeding, feed-ing, migrations, hybridization and other ec-ological and behavioral aspects of SpottedEagles, conservation problems.

Papers should be in Russian or in English.Abstract of the paper in another languageshould be in any case. The editorial staff onpreliminary agreement will be able to trans-late of the title and abstract in English or inRussian if it is necessary.

Reports should be no more than 10 pag-es and contain no more than 6 grayscalefigures and tables. If the paper contains morepages it should be came to an agreementwith editorial beforehand. The summary sizeshould be no more than a page with a tableor a figure.

The deadline for submission of papers is1 November 2007. Send the papers as anattached *.zip file or hard copies.

Contact (4).

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius). Ðîññèÿ,ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà. Èþíü 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius). Russia, Republicof Tyva. June 2006. Photo by I. Karyakin

4 http://www.gccw.org/conference/index.html

(3) Contact:

Lexo GavashelishviliLocal OrganizingCommittee [email protected]

(4) Êîíòàêò:

Âëàäèìèð ÌåëüíèêîâÊàôåäðà çîîëîãèè ÈâÃÓ153002 Èâàíîâîïð-ò Ëåíèíà, [email protected]

(4) Contact:

Vladimir MelnikovIvSU, dep. of zoologyLenina str., 136153002 Ivanovo [email protected]

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). Ðîññèÿ, Àëòàéñêèéêðàé. Èþëü 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The Great-Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Russia, AltaiKray. July 2004. Photo by I. Karyakin

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Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèèÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 96

Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ êðóïíûõ

ñîêîëîâ â ðîññèéñêîì

çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâå

Âñå òðè âèäà êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ, îáèòàþ-ùèõ â Ðîññèè – êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus),áàëîáàí (F. cherrug) è ñàïñàí (F. peregri-nus) – ïðèçíàþòñÿ òðåáóþùèìè îõðàíû èçàùèùåíû çàêîíîì. Ýòî âûðàæàåòñÿ, ïðåæ-äå âñåãî, â òîì, ÷òî îíè âêëþ÷åíû â Êðàñ-íóþ êíèãó ÐÔ (Ïðèêàç ÃîñêîìýêîëîãèèÐîññèè îò 19.12.1997 ¹ 569 ñ ïîñëåäóþ-ùèìè èçìåíåíèÿìè). Ýòè ñîêîëû âêëþ÷å-íû òàêæå â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ïðàêòè÷åñêèâñåõ ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, ãäå èìååòñÿ òàêîé äî-êóìåíò, è îáèòàþò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âèäû.Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íè îäèí èç âèäîâ ñîêîëîâíå âêëþ÷¸í â ïåðå÷åíü îáúåêòîâ îõîòû,óòâåðæäåííûé Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ. Âñå òðèâèäà âíåñåíû â Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ: êðå-÷åò è ñàïñàí – â Ïðèëîæåíèå 1, áàëîáàí(â ñîñòàâå âñåãî îòðÿäà Falconiformes) – âÏðèëîæåíèå 2.

Äàëåå ðàññìîòðèì âîçìîæíûå âàðèàí-òû ñèòóàöèé, êîãäà ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòà-òóñ ïòèö ìîæåò îáåñïå÷èòü èõ ïðàâîâóþçàùèòó.

Äîáûâàíèå â ïðèðîäå (îòëîâ)

Äîáûâàíèå æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ êâèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ,äîïóñêàåòñÿ â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âöåëÿõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýòèõ îáúåêòîâ, ðåãóëè-ðîâàíèÿ èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè, îõðàíû çäîðîâüÿíàñåëåíèÿ, óñòðàíåíèÿ óãðîçû äëÿ æèçíè÷åëîâåêà, ïðåäîõðàíåíèÿ îò ìàññîâûõ çà-áîëåâàíèé ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ è äðóãèõäîìàøíèõ æèâîòíûõ, îáåñïå÷åíèÿ òðàäè-öèîííûõ íóæä êîðåííûõ ìàëî÷èñëåííûõíàðîäîâ è â èíûõ öåëÿõ. Îíî âîçìîæíî

Reviews� and� Comments

ОБЗОРЫИКОММЕНТАРИИ

Êîíòàêò:

Èëüÿ ÑìåëÿíñêèéÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèéýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð»Ðîññèÿ 630090Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547òåë./ôàêñ:(383) 339 78 [email protected]

Ìèõàèë ÊðåéíäëèíÝêñïåðò ïî ïðàâîâûìâîïðîñîìÃðèíïèñ Ðîññèè127994 ÌîñêâàÃÑÏ–4òåë.: +7 (095) 626 50 [email protected]

Contact:

Ilya SmelanskyNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547Novosibirsk630090 Russiatel./fax: (383) 339 78 [email protected]

Michael KreyndlinLow ExpertGreenpeace RussiaGPS–4 127994Moscow Russiatel.: +7 (095) 626 50 [email protected]

Legal�Instruments�for�Supressing�Unlawful�Capture�and�Trade

of�Large�Falcons�in�Russia

ПРАВОВЫЕ�ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ�ПРЕСЕЧЕНИЯ�НЕЗАКОННОГООТЛОВА�И�ОБОРОТА�КРУПНЫХ�СОКОЛОВ�В�РОССИИ

Smelansky�I.E.�(Siberian�Environmental�Center,�Novosibirsk,�Russia)

Kreyndlin�M.L.�(Greenpeace-Russia,�Moscow,�Russia)

Смелянсий�И.Э.�(МБОО�«Сибирсий�эоло�ичесий�центр»,�Новосибирс,�Россия)

Крейндлин�М.Л.�(Гринпис�России,�Мосва,�Россия)

Conservation status of large falcons

by Russian national legislation

Three species of large falcons nest in Rus-sia, namely are Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus),Saker (F. cherrug), and Peregrine (F. peregri-nus). All the species are protected by law.The first, they are listed in the Federal RedData Book that is validated by the FederalNature Protection Body. Then, they are list-ed in CITES Appendices: Peregrine and Gyr-falcon – Appendix I, Saker – Appendix II.The Russian Federation (RF) is a Part of theCITES; Russian Federal Government issuesa rule regulating implementation of the Con-vention and the Federal Nature ProtectionBody issues several acts on the subject. Noone of these species is listed in the federallist of game species.

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Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 7

òîëüêî â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ «Ïðàâèëàìè äîáûâàíèÿ îáúåê-òîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíå-ñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè» (óò-âåðæäåíû Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐîññèéñêîéÔåäåðàöèè îò 6 ÿíâàðÿ 1997 ã. ¹13) íà îñíîâàíèèðàçðåøåíèÿ, âûäàâàåìîãî Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáîé ïîíàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôå-äåðàöèè (äàëåå Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîð) â ïîðÿäêå, îïðåäå-ëåííîì ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ ÐÔ îò 03.09.2003 ã. ¹799 (âðåä. îò 28 èþíÿ 2006 ã. ¹153) è ïðèêàçîì Ðîñïðèðîä-íàäçîðà îò 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2004 ã. ¹9 (ôîðìà ðàçðåøåíèÿäàíà â Ïðèëîæåíèè 5 ê ýòîìó ïðèêàçó).

Ðàçðåøåíèå âûäàåòñÿ òîëüêî â Ìîñêâå, íî ïî ñîãëà-ñîâàíèþ ñ òåððèòîðèàëüíûì îðãàíîì Ðîñïðèðîäíàä-çîðà ïî ìåñòó äîáûâàíèÿ.  ñëó÷àå äîáûâàíèÿ íà òåð-ðèòîðèè ÎÎÏÒ íåîáõîäèìî òàêæå ñîãëàñèå å¸àäìèíèñòðàöèè. Ëèöî, ïîëó÷èâøåå ðàçðåøåíèå íà äî-áûâàíèå îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, îáÿçàíî çàðåãèñ-òðèðîâàòü åãî â òåððèòîðèàëüíîì îðãàíå Ðîñïðèðîä-íàäçîðà ïî ìåñòó äîáûâàíèÿ. Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê æèâîòíîåäîáûòî (îòëîâëåíî), ðàçðåøåíèå â äâóõìåñÿ÷íûé ñðîêâîçâðàùàåòñÿ â Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîð ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùè-ìè êîïèÿìè àêòîâ è ïîäðîáíûì îò÷¸òîì î ðåçóëüòàòàõäîáûâàíèÿ. Êîïèÿ îò÷¸òà íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ â òåððèòîðè-àëüíûé îðãàí, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèé ðàçðåøåíèå.

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Çà íåçàêîííîå äîáûâàíèå âèäîâ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñ-íóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ëèáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ìåæäóíàðîäíûìèäîãîâîðàìè, ïðåäóñìîòðåíà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåò-ñòâåííîñòü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ñò. 8.35 «Óíè÷òîæåíèåðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âè-

Taking from nature (capture)

Taking from nature is allowed only on special permitsissued by the Federal Nature Protection Body (FederalControl Service in the sphere of nature management,Rosprirodnadzor) in Moscow and signed by its territo-rial Representative Offices in the Subjects of Federa-tion where capturing should be done. Hunting Rulesare another act that regulate capturing of falcons. Itprohibits all methods used by illegal falconers in Rus-sia. Violation of these norms is torts provided by theCode of Administrative Offences. Illegally capturedbirds are due to be confiscated and later may be freedunder court decision. A poacher should pay the penal-ty and compensate damages (by official taxes). Illegalgame may be considered as a crime and so it may sueby the Criminal Code.

Home trade in falcons

According to the Federal Environmental Protection Actall the species listed in the Red Data Book are excludedfrom economic use. Circulation of living birds belong-ing these species may be allowed by special permits(Dispositive Licenses) only. The permit is issued by Rospr-irodnadzor after expertise of the National Institute ofNature Protection and signed by a Rosprirodnadzor ter-ritorial body. Like illegal capture any violation of theprocedure is a tort provided by the Administrative Code.Also there are several normative acts regulating circula-tion of derivates, especially stuffed birds. Any sale ofprocessed derivates should be agreed with Federal SaleRules and federal veterinary requirements.

äîâ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé» ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ (ñ èçìåíåíèÿ-ìè, âíåñ¸ííûìè ôåäåðàëüíûì çàêîíîì 182-ÔÇ îò03.11.2006). Ýòà ñòàòüÿ ãëàñèò:

«Óíè÷òîæåíèå ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîéèñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, çàíå-ñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ëèáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ìåæ-äóíàðîäíûìè äîãîâîðàìè, à ðàâíî äåéñòâèÿ (áåç-äåéñòâèå), êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê ãèáåëè,ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ëèáî íàðóøåíèþ ñðåäûîáèòàíèÿ ýòèõ æèâîòíûõ èëè ê ãèáåëè òàêèõ ðàñòå-íèé, ëèáî äîáûâàíèå, ñáîð, ñîäåðæàíèå, ïðèîáðå-òåíèå, ïðîäàæà ëèáî ïåðåñûëêà óêàçàííûõ æèâîò-íûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, èõ ïðîäóêòîâ, ÷àñòåé ëèáîäåðèâàòîâ áåç íàäëåæàùåãî íà òî ðàçðåøåíèÿ èëèñ íàðóøåíèåì óñëîâèé, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ ðàçðåøå-

Äîáûâàíèå æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæà-ùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþêíèãó ÐÔ, âîçìîæíî òîëüêî â ñîîòâåò-ñòâèè ñ «Ïðàâèëàìè äîáûâàíèÿ îáúåê-òîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ êâèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãóÐîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè» íà îñíîâàíèè

ðàçðåøåíèÿ, âûäàâàåìîãî Ôåäåðàëüíîéñëóæáîé ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðîäî-ïîëüçîâàíèÿ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè(Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîð) â ïîðÿäêå, îïðåäåë¸í-íîì ïðèêàçîì ÌÏÐ ÐÔ îò 03.09.2003 ã.¹799 è ïðèêàçîì Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðàîò 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2004 ã. ¹9.

Transboundary trade

Export of large falcons is allowed in special cases un-der permissive documents only. There are two princi-pal normative reasons regulating falcons transbounda-ry trade: CITES and the Red Data Book legislation. Otheracts are Government Resolutions on zoological collec-tions and veterinary requirements. Violation of CITESnorms is a tort provided by the Administrative Code ofRF. Thus there are many reasons (provided under theCriminal Code) to qualify illegal export of large falconsas an event of contraband that shall be prosecuted bythe Criminal Code and a smuggler may be sentencedto imprisonment from three to seven years. Birds shouldbe confiscated.

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Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèèÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 98

íèåì, ëèáî ñ íàðóøåíèåì èíîãî óñòàíîâëåííîãîïîðÿäêà – âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî øòðà-ôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îò ïÿòíàäöàòè äî äâàäöàòèïÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñ-êàöèåé îðóäèé äîáûâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé,à òàêæå ñàìèõ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, èõ ïðîäóê-òîâ, ÷àñòåé ëèáî äåðèâàòîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà äîë-æíîñòíûõ ëèö – îò ñòà ïÿòèäåñÿòè äî äâóõñîò ìèíè-ìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåéîðóäèé äîáûâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, à òàêæåñàìèõ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, èõ ïðîäóêòîâ, ÷àñ-òåé ëèáî äåðèâàòîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà þðèäè÷åñ-êèõ ëèö – îò òð¸õ òûñÿ÷ äî ïÿòè òûñÿ÷ ìèíèìàëüíûõðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé îðóäèé äî-áûâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, à òàêæå ñàìèõ æè-âîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, èõ ïðîäóêòîâ, ÷àñòåé ëèáî äå-ðèâàòîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé».

Çäåñü è äàëåå ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð îïëàòû òðóäàïðèíèìàåòñÿ ðàâíûì 100 ðóá. – â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî ñò.4 Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà «Î ìèíèìàëüíîì ðàçìåðå îï-ëàòû òðóäà» (îò 19.06.2000 ã. ¹82-ÔÇ).

âåòñòâèè ñî ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ, íàðóøåíèå ëþáîãî èçýòèõ óñëîâèé, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ ðàçðåøåíèåì, ÿâëÿ-åòñÿ îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ íàñòóïëåíèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîéîòâåòñòâåííîñòè.

Ïîìèìî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà î Êðàñíîé êíèãå, äîáûâà-íèå ñîêîëîâ íàðóøàåò Ïðàâèëà îõîòû. Ïðàâèëà îõîòû– íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîé äîêóìåíò, ïðèíèìàåìûéñóáúåêòîì ÐÔ íà îñíîâàíèè Òèïîâûõ ïðàâèë îõîòû âÐÔ (óòâåðæäåíû ïðèêàçîì Îõîòäåïàðòàìåíòà Ìèí-ñåëüõîçïðîäà Ðîññèè îò 4 ÿíâàðÿ 1988 ã. ¹1 (â ðå-äàêöèè ïðèêàçîâ îò 03.05.1988 ã. ¹111; îò23.05.1989 ã. ¹156; îò 26.04.1990 ã. ¹146; îò30.05.1991 ã. ¹157).  ÷àñòíîñòè, Òèïîâûìè ïðàâè-ëàìè… íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ÐÔ çàïðåùåíî èñïîëüçî-âàíèå äëÿ ëþáèòåëüñêîé è ñïîðòèâíîé îõîòû ñåòåé,ïåòåëü, øàòðîâ (ï. 22.6), à òàêæå ïðèìåíåíèå àâòîìî-òîòðàíñïîðòíûõ ñðåäñòâ äëÿ ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ è äîáû÷èëþáûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ (ï. 22.10), òàêæå çàïðåùåíûñáîð ÿèö è ðàçîðåíèå ãí¸çä äèêèõ ïòèö (ï. 22.11). Êàêâèäíî, ïîä ýòè çàïðåòû ïîäïàäàþò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåñïîñîáû äîáû÷è ñîêîëîâ.

 ôîðìóëèðîâêå ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ åñòü íåñêîëüêîìîìåíòîâ, íà êîòîðûå ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå.

Âî-ïåðâûõ, ðàññìàòðèâàåìûå âèäû ñîêîëîâ çàíåñå-íû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ñ êàòåãîðèåé 2 «Ñîêðàùàþ-ùèåñÿ â ÷èñëåííîñòè: òàêñîíû è ïîïóëÿöèè ñ íåóê-ëîííî ñîêðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ, êîòîðûå ïðèäàëüíåéøåì âîçäåéñòâèè ôàêòîðîâ, ñíèæàþùèõ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü, ìîãóò â êîðîòêèå ñðîêè ïîïàñòü â êàòåãî-ðèþ íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ». Òàêèìîáðàçîì, â óçêîì ïîíèìàíèè îíè íå îòíîñÿòñÿ íè êêàòåãîðèè «ðåäêèå» (3), íè ê êàòåãîðèè «íàõîäÿùèåñÿïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ» (1). Îäíàêî çàíåñåíèå âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ñàìî ïî ñåáå óêàçàíî â ñòàòüå 8.35 êàêðàñøèôðîâûâàþùåå âûðàæåíèå «ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõ-ñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ», áåç ðàçëè÷èÿ êàòåãî-ðèé âíóòðè Êðàñíîé êíèãè. Êðîìå òîãî, âñå ýòè ñîêî-ëà ïîïàäàþò ïîä äåéñòâèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ äîãîâîðîâÐÔ – à èìåííî Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ.

Âî-âòîðûõ, ïîÿñíèì, ÷òî íàäëåæàùåå ðàçðåøåíèå âäàííîì ñëó÷àå – ýòî ðàññìîòðåííîå âûøå «Ðàçðåøå-íèå íà äîáûâàíèå îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðèíàä-ëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ».

Ðàçðåøåíèå âêëþ÷àåò ðÿä óñëîâèé. Îíî ÿâëÿåòñÿèìåííûì äîêóìåíòîì, ïåðåäà÷à åãî äðóãèì þðèäè÷åñ-êèì è ôèçè÷åñêèì ëèöàì çàïðåùàåòñÿ. Ñðîê äåéñòâèÿðàçðåøåíèÿ îãðàíè÷åí. Äîëæíà áûòü îòìåòêà î ðåãè-ñòðàöèè â òåððèòîðèàëüíîì îðãàíå Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçî-ðà, áåç êîòîðîé ðàçðåøåíèå íåäåéñòâèòåëüíî. Îáÿçà-òåëüíî äîëæíî áûòü óêàçàíî: êîëè÷åñòâî è ïîëäîáûâàåìûõ æèâîòíûõ; òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå ðàçðåøåíîäîáûâàíèå; ñïîñîá äîáûâàíèÿ (îðóäèÿ ëîâà).  ñîîò-

Íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë îõîòû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâîíàðóøåíè-åì, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûì ÷. 1 ñò. 8.37 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ «Íàðó-øåíèå ïðàâèë ïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòàìè æèâîòíîãîìèðà»:

«1. Íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë îõîòû – âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèåàäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî øòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îòïÿòè äî äåñÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäàñ êîíôèñêàöèåé îðóäèé îõîòû èëè áåç òàêîâîé èëèëèøåíèå ïðàâà îõîòû íà ñðîê äî äâóõ ëåò; íà äîëæíî-ñòíûõ ëèö – îò äâàäöàòè äî òðèäöàòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàç-ìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé îðóäèé îõîòûèëè áåç òàêîâîé.»

Åñëè ñîêîëà íåçàêîííî äîáûòû â ïðåäåëàõ ÎÎÏÒ,ïðèìåíèìà òàêæå ñò. 8.39 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ «Íàðóøåíèå ïðà-âèë îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ íàîñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ»:

«Íàðóøåíèå óñòàíîâëåííîãî ðåæèìà èëè èíûõ ïðà-âèë îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîéñðåäû è ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ãîñó-äàðñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ, íàöèîíàëüíûõïàðêîâ, ïðèðîäíûõ ïàðêîâ, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðèðîä-íûõ çàêàçíèêîâ, à òàêæå íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, íà êîòîðûõíàõîäÿòñÿ ïàìÿòíèêè ïðèðîäû, íà èíûõ îñîáî îõðà-íÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ëèáî â èõ îõðàííûõçîíàõ (îêðóãàõ) – âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àäìèíèñòðàòèâ-íîãî øòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îò äåñÿòè äî äâàä-öàòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñ-êàöèåé îðóäèé ñîâåðøåíèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãîïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ è ïðîäóêöèè íåçàêîííîãî ïðèðîäî-ïîëüçîâàíèÿ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà äîëæíîñòíûõ ëèö –îò äâàäöàòè äî ñîðîêà ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû

Òèïîâûå ïðàâèëà îõîòû ÐÔ íà âñåé òåð-ðèòîðèè ÐÔ çàïðåùàþò èñïîëüçîâàíèåäëÿ ëþáèòåëüñêîé è ñïîðòèâíîé îõîòû ñå-òåé, ïåòåëü, øàòðîâ, à òàêæå ïðèìåíåíèå

àâòîìîòîòðàíñïîðòíûõ ñðåäñòâ äëÿ ïðå-ñëåäîâàíèÿ è äîáû÷è ëþáûõ âèäîâ æè-âîòíûõ, òàêæå çàïðåùåíû ñáîð ÿèö è ðà-çîðåíèå ãí¸çä äèêèõ ïòèö.

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Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 9

òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé îðóäèé ñîâåðøåíèÿ àäìèíèñò-ðàòèâíîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ è ïðîäóêöèè íåçàêîííîãîïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà þðèäè÷åñ-êèõ ëèö – îò òð¸õñîò äî øåñòèñîò ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìå-ðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé îðóäèé ñîâåðøå-íèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ è ïðîäóêöèèíåçàêîííîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ èëè áåç òàêîâîé».

Íàäî îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå, ÷òî â êîíöå 2006 ã. ðàç-ìåð àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî øòðàôà ïî ñòàòüÿì 8.35, ÷.2ñò. 8.37 è 8.39 áûë ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâûøåí (Ôåäåðàëü-íûìè çàêîíàìè îò 3 íîÿáðÿ 2006 ã. ¹ 181-ÔÇ è¹ 182-ÔÇ).

Ïîìèìî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ øòðàôîâ, ïðåäóñìîò-ðåííûõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè íîðìàìè ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ, âèíîâ-íûå â íåçàêîííîì äîáûâàíèè æèâîòíûõ (â òîì ÷èñëåñîêîëîâ) äîëæíû âîçìåñòèòü ïðè÷èí¸ííûé óùåðá.Óùåðá â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðàññ÷èòûâàåòñÿ ïî «Òàêñàì äëÿèñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âçûñêàíèÿ çà óùåðá, ïðè÷èíåí-íûé þðèäè÷åñêèìè è ôèçè÷åñêèìè ëèöàìè íåçàêîí-íûì äîáûâàíèåì èëè óíè÷òîæåíèåì æèâîòíûõ, çàíå-ñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ», óòâåðæä¸ííûìÏðèêàçîì Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäûè ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ÐÔ îò 4 ìàÿ 1994 ã. ¹ 126.Ñîãëàñíî ýòîìó äîêóìåíòó, âçûñêàíèå çà äîáû÷ó îä-íîãî ýêçåìïëÿðà êðå÷åòà, áàëîáàíà èëè ñàïñàíà, íå-çàâèñèìî îò ïîëà è âîçðàñòà, ñîñòàâëÿåò 50 ÌÐÎÒ çàêàæäóþ îñîáü. Çà êàæäîå óíè÷òîæåííîå ëèáî íåçà-êîííî èçúÿòîå ÿéöî ïòèöû âçûñêèâàåòñÿ 50% îò òàêñûçà 1 îñîáü. Çà êàæäîå ðàçðóøåííîå, ïîâðåæä¸ííîåèëè óíè÷òîæåííîå îáèòàåìîå ëèáî ðåãóëÿðíî èñïîëü-çóåìîå ãíåçäî óùåðá èñ÷èñëÿåòñÿ â òð¸õêðàòíîì ðàç-ìåðå îò òàêñû çà 1 îñîáü. Çà òðàâìèðîâàíèå, åñëè îíîíå ïðèâåëî ê ãèáåëè æèâîòíîãî, âçûñêèâàåòñÿ 50% îòòàêñû çà 1 îñîáü. Ñòîèò îòìåòèòü òàêæå, ÷òî çà íåçà-

îñîáü. Ñóììû, âûðó÷åííûå çà ðåàëèçàöèþ êîíôèñ-êîâàííûõ íåçàêîííî äîáûòûõ æèâîòíûõ, çà÷¸òó â ñ÷¸òâîçìåùåíèÿ óùåðáà íå ïîäëåæàò.

Óãîëîâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Óãîëîâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà äîáûâàíèå âèäîâ, çà-íåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ëèáî ïîäïàäàþùèõ ïîääåéñòâèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ äîãîâîðîâ, çàêîíîäàòåëü-ñòâîì íå ïðåäóñìîòðåíà. Îäíàêî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèåäåéñòâèÿ ìîãóò ïîäïàäàòü ïîä äåéñòâèå ñò. 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ«Íåçàêîííàÿ îõîòà»:

«1. Íåçàêîííàÿ îõîòà, åñëè ýòî äåÿíèå ñîâåðøåíî:à) ñ ïðè÷èíåíèåì êðóïíîãî óùåðáà;á) ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî òðàíñïîðòíîãî

ñðåäñòâà èëè âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà, âçðûâ÷àòûõ âåùåñòâ,ãàçîâ èëè èíûõ ñïîñîáîâ ìàññîâîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ïòèöè çâåðåé;

â) â îòíîøåíèè ïòèö è çâåðåé, îõîòà íà êîòîðûõïîëíîñòüþ çàïðåùåíà;

ã) íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà, çàêàçíèêà ëèáî â çîíåýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî áåäñòâèÿ èëè â çîíå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîéýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè,

- íàêàçûâàåòñÿ øòðàôîì â ðàçìåðå äî äâóõñîò òûñÿ÷ðóáëåé èëè â ðàçìåðå çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû èëè èíîãîäîõîäà îñóæä¸ííîãî çà ïåðèîä äî âîñåìíàäöàòè ìå-ñÿöåâ, ëèáî èñïðàâèòåëüíûìè ðàáîòàìè íà ñðîê äî äâóõëåò, ëèáî àðåñòîì íà ñðîê îò ÷¸òûðåõ äî øåñòè ìåñÿöåâ.

2. Òî æå äåÿíèå, ñîâåðø¸ííîå ëèöîì ñ èñïîëüçîâà-íèåì ñâîåãî ñëóæåáíîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ ëèáî ãðóïïîé ëèöïî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîìó ñãîâîðó èëè îðãàíèçîâàííîéãðóïïîé, íàêàçûâàåòñÿ øòðàôîì â ðàçìåðå îò ñòà òû-ñÿ÷ äî òð¸õñîò òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé èëè â ðàçìåðå çàðàáîò-íîé ïëàòû èëè èíîãî äîõîäà îñóæä¸ííîãî çà ïåðèîä

Çà íåçàêîííóþ îõîòó, åñëè îíà ñî-

âåðøåíà:

à) ñ ïðè÷èíåíèåì êðóïíîãî óùåðáà,á) ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ìåõàíè÷åñêîãî

òðàíñïîðòíîãî ñðåäñòâà èëè âîçäóøíîãîñóäíà, âçðûâ÷àòûõ âåùåñòâ, ãàçîâ èëèèíûõ ñïîñîáîâ ìàññîâîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿïòèö è çâåðåé,

â) â îòíîøåíèè ïòèö è çâåðåé, îõîòà íàêîòîðûõ ïîëíîñòüþ çàïðåùåíà,

ã) íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà, çàêàç-íèêà ëèáî â çîíå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî áåä-ñòâèÿ èëè â çîíå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîé ýêîëîãè-÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè,

– ñîãëàñíî ñò. 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ ïðåäóñìîòðå-íà óãîëîâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü.

Äîáû÷à îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíå-ñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êâà-ëèôèöèðóþùèì ïðèçíàêîì íåçàêîííîéîõîòû ñ ïðè÷èíåíèåì êðóïíîãî óùåðáà.

êîííîå äîáûâàíèå èëè óíè÷òîæåíèå æèâîòíûõ íà òåð-ðèòîðèÿõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ,íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ïàðêîâ è èõ îõðàííûõ çîíóùåðá èñ÷èñëÿåòñÿ â òð¸õêðàòíîì ðàçìåðå, à íà äðó-ãèõ ÎÎÏÒ – â äâóêðàòíîì ðàçìåðå îò òàêñ çà 1 îñîáü.Çà äîáûâàíèå æèâîòíûõ ïî ðàçðåøåíèÿì (ëèöåíçè-ÿì), âûäàííûì â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ èñêàæ¸í-íîé, íåäîñòîâåðíîé, çàâåäîìî ëîæíîé èíôîðìàöèè,ëèáî ïî ðàçðåøåíèÿì, âûäàííûì íà äðóãîå ëèöî (çàèñêëþ÷åíèåì ñëó÷àåâ êîëëåêòèâíîé îõîòû), âçûñêè-âàåòñÿ çà óùåðá â äâóêðàòíîì ðàçìåðå îò òàêñû çà 1

îò îäíîãî ãîäà äî äâóõ ëåò ëèáî ëèøåíèåì ñâîáîäû íàñðîê äî äâóõ ëåò ñ ëèøåíèåì ïðàâà çàíèìàòü îïðåäå-ë¸ííûå äîëæíîñòè èëè çàíèìàòüñÿ îïðåäåëåííîé äå-ÿòåëüíîñòüþ íà ñðîê äî òð¸õ ëåò èëè áåç òàêîâîãî».

 ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ï. 12 Ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ Ïëåíóìà Âåð-õîâíîãî Ñóäà ÐÔ «Î ïðàêòèêå ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñóäàìè çà-êîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà ýêîëîãè÷åñêèåïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ» îò 05.11.1998 ã. ¹14 (â ðåäàêöèèÏîñòàíîâëåíèÿ Ïëåíóìà Âåðõîâíîãî Ñóäà îò06.02.2007 ã. ¹7), ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè äåë î íåçàêîí-íîé îõîòå ñóäàì ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî îõîòîé ïðè-

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Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèèÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 910

çíàþòñÿ òàêèå äåéñòâèÿ, êàê âûñëåæèâàíèå ñ öåëüþäîáû÷è, ïðåñëåäîâàíèå è ñàìà äîáû÷à äèêèõ ïòèöè çâåðåé.

Ïðèçíàêàìè íåçàêîííîé îõîòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îõîòà áåçñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ ëèáî âîïðåêè ñïåöè-àëüíîìó çàïðåòó, ëèáî ëèöîì, íå èìåþùèì ïðàâà íàîõîòó èëè ïîëó÷èâøèì ëèöåíçèþ áåç íåîáõîäèìûõ îñ-íîâàíèé, ëèáî îñóùåñòâëÿåìàÿ âíå îòâåä¸ííûõ ìåñò,â çàïðåù¸ííûå ñðîêè, çàïðåù¸ííûìè îðóäèÿìè è ñïî-ñîáàìè.

Ñîñòàâ ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ îáðàçóåò ëþáîé èç ïóíêòîâ (à)– (ã) ñòàòüè 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ. Íàèáîëåå ïðîñòî äîêàçûâàòü,÷òî ñîêîëà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ïòèöàì, íà êîòîðûõ îõîòà ïîë-íîñòüþ çàïðåùåíà (ïóíêò (â)). Ýòî êàæåòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì,íî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè èìåííî òàêîé ôîðìóëèðîâêèçàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî î Êðàñíîé êíèãå íå ñîäåðæèò. Ïî-ñòàíîâëåíèå Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ «Î Êðàñíîé êíèãå ÐÔ»(îò 19 ôåâðàëÿ 1996 ã. ¹158) ãîâîðèò ëèøü, ÷òî «èçúÿ-òèå èç åñòåñòâåííîé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû îáúåêòîâ æè-âîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþêíèãó ÐÔ, äîïóñêàåòñÿ â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âïîðÿäêå, óñòàíîâëåííîì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ». Ïî-ýòîìó íàäî èñõîäèòü èç òîãî, ÷òî îõîòà ðàçðåøåíà íàâèäû, âíåñ¸ííûå â Ïåðå÷åíü îáúåêòîâ îõîòû, óòâåð-æäåííûé ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ ¹1289îò 26.12.1995 ã. (ñ ïîñëåäóþùèìè èçìåíåíèÿìè). ÍàÂÑÅ âèäû, îòñóòñòâóþùèå â ïåðå÷íå – îõîòà çàïðåùå-íà, ïðè÷¸ì â ñàìîì ïîñòàíîâëåíèè îãîâîðåíî, ÷òî âïåðå÷åíü íå âêëþ÷åíû âèäû, ïîäâèäû è ïîïóëÿöèè,çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ è Êðàñíûå êíèãèñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ.

Òàêæå íóæíî îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå, ÷òî äîáûâàíèåáàëîáàíà êàê ïðàâèëî ïðîèñõîäèò ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåìàâòîìîáèëÿ (ï. (á)).

Åñëè îõîòà ïðîèñõîäèò íà òåððèòîðèè çàïîâåäíèêà,çàêàçíèêà ëèáî â çîíå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî áåäñòâèÿ èëè âçîíå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè (ã) – ýòîòàêæå îñíîâàíèå äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ äàííîé ñòàòüè (òàê-æå ñì. âûøå).

Íàêîíåö, ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ëþáîå äîáûâà-íèå êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ ìîæåò êâàëèôèöèðîâàòüñÿ êàêêðóïíûé óùåðá.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïóíêòîì 16 óïî-ìÿíóòîãî Ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ Ïëåíóìà Âåðõîâíîãî ÑóäàÐÔ, ïðè ðåøåíèè ñóäàìè âîïðîñà î òîì, ÿâëÿåòñÿëè óùåðá, ïðè÷èí¸ííûé íåçàêîííîé îõîòîé, êðóï-íûì, íóæíî ó÷èòûâàòü êîëè÷åñòâî äîáûòîãî, ïî-âðåæä¸ííîãî èëè óíè÷òîæåííîãî, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í-íîñòü æèâîòíûõ, èõ îòíåñåíèå ê ñïåöèàëüíûìêàòåãîðèÿì, íàïðèìåð, ê ðåäêèì è èñ÷åçàþùèì âè-äàì, ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ öåííîñòü, çíà÷èìîñòü äëÿ êîíê-ðåòíîãî ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ, îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà, àòàêæå èíûå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ñîäåÿííîãî.

 ñëó÷àå ïðè÷èíåíèÿ êðóïíîãî óùåðáà íåçàêîííîéîõîòîé íåîáõîäèìî óñòàíîâèòü ïðè÷èííóþ ñâÿçü ìåæ-äó äåéñòâèÿìè âèíîâíîãî è èõ ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè.

Ïðè ýòîì ñóäàì íàäëåæèò â êàæäîì êîíêðåòíîìñëó÷àå, êâàëèôèöèðóÿ ñîäåÿííîå, èñõîäèòü íå òîëü-êî èç ñòîèìîñòè äîáûòîãî è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ êðèòå-ðèåâ, íî è ó÷èòûâàòü ïðè÷èí¸ííûé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé

âðåä, ò.å. âðåä, â öåëîì íàíåñ¸ííûé æèâîòíîìó èðàñòèòåëüíîìó ìèðó.

Ê òàêîìó âðåäó ñëåäóåò, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îòíîñèòü óùåðá,«ïðè÷èí¸ííûé … îòëîâîì èëè óíè÷òîæåíèåì æèâîò-íûõ è ðàñòåíèé, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ».

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äîáû÷à îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà,çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, ïî ìíåíèþ Âåðõîâ-íîãî Ñóäà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ êâàëèôèöèðóþùèì ïðèçíàêîì íå-çàêîííîé îõîòû ñ ïðè÷èíåíèåì êðóïíîãî óùåðáà. Òîåñòü, íåçàêîííîå äîáûâàíèå ñîêîëîâ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó, ñîäåðæèò ïðèçíàêè ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ,ïðåäóñìîòðåííûå ñòàòüåé 258 ÓÊ ÐÔ.

Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðè çàäåðæàíèè ëîâöîâ îíè óñïåâàþòèçáàâèòüñÿ îò ïîéìàííûõ ñîêîëîâ è èìåþò ïðè ñåáåòîëüêî îðóäèÿ îõîòû (ñåòè, ëîâ÷èå æèëåòû è ò.ä.). Âàæ-íî, ÷òî íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, áûëè ëè îáíàðóæåíû äî-áûòûå (îòëîâëåííûå) ñîêîëà èëè òîëüêî îðóäèÿ îõî-òû, åñëè ôàêò ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ, âûñëåæèâàíèÿ ïòèöçàôèêñèðîâàí â íàäëåæàùåì ïîðÿäêå, ñóä äîëæåíðàññìàòðèâàòü ïðåñòóïëåíèå êàê îêîí÷åííîå (ï. 17Ïîñò. Ïëåíóìà Âåðõîâíîãî Ñóäà ÐÔ «Î ïðèìåíå-íèè çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðàâîíàðó-øåíèÿõ» îò 05.11.1998 ã. ¹ 14).  òî æå âðåìÿ,ñîãëàñíî ýòîìó æå ïóíêòó, ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ, ñâÿçàí-íûå ñ ïðè÷èíåíèåì êðóïíîãî óùåðáà, îáðàçóþòîêîí÷åííûé ñîñòàâ ëèøü ïðè íàëè÷èè ðåàëüíîãîóùåðáà – òî åñòü åñëè æèâîòíûå áûëè äåéñòâèòåëüíîäîáûòû.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèì, ñëåäóåò â êàæäîì êîí-êðåòíîì ñëó÷àå ðåøàòü, íóæíî ëè äîáèâàòüñÿ ïðèçíà-íèÿ ôàêòà êðóïíîãî óùåðáà.

Ïðîäàæà è èíîé îáîðîò âíóòðè ñòðàíû

Ñîãëàñíî ï. 1 ñò. 60 Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà «Îá îõ-ðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû» (îò 10 ÿíâàðÿ 2002 ã. ¹7-ÔÇ, â ðåäàêöèè ôåäåðàëüíûõ çàêîíîâ ÐÔ îò22.08.2004 ã. ¹122-ÔÇ, îò 29.12.2004 ã. ¹199-ÔÇè îò 31.12.2005 ã. ¹199-ÔÇ), ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûå èäðóãèå îðãàíèçìû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûìâ Êðàñíûå êíèãè, ïîâñåìåñòíî ïîäëåæàò èçúÿòèþ èçõîçÿéñòâåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Çàïðåùàåòñÿ äåÿòåëü-íîñòü, âåäóùàÿ ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòèõ ðàñ-òåíèé, æèâîòíûõ è äðóãèõ îðãàíèçìîâ è óõóäøàþùàÿñðåäó èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî òóò èìååòñÿ ââèäó íå òîëüêî Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ÐÔ, íî è Êðàñíûå êíèãèñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ, ÷òî ÿñíî èç ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî òåêñòàýòîé ñòàòüè.

Ñîãëàñíî Ôåäåðàëüíîìó çàêîíó «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå»(ñò. 24), îáîðîòîñïîñîáíîñòü äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðè-íàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ,äîïóñêàåòñÿ â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïî ðàçðåøå-íèþ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåíçèè), âûäàâàåìîìóñïåöèàëüíî óïîëíîìî÷åííûì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì îð-ãàíîì ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû âïîðÿäêå, ïðåäóñìîòðåííîì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ. Ñî-äåðæàíèå óêàçàííûõ æèâîòíûõ â íåâîëå è âûïóñê èõâ åñòåñòâåííóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó òàêæå äîïóñêàþòñÿòîëüêî â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, îïðåäåëÿåìûõ Ïðà-âèòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ.

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Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 11

×òî òàêîå îáîðîòîñïîñîáíîñòü äèêèõ æèâîòíûõðàçúÿñíÿåòñÿ â ïîñòàíîâëåíèè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ ¹ 156îò 19.02.1996 ã. (â ðåäàêöèè ïîñòàíîâëåíèé Ïðàâè-òåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 24.04.2003 ã. ¹240, îò 14.12.2004 ã.¹774) «Î ïîðÿäêå âûäà÷è ðàçðåøåíèé (ðàñïîðÿäè-

ïóñêà â åñòåñòâåííóþ ïðèðîäíóþ ñðåäó â öåëÿõ èõñîõðàíåíèÿ è (èëè) ïîïîëíåíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ïîïóëÿ-öèé. Îäíàêî äëÿ òàêèõ æèâîòíûõ äîëæíû áûòü ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû äîêóìåíòû, óäîñòîâåðÿþùèå ôàêò èõ ðàçâå-äåíèÿ â íåâîëå (âûïèñêà èç ïëåìåííîé êíèãè ñ

òåëüíûõ ëèöåíçèé) íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðè-íàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãóÐîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè». Ýòî ïåðåõîä îò îäíîãî ëèöàê äðóãîìó ïðàâà ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äèêèìè æèâîòíûìè. Äëÿæèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, òàêîé ïåðåõîä ïðàâà âîçìîæåíòîëüêî íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîéëèöåíçèè) íà îáîðîò óêàçàííûõ æèâîòíûõ (ï. 2 Ïî-ñòàíîâëåíèÿ…). Ïðàâî âûäàâàòü ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïî-ðÿäèòåëüíûå ëèöåíçèè) ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Ôåäåðàëüíîéñëóæáå ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ (Ðîñ-ïðèðîäíàäçîðó) (ï. 3).

Ýòèì æå ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì óòâåðæä¸í óïîìÿíóòûé âçàêîíå «Î æèâîòíîì ìèðå» ïîðÿäîê âûäà÷è ðàçðåøå-íèé (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíûõ ëèöåíçèé) íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æè-âîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñ-íóþ êíèãó ÐÔ.  ÷àñòíîñòè, ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíàÿ ëèöåíçèÿâûäà¸òñÿ òîëüêî ïðè íàëè÷èè ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî çàêëþ-÷åíèÿ ÂÍÈÈ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è òåððèòîðèàëüíîãîîðãàíà Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà (ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè – èèíûõ êîìïåòåíòíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé) î äîïóñòèìîñòè îñó-ùåñòâëåíèÿ ïîëüçîâàíèÿ çàÿâëÿåìûìè âèäàìè äèêèõæèâîòíûõ. Ñàìî ðàçðåøåíèå äîëæíî áûòü çàðåãèñò-ðèðîâàíî â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì òåððèòîðèàëüíîì îðãà-íå Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà ïî ìåñòó ñîâåðøåíèÿ îáîðîòà(ï. 2 Ðåêîìåíäàöèé â Ïðèëîæåíèè 7 ê ïðèêàçó Ðîñï-ðèðîäíàäçîðà «Î ðàçðåøèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â Ôå-äåðàëüíîé ñëóæáå ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëü-çîâàíèÿ» îò 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2004 ã. ¹ 9).

Ôîðìà ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåíçèè) íàîáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çà-íåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, óòâåðæäåíà ïðèêà-çîì Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà «Î ðàçðåøèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëü-íîñòè â Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáå ïî íàäçîðó â ñôåðåïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ» (îò 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2004 ã. ¹ 9,Ïðèëîæåíèå 7).

Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàçðåøåíèå íà îáîðîò (ðàñ-ïîðÿäèòåëüíàÿ ëèöåíçèÿ) íå âûäà¸òñÿ íà îáîðîò æè-âîòíûõ, ðàçâåä¸ííûõ â íåâîëå, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì âû-

óêàçàíèåì äàòû è ìåñòà ðîæäåíèÿ, ïëåìåííûõ íîìå-ðîâ è êëè÷åê, ñ óêàçàíèåì ñâåäåíèé î ðîäèòåëÿõ äî 2-ãî, à ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè è áîëåå ïîêîëåíèé). Äëÿ ñî-êîëîâ ýòî ìîãóò áûòü âûïèñêè èç ðåãèñòðàöèîííîéêíèãè ïèòîìíèêà ñ íîìåðàìè íåñúåìíûõ êîëåö, ñî-âïàäàþùèìè ñ íîìåðàìè íà ôàêòè÷åñêè èìåþùèõñÿêîëüöàõ.

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íåçàêîííûéîáîðîò ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíî-âåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ èëè ðàñòåíèé, çàíåñ¸ííûõ âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ ëèáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ìåæäóíàðîäíû-ìè äîãîâîðàìè, óñòàíîâëåíà ðàññìîòðåííîé âûøå ñò.8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ. Ïðàâîíàðóøåíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîáûâà-íèå, ñáîð, ñîäåðæàíèå, ïðèîáðåòåíèå, ïðîäàæà ëèáîïåðåñûëêà óêàçàííûõ æèâîòíûõ, èõ ïðîäóêòîâ, ÷àñ-òåé ëèáî äåðèâàòîâ áåç íàäëåæàùåãî íà òî ðàçðåøå-íèÿ èëè ñ íàðóøåíèåì óñëîâèé, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ ðàç-ðåøåíèåì, ëèáî ñ íàðóøåíèåì èíîãî óñòàíîâëåííîãîïîðÿäêà.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå íàäëåæàùèì ðàçðåøåíèåìÿâëÿåòñÿ «Ðàçðåøåíèå (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíàÿ ëèöåíçèÿ) íàîáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çà-íåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ». Óñëîâèÿ, ïðåäóñìîò-ðåííûå ðàçðåøåíèåì: êîëè÷åñòâî æèâîòíûõ, èõ ïîë èâîçðàñò, ìåòêè è äð.; îòìåòêà î ðåãèñòðàöèè â òåððè-òîðèàëüíîì îðãàíå Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà ïî ìåñòó ñî-âåðøåíèÿ îáîðîòà æèâîòíûõ; óêàçàíèå èñòî÷íèêà èîñíîâàíèé ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ æèâîòíûõ – äîëæíû áûòüóêàçàíû ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà äîáûâàíèå, íà îáîðîò ëèáîíà âëàäåíèå êîíôèñêàòîì, íà îñíîâàíèè êîòîðûõ äàí-íîå æèâîòíîå ïîïàëî ê íûíåøíåìó âëàäåëüöó.

Ïåðå÷èñëåííûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ðåãóëèðóþò îáîðîòæèâûõ æèâîòíûõ, ÷òî äëÿ êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ íàèáîëååàêòóàëüíî. Íî âîçìîæåí òàêæå ñëó÷àé îáîðîòà äåðè-âàòîâ ñîêîëîâ – êîëëåêöèé ÿèö ëèáî (÷àùå) ÷ó÷åë. Íàè-áîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûì ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì îáîðîòàÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîäàæà.

Ðàñòåíèÿ, æèâîòíûå è äðóãèå îðãàíèç-ìû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì âÊðàñíûå êíèãè (â ò.÷. Êðàñíûå êíèãèñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ), ïîâñåìåñòíî ïîäëåæàòèçúÿòèþ èç õîçÿéñòâåííîãî èñïîëüçîâà-íèÿ (ï. 1 ñò. 60 Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà «Îáîõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû») – äåÿòåëü-íîñòü, âåäóùàÿ ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííî-ñòè ýòèõ ðàñòåíèé, æèâîòíûõ è äðóãèõîðãàíèçìîâ è óõóäøàþùàÿ ñðåäó èõ îáè-òàíèÿ, çàïðåùàåòñÿ.

Îáîðîòîñïîñîáíîñòü äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ,

ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, à òàêæå ñîäåðæàíèåèõ â íåâîëå è âûïóñê â åñòåñòâåííóþ ïðè-ðîäíóþ ñðåäó äîïóñêàåòñÿ â èñêëþ÷è-òåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïî ðàçðåøåíèþ (ðàñïî-ðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåíçèè), âûäàâàåìîìóñïåöèàëüíî óïîëíîìî÷åííûì ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííûì îðãàíîì ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþ-ùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû â ïîðÿäêå, ïðå-äóñìîòðåííîì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ (ñò. 24Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà «Î æèâîòíîììèðå»).

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 912

«Ïðàâèëà ïðîäàæè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ òîâàðîâ» óñòà-íàâëèâàþò, ÷òî «ïðîäàæà òîâàðîâ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èçîáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà (ìåõîâûå è êîæàíûå øâåé-íûå, ãàëàíòåðåéíûå, äåêîðàòèâíûå èçäåëèÿ, îáóâü,ïèùåâûå ïðîäóêòû), ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíå-ñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïðè íà-

ëè÷èè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé äîêóìåíòàöèè íà òîâàðû, ïîä-òâåðæäàþùåé, ÷òî ýòè îáúåêòû æèâîòíîãî ìèðà äî-áûòû â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì ÐîññèéñêîéÔåäåðàöèè íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëü-íîé ëèöåíçèè), âûäàâàåìîãî ôåäåðàëüíûì îðãàíîìèñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè â îáëàñòè îõðàíû îêðóæàþ-ùåé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû» (ï. 13).

×ó÷åëî ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê äåêîðàòèâíîåèçäåëèå è ïîòîìó ïîäïàäàåò ïîä äåéñòâèå «Ïðàâèë…».

Òîò æå ï. 13 Ïðàâèë óñòàíàâëèâàåò, ÷òî «ïðîäàæàââåç¸ííûõ â ÐÔ òîâàðîâ, èçãîòîâëåííûõ èç îáúåêòîâæèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïîäïàäàþùèõ ïîä äåéñòâèå Êîíâåí-öèè î ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òîðãîâëå âèäàìè äèêîé ôàóíûè ôëîðû, íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ(ÑÈÒÅÑ), îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèÿêîìïåòåíòíîãî îðãàíà ñòðàíû-ýêñïîðò¸ðà, à òîâàðîâ,êîíôèñêîâàííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå íàðóøåíèÿ óêàçàííîéÊîíâåíöèè, – íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèÿ óïîëíîìî-÷åííîãî îðãàíà». Îòíîñèòåëüíî ñîêîëîâ òàêàÿ ñèòóà-öèÿ ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü â ñëó÷àå ïðîäàæè ÷ó÷åëà, ââå-ç¸ííîãî èç äðóãîé ñòðàíû. Êîìïåòåíòíûì îðãàíîìñòðàíû-ýêñïîðò¸ðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûé îðãàíÑÈÒÅÑ ýòîé ñòðàíû, óïîëíîìî÷åííûì îðãàíîì â îò-íîøåíèè ïðîäàæè êîíôèñêîâàííîãî òîâàðà – Àäìè-

íèñòðàòèâíûé îðãàí ÑÈÒÅÑ ïî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðà-öèè (â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîð – ï. 5.2.1Ïîëîæåíèÿ î Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáå ïî íàäçîðó â ñôå-ðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, óòâåðæäåíî ïîñòàíîâëåíè-åì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 30 èþëÿ 2004 ã. ¹400).

Íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë ïðîäàæè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ òîâà-ðîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèåì, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûìñòàòüåé 14.15 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ, è âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àäìèíè-ñòðàòèâíîãî øòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îò òð¸õ äîïÿòíàäöàòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà; íàäîëæíîñòíûõ ëèö – îò äåñÿòè äî òðèäöàòè ìèíèìàëü-íûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà; íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ëèö – îòñòà äî òð¸õñîò ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà.

Êðîìå òîãî, ïðèìåíèìà òàêæå ñòàòüÿ 14.2 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ,ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîé íåçàêîííàÿ ïðîäàæà òîâàðîâ (èíûõâåùåé), ñâîáîäíàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîòîðûõ çàïðåùåíà èëè

Ïðîäàæà äåðèâàòîâ (êîëëåêöèé ÿèöëèáî ÷ó÷åë) ðåãóëèðóåòñÿ «Ïðàâèëàìèïðîäàæè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ òîâàðîâ», óò-

âåðæä¸ííûìè ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâè-òåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 19 ÿíâàðÿ 1998 ã. ¹ 55 ñèçìåíåíèÿìè îò 6 ôåâðàëÿ 2002 ã. ¹81.

îãðàíè÷åíà çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì, âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àä-ìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî øòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îòïÿòíàäöàòè äî äâàäöàòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëà-òû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé ïðåäìåòîâ àäìèíèñòðàòèâ-íîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà äîëæíîñò-íûõ ëèö – îò òðèäöàòè äî ñîðîêà ìèíèìàëüíûõ

ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé ïðåäìåòîâ àä-ìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ èëè áåç òàêîâîé;íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ëèö – îò òð¸õñîò äî ÷åòûðåõñîò ìè-íèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåéïðåäìåòîâ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿ èëèáåç òàêîâîé.

 äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü áóäåò èäòè î ïðÿìîì íàðóøå-íèè óêàçàííîãî ïóíêòà «Ïðàâèë ïðîäàæè îòäåëüíûõâèäîâ òîâàðîâ» è î íåçàêîííîé ïðîäàæå òîâàðîâ (âå-ùåé), ñâîáîäíàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ êîòîðûõ îãðàíè÷åíà ýòè-ìè «Ïðàâèëàìè…».

Ïåðåâîçêà è äîñìîòð òðàíñïîðòíîãî

ñðåäñòâà

Âàæíàÿ ÷àñòü îáîðîòà ñîêîëîâ âíóòðè Ðîññèè – èõïåðåâîçêà. Êàê ðàññìîòðåíî âûøå, ðàçðåøåíèå (ðàñ-ïîðÿäèòåëüíàÿ ëèöåíçèÿ) íà îáîðîò æèâîòíûõ, îòíî-ñÿùèõñÿ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ,íåîáõîäèìî íå òîëüêî äëÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ òîðãîâûõ îïå-ðàöèé, íî è äëÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ è ïåðåñûëêè ýòèõ æèâîò-íûõ. Ïîýòîìó ïðîâîç ñîêîëîâ áåç íàäëåæàùèõ ðàç-ðåøèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèåì,ïðåäóñìîòðåííûì ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ.

Îäíàêî ñóùåñòâóåò ñëîæíîñòü ñ âûÿâëåíèåì òàêîãîïðîâîçà. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïòèöû íå âèäíû ïðè ïîâåðõ-íîñòíîì îñìîòðå, äëÿ èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ òðåáóåòñÿ äîñìîòðòðàíñïîðòíîãî ñðåäñòâà. Ïðè íàõîæäåíèè â ïðåäåëàõîõîòóãîäèé ïðàâî òàêîãî äîñìîòðà èìåþò äîëæíîñò-íûå ëèöà îðãàíîâ îõîòíàäçîðà, èì æå ïðåäîñòàâëåíîïðàâî ñîñòàâëåíèÿ ïðîòîêîëîâ ïî ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ(ñì. íèæå). Íî íà äîðîãàõ îáùåãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðàâîäîñìîòðà èìåþò òîëüêî ñîòðóäíèêè îðãàíîâ âíóòðåí-íèõ äåë (ìèëèöèè). Îíè, îäíàêî, íå èìåþò ïðàâà ñî-ñòàâëÿòü ïðîòîêîëû î ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ ïî ñò. 8.35 èïîòîìó íå çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â âûÿâëåíèè ñîîòâåòñòâó-þùèõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèé. Âûõîäîì èç ïîëîæåíèÿ ìî-æåò áûòü òîëüêî îðãàíèçàöèÿ ñîâìåñòíûõ ïðîâåðîêòðàíñïîðòà ñîòðóäíèêàìè ìèëèöèè è êàêèõ-ëèáî îð-ãàíîâ, äîëæíîñòíûå ëèöà êîòîðûõ ìîãóò ñîñòàâëÿòü

Ïðîâîç ñîêîëîâ âíóòðè ñòðàíû áåç ðàç-ðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåíçèè)íà îáîðîò æèâîòíûõ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê âè-äàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèåì, ïðåäóñìîò-ðåííûì ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ; áåç âåòåðè-íàðíûõ ñîïðîâîäèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ –ñò. 10.8 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ.

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 13

ïðîòîêîëû ïî ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ (ïåðå÷åíü òàêèõ îð-ãàíîâ – ñì. íèæå).

Òàêæå íóæíî èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ïåðåâîçêà ñîêîëîâ,êàê è ëþáûõ æèâûõ æèâîòíûõ, òðåáóåò îáÿçàòåëüíîãîíàëè÷èÿ âåòåðèíàðíûõ ñîïðîâîäèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ.Ïðè ïåðåâîçêå â ïðåäåëàõ ðàéîíà (ãîðîäà) ýòî âåòå-

ðèíàðíàÿ ñïðàâêà ôîðìû ¹4, çà ïðåäåëû ðàéîíà (ãî-ðîäà) ïî òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè – âåòåðèíàðíîå ñâèäå-òåëüñòâî ôîðìû ¹1. Äåéñòâóþùèå ôîðìû äîêóìåí-òîâ è ïîðÿäîê èõ âûäà÷è óñòàíîâëåíû ïðèêàçîìÌèíñåëüõîçà Ðîññèè îò 16 íîÿáðÿ 2006 ã. ¹422 «Îáóòâåðæäåíèè ïðàâèë îðãàíèçàöèè ðàáîòû ïî âûäà÷åâåòåðèíàðíûõ ñîïðîâîäèòåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ». Ïðî-òîêîëû ïî íàðóøåíèþ âåòåðèíàðíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâàóïîëíîìî÷åíû ñîñòàâëÿòü òîëüêî äîëæíîñòíûå ëèöàîðãàíîâ, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé âåòåðèíàð-íûé íàäçîð (â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî Ðîññåëüõîçíàäçîð,ãäå ñóùåñòâóåò Óïðàâëåíèå âåòåðèíàðíîãî íàäçîðà).

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íàðóøåíèåâåòåðèíàðíî-ñàíèòàðíûõ ïðàâèë ïåðåâîçêè ïðåäóñ-

ìîòðåíà ñò. 10.8 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ. Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé ñòàòüå, òà-êîå ïðàâîíàðóøåíèå âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àäìèíèñòðà-òèâíîãî øòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îò îäíîãî äîòð¸õ ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà; íà äîëæ-íîñòíûõ ëèö – îò òð¸õ äî ïÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìå-ðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà; íà ëèö, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèõ ïðåäïðè-íèìàòåëüñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü áåç îáðàçîâàíèÿþðèäè÷åñêîãî ëèöà, – îò òð¸õ äî ïÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà èëè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîå

ïðèîñòàíîâëåíèå äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà ñðîê äî äåâÿíîñ-òà ñóòîê; íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ëèö – îò òðèäöàòè äî ïÿ-òèäåñÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà èëèàäìèíèñòðàòèâíîå ïðèîñòàíîâëåíèå äåÿòåëüíîñòè íàñðîê äî äåâÿíîñòà ñóòîê (â ðåä. Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêî-íà îò 09.05.2005 ã. ¹45-ÔÇ).

Òðàíñãðàíè÷íûé îáîðîò

(âûâîç, ïðîäàæà çà ãðàíèöó)

Ýêñïîðò êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ âîçìîæåí â îñîáûõ ñëó-÷àÿõ è îôîðìëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûìè äîêóìåíòàìè.Ïðåæäå âñåãî, âûâîç ñàïñàíà è êðå÷åòà êàê âèäîâ, âíå-ñ¸ííûõ â Ïðèëîæåíèå 1 ÑÈÒÅÑ, íå ïîïàäàþùèõ ïîäîïðåäåëåíèå «âûâåäåííûé â íåâîëå»*, òðåáóåò íàëè-÷èÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà ýêñïîðò, âûäàííîãî Àäìèíèñòðà-òèâíûì îðãàíîì ÑÈÒÅÑ ñòðàíû-ýêñïîðò¸ðà, è ðàçðå-øåíèÿ íà èìïîðò, âûäàííîãî Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìîðãàíîì ÑÈÒÅÑ ñòðàíû-èìïîðò¸ðà. Äëÿ áàëîáàíà (âèä,âíåñ¸ííûé â Ïðèëîæåíèå 2 ÑÈÒÅÑ), à òàêæå ñàïñàíàè êðå÷åòà, ïîïàäàþùèõ ïîä îïðåäåëåíèå «âûâåäåí-íûé â íåâîëå»*, íåîáõîäèìî òîëüêî îäíî ðàçðåøå-íèå – íà ýêñïîðò (íå òðåáóåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ðàç-ðåøåíèÿ íà èìïîðò). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî äàííûé ïîðÿäîê

ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà ýêñïîðò-èìïîðò êàê æèâûõ ïòèö,òàê è äåðèâàòîâ (÷ó÷åë, êîëëåêöèé ÿèö).

Çàòåì, ëþáûå, â òîì ÷èñëå ýêñïîðòíî-èìïîðòíûå,îïåðàöèè ñ æèâûìè êðóïíûìè ñîêîëàìè òðåáóþò, êàêîïèñàíî âûøå, ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåí-çèè) íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ êâèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ.

Äåðèâàòû è æèâûå æèâîòíûå ìîãóò ðàññìàòðèâàòü-ñÿ êàê ïðåäìåòû êîëëåêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ èëè çîîëîãè-

Òðàíñãðàíè÷íûé îáîðîò ñàïñàíà èêðå÷åòà (âèäû èç Ïðèëîæåíèÿ 1 ÑÈÒÅÑ),íå ïîïàäàþùèõ ïîä îïðåäåëåíèå «âû-âåäåííûé â íåâîëå»*, òðåáóåò íàëè÷èÿðàçðåøåíèÿ íà ýêñïîðò, âûäàííîãî Àä-ìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíîì ÑÈÒÅÑ ñòðà-íû-ýêñïîðò¸ðà, è ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà èìïîðò,âûäàííîãî Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíîìÑÈÒÅÑ ñòðàíû-èìïîðò¸ðà. Òðàíñãðàíè÷-íûé îáîðîò áàëîáàíà (âèä èç Ïðèëîæå-

íèÿ 2 ÑÈÒÅÑ), à òàêæå ñàïñàíà è êðå-÷åòà, ïîïàäàþùèõ ïîä îïðåäåëåíèå«âûâåäåííûé â íåâîëå»*, òðåáóåò íàëè-÷èÿ òîëüêî ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà ýêñïîðò. Òàê-æå ýêñïîðòíî-èìïîðòíûå îïåðàöèè ñæèâûìè êðóïíûìè ñîêîëàìè òðåáóþòðàçðåøåíèÿ (ðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíîé ëèöåí-çèè) íà îáîðîò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðè-íàäëåæàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ.

Ïîðÿäîê âûâîçà èç Ðîññèè çîîëîãè÷åñ-êèõ êîëëåêöèé îïðåäåë¸í Ïîñòàíîâëåíè-åì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 17.07.96 ã. ¹823«Î ïîðÿäêå ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ó÷¸òà, ïîïîë-íåíèÿ, õðàíåíèÿ, ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ, ïðîäàæè,ïåðåñûëêè, âûâîçà çà ïðåäåëû ÐîññèéñêîéÔåäåðàöèè è ââîçà íà å¸ òåððèòîðèþ çîî-

ëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé» è Ïðèêàçîì Ãîñêî-ìýêîëîãèè Ðîññèè îò 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1997 ã.¹411. Âûâîç çà ïðåäåëû ÐÔ è ââîç íà å¸òåððèòîðèþ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé, èõ÷àñòåé è îòäåëüíûõ ýêñïîíàòîâ äîïóñêà-þòñÿ òîëüêî íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèé,âûäàâàåìûõ Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðîì.

* Âûâåäåííûé â íåâîëå – æèâîòíîå, ðîæäåííîå èëè ïîëó÷åííîå äðóãèì ïóò¸ì âî âòîðîì èëèïîñëåäóþùèõ ïîêîëåíèÿõ â èñêóññòâåííî ðåãóëèðóåìûõ óñëîâèÿõ (Ðåçîëþöèÿ 10.16)

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Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèèÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 914

÷åñêèå êîëëåêöèè (â ñëó÷àå íåñêîëüêèõ îáðàçöîâ).Âûâîç çà ïðåäåëû ÐÔ è ââîç íà å¸ òåððèòîðèþ çîîëî-ãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé (êàê âêëþ÷¸ííûõ, òàê è íå âêëþ-÷¸ííûõ â ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ðååñòð çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîë-ëåêöèé), èõ ÷àñòåé è îòäåëüíûõ ýêñïîíàòîâ äîïóñêàþòñÿòîëüêî íà îñíîâàíèè ðàçðåøåíèé, âûäàâàåìûõ Ðîñï-ðèðîäíàäçîðîì (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïîëíîìî÷èÿ îïðå-äåëåíû Ïðèêàçîì Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà îò 02.09.2004 ã.¹9). Ôîðìà ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà âûâîç çà ïðåäåëû ÐÔ èââîç íà å¸ òåððèòîðèþ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé, èõ÷àñòåé è îòäåëüíûõ ýêñïîíàòîâ óòâåðæäåíà ÏðèêàçîìÃîñêîìýêîëîãèè Ðîññèè îò 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1997 ã. ¹411.

Îäíàêî Ïîëîæåíèåì î çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèÿõóñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî âûâîç çà ïðåäåëû ÐÔ è ââîç íà å¸òåððèòîðèþ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé, îòíåñ¸ííûõ êêóëüòóðíûì öåííîñòÿì, ðåãóëèðóþòñÿ Çàêîíîì ÐÔ îò15 àïðåëÿ 1993 ã. ¹4804–1 «Î âûâîçå è ââîçå êóëü-òóðíûõ öåííîñòåé». Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ ðåäêèõ êîë-ëåêöèé è îáðàçöîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû, êîòîðûå â óñòà-íîâëåííîì ïîðÿäêå âêëþ÷åíû â ãîñóäàðñòâåííûåîõðàííûå ñïèñêè èëè ðååñòðû êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé,óñòàíîâëåí äðóãîé ïîðÿäîê ïîëó÷åíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèé. ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðîâåäåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ýêñïåð-òèç è âûäà÷à ðàçðåøåíèé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ Ìèíèñòåð-ñòâîì êóëüòóðû ÐÔ, åãî òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè îðãàíàìè,äðóãèìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ Ïîñòàíîâ-ëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 27 àïðåëÿ 2001 ã. ¹322«Îá óòâåðæäåíèè Ïîëîæåíèÿ î ïðîâåäåíèè ýêñïåð-òèçû è êîíòðîëÿ çà âûâîçîì êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé».

Ñîãëàñíî æå ñò. 7 óïîìÿíóòîãî çàêîíà êóëüòóðíîéöåííîñòüþ ïðèçíàþòñÿ, ñðåäè ïðî÷åãî, «ðåäêèå êîë-ëåêöèè è îáðàçöû ôëîðû è ôàóíû». Ñîãëàñíî ñò. 9, ÷.1 òîãî æå çàêîíà, ñðåäè êàòåãîðèé êóëüòóðíûõ öåííî-ñòåé, êîòîðûå íå ïîäëåæàò âûâîçó èç ÐÔ, óïîìÿíóòûè «äâèæèìûå ïðåäìåòû, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå … íàó÷íóþèëè èíóþ êóëüòóðíóþ öåííîñòü è îòíåñ¸ííûå â ñîîò-âåòñòâèè ñ äåéñòâóþùèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì ê îñîáîöåííûì îáúåêòàì êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ íàðîäîâ Ðîñ-ñèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè èõ ñî-çäàíèÿ; äâèæèìûå ïðåäìåòû, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíèèõ ñîçäàíèÿ, îõðàíÿåìûå ãîñóäàðñòâîì è âíåñ¸ííûåâ îõðàííûå ñïèñêè è ðååñòðû â ïîðÿäêå, óñòàíîâëåí-íîì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì ÐÔ».

Æèâûå ñîêîëà ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ âèäîâ ìîãóò áûòüîòíåñåíû ê îáåèì êàòåãîðèÿì, òàê êàê îíè ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿþò îñîáóþ öåííîñòü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ çàêîíîäàòåëü-ñòâîì î Êðàñíîé êíèãå, è â ïîðÿäêå, óñòàíîâëåííîìçàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, âíåñåíûâ îõðàííûå ñïèñêè – à èìåííî â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ.

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà òðàíñãðàíè÷-íûé îáîðîò (âûâîç, ââîç) âèäîâ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Ïðèëî-æåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ è Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, áåç íàäëåæàùåãîíà òî ðàçðåøåíèÿ èëè ñ íàðóøåíèåì óñëîâèé, ïðå-äóñìîòðåííûõ ðàçðåøåíèåì, ëèáî ñ íàðóøåíèåì èíî-ãî óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïîðÿäêà, íàñòóïàåò ïî óæå ðàññìîò-ðåííîé ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå Êîíâåíöèÿ

ÑÈÒÅÑ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ äî-ãîâîðîâ, óïîìÿíóòûõ â ýòîé ñòàòüå.

 ñëó÷àå ïðèìåíåíèÿ ê âûâîçó ñîêîëîâ çàêîíîäà-òåëüñòâà î çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèÿõ ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ñò.8.34 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ «Íàðóøåíèå óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïîðÿäêàñîçäàíèÿ, èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èëè òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè áèî-ëîãè÷åñêèõ êîëëåêöèé». Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé ñòàòüå, íàðó-øåíèå óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïîðÿäêà ñîçäàíèÿ, ïîïîëíåíèÿ,õðàíåíèÿ, èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ó÷¸òà, ïðîäàæè, ïðèîáðå-òåíèÿ, òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè èëè ïåðåñûëêè áèîëîãè÷åñ-êèõ êîëëåêöèé âëå÷¸ò íàëîæåíèå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãîøòðàôà íà ãðàæäàí â ðàçìåðå îò òð¸õ äî ïÿòè ìèíè-ìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé êîë-ëåêöèîííûõ îáúåêòîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà äîëæíîñò-íûõ ëèö – îò ïÿòè äî äåñÿòè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâîïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîíôèñêàöèåé êîëëåêöèîííûõ îáúåê-òîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé; íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ëèö – îò ïÿòèäå-ñÿòè äî ñòà ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îïëàòû òðóäà ñ êîí-ôèñêàöèåé êîëëåêöèîííûõ îáúåêòîâ èëè áåç òàêîâîé.

Óãîëîâíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü

Íåçàêîííîå ïåðåìåùåíèå ñîêîëîâ ÷åðåç ãðàíèöóïîäïàäàåò ïîä ïîíÿòèå êîíòðàáàíäû è ìîæåò ïðåñëå-äîâàòüñÿ ïî ñò. 188 ÓÊ ÐÔ «Êîíòðàáàíäà».  ñîîòâåò-ñòâèè ñ ÷àñòüþ 1 ýòîé ñòàòüè, êîíòðàáàíäîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ«ïåðåìåùåíèå â êðóïíîì ðàçìåðå ÷åðåç òàìîæåí-íóþ ãðàíèöó ÐÔ òîâàðîâ èëè èíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ, çà èñ-êëþ÷åíèåì óêàçàííûõ â ÷àñòè âòîðîé íàñòîÿùåé ñòà-òüè, ñîâåðø¸ííîå ïîìèìî èëè ñ ñîêðûòèåì îòòàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ ëèáî ñ îáìàííûì èñïîëüçîâà-íèåì äîêóìåíòîâ èëè ñðåäñòâ òàìîæåííîé èäåíòèôè-êàöèè ëèáî ñîïðÿæ¸ííîå ñ íåäåêëàðèðîâàíèåì èëèíåäîñòîâåðíûì äåêëàðèðîâàíèåì».  ÷àñòè 2 ýòîé ñòà-òüè ïåðå÷èñëåíû òå ïðåäìåòû (òîâàðû), ïåðåìåùåíèåêîòîðûõ ÷åðåç òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíòðà-áàíäîé, åñëè ýòî äåÿíèå ñîâåðøåíî ïîìèìî èëè ññîêðûòèåì îò òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ ëèáî ñ îáìàí-íûì èñïîëüçîâàíèåì äîêóìåíòîâ èëè ñðåäñòâ òàìî-æåííîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè ëèáî ñîïðÿæåíî ñ íåäåêëà-ðèðîâàíèåì èëè íåäîñòîâåðíûì äåêëàðèðîâàíèåì, íîâíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàçìåðîâ óùåðáà.  ÷àñòíîñòè, êòàêîâûì îòíîñÿòñÿ êóëüòóðíûå öåííîñòè, â îòíîøåíèèêîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíû ñïåöèàëüíûå ïðàâèëà ïåðåìå-ùåíèÿ ÷åðåç òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó ÐÔ (â ðåä. Ôåäå-ðàëüíîãî çàêîíà îò 07.05.2002 ã. ¹50-ÔÇ).

Ïðåñòóïëåíèå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ÷àñòè 1 ñòàòüè 188,íàêàçûâàåòñÿ øòðàôîì â ðàçìåðå îò ñòà òûñÿ÷ äî òð¸õ-ñîò òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé èëè â ðàçìåðå çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû èëèèíîãî äîõîäà îñóæä¸ííîãî çà ïåðèîä îò îäíîãî ãîäàäî äâóõ ëåò ëèáî ëèøåíèåì ñâîáîäû íà ñðîê äî ïÿòèëåò (â ðåä. Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çàêîíà îò 08.12.2003 ã.¹162-ÔÇ); ïðåñòóïëåíèå, ïîäïàäàþùåå ïîä þðèñäèê-öèþ ÷àñòè 2 ýòîé ñòàòüè, íàêàçûâàåòñÿ ëèøåíèåì ñâî-áîäû íà ñðîê îò òð¸õ äî ñåìè ëåò ñî øòðàôîì â ðàç-ìåðå äî îäíîãî ìèëëèîíà ðóáëåé èëè â ðàçìåðåçàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû èëè èíîãî äîõîäà îñóæä¸ííîãî çàïåðèîä äî ïÿòè ëåò ëèáî áåç òàêîâîãî (â ðåä. Ôåäå-ðàëüíîãî çàêîíà îò 08.12.2003 ã. ¹162-ÔÇ).

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Ïðè ýòîì äåÿíèÿ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûå ÷àñòÿìè ïåð-âîé è âòîðîé ñòàòüè 188, ñîâåðø¸ííûå îðãàíèçîâàí-íîé ãðóïïîé, íàêàçûâàþòñÿ ëèøåíèåì ñâîáîäû íà ñðîêîò ñåìè äî äâåíàäöàòè ëåò ñî øòðàôîì â ðàçìåðå äîîäíîãî ìèëëèîíà ðóáëåé èëè â ðàçìåðå çàðàáîòíîéïëàòû èëè èíîãî äîõîäà îñóæä¸ííîãî çà ïåðèîä äîïÿòè ëåò ëèáî áåç òàêîâîãî (â ðåä. Ôåäåðàëüíîãî çà-êîíà îò 08.12.2003 ã. ¹162-ÔÇ).

Êàê âèäíî, åñëè óäà¸òñÿ äîêàçàòü â ñóäå, ÷òî ñîêîëàïîäïàäàþò ïîä îïðåäåëåíèå «êóëüòóðíîé öåííîñòè» ïîÇàêîíó ÐÔ «Î âûâîçå è ââîçå êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé»,êàê îïèñàíî âûøå, òî äîëæíû ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ íîðìû ÷à-ñòè 2 ñò. 188, åñëè æå ýòî äîêàçàòü íå óäà¸òñÿ, îñòà¸òñÿâîçìîæíîñòü ïðèìåíèòü ÷àñòü 1 ýòîé ñòàòüè. Íî ïîñ-ëåäíåå âîçìîæíî òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè âûâîç ñî-êîëîâ ñîïðÿæ¸í ñ êðóïíûì ðàçìåðîì óùåðáà. Ðàçìåðóùåðáà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèìå÷àíèåì êñò. 169 ÓÊ ÐÔ: êðóïíûì ðàçìåðîì, êðóïíûì óùåðáîì… ïðèçíàþòñÿ ñòîèìîñòü, óùåðá … â ñóììå, ïðåâû-øàþùåé äâåñòè ïÿòüäåñÿò òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé, îñîáî êðóï-íûì – îäèí ìèëëèîí ðóáëåé (ïðèìå÷àíèå ââåäåíî Ôå-äåðàëüíûì çàêîíîì îò 08.12.2003 ã. ¹162-ÔÇ).

Ðàçìåð óùåðáà â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òà-ìîæåííîé ñòîèìîñòè êîíòðàáàíäíîãî òîâàðà (ïòèö).Ñîãëàñíî ÷àñòè 3 ñò. 288 Òàìîæåííîãî êîäåêñà ÐÔ«ïðè îòñóòñòâèè äîêóìåíòîâ è ñâåäåíèé, ïîäòâåðæ-äàþùèõ ïðàâèëüíîñòü îïðåäåëåíèÿ òàìîæåííîé ñòî-èìîñòè, çàÿâëåííîé ôèçè÷åñêèì ëèöîì, òàìîæåí-íûé îðãàí ìîæåò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî îïðåäåëèòüòàìîæåííóþ ñòîèìîñòü òîâàðîâ íà îñíîâàíèè äàí-íûõ, óêàçûâàåìûõ â êàòàëîãàõ èíîñòðàííûõ îðãàíè-çàöèé, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèõ ïðîäàæó òîâàðîâ, ëèáî íàîñíîâå èíîé öåíîâîé èíôîðìàöèè, èìåþùåéñÿ â ðàñ-ïîðÿæåíèè òàìîæåííîãî îðãàíà â îòíîøåíèè ïîäîá-íûõ òîâàðîâ. Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè óêàçàííîé öåíîâîéèíôîðìàöèè òàìîæåííûé îðãàí ïðîèçâîäèò êîððåê-òèðîâêó òàìîæåííîé ñòîèìîñòè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êà-÷åñòâà òîâàðîâ, èõ ðåïóòàöèè íà ðûíêå, ñòðàíû ïðî-èñõîæäåíèÿ, âðåìåíè èçãîòîâëåíèÿ è äðóãèõôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà öåíó». Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàç-ìåð óùåðáà áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ ðûíî÷íîé ñòîèìîñ-òüþ âûâîçèìûõ ñîêîëîâ.

Êðîìå òîãî, íóæíî èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî âûâîç çà ãðà-íèöó æèâûõ æèâîòíûõ âîçìîæåí òîëüêî ïðè íàëè-÷èè âåòåðèíàðíîãî ñåðòèôèêàòà ïî ôîðìå 5à, âû-âîç äåðèâàòîâ – ïðè íàëè÷èè âåòåðèíàðíîãîñåðòèôèêàòà ôîðìû 5j, äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè ïî òåððèòî-ðèè Ðîññèè æèâûõ æèâîòíûõ, ââåç¸ííûõ èç-çà ãðà-íèöû, îò ìåñòà òàìîæåííîãî îôîðìëåíèÿ äî ìåñòàíàçíà÷åíèÿ òðåáóåòñÿ âåòåðèíàðíûé ñåðòèôèêàòôîðìû ¹6.1. Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íåñîáëþäåíèåýòèõ òðåáîâàíèé íàñòóïàåò ïî ðàññìîòðåííîé âûøåñòàòüå 10.8 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ.

Ïîäâåäîìñòâåííîñòü äåë

îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ

Äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ âàæíî çíàòü, êàêèå ñóäüèè îðãàíû óïîëíîìî÷åíû ðàññìàòðèâàòü äåëà îá àäìè-íèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõóêàçàííûìè âûøå ñòàòüÿìè.

 ñëó÷àå, åñëè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîå ïðàâîíàðóøåíèåñîâåðøåíî íà çåìëÿõ ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è ëåñîâ, íå âõî-äÿùèõ â ëåñíîé ôîíä, äåëî ìîãóò ðàññìàòðèâàòü îðãà-íû, óïîëíîìî÷åííûå â îáëàñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ, îõðà-íû è çàùèòû ëåñíîãî ôîíäà.

Äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ, ïðå-äóñìîòðåííûõ ñò. 8.35 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ, ðàññìàòðèâàþò ðàé-îííûå ñóäüè â ñëó÷àÿõ, åñëè îðãàí èëè äîëæíîñòíîåëèöî, ê êîòîðûì ïîñòóïèëî äåëî î òàêîì àäìèíèñòðà-òèâíîì ïðàâîíàðóøåíèè, ïåðåäà¸ò åãî íà ðàññìîò-ðåíèå ñóäüå.  àíàëîãè÷íûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ïðàâîíà-ðóøåíèå ñîâåðøåííî âîåííîñëóæàùèìè ëèáîãðàæäàíàìè, ïðèçâàííûìè íà âîåííûå ñáîðû, äåëîðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ñóäüåé ãàðíèçîííîãî âîåííîãî ñóäà(ñò. 23.1, ÷. 2, 3).

Òàêæå ýòè äåëà ìîãóò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ ñëåäóþùèìèîðãàíàìè:

(à) Ïîãðàíè÷íûå îðãàíû, â òîì ÷èñëå:1) íà÷àëüíèêè òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïîãðàíè÷íûõ îð-

ãàíîâ, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè;2) íà÷àëüíèêè ïîãðàíè÷íûõ îòðÿäîâ, êîìàíäèðû

ñîåäèíåíèé è ÷àñòåé ïîãðàíè÷íîãî êîíòðîëÿ, êî-ìàíäèðû ìîðñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé è ÷àñòåé;

3) íà÷àëüíèêè îáëàñòíûõ îòäåëîâ ïîãðàíè÷íîéñòðàæè;

4) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà îðãàíîâìîðñêîé îõðàíû;

5) êîìåíäàíòû ïîãðàíè÷íûõ êîìåíäàòóð, êîìàí-äèðû ïîäðàçäåëåíèé ïîãðàíè÷íîãî êîíòðîëÿ;

6) íà÷àëüíèêè ðàéîííûõ îòäåëîâ ïîãðàíè÷íîéñòðàæè;

7) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà îðãàíîâ ìîðñêîéîõðàíû;

8) êîìàíäèðû ïîãðàíè÷íûõ êîðàáëåé, ñóäîâ (êàòåðîâ);9) íà÷àëüíèêè ïîãðàíè÷íûõ çàñòàâ;10) ó÷àñòêîâûå èíñïåêòîðà îðãàíîâ ìîðñêîé îõðàíû.(á) Îðãàíû, óïîëíîìî÷åííûå â îáëàñòè èñïîëüçî-

âàíèÿ, îõðàíû è çàùèòû ëåñíîãî ôîíäà – åñëè àäìè-íèñòðàòèâíîå ïðàâîíàðóøåíèå ñîâåðøåíî íà çåìëÿõëåñíîãî ôîíäà è ëåñîâ, íå âõîäÿùèõ â ëåñíîé ôîíä. òîì ÷èñëå:

1) ãëàâíûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíñïåêòîð ÐîññèéñêîéÔåäåðàöèè ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì, èñïîëüçîâà-íèåì, îõðàíîé, çàùèòîé ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è âîñïðîèç-âîäñòâîì ëåñîâ, åãî çàìåñòèòåëè;

Êðóïíûé ðàçìåð óùåðáà (ñîãëàñíî ïðè-ìå÷àíèþ ê ñò. 169 ÓÊ ÐÔ) – ñóììà, ïðåâû-øàþùàÿ äâåñòè ïÿòüäåñÿò òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé,

îñîáî êðóïíûé ðàçìåð – îäèí ìèëëèîíðóáëåé. Ñóììà óùåðáà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðû-íî÷íîé ñòîèìîñòüþ âûâîçèìûõ ñîêîëîâ.

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2) ãëàâíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà â ñóáúåê-òàõ ÐÔ ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì, èñïîëüçîâàíèåì,îõðàíîé, çàùèòîé ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâîìëåñîâ, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè;

3) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî êîí-òðîëþ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì, èñïîëüçîâàíèåì, îõðàíîé, çà-ùèòîé ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâîì ëåñîâ;

4) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà â çîíå äåÿ-òåëüíîñòè ëåñõîçîâ ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì, èñ-ïîëüçîâàíèåì, îõðàíîé, çàùèòîé ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è âîñ-ïðîèçâîäñòâîì ëåñîâ, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè;

5) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà â çîíå äåÿòåëüíîñòèëåñõîçîâ ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ñîñòîÿíèåì, èñïîëüçîâàíè-åì, îõðàíîé, çàùèòîé ëåñíîãî ôîíäà è âîñïðîèçâîä-ñòâîì ëåñîâ (â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðàçìåð àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãîøòðàôà íå ìîæåò ïðåâûøàòü òðè ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàç-ìåðà îïëàòû òðóäà).

(â) Îðãàíû, óïîëíîìî÷åííûå â îáëàñòè îõðàíû, êîí-òðîëÿ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îáúåêòîâ æè-âîòíîãî ìèðà, îòíåñ¸ííûõ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû, è ñðåäûèõ îáèòàíèÿ. Ðàññìàòðèâàòü äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâ-íûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ îò èìåíè ýòèõ îðãàíîâ âïðàâåèõ ðóêîâîäèòåëè â ñóáúåêòàõ ÐÔ è â ðàéîíàõ.

(ã) Îðãàíû, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ýêî-ëîãè÷åñêèé êîíòðîëü.

Ðàññìàòðèâàòü äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíà-ðóøåíèÿõ îò èìåíè îðãàíîâ, óêàçàííûõ â ÷àñòè 1 íà-ñòîÿùåé ñòàòüè, âïðàâå:

1) ãëàâíûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé èíñïåêòîð ÐÔ ïî îõðà-íå ïðèðîäû, åãî çàìåñòèòåëè;

2) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî îõ-ðàíå ïðèðîäû;

3) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû;4) ãëàâíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî îõ-

ðàíå ïðèðîäû â çîíå ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, èõ çàìå-ñòèòåëè;

5) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî îõ-ðàíå ïðèðîäû â çîíå ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè;

6) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ÐÔ ïî îõðàíå ïðè-ðîäû â çîíå ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè;

7) ãëàâíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ñóáúåêòîâÐÔ ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè;

8) ñòàðøèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ñóáúåêòîâÐÔ ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû;

9) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ñóáúåêòîâ ÐÔ ïîîõðàíå ïðèðîäû;

10) ãëàâíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ïî îõðà-íå ïðèðîäû â çîíå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãî-ðîäñêèõ, ìåæðàéîííûõ, ðàéîííûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõñòðóêòóð â ñîñòàâå òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ôåäå-ðàëüíîãî îðãàíà èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè, óïîëíîìî-÷åííîãî â îáëàñòè îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, èõ çà-ìåñòèòåëè;

11) ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå èíñïåêòîðà ïî îõðàíå ïðèðî-äû â çîíå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãîðîäñêèõ,ìåæðàéîííûõ, ðàéîííûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ñòðóêòóðâ ñîñòàâå òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ôåäåðàëüíîãîîðãàíà èñïîëíèòåëüíîé âëàñòè, óïîëíîìî÷åííîãî âîáëàñòè îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû.

Îðãàíû âíóòðåííèõ äåë (ìèëèöèÿ) íå ðàññìàòðèâà-þò äåëà ïî ñòàòüÿì 8.35, 8.37.

Äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ, ïðå-äóñìîòðåííûõ ñòàòüÿìè 14.2 è 14.15 (íåçàêîííàÿ òîð-ãîâëÿ è íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë òîðãîâëè) ðàññìàòðèâàþòîðãàíû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé èíñïåêöèè ïî òîðãîâëå, êà-÷åñòâó òîâàðîâ è çàùèòå ïðàâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé (ñò. 23.49ï.1). Ðàññìàòðèâàòü äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðà-âîíàðóøåíèÿõ îò èìåíè ýòèõ îðãàíîâ âïðàâå íà÷àëü-íèêè òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ óïðàâëåíèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîéèíñïåêöèè ïî òîðãîâëå, êà÷åñòâó òîâàðîâ è çàùèòåïðàâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè (ñò. 23.49 ï.2).

Äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ,ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ ñòàòüåé 10.8, ðàññìàòðèâàþòîðãàíû, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé âåòåðè-íàðíûé íàäçîð (ñì. âûøå). Îò èìåíè ýòèõ îðãàíîâðàññìàòðèâàòü äåëà âïðàâå, â ÷àñòíîñòè: ãëàâíûåãîñóäàðñòâåííûå âåòåðèíàðíûå èíñïåêòîðà ãîðî-äîâ, ðàéîíîâ, èõ çàìåñòèòåëè, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ íà÷àëü-íèêàìè (äèðåêòîðàìè) ðàéîííûõ, ãîðîäñêèõ ñòàíöèéïî áîðüáå ñ áîëåçíÿìè æèâîòíûõ, íà÷àëüíèêàìè (äè-ðåêòîðàìè) ðàéîííûõ, ãîðîäñêèõ âåòåðèíàðíûõëàáîðàòîðèé; ãëàâíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå âåòåðèíàð-íûå èíñïåêòîðà çîíàëüíûõ óïðàâëåíèé ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííîãî íàäçîðà íà Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ãðàíèöå ÐÔè òðàíñïîðòå; ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå âåòåðèíàðíûå èíñ-ïåêòîðà òåððèòîðèé, îáñëóæèâàåìûõ âîçãëàâëÿåìû-ìè èìè âåòåðèíàðíûìè ëå÷åáíèöàìè, âåòåðèíàðíû-ìè ïóíêòàìè.

Äëÿ ïðàêòèêè âàæíî, ÷òî ïðîòîêîëû îá àäìèíèñò-ðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ ñîñòàâëÿþòñÿ äîëæíîñò-íûìè ëèöàìè îðãàíîâ, óïîëíîìî÷åííûõ ðàññìàòðè-âàòü äåëà îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ âïðåäåëàõ êîìïåòåíöèè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî îðãàíà (ñò.28.3, ÷. 1 ÊîÀÏ ÐÔ). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîòîêîëû îáàäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâîíàðóøåíèÿõ, ïðåäóñìîòðåí-íûõ ñò. 8.35, 8.37, ñîñòàâëÿþòñÿ äîëæíîñòíûìè ëèöà-ìè ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ âûøå óïîëíîìî÷åííûõ îðãàíîâ.Êðîìå òîãî, ïðîòîêîëû ïî ýòèì ñòàòüÿì óïîëíîìî÷å-íû ñîñòàâëÿòü òàêæå äîëæíîñòíûå ëèöà îðãàíîâ âíóò-ðåííèõ äåë (ìèëèöèè) – îá àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ïðàâî-íàðóøåíèÿõ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ ÷àñòÿìè 1 è 2 ñòàòüè8.37, à òàêæå ñò. 14.2 è 14.15.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Ñòàòüÿ ïîäãîòîâëåíà â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Ñèáýêîöåíò-ðà «Îáåñïå÷åíèå èíôîðìàöèîííîé è ìåòîäè÷åñêîéïîääåðæêè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñòðóêòóð ïî áîðüáå ñáðàêîíüåðñòâîì è íåëåãàëüíîé òîðãîâëåé âèäàìèôàóíû è ôëîðû â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» (êàê÷àñòü ïðîåêòà «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîñ-ñèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà – ôàçà 1»ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ). Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò Í.Â. Êðàåâà (ÂÍÈ-ÈÎÇ, Êèðîâ) è Â.Ë. è À.Ë. Ìèùåíêî (Ýêîþðèñ, Ìîñê-âà), ðàçðàáîòêè êîòîðûõ áûëè èñïîëüçîâàíû ïðè ïîä-ãîòîâêå ñòàòüè, à òàêæå È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä) çà öåííûå çàìå÷àíèÿ,âûñêàçàííûå ïðè îáñóæäåíèè çàìûñëà ñòàòüè.

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 17

Êîíòàêò:

Ñ. ÃîìáîáààòàðÁ. ÎäõóóÁ. ÌóíõçàÿàÌîíãîëüñêîå îðíèòî-ëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâîÌîíãîëèÿÓëààíáààòàð210646Àà/ÿ 537òåë.: 976 11 323 970976 99 180 148ôàêñ: 976 11 320 [email protected]@mail.comhttp://num.edu.mn/ornithology

Ä. ÑóìúÿàÌîíãîëüñêèé Íàöèî-íàëüíûé ÓíèâåðñèòåòÌîíãîëèÿÓëààíáààòàð210646À à/ÿ 537òåë.: 976 11 323 [email protected]

Ââåäåíèå

 Ìîíãîëèè îáèòàåò àçèàòñêèé áàëîáàíFalco cherrug milvipes Jerdon, 1871. Îíøèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñòåïíîé, ëåñî-ñòåïíîé, ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíîé çîíàõ è ìàëî-÷èñëåí â ïóñòûíè (Shagdarsuren 1983).Ïèòàåòñÿ áàëîáàí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í-íûìè â ìåñòàõ åãî îáèòàíèÿ, àêòèâíûìè,â òîì ÷èñëå è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è ëåãêîäîáûâàåìûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ, òàêèìèêàê ïîë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Merionesunguiculatus), ðîãàòûé (Eremophila alpes-tris) è ìîíãîëüñêèé æàâîðîíêè (Melanoco-rypha mongolica) (Shagdarsuren, 1983,Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001, Gombobaatar et al.,1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Ê äâóìãîäàì áàëîáàí äîñòèãàåò ïîëîâîé çðåëîñ-òè. Ãíåçäèòñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ èëè èñêóññò-âåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ â ãí¸çäàõ âîðîíà(Corvus corax), ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà(Buteo hemilasius), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa-etos) è ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis)(Ellis et al., 1995, 1997, Potapov et al., 2000,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Îòêëàäûâàåò äî6 ÿèö è âûðàùèâàåò ïðèìåðíî ñòîëüêî æåïòåíöîâ. Îáû÷íî ñàìêà çàáîòèòñÿ î ïòåí-öàõ, à ñàìåö äîáûâàåò äëÿ íèõ ïèùó(Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar, 2006).Çèìóåò â Êèòàå è Âíóòðåííåé Ìîíãîëèè. Âçàâèñèìîñòè îò òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãî ïîêðî-âà è íàëè÷èÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû íåêîòîðûåâçðîñëûå áàëîáàíû çèìóþò â ïðåäåëàõÌîíãîëèè, ñîâåðøàÿ íåáîëüøèå êî÷¸âêè(Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Introduction

Subspecies Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon,1871 of Saker falcon widely distributes insteppe, forest steppe, desert steppe andoccurs rarely in Gobi desert in the Mongo-lia. Saker preys Brandt’s Vole (Lasiopodomysbrandtii), Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones un-guiculatus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpes-tris), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mon-golica) which are abundant species innumber, occur all year around in Mongolia(Shagdarsuren, 1983, Bold, Boldbaatar, 2001,Shagdarsuren et al., 2001, Gombobaatar etal., 1999a,b, 2000, 2001a,b, 2002, 2006). Thisspecies of falcon prefer to nest in old and newlybuilt nests by Raven (Corvus corax), UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Steppe (Aquilanipalensis) and Golden Eagles (Aquilachrysaetos) located on natural and artificialsubstrates (Ellis et al.1995, 1997, Potapov etal., 2000, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006). Clutchsize is max. 6, average in 3.7±1.02 (1 – 6,n=330). Female broods and males spendmuch time in hunting during breeding sea-son (Potapov et al., 2002b, Gombobaatar,2006). Sakers of Mongolia winter in Chinaand Inner Mongolia and also in the countrydepending on snow coverage and food sup-ply. All fledglings are migratory and seasonalmovement is recorded for few adult individu-als (Potapov, 2003, Gombobaatar, 2006). Sci-entific collaboration is urgent in order to con-serve and sustainable use of the species inregional and International levels (Fox, 2001,2002, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Breeding�Biology�of�the�Saker�Falcon�in�Mongolia

БИОЛОГИЯ�РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ�СОКОЛА�БАЛОБАНА�B�МОНГОЛИИ

Gombobaatar�S.�(Mongolian�Ornithological�Society)

Sumiya�D.�(National�University�of�Mongolia)

Potapov�E.�(Natural�Research,�UK)

Munkhzaya�B.,�Odkhuu�B.�(Mongolian�Ornithological�Society)

Гомбобаатар�С.�(Мон�ольсое�орнитоло�ичесое�общество)

С$мъяа�Д.�(Мон�ольсий�национальный�$ниверситет)

Потапов�Е.�(Исследование�природы,�Велиобритания)

М$нхзаяа�Б.,�Одх$$�Б.�(Мон�ольсое�орнитоло�ичесое�общество)

Raptors� Research

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 918

Location of Study Areas

We marked all study areas by letters in or-der to understand easy and simply (fig. 1).Sakers are rarely registered in taiga, highmountains, elevated in 3000–4000 m abovesea level, and desert. But there is no recordof breeding in these areas. Suitable breed-ing territories of the species are steppe, for-est steppe, desert steppe, mountain steppeand mountains elevated less than 3000–4000 m above sea level. Size of suitablebreeding and distribution territories for Sak-ers in Mongolia is 1085400 sq. km. The sizeof our study areas represents 1.1% of wholeMongolian territory and 1.4% of suitablebreeding territories of Sakers.

Ìaterials and Methods

We analyzed all data in the Zoology De-partment of the National University of Mon-golia, Institute of Zoology, Halle-WittenbergUniversity, Germany in 2000–2002, Nau-mann Museum in Kothen, Germany in2000–2001, and Yamashina Institute for Or-nithology, Japan in 2000 and 2001). In theresult of field works, we recorded and re-checked in total of 498 breeding pairs inorder to study the taxonomy, nest site se-lection, age group of nestlings, estimatenumber and density, clutch and brood sizeof breeding pairs, and calculate the breed-ing success of Sakers depending on foodsupply. Long term monitoring studies ofbreeding Sakers in study areas were con-ducted by following the International stand-ard methods of Fox et al. (1997). Anova-Single factor, Anova-two tail, Kruskal-WallisTest Statistic, correlation and discritive ana-lyzes of the Ms. Excel, Systat 10.0 software’swere used for statistic analyze. We usedArcView 3.2, OZI-Explorer 4.0. software formapping and estimation of breeding pairs.

Results and Discussions

Role of female and male to select nestsites and nesting period

Most successful breeding pairs of Sakers,Ravens, and Upland Buzzards prefer to neston cliffs, rocks, trees and artificial substrateswhere are located in outside of blocks ofhigh cliffs and rocks middle of flat steppe inour study areas. The reason for selection ofnest site for those breeding pairs was to saveenergy during hunting (close by food re-sources) and to reduce of predator threats(Eagle Owl Bubo bubo). Nest site selection

Òðåáóåòñÿ ïðèíÿòèå ìåð ïî îõðàíå áà-ëîáàíà è åãî ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâà-íèþ (Fox, 2001, 2002, Gombobaatar, 2006).

Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé

Äëÿ ïðîñòîòû è ÿñíîñòè âñå ó÷¸òíûå ïëî-ùàäè óñëîâíî îòìå÷åíû çíàêàìè: ALT, BH,BGC, EK, UB, DA, CH (ðèñ. 1). Õîòÿ áàëî-áàí èçðåäêà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òàéãå, âûñîêî-ãîðíûõ ëåñàõ íà âûñîòå 3000–4000 ì íàäóðîâíåì ìîðÿ, à òàêæå â ïóñòûíå, ñâåäå-íèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõîòñóòñòâóþò.  Ìîíãîëèè áàëîáàíû ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíû â ñòåïíîé, ëåñîñòåïíîé èîïóñòûíåííîé çîíàõ, à òàêæå â ãîðàõ íàâûñîòàõ íå áîëåå 3000–4000 ì í.ó.ì. Îá-ùàÿ ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâëÿåò1085400 êì2. Ïëîùàäü âñåõ îáñëåäîâàí-íûõ òåððèòîðèé – 15986,9 êì2, ÷òî ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 1,1% îò òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè è 1,4%âñåõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñò.

Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà

èññëåäîâàíèé

Îáðàáîòêà ñîáðàííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïðî-èçâîäèëàñü íà Êàôåäðå çîîëîãèè Ìîíãîëü-ñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà, â èíñòèòóòå Çîîëî-ãèè óíèâåðñèòåòà Õàëëå-Âèòòåíáåðãà,Ãåðìàíèÿ (2000–2002 ãã.) è â ìóçåå Íàóìàí-íà ãîðîäà Êåòýí, Ãåðìàíèÿ (2000–2001 ãã.),â Èíñòèòóòå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâà-íèé ßàìàøèíà ßïîíèè (2000–2001 ãã.) è âíàöèîíàëüíîì îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîì öåíòðåÀíãëèè (2005 ã.). Òàì æå, à òàêæå â Óíèâåð-ñèòåòå Ãåòòèíãåíà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), â òð¸õ öåíò-ðàõ ïî êîëüöåâàíèþ ïòèö, áûëè ñîáðàíûëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå ïî ñîêîëó áàëîáàíó.

Ðèñ. 1. Íàçâàíèå è ðàñ-ïîëîæåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäåé

Fig. 1. Name and locationof study areas

Contact:

S. GombobaatarB. OdkhuuB. MunkhzayaMongolianOrnithological SocietyP.O. Box 537, 210646AUlaanbaatarMongoliatel.: 976 11 323 970976 99 180 148fax: 976 11 320 [email protected]@mail.comhttp://num.edu.mn/ornithology

D. SumiyaNational University ofMongoliaP.O. Box 537, 210646AUlaanbaatarMongoliatel.: 976 11 323 [email protected]

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 19

was directly and highly depended on seriesfactors such as number and density of Ea-gle Owl, food supply, location of nest sub-strates, and human disturbance. Accordingto data of 1998–2005, nest selection ofbreeding pairs started from second half ofthe March (n=13) and was very intensive ina first week of the April. Breeding pairs ac-tively defended nest sites (n=21) and cop-ulated (n=3) at this time. Rising of air tem-perature and thinning of snow coveragewere the main factors to early nesting andcopulating in 1998–2005. 66.7% of ob-served old or newly built nests (n=21) wereselected by males.

Types of nest substrates

All nest substrates of successful breedingpairs were categorized as natural (cliff, rockcolumn, ground, tree, sandy precipice) andartificial (rest of substrates). A total of 21types of natural and artificial nest substrateswere selected by 303 breeding pairs of Sak-ers in 1998–2005. High percentages of nestsite selected by Sakers were clif fs 78(25.7%), rock columns 48 (15.8%) from nat-ural and pylons 56 (18.5%), wooden poles36 (11.9%) of high power electric line fromartificial substrates (table 1). 43.2% (n=131)

 ðåçóëüòàòå ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâó÷òåíî 498 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ è ïðîâåäåíûèññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ñèñòåìàòèêå, îêðàñêå,÷èñëåííîñòè è ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð,

âûáîðó ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ,ðàçìåðàì êëàäêè è âûâîäêîâ,âîçðàñòíûì ãðóïïàì ïòåí-öîâ, çàâèñèìîñòè óñïåõà ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ îò ñòàáèëüíîñòèêîðìîâîé áàçû. Èññëåäîâà-íèÿ ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð ïðîâîäèëèñüåæåãîäíî ïî îáùåïðèíÿòîéìåæäóíàðîäíûìè èññëåäîâà-òåëÿìè ìåòîäèêå (Fox et al.,1997). Ñòàòèñòè÷åñêóþ îáðà-áîòêó äàííûõ ïðîâîäèëè ñïîìîùüþ ïðîãðàìì Ms.Excel, Systat 10.0, Anova-Single factor, Anova-two tail,Kruskal-Wallis Test Statistic,ïðîâåäåíû êîððåëÿöèîííûéè äèñêðèòèâíûé àíàëèçû èêàðòèðîâàíèå ñ ïðèìåíåíè-

åì ArcView 3.2, OZI-Explorer 4.0.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé

è îáñóæäåíèå

Ðîëü ñàìêè è ñàìöà â âûáîðåãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, ãí¸çäè âðåìåíè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ

Áàëîáàíû, âîðîíû è ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàí-íèêè â áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîãðà-íè÷íîé ìåæäó ñòåïüþ è ñêàëèñòûìè ãîðà-ìè çîíå. Òàêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çäâûãîäíî ïî äâóì ïðè÷èíàì: âî-ïåðâûõ,áëèçîñòü îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ïî-çâîëÿåò óìåíüøèòü çàòðàòû ýíåðãèè íà ïî-èñê ïèùè, âî-âòîðûõ, îíî îáåñïå÷èâàåò çà-ùèù¸ííîñòü ãí¸çä îò ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo).Âûáîð ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíàìè, àòàêæå ñìåðòíîñòü ïòåíöîâ è âçðîñëûõ îñî-áåé çàâèñÿò îò öåëîãî ðÿäà ôàêòîðîâ, òà-êèõ êàê ÷èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà,äîñòàòî÷íîñòü êîðìîâîé áàçû, îñîáåííî-ñòè ìåñòíîñòè, àíòðîïîãåííûé ôàêòîð,íàëè÷èå ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê, ïëîòíîñòüäðóãèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö (ìîõíîíîãèé êóð-ãàííèê, âîðîí è äð.). Ñðîêè âûáîðà ãíåç-äà è åãî îñâîåíèÿ ïàðîé ðàçëè÷íû. Ïî äàí-íûì 1998–2005 ãã. âûáîð ãíåçäàíà÷èíàåòñÿ ñî âòîðîé-òðåòüåé íåäåëè ìàð-òà (n=13), è íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû â ýòî âðåìÿóæå ñïàðèâàþòñÿ (n=1).  ïåðâóþ íåäåëþàïðåëÿ ýòîò ïðîöåññ èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíåå:ïàðû âûáèðàþò ãí¸çäà è àêòèâíî çàùè-ùàþò èõ (n=21), ñïàðèâàþòñÿ (n=3). Áî-

Ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ (Falcocherrug) íà ãíåçäå â Öåí-òðàëüíîé Ìîíãîëèè.Ìàðò 2004 ã. Ôîòî Ñ.Ãîìáîáààòàð

A pair of the Saker Falcon(Falco cherrug) in the nestin Central Mongolia.March 2004. Photo by S.Gombobaatar

Ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ â ãíåçäå íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ(ââåðõó) è ñàìêà â ãíåçäå íà çåìëå (âíèçó). 2004 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

A pair of the Saker Falcon in the nest on the woodenelectric pole (upper) and female in the nest on theground (bottom). 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 920

of 303 breeding pairs successfully nestedon natural substrates and 56.8% on artificialsubstrates (fig. 2).

Nest site selection of Saker was heavilydepended on number of suitable nest sub-strates and nests of other raptors. Averageheight of nest substrates was 15.8±0.7 m(min. 0, max. 120, n=303) and height of nestlocation – 10.2±0.4 m (min. 0, max. 60,n=303). “0” means ground nesting sakers.

Nest and nest site selection

Sometimes female lays eggs into shallowscrapes of the sandy and gravel ground, anddusty remains of pellets in concrete banksof abandoned well without nest materials.There was significant difference betweennests of raptor species selected by Sakers(ANOVA

0.05:F10,55

=2.0; p=0.0001). UplandBuzzard, a dominant species in numbers, wasa pioneering nest builder for Saker. Size, nestmaterials, and location of the Buzzard nestsare suitable for laying eggs, brooding andfeeding chicks, and easily occupying for Sak-ers in the steppe zone. Northern Raven was asecond important nest provider species. Adultfalcons attack to host of the nest, kill themand occupy freshly built theirs nests. Sakersare always keeping a distance from powerfulraptors comparing own body size such asBlack Vulture, Steppe and Golden Eagles.

ëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ñïàðè-âàíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ ïàð ñâÿçàíû ñ óâåëè÷å-íèåì òåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà è óìåíüøå-íèåì ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà â ÿíâàðå-ìàðòå.

Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì çà 21 ïàðîé áàëîáàíîâ,êîòîðûå çàíèìàëè ñâåæåïîñòðîåííûåãí¸çäà èëè âïåðâûå ïîñåëÿëèñü íà ñòàðûõãí¸çäàõ, âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî â 14 ñëó÷àÿõ (66,7%)ãëàâíóþ ðîëü èãðàëè ñàìöû.

Áàëîáàíû â ãí¸çäàõ íàñêàëå (ââåðõó) è íà äíåñòàðîãî êîëîäöà íà çåìëå(âíèçó). 2004 – 2005 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Sakers in the nests on therock (upper) and on theground in the pit (bot-tom). 2004 – 2005. Pho-tos by S. Gombobaatar

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëî ïàð èõàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäî-âûõ ïîñòðîåê, çàíèìà-åìûõ áàëîáàíîì (Falcocherrug)

Table 1. Number ofbreeding pairs and nestsubstrates occupied bySakers (Falco cherrug)

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 21

Repeating and shifting of nest sites

Sakers are a very conservative for nesting.Few breeding pairs nested from 2 to 7 timesat the same nests. Sakers prefer to nestmostly in Upland Buzzard nets. There wassignificant difference between nests of rap-tors selected by Sakers (ANOVA

0.05: F

4,50=2.5,

p=0.00001). The reason for this was causedby size, location, and nest materials of theBuzzard nests were more suitable for Sakersand also prey species of Sakers and UplandBuzzards were almost same in Mongolia.Eggs of Sakers nested on nests of Black Vul-ture, Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), Steppe andGolden Eagles easily overcooled because ofsize of these nests was big, nest materialswere unsuitable for egg laying. After 2–3 timesrepeat nesting, most nests were unsuitablefor laying eggs and brooding chicks in thesenests. 42 (52.5%) of repeated nesting pairswas on natural and 38 (47.5%) on artificial sub-strates. 52 (10.4%) breeding pairs from a to-tal of 498, was shifted to neighboring nestsdue to destroyed nests caused by wind, fail-ure of first attempt of nesting, disturbance ofEagle Owls and possibly ectoparasites in thenests. Distance between shifted nests was1.02±0.3 km in average, the furthest was 5km and the nearest was 10 sm.

Copulation

Each breeding pair has individual breed-ing behavior. While female was eating foodpassed by male, theirs copulation startedon the nest, poles, cliffs and ground. Dura-tion of copulation was 4.1±0.9 såc. (min. 1,max. 12, n=11). Pose of female in eatingfood was similar to pre-copulation pose offemale for males. Therefore, it might be oneof the simulative factors to males for suc-cessful copulating.

Number and Density of breeding pairs

According to our studies of 1998–2005,there was no significant decline of numbersof breeding pairs in Central Mongolian studyareas. Positive and medium correlation wasoccurred between number of breeding pairsand density of Brandt’s Vole, average airtemperature. Our data show that influencefrom wind speed and snow depth to numberof breeding pairs was not significant.Number of breeding pairs changed and fluc-tuated across years due to complex variousfactors including number of Brandt’s Vole,snow depth, air temperature in February-March, and human activities and distur-bance. High density of breeding pairs inaverage was recorded in BGC and EK study

Ãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû

Ðàçëè÷àþò åñòåñòâåííûå è èñêóññòâåííûåãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû (òàáë. 1). Ïî äàííûìíàáëþäåíèÿ çà 303 ïàðàìè áàëîáàíîâ â1998–2005 ãã., ïòèöû èñïîëüçîâàëè äëÿïîñòðîéêè ãí¸çä 21 òèï åñòåñòâåííûõ èèñêóññòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. Íà åñòåñòâåí-íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ ãíåçäèëèñü 131 èëè 43,2%ïàð (n=131). Íà èñêóññòâåííûõ – 172 ïàðû,÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 56,8% (ðèñ. 2).

Âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ íàõîäèòñÿâ ïðÿìîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ íàëè÷èÿ, à òàê-æå îò íàëè÷èÿ íà íèõ ïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ õèù-íûõ ïòèö – ïîñòàâùèêîâ ãí¸çä äëÿ áàëîáà-íîâ. Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà ñóáñòðàòîâ,âûáèðàåìûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 15,8±0,7 ì(0–120, n=303), ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàâûñîòå 10,2±0,4 ì (0–60, n=303). Âûñîòàðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà, ðàâíàÿ íóëþ, ïîä-ðàçóìåâàåò åãî óñòðîéñòâî íà çåìëå.

Âûáîð ãí¸çä è èõ îñîáåííîñòè

Áàëîáàíû íå ñòðîÿò ñîáñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä,à çàíèìàþò ãí¸çäà äðóãèõ ïòèö. Èíîãäà îíèîòêëàäûâàþò ÿéöà è âûðàùèâàþò ïòåíöîâíà ïåñ÷àíûõ è êàìåíèñòûõ ðîññûïÿõ, íàçåìëå èëè íà ñêîïëåíèè ïîãàäîê â âàííàõçàáðîøåííûõ êîëîäöåâ. Íà îñíîâàíèè èñ-ñëåäîâàíèé 466 ãí¸çä âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî âûáîðïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ ïòèö ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïî âè-äàì (ANOVA

0.05:F10,55

=2,0; p=0,0001). Âáîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ áàëîáàíû âûáèðàþòãí¸çäà ãîñïîäñòâóþùåãî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòèìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà – îíè ïîäõîäÿò ïîðàçìåðó äëÿ îòêëàäêè ÿèö è âûðàùèâàíèÿïòåíöîâ, à òàêæå èõ ëåã÷å îòáèòü ó õîçÿåâ.Äðóãèì íå ìåíåå âàæíûì “ïîñòàâùèêîì”ãí¸çä ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîðîí. Óáèâ âîðîíà, ïàðàáàëîáàíîâ çàíèìàåò ïîñòðîåííîå èì íî-âîå ãíåçäî. Êàê ïðàâèëî, áàëîáàíû óêëî-íÿþòñÿ îò áîðüáû çà ãíåçäî ñ êðóïíûìèïòèöàìè, òàêèìè êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, áåðêóòè ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus).

Ðèñ. 2. ×èñëî è ïðîöåí-òíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïàð,ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà åñòå-ñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåí-íûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ íà êîíò-ðîëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ

Fig. 2. Number and per-centage of breeding pairsnested on natural and ar-tificial or man made sub-strates in control territo-ries of study

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 922

areas (fig. 1), which consisted of only natu-ral substrates. No sharp difference of densi-ty of breeding pairs per 100 km2 across yearsand study areas was occurred.

We estimated density of breeding pairsin average using observed breeding pairs,non-breeding birds and successful fledgedchicks in study areas per 100 km2 each year(table 2).

Egg laying and incubation

Period of egg laying of Sakers in the coun-try varied across years depending on aver-age air temperature, food supply and snowcoverage. Interval of egg laying was 1–2days. In 2000, egg laying started early dueto thin snow cover and rising of air temper-ature. In 1998–2005, intensive mass egglaying was observed at the end of the March.Full or 4–5 clutches were recorded at theend of the April.

Color, size and influencing factorsto number of egg

Color. Eggshell is from red brown to yel-lowish brown with informal dark brown andpinkish brown spots and dots with 0.05–10mm diameter. Under the influence of sun-rays and wind, spots and dots of eggs be-coming dull (depigmentation) and color ofeggs changed from red brown to yellowishbrown and complete white.

Size. Egg length was 56.5±2.0 (M±SD)mm (min 50.86, max 66.2, n=220), width46.69±1.6 mm (min 32.5, max 47.24,n=90), and weight 50.64±5.9 gr. (min 36,max 65, n=90) in average. Egg size was big-ger than other subspecies of Sakers in Eu-ropean countries and similar to Chinesepopulation.

Number. Average clutch size was3.7±1.02 (min 1, max 6, N=330). Clutch sizesignificantly varied with years and controlterritories (ANOVA

0.05: F

7,322=2.03,

p=0.0001). Old breeding pairs naturally layeggs less than 2–5 years (Ilichiev et al.1982). For Mongolian Sakers, clutch size was4 (3–5) shows that age of breeding popula-tion of Mongolia is consisted of compara-tively younger females. G.P. Dementiev(1951), D.W. Snow et al. (1989) mentionedabout 6 eggs for Saker, but there was notany proffer documentation before our sur-veys (Potapov et al. 2002a). Laying of sixeggs depends on individual behavioral he-reditary of breeding female, air temperature,snow coverage, and sufficient of food sup-ply. No negative affects of height of nestsubstrates and height of nest location onsubstrates, type of nest substrates, nest di-

Ïîâòîðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèåè ñìåíà ãí¸çä

Áàëîáàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â îäíîì ãíåçäå â òå-÷åíèå 2–7 ëåò. Îíè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò ïîâòîð-íî ãíåçäèòüñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà(ANOVA

0.05: F

4,50=2,5, p=0,00001). Êðîìå

òîãî, ÷òî ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà áîëüøå ïîäõî-äÿò ïî ôîðìå è ðàçìåðàì, ýòîò âèä èìååòòîò æå ñîñòàâ ïèòàíèÿ. Ãí¸çäà ÷¸ðíîãî ãðè-ôà, ÷¸ðíîãî àèñòà (Ciconia nigra), áåðêóòàè ñòåïíîãî îðëà êðóïíåå, ïîýòîìó â íåíà-ñòíóþ ïîãîäó âåëèêà îïàñíîñòü ïåðåîõëàæ-äåíèÿ ÿèö. Ïîñëå 2–3-õ ëåòíåãî ïîâòîðíî-ãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûå ãí¸çäà ñòàíîâÿòñÿíåïðèãîäíûìè äëÿ îòêëàäêè è íàñèæèâàíèÿÿèö. Èç ïîâòîðíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà åñ-òåñòâåííûõ îáúåêòàõ îòìå÷åíî 42 (52,5%),íà èñêóññòâåííûõ 38 (47,5%) ïàð. Äëÿ íå-êîòîðûõ ïàð îòìå÷åíà ñìåíà ãí¸çä. Èç 498ïàð ñìåíèëè ãí¸çäà 52 ïàðû, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 10,4%. Ïðè ýòîì ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,02±0,3 êì,íàèáîëüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå – 5 êì, íàèìåíü-øåå – 10 ñì. Ãëàâíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè ñìåíûãí¸çä ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ ðàçðóøåíèå îò ñèëüíûõâåòðîâ, áåçóñïåøíîñòü ïåðâîãî ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ, ïðèñóòñòâèå â ïîñòðîéêå ýêòîïàðàçè-òîâ èëè ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíîâ íà äàííîéòåððèòîðèè.

Ñïàðèâàíèå

Êàæäàÿ ïàðà èìååò ñâîè èíäèâèäóàëüíûåîñîáåííîñòè áðà÷íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ. Íåêî-òîðûå ñàìöû ïðèíîñÿò ïèùó ñàìêàì è âìîìåíò êîðìåæêè èëè ïîñëå íå¸ âñòóïà-þò â ñïàðèâàíèå. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ñïà-ðèâàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,1±0,9 ñåê. (1–12,n=11). Ïîçû, êîòîðûå ñàìêè ïðèíèìàþò âîâðåìÿ êîðìåæêè è ïåðåä ñïàðèâàíèåì

Êîïóëèðóþùàÿ ïàðà áà-ëîáàíîâ. ÖåíòðàëüíàÿÌîíãîëèÿ. Ìàðò 2004 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Sakers copulating. CentralMongolia. March 2004.Photo by S. Gombobaatar

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 23

ameter, depth, wind speed, snow coverage,and air temperature to clutch size was re-corded in study areas. High and positivecorrelation was appeared between clutchsize and density of Brandt’s Vole.

Incubation and hatching

Females and males do not incubate firstand second eggs but shelter eggs from coldwind. Intensive incubation started from thirdeggs in the nest. According to our observa-tion of incubation of females and males,73.9% (51) out of 69 occasions was femaleand 26.1% male. After 26.5 – 33.5 days (28days in average) of first incubation, chicks pipinside of eggshell. This result was confirmedby L. Brown, D. Amadon (1968). Late hatch-ing of eggs was caused by nest location closeby busy car route, disturbance of lifestock,dropping of air temperature, lack of nestmaterials for stick nests on artificial sub-strates, and less sheltered nests from windand rain. After 31.5 – 38.5 days of first incu-bation or after 2 – 3 days of first piping, eggshatch asynchrony. Therefore, age differenceof chicks was 1 – 4 days for the same nest.

Number of chicks and influencingfactors to them

Eggs 3.79 and 3.31 (min 1, max 6, n=401)hatchlings, and 2.8±0,7 (min 1, max 6,n=401) fledglings in average from 401breeding records were for successful breed-ing pairs. There was no difference betweennumber of chicks across years and studyareas. 3.34 chicks hatched from 3.79 eggs,so hatching success was 88.1% in average.Breeding success was 73.8% based on cal-culation of 2.8 hatchlings from 3.79 eggs.Number of successful fledged chicks de-pends on nest selection of raptors (North-

îäèíàêîâû, ÷òî äåéñòâóåò êàê âîçáóæäàþ-ùèé ôàêòîð è âëèÿåò íà óñïåøíîå ñïàðè-âàíèå ñàìöà.

×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòüãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð

Ïî äàííûì 1998–2005 ãã., íåñìîòðÿ íàòåíäåíöèþ ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ îñòà-âàëàñü ñðàâíèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíîé. Ðåçóëüòà-òû èññëåäîâàíèé ïîêàçûâàþò íàñóùåñòâîâàíèå íåáîëüøèõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõêîððåëÿöèé ìåæäó ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ïàð, ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîë¸âêè è ñðåäíåéòåìïåðàòóðîé âîçäóõà. Cêîðîñòü âåòðà ïî-÷òè íå âëèÿåò íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïàð, îòìå÷åíà íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿñ âûñîòîé ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà. Òàêèì îáðà-çîì, èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïàð áàëîáàíîâ çàâèñèò îò öåëîãî ðÿäà ôàê-òîðîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ àíòðîïîãåííûé. Âûñîêàÿïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàëàñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ BGC èEK (ðèñ. 1), ñîñòîÿùèõ òîëüêî èç åñòåñòâåí-íûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. Ñðàâíèòåëü-íûé àíàëèç ïëîòíîñòè îñîáåé íà ïëîùà-äè â 100 êì2 íå âûÿâèë ðåçêèõ ðàçëè÷èéïî ó÷àñòêàì è ãîäàì (òàáë. 2).

Îòêëàäêà ÿèö è íàñèæèâàíèå

Ñðîêè îòêëàäûâàíèÿ ÿèö â óñëîâèÿõÌîíãîëèè çàâèñÿò îò ñðåäíåãîäîâîé òåì-ïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà è òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà, ïîýòîìó îíè íåìíîãî âàðüèðóþòïî ãîäàì. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ èí-òåðâàëîì â 1–2 äíÿ.  2000 ã. èç-çà ïîòåï-ëåíèÿ è íåáîëüøîãî ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâàêëàäêà íà÷àëàñü ðàíüøå.  1998–2005 ãã.íàáëþäàëîñü ìàññîâîå ïîÿâëåíèå êëàäîêíà 3–4 íåäåëå ìàðòà. Êëàäêè ñ 4 è 5 ÿéöà-ìè îáû÷íî íàáëþäàþòñÿ â 3–4-þ íåäåëèàïðåëÿ, íî èíîãäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïî-

Òàáë. 2. Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü îñîáåé íà 100 êì2 âñåõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê

Table 2. Average density of the Saker Falcon in study areas by 100 km2

* ðàññ÷èòàíî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè îäèíî÷íûõ âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé ñ ïëîùàäîê* number calculated on adult birds from study areas

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 924

ern Raven, Upland Buzzard, Black Vulture,Black Kite, Steppe and Golden Eagles). Mostchicks of Sakers in control territories suc-cessfully fledged in nests of Upland Buz-zards. Negative and positive, low correla-tion was appeared between number offledglings and height of nest substrates(r=–0.01), nest diameter (r=0.1), nest depth(r=0.08), height of nest location on sub-strates (r=–0.1), and number of perches sur-rounded nest sites. The main limiting fac-tors to number of fledgling were density ofBrandt’s Vole and weather conditions (airtemperature, wind speed, snow coverage)(correlation between number of fledglingsand the factors: r=0.5 – 0.7).

Age group of chicks and colorvariation

Due to limited data of chicks, we couldnot describe all features and plumageswhich identify age and sex of chicks. Butwe have written group of ages in generalas follows:

Nestlings with first down (15 –17 daysold).

Nestlings with first vascular of primaries(wing length 187 mm for male, 204.5 ììfor females, ~17 – 30 days old).

Nestlings with second vasculars of prima-ries (wing length more than 187 mm formale, more than 204.5 mm for females,more than 30 days old).

Fledglings (Dispersed but depends onparent birds).

Young birds (left breeding sites and inde-pendent from parents, more than 75 days).

Upper part of fledglings is a dark or choc-olate brown with yellowish brown or buff-ish edges. There are distinct 3 color morphs(brown (normal), dark brown, reddishbrown) and also transit colors in plumage.

Portion 1% from recorded 498 breedingpairs was symmetrically developed the nar-row and whitish gray stripe of feathers alongthird and fourth toes. This might be appear-ance of atavism. According to biogeneticprinciples, this is facts of that ancestor ofSakers was feathered tarsus and lived in coldhabitats and zones. 0.6% (3 nearly fledgedchicks) from total recorded pairs was asym-metrically grown 13 tail feathers.

Literature

Bold A. & Boldbaatar S. Range and seasonaldistribution, peak and decline of the Saker Falconin Mongolia. – Proc. of the II International Con-ference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bus-tard. Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001. P. 155–159.

ãîäíûõ óñëîâèé, ìîãóò áûòü ñäâèíóòû ê ïåð-âîé íåäåëå àïðåëÿ.

×èñëî, ðàçìåðû, îêðàñêà ÿèö èôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà íèõ

Îêðàñêà. ßéöà áëåäíî-áóðîâàòûå, îõðè-ñòûå, ñ ðûæåâàòî-áóðûìè, áóðûìè ïÿòíà-ìè íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìû ðàçìåðîì â0,05–10 ìì. Îêðàñêà ñêîðëóïû çàâèñèò îòîêðàñêè ôîíà è ïÿòåí. Ïîñêîëüêó öâåò ïÿ-òåí ðåçêî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ôîíîâîé îêðàñêèÿéöà, îíè îïðåäåëÿþò îáùóþ îêðàñêó ÿèö.Ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè ñîëíöà è âåòðà ïðîèñõî-äèò äåïèãìåíòàöèÿ ñêîðëóïû, âñëåäñòâèå÷åãî ïÿòíà èñ÷åçàþò, è ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîíî-âàÿ îõðèñòàÿ, áëåäíî-áóðîâàòàÿ îêðàñêà.

Ðàçìåðû. Äëèíà ÿéöà ñîñòàâëÿåò56,5±2,0 (M±SD) ìì (50,86–66,2, n=220),øèðèíà 46,69±1,6 ìì (32,5–47,24, n=90),âåñ 50,64±5,9 ã. (36–65, n=90). ßéöà áà-ëîáàíîâ, æèâóùèõ â Ìîíãîëèè, íå îòëè÷à-þòñÿ îò ÿèö áàëîáàíîâ, æèâóùèõ â Êèòàå,è êðóïíåå, ÷åì ó ïòèö èç äðóãèõ ìåñò.

Êîëè÷åñòâî.  ñðåäíåì êëàäêà ñîñòîèòèç 3,7±1,02 ÿèö (1–6, n=330). ×èñëî ÿèö âêëàäêå ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ ïî ãîäàì è ó÷¸òíûìïëîùàäêàì (ANOVA

0.05: F

7,322=2,03,

p=0,0001). Ñòàðûå ïàðû îòêëàäûâàþòîáû÷íî ìåíüøå ÿèö (Èëüè÷åâ è äð., 1982).Äëÿ ìîíãîëüñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ îáû÷íûì ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ 4 ÿéöà â êëàäêå (3–5) è, ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ñàìêè â ïîïóëÿöèè ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿïàð â îñíîâíîì ìîëîäûå. Õîòÿ â ðàáîòàõÃ.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) è D.W. Snow et al.(1989) óïîìèíàåòñÿ î òîì, ÷òî êëàäêà áà-ëîáàíîâ ñîäåðæèò 6 ÿèö, äîêàçàòåëüñòâà

Êëàäêà áàëîáàíà èç 6 ÿèö(ââåðõó) è âûâîäîê èç 6ïòåíöîâ (âíèçó). 2002 ã.Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Clutch of the Saker Falconfrom 6 eggs (upper) andbrood from 6 nestlings(bottom). 2002. Photosby S. Gombobaatar

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 25

Brown L., Amadon D. Eagles Hawks and Fal-cons of the World. V.2. Great Britain. 1968. 842 p.

Dementiev G.P. Birds of prey. – Birds of SovietUnion. T. 1. Moskow. 1951. P.70–341. (In Russian)

Ellis D.H., Ellis M.H., Tsengeg Pu. Productivityof Saker Falcons Falco cherrug in Mongolia. – Pro-ceedings Specialist Workshop, Middle East Fal-con Research Group, Abu Dhabi, UAE. 1995. P.117–330.

Ellis D.H., Ellis M.H., Tsengeg Pu. RemarkableSaker Falcons Falco cherrug breeding records forMongolia – Journal Raptor Research. 1997. 31. P.234–240 .

Fox N., Eastam Ch., Macdonald H. ERWDAHandbook of Falcon Protocols. National Avian Re-search Center. ERWDA, Abu Dhabi, UAE. 1997.76 p.

Fox C.N. Future trends, captive breeding, tradecontrols or market forces. – Proceedings of the IIInternational Conference on the Saker Falcon andHoubara Bustard. Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001.P. 212–214.

Fox N.C. Work on the Conservation of Asianfalcons by ERWDA. – The conservation of theSaker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and the role of CITESin UAE 2002. 2002. P. 4–8.

Gombobaatar S., Sumya D., Shagdarsuren O.,Uuganbayar Ch., Erdembileg D., Potapov E., Fox N.On diet studies of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) inMongolia. Scientific Journal of the National Uni-versity of Mongolia. 1999a. 9 (146). P. 156–173.(In Mongolian).

Gombobaatar S., Sumiya S., Shagdarsuren O.,Potapov E.R., Fox N.C. On Saker Falcon diet stud-ies in Mongolia. – Proceedings of 3rd Interna-tional Conference of Raptor research Foundation.Milkulov, Czech Republic 21–26 September1999. Buteo 1999. 1999b. 51.

Gombobaatar S., Potapov E., Fox N, Sumiya D.,Stubbe M. On the diet studies of breeding SakerFalcons in Mongolia. – Proceeding of the Confer-ence for 150 years anniversary of the GermanOrnithological Society. Leipzig. 2000. 82.

Gombobaatar S., Sumya D., Shagdarsuren O.,Potapov E., Fox N. Diet studies of Saker falcon(Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. – Proceedings of theII international Conference on the Saker Falconand Houbara Bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar.2000. 2001a. P. 116–127.

Gombobaatar S., Uuganbayar Ch., Sumiya D.,Shagdarsuren O., Potapov E., Fox N. On diet stud-ies of breeding and wintering Saker Falcon inMongolia. – Scientific Journal of the NationalUniversity of Mongolia. 2001b. 12 (172). P. 89–95 (In Mongolian)

Gombobaatar S., Uuganbayar Ch., Potapov E.Comparative diet studies of breeding Saker Fal-con (Falco cherrug) in different sites of CentralMongolia. – Proceedings of Biodiversity of Mon-golia. 23–25 September 2002. Ulaanbaatar. Mon-golia. 2002. P. 41–42.

Gombobaatar S. Biology, Ecology and Con-servation of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug milvipeJerdon) in Central Mongolia. PhD thesis. 2006.213 p. (In Mongolian)

ýòîìó áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ëèøü íàìè. Îòêëà-äûâàíèå 6 ÿèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñëåäñòâåííûìïðèçíàêîì âçðîñëûõ ñàìîê è çàâèñèò îòñóììàðíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñðåäíåãîäîâîéòåìïåðàòóðû âîçäóõà, òîëùèíû ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà è îáèëèÿ ïèùè. Ïîêàçàòåëè âû-ñîòû ìåñòíîñòè, ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäà,îáúåêòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, íàðóæíîãî è âíóò-ðåííåãî äèàìåòðà, ãëóáèíû ãíåçäà, ñêîðî-ñòè âåòðà íå îêàçûâàþò çàìåòíîãî îòðèöà-òåëüíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ÷èñëî ÿèö âêëàäêå. Íî, ìåæäó òåì, áûëà âûÿâëåíà ïî-ëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ÷èñëîìÿèö â êëàäêå è ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîë¸âêè, ÷òîëèøíèé ðàç äîêàçûâàåò ñâÿçü ìåæäó ÷èñ-ëîì ÿèö è îáèëèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû.

Íàñèæèâàíèå è âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ

 äíåâíûå ÷àñû êëàäêó èç 1–2 ÿèö ïòèöûàêòèâíî íå íàñèæèâàþò, à ëèøü ïðèêðû-âàþò èõ, çàùèùàÿ îò ïåðåîõëàæäåíèÿ. Íà-÷èíàÿ ñ 3-ãî ÿéöà íà÷èíàåòñÿ àêòèâíîåíàñèæèâàíèå. Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, èç69 ñëó÷àåâ â 73,9% (51) êëàäêó íàñèæèâà-ëà ñàìêà, à â 26,1% ñàìöû. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,ñàìêè èãðàþò ãëàâíóþ ðîëü â ýòîì ïðîöåñ-ñå. ×åðåç 26,5–33,5 äíÿ, â ñðåäíåì 28äíåé ïîñëå íàñèæèâàíèÿ â ÿéöàõ ñëûøíûçâóêè, èçäàâàåìûå ïòåíöàìè. Ýòè ñðîêè ñî-âïàäàþò ñ äàííûìè L. Brown, D. Amadon(1968). Ñðîêè âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ íåîäè-íàêîâû. Áëèçêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå äîðîã, âû-ïàñîâ ñêîòà, ïîíèæåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû âîç-äóõà, íåäîñòàòî÷íàÿ ïîäñòèëêà íà áåòîííûõ,æåëåçíûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ ãí¸çä, ïëîõàÿ çàùè-ù¸ííîñòü îò âåòðà ïðèâîäÿò ê ïåðåîõëàæ-äåíèþ ÿèö, ñëåäñòâèåì ÷åãî è ÿâëÿþòñÿïîçäíèå ñðîêè âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ. ×åðåç31,5–38,5 äíÿ ïîñëå íàñèæèâàíèÿ èëè ÷å-ðåç 2–3 äíÿ ïîñëå ïåðâûõ çâóêîâ â ÿéöàõèç ñêîðëóïû ïîî÷åðåäíî âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ïòåí-öû. Ïîýòîìó ïòåíöû èç îäíîé êëàäêè ðàç-ëè÷àþòñÿ â âîçðàñòå â 1–4 äíÿ.

×èñëî ïòåíöîâ è ôàêòîðû,âëèÿþùèå íà íèõ

Êëàäêè 401 ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ ñîäåðæàëèâ ñðåäíåì 3,79 ÿèö, âûâîäêè – 3,31 ïòåí-öîâ (1–6, n=401), ëåòíûå âûâîäêè – 2,8±0,7ñë¸òêîâ (1–6, n=401) íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî.Åñëè ñðàâíèòü ÷èñëî ñë¸òêîâ íà âñåé ãíåç-äîâîé òåððèòîðèè ïî ãîäàì è ó÷¸òíûì ïëî-ùàäêàì, òî âèäèìûõ ðàçëè÷èé íå âûÿâëå-íî. Èç 3,79 ÿèö âûëóïèëîñü 3,34 ïòåíöà,ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óñïåøíîñòü êëàäêè ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 88,1%. Èç 3,34 âûâîäêîâ2,8 âñòàëè íà êðûëî, ò.å. âûëåòåëî 83,8%ñë¸òêîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Íà 3,79 ÿèöáàëîáàíà ïðèõîäèòñÿ 2,8 ñë¸òêà, à îáùèéóñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 73,8%.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 926

×èñëî óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ ïòåíöîâñèëüíî çàâèñèò îò âèäà ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðî-åê, òî åñòü ãí¸çäà êàêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö áûëèçàíÿòû áàëîáàíàìè. Áîëüøå âñåõ ïòåíöîâîòìå÷åíî â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà. Âûÿâëåíà ñëàáàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿêîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ÷èñëîì ïòåíöîâ è âû-ñîòîé ìåñòíîñòè (r=–0,01), íåçíà÷èòåëü-íàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ – ìåæäó÷èñëîì ïòåíöîâ, äèàìåòðîì (r=0,1) è ãëó-áèíîé (r=0,08) ãíåçäà, âûñîòîé ðàñïîëî-æåíèÿ ãíåçäà (r=–0,1) è ÷èñëîì ïðèñàä(r=0,3) – ÷òî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî âëèÿíèåýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé íà ÷èñëî ïòåíöîâ íå ñó-ùåñòâåííî. Ãëàâíûìè ëèìèòèðóþùèìèôàêòîðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîë¸â-êè è ïîãîäíûå óñëîâèÿ (òåìïåðàòóðà âîç-äóõà, ñêîðîñòü âåòðà, òîëùèíà ñíåæíîãîïîêðîâà) (r=0,5–0,7).

Âîçðàñòíûå ãðóïïû ïòåíöîâ,âíåøíèå ïðèçíàêè è èõèçìåí÷èâîñòü

Ñîáðàííûé íàìè ìàòåðèàë íåäîñòàòî÷åíäëÿ ïîëíîãî îïèñàíèÿ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïïòåíöîâ, ïîýòîìó çäåñü ìû îãðàíè÷èìñÿëèøü îáùèìè ñîîáðàæåíèÿìè:

– Âçðîñëûå ïóõîâèêè (15–17 äíåâíûå).– Ñ ïåðâè÷íûìè ñîñóäèñòûìè ìàõîâûìè

(ó ñàìöà äëèíà êðûëà–187 ìì, ó ñàìêè–204.5 ìì, ~17–30 äíåâíûå).

– Ðàçâèòû âòîðè÷íîñîñóäèñòûå ìàõîâûåïåðüÿ (ó ñàìöà äëèíà êðûëà–187 ìì, ó ñàì-êè-áîëåå 204.5 ìì, áîëüøå 30 äíåé).

– Ñë¸òêè èëè ïòåíöû ñ ïîëíûì îïåðåíè-åì (ïîêèäàþò ãíåçäà, çàâèñÿò îò ðîäèòåëåé).

– Ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà (íå çàâèñèò îò ðîäèòå-ëåé è æèâ¸ò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, 75 äíåé èáîëüøå).

Îêðàñêà. Ôîíîâàÿ îêðàñêà ïåðüåâ ñïè-íû â îñíîâíîì áóðàÿ, íî â çàâèñèìîñòè îòïèãìåíòàöèè ìîæåò èìåòü 3 öâåòîâûå âà-ðèàöèè: áóðóþ, ò¸ìíî-áóðóþ, áëåäíî-áó-ðóþ. Ñóùåñòâóþò òàêæå ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðå-õîäíûå ôîðìû ðàñöâåòêè.

Ñëó÷àéíûå ïðèçíàêè. Ó 1% ñàìîê(n=498) íà 3, 4 ïàëüöàõ è âíóòðåííåé ñòî-ðîíå 1 ïàëüöà, îáðàçóÿ óçêèå ïîëîñû, âû-ðîñëè ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûå ïó÷-êè áëåäíî-ñåðûõ ïåðüåâ. Òàêîå îïåðåíèåïàëüöåâ è öåâêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîÿâëåíèåì "àòà-âèçìà". Ïî áèîãåíåòè÷åñêîìó çàêîíó ýòîñëóæèò äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì òîìó, ÷òî ïðåäêà-ìè áàëîáàíîâ áûëè ïòèöû õîëîäíûõ ïîÿñîâñ îïåðåííîé öåâêîé.  íîðìå ó áàëîáàíà12 ñèììåòðè÷íî ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ðóëåâûõïåðüåâ. Ó 0,6% ïòèö íàáëþäàåòñÿ óâåëè-÷åíèå ÷èñëà ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè,ó 3-õ ñàìîê îòìå÷åíî 13 ðóëåâûõ ïåðüåâ.

Ilichiev V.D., Êartashev V.D., Shilov I.A. GeneralOrnithology. Moskow. 1982. 464 p. (In Russian).

Krebs Ch.J. Ecological methodology. USA.1989. P. 293–371.

Potapov E.R., Fox N., Sumiya D., ShagdarsurenO., Gombobaatar S. Nest site selection for Mon-golian Saker. – Proceedings of the II internationalConference on the Saker Falcon and Houbarabustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2000. P. 132–137

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., Fox N.Nest site selection in Mongolian sakers. – Falco.2002a. 19. P. 9–10.

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S.,Shagdarsuren O., Tuya S., Ochirkhuyag L., Fox N.First documented clutch and brood of six in SakerFalcons. The newsletter of the Middle East FalconResearch Group. – Falco. 2002b. 20. P. 14–16.

Potapov E. Report of migration studies of Sak-er Falcon in Mongolia. – Report for the NARC,UK, and ERWDA, UAE. 2003.

Shagdarsuren O. Raptors of Mongolia. Ulaan-baatar. 1983. (In Mongolian)

Shagdarsuren O., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S.,Potapov E., Fox N. The Saker in Mongolia: num-bers and distribution. – Proceedings of the II in-ternational Con. on the Saker Falcon and Hou-bara bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2001. P.25–33.

Snow D.W., Perrins C.M. The Birds of the West-ern Palearctic. V. I. Non–Passerines. Oxford Uni-versity Press. 1998. P. 346–348.

Ðàçëè÷íûå àòàâèçìû ó áàëîáàíîâ: 13 ðóëåâûõ (ââåð-õó) è ÷àñòè÷íîå îïåðåíèå ïàëüöåâ (âíèçó). Âîñòî÷íàÿÌîíãîëèÿ. 2004 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð

Different atavisms beside from Saker Falcon: 13 tailfeathers (upper) and feathered fingers (bottom). East-ern Mongolia. 2004. Photos by S. Gombobaatar

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 27

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) îäèí èçñàìûõ ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèöíàøåé ñòðàíû.  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ê íåìóïðîÿâëÿþò èíòåðåñ ìíîãèå îðíèòîëîãè âñâÿçè ñ ðîñòîì åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè íà áîëü-øåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà, îñîáåííî íà âîñòîêå Åâ-ðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêîé ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòüèíôîðìàöèþ, íàêîïëåííóþ ïî ýòîìó âèäóîðíèòîëîãàìè, ðàáîòàþùèìè â Ïîâîëæüå,íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè, à òàêæå ïðåäñòàâèòüðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðî-ñòðàíåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèî-ëîãèè îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè, ðåàëèçîâàí-íîãî â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé â 2000–2006 ãã.

Ìåòîäèêà

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà èçó÷à-ëîñü â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèù-íûõ ïòèö. Ñ 1996 ïî 2006 ãã. àâòîìàðø-ðóòàìè áûëà îõâà÷åíà ïî÷òè âñÿ îáëàñòüâîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ êàðëèêà îò Ïðåä-âîëæüÿ äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ.  õîäå ðàáîòû ðå-ãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è îðëîâ è, ïîâîçìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñü èõ ãí¸çäà. Âñåâñòðå÷è ïòèö è íàõîäêè ãí¸çä êàðòèðîâà-ëèñü è âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ â ArcView 3xESRI. Äàííûå, ñîáðàííûå ïîñëå 1998 ã.,ïðèâÿçûâàëèñü ê ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ñïîìîùüþ ïåðñîíàëüíûõ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íà-âèãàòîðîâ Garmin.

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

The�Booted�Eagle�in�the�Volga�Region,�Ural�and�Siberia,�Russia

ОРЁЛ-КАРЛИК�В�ПОВОЛЖЬЕ,�НА�УРАЛЕ�И�В�СИБИРИ,�РОССИЯ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Каряин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

Methods

Distribution of the Booted Eagle was in-vestigated during field trips in 1996 – 2006.During the clustering of satellite imageResurs-Î/MSU-E, Landsat–7/ÅÒÌ+ andTERRA/ASTER (1998–2004) in ERDAS Im-agine 8.7 the inhabitant places for the Boot-ed Eagle were verified. To estimate anumber of the Booted Eagle in GIS (ArcView3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) the map of inhabitantplaces that encompass a total area of 42283km2 was created. Also we set 65 study plots.The area of inhabitant places per each studyplot was 20 km2, the total area of inhabitantplaces in the all of plots was 1300 km2. Ex-trapolation of data was carried out for eve-ry local population: density of breeding pairsin inhabitant places of a study plot was ex-trapolated for the total area of inhabitantplaces within a local population range.

For researching breeding biology we sur-veyed 3 breeding pairs with using videocameras in 2004.

For evaluation of breeding success wetwice visited 6–9 nests a breeding season.The breeding success was estimated as aportion of fledglings per the total numberof laid eggs.

A diet was analyzed with using videocameras and collecting remains of preys inand under a nest. A total of 120 preys weresurveyed in nests as well as 113 remainswere collected, 5 pellets were analyzed and46 facts of bringing preys in nests by adultswere registered with using video camera.

Statistical analysis was realized with us-ing following software: MS Excel 2003, Spa-tial Statistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0.

Distribution

Only two notes of the Booted Eagle thatconsidered as a vagrant was known in theMiddle Volga at the end of XIX century. TheBooted Eagles was found breeding in for-ests along the Volga and Ural rivers to 1960s(Voinstvenskiy, 1960), and the fact of hisbreeding was fixed in the N. Novgorod dis-trict in 1965 (Zimin, Molodovskiy, 1968).More notes of the Booted Eagle breeding

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetuspennatus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

The Booted Eagle (Hieraa-etus pennatus). Photo byI. Karyakin

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 928

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â õîäåâèçóàëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìåñòíîñòüþ ñïîìîùüþ áèíîêëåé è çðèòåëüíûõ òðóá óâå-ëè÷åíèåì 12–60 êðàò ñ òî÷åê, ðàñïîëîæåí-íûõ íà âîçâûøåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôàëèáî ñðåäè îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â 200–1500 ì îò îïóøåê ëåñîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäóòî÷êàìè âàðüèðîâàëî îò 1 äî 6 êì, â çàâèñè-ìîñòè îò òèïà ìåñòíîñòè, è áûëî ìèíèìàëü-íûì â ìåñòàõ ñ íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðå-ëüåôîì è áîëüøåé ïëîùàäüþ ëåñîïîêðûòûõó÷àñòêîâ. Ìåæäó òî÷êàìè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÂÀÇ21213 «Íèâà» è ÓÀÇ 31519.

Ê ìîìåíòó ðåàëèçàöèè ñïåöèàëüíîãîïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðëà-êàðëèêà, ñòàð-òîâàâøåãî â 2000 ã., óæå áûë íàêîïëåí îï-ðåäåë¸ííûé ñâîä äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó âèäó, òåìíå ìåíåå, ïîëíîöåííûå ó÷¸òû, êîòîðûå ëåã-ëè â îñíîâó îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, áûëèïðîâåäåíû èìåííî â 2000–2006 ã.

Äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà âñðåäå ÃÈÑ áûëà ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòîãðàôè-÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà.  ðåçóëüòàòå âåêòîðèçàöèèðàñòðîâûõ òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì1:200000, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ïðèâÿçàííûõ êñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò WGS84 â ïðîåêöèè Àëü-áåðñà äëÿ Åâðîïû è Ñèáèðè, ïîäãîòîâëåíûñëîè ëåñîâ, ãèäðîñåòè è ðåëüåôà.  õîäåàíàëèçà êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat 7 ETM+ ñèñïîëüçîâàíèåì ERDAS Imagine 8.7 îáúåê-òû âåêòîðíîé êàðòû ëåñîâ áûëè äèôôåðåí-öèðîâàíû ïî òèïàì è ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ X-tools äëÿ ArcView 3x ðàçðåçàíû áóôåðàìèíàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ (R=1 êì), ïîëèãîíàìèâûñîêîãîðèé è êëàñòåðàìè ñïëîøíûõ ëåñîâ(S>100 êì2), óäàë¸ííûõ îò îïóøå÷íîé çîíûäàëåå 1 êì.  ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà òîïîãðà-ôè÷åñêèõ ñëî¸â ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòà ïîòåí-öèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà (ëåñîâ,ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ). Âûäåëåíî17046 ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðîâ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ461051 êì2 è ïåðèìåòðîì 415954 êì.

Íà îñíîâå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâ-ëåíû ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïè-ðîâêè îðëà-êàðëèêà. Äëÿ íèõ îïðåäåëåíûîñíîâíûå ïàðàìåòðû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (òèï ëåñà, àáñîëþòíàÿ èîòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âûñîòà). Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõïàðàìåòðîâ íà áàçå êàðòû ïîòåíöèàëüíûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé â ArcView 3x ìåòîäîì ïðî-ñòðàíñòâåííîãî àíàëèçà (Spatial analysis)ïîäãîòîâëåíà âåêòîðíàÿ êàðòà òèïè÷íûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé, íà êîòîðûå è ýêñòðàïîëè-ðîâàëèñü ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åí-íûå â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü òèïè÷-íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûå ìû áóäåìóñëîâíî ñ÷èòàòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè áèîòî-ïàìè, ñîñòàâèëà 42283 êì2.

in the Middle Volga region have appearedsince 1980s (Borodin et al., 2003). BootedEagles were registered regularly in two partsof the Sura river valley in 2004–2005. Andno less than 5 breeding territories wereknown in Mordovia till 2005 (Lapshin et al.,2005). Two breeding territories were foundin the Alatyr river valley in the N.Novgoroddistrict in August 2003. Booted Eagles havebeen regularly observed breeding at Samar-skaya Luka (Samara district) since 1990s.Two breeding territories were found in pineforests on terraces of the Volga river in 1997,and 3 breeding territories were noted in for-ests in ravines and flood-lands in the southof the Samara district in 1999. T.O. Bara-bashin (2006) also observed Booted Eaglesin the Samara district behind the Volga riv-er. The species have been registered in theUral Mountains foothills since 1990s (Kar-yakin, 1998). A brood of 2 fledglings wasobserved in the Dema river flood-lands. TheBooted Eagle was found breeding in theBugulminsko-Belebeevskaya upland in 2006(Karyakin, 2006). Also in July 2002, 2 breed-ing territories with nests were found in theright side of the Kama river (Nikolenko, Bek-mansurov, 2006). Thus being a vagrant orrare breeding species at the beginning of XXcentury the Booted Eagle has become a com-mon raptor inhabiting forest-steppe land-scapes. The Booted Eagle has already inhab-ited almost the whole territory of the Volgaregion and the Ural Mountains foothills andthe right side of the Kama river in Tataria,and it was happen during last decade.

The Booted Eagle was not registered inSouthern Ural before 1990s (Karyakin,1989). Only adults were registered since1996 to 2002, but a brood of 2 fledglingswas observed on the Ik river in Bashkiria inAugust 2002. L.V. Korshikov (2001) sur-veyed single birds in the southern edge ofSouthern Ural.

For the recent time the territory of West-ern Siberia including Northern Kazakhstanwas considered to be out of the Booted Ea-gle’s breeding range (Deventyev, 1951).However single birds were observed in thesouth of the Chelyabinsk district in 2002 (Gashek, 2002) and in 2003. The species wasbelieved to be a vagrant in the Kurgan dis-trict (Ryabitsev et al., 2001), but A.V.Moshkin (2006) found a nest and a brood of2 chicks in a terrace pine forest of the Tobolriver. The species was not registered in theNovosibirsk district for the recent time too.The first fact of breeding in the district wasnoted in the Berd river valley in the Salair

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 29

Äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà ñïîìîùüþ ìîäóëåé Spatial Analyst 1.1 èAnimal Movement Analysis 2.0 äëÿ ArcView3x íà áàçå âåêòîðíîé êàðòû ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ çàäàííûõ ïîëè-ãîíîâ ìåòîäîì ñëó÷àéíîãî âûáîðà (Randomselection) âûäåëåíû 65 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê.Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïðå-äåëàõ êàæäîé ïëîùàäêè ñîñòàâèëà 20 êì2,à îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòî-ïîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ – 1300 êì2.

Ïëîùàäêè ïîñåùàëèñü â õîäå ñïåöèàëü-íîãî ïðîåêòà. Àëãîðèòì îáñëåäîâàíèÿó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê áûë òàêèì æå, êàê ïðèðàáîòå ïî âûÿâëåíèþ âèäà âíå ó÷¸òíûõïëîùàäåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî íàó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ìåòîäè÷íî îñìàòðèâàë-ñÿ âåñü äîñòóïíûé äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ ñåêòîððàäèóñîì 1,5–3 êì ñ äîâîëüíî øèðîêîéçîíîé ïåðåêðûòèÿ. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òî÷êàõâåëèñü íå ìåíåå ÷àñà.

Âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òî÷êàõêîìáèíèðîâàëè ñ îñìîòðîì ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿãí¸çä äàæå â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ïòèö íå óäà-âàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü.  ðÿäå ñèëüíî ìîçà-è÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ ïðàêòè-êîâàëîñü ïîëíîå ïðî÷åñûâàíèå ëåñíûõó÷àñòêîâ, îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâïîèñê ãí¸çä áûë îðèåíòèðîâàí íà òèïè÷-íûå äëÿ êàðëèêà ïîñòðîéêè â ïðèîïóøå÷-íîé çîíå.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðè îáíàðóæå-íèè ïåðâîãî ãíåçäà, ÷òîáû ñîêðàòèòü âðåìÿíà ïîèñê ñëåäóþùèõ, â ïðåäïîëàãàåìîéìèíèìàëüíîé áóôåðíîé çîíå óæå íàéäåí-íîãî ãíåçäà (ðàäèóñîì 1,5 êì) ïîèñê äðó-ãèõ ãí¸çä íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ. Ãðóïïà ïåðå-äâèãàëàñü çà ïðåäåëû áóôåðà èïðîäîëæàëà íàáëþäåíèå ñ íîâîé òî÷êè èïîèñê ãí¸çä â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ íà ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ó÷àñòêàõäðóãèõ ïàð.

Åñëè òåððèòîðèÿ, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîéáûëà âûäåëåíà ïëîùàäêà, ïîñåùàëàñü ðà-íåå, òî å¸ îáñëåäîâàíèå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü òàêæå, êàê îáñëåäîâàíèå íîâûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäåé, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ ãí¸çäêàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ïðåæíèå ãîäû.

Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíàðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàê ñðåäíåâçâåøåííàÿ,âû÷èñëÿëàñü ñòàíäàðòíàÿ îøèáêà ñðåäíåé(M±SE) è íåñèììåòðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûéèíòåðâàë (Ðàâêèí, ×åëèíöåâ, 1990).

Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ âåëàñüäëÿ êàæäîé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè â îòäåëüíîñòè, ïóò¸ì ïåðå-ñ÷¸òà äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà

Mountains foothills in 2002 (Karyakin et al.,2005). I.F. Zhimulev (2005) recorded a broodof Booted Eagles in the Botanical garden inNovosibirsk on 21 August 2005. Severalrecords were fixed in the left side of the Obriver in the Altai Kray (Karyakin et al., 2005).Now the Booted Eagle seems to be settlinginto the east of Western Siberia.

The first who recorded the species breed-ing in the Republic of Altai was P.P. Sushkin(1938). He found Booted Eagles breeding inthe Ulaganskoe Plateau. We observed adultbirds with breeding behavior four times in June2000, also noted a single adult in the Ursulriver valley on 24 June 2003, a pair of adults– in the Yabogan river flood-lands in the Kandepression, and found two living nests inthe Chuya and Bugusun river valleys.

Seven nests of Booted Eagles were foundin flood-forests of several rivers in Tuva: Kar-gy, Tes-Hem, Ersin, Shuurmak and Ulug-Hem (Baranov, 1991). The Booted Eagle wasfound breeding in the all valleys of large riv-ers in steppe depressions in 1999–2006 aswell as we found 74 breeding territories andnests of 44 pairs in the Balgasyn pine forest.The first registration of the species in theKemerovo district was in the upper reachesof the Srednya Ters river in the “KuznetskiyAlatau” State Nature Reserve (Vasilchenko,1999). A total of 5 nest were found in theShectakovskie bogs during 14 years of sur-veys (Vasilchenko, 2004). It was not knownthe Booted Eagle breeding in Khakasia in1970-1980s (Prokofyev, 1987; 1993), how-ever we found the species breeding on thealmost territory of Minusinsk depression in2000. We registered 24 breeding territories(in 11 of them we found nests) on the terri-tory of the republic in 2000–2003. The firstinformation about records of the species inthe Krasnoyarsk Kray was appeared in1970s. Single birds were observed in theGagula depression at the end of August1971, in the Us depression – on May 1982(Syroechkovskiy, Bezborodov, 1987). Wesurveyed 2 breeding areas in the Us depres-sion in 2001 and else 2, where we found anest in one of them (Karyakin et al., 2005).We found several breeding territories in theright side of the Enisey river: in the Shush-enskiy (1), Znamenskiy (1) and Minusinsk(2) pine forests and in the Tuba river valley(2 pairs). Also we project the Booted Eaglebreeding in the Kan forest-steppe, wherewe surveyed males hunting in the upperreaches of the Bolshaya Avda river on 23June 2005 and in the Kan river valley nearKansk on 22 July 2005.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 930

îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîââ ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè îáèòàíèÿ ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè.

 Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ãäå ó÷¸òàìèáûëà îõâà÷åíà íàèáîëüøàÿ ïëîùàäü ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà, âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûéìåòîä ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðîäóá-ëèðîâàí ðàñ÷¸òîì ëèíåéíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåéîáèëèÿ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà îáùóþ ïðî-òÿæ¸ííîñòü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, èìåþùèõ ÷¸ò-êèå ëèíåéíûå ïîêàçàòåëè (ðóñëà ðåê, îïóø-êè ñòåïíûõ áîðîâ).

Ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ èçó÷àëàñü ìåòîäàìèâèäåîíàáëþäåíèÿ çà òðåìÿ ïàðàìè â ñå-çîí 2004 ã. Íà ðàçíûõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâèòèÿïòåíöîâ (7–10 äíåé, 15–20 äíåé, 30–35äíåé) íà äåðåâüÿõ, ñîñåäíèõ ñ ãíåçäîâûìäåðåâîì, óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü äèñòàíöèîííûåêàìåðû, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ ñíèìàëàñüæèçíü âûâîäêà â òå÷åíèå 4–7 äíåé â ñâåò-ëîå âðåìÿ ñóòîê.

Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿåæåãîäíî îò 6 äî 9 ãí¸çä ïîñåùàëèñü 2 ðàçàçà ñåçîí. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îöå-íèâàëè êàê äîëþ âûëåòåâøèõ ñë¸òêîâ îòîáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îòëîæåííûõ ÿèö.

Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü â îñíîâíîì â ðåçóëü-òàòå àíàëèçà âèäåîìàòåðèàëà è îñòàíêîâæåðòâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ãíåçäå è ïîä íèì. îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè îñìîòðåíî 120 òóøåêæåðòâ â ãí¸çäàõ îðëîâ, 113 îñòàíêîâ ïîäãí¸çäàìè, ðàçîáðàíî 5 ïîãàäîê è ïðîàíà-ëèçèðîâàíî 46 èçîáðàæåíèé æåðòâ, ïðè-íåñ¸ííûõ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè â ãíåçäî.

Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ îñó-ùåñòâëÿëàñü â Microsoft Excel 2003, SpatialStatistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0. Äëÿ ñðåäíèõïîêàçàòåëåé â âûáîðêàõ ðàññ÷èòûâàëîñüñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD) è ñèììåò-ðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå

 êîíöå XIX ñòîëåòèÿ íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãåáûëè èçâåñòíû ëèøü 2 âñòðå÷è îðëà-êàð-ëèêà, êîòîðûå ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü êàê çà-ë¸òû. Î âñòðå÷àõ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿó Í.À. Çàðóäíîãî (1897). Íà òåððèòîðèèÒàòàðèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â êîí-öå ÕIÕ âåêà áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Áóãóëüìèíñ-êèì óåçäîì Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè (íûíåòåððèòîðèÿ Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñ-ïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí) (Ìåíçáèð, 1895). Â.Ì.Àðòîáîëåâñêèé (1923–1924) ïðèâîäèò îï-ðîñíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷å îðëà-

The history of surveys of the Booted Ea-gle in the Baikal region has almost 150 years,unfortunately the reliable information aboutthe Booted Eagle breeding in the region wasabsent to the beginning of XXI century (Pop-ov, 2003). We observed Booted Eagles in 6points of the Irkutsk district, and in 2 of themwe found active nests (Karyakin et al., 2006).The Booted Eagle has been observed in theTunkinskaya valley in Buryatia since 1930s.Also we observed single birds 4 times (Kar-yakin et al., 2006). In the Chita district anadult of the Booted Eagle was hunted nearAlexandrovskiy Zavod in September 1935(Skalon, 1936) and another bird was ob-served near Kaylastuy (Gagina, 1960). AlsoBooted Eagles were recorded in flood-landsof several rivers: Shilka, Nerch and Aleur(Shkatulova, 1974).

The modern breeding range of the Boot-ed Eagle can be divided into 3 parts (fig. 3):1 – breeding range at the end of IX – begin-ning of ÕÕ centuries (Dementiev, 1951), 2– breeding range at the end of ÕÕ century,3 – breeding range at the beginning of ÕÕIcentury. The territory being inhabited byBooted Eagles during last 20–30 years ex-ceeds now the former range more than in1.5 times.

Inhabitant Places

The statistical analysis was shown breed-ing density of Booted Eagles to correlatenegatively with forest fragmentation (r = –0.767; p < 0.001) (fig. 5) and with domina-tion of birch in the tree canopy of forests (r= – 0.657; p < 0.001).

The main pairs prefer to inhabit two typesof habitat – forests in flood-lands and on riverterraces surrounded by steppe pastures.

The distribution of Booted Eagle nestscorrelates positively with river valleys (r= 0.897; p < 0.005). The main part of pairs(60.1%; n=193) breed in flood-forests,87,9% of which inhabit flood-lands of riversin the Altai-Sayan region (fig. 7). 18.1%of pairs prefer to nest in forests on riverterraces, 77.1% of with inhabit the Volgariver region.

If the whole territory of the range is ana-lyzed next habitats will dominate: poplar(35.2%), mixed (29.0%) and pine (13.5%)forests while pine forests locate mainly onriver terraces (38.5%, n=26) (fig. 8), but indifferent native regions the portion of habi-tat predominated as a favorite for BootedEagles nesting is different (fig. 9)

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 31

êàðëèêà â 1898 ã. áëèç ñ. Âüÿñà áûâøåãîÑàðàíñêîãî óåçäà (òåððèòîðèÿ ñîâðåìåí-íîé Ìîðäîâèè). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè ïîñëå ñîîáùåíèÿ Í.À.Çàðóäíîãî (1897) è â Òàòàðèè ïîñëå ñîîá-ùåíèÿ Ì.À. Ìåíçáèðà (1895), âïëîòü äîêîíöà 80-õ è ñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã. ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî, ñâåäåíèé î êàðëèêå íå ïîñòóïàëî(Äàâûãîðà, 1989; Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977).Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è î òåððèòî-ðèè Ìîðäîâèè, ãäå âòîðîå ãíåçäî êàðëèêàáûëî îáíàðóæåíî ñïóñòÿ 74 ãîäà ïîñëå îá-íàðóæåíèÿ ïåðâîãî (Ëûñåíêîâ è äð., 1997).

 40-õ ãã. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ïðîâî-äèë ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íóþ ãðàíèöó ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà ïî þæíûì ðàéîíàìÌîñêîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ÷åðåç Ðÿçàíñêóþ, Òàì-áîâñêóþ è Âîðîíåæñêóþ îáëàñòè, íà âîñòîêäî Îêè, ðàñöåíèâàÿ 2 âñòðå÷è âèäà â Ïî-âîëæüå êàê çàë¸òû. Îäíàêî ñïîðàäè÷íîåãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà áûëî èçâåñòíî âîñòî÷íååð. Îêè. Ñ.À. Ïðåäòå÷åíñêèé (1928) íàø¸ë10 ìàÿ 1921 ã. ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ äâó-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè â ëåñó ïî ð. Âàä â ñåâåðî-çà-ïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñïàññêîãî óåçäà Òàìáîâñêî-ãî êðàÿ, òî åñòü â íûíåøíåìÇóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîì ðàéîíå Ìîðäîâèè, íîïîçæå, â òå÷åíèå áîëåå ÷åì ïîëóâåêà, èí-ôîðìàöèè î âèäå ñ òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäî-âèè íå ïîñòóïàëî. À.Ò. Ëåïèí (1940) ïðè-âîäèò äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèêà íàÑàìàðñêîé Ëóêå (Æèãóë¸âñêèé çàïîâåäíèê)â ðàéîíå Áàõèëîâîé ãîðû â 1937 ã., ãäååìó áûëè èçâåñòíû 24 âñòðå÷è âèäà â ãíåç-äîâîé ïåðèîä. Ì.È. Çÿáðåâ (1944) îòìå-÷àåò êàðëèêà êàê íåìíîãî÷èñëåííóþ ãíåç-äÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó íà ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Âîëãèíàïðîòèâ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà: çäåñü4 àâãóñòà 1940 ã. áûë äîáûò ýêçåìïëÿð ýòî-ãî âèäà. Îäíàêî ñ 40-õ è âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã.ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèèêàðëèêà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå îòñóòñòâóåò,

Population Number and Trend

The density of Booted Eagles varies from5 to 25 breeding pairs/100 km2 of forestedarea and not depends mainly on the type offorest or geological peculiarities of the ter-ritory but on a number of preys. We notedthe positive correlation for density and dis-tances from nests to Daurian Pike’s (Ocho-tona daurica) colonies (r = 0.812; p < 0.01)in Tuva, and to Major Souslik’s (Spermophil-us major) (r = 0.657; p < 0.01).

The highest density (15–25 pairs/100 km2

of forested area) was noted only in 12.1%of study plots (n=65), where the predomi-nate habitats were flood-forests (n=15;53.3%) and terrace forests (40.0%). Morethan a half of that plots (53.3%) is in theAltai-Sayan region mainly in Tuva (33.3%),others – in the Volga river region and theUral Mountains foothills, especially in theSamara district and the Republic of Tatar-stan (26.7%).

The average distance between BootedEagle nests in the all plots 5.52±2.84 êì(E

x = – 0.33; n=64; range 1.19 – 12.87).The spatial analysis of the Booted Eagle

distribution in Russia (fig. 6) was shown theexistence of two distinguished populationgroups that are centers of two subspecies –nominal (H. pennatus pennatus) and orien-tal (H. pennatus milvoides) (Stepanyan,1990). Now birds spread actively from thesecenters on the territory of Western Siberia.A total of 1700–2600 pairs of Booted Ea-gles are estimated to breed on the surveyedterritory of Russia.

Morphs

Analysis of published sources was dem-onstrated dark morph to dominate (n=48;64.6%) in the Booted Eagle’s populationsinhabited the territory between the Volgaand the Amur rivers. Our observations of298 birds in different regions of Russia alsoshow the predominance of dark morph(85.2%) in surveyed part of the range (fig.15). Decreasing the portion of pale birds inthe population is noted from west to east.If the portion registered pale morph birdsin the Volga-Ural region is 34.8% but to theeast from Ural it will be 6.8%.

Breeding Biology

Phenology

In Russia Booted Eagles return into breed-ing territories in April. Birds lay eggs main-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetuspennatus) â öåíòðàëüíîé÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà. Óñëîâíûå îáî-çíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûåó÷àñòêè, 2 – ãðàíèöû îá-ëàñòåé, 3 – ðåêè, 4 – âî-äî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ

Fig. 1. Distribution of theBooted Eagle (Hieraaetuspennatus) in the centralpart of the Volga-Ural re-gion. Labels: 1 – breed-ing territory, 2 – districtborders, 3 – rivers, 4 –water bodies, 5 – forests

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 932

õîòÿ ñïîðàäè÷íûå âñòðå÷è âèäà ïðîäîëæà-þò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ (Áåëÿíèíà, Áåëÿíèí,1981; Ðîìàíþê, 1985).

Ê 60-ì ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè â ëåñàõ ïî Âîëãå è Óðàëó (Âîèí-ñòâåíñêèé, 1960), à â 1965 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè (Çèìèí, Ìîëîäîâñêèé, 1968).

Ñ 80-õ ãã. ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âñå áîëüøå ñâåäå-íèé î ãíåçäîâàíèè êàðëèêà íà òåððèòîðèèÑðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003).

 1979 ã. êàðëèê âïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí âÏåíçåíñêîé áëàñòè – â Áåëèíñêîì ðàéîíå(Ôðîëîâ è äð., 2001). Ïîçæå ñòàëè èçâåñò-íû åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Áåêîâ-ñêîì è Ïåíçåíñêîì ðàéîíàõ (Ôðîëîâ, Êîð-êèíà, 1997; Êîðêèíà, Ôðîëîâ, 2002).

 Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí â èþíå 1988 ã. íàáåðåãó Âîëãè ê þãó îò ñ. Øèëîâêà Ñåíãè-ëååâñêîãî ðàéîíà. Çäåñü, íà ëåñîñòåïíîéâîçâûøåííîñòè («Ñåíãèëååâñêèå ãîðû») ê2003 ã. îáðàçîâàëàñü óñòîé÷èâàÿ ãíåçäî-âàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà, â êîòîðîé íàñ÷èòûâàåò-ñÿ 5–10 ïàð. Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäåíî1 ìàÿ 1994 ã.  òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ ëåòåæåãîäíî (ñ ìàðòà ïî àâãóñò) îðëû-êàðëè-êè ìíîãîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü â ðàç-ëè÷íûõ ðàéîíàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè(Ñåíãèëååâñêîì, Óëüÿíîâñêîì, Ðàäèùåâñ-êîì, Ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêîì, Íèêîëàåâñêîì,Ñòàðîìàéíñêîì, Èíçåíñêîì, Ñóðñêîì).×àñòî îòìå÷àëè áðà÷íîå è òåððèòîðèàëü-íîå ïîâåäåíèå, âûÿâëåí ðÿä ãíåçäîâûõ òåð-ðèòîðèé. Ñàìàÿ ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íàÿ òî÷êàîáèòàíèÿ ýòèõ ïòèö â îáëàñòè áûëà óñòà-íîâëåíà 17 èþëÿ 2001 ã. îêîëî «Êëþêâåí-íîãî» çàëèâà Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà (ñåâåðíåå ïîñ. ÑòàðàÿÌàéíà, 54°38' ñ. ø., 48°58' â. ä.)(Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003).

 ×óâàøèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûëîòìå÷åí âïåðâûå â 1993 ã.(Ëàñòóõèí, 1997; ßêîâëåâ èäð., 2002), à â 2001 ã. óñòà-íîâëåíî åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå âïîéìå ð. Ìàë. Öèâèëü (ßêîâ-ëåâ è äð., 2002).  2004–2005 ã. êàðëèêè ðåãóëÿðíîíàáëþäàþòñÿ íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõäîëèíû ð. Ñóðû áëèç ñ. Ïî-ðåöêîå (äàííûå àâòîðà).

 Ìîðäîâèè ïîñëå íàõîäêèãíåçäà Ñ.À. Ïðåäòå÷åíñêèì(1928) íà ð. Âàä âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. èìåëèñü ëèøü ñêóäíûåäàííûå î âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö âãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä.  êîíöåàïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ 1969 ã.

ly during 25 April–20 May. Late clutcheswere noted until 5 June. Earliest broods havebeen registered since 20 May. The chicksare hutching out mainly on 27 May – 22June. Latest broods were registered until 10July. Chicks set in the nest 49–56 days. As arule fledglings are fed by parents addition-ally in the breeding territory during 1.5–2week. A total period of chick feeding is 60–70 days. Fledglings leave a nest on 17 July–15 August. Booted Eagle start to migrate inSeptember.

Nests

Eagles prefer to build their nests (n=102)a poplar tree (38.2%) and a larch tree(31.4%). Pine as a nesting tree is at the thirdplace (20.6%).At all in the range we regis-tered 52% of nests on coniferous trees and48% – on deciduous.

We know the single nest of the BootedEagle located on a cliff on the Elegest riv-er in Tuva, however we consider that factas extraordinary and unusual for the spe-cies, because in that case eagles occupiedan old nest of the Upland Buzzard (Buteohemilasius) after their own nest with the

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå: òåððàñíûé áîð â Ïîâîëæüå (ââåðõó) è øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîì âîäî-ðàçäåëå â Ïðåäóðàëüå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Inhabitant places of the Booted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region: pine forest on a river terrace in the Vol-ga region (upper) and broadleaved forest on a hillywatershed in foothills of the Ural Mountains (bot-tom). Photos by I. Karyakin

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 33

first clutch located on a poplar in flood-lands was perished by the reason of fire.Next year that pair built new nest on a pop-lar that they have occupied last 5 years.

Birds use for nesting trees growing nearthe edge of forest while the average distancebetween nesting tree and the edge of forestis 88.2±65.7 m (n=90; range 10 – 237 m),by the way the longest distances were not-ed in forests on river terraces and hilly wa-tersheds. Frequently the edge of forest isclose to a river or a water reservoir (40.2%).

Birds (n=102) prefer the densest part offorest as a nesting habitat (71.6%). For nestbuilding (fig. 17) birds (n=102) use mainlya branch fork (90.2%) in the upper part(69.6%) or in the middle part of tree. Weestimated exposition for 64 nests (fig. 18):the most part of them had southern orienta-tions (59.4%), mainly south-eastern(21.9%).The average height of nest positionwas 10.8±4.44 m (n=102; range 4–22 m).

As a result of position in a branch fork nestshave oval forms. Nest dimensions: the av-erage external diameter of the nest is93.4±29.49 õ 80.6±34.17 cm (n=9; 55 – 150õ 35 – 150 cm); the average height of thenest construction – 100.6±27.34 cm (range60 – 135 cm); the average internal diameterof the nest – 19.8±3.35 õ 18.3±3.08 cm(range 16 – 25 õ 15 – 25 cm); the averagenest depth – 4.2±1.64 cm (range 2 – 7 cm).The most observed nests were used duringmany ears and only 2 were built in that yearwhen we surveyed they.

Booted Eagles often use old or new nestsof other bird species: mainly Black Kites(Milvus migrans), sometimes Buzzards(Buteo buteo) or Goshawks (Accipiter gen-titlis), in the east of the range – Upland Buz-zards, rarely Great Spotted Eagles (Aquilaclanga), Hooded and Carrion Crows (Cor-vus cornix, C. corone) and Grey Heron (Ar-dea cinerea). We recorded 12 such facts(11.8% of observed nests). Booted Eaglesuse such nests in the most cases as a foun-dation for building their own nest, but some-times they occupy a nest without any re-constructions and only hardly renew itduring laying eggs.

The nests built by Booted Eagles them-selves have some particular features. Boot-ed Eagles used for building nest only freshbranches with foliage. In coniferous forestseagles cover the bottom of a nest by a thicklayer of conifer branches (obligatory withgreen needles), in deciduous forests it isreplaced by a thick layer of green leavesespecially of poplar or birch trees.

êàðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü íà ð. Ñóðå áëèç Ñà-áàåâî (Ëóãîâîé, 1975).  1993 ã. êàðëèêáûë äîáûò îõîòíèêàìè â Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñ-êîì ðàéîíå (Ñåäîâ, 1997).  1995 ã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âÌîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Ëûñåíêîâ è äð.,1997; Ãðèøóòêèí, 2001). Ïîçæå, â 1997 ã.,êàðëèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âñòðå÷åí â íàöïàð-êå «Ñìîëüíûé» â ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëàòûðÿ(Ãðèøóòêèí, Àëüáà, 2000; Àëüáà, Ãðèøóò-êèí, 2001), à ê 2005 ã. êàê ìèíèìóì 5 ó÷à-ñòêîâ îáèòàíèÿ êàðëèêà âûÿâëåíî â öåëîìïî ðåñïóáëèêå (Ëàïøèí, Ëûñåíêîâ, 2001;Ëàïøèí è äð., 2005).

 Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Ïóñòûíñêèåîç¸ðà ñ 1965 ã. è âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. îñòàâà-ëèñü åäèíñòâåííîé òåððèòîðèåé, ãäå áûëîóñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà â îáëàñòè,õîòÿ ïîçæå ïîÿâèëàñü èíôîðìàöèÿ îâñòðå÷àõ êàðëèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä èçíåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ Ïðåäâîëæüÿ (Áàêêà, Êè-ñåëåâà, 2003).  2000 ã. êàðëèê áûë âñòðå-÷åí â Çàâîëæüå íà òåððèòîðèè Êàìñêî-Áà-êàëäèíñêèõ áîëîò (Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ëè÷íîåñîîáùåíèå). Íà þãå îáëàñòè â äîëèíå ð.Àëàòûðü ñë¸òîê êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëñÿ 26 àâ-ãóñòà 2003 ã. â Ëóêîÿíîâñêîì ðàéîíå; ãíåç-äî, áëèç êîòîðîãî äåðæàëñÿ âûâîäîê èç 2-õïòåíöîâ, îáíàðóæåíî 28 àâãóñòà íà ãðàíèöåËóêîÿíîâñêîãî è Ïî÷èíêîâñêîãî ðàéîíîâ, è2 âçðîñëûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû 24–25 àâãóñ-òà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Ïî÷èíêîâñêîì ð-íå,ïîñëåäíÿÿ áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîðäîâèåé.Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîå 28 àâãóñòà, çàíèìà-ëîñü êàðëèêàìè è â 2006 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

 Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã.íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå (Ëåáåäåâà,Ïàíòåëååâ, 2000), à ñ 1996 ã. – â Áóçóëóê-ñêîì áîðó (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).  1997 ã. 2ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû âòåððàñíûõ áîðàõ Âîëãè íàïðîòèâ Æèãóë¸â-ñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, â 1999 ã. 3 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíû â áàéðà÷íûõ è ïîéìåí-íûõ ëåñàõ þãà Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (1 – ïîé-ìà Âîëãè â ïðåäåëàõ Áåçåí÷óêñêîãî ð-íà,2 – ïîéìà ð. Èðãèç â Ïåñòðàâñêîì ð-íå èëîã Ñòåðåõ íà ãðàíèöå Ñàìàðñêîé è Ñàðà-òîâñêîé îáëàñòåé) è 1 – íà çàïàäå îáëàñ-òè, â Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðó (äàííûå àâòîðà).Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006) íàáëþäàë îðëà-êàð-ëèêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â äîëèíå ð. Êè-íåëü 22 èþëÿ 2003 ã. â 4-õ êì þãî-âîñòî÷-íåå Áîãäàíîâêè, 2 ïàðû îðëîâ ýòîãî âèäà– â àâãóñòå 2004 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Ñîê è îäíó,ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó, – â ëåñó íàÑîê-Êîíäóð÷èíñêîì âîäîðàçäåëå.

 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âèä íà÷èíàåò ðåãèñ-òðèðîâàòüñÿ â Ïðåäóðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 934

Clutches

Eggs of Booted Eagles are white. Oftenwe noted small spots on the shell of eggs,the color of spots varies from ochre to red-brown. Large spots were not observed.

During the all period of surveys we ob-served only full clutches consisted of 2 eggs(n=30). The average size of eggs was55.8±2.41 õ 46.0±1.99 mm (n=26; range50.0 – 62.2 õ 39.6 – 50.0 mm).

Broods and Breeding Success

Broods as a rule contain 2 chicks. We ob-served 96 broods and the size of 92.7% ofthem was 2 chicks or fledglings. We didn’tregistered facts of cannibalism amongstchicks of Booted Eagles unlike Buzzards orother species of eagles. We didn’t registeredfacts of chick deaths too, and all surveyedchicks successfully fledged.

As a result of insignificant amount of un-successful eggs on the stage of clutch thebreeding success raises more than 90% andit is supposed to be normal for the species.

Occupancy of breeding territories is suffi-cient high. We monitored 6 breeding terri-tories during 1999–2006 and only 2 terri-tories weren’t occupied every year.

The number of small mammals doesn’timpact on the breeding success of BootedEagles and during depressions of mammalnumbers eagles successfully change themin the diet by birds.

Fig. 20 shows the occupancy of breedingterritories by Booted Eagles and Saker Fal-cons and numbers of small mammals thatare preys of both species in the Tes-Hemplot in the Ubsunur depression (Tuva) in1999–2005.

Diet

Analysis of preys and their remainssurveyed in nests (n=233) was shownthe mammals to dominate in the diet ofBooted Eagles (70%), the portion ofbirds in the diet is 27.9%, and the por-tion of amphibians and reptilians is in-significant (fig. 21). However we notedthe increasing of mammal portion in theeast and south of the range due to thecolonial steppe species.

Acknowledgments

We thank Elvira Nikolenko, MikhailKozhevnikov, Sergey Bakka, Tim Bara-bashin, Alexander Moshkin, AlexeyPazhenkov and other colleagues assistedin data collection and in many other phas-es of the project.

 Áàøêèðñêîì Ïðåäóðàëüå îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå áûë âñòðå÷åí 20 ìàÿ 1994 ã. âïîéìåííîì ëåñó â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áå-ëîé, à â 1996 ã. îðëà-êàðëèêà ò¸ìíîé ìîð-ôû íàáëþäàë À.À. Êîçëîâ íà ñåâåðíîé ïå-ðèôåðèè Òðîèöêîãî ëåñà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). õîäå ñîâìåñòíîé äèñêóññèè ñ À.À. Êîç-ëîâûì è Ñ.Â. Áûñòðûõ, ïîñëåäíèì áûëîâûñêàçàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì, ÷òî êàð-ëèê äîëæåí â òå÷åíèå ñëåäóþùèõ 5–10 ëåòïîÿâèòüñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà òåððèòîðèèÁóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííî-ñòè è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ êðàéíåãî þãî-çàïàäà Áàøêèðèè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ÷òî èñëó÷èëîñü â ñàìîì íà÷àëå XXI ñòîëåòèÿ. Âàâãóñòå 2002 ã. âûâîäîê êàðëèêîâ èç 2-õñë¸òêîâ âñòðå÷åí â ïîéìå ð. ĸìà áëèç Óôû(äàííûå àâòîðà).  2005 ã. îäèíî÷íûå êàð-ëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü 27 èþëÿ íàä ð. ×åðìà-ñàí áëèç ä. Ñòàðîàìèðîâî Áëàãîâàðñêîãîð-íà è íà îïóøêå Òðîèöêîãî ëåñà áëèç ï.Ñåðàôèìîâñêèé Òóéìàçèíñêîãî ð-íà; íàïîñëåäíåì ó÷àñòêå 7 èþíÿ 2006 ã. óäàëîñüîáíàðóæèòü ãíåçäî, íà êîòîðîì ïëîòíî ñè-äåëà ñàìêà è îáîãðåâàëà ìåëêèõ ïóõîâèêîâ(Êàðÿêèí, 2006).  2004, 2005 è 2006 ãã.îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü íàä ïîéìîéÁåëîé áëèç ñ¸ë ×åðíîëåñîâñêèé è Êóøíà-ðåíêîâî, ïðè÷¸ì â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå 2 àâãóñ-òà 2004 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëü-íàÿ ïòèöà, áåñïîêîèâøàÿñÿ â ïðèñóòñòâèèáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (äàííûå àâòîðà).

 Òàòàðèè ïîñëå ñîîáùåíèÿ Ì.À. Ìåíç-áèðà (1895) î âñòðå÷å îäèíî÷íîãî îðëà-êàðëèêà íà þãî-âîñòîêå ðåñïóáëèêè,âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. ñâåäåíèé î âèäå íå ïî-ñòóïàëî (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977).  íà÷àëåñåíòÿáðÿ 1996 ã. îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþ-äàëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàðàëîâñêîãî ó÷àñò-êà Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãîçàïîâåäíèêà (Ãîñäîêëàä î ñîñòîÿíèè ïðè-ðîäíîé ñðåäû ÐÒ â 1996 ã. èç: Àñüêååâ,Àñüêååâ, 1999). Íà êðàéíåì þãî-çàïàäåÒàòàðèè â Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ áëèç ãðàíèöû ñÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòüþ 19 àâãóñòà 2002 ã.âïåðâûå áûë îáíàðóæåí âûâîäîê îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, à ïî áåðåãó Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âî-äîõðàíèëèùà 20 àâãóñòà ó÷òåíî 8 îðëîâ(Áàðàáàøèí è äð., 2002).  2004 ã. òåððè-òîðèÿ Ùó÷üèõ ãîð áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà áî-ëåå äåòàëüíî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî óäàëîñüâûÿâèòü 5 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé îðëà-êàð-ëèêà, îáíàðóæèòü 3 ãíåçäà, 2 èç êîòîðûõîêàçàëèñü æèëûìè (Êîðåïîâ, 2004; Êîðå-ïîâ è äð., 2004). Ïî îöåíêàì Ì.Â. Êîðå-ïîâà (2006) â Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ ê 2006 ã. ãíåç-äèëîñü íå ìåíåå 10 ïàð êàðëèêîâ(ëîêàëèçîâàíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, íà5 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà). Âûâî-

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 35

äîê èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ïðè âçðîñëîé ïòèöåâñòðå÷åí 20 àâãóñòà 2004 ã. íàä ëåñîì íàïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Äûìêà íà òåððèòîðèèÁóãóëüìèíñêîãî ð-íà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàð-ñòàí, à 28 èþëÿ 2005 ã. ñàìåö ñ äîáû÷åéíàáëþäàëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Áàâëèíñêîãî ð-íà Òàòàðèè â ëåñíîì ìàññèâå íà ïðàâîáå-ðåæíîé òåððàñå ð. Äûìêè â 11 êì îò ìåñ-òà âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Âïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû ïî-èñêè ãíåçäà, êîòîðîå íàéòè íå óäàëîñü,îäíàêî áûëî íàéäåíî ãíåçäî êàðëèêîâ ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè â õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâî-ãî ó÷àñòêà, âûÿâëåííîãî â 2004 ã. íà ïðà-âîáåðåæüå ð. Äûìêà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âòå÷åíèå äíÿ 28 èþëÿ 2005 ã. áûë òàêæå îá-ñëåäîâàí ó÷àñòîê ëåñà ïî ëåâîìó áåðåãóð. Ñóëà ìåæäó ñåëàìè Ñóëà è ÒàòàðñêàÿÄûìêà, è â 8 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåãî ãíåçäà óäà-ëîñü îáíàðóæèòü åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäîîðëà-êàðëèêà òàêæå ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè (Êà-ðÿêèí, 2006).  èþëå 2006 ã. äâà ãíåçäî-

äîëæåíèÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà íà ñåâåð, íà-õîäîê ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð íà þãå Óäìóðòèè èÊèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ïðîíèêíîâåíèå âèäàíà ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Áåëîé â Áàøêèðèè.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàíà Óðàëå

Èìååòñÿ óêàçàíèå íà ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â XIX âåêå íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (Ñà-áàíååâ, 1874), êîòîðîå áûëî îòìåòåíî Ã.Ï.Äåìåíòüåâûì (1951) êàê îøèáî÷íîå. Ïîñ-ëå ýòîãî, âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. XX ñòîëåòèÿîð¸ë-êàðëèê íà Þæíîì Óðàëå íå âñòðå÷àë-ñÿ (Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988; Êàðÿêèí, 1989),îäíàêî óæå ñî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 90-õ ãã.ñòàë ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â Áàøêèðèè: 29 èþëÿ1996 ã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñâåòëîé ìîðôû âñòðå-÷åí íà ñåâåðíîé ïåðèôåðèè õð. Ìàë. Íà-êàñ â íàãîðíîé äóáðàâå, 30 èþíÿ 1998 ã. –íàä ã. Êóïåðëÿ (ð. Óðþê) (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Âèþëå 1999 ã. îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà çàðåãèñòðè-ðîâàíà íà ð. Çèëàèð; âçðîñëîãî ñàìöà, ãî-íÿâøåãî êîðøóíîâ, óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü 31èþëÿ 2000 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Áåëàÿ áëèç Ìåëå-óçà íà ãðàíèöå Êóþðãàçèíñêîãî è Ìåëåó-çîâñêîãî ð-íîâ; â íà÷àëå àâãóñòà 2 ïòèöûíà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ íàáëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå Ñàê-ìàðû áëèç ñåë ßíòûøåâî è ÁîëüøåàáèøåâîÕàéáóëëèíñêîãî ð-íà; â àâãóñòå 2002 ã. âû-âîäîê êàðëèêîâ èç 2-õ ñë¸òêîâ âñòðå÷åí íàð. Èê Êóãàð÷èíñêîãî ð-íà (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Îïðåäåë¸ííî, îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïðîíèê âÁàøêèðèþ èç Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäåâïåðâûå áûë âñòðå÷åí â èþëå 1988 ã. âïîéìå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Èëåê (Àáäóð-øèí, â ïå÷àòè, èç: Äàâûãîðà, 1989). Îäíà-êî, âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà XXI âåêà âèä ñ÷èòàëñÿçàë¸òíûì ñ âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâàíèåì â îá-ëàñòè (Äàâûãîðà, 2000). Íà þæíîé îêîíå÷-íîñòè Þæíîãî Óðàëà â ïðåäåëàõ Îðåíáóðã-ñêîé îáëàñòè îäèíî÷íûõ êàðëèêîâ íàáëþäàëË.Â. Êîðøèêîâ (2001) 22, 24 è 28 èþíÿ2001 ã. áëèç ñ. Ìàë. ×óðàåâî Êóâàíäûêñêî-ãî ð-íà, â 10–20 êì ê þãó îò íàøèõ ìåñòðåãèñòðàöèè êàðëèêà â Áàøêèðèè â 2000 ã.

Äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè âñå ñëó÷àèâñòðå÷ âèäà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îãðàíè÷å-íû þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòüþ Þæíîãî Óðàëà(Çèëàèðñêîå ïëàòî, Øàéòàí-Òàó è ïðèëåãà-þùèå òåððèòîðèè).  äàëüíåéøåì, âèäèìî,ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü ïðîäâèæåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëè-êà ïî Þæíîìó Óðàëó íà ñåâåð è âíóòðüãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû ïî äîëèíàì ðåê.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òîòåððèòîðèÿ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, êàê ñîá-ñòâåííî è Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, ëåæèò çàïðåäåëàìè ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëè-

âûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ñ ãí¸çäàìè îá-íàðóæåíû â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Êàìà: ïåð-âîå ãíåçäî ñ 2-ìÿ ïòåíöàìè áûëî íàéäåíî22 èþëÿ â ëåñíîì ìàññèâå âäîëü áåðåãî-âîé ïîëîñû Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà âûøå âïàäåíèÿ ð. Áåðñóò, âòîðîå, ïóñ-òîå â ýòîì ãîäó, – 25 èþëÿ â ó÷àñòêå«Áîëüøîé áîð» íàöïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà»(Íèêîëåíêî, Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2006). Ïîçæååù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî êàðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæå-íî â Áåðñóòñêîì ëåñíîì ìàññèâå (Ý.Ã. Íè-êîëåíêî, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå).

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èç ðåäêîãî çàë¸òíîãî èëèñïîðàäè÷åñêè ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà â Ïîâîë-æüå â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà, êàðëèê ñòàë õàðàê-òåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì ëåñîñòåï-íûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. Ê 2006 ã. çà äåñÿòèëåòíèéïåðèîä îð¸ë-êàðëèê çàñåëèë ïðàêòè÷åñêèâñþ òåððèòîðèþ Ïîâîëæüÿ è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ,à â Òàòàðèè ðàññåëèëñÿ íà ïðàâûé áåðåãÊàìû.  äàëüíåéøåì ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü ïðî-

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ò¸ìíîéìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

Dark morph of the Boot-ed Eagle. Photo by I. Kar-yakin

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 936

êà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Ëèøü â ïîñëåäíèåäåñÿòèëåòèÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå ñòàëè ïîÿâëÿòü-ñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î âèäå íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.

 ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè äî íà÷àëà XXIâåêà äîñòîâåðíûå ðåãèñòðàöèè îðëà-êàð-ëèêà îòñóòñòâîâàëè (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ,1999). Èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ Ï.Ñ. Ðåäüêî(1998) î íàõîäêå ãíåçäà ýòîãî îðëà â Åò-êóëüñêîì áîðó 28 ìàÿ 1998 ã., êîòîðàÿáûëà ïîñòàâëåíà ïîä ñîìíåíèå (Êàðÿêèí,Êîçëîâ, 1999) â ñâÿçè ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ôîòî-ãðàôèè ãíåçäà è åãî îïèñàíèÿ. Òåì íå ìå-íåå, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîÿâëåíèå êàðëè-êà â áîðàõ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè âïëîòü äîøèðîòû ×åëÿáèíñêà âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ò.ê.íà þãå îáëàñòè âèä íà÷àë âñòðå÷àòüñÿ. Âìóçåå-çàïîâåäíèêå «Àðêàèì» êàðëèêà íà-áëþäàëà Â.À. Ãàøåê (2002) 24 àâãóñòà2002 ã. Îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ 5àâãóñòà 2003 ã. íàä îïóøêîé áîðà ñ òðàññûìåæäó ïîñ¸ëêàìè Ðûìíèêñêèé è Êàëèíèí-ñêèé áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëà-ñòüþ (äàííûå àâòîðà).

 Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè êàðëèê ñ÷èòàëñÿçàë¸òíûì âèäîì (Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2001). À.Â.Ìîøêèí (2006) íàáëþäàë âçðîñëóþ ïòèöóñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì â áîðó íà òåððàñåÒîáîëà áëèç ñ. Ïðîðûâíîå 21 èþíÿ 2003 ã.,îäíàêî ïîèñêè ãíåçäà ðåçóëüòàòîâ íå äàëè.Íî â àâãóñòå 2006 ã. íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå áûëîîáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî è âûâîäîê èç 2-õ ïòåí-öîâ. Ïðåæíèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè â äîëèíåÒîáîëà êàðëèê íå íàáëþäàëñÿ (Áëèíîâà,Áëèíîâ, 1997; Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002).

 Òþìåíñêîé è Îìñêîé îáëàñòÿõ èíôîð-ìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ îðëà-êàðëèêà îòñóòñòâó-åò äî ñèõ ïîð (Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2001).

 Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè äî íåäàâíåãîâðåìåíè êàðëèê íå îòìå÷àëñÿ. Âïåðâûå âîáëàñòè ýòîò îð¸ë âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð.Áåðäü â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ñàëàèðà: 28 èþëÿ2002 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Áåðäü íèæå ñ. Êèíòå-ðåï îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, à 1 àâãó-ñòà 2002 ã. ïî-âèäèìîìó âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöàíàáëþäàëàñü â ïîéìå ð. Áåðäü âûøå ñ. Ñòà-ðûé Èñêèòèì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005â). È.Ô.Æèìóëåâ (2005) 21 àâãóñòà 2005 ã. âñòðå-òèë âûâîäîê êàðëèêîâ â Áîòàíè÷åñêîìñàäó ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêà. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå íà-õîäêè âèäà èçâåñòíû ëèøü ñ ïðàâîáåðå-æüÿ Îáè.  ëåâîáåðåæüå Îáè êàðëèê íà-áëþäàëñÿ åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã.áëèç ñ. Ëåáÿæüå Òàòàðñêîãî ð-íà íà êðàé-íåì çàïàäå îáëàñòè (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Ïî äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó Ñàëàèðà, íà òåððè-òîðèè Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè â Êóçíåöêîéêîòëîâèíå, ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà íå-èçâåñòíî, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ëèøü âñòðå÷èîäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö â äîëèíå ð. Òîìü â 1977,

78 è 80 ãã. (Áåëÿíêèí, Èëüÿøåíêî, 1991;Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 2000; 2004).

 Êðàñíîé êíèãå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (1998)îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ â ñòàòóñå ÷ðåçâû-÷àéíî ðåäêîãî ïåðèôåðèéíîãî âèäà íà îñ-íîâàíèè îäíîé âñòðå÷è â áàññåéíå ð. Ìî-ñòîâàÿ íà Ñàëàèðñêîì êðÿæå.  2004 ã.îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà ñíîâà âñòðå÷åíà â ïðåä-ãîðüÿõ Ñàëàèðñêîãî êðÿæà â äîëèíå ð.×óìûø 7 èþëÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). ÂÎáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ èç-âåñòíû íåñêîëüêî âñòðå÷: 20 èþëÿ 2002 ã.âçðîñëûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìå Êà-òóíè ïîä ã. Áèéñêîì; 10 èþëÿ 2003 ã.âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà íàä îçå-ðîì, ïðîòÿíóâøèìñÿ âäîëü îïóøêè áîðà âÓãëîâñêîì ðàéîíå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005ã).

Âèäèìî, íà âîñòîêå Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èä¸ò ïðîöåññ ðàññåëåíèÿîðëà-êàðëèêà. Îáëàñòü åãî ðåãóëÿðíîãîãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëåæèò â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ èÑàëàèðà, îòêóäà îí ïðîíèêàåò â ïîéìûÈðòûøà (Ëåâèí è äð., 2006) è Îáè è â áîðûÎáü-Èðòûøñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ (Êàðÿêèí èäð., 2005ã).

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè

 40-õ ãã. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ãðàíèöóãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà â Âîñòî÷-íîé Ñèáèðè ïðîâîäèë ÷åðåç Àëòàé, Òóâó,Ïðèáàéêàëüå è Çàáàéêàëüå – îò Òóíêè èÈðêóòñêà äî âåðõíåé Ëåíû (îêîëî 55° ñ.ø.),Ñðåòåíñêà è Àðãóíè íà ñåâåðå.  Ðåñïóá-ëèêå Àëòàé ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâà-íèè îðëà-êàðëèêà èìåþòñÿ ó Ï.Ï. Ñóøêè-íà (1938), êîòîðûé íàø¸ë åãî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿíà Óëàãàíñêîì ïëàòî. À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) âêíèãå «Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ» íå óïîìèíàåò îáîðëå-êàðëèêå âîîáùå, íî ïîçæå (Êó÷èí,1991) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàõîäêåãíåçäà â äîëèíå Êàòóíè áëèç óñòüÿ Àê-Êåìà3 èþíÿ 1961 ã. è âñòðå÷å ïòèöû 6 àïðåëÿ1983 ã. â Óéìîíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Âïëîòü äîñåðåäèíû 90-õ ãã. íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè îâèäå ñ òåððèòîðèè Àëòàÿ íå ïîñòóïàëî(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1996).  èþëå 2000 ã.îðëû-êàðëèêè ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåìíàáëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå ×óè â Êóðàéñêîéñòåïè, â óñòüå ð. Ìîæîé è áëèç ×èáèòà,ïàðà ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà â óñòüå ×óè; 24 èþíÿ2003 ã. îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ âäîëèíå ð. Óðñóë íèæå Îíãóäàÿ, à 27 èþíÿïàðà ïòèö, ãîíÿâøàÿ êîðøóíà, â ïîéìå ð.ßáîãàí â Êàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå; ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà îáíàðóæåíû â äîëèíå ×óè áëèç×àãàí-Óçóíà è íà Áóãóçóíå ïîä Ñàéëþãå-ìîì (äàííûå àâòîðà). Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâ (ëè÷-íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â 2000 ã. íàáëþäàë êàð-

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 37

ëèêîâ íà Áàð-Áóðãàçû è Óçóíòûãåìå, íîãí¸çä íå íàø¸ë.

 Òóâå îð¸ë-êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ñåâåð-íîì áåðåãó îç. Óáñó-Íóð (Òóãàðèíîâ,1916), áûë íåðåäîê â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êûçû-ëà è â Òåñ-Õåìñêîì ðàéîíå (ßíóøåâè÷,1952).  70–80-õ ãã. ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëà-êàð-ëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà ïîäãîðíûõ ðàâíèíàõÓáñó-Íóðñêîé, Òóâèíñêîé è Óðýã-Íóðñêîéêîòëîâèí, îáíàðóæåíî 7 ãí¸çä ýòîãî îðëàâ ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ðåê Êàðãû, Òåñ-Õåì,Ýðçèí, Øóóðìàê è Óëóã-Õåì (Áàðàíîâ, Ñå-ðååâ, 1983; Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Ïî ìíåíèþÀ.À. Áàðàíîâà (1991), â 70–80-õ ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë ðåäîê â Òóâå, è ÷èñëåííîñòü åãîñîêðàùàëàñü. Îäíàêî, â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. êàð-ëèê ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ âåçäå, ãäå ïðîâîäè-ëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ, ñ óñòîé÷èâîé òåíäåíöèåéóâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè.  1999–2006 ãã.êàðëèê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëè-íàõ âñåõ êðóïíûõ ðåê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí(Áèé-Õåì, Êàà-Õåì, Óëóã-Õåì, Òåñ-Õåì,Ýðçèí, Íàðûí, Øóóðìàê, Ìàæàëûê, Äóð-ãåí, Ýëåãåñò, Õåì÷èê è âñå åãî ïðàâîáå-ðåæíûå ïðèòîêè, Àëàø, Àê-Ñóã, Äóæåðëèê,Êàðãû, Ìîãåí-Áóðåí, Óþê), â äîëèíàõ ðåê,ñòåêàþùèõ ñ Òàííó-Îëà (Áîðà-Øàé, Óëàòàé,Òîðãàëûã, Èðáèòåé, Øèâèëèã, Òåðåêòèã), àòàêæå â Áàëãàçûíñêîì áîðó; â îáùåé ñëîæ-íîñòè ëîêàëèçîâàíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà,îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ó 44 ïàð îðëîâ-êàð-ëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà).

 Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè îð¸ë-êàðëèêâïåðâûå áûë íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â çà-ïîâåäíèêå «Êóçíåöêèé Àëàòàó» â âåðõîâü-ÿõ ð. Ñðåäíÿÿ Òåðñü (Âàñèëü÷åíêî, 1999). íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿè ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ìàðèèíñêîì, Òÿæèíñêîì, ×å-áóëèíñêîì è Òèñóëüñêîì ðàéîíàõ (Âàñèëü-÷åíêî, 1999). Çà 14 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé îá-íàðóæåíî âñåãî 5 ãí¸çä, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

íà Øåñòàêîâñêèõ áîëîòàõ (Âàñèëü÷åíêî,2004). Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå Øåñòàêîâñêèõáîëîò â äîëèíå ð. Ñåðòà êàðëèê íàáëþäàë-ñÿ 28 ìàÿ 2005 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âèäè-ìî, ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë êàðëè-êà â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ëåæèòïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ëåñîñòåïè áàññåéíà ð.×óëûì è ñîâïàäàåò ñ îáëàñòüþ îáèòàíèÿäëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà.

Î êàðëèêå â Õàêàñèè â 70–80-õõ ãã. íè-÷åãî íå áûëî èçâåñòíî (Ïðîêîôüåâ, 1987;1993), îäíàêî óæå â 2000 ã. îí áûë íàé-äåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ïðè÷¸ì ïðàêòè÷åñêèïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëî-âèíû. Íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî çäåñü îí òàê æåîáû÷åí, êàê â Òóâå, îäíàêî ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàê-òåðíûì õèùíèêîì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí þæíîé èñåâåðíîé ÷àñòåé Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. öåíòðå êîòëîâèíû óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøüîäíó îñîáü, âîçìîæíî, èç ïàðû, ãíåçäÿ-ùåéñÿ íà Áàòåí¸âñêîì êðÿæå áëèç Áîãðà-äà.  2000 –2003 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñ-ïóáëèêè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 24 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, íà 11 èç êîòîðûõîáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà: â ïîéìå ð. Àáàêàí îòÀáàçû äî ã. Àáàêàíà îáíàðóæåíî 12 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íà ó÷àñòêàõ ìåæ-äó ñ¸ëàìè Óñòü-Òàøòûï è Óñòü-Åñü (8 êì) èÁåëüòûðñêèé – Àñêèç (10 êì) ãíåçäèëîñü ïî2 ïàðû îðëîâ, 3 ïàðû âûÿâëåíî íà ð. Åíè-ñåé âûøå Àáàêàíà íà ãðàíèöå ñ Êðàñíî-ÿðñêèì êðàåì, 2 ïàðû – íà ð. Áåëûé Èþñè 4 ïàðû – íà ð. ׸ðíûé Èþñ, 2 ïàðû íà-áëþäàëèñü â äîëèíå ð. ×óëûì âûøå è íèæåï. Êîïüåâî, òàêæå ãíåçäî ïàðû êàðëèêîâáûëî îáíàðóæåíî áëèç ï. Êîãóíåêà íà Êî-ïüåâñêîì êóïîëå (äàííûå àâòîðà).  2004ã. â ïîéìå ð. Àáàêàí â Òàøòûïñêîì ðàéî-íå áûë ëîêàëèçîâàí åù¸ îäèí, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê (Êàðÿêèí èäð., 2005á).

 Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ïåðâàÿ èíôîð-ìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ êàðëèêà ïîÿâèëàñü â70-õ ãã.  êîíöå àâãóñòà 1971 ã. îäèíî÷-íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû â Ãàãóëüñêîé êîòëî-âèíå (Ñàÿí, áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Òóâîé), â 3-éäåêàäå ìàÿ 1982 ã. ïàðà ïòèö îáíàðóæåíàâ Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 10 êì íèæå Óñèí-ñêà, îäèíî÷íóþ ïòèöó â êîíöå ñåíòÿáðÿ1982 ã. íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå ð. Óñ â 20 êìíèæå Óñèíñêà (Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé, Áåçáîðî-äîâ, 1987).  2001 ã. â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâè-íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàð-ëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà), à â 2004 ã. – åù¸ 2,íà îäíîì èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Îäíàêî ðàñïðîñò-ðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â êðàå íå îãðàíè-÷èâàåòñÿ Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíîé è äîëèíîéÅíèñåÿ íà ãðàíèöå ñ Õàêàñèåé, îí ãíåçäèò-

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà â Àëòàå-Ñà-ÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâ-íûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 –ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, 2 –ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé, 3 –ðåêè, 4 – âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ

Fig. 2. Distribution of theBooted Eagle in the Altai-Sayan region. Labels: 1 –breeding territory, 2 – dis-trict borders, 3 – rivers, 4– water bodies, 5 – forests

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 938

ñÿ â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïðàâîáå-ðåæüå Åíèñåÿ è â áàññåéíå ×óëûìà. Íàïðàâîáåðåæüå Åíèñåÿ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêèêàðëèêà âûÿâëåíû â Øóøåíñêîì (1), Çíà-ìåíñêîì (1), Ìèíóñèíñêîì (2) áîðàõ è âäîëèíå ð. Òóáà (2 ïàðû). Îïðåä¸ëåíî ãíåç-äèòñÿ êàðëèê è â äîëèíàõ ðåê Îÿ è Êåáåæ,ãäå â 2000 è 2001 ãã. ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ìûíàáëþäàëè îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö.  äîëèíå ×ó-ëûìà âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, íà îä-íîì èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî; ïàðóïòèö íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå ð. Ñåðåæ è îäè-íî÷íûõ ïòèö ó ñ. Îðàêè è áëèç À÷èíñêà â2002 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà). Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíîãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà â Êàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè,ãäå îõîòèâøèéñÿ ñàìåö âñòðå÷åí â âåðõî-âüÿõ ð. Áîë. Àâäà (ëåâûé ïðèòîê ð. Ðûáíàÿ)23 èþíÿ 2005 ã. è îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, òàê-æå, âåðîÿòíî, ñàìåö, – â äîëèíå ð. Êàí áëèçÊàíñêà 22 èþëÿ 2005 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Èñòîðèÿ íàáëþäåíèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íàñ÷èòûâàåò ïî÷òè ïîë-òîðà ñòîëåòèÿ, îäíàêî âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà XXIâåêà äîñòîâåðíûõ ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäîâàíèèîðëà-êàðëèêà íà Áàéêàëå íå ïîñòóïàëî (Ïî-ïîâ, 2003), åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàòü øèðîêî èç-âåñòíîå óêàçàíèå íà íàõîäêó îðëà íà Ëåíå,áëèç Æèãàëîâà, õàðàêòåð êîòîðîé íå ñî-âñåì ïîíÿòåí (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951).

ðåãèîíå, îò÷àñòè ïî ïðè÷èíå ðîñòà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Ïî äàííûì Â.Â.Ðÿáöåâà (1996; 2000) â 1988–95 ãã. êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Áàëàãàíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè,íà âåðõíåé Ëåíå, â äîëèíàõ ëåâîáåðåæ-íûõ ïðèòîêîâ Àíãàðû (Èÿ, Óíãà, Îêà, Áå-ëàÿ, Êèòîé), íà ñðåäíåì Áàéêàëå â íèæíåìòå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðìû, â ïîéìå Èðêóòà, íî ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü âåçäå áûëà íèçêîé (êàê ïðàâèëî,åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è çà ñåçîí). Âî âðåìÿó÷¸òà õèùíûõ ïòèö íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ ïîëåñîñòåïíûì ðàéîíàì â 1988 ã. ïðè ïðî-áåãå â 2600 êì è â 1999 ã. ïðè ïðîáåãåñâûøå 6000 êì áûëî âñòðå÷åíî ïî îäíî-ìó êàðëèêó ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).Íà Íîâî-Ëåíèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ â ïîéìå Èð-êóòà êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíååðåãóëÿðíî â 1988–93 ãã., ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåòïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà (Ðÿáöåâ,Ôåôåëîâ, 1997; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Èìåþòñÿíàáëþäåíèÿ ýòîãî îðëà â ÷åðòå ã. Èðêóòñ-êà (Ëèïèí è äð., 1983; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Â.Â.Ïîïîâ è Â.Î. Ñàëîâàðîâ (1998) íàáëþäà-ëè êàðëèêà â 1996 ã. áëèç Àíãàðñêà. Þ.È.Ìåëüíèêîâ (1999à, 1999á) âñòðå÷àë êàð-ëèêà â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè â èþíå1990 ã. è â ìàå 1996 ã., à â ìàå 1995 ã.îáíàðóæèë òðóï êàðëèêà, äîáûòîãî áðàêî-íüåðàìè íà ð. Áèðþñà â Íèæíåóäèíñêîìð-íå. Ïî åãî æå äàííûì, êàðëèê íàáëþäàë-ñÿ â ìàå 1997 ã. áëèç Óñòü-Îðäû (Ïîïîâ,2003).  2005 ã. êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà 6ó÷àñòêàõ, íà 2-õ èç êîòîðûõ áûëî äîêàçàíîåãî ãíåçäîâàíèå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Âïàäè Êóëóò ó ñ. Õàð÷åâ â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñ-êîé ëåñîñòåïè îäèíî÷íûé êàðëèê áûëâñòðå÷åí 25 èþíÿ (âîçìîæíî, êàðëèêà æåíàáëþäàëè 26 èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Îêà áëèçÑàÿíñêà, îäíàêî èç-çà áîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿíåò óâåðåííîñòè â ïðàâèëüíîñòè îïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ïòèöû). Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ëåâîáå-ðåæüÿ çàëèâà Óíãà íà Áðàòñêîì âîäîõðà-íèëèùå áûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàêàðëèêîâ 27 è 29 èþíÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî –îäèí áëèç ñ. Õàðåòû, äðóãîé ó ñ. Ïåðâî-ìàéñêîå. Íà ïîñëåäíåì îáíàðóæåíî 2ãíåçäà: îäíî ïðîøëîãîäíåå, äðóãîå ýòîãîãîäà.  8 êì ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò Óñòü-Îð-äûíñêîãî ÿâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûé êàðëèê,ãîíÿâøèé êîðøóíà, âñòðå÷åí 2 èþëÿ, à 3èþëÿ ïî êðèêàì ñàìêè è ñàìöà îáíàðóæå-íî ãíåçäî äðóãîé ïàðû, â 3-õ êì ê þãî-çà-ïàäó îò ñ. Åëàíöû. 22 èþëÿ êàðëèê áûëâñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ð. Óäà ó Íèæíåóäèíñêà.

 Áóðÿòèè êàðëèê ñ 30-õ ãã. íàáëþäàåòñÿâ Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå. Çäåñü áëèç ñ. Òóíêà âàâãóñòå 1932 ã. áûëà äîáûòà ïòèöà ó ãíåç-äà (Ñêàëîí, 1936), ïîçæå êàðëèêà â Òóíêèí-ñêîé äîëèíå íàáëþäàëè â 1988 è 1991 ãã.

Ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î êàðëèêå â Èðêóñòêîéîáëàñòè ïîÿâèëèñü â êîíöå XIX âåêà. Ïîäàííûì Â.Ê. Òà÷àíîâñêîãî (1877), Â. Äû-áîâñêèé 24 àïðåëÿ 1876 ã. äîáûë êàðëèêàíà þãî-çàïàäíîì Áàéêàëå áëèç Êóëòóêà.Ñàì Â.Ê. Òà÷àíîâñêèé òàêæå äîáûâàë êàð-ëèêà ó Êóëòóêà. Â.Í. Ñêàëîí (1936) ïðèâî-äèò èíôîðìàöèþ î 2-õ òóøêàõ îðëîâ-êàð-ëèêîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèè Èðêóòñêîãîóíèâåðñèòåòà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ áûë äîáûòÁ. Ãîäëåâñêèì áëèç Èðêóòñêà. Â.È. Áåçáî-ðîäîâ (1969) äâàæäû íàáëþäàë êàðëèêà âÒóëóíñêîì ð-íå â èþíå 1965 ã.  80–90-õãã. âñòðå÷è ñ êàðëèêàìè ñòàëè îáû÷íûìÿâëåíèåì, îò÷àñòè ïî ïðè÷èíå èíòåíñèôè-êàöèè îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñâåòëîéìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿ-êèíà

Pale morph of the Boot-ed Eagle. Photo by I. Kar-yakin

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 39

(Äîðæèåâ, Åëàåâ, 1996; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Âçîîëîãè÷åñêîé êîëëåêöèè Èðêóòñêîãî óíè-âåðñèòåòà èìååòñÿ òóøêà ñàìöà êàðëèêà,äîáûòîãî 25 àâãóñòà 1936 ã. áëèç ñ. Ìîí-äû. Çäåñü æå êàðëèê äîáûâàëñÿ è ïîçæå(Ñóìüÿà, Ñêðÿáèí, 1989). Íà êðàéíåì çà-ïàäå ðåñïóáëèêè â Âîñòî÷íîì Ñàÿíå (Îêè-íèíñêèé ð-í, îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Ñàÿíû) êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷åí 7 èþíÿ 1997 ã. (Äîðæèåâ èäð., 1998). Îïðåäåë¸ííî íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè êàðëèê äîñòèãàåò â þæíîé ÷àñòèðåñïóáëèêè. Èìåííî îòñþäà ïðîèñõîäèòíàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî êîëëåêöèîííûõ ýê-çåìïëÿðîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â Çîîëîãè÷åñêîìèíñòèòóòå ÐÀÍ è Çîîìóçåå ÌÃÓ (Èçìàéëîâ,Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973).  ìàå 1935 ã. ñàìåöêàðëèêà áûë äîáûò ó ñ. Èðî Ñå-ëåíãèíñêîãî ð-íà (Ñêàëîí,1936), â èþëå 1979 ã. – â îêðå-ñòíîñòÿõ Êÿõòû (Ñìèðíîâ è äð.,1983), â àâãóñòå 2002 ã. îäèíî÷-íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü â Òîðñ-êîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç Çóí-Ìóðè-

íî (Ïîïîâ, 2003). Ö.Ç. Äîðæèåâ (1988) ïè-øåò, ÷òî ýòîò îð¸ë âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â þæíûõ èöåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè ïðèìåð-íî äî øèðîòû Óëàí-Óäý, îäíàêî íå ó÷èòû-âàÿ âñòðå÷è ýòîãî âèäà, ëåæàùèå ñóùå-ñòâåííî ñåâåðíåå. Åù¸ â 1953 ã. êàðëèêàâèäåëè íà ñåâåðå Áàéêàëà â äåëüòå Âåðõ-íåé Àíãàðû (Ãàãèíà, 1958), â 1962–63 ãã.êàðëèê ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â óðî÷èùåÄîáý-Åíõîð ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò Óëàí-Óäý(Èçìàéëîâ, Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973).  äåëüòåÑåëåíãè êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëè äâàæäû â1990 ã. (Òóïèöûí, Ôåôåëîâ, 1995), à â1993 ã. – â Áàðãóçèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Àíà-íèí, Ôåäîðîâ, 1988).  2005 ã. îäèíî÷íûõêàðëèêîâ íàáëþäàëè â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè áëèçÈñòîìèíî 7 èþëÿ, â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Äæè-äû – 15 èþëÿ, áåñïîêîÿùóþñÿ ïòèöó íàáëþ-äàëè â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Øàðàëäàéêà áëèç ñ. Øà-ðàëäàé 18 èþëÿ, îäíàêî, ãíåçäî íåèñêàëîñü, îõîòèâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíàâ Òóãíóéñêîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç Õîøóí-Óçó-ðà 19 èþëÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006).

 ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè â ñåíòÿáðå 1935 ã.êàðëèê áûë äîáûò â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Àëåêñàí-äðîâñêîãî çàâîäà (Ñêàëîí, 1936) è íàáëþ-äàëñÿ ó Êàéëàñòóÿ (Ãàãèíà, 1960); â ìàå1939 ã. êàðëèê áûë äîáûò â âåðõîâüÿõ ð.×èòà è íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ïðîë¸òå â îêòÿáðåíà ð. Ñàíãèêàí (Ïàâëîâ, 1948), à 29 èþíÿ1960 ã. âñòðå÷åí â äîëèíå ×èêîÿ (Ëåîíòü-åâ, Ïàâëîâ, 1963).  1971–73 ãã. îð¸ë-êàð-ëèê âñòðå÷àëñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê Øèëêà, Íåð÷üè Àëåóð (Øêàòóëîâà, 1974).

Ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë îðëà-êàð-ëèêà ìîæíî ðàçáèòü íà òðè ôðàãìåíòà(ðèñ. 3): 1 – îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íàãíåçäîâàíèè â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòî-ëåòèé (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 2 – îáëàñòü ðàñ-ñåëåíèÿ â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, 3 – îáëàñòüðàññåëåíèÿ â íà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ. Òåððè-òîðèÿ, îñâîåííàÿ êàðëèêîì çà ïîñëåäíèå

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà: íàãîðíûé ñî-ñíÿê â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãè-îíå (ââåðõó) è ïîéìåí-íûé òîïîë¸âíèê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (âíè-çó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Inhabitant places of theBooted Eagle: mountainpine forest in the Baikalregion (upper) and floodpoplar forest in the Altai-Sayan region (bottom).Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 3. Ñîâðåìåííûé ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè è Êà-çàõñòàíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íàãíåçäîâàíèè â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèé (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 2– îáëàñòü ðàññåëåíèÿ â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, 3 – îáëàñòü ðàññåëåíèÿ âíà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ, 4 – ðåêè, 5 – ãðàíèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ, 6 – âîäî¸ìû

Fig. 3. Modern breeding range of the Booted Eagle in Russia andKazakhstan. Labels: 1 – breeding range at the end of XIX – beginningof ÕÕ centuries (Dementiev, 1951), 2 – breeding range at the end ofÕÕ century, 3 – breeding range at the beginning of ÕÕI century, 4 –rivers, 5 – state borders, 6 – water bodies

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 940

20–30 ëåò, ïðåâûøàåò ïî ïëîùàäè ïðå-æíþþ îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè áîëåå ÷åì â 1,5 ðàçà. Ïîêà íåÿñ-íî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè ñòîëü ñòðåìèòåëüíîåðàññåëåíèå êàðëèêà ïî ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíåÓðàëà, Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíàýêñïàíñèåé âèäà íà íîâóþ òåððèòîðèþ,èëè æå ýòî âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðåæíåãî àðå-àëà ïîñëå ãëîáàëüíîé è ãëóáîêîé äåïðåñ-ñèè ÷èñëåííîñòè. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, â ñêîðîìâðåìåíè îð¸ë-êàðëèê ìîæåò ñòàòü òàêèìæå õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîì çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîéëåñîñòåïè, êàê è åâðîïåéñêîé, è åãî ñòà-òóñ íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò ïåðåñìàòðèâàòü âîìíîãèõ îáëàñòÿõ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà.

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ãíåçäîâûå

áèîòîïû

Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëü-íûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì êàðëèêà ìîæíî îò-íåñòè âñå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû, îêðóæ¸ííûå îò-êðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè â ñòåïíîé èëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõ, à â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñ-òè àðåàëà òàêæå íà þãå çîíû õâîéíî-øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Äèñêðèìèíàíòíûé àíàëèç (DFA) âûäåëåí-íûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ ïî 5 ïàðàìåòðàì(ïëîùàäü è ïåðèìåòð ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðîâ,ìîçàè÷íîñòü èõ âíóòðåííåé ñòðóêòóðû,ïëîòíîñòü ãèäðîñåòè è ïåðåïàä âûñîò), ïðèî÷åíü áîëüøîì ðàçáðîñå äàííûõ (òàáë. 1),ïîêàçûâàåò ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿìåæäó êðàéíèìè âàðèàíòàìè ëåñíûõ ñî-îáùåñòâ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà è ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè.  öåëîì æå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñõîæåñòüïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êàðëèêà íàâñåé òåððèòîðèè åãî àðåàëà âíå çàâèñè-ìîñòè îò ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà è ëàíäøàôò-íîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè (Wilk’s lambda =0,985; F

6,34 = 42,08; p < 0.000) (ðèñ. 4).

Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî òåîðå-òè÷åñêè âèä ìîæåò îñâîèòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ âñå âûäåëåííûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. Îä-íàêî íà ïðàêòèêå â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõðàéîíàõ ê òèïè÷íûì äëÿ òîé èëè èíîé ãíåç-äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà îòíîñÿòñÿ ðàçíûåòèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Ïîýòîìó â îäíèõ óñ-ëîâèÿõ â êàêîì-ëèáî îäíîì òèïå ìåñòîîáè-òàíèÿ îð¸ë-êàðëèê áóäåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñ ìàê-ñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ, â äðóãèõ â ýòîì æåòèïå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ – ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñ ìèíè-ìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ èëè æå âîâñå îòñóò-ñòâîâàòü. Åñòü è òàêèå òèïû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé,êîòîðûå â ëþáîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà áóäóò èçáè-

Òàáë. 1. Ïàðàìåòðû ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) â Ðîññèè

Table 1. Parameters of inhabitant places of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) in Russia

Ðèñ. 4. Äèàãðàììà ðàññåÿíèÿ êàíîíè÷åñêèõ çíà÷åíèé ìåñòîîáèòà-íèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè. Óñëîâíûåîáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí, 2 – Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü, 3– Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, 4 – Áàéêàëüñêèé ðåãèîí

Fig. 4. Scatterplot of canonical scores of the Booted Eagle’s inhabitantplaces in different natural regions of Russia. Labels: 1 – Volga-Uralregion, 2 – Western Siberia, 3 – Altai-Sayan region, 4 – Baikal region

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ðàòüñÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëèøü â êðàéíèõ ñëó-÷àÿõ, âûçâàííûõ âûòåñíåíèåì â ðåçóëüòà-òå êîíêóðåíöèè ñ äðóãèìè âèäàìè èëè æåàäàïòàöèåé ê íîâûì óñëîâèÿì â ðåçóëüòà-òå ðàññåëåíèÿ. Ê ïåðâîé ãðóïïå ìåñòîîáè-òàíèé ìîæíî îòíåñòè ïîéìåííûå ëåñà èãîðíûå ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè, êî âòîðîé – áå-ð¸çîâûå êîëêîâûå ëåñà.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç (SA) (ðèñ. 5)ïîêàçûâàåò ìàêñèìàëüíóþ ôðàãìåíòèðî-âàííîñòü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (0,07 – 0,1 áàë-ëîâ) â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ò.å. èìåííî òàì,ãäå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû áåð¸çîâûå ëåñà, è âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ñóùåñòâóåò ïîïóëÿ-öèè êàðëèêîâ (ðèñ. 6).  ðàñïðåäåëåíèèêàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñ-òîé÷èâàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ñáîëüøîé ñòåïåíüþ ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííîñòèëåñîâ (r = – 0,767; p < 0,001) è àáñîëþò-íûì äîìèíèðîâàíèåì â ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿõáåð¸çû (r = – 0,657; p < 0,001), ïðè÷¸ìîáà ôàêòîðà õàðàêòåðíû è äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèéÏðåäóðàëüÿ, ãäå âèä çàñåëÿåò øèðîêèéñïåêòð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî,ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûå áåðåçíÿêè íà

ïëîñêèõ è õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäå-ëàõ ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñóáîïòèìàëüíûìè ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèÿìè êàðëèêà è íå ó÷èòûâàòü âðàñ÷¸òàõ.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà îãðîìíóþ òåððèòîðèþ ñî-âðåìåííîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ áîëü-øèì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, çàíè-ìàåìûõ âèäîì, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàðòÿãîòååò ê äâóì èõ òèïàì – ïîéìåííûì èòåððàñíûì ëåñàì, îêðóæ¸ííûì ñòåïíûìèïàñòáèùàìè. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâàÿ ïî-ëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿãí¸çä êàðëèêà ñ ðå÷íûìè äîëèíàìè (r =0,897; p < 0,005).  ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ãíåç-äèòñÿ (n=193) 60,1% âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð,87,9% èç êîòîðûõ (ïîëîâèíà âñåõ èçâåñò-íûõ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ)íàñåëÿþò ïîéìû ðåê Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðå-ãèîíà (ðèñ. 7). Íà òåððàñàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ18,1% ïàð, 77,1% èç êîòîðûõ íàñåëÿþò Ïî-âîëæüå (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áàññåéí Ñóðû).

 öåëîì ïî àðåàëó â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâî-ãî áèîòîïà êàðëèêà äîìèíèðóþò òîïîë¸â-íèêè (35,2%), ñìåøàííûå ëåñà (29,0%) èáîðû (13,5%), ïðè÷¸ì áîðû ïðåèìóùå-

Ðèñ. 5. Ëåñà, ïðèãîäíûåäëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàêàðëèêà (ââåðõó) è ñòå-ïåíü èõ ôðàãìåíòèðî-âàííîñòè (âíèçó)

Fig. 5. Forests potential forthe Booted Eagle’s breed-ing (upper) and the levelof their fragmentation(bottom)

Ðèñ. 6. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 6. Structure of theBooted Eagle’s popula-tions

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ñòâåííî òåððàñíûå (38,5%, n=26) (ðèñ. 8),íî â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíàõ äîëÿ òîãîèëè èíîãî áèîòîïà, çàíèìàåìîãî îñíîâíîéìàññîé ïàð, ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ, òàê-æå êàê è ëàíäøàôòíàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü(ðèñ. 9).

 áàññåéíå Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè (n=43) â íà-ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âèä íàñåëÿåò ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî áîðîâûå òåððàñû âäîëü êðóïíûõðåê (Àëàòûðü, Ñóðà, Âîëãà Êàìà) – 62,8%,ëèáî íàãîðíûå øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íàõîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ (Ñåíãè-ëååâñêèå ãîðû, Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñ-êàÿ âîçâûøåííîñòü) – 27,9%. Âåçäå ïðî-ñëåæèâàåòñÿ òÿãîòåíèå âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèèê ðåêàì. Íî, â òî æå âðåìÿ, ïîéìåííûåëåñà â Ïîâîëæüå êàðëèê ÿâíî èçáåãàåò,âñòðå÷àÿñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëèøü â ïîéìåÂîëãè â ñòåïíîé çîíå (Ñàìàðñêàÿ è Ñàðà-òîâñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïîéìåí-íûõ è áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ïî-ïóëÿöèé Ñðåäíåãî Äîíà (Áåëèê, 2005) èÂîëãî-Äîíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ è âûçâàíî,ñêîðåå âñåãî, îòñóòñòâèåì èíûõ ëåñíûõ

ìàññèâîâ. Òèï ëåñà çäåñü îãðîìíîé ðîëèíå èãðàåò, è êàðëèê ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîéïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê â ÷èñòûõ øèðî-êîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ (Ùó÷üè ãîðû), òàê âñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ íà ìåñòå áîðîâ (Àëà-òûðüñêèå çàñåêè) è â ÷èñòûõ áîðàõ (Áóçó-ëóêñêèé áîð).  áîðàõ êàðëèê ïðåäïî÷è-òàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà óñòóïàõ òåððàñ,îáðàù¸ííûõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê ðåêå, èç-áåãàÿ îïóøêè áîðîâ, ÷òî, âîçìîæíî, îáóñ-ëîâëåíî êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì(Aquila heliaca).  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, â ñâÿ-çè ñ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, â Ïðåäóðà-ëüå ïðîèñõîäèò åãî ðàññåëåíèå ïî íåáîëü-øèì ëèñòâåííûì è ñìåøàííûì êîëêîâûìëåñàì ïî êðóòîñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí.Îäíàêî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè è çäåñüêàðëèê ïðèäåðæèâàëñÿ íàèáîëåå êðóïíûõïî ïëîùàäè ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà, èçáåãàÿ íåáîëü-øèõ êîëêîâ. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ðå÷íûå äîëè-íû áîãàòûå ñòåïíûìè èëè ëóãîâûìè (íà ñå-âåðå àðåàëà) ïàñòáèùàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿêîðèäîðàìè äëÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî ðåãè-îíó êàê íà ñåâåð, â çîíó õâîéíî-øèðîêî-ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, òàê è íà þã â ñóõîñòåï-íóþ çîíó.

Íà Þæíîì Óðàëå ïîëîâèíà ó÷àñòêîâîðëà-êàðëèêà âûÿâëåíà â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ,äðóãàÿ ïîëîâèíà – íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ñ ãóñ-òîé ìîçàèêîé ïàñòáèù. Èç-çà íåäîñòàòî÷-íîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî íàõîäêàì ãí¸çä íåâîç-ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, êàêîé òèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿäîìèíèðóåò. Âåðîÿòíî â ðàâíîé ñòåïåíèðàñïðîñòðàíåíû îáà òèïà – â ïðèðóñëî-âûõ òîïîë¸âûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî â íàãîðíûõ øè-ðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåí-íûõ ëåñàõ. Ñêîðåå âñåãî ïåðâûé òèïãíåçäîâàíèÿ (â ïîéìàõ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîìèíàëü-íûì ó òåõ ïàð, êîòîðûå ñòàëè îñâàèâàòüãîðíóþ ëåñîñòåïü Þæíîãî Óðàëà, ðàññå-ëÿÿñü ïî ðåêàì èç Ïðåäóðàëüÿ, à âòîðîéòèï (íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå âòîðè÷-

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâîðëà-êàðëèêà ïî òèïàììåñòîáèòàíèé

Fig. 7. Distribution ofthe Booted Eagle in dif-ferent types of inhabit-ant places

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàð-ëèêà ïî òèïàì ëåñà

Fig. 8. Distribution of the Booted Eagle in different for-est types

Ðèñ. 9. Ëàíäøàôòíàÿïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàð-ëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîä-íûõ ðàéîíàõ

Fig. 9. Distribution of theBooted Eagle in differentlandscape types in differ-ent nature regions

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íî ïðèîáð¸òåííûì âíîâü ôîðìèðóþùè-ìèñÿ ïàðàìè èç ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì îíáëèçîê ê òèïó ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïòèö â Åâðîïå.

 ëåñîñòåïè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåð-íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà ïîêà åù¸ ñëîæíî ãîâîðèòü

î ñëîæèâøèõñÿ ñòåðåîòèïàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿêàðëèêà, òåì íå ìåíåå, âûÿâëåííûå ãí¸çäàïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå î ïðåäïî÷-òåíèè âèäîì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïóøå÷íûõó÷àñòêîâ ïðèäîëèííûõ áîðîâ è ïîéìåííûõ

* Ïðèìå÷àíèå: îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè â ðåãèîíå ïîëó÷åíà â ðåçóëüòàòå ñóììèðîâàíèÿ îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî îáëàñòÿì* Note: Estimated number of pairs in a region results on summations of estimated number of pairs in districts

Òàáë. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè

Table 2. Number of the Booted Eagle in different nature regions

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ëåñîâ. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè (n=9) 66,7 % ïàðãíåçäèòñÿ â òàêèõ áèîòîïàõ.

 Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=114) àá-ñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ êàðëèêà â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ðåê ñòåï-íûõ êîòëîâèí – 89,5%. Èìåííî ïî ïîéìàìðåê âèä ïðîíèêàåò äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêî âãîðíî-ëåñíóþ çîíó, òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðàê-òè÷åñêè íå âûõîäÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè çà ïðå-äåëû ïîéì. Íåêîòîðûå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò ñòå-ðåîòèïà íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëèøü íà ñåâåðåÕàêàñèè, ãäå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 2 âñòðå÷èâèäà âíå ïîéì, îäíàêî â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ðå÷-íûì äîëèíàì. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä ðàáîòû â ãî-ðàõ íàìè íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íè îäíîãîãíåçäà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ â ãîðíûõ ëèñòâåí-íè÷íèêàõ è â îñòðîâíûõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõêîòëîâèí. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, íàéäåííîåâ ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòîìâîäîðàçäåëå, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñêëîíå ðå÷-íîé äîëèíû. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991) ïðåäïî-ëàãàë ñòåíîòîïíîñòü âèäà è åãî ãíåçäîâà-íèå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Îäíàêîíàìè ïîìèìî ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ êîòëîâèíâ ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåí åù¸ îäèí äîñòàòî÷íî õà-ðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï – ñòåïíûåáîðû, ãäå âûÿâëåíî 8,8% ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ.Îí ìåíåå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ñâÿçè ñî ñâî-åé ðåäêîñòüþ, íî êàðëèê â ñòåïíûõ áîðàõãíåçäèòñÿ ñ äîâîëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ,îñîáåííî â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Áàëãà-çûíñêèé áîð).

Ïîéìåííûå ëåñà, êàê îñíîâíîé ãíåçäî-âîé áèîòîï îðëà-êàðëèêà, õàðàêòåðíû, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå òîëüêî äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãîðåãèîíà, íî è äëÿ âñåé Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãî-ëèè îäíàêî â Ðîññèè âîñòî÷íåå Ñàÿí, â ïîé-ìåííûõ ëåñàõ âèä ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòü-ñÿ ëèøü â êðóïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ þãà Áóðÿòèè.Äëÿ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà (n=6) â öåëîìáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäîâûì áèîòîïîìêàðëèêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïóøêè íàãîðíûõ áîðîâè ëèñòâåííè÷íèêîâ ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõêîòëîâèí (83,3%), ò.å. ôàêòè÷åñêè àíàëîãáèîòîïîâ, êîòîðûå âèä èçáåãàåò ïî äðóãóþñòîðîíó Ñàÿí.

 ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåä¸ííîãî àíàëèçà äëÿêàæäîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà óäàëîñü âû-äåëèòü òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòî-ïû, äîëÿ êîòîðûõ îò ïëîùàäè ïîòåíöèàëü-íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â öåëîì ïî àðåàëóñîñòàâèëà 9,17%. Áûëè îòôèëüòðîâàíûêàê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå êðóïíûå ïî ïëîùà-äè ëåñíûå ó÷àñòêè â ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ðàéî-íàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî è Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãè-îíîâ, à òàêæå êîëêîâûå áåð¸çîâûå ëåñà âÇàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè (òàáë. 2).

×èñëåííîñòü è å¸ äèíàìèêà

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ïîêà-çàíî íà ðèñ. 10. Îíè ìàêñèìàëüíî îõâàòè-ëè âñå òèïû ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, õà-ðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ êàæäîãî ïðèðîäíîãîðàéîíà, â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëàîðëà-êàðëèêà (ðèñ. 11). Ïëîùàäü ðàçíûõòèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ïðîïîðöèîíàëü-íà àíàëîãè÷íûì áèîòîïàì â àðåàëå.

Ëèøü íà 56,9% ïëîùàäîê êàðëèê áûëîáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Îêîëî ïîëî-âèíû «íóëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê» ëåæèò â çîíå äî-ìèíèðîâàíèÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ êàðëè-êà áèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ðåãèîíîâ, ãäå âèäÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíè-êîì (Ïðåäóðàëüå, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé è Áàé-êàëüñêèé ðåãèîíû), ëèáî â ðåãèîíàõ, ãäåâèä òîëüêî íà÷àë ðàññåëÿòüñÿ è â íàñòîÿ-ùåå âðåìÿ êðàéíå ðåäîê (Çàóðàëüå, Çàïàä-íàÿ Ñèáèðü). Íà îñòàëüíîé ïîëîâèíå «íó-ëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê» âèä îïðåäåë¸ííîãíåçäèòñÿ, ò.ê. ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ â ïðåäûäó-ùèå ãîäû, îäíàêî èç-çà íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñ-òè è ñêðûòíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ íå îáíàðóæåí.Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìû âñ¸ æå èõ âêëþ÷àåì âîáùèé ðàñ÷¸ò îöåíîê ÷èñëåííîñòè, íåñìîò-ðÿ íà óâåëè÷åíèå ïîãðåøíîñòè ýêñòðàïî-ëÿöèè â ñòîðîíó çàíèæåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè.

Ñîîòíîøåíèå ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â 5 ãðóïïàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäîê ñ ðàçíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ

Ðèñ. 10. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïëîùàäîê äëÿ ó÷¸òà îðëà-êàðëèêà. Óñ-ëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: À – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè, ðàíæèðîâàííûåïî êîëè÷åñòâó âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ,  – ãðàíèöû îá-ëàñòåé, Ñ – ãðàíèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ

Fig. 10. Plot distribution for recording of the Booted Eagle. Labels:A – plots differentiated on a number of surveyed breeding territo-ries, B – district borders, C – state borders

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 45

îðëà-êàðëèêà, íàãëÿäíî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òîýòîò âèä íå îáðàçóåò êîíöåíòðàöèè íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè â êàêîì-ëèáî îòäåëüíîì òèïå ëåñàèëè ëàíäøàôòà, à ñ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îäè-íàêîâîé ïëîòíîñòüþ îñâàèâàåò ëþáûå ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû (ðèñ. 12). Ïëîòíîñòüîðëà-êàðëèêà èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 5 äî 25 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè è çàâèñèò áîëü-øåé ÷àñòüþ íå îò òèïà ëåñà èëè ãåîëîãè-÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ìåñòíîñòè, à îò êîð-ìîâîé áàçû.  Òóâå íàáëþäàåòñÿïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿïëîòíîñòè êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñ áëè-çîñòüþ ïîñåëåíèé äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè(Ochotona daurica) (r = 0,812; p < 0,01), âÑàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè – ñ áëèçîñòüþ ïîñåëå-

íèé áîëüøèõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilusmajor) (r = 0,657; p < 0,01).

Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè(15–25 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè) õà-ðàêòåðíû ëèøü äëÿ (n=65) 12,1% ïëîùà-äîê, íà òåððèòîðèè êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðóþ-ùèì òèïîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîãî áèîòîïàÿâëÿëñÿ ïîéìåííûé ëåñ (n=15; 53,3%),ëèáî ëåñ ïî òåððàñå (40,0%). ×óòü áîëååïîëîâèíû ýòèõ ïëîùàäîê (53,3%) ëåæàò âïðåäåëàõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî â Òóâå (33,3%), îñòàëüíûå –â Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè èÐåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (26,7%).

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè îðëà-êàðëè-êà íà âñåõ ïëîùàäêàõ (n=64) âàðüèðóåò îò1,19 äî 12,87 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì5,52±2,84 êì (E

x = – 0,33). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå

â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà â öåëîì áëèçêî ê ëîãî-íîðìàëüíîìó (õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïîëîæè-òåëüíîé àñèììåòðèåé), çà ñ÷¸ò âûñîêîéäîëè â âûáîðêå ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â «ðûõ-ëûõ» ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (Òàòàðèÿ,Ñàìàðñêàÿ è Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòè).  ãè-ñòîãðàììå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ êàðëèêîâ â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (ðèñ. 13, Ñ) äîâîëü-íî ÷¸òêî ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíûéýêñöåññ (E

x = – 1,43). Ïðè ñðåäíåì ðàñ-

ñòîÿíèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð â7,0±3,44 êì (n=26; lim: 1,49 – 10,51 êì)âûäåëÿþòñÿ äâå ãðóïïû áëèçêî (2–4 êì) èäàëåêî (6–12 êì) ðàñïîëîæåííûõ äðóã îòäðóãà ãí¸çä ðàçíûõ ïàð. Ýòî ìîæåò ñâèäå-òåëüñòâîâàòü î òîì, ÷òî íà äàííîé òåððè-òîðèè ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè îðëà-êàðëè-êà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñòàäèè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, ëèáîçàíèìàþò ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. òî æå âðåìÿ, åñëè îòäåëüíî ðàññìàòðè-âàòü Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, ãäå äëèòåëü-íîå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâóþò ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïè-ðîâêè âèäà ñî ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñòðóêòóðîéïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ýòî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îêàçûâà-åòñÿ áëèçêèì ê íîðìàëüíîìó (n=38;4,52±1,77 êì, lim: 1,19–7,73 êì; E

x = –

0,82). Íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûì äëÿ âèäàÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïàõ â 2,5–5 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Âïîéìàõ ðåê Àáàêàí (Õàêàñèÿ) è Òåñ-Õåì(Òóâà) êàðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíî-ìåðíî â îñíîâíîé ñâîåé ìàññå â 4,5–6,5êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, â ñðåäíåì (n=13) â

Ðèñ. 11. Äîëÿ ðåãèñòðàöèé îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (ââåðõó) è äîëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèî-òîïîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ (âíèçó)

Fig. 11. Portion of the Booted Eagle’s registrations in different types ofnesting biotopes (upper) and portion of different types of nesting bi-otopes on plots (bottom)

Ðèñ. 12. Cîîòíîøåíèå ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ â ãðóïïàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ñ ðàçíîéïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 12. Nesting biotope structure on plots character-ized by different breeding densities of the Booted Eagle

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 946

5,14±1,49 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû (ðèñ. 14, ïëî-ùàäêè Àáàêàí–2 è Òåñ-Õåì–3). Èñêàæåíèÿâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèè âîçíèêàþò ïðè óõóäøå-íèè ëèáî óëó÷øåíèè óñëîâèé êîðìîäîáû-÷è, ôðàãìåíòàöèè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèî-òîïîâ, âîçíèêíîâåíèè îñòðîé êîíêóðåíöèèñ äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè, ëèáî âëèÿíèÿ ñî-âîêóïíîñòè ýòèõ è äðóãèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Âëè-ÿíèå äâóõ ïåðâûõ ôàêòîðîâ õîðîøî èë-ëþñòðèðóåò ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêàâ ïîéìåííîì ëåñó íà ïëîùàäêå Òåñ-Õåì–1è â ñòåïíîì áîðó íà ïëîùàäêå Áàëãàçûí âÒóâå (ðèñ. 14).  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ñîêðàùå-íèå ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõïàð äî 3-õ êì âûçâàíî êîíöåíòðàöèåéãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âîêðóã âäàþùåãîñÿ âäîëèíó ìàññèâà áóãðèñòûõ ïåñêîâ ñî ñêàëü-íûìè îñòàíöàìè, ãäå îðëû â äîïîëíåíèå êîñíîâíîìó êîðìîâîìó ðåñóðñó (äàóðñêàÿïèùóõà) ïîëó÷àþò âîçìîæíîñòü óñïåøíîîñâàèâàòü äðóãèå – ìîíãîëüñêóþ ïåñ÷àíêó(Meriones unguiculatus) è ìîíãîëüñêóþ ïè-ùóõó (Ochotona pallasi). Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àåñîêðàùåíèå ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìèðàçíûõ ïàð äî 2,5 êì âûçâàíî ôðàãìåíòè-

ðîâàííîñòüþ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâíà ôîíå îòëè÷íûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ êîðìîäî-áû÷è (áîðîâûå êîëêè ðàññðåäîòî÷åíûñðåäè îïóñòûíåííîé ïåñ÷àíîé ñòåïè, ïëîò-íî íàñåë¸ííîé äàóðñêîé ïèùóõîé). Âîç-ìîæíî ñâîþ ðîëü â óïëîòíåíèè äàííîéãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñûãðàëà ñèëüíåé-øàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòèáîðà ïîæàðàìè, ñëåäû êîòîðûõ õîðîøî çà-ìåòíû â þãî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ðàçìåùåíèÿîðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðîññèè ñ íîðìàëèçàöèåéäàííûõ ïî ó÷¸òíûì ïëîùàäêàì (ðèñ. 6)ïîêàçûâàåò íàëè÷èå äâóõ ÷¸òêî âûðàæåí-íûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ÿâëÿþ-ùèõñÿ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå, ïîñóòè, ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè äâóõ ïîä-âèäîâ – íîìèíàëüíîãî (H. pennatuspennatus) è âîñòî÷íîãî (H. pennatusmilvoides) (Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990). Ìåæäó ýòè-ìè ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè íà ïðîñòðàí-ñòâå Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿèä¸ò àêòèâíîå ðàññåëåíèå âèäà, è íå âñåãíåçäîïèãîäíûå áèîòîïû èì çàíÿòû, ïîýòî-ìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè äëÿ Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè (òàáë. 2) â 106–152 ïàðû ìîæåò áûòüçàâûøåíà â 1,5–2 ðàçà èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî áîëü-øàÿ ÷àñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ – ýòîñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûå áåð¸çîâûåëåñà. Âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðèâ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 65ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, 20–35 ïàð èç êîòî-ðûõ íàñåëÿþò Íîâîñèáèðñêóþ îáëàñòü èÀëòàéñêèé êðàé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005â;2005ã), è íå áîëåå 20–30 ïàð – ×åëÿáèíñ-êóþ è Êóðãàíñêóþ îáëàñòè.

 Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå àðåàë êàðëèêàîõâàòûâàåò íå òîëüêî ëåñà ñòåïíûõ êîòëî-âèí â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è Áóðÿòèè, íî è â×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Îäíàêî ñ òåððèòîðèè×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè íåò îáúåêòèâíûõ ñîâðå-ìåííûõ äàííûõ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, à íàìâ õîäå ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðëà-êàðëèêàå¸ ïîñåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. ×èñëåííîñòü êàð-ëèêà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ Óñòü-Áóðÿòñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã, è â Ðåñïóá-ëèêå Áóðÿòèÿ ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òà íà 4-õêðóïíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ è àâòîìàðøðóòàõ â2005 ã., áûëà îöåíåíà â 62 – 83 ïàðû (Êà-ðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòèâèäà â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ äà¸ò íå-ñêîëüêî áîëåå âûñîêèå, íî âñå æå áëèç-êèå ðåçóëüòàòû – 72–92 ïàðû. Äëÿ ×èòèíñ-êîé îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü êàðëèêà îöåíåíàâ 83–93 ïàðû, è ìîæíî òîëüêî äîãàäûâàòü-ñÿ, íàñêîëüêî îíà çàâûøåíà èëè çàíèæå-íà. Ñóäÿ ïî êîñìîñíèìêàì, òåððèòîðèÿêîòëîâèí ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè áîëåå ïðèâëå-êàòåëüíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, íî â òî æå

Ðèñ. 13. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó ñî-ñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè îðëà-êàðëèêà â àðåàëå â öåëîì– À, â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìðåãèîíå – B è â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – C

Fig. 13. Distances be-tween neighbor nests ofthe Booted Eagle in therange (A), in the Altai-Sayan region (B) and inthe Volga-Ural region (C)

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 47

âðåìÿ íå èçâåñòíî, èìååò ëè êàðëèê çäåñüòå æå ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ÷òî è â ñî-ñåäíåé Áóðÿòèè. Âòîðûì áåëûì ïÿòíîì âðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåððè-òîðèÿ, ëåæàùàÿ ñåâåðíåå Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñà-ÿíà, òàê æå ïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàð-ëèêà, íà êîòîðîé âèä îäíîçíà÷íîâñòðå÷àåòñÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006; Ïîïîâ,2003). Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, òàê æå êàê èìåæäóðå÷üå Êàíà è Áèðþñû íà ãðàíèöåÈðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿè Êàíñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå,íå îáñëåäîâàëàñü, îäíàêî çäåñü ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 20 –30 ïàð îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ.

 Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîïûòêè îöå-íèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà ïðåäïðè-íèìàëèñü â 2000–2003 ãã. äëÿ ÐåñïóáëèêÒûâà è Õàêàñèÿ íà îñíîâàíèè îáèëèÿ ïàðâ ïîéìàõ ðåê ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí. Íà îáùóþïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, ýê-ñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü ïîêàçàòåëè îáèëèÿ ïàðíà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðåê Òåñ-Õåì,Íàðûí, Åíèñåé (Òûâà), Àáàêàí è Á.Èþñ (Õà-êàñèÿ). Îáèëèå âàðüèðîâàëî â ïðåäåëàõ18,37±10,58 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè ñ ìàêñè-ìàëüíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè â Óáñóíóðñêîé

êîòëîâèíå (Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà) è ìèíèìàëü-íûìè – íà ñåâåðå Õàêàñèè. Îöåíêà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè ñîñòàâèëà 165–195 ïàð äëÿ Õà-êàñèè è 705–825 ïàð – äëÿ Òûâû. Îäíàêîýòè îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè íå ó÷èòûâàëè âîç-ìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà â ïîéìàõðåê ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Ñàÿí, ñòåïíûõ áî-ðàõ (Áàëãàçûíñêèé áîð â Òûâå, áîðû Ìè-íóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû â Õàêàñèè) è ñìåøàí-íûõ ëåñàõ íà õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûõâîäîðàçäåëàõ (Êîïüåâñêèé êóïîë è Áàòå-íåâñêèé êðÿæ â Õàêàñèè), ïîýòîìó áûëè íå-ñêîëüêî çàíèæåíû.

 Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïî ñîñòîÿ-íèþ íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñ÷èòàë-ñÿ ðåäêèì, ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âè-äîì, è â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà(Áàøêèðèÿ, âîñòî÷íàÿ ïîëîâèíà Îðåíáóð-ãñêîé îáëàñòè) íå ãíåçäèëñÿ (Êàðÿêèí,1998).  ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Ïòèöû Åâðîïû –II (Ìèùåíêî è äð., 2004) îöåíêè ÷èñëåí-íîñòè áûëè ñäåëàíû äëÿ êàðëèêà â Ñàðà-òîâñêîé (100–150), Ñàìàðñêîé (20–30ïàð), Óëüÿíîâñêîé (20–30 ïàð), Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîé (6–10 ïàð) îáëàñòÿõ è Ðåñïóáëè-êàõ Òàòàðñòàí (5–25 ïàð) è Áàøêîðòîñòàí(5 ïàð). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêàíà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå áåç ó÷¸òà Ñàðàòîâñêîé

Ðèñ. 14. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ ïëî-ùàäêàõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìðåãèîíå

Fig. 14. Distribution of theBooted Eagle’s breedingterritories on differentplots in the Altai-Sayanregion

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 948

îáëàñòè áûëà îöåíåíà íà òîò ïåðèîä â 56–100 ïàð (6,7–7,0% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà âÅâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). Íàøà ñîâðå-ìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè êàðëèêà ïðå-âûøàåò ïðåæíþþ êàê ìèíèìóì â 5 ðàç(òàáë. 2), è â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îòðàæàåòðåàëüíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãè-îíå, à íå óâåëè÷åíèå ñòåïåíè åãî èçó-÷åííîñòè. Ñåâåðíûå ïðåäåëû ðàñïðîñò-ðàíåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â ðåãèîíå âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ òðåáóþò óòî÷íåíèÿ, è, âè-äèìî, â äàëüíåéøåì îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòèáóäåò íåñêîëüêî âûøå çà ñ÷¸ò óâåëè÷åíèÿçîíû (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ), íà êîòîðóþ ìîæíî ýê-ñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå.

Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òîñîâðåìåííûå îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ïîâîëæüå, Ïðåäó-

ðàëüå è Þæíûé Óðàë) – îêîëî 600–1000ïàð è Þæíîé Ñèáèðè (Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé èÁàéêàëüñêèé ðåãèîíû) – îêîëî 1000–1500ïàð áîëåå áëèçêè ê ðåàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòèîðëà-êàðëèêà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ äàííûå ïî Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè è ðÿä íåîáñëåäîâàííûõ è íåïîïàâøèõ â ðàñ÷¸ò òåððèòîðèé, ãäå âûÿâ-ëåíî ïðåáûâàíèå âèäà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðè-îä, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî îáùàÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ñîñòàâëÿ-åò îêîëî 1700–2600 ïàð.

Ìîðôû

Äëÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà õàðàêòåðíà ïîëèìîð-ôíîñòü îêðàñêè. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷à-þòñÿ îñîáè ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû, ðåæåîñîáè ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îêðàñêè ñ îõðèñ-òîé íèæíåé ñòîðîíîé òåëà, íà êîòîðîéïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ áëåäíûé áóðîâàòûé ðè-ñóíîê èëè ñ áóðîé îêðàñêîé íèçà ñ îõ-ðèñòûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì. Ïî ìíå-íèþ Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿíà (1990) óñòîé÷èâîéãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè ìîðôîðëà-êàðëèêà íåò.

Ïî äàííûì Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) íàÊàâêàçå êàðëèêè âñòðå÷àëèñü â ïðîïîðöèè50% ñâåòëûõ è 50% ò¸ìíûõ, â Òóëüñêîé ãó-áåðíèè – 70% ò¸ìíûõ è 30% ñâåòëûõ, âÂîðîíåæñêîé ãóáåðíèè 25% ñâåòëûõ è75% ò¸ìíûõ, â Òóðêìåíèè 80% ò¸ìíûõ è20% ñâåòëûõ. Ò.å. íàëèöî ôàêò äîìèíèðî-âàíèÿ ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæå-íèÿ íà âîñòîê ïî àðåàëó êàðëèêà.  ðàç-ðîçíåííûõ ñîâðåìåííûõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ ïîðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè, îïèñûâàþ-ùèõ âñòðå÷è ñ êàðëèêàìè, ëèøü â ïîëîâè-íå ñëó÷àåâ óïîìèíàåòñÿ ìîðôà íàáëþäà-åìûõ ïòèö.  Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿñâåäåíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ 3-õ ò¸ìíûõ è îäíîéñâåòëîé ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëåäíÿÿ íàáëþäà-ëàñü â ñìåøàííîé ïàðå (Áàðàáàøèí, 2000;Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003; Êîðîëüêîâ è äð.,2005).  Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ (Òàòàðñòàí) èç 5 íà-áëþäàâøèõñÿ â 2004 ã. ñàìöîâ, 3 áûëè ò¸ì-íîé è 2 ñâåòëîé ìîðôû (Êîðåïîâ è äð.,2004).  Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïòèöó ò¸ìíîéìîðôû íàáëþäàë Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006). Áàøêèðèè â 1994–98 ãã. èç 4-õ âñòðå-÷åííûõ ïòèö ëèøü îäíà ïðèíàäëåæàëàò¸ìíîé ìîðôå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îäíàêîíàáëþäåíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò íà Áóãóëüìèí-ñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ïîêàçû-âàþò äîìèíèðîâàíèå ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû. Èç10 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è ñë¸òêîâ, íàáëþäàâøèõ-ñÿ â 2004 – 2006 ãã. 7 ïòèö ïðèíàäëåæàëèò¸ìíîé ìîðôå è 3 – ñâåòëîé, ïðè÷¸ì äâåñâåòëûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿëè ïàðó (Êàðÿêèí,

Ò¸ìíàÿ (1), ïðîìåæóòî÷-íàÿ (2) è ñâåòëàÿ (3) ìîð-ôû îðëà-êàðëèêà. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Dark (1), intermediate (2)and pale (3) morph of theBooted Eagle. Photos byI. Karyakin

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 49

2006).  Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â Êóâàí-äûêñêîì ðàéîíå (Þæíûé Óðàë) èç 4-õ íà-áëþäàâøèõñÿ â 2001 ã. ïòèö 3 áûëè ò¸ì-íîé ìîðôû è îäíà ñâåòëîé, ïðè÷¸ìïîñëåäíÿÿ â ñìåøàííîé ïàðå (Êîðøèêîâ,2001).  Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåîïèñàííûå â ëèòåðàòóðå ðåãèñòðàöèèîðëà-êàðëèêà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ò¸ìíîé ìîðôå(Æèìóëåâ, 2005; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005;Ìîøêèí, 2006). À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004)ñîîáùàåò î âñòðå÷àõ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè îñîáåé ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû,îäíàêî íå ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ, â êàêîéïðîïîðöèè îíè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ. Íà ÀëòàåÏ.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) äîáûâàë êàðëèêà ñâåò-ëîé ìîðôû.  Òóâå â 70–80-õ ãã. (Áàðàíîâ,1991) ñâåòëûå êàðëèêè (3 îñîáè) íàáëþäà-ëèñü íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, à ò¸ìíûå (4 îñîáè) –íà 2-õ.  Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïòèöû ñâåò-ëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñüôàêòè÷åñêè â ðàâíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (Ìåëü-íèêîâ, 1999; Ïîïîâ, 2003; Ïîïîâ, Ñàëî-âàðîâ, 1998; Òóïèöûí, Ôåôåëîâ, 1995).

Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ïîêà-çûâàåò äîìèíèðîâàíèå ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû(n=48; 64,6%) â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ îðëîâ-êàðëè-êîâ, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ìåæäó Âîëãîé èÀìóðîì. Íàøè äàííûå, îñíîâàííûå íàðåãèñòðàöèè 298 îñîáåé â ðàçíûõ ðåãèî-íàõ Ðîññèè, òàêæå ãîâîðÿò î äîìèíèðîâà-íèè ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû (85,2%) â ðàññìàòðè-âàåìîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà (ðèñ. 15).Íàáëþäàåòñÿ óìåíüøåíèå äîëè ñâåòëûõïòèö â ïîïóëÿöèè ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿíà âîñòîê. Åñëè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèî-íå (n=66) ñâåòëûå êàðëèêè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â34,8% ñëó÷àåâ, òî âîñòî÷íåå Óðàëà ëèøü â6,8% ñëó÷àåâ.

 ñîâðåìåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå îòñóòñòâóåòèíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ ïòèö ïðîìåæóòî÷-íîé ìîðôû, êîòîðàÿ áîëüøèíñòâîì èññëå-äîâàòåëåé â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ñêîðåå âñå-ãî, íå èäåíòèôèöèðóåòñÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü,

÷òî ìû ñìîãëè èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ïòèöïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îêðàñêè ëèøü â õîäå äëè-òåëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà íèìè, ñêîðåå âñå-ãî ïðè îáû÷íûõ íàáëþäåíèÿõ âåëèêà âå-ðîÿòíîñòü îøèáî÷íîé èäåíòèôèêàöèèïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ îñîáåé, êàê ò¸ìíûõ. Âñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, äîëÿ ïòèö ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé îê-ðàñêè ñîñòàâèëà âñåãî ëèøü 2% îò îáùåãîêîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷, ïðè ýòîì îñíîâíàÿ ìàñ-ñà ïîäîáíûõ ïòèö îòìå÷àëàñü â Ðåñïóáëè-êå Òûâà, ãäå çà îðëàìè-êàðëèêàìè âåëèñüðåãóëÿðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ ñ 2000 ã.

Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

Ôåíîëîãèÿ

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ â Ðîññèè â àïðåëå. Èç-çà ñêðûò-íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ î÷åíü òðóäíî îöåíèòü ñðî-êè ìàññîâîãî ïðèë¸òà, îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïîñðîêàì îòêëàäêè ÿèö, îíè ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà10-å ÷èñëà àïðåëÿ. Âîçìîæíî, íà ñåâåðåÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà âèä ïîÿâëÿåòñÿíåñêîëüêî ïîçäíåå, â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ –ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ. Òîê è ïîäíîâëåíèåãíåçäà çàíèìàþò, âèäèìî, íåïðîäîëæèòåëü-íîå âðåìÿ – îêîëî íåäåëè. Çíà÷èòåëüíîáîëüøåå âðåìÿ (îêîëî 2-õ íåäåëü) êàðëèêèçàòðà÷èâàþò íà ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà, åñëèïðåæíåå ãíåçäî îêàçûâàåòñÿ ðàçðóøåííûì.Ñòðîèò ãíåçäî â îñíîâíîì ñàìêà. Ñàìåö íàýòàïå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà èëè ïîäíîâëåíèÿ ãíåç-äà ïðèíîñèò âåòêè êðàéíå ðåäêî.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè îòêëàäêè ÿèö âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãè-îíàõ äàòèðóþòñÿ 20 àïðåëÿ. Ìàññîâàÿ îò-êëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò 25 àïðåëÿ – 10 ìàÿíà þãå Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, 1–15ìàÿ – íà þãå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà è5–20 ìàÿ íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà èîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íà÷àëîì ìàññîâîãî ïîÿâëå-íèÿ ëèñòâû íà äåðåâüÿõ. Ïîçäíèå êëàäêèìîãóò ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ, ñóäÿ ïî âûëóïëåíèþ èâûëåòó ïòåíöîâ, âïëîòü äî 5 èþíÿ, à âîç-ìîæíî è ïîçæå. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991)ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàõîäêå êëàä-êè êàðëèêà èç ñèëüíî íàñèæåííûõ ÿèö âÓáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Òóâà) 11 èþëÿ1973 ã., ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò íà÷àëî êëàäêèïîñëå 7 èþíÿ. Ïðè÷èíû ñäâèãà ñðîêîâ ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíû. Òàê íà 2-õãí¸çäàõ â Òóâå â 2005 ã., õàðàêòåðèçîâàâ-øåìñÿ ïîçäíåé âåñíîé, ïòåíöû âûëóïèëèñü8 è 11 èþíÿ, à â 2006 ã. (ïðè áîëåå ðàí-íèõ ñðîêàõ íàñòóïëåíèÿ âåñíû) íà òåõ æåãí¸çäàõ – 19 è 21 èþíÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõî-äèëà 14–18 ìàÿ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â

Ðèñ. 15. Äîëÿ ðàçíûõìîðô îðëà-êàðëèêà âåãî ïîïóëÿöèÿõ

Fig. 15. Portion of differ-ent morphs in the Boot-ed Eagle’s populations

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 950

2005 ã. â Òóâå ïðè íàëè÷èè ñèëüíî íàñè-æåííûõ êëàäîê ó áîëüøèíñòâà ïàð â ïåð-âûõ ÷èñëàõ èþíÿ, îäíà ïàðà îòëîæèëà ñâå-æåå ÿéöî 2 èþíÿ, äðóãàÿ çàêàí÷èâàëàñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà 3 èþíÿ. Âîçìîæíî,÷òî âñå íàáëþäåíèÿ îòêëàäêè ÿèö ïîñëå 20ìàÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ïîâòîðíûì êëàäêàì ëèáîê ïòèöàì, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè ðàçðóøå-íû â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, è èì ñðàçó æå ïîñëåïðèë¸òà ïðèøëîñü ñòðîèòü íîâûå.

ßéöà îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ ñ èíòåðâàëîì â ñóò-êè – äâîå, õîòÿ ìîãóò áûòü è áîëåå ïðî-äîëæèòåëüíûå èíòåðâàëû ìåæäó îòêëàäêîéïåðâîãî è âòîðîãî ÿéöà. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ(1951) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ îá èíòåð-âàëå îòêëàäêè ÿèö â 2–4 ñóòîê. Íàñèæèâà-íèå äëèòñÿ 31–35 ñóòîê. Íàñèæèâàåò ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî ñàìêà ñ ïåðâîãî ÿéöà, õîòÿâîçìîæíî, ÷òî ïåðâûå ñóòêè îíà ëèøü ñè-äèò íà ÿéöå, íå ïðèñòóïàÿ ê åãî íàñèæèâà-íèþ, ò.ê. ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ îáû÷íî ñ èí-òåðâàëîì íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøèì, ÷åìèíòåðâàë ìåæäó îòêëàäêîé ÿèö.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå âûâîäêè íà÷èíàþòâñòðå÷àòüñÿ â ãí¸çäàõ îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ 20-õ÷èñåë ìàÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòåíöîâ â ãí¸ç-äàõ ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ 27 ìàÿ – 22 èþíÿ. Ïîçäíèåâûâîäêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ âïëîòü äî êîíöà ïåð-âîé äåêàäû èþëÿ.

Ïòåíöû íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå îò 49 äî 56äíåé è ñðîêè ýòè ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñÿò îòèíòåíñèâíîñòè êîðìëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïîãîä-íûõ óñëîâèé è ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà.Îáû÷íî ñë¸òêè ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà ñ åù¸ íå-äîðîñøèìè ìàõîâûìè è îñòàòêàìè ïóõà íàãîëîâå è îêîëî 1,5–2-õ íåäåëü äîêàðìëè-âàþòñÿ ðîäèòåëÿìè íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå.Ò.å. îáùèé ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâñîñòàâëÿåò 60–70 äíåé. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü,÷òî äàííûå À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004) î ôå-íîëîãèè êàðëèêà â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòèîøèáî÷íû è, ëèáî îòíîñÿòñÿ íå ê ýòîìóâèäó, ëèáî çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî áûòü ýëåìåí-òàðíàÿ îïå÷àòêà, ò.ê. ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿïòåíöîâ 36 äíåé íåðåàëåí äëÿ âèäà.

Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñë¸ò-êîâ, ïîêèíóâøèõ ãí¸çäà, – äåñÿòûå ÷èñëàèþëÿ. Íàì èçâåñòíî ëèøü 2 òàêèõ âûâîäêà(îäèí â Õàêàñèè – â 2001 ã., äðóãîé â Òóâå –â 2004 ã.). Ìàññîâûé âûëåò ìîëîäûõ èçãí¸çä ïðîèñõîäèò 17 èþëÿ – 15 àâãóñòà (âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 17 èþëÿ – 6àâãóñòà, â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå – 29èþëÿ – 15 àâãóñòà). Áîëüøèíñòâî ëèòåðà-òóðíûõ ñâåäåíèé î íàõîäêàõ òîëüêî ÷òî ïî-êèíóâøèõ ãí¸çäà ñë¸òêàõ ëîæèòñÿ òàêæåèìåííî â ýòè ñðîêè: 19 èþëÿ âûëåò ïòåí-öîâ íàáëþäàëñÿ â Ñåíãèëååâñêîì ðàéîíåÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Áîðîäèí è äð.,

2003), 6 àâãóñòà ìîëîäîé êàðëèê ñ åù¸ íå-äîðîñøèìè ìàõîâûìè è îñòàòêàìè ïóõà íàãîëîâå áûë äîáûò íà Àëòàå (Ñóøêèí, 1938),5 àâãóñòà 2006 ã. âûâîäîê áëèç ãíåçäà íà-áëþäàëñÿ â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìîøêèí,2006), ñë¸òîê áëèç ãíåçäà âñòðå÷åí 10 àâ-ãóñòà 1975 ã. â Òåñ-Õåìñêîì ðàéîíå Òóâû(Áàðàíîâ, 1991), â ýòîì æå ðàéîíå 11 àâ-ãóñòà À.È. ßíóøåâè÷ (1952) äîáûë ëåòàþ-ùåãî ìîëîäîãî, â ýòè æå ñðîêè ìîëîäîéêàðëèê ñ îñòàòêàìè ïóõà áûë äîáûò íà ñå-âåðíîì áåðåãó îç. Óáñó-Íóð â Òóâå (Òóãà-ðèíîâ, 1916).

Ïðîë¸ò êàðëèêîâ íà÷èíàåòñÿ â ñåíòÿáðå.Èíôîðìàöèÿ îá àâãóñòîâñêèõ âñòðå÷àõ,èíòåðïðåòèðóþùàÿñÿ àâòîðàìè, êàê âñòðå-÷è ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö (Ïîïîâ, Ñàëîâàðîâ,1999) îòíîñÿòñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ê ìåñòíûìïòèöàì íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïåðâûåÿâíî ìèãðèðóþùèå ïòèöû, íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñ10-õ ÷èñåë ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿá-öåâà (2000) íà þæíîì Áàéêàëå âäîëü ñêëî-íîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî õðåáòà â 1988 è 1996ãã. ìèãðèðóþùèå êàðëèêè ðåãèñòðèðîâà-ëèñü â ïåðèîä ñ 14 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 4 îêòÿáðÿ.Â.Â. Ïîïîâ (2003), ññûëàÿñü íà äàííûå Ì.Êðàñíîøòàíîâîé, ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþî ðåãèñòðàöèè ïðîë¸òíûõ êàðëèêîâ â1996–2000 ãã. â ñðîê ñ 13 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 1îêòÿáðÿ.  ýòè æå ñðîêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìèã-ðàöèÿ êàðëèêà ÷åðåç Ñàÿíû. Ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ê äåñÿòûì ÷èñëàì îêòÿáðÿ ïîñëåäíèåêàðëèêè ïîêèäàþò ïðåäåëû ãíåçäîâîãî àðå-àëà â Ðîññèè.

Ãí¸çäà

Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, íà ðàññìàò-ðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îð¸ë-êàðëèê ãíåç-äèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìåííûõ ëå-ñàõ.  ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñâûñîêîé äîëåé ó÷àñòêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ âíàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé â àðåàëå âèäàÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ãäå äàííûéãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîìèíèðóþ-ùèì. Îòñþäà äîìèíèðîâàíèå òàêèõ äåðå-âüåâ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä (n=102), êàê òî-ïîëü (38,2%) è ëèñòâåííèöà (31,4%). Ñîñíà,êàê ïîðîäà äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä îðëàìè-êàðëèêàìè, íàõîäèòñÿ íà òðåòüåì ìåñòå âíàøåé âûáîðêå, – íà íåé îáíàðóæåíî20,6% ãí¸çä.  öåëîì ïî àðåàëó 52% ãí¸çäîðëà-êàðëèêà óñòðîåíî íà õâîéíûõ äåðå-âüÿõ è 48% – íà ëèñòâåííûõ.

Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñîáðàííûé ìàòåðè-àë îòäåëüíî ïî ðåãèîíàì, òî âûÿâëÿþòñÿñëåäóþùèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè: â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=21) áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòüãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíà íà ñîñíå – 47, 6%, ôàê-òè÷åñêè ñòîëüêî æå â ñóììå íà ëèïå

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 51

(23,8%) è áåð¸çå (19,0%); â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñ-êîì ðåãèîíå (n=76) áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä îá-íàðóæåíà íà òîïîëå – 48,7%, íåñêîëüêîìåíüøå íà ëèñòâåííèöå – 39,5% è âñåãîëèøü 11,8% – íà ñîñíå (ðèñ. 16). Ïî Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè è Áàéêàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíó ìà-òåðèàë ñëèøêîì ñêóäåí, è íåâîçìîæíî ïîêàñäåëàòü êàêèå-ëèáî âûâîäû, îäíàêî, ñóäÿ ïîâñòðå÷àì ïòèö â òåõ èëè èíûõ áèîòîïàõ,ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè ïðåîáëàäàþò ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíå, òîïî-ëå, è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè íà áåð¸çå, à â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – íà ñîñíå, ëèñòâåííèöå,è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè íà òîïîëå.

 ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåç-äîâàíèè êàðëèêà íà ñêàëàõ â Òóðêìåíèè(Radde, Walter, 1889), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäóþ-ùåì çà ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä èññëåäî-âàíèé òàêèå ñëó÷àè íå áûëè âûÿâëåíû. Íàìèçâåñòíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëè-êà, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà ïðèðå÷íîé ñêàëåð. Ýëåãåñò â Òóâå, îäíàêî ìû ñ÷èòàåì ýòîÿâëåíèå íåîðäèíàðíûì è íåõàðàêòåðíûìäëÿ âèäà, ïîýòîìó íå ðàññìàòðèâàåì â âû-áîðêå.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå îðëû çàíÿëè ïóñ-

òóþùåå ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà(Buteo hemilasius), ïîñëå òîãî, êàê â ðå-çóëüòàòå ïîæàðà èõ ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíî ñ ïåð-âîé êëàäêîé, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà òîïîëå âïîéìå è íàõîäèâøååñÿ ó íàñ ïîä íàáëþäå-íèåì â 1999–2000 ãã., áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî. ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû êàðëèêè ñíîâà ïîñò-ðîèëè ãíåçäî íà òîïîëå è ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ âí¸ì ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò.

Ãí¸çäà ñòðîÿòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ âïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ, îäíàêî ãíåçäî-âàíèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà îïóøêå, ò.å. äî10 ì âãëóáü îò êðàÿ ëåñà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêîñ-òüþ (n=102; 11,8%).  îñíîâíîì âûáèðà-þòñÿ äåðåâüÿ (n=90), óäàë¸ííûå îò îïóø-êè íà 88,2±65,7 ì (10 – 237 ì), ïðè÷¸ìíàèáîëüøåå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäà-åòñÿ â ëåñàõ íà òåððàñàõ è õîëìèñòî-óâà-ëèñòûõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ.  40,2% ñëó÷àåâîïóøêà ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçó âîäî¸ìà (ðåêå,âîäîõðàíèëèùó), â îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ – êñòåïíîìó ïàñòáèùó. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ (2004)äëÿ 3-õ ãí¸çä êàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ âëåñíîì ìàññèâå íà áåðåãó Êóéáûøåâñêî-ãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (Òàòàðñòàí), ïðèâîäèòàíàëîãè÷íûå äèñòàíöèè îò ãíåçäà äî îïóø-êè ëåñà (áåðåãà âîäîõðàíèëèùà) – 70 – 180,â ñðåäíåì 110±60,8 ì.

Äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà (n=102) âûáèðà-þòñÿ íàèáîëåå ñîìêíóòûå ó÷àñòêè äðåâî-ñòîÿ (71,6%), îñîáåííî â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷à-ñòè Ðîññèè.  Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå÷àñòî âûáèðàåòñÿ ó÷àñòîê ëåñà íå òîëüêî ññîìêíóòûì äðåâîñòîåì ïåðâîãî ÿðóñà, íîè ñ ñîìêíóòûì äðåâîñòîåì, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì, âî âòîðîìÿðóñå, è â 38,1% ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà (n=21) óñ-òðàèâàþòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ âòîðîãî ÿðóñà.

Äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíî ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà íà äåðåâå.  ïîäàâëÿ-þùåì áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=102) îðëûèñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ðàçâèëêèñòâîëà – 90,2% (ðèñ. 17). Ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä â îñíîâàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé ó ñòâî-ëà (7,8%), èëè íà ìîùíîé áîêîâîé âåòêå âóäàëåíèè îò ñòâîëà (2%) âûÿâëåíî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ãí¸ç-äà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ëè-ñòâåííèöàõ, âî âòîðîì – íà ñîñíå è òîïîëå.

Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ââåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà – 69,6%, îñòàëüíûåâ ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä óñò-ðàèâàåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàñïîëà-ãàòüñÿ â ñåðåäèíå êðîíû.

Ýêñïîçèöèÿ ãíåçäà âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõíåîïðåäåëÿåìàÿ, ò.ê. ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþò-ñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ, ÷àñòî èç 3–4-õ ñòâîëîâ, è,ïî áîëüøîìó ñ÷¸òó, íå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ, ò.ê.ãí¸çäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãëóáèíå ëåñà. Òåì íå

Ðèñ. 16. Äîëÿ äåðåâüåâðàçíûõ âèäîâ, èñïîëüçó-åìûõ îðëîì-êàðëèêîìäëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä âðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè

Fig. 16. Portion of differ-ent tree species used bythe Booted Eagle as nest-ing in different regions

Ðèñ. 17. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïî-ëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàð-ëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõäåðåâüåâ

Fig. 17. Different locationsof the Booted Eagle’s neston different tree species

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 952

ìåíåå, äëÿ 64 ãí¸çä ýêñïîçèöèÿ íàìè áûëàîïðåäåëåíà (ðèñ. 18.). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññàãí¸çä èìåëà îðèåíòàöèþ â îäíîì èç òð¸õþæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé (59,4%), â îñíîâíîìþãî-âîñòî÷íóþ (21,9%). Íåêîòîðûå ãí¸ç-äà, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ â ðàçâèëêàõ èç 2-õñòâîëîâ, áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû (à òàêæåèìåëè ïîäë¸ò) íà þãî-âîñòîê è ñåâåðî-çà-ïàä, ëèáî þãî-çàïàä è ñåâåðî-âîñòîê, îä-íàêî áëèæàéøàÿ îïóøêà â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íà-õîäèëàñü âñåãäà â þæíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.Íåñìîòðÿ íà ÷¸òêóþ çàêîíîìåðíîñòü âþæíîé îðèåíòàöèè ãí¸çä, ñêîðåå âñåãîîíà âûçâàíà àðòåôàêòîì íàáëþäåíèé, ò.ê.â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îñìîòð ãíåçäîâûõáèîòîïîâ â¸ëñÿ â äíåâíîå âðåìÿ ñ þæíîéñòîðîíû (ïî ñîëíöó), è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, âîñíîâíîì âûÿâëÿëèñü òå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûåáûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû íà þæíûå îïóøêèëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ.

Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò âøèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=102), îò 4 äî 22 ì,ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 10,8±4,44 ì.  Àë-òàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=76) âûñîòà ðàñ-ïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿåò 4–20, â ñðåä-íåì 10,0±4,24 ì, â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì(n=21) – 8–22, â ñðåäíåì 14,0±3,73 ì.Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çäõàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê,íàñåëÿþùèõ áîðû ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ – äëÿïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñîñíàõ áîðîâûõ òåð-ðàñ Ïîâîëæüÿ è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ.

 ñâÿçè ñ íàèáîëåå ÷àñòûì ðàñïîëîæå-íèåì â ðàçâèëêàõ, ãí¸çäà èìåþò îâàëüíóþôîðìó. Íà ýòó æå îñîáåííîñòü îáðàòèëâíèìàíèå Î.Â. Áîðîäèí ñ êîëëåãàìè(2003), îáíàðóæèâøèé ãíåçäî êàðëèêà âÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñüâ ðàçâèëêå ñîñíû è èìåëî äèàìåòð 89 õ73 ñì è âûñîòó 133 ñì. Áëèçêèé ðàçìåðè àíàëîãè÷íóþ ôîðìó ïîñòðîéêè ïðèâî-äÿò Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003)äëÿ ãíåçäà êàðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííîãî âÌîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå: äèàìåòð ãíåç-äà – 83 õ 128 ñì, âûñîòà – 45 ñì, äèà-ìåòð ëîòêà – 22 õ 25 ñì, ãëóáèíà ëîòêà –7 ñì. Ìû èçìåðÿëè ëèøü ãí¸çäà â ïåðèîäêëàäêè, ÷òîáû èõ óòîïòàííîñòü ïòåíöàìèíå âíîñèëà ñèëüíûå èñêàæåíèÿ â ðåàëü-íûå ðàçìåðû ñâåæåé ïîñòðîéêè. Äèà-ìåòð ãíåçäà (n=9) ñîñòàâèë 55–150 õ 35–150, â ñðåäíåì 93,4±29,49 õ 80,6±34,17ñì, âûñîòà ãíåçäà – 60–135, â ñðåäíåì100,6±27,34 ñì, äèàìåòð ëîòêà – 16–25õ 15–25, â ñðåäíåì 19,8±3,35 õ18,3±3,08 ñì, ãëóáèíà ëîòêà – 2–7, â ñðåä-íåì 4,2±1,64 ñì. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òîáîëüøèíñòâî ïðîìåðåííûõ íàìè ïîñòðî-åê áûëè ìíîãîëåòíèìè, è ëèøü 2 èç 9-òèáûëè ïîñòðîåíû êàðëèêàìè â ãîä èõ îáíà-ðóæåíèÿ è ñíÿòèÿ ïðîìåðîâ. Ã.Ï. Äåìåí-òüåâ (1951) óêàçûâàåò äèàìåòð 60–70 ñìäëÿ ïîñòðîåê îðëà-êàðëèêà è ïèøåò î òîì,÷òî ïîñòðîéêè èìåþò ïëîñêèé ëîòîê. Ïîñ-ëåäíåå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä,êîòîðûå ëèøü ïîäíîâëÿþòñÿ ïòèöàìè, ëèáîãí¸çä â êîíöå ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, óæåðàñòîïòàííûõ ïòåíöàìè. Ñâåæåâûñòðîåí-íûå ïîñòðîéêè êàðëèêà íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõíàñèæèâàíèÿ èìåþò äîñòàòî÷íî ãëóáîêèéëîòîê, â êîòîðîì êëàäêà ôàêòè÷åñêè «òî-íåò» (ðèñ. 19), îäíàêî ëîòîê âñ¸ æå ìåíååãëóáîêèé, ÷åì â ãí¸çäàõ êàíþêà (Buteobuteo) è áîëüøå íàïîìèíàåò ëîòîê òåòåðå-âÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentitlis).

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåò ñòàðûå, àèíîãäà è ñâåæèå ïîñòðîéêè äðóãèõ ïòèö, âîñíîâíîì êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) ðåæå,

Òèïè÷íîå ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèî-íå: 1 – íà áåð¸çå, ðàñòó-ùåé âíóòðè òåððàñíîãîáîðà, â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà;2 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåéâíóòðè òåððàñíîãî áîðà,â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Typical nest locations forthe Booted Eagle in theVolga-Ural region: 1 – afork of the birch tree in-side a pine forest on theriver terrace; 2 - a fork ofthe pine tree inside a pineforest on the river terrace.Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 18. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà ïîýêñïîçèöèèFig. 18. Distribution of theBooted Eagle nestsaccording with a treeexposition

1

2

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 53

êàíþêà, òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, íà âîñòîêå àðåàëà –ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, èçðåäêà áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga), ñåðîé è ÷¸ð-íîé âîðîí (Corvus cornix, C. corone) è ñå-ðîé öàïëè (Ardea cinerea). Íàì èçâåñòíî12 òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ (11,8% ãí¸çä). Èñïîëüçî-âàíèå ãí¸çä çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â íàäñòðîéêå êàð-ëèêîì íà èõ îñíîâå ñâîåãî ãíåçäà, êîòî-ðîå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ãíåçäà ïðåæíåãî õîçÿèíàñâîåé ñòðóêòóðîé, íî èíîãäà, â îñíîâíîìâ ñëó÷àå çàíÿòèÿ ñâåæèõ ãí¸çä, êàðëèêè îò-êëàäûâàþò ÿéöà ïðÿìî â ëîòîê õîçÿèíà,ëèøü ñëåãêà ïîäíîâèâ åãî óæå â ïðîöåññåêëàäêè.

Ãíåçäî, âûñòðîåííîå êàðëèêîì, èìååòíåñêîëüêî õàðàêòåðíûõ ÷åðò (ñì. èëëþñò-ðàöèþ íà 3 ñòðàíèöå îáëîæêè). Ïîñòðîé-êà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ óñòðàèâàåòñÿ èçñâåæèõ âåòîê äåðåâüåâ, ïðåîáëàäàþùèõ âãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå. Ïðåèìóùåñòâî îòäà-¸òñÿ, êîíå÷íî æå, õâîéíûì ïîðîäàì. Ñòà-ðûå âåòêè èìåþòñÿ â ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïîñòðîé-êàõ, îäíàêî âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü ëîòêà çà ðåäêèìèñêëþ÷åíèåì îáèëüíî âûñòëàíà çåë¸íûìèâåòêàìè, õîðîøî âèäèìûìè ñ çåìëè. Äàæåâ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, êîãäà â ïåðè-îä ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ãíåçäà êðóïíîé ëèñòâû íàäåðåâüÿõ íåò, îðëû óõèòðÿþòñÿ íàõîäèòüäëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà âåòâè ìåëêîëèñòâåííûõïîðîä èëè êóñòàðíèêîâ ñ óæå ðàñïóñòèâ-øèìèñÿ íåáîëüøèìè ëèñòî÷êàìè.  ñîñíî-âûõ è ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ ëåñàõ åù¸ äî íà÷àëàêëàäêè êàðëèê íàñòèëàåò íà âåðõíþþ ÷àñòüãíåçäà òîëñòóþ ïîäóøêó çåë¸íûõ âåòîê, àëîòîê àêêóðàòíî âûêëàäûâàåò êîíöåâûìèâåòêàìè ñ õâî¸é.  îòëè÷èå îò òåòåðåâÿò-íèêà, êàðëèê íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçóåò â âû-ñòèëêå ëîòêà êîðó, è, äàæå êîãäà îíà ïà-äàåò ñ äåðåâà â ãíåçäî, îí å¸ ñòàðàòåëüíîóáèðàåò.  áèîòîïàõ, ãäå õâîéíûå ïîðîäûðåäêè, ëîòîê ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ çàñ-òèëàåòñÿ ñëîåì ñâåæåé çåëåíè, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî òîïîëÿ èëè áåð¸çû. Âî âðåìÿ âû-ñòèëêè ëîòêà äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, ñàìêàêàðëèêà àêêóðàòíî ñðûâàåò ëèñòüÿ ñî ñâå-æèõ âåòîê è óêëàäûâàåò èìè ëîòîê, à âåòêèáðîñàåò íà êðàé ãíåçäà. Èìåííî íà ýòó îñ-íîâó èç çåë¸íûõ ëèñòüåâ ñàìêà ïîçæå îò-êëàäûâàåò ÿéöà, ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîäíîâëÿÿå¸ â ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Ïî îáèëüíîéâûñòèëêå èç ëèñòüåâ ãí¸çäà êàðëèêà î÷åíüïîõîæè íà ãí¸çäà îñîåäîâ (Pernis apivorus,P. ptilorinchus), ñ êîòîðûìè èõ ìîæíî äî-âîëüíî ëåãêî ñïóòàòü äî ïåðèîäà íà÷àëàêëàäêè. Ñêóäíîñòü âûñòèëêè áûâàåò â èñ-êëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ è îáóñëàâëèâàåòñÿðåäêîñòüþ äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè âãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå. Íàìè òàêîå íàáëþäà-ëîñü îäíàæäû â ïîéìå ïåðåñûõàþùåé

Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå: 1 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñ-òóùåé âíóòðè áîðà, íà áîêîâîé âåòêå; 2 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé íà îïóøêå áîðà, âîñíîâàíèè áîêîâîé âåòêè ó ñòâîëà; 3 – íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé âíóòðè áîðà, â ðàçâèë-êå íà âåðøèíå ñòâîëà; 4 – íà ëèñòâåííèöå, ðàñòóùåé ñðåäè ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà, âðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà; 5 – íà òîïîëå, ðàñòóùåì ñðåäè ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà, â ðàçâèëêåñòâîëà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Nest locations of the Booted Eagle in the Altai-Sayan region: 1 - a side-branch of a pinetree inside the pine forest; 2 - the basis of a side-branch of the pine tree in the edge ofpine forest; 3 - a fork of the pine tree inside a pine forest; 4 - a fork of the larch tree insidethe flood forest; 5 - a fork of the poplar tree inside the flood forest. Photos by I. Karyakin

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 954

ðåêè, ñòåêàþùåé ñ þæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíàõð. Òàííó-Îëà â Òóâå. Îäíàêî äàæå â ýòîìñëó÷àå öåíòð ëîòêà áûë âûñòëàí ëèñòâîéòîïîëÿ.

 ñâåòå âûøåñêàçàííîãî íåêîòîðûå íà-áëþäåíèÿ ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà ñ âûñòèëêîéèç ñóõîé òðàâû è êîðíåâèù çëàêîâ (Âàñèëü-÷åíêî, 2004; Áàðàíîâ, 1991) íå âûçûâàþòäîâåðèå è, âîçìîæíî, îøèáî÷íû, ëèáî îò-íîñÿòñÿ ê ñëó÷àÿì çàíÿòèÿ êàðëèêîì ñâå-æèõ ïîñòðîåê äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ.

Îáíîâëåíèå çåëåíè â ãíåçäå ïðîèñõîäèòåæåäíåâíî. Â ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí-öîâ ñâåæèå âåòêè ïðèíîñÿòñÿ äî 8 ðàç â

äåíü, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñàìêîé. Äàæå ïîñ-ëå âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ, ïîêà îíè íî÷óþò íàãíåçäå, ñàìêà ïðîäîëæàåò ïðèíîñèòü íàãíåçäî âåòêè, õîòÿ è çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå.

Êëàäêè

ßéöà îðëà-êàðëèêà áåëîãî öâåòà. Óïîìè-íàþùàÿñÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå çåëåíîâàòàÿ îêðàñ-êà ÿèö (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951) ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ñêîð-ëóïå îò îáèëüíîé ñâåæåé çåëåíè â âûñòèëêåëîòêà.  73% ñëó÷àåâ íà ñêîðëóïå èìååòñÿðåäêèé êðàï îò îõðèñòîãî, äî êðàñíîâàòî-áóðîãî öâåòà, ðåæå ê êðàïó äîáàâëÿþòñÿãëóáîêèå îõðèñòûå è áóðûå è ïîâåðõíîñ-òíûå ò¸ìíî-áóðûå ïÿòíà íåáîëüøîãî ðàç-ìåðà. Îäíàêî êðóïíàÿ ÿðêàÿ ïÿòíèñòîñòü,õàðàêòåðíàÿ äëÿ ÿèö êàíþêà è ðåæå êîð-øóíà, ÷àñòî îáðàçóþùàÿ ñãóùåíèÿ âîêðóãâåí÷èêà, ó ÿèö êàðëèêà íàìè íè ðàçó íåíàáëþäàëàñü.  öåëîì ïî ñâîåé îêðàñêåÿéöà áîëüøå âñåãî ïîõîäÿò íà ÿéöà òåòå-ðåâÿòíèêà, íî èõ ôîðìà áîëåå îêðóãëàÿ.

 Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îáû÷íî â ãîð-íûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ è ðåæå â ïîéìàõ ðåêè ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ ÿïîíñêèé êà-íþê (Buteo buteo japonicus), èìåþùèéñâåòëóþ è ò¸ìíóþ ìîðôû, ñ äîìèíèðîâà-íèåì ïîñëåäíåé. Åãî ãí¸çäà î÷åíü ïîõîæèíà ãí¸çäà êàðëèêà è ïòèöà ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû,ñèäÿùàÿ íà ãíåçäå, èçäàëåêà ïðàêòè÷åñêèíåîòëè÷èìà îò îðëà-êàðëèêà. Õàðàêòåðíîéîñîáåííîñòüþ ãí¸çä êàíþêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñ-òèëêà ëîòêà ñóõîé òðàâîé è êîðíåâèùàìèçëàêîâ ÷àñòî âïåðåìåæêó ñ ñóõèìè ëèñòü-ÿìè è õâîåé, à õàðàêòåðíîé ÷åðòîé îêðàñ-êè ÿèö ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå êðóïíûõ êîðè÷-íåâûõ ïÿòåí ðàçëè÷íîé ôîðìû,íåðàâíîìåðíî ðàçáðîñàííûõ ïî âñåéñêîðëóïå, ÷àñòî ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé íà âåí-÷èêå (ñì. èëëþñòðàöèþ íà 3 ñòðàíèöå îá-ëîæêè). Èìåííî òàêàÿ îêðàñêà ÿèö îïèñà-íà À.À. Áàðàíîâûì (1991) äëÿ îäíîé êëàäêèêàðëèêà, è, ÷òî õàðàêòåðíî, íà ïðèâåäåí-íîé ôîòîãðàôèè ëîòêà ãíåçäà îòñóòñòâóåòçåëåíü, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì, îñòàþòñÿ ñîìíåíèÿâ ïðàâèëüíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè ãíåçäà. Âîç-ìîæíî, ðå÷ü èäåò êàê ðàç î ãíåçäå ÿïîíñ-êîãî êàíþêà. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòüè î äàííûõ À.À. Âàñèëü÷åíêî (2004), êîòî-ðûé ïðèâîäèò õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ãí¸çä, ÿèöè äàæå ñðîêè âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ êàð-ëèêà (36 äíåé), õàðàêòåðíûå êàê ðàç äëÿÿïîíñêîãî êàíþêà.

Ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì â êëàäêå êàð-ëèêà 1–3 ÿéöà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), îäíàêîíàì çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ïðèõî-äèëîñü âèäåòü ïîëíûå êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèåòîëüêî èç 2-õ ÿèö, – èõ áûëî îñìîòðåíî30. Â 2-õ ãíåçäàõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íå-

Ðèñ. 19. Ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà: ñâåæåâûñòðî-åííîå, çàíèìàåìîåïåðâûé ãîä (ââåðõó) èïîäíîâë¸ííîå, ìíîãî-ëåòíåå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Fig. 19. Nests of the Boot-ed Eagle: new nest oneyear old (upper) and oldnest several years old(bottom). Photos by I.Karyakin

Êëàäêè îðëà-êàðëèêà âãíåçäå íà ëèñòâåííèöå(1) è íà ñîñíå (2). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Clutches of the BootedEagle in nests on a larchtree (1) and a pine tree(2). Photos by I. Karyakin

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 55

ïîëíûå êëàäêè èç 1 ÿéöà, ïðè÷¸ì îäíî èçíèõ ïîñåùàëîñü óæå â ïåðèîä âûâåäåíèÿïîòîìñòâà è ñîäåðæàëî âûâîäîê èç 2-õïòåíöîâ.

Ðàçìåð ÿèö (n=26): 50,0–62,2 õ 39,6–50,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 55,8±2,41 õ 46,0±1,99ìì. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ðàçìåðÿèö â íàøåé âûáîðêå (n=9; 50,0–56,0 õ39,6–46,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 54,3±1,91 õ44,3±2,09 ìì) íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå ðàçìåðà

ÿèö â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (n=17;54,0–62,2 õ 45,5–50,0 ìì, â ñðåäíåì56,55±2,33 õ 46,89±1,25 ìì). Ñëåäóåò çà-ìåòèòü ÷òî ÿéöî, ðàçìåðîì 50,0 õ 39,6 ìì,îáíàðóæåííîå â ãíåçäå â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå, îêàçàëîñü áîëòóíîì è, ñêîðååâñåãî, íåïîëíîöåííî, ò.ê. ñèëüíî âûáèâà-åòñÿ èç ìèíèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ ÿèö îðëà-êàðëèêà. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) (ïî: Ãåáåëü,1879) ïðèâîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû äëÿÿèö îðëà-êàðëèêà (n=97): 52–64 õ 42,5–48,5, â ñðåäíåì 56,4 õ 45,6 ìì. Å.Â. Ëû-ñåíêîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) ñîîáùàþò îáîáíàðóæåíèè êëàäêè êàðëèêà èç äâóõ ÿèö-áîëòóíîâ, ðàçìåðîì 54,2 õ 45,5 è 57,2 õ45,6 ìì.  öåëîì ïî àðåàëó ðàçìåð ÿèöîðëà êàðëèêà áëèçîê ê ðàçìåðàì ÿèö êîð-øóíà è êàíþêà, ïîýòîìó ïðè îáíàðóæå-íèè áðîøåííîãî ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêîé èç 2-õÿèö äëÿ äîñòîâåðíîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè åãîâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè èìåííî ê êàðëè-êó, íåîáõîäèìî îáðàùàòü â ïåðâóþ î÷å-ðåäü íà ñòðóêòóðó ãíåçäà è îêðàñêó ÿèö, àçàòåì óæå íà ðàçìåðû ÿèö.

Âûâîäêè, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

 âûâîäêàõ êàðëèêà, êàê ïðàâèëî, 2 ïòåí-öà. Èç íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ íàìè 96 âûâîäêîâ,92,7% ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåí-öîâ èëè ñë¸òêîâ. Âûâîäêè èç 1 ïòåíöàâñòðå÷àþòñÿ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îäíî èçÿèö â êëàäêå îêàçàëîñü áîëòóíîì. Íàìè óñ-òàíîâëåíî 5 òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ èç 7, êîãäà ïðèíàëè÷èè ïòåíöà â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëñÿ áîëòóí. 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäàëèñü ñë¸òêè ó ãí¸çä,à ãí¸çäà íå ïîñåùàëèñü. Ñëó÷àè êàííèáà-ëèçìà ó êàðëèêîâ ìàëî âåðîÿòíû, òàê êàê âîòëè÷èå îò êàíþêîâ è ìíîãèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ(áåðêóòà Aquila chrysaetos, ñòåïíîãî Aqu-ila nipalensis), ïòåíöû íå âåäóò ñåáÿ àãðåñ-ñèâíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ äðóã ê äðóãó ïðè äëè-òåëüíîì îòñóòñòâèè ñàìêè íà ãíåçäå, äàæåêîãäà îíè ãîëîäíû. Ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè ïòåí-öîâ â ãíåçäàõ, ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ íàìè íåî-äíîêðàòíî, òàêæå íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî è âñåâûëóïèâøèåñÿ ïòåíöû, íàõîäèâøèåñÿ ïîäíàáëþäåíèåì, âñòàâàëè íà êðûëî.

Âñëåäñòâèå ìàëîé äîëè îòõîäà ÿèö íà ñòà-äèè êëàäêè óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïðåâûøà-åò 90%, è ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîð-ìîé äëÿ âèäà. Âîçìîæíî, èìåííî âûñîêèéóñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà ëåæèò âîñíîâå ïðè÷èí åãî ýêñïàíñèè ïî ëåñîñòåï-íîé çîíå â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ.

Çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà òàêæåäîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêàÿ. Çà 1999–2006 ãã. âÐåñïóáëèêå Òûâà íàìè îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ðå-ãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòîðèíã 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ îðëà êàðëèêà, è ëèøü íà 2-õ èç íèõ

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà 2–3-õ äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà(ââåðõó) è 6–7 äíåâíîãîâîçðàñòà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle: 2–3 days old (upper)and 6–8 days old (bot-tom). Photos by I. Kar-yakin

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà 8–9-òè äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà(ââåðõó) è 25–27 äíåâíî-ãî âîçðàñòà (âíèçó). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle: 8–9 days old (upper)and 25–27 days old (bot-tom). Photos by I. Kar-yakin

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îðëû èìåëè ïåðåðûâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè â 1 è2 ãîäà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïðè÷¸ì ïðè÷èíà-ìè îòñóòñòâèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âòîðîé ïàðûâ òå÷åíèå 2-õ ëåò ÿâèëñÿ ïîæàð, â ðåçóëü-òàòå êîòîðîãî ïîëíîñòüþ âûãîðåë ó÷àñòîêëåñà âìåñòå ñ ãíåçäîì. Ê òîìó æå, âåñüìàâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ïàðà íå ðàçìíîæàëàñü âñå-ãî ãîä, ò.ê. ãíåçäî ýòîé ïàðû íàéäåíî áûëîñïóñòÿ 2 ãîäà è íå âûãëÿäåëî íîâûì.

Íàì òàêæå èçâåñòíû 2 ñëó÷àÿ îòêëàäêèÿèö ïîñëå óòåðè ïåðâîé êëàäêè â ðåçóëü-òàòå ãèáåëè ãí¸çä â õîäå ïîæàðîâ, ïðè÷¸ìâ îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïòèöû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü âãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó íà ñêàëå, ÷òî êðàé-íå íåòèïè÷íî äëÿ âèäà.

Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïè-òàþùèõ ñóùåñòâåííî íå îòðàæàåòñÿ íà óñ-ïåõå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êàðëèêîâ, è ïðè äåï-ðåññèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõè, ïåñ÷àíêè èñóñëèêà, îðëû äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíî çàìå-íÿþò èõ ïòèöàìè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîðæàíêîîáðàçíûìè è êóðèíûìè, â îòëè÷èåîò òàêèõ õèùíèêîâ, êàê áàëîáàí (Falcocherrug) è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â òåõ æå ìåñòàõ è êîíêóðèðóþùèõ ñêàðëèêîì çà îñâîåíèå ðåñóðñîâ ìåëêèõìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Îäíàêî, âîçìîæíî, ÷òî

ýòî ëèøü ñïåöèôèêà Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïî-ïóëÿöèè êàðëèêîâ. Íà ðèñ. 20 íàãëÿäíî îò-ðàæåíà äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà è áàëîáàíà è äèíàìèêà÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ÿâ-ëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿîáîèõ âèäîâ, â 1999–2005 ãã. íà ïëîùàä-êå Òåñ-Õåì â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Òóâà).Ïî Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíó ìíîãîëåò-íèõ íàáëþäåíèé çà äèíàìèêîé çàíÿòîñòèó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷èñëåííîñòè èõæåðòâ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü.

Ïîâåäåíèå â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä

 îòëè÷èå îò ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèöñâîåãî ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà êàðëèê äîâîëü-íî òåðïèìî îòíîñèòñÿ ê áëèçêîìó ñîñåä-ñòâó äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ. Êîðøóí ãíåçäèòñÿïðàêòè÷åñêè áëèç âñåõ ãí¸çä êàðëèêà âÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå è â Ïîâîëæüå íàäèñòàíöèè â 20–80 ì. Íà ñòîëü æå áëèçêîéê ãíåçäó êàðëèêà äèñòàíöèè ãíåçäèëèñü ïå-ðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), ïóñòåëüãà (Falcotinnunculus) è âîðîí (Corvus corvus).  80–120 ì îò ãí¸çä êàðëèêà íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäî-âàíèå êàíþêà, ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, ÷åã-ëîêà (Falco subbuteo) è îñîåäà (Pernisapivorus).  120–250 ì îò ãí¸çä êàðëèêà áûëèîáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà îðëàíà (Haliae-etus albicilla), áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ (Circusaeruginosus) è áàëîáàíà. Íå îáíàðóæåíûâ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ãí¸çä êàð-ëèêà òàêèå âèäû, êàê áåðêóò, ìîãèëüíèê èòåòåðåâÿòíèê. Ñ òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì, ïî-âèäè-ìîìó, ó êàðëèêà ñëîæíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, òàêêàê äâà ýòèõ âèäà âìåñòå íàìè íè ðàçó íåíàáëþäàëèñü. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî åñëè ê êîð-øóíàì, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè îò ãí¸çäêàðëèêà îðëû îòíîñÿòñÿ ëîÿëüíî, äàæå â òîìñëó÷àå, êîãäà êîðøóíû ïàðÿò íàä ãíåçäîìèëè ñèäÿò íà ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüÿõ ñ ïðèñà-

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà â âîçðàñòå îêîëî 46–48 äíåé.Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà

Chicks of the Booted Eagle 46–48 days old. Photo byR. Bekmansurov

Ðèñ. 20. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (Falcocherrug) è îðëà-êàðëèêà (ââåðõó) è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòà-þùèõ (âíèçó) íà ïëîùàäêå Òåñ-Õåì (Òóâà) â 1999–2005 ãã.

Fig. 20. Occupation of breeding territories by the Saker Falcon (Falcocherrug) and Booted Eagle (upper) and a number of small mammals(bottom) on the Tes-Hem plot in the Tyva Republic in 1999–2005

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äîé ñàìöà, òî ÷óæèõ êîðøóíîâ è äðóãèõõèùíûõ ïòèö êàðëèê àêòèâíî èçãîíÿåò ñãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà.

Íàñèæèâàåò êëàäêó è ïòåíöîâ ñàìêàî÷åíü ïëîòíî è âçëåòàåò â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó-÷àåâ ëèøü ïîñëå óäàðà ïî äåðåâó. Íè ðàçóíàì íå ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü íåçàìåòíûéñë¸ò ñàìêè ñ ãíåçäà äî ïîäõîäà ê ãíåçäîâî-ìó äåðåâó. Êàê ðàç íàîáîðîò, íàèáîëåå÷àñòî ïòèöû ñëåòàëè òîëüêî ïîñëå ïîäú¸ìàíàáëþäàòåëÿ ïî ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó ïîä ñà-ìîå ãíåçäî. Ñòðàòåãèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ ïîáåñ-ïîêîåííûõ ñàìîê äâîÿêà: îäíè áûñòðî ñëå-òàþò ñ ãíåçäà è ñêðûâàþòñÿ â ëåñó,ïîÿâëÿÿñü è ïðîÿâëÿÿ áåñïîêîéñòâî ëèøü÷åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ, äðóãèå ñðàçó æåíà÷èíàþò ëåòàòü êðóãàìè è êðè÷àòü. Ñàì-öû, ïîáåñïîêîåííûå ó ãí¸çä, âñåãäà àêòèâ-íî êðè÷àò.

 òå÷åíèå âñåãî ïåðèîäà âûâåäåíèÿ ïî-òîìñòâà ñàìåö è ñàìêà ïîääåðæèâàþò ãî-ëîñîâîé êîíòàêò. Îáû÷íî ïîÿâëåíèþ ñàì-öà íà ãíåçäå ñ äîáû÷åé èëè âåòî÷êîé,ïðåäøåñòâóåò êîðîòêàÿ ïåðåêëè÷êà ìåæ-äó ïàðòíåðàìè. Èìåííî ïî ãîëîñîâîé àê-òèâíîñòè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîóäàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòü ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ãíåç-äà è åãî âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü.

Àêòèâíîñòü êàðëèêîâ â äíåâíîå âðåìÿíà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ 5.30–6.00 óòðà. Îáû÷íî óæåâ 7.00–8.00 ñàìåö ïðèëåòàåò ñ äîáû÷åéïåðâûé ðàç çà äåíü. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü êîðì-ëåíèÿ ñàìöîì ñàìêè, íàñèæèâàþùåé êëàä-êó, ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–4 îáúåêòà ðàçìåðíîãîêëàññà ñ ïèùóõó. Êðîìå ýòîãî íàáëþäàåò-ñÿ 1–2 ïðèë¸òà â äåíü ñ âåòî÷êàìè. Ïîñëåâûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðèíî-ñà êîðìà ñàìöîì ïîñòåïåííî âîçðàñòàåòäî 4–6 ðàç â äåíü â ìåñÿ÷íîì âîçðàñòåïòåíöîâ. Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïòåíöû íà÷èíà-þò îïåðÿòüñÿ, ñàìêà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî îõî-òèòñÿ è ïðèíîñèò äîáû÷ó äî 3-õ ðàç â äåíü,ëèáî âåòî÷êè – äî 6 ðàç â äåíü.  ýòîò ïå-

ðèîä ñàìêà èãðàåò ðîëü îñíîâíîãî ïîñòàâ-ùèêà çåë¸íîé ïîäñòèëêè â ãíåçäî, ïðè ýòîìäî 10% âðåìåíè íà ãíåçäå òðàòèò íà å¸ óê-ëàäêó. Ñàìåö ïðîâîäèò â ãíåçäå â êàæäûéïðèë¸ò îò 40 ñåê. äî 3 ìèí., ïðè÷¸ì ïðî-äîëæèòåëüíîñòü åãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ âîçðàñòà-åò îáû÷íî ê âå÷åðó.

Ïðè êîðìëåíèè ïòåíöîâ ñàìêà ðåãóëÿð-íî ñîáëþäàåò î÷åðåäíîñòü – ñíà÷àëà êîð-ìèò ñòàðøåãî, çàòåì ìëàäøåãî. Âî âðåìÿïðèíîñà äîáû÷è ñòû÷åê ìåæäó ïòåíöàìèè çàõâàòà êîðìà, òàê õàðàêòåðíîãî äëÿ êà-íþêîâ, ó êàðëèêà íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ äàæå ââîçðàñòå 40–50 äíåé. Ïòåíöû, íà÷àâøèå-ñÿ îïåðÿòüñÿ, çà ñåàíñ êîðìëåíèÿ ñúåäàþòïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îáúåêò, âåëè÷èíîéñî ñðåäíþþ ïèùóõó.  òå÷åíèå 1–2-õ íå-äåëü ïòåíöàì 20–35 äíåâíîãî âîçðàñòà ðî-äèòåëè ñêàðìëèâàþò åæåäíåâíî äîáû÷ó,ôàêòè÷åñêè ðàâíóþ ìàññå ïòåíöîâ. Îäíà-êî óæå â âîçðàñòå 40 äíåé èíòåíñèâíîñòüêîðìëåíèÿ íà÷èíàåò ñïàäàòü äî 2-õ ïðè-ë¸òîâ â äåíü, à îáúåêòû äîáû÷è ñòàíîâÿòñÿêðóïíåå.

Ïèòàíèå

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè îáøèðíîãî àðåàëà êàð-ëèêà åãî ïèòàíèå âûãëÿäèò î÷åíü ðàçíîîá-ðàçíûì.

Àíàëèç 5 ïîãàäîê, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîäãíåçäîì (1) è ïðèñàäîé ñàìöà (4) â äîëèíåð. Íàðûí â Òóâå ïîêàçàë àáñîëþòíîå äî-ìèíèðîâàíèå äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè – âñå 5 ïî-ãàäîê ñîäåðæàëè øåðñòü ïèùóõ, â îäíîéïîãàäêå òàêæå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïåðüÿ èëàïà æàâîðîíêà, â äðóãîé – çóáû ïîë¸âêè.

Àíàëèç âèäåîìàòåðèàëà, îòñíÿòîãî íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ â Òóâå (n=46), òàêæå ïîêàçàë àá-ñîëþòíîå äîìèíèðîâàíèå â ïèòàíèè äàóð-ñêîé ïèùóõè. Ëèøü â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñàìöûïðèíîñèëè íà ãíåçäî âçðîñëîãî ïåðåâîç-÷èêà (Tringa hypoleucos) è ïòåíöà ñîðîêè(Pica pica).

Àíàëèç îñòàíêîâ äîáû÷è ïîä ãíåçäîì èæåðòâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ãí¸çäàõ, ïîêàçû-âàåò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþ-ùèõ (áîëåå 20 âèäîâ), ïòèö (áîëåå 30 âè-äîâ), ðåïòèëèé è àìôèáèé.  íàøåéâûáîðêå ïî Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìó ðåãèîíàì (n=233) íà äîëþ ìëå-êîïèòàþùèõ â ïèòàíèè êàðëèêà ïðèõîäèò-ñÿ 70%, íà äîëþ ïòèö – 27,9%, à äîëÿðåïòèëèé è àìôèáèé êðàéíå íåçíà÷èòåëü-íà (ðèñ. 21). Íàáëþäàåòñÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòüóâåëè÷åíèÿ äîëè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ çà ñ÷¸òêîëîíèàëüíûõ ñòåïíûõ âèäîâ ïî ìåðå ïðî-äâèæåíèÿ íà þã è âîñòîê. Ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå (ð. Àëàòûðü, ð. Ñåðåæà

Ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà ñîñâåæåäîáûòîé äàóðñêîéïèùóõîé (Ochotona da-urica). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Booted Ea-gle with a dead DaurianPuka (Ochotona daurica).Photo by I. Karyakin

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â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ð. Ñóðà â ×ó-âàøèè), â ïèòàíèè äîìèíèðóþò ïòèöû(n=71; 53,52% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàîáúåêòîâ), â îñíîâíîì ðæàíêîîáðàçíûå(n=38; 65,79% îò êîëè÷åñòâà ïòèö), à ñðå-äè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ïðèñóòñòâóþò 9 âèäîâ,ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ÿâíûå äîìèíàíòû îòñóò-ñòâóþò (òàáë. 3). Ó ïàð, íàñåëÿþùèõ Ïðå-äóðàëüå (Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð â Îðåíáóðãñ-êîé îáëàñòè è Òðîèöêèé ëåñ â Áàøêèðèè),ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ïðåîáëàäàþò íàä ïòèöàìè(n=31; 51,61% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàîáúåêòîâ), ïðè÷¸ì ñðåäè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò áîëüøèå ñóñëèêè (n=16;68,75% îò êîëè÷åñòâà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ). Óïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãè-îíå (ð. Òåñ-Õåì, ð. Íàðûí, ð. Ñàéãûí, ð.Áåãðåäà â Òóâå), â ïèòàíèè àáñîëþòíî äî-ìèíèðóþò ìëåêîïèòàþùèå (n=131;89,31%), â îñíîâíîì ïèùóõè (n=117;88,89%), ñðåäè êîòîðûõ îñíîâíîé äîáû-÷åé ÿâëÿåòñÿ äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà.  Õàêàñèèè Ïðèáàéêàëüå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îñíîâó ïè-òàíèÿ êàðëèêà, ñîñòàâëÿåò äëèííîõâîñòûéñóñëèê (Spermophilus undulatus), à â Áàé-êàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (âÁóðÿòèè) è, âîçìîæíî, äàóðñêèé ñóñëèê(Spermophilus dauricus) (â ×èòèíñêîé îá-ëàñòè), îäíàêî ýòî ëèøü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, àîáúåêòèâíîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî ïèòàíèþ êàð-ëèêà èç ýòèõ ðåãèîíîâ íå ñîáðàíî.

Ðåïòèëèè è àìôèáèè íàáëþäàëèñü â ðà-öèîíå ïàð òîëüêî â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòèÐîññèè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ïîâîëæüå.

Èç ïòèö êàðëèê äîáûâàåò êàê âçðîñëûõ,òàê è ìîëîäûõ (ïòåíöîâ åù¸ íå óìåþùèõëåòàòü è ñë¸òêîâ), ïðè÷¸ì äîëÿ ìîëîäûõ ñó-ùåñòâåííà è âàðüèðóåò îò 13,2 äî 42,9%îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿÿ ìàê-ñèìóì ìîëîäûõ â ðàöèîíå ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ â Òóâå. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, âèäèìî,ñî ñòðàòåãèåé îõîòû, îðèåíòèðîâàííîé íà

äîáû÷ó ïèùóõ, îòñþäà è âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ âäîáû÷å ïòåíöîâ òàêèõ âèäîâ, êàê îãàðü(Tadorna ferruginea), áîëüøåêëþâûé çó¸ê(Charadrius leschenaultii), ìîíãîëüñêèé æà-âîðîíîê (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis). Äî-ìèíèðîâàíèå â ïèòàíèè ðæàíêîîáðàçíûõó êàðëèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå,îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèåì ðåñóðñà êîëîíè-àëüíûõ ñòåïíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, â ðåçóëü-òàòå ÷åãî îðëû òÿãîòåþò ê êîëîíèÿì ÷àé-êîâûõ â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Îñîáåííî ÷¸òêî ýòîíàáëþäàåòñÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäåïîéìû ðåê ñ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè îç¸ðàìè,áîëîòàìè è ëóãàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ, ïî ñóòè, åäèí-ñòâåííûìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè âèäà.Çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü íàëè÷èå óíè-êàëüíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè êàðëèêîâ,ïàðû êîòîðîé ãíåçäÿòñÿ âíóòðè êðóïíûõëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ â çíà÷èòåëüíîì óäàëåíèèîò îáøèðíûõ ïàñòáèù, îäíàêî äàííàÿ òåð-ðèòîðèÿ íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäàôàêòè÷åñêè íå îáñëåäîâàíà.

Ðèñ. 21. Ñîñòàâ äîáû÷èîðëà-êàðëèêà

Fig. 21. Diversity of preyspecies in the Booted Ea-gle feeding

Ïàðà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Pair of the Booted Eagle in the nest. Photo by I. Kar-yakin

Çàêëþ÷åíèå

 ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèéáûëè ïîëó÷åíû íåîïðîâåðæèìûå äîêàçà-òåëüñòâà óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàññå-ëåíèÿ êàðëèêà. Îñòàåòñÿ íåÿñíûì, ÷òî æåïðîèñõîäèò – âîññòàíîâëåíèå èñòîðè÷åñ-êîãî àðåàëà èëè æå äåéñòâèòåëüíî ýêñïàí-ñèÿ âèäà íà íîâûå òåððèòîðèè, îäíàêî óæåñåé÷àñ ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â ñêîðîìâðåìåíè êàðëèê ñòàíåò õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîììíîãèõ îáëàñòåé Óðàëà è Ñèáèðè, ãäå ðà-íåå äàæå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ â êà÷åñòâåçàë¸òíîãî âèäà. Êñòàòè, åñëè ïðåäïîëîæå-íèå î âîññòàíîâëåíèè âèäîì ïðåæíåãîàðåàëà âåðíî, òî èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäî-âàíèè êàðëèêà 1,5 âåêà íàçàä íà Óðàëå (Ñà-áàíååâ, 1874) âûãëÿäèò íå òàêîé óæ ôàí-òàñòè÷íîé.

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Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 59

Òàáë. 3. Ñîñòàâ äîáû÷è îðëà-êàðëèêà

Table 3. Diversity of prey species in the Booted Eagle feeding

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 960

Íàøè äàííûå ïîêàçûâàþò î÷åíü âûñîêóþ ïëàñòè÷-íîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà êàê â îñâîåíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ìåñòî-îáèòàíèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, òàê è êîðìîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ.Ýòè àäàïòèâíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè âèäà, à òàêæå ñòàáèëü-íûé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âåðîÿòíî è ïîçâîëÿþò îðëóíàðàùèâàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü, è ðàññåëÿòüñÿ â ñóáîïòè-ìàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ ðàíåå êàðëèê îò-ñóòñòâîâàë.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà îïòèìèñòè÷åñêèé ïðîãíîç â ðàçâèòèèñèòóàöèè ñ âèäîì, îð¸ë-êàðëèê, íåñîìíåííî, çàñëó-æèâàåò îõðàíû, è óæå ñåé÷àñ íåîáõîäèìî ïîäãîòàâ-ëèâàòü ïî÷âó, äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ åãî â ðÿä ðåãèîíàëüíûõÊðàñíûõ êíèã.

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Àâòîð áëàãîäàðèò âñåõ êîëëåã, ïîìîãàâøèõ ñîáèðàòüìàòåðèàë ïî îðëó-êàðëèêó, â îñîáåííîñòè Ýëüâèðó Íè-êîëåíêî è Ìèõàèëà Êîæåâíèêîâà, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â ðà-áîòàõ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè âèäà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ñåðãåÿ Áàêêà è ÒèìîôåÿÁàðàáàøèíà, ïðåäîñòàâèâøèõ âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçî-âàòü â ðàáîòå èõ íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå ìàòåðèàëû ïîîðëó-êàðëèêó â Ïîâîëæüå, à òàêæå Àëåêñàíäðà Ìîø-êèíà è Àëåêñåÿ Ïàæåíêîâà, ïîìîãàâøèõ â îðãàíèçà-öèè ýêñïåäèöèé è ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â íèõ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Àëüáà Ë.Ä., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. Ïòèöû íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà«Ñìîëüíûé». – Òðóäû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2001. Âûï. 21.Ñ. 50–71.

Àíàíèí À.À. Ôåäîðîâ À.Â. Ïòèöû. – Ôàóíà Áàðãóçèíñêîãîçàïîâåäíèêà. Ñåðèÿ: Ôàóíà è ôëîðà çàïîâåäíèêîâ ÑÑÑÐ. Ì.,1988. Ñ. 8–33.

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Áåëèê Â.Ï. Ìàòåðèàëû ê îðíèòîôàóíå Ñðåäíåãî Äîíà. –Îðíèòîëîãèÿ, 2005. Â. 32. Ñ. 23–56.

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Áëèíîâà Ò.Ê., Áëèíîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Þæíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ: Ëåñî-ñòåïü è ñòåïü. Ò.1. Ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé îáçîð è îõðàíà ïòèö.Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1997. 296 ñ.

Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðàññåëåíèåîðëà-êàðëèêà â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV êîíôå-ðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà. 2003.Ñ. 153–155.

Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À. Ñïèñîê ïòèö çàïîâåäíèêà (õàðàêòåð ïðå-áûâàíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå). Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûåÊóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó. Ïòèöû. – Çàïîâåäíèê «Êóçíåöêèé Àëà-òàó». Êåìåðîâî: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Àçèÿ», 1999. Ñ. 145–155,196–244.

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Âîèíñòâåíñêèé Ì.À. Ïòèöû ñòåïíîé ïîëîñû Åâðîïåéñêîé÷àñòè ÑÑÑÐ: Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå îðíèòîôàóíû è å¸ïðîèñõîæäåíèå. Êèåâ, 1960. 290 ñ.

Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ïòèöû Áàéêàëà è Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ (ñïèñîê è ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíèå). – Çàï. Èðêóòñêîãî îáë. êðàåâåä, ìóçåÿ. Èð-êóòñê, 1958. Ñ. 173–191.

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Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëî-îáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Falconiformes. – ÏòèöûÂîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., «Íàóêà», 1977.296 ñ.

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Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Àëüáà Ë.Ä. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû íàöèîíàëüíîãîïàðêà «Ñìîëüíûé». – Ðîëü îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåð-ðèòîðèé â ñîõðàíåíèè áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû íàó÷-íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ×åáîêñàðû, Êàçàíü. 2000.Ñ. 42–44.

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Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà Îðåíáóðãñêîéîáëàñòè: Ïåðèîäèçàöèÿ è èòîãè èññëåäîâàíèé. Ñîñòàâ è îñî-áåííîñòè. Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ. Îðåíáóðã: Èçä-âî ÎÃÏÓ, 2000.84 ñ.

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Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê Hieraaetus pennatus milvoidesJerdon, 1839 – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óã-ðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé ÁóðÿòñêîéÀÑÑÐ. Óëàí-Óäý. 1988. Ñ. 86–87.

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Çèìèí Í.È., Ìîëîäîâñêèé À.Â. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ãîðüêîâñ-êîé îáëàñòè. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 1968. Âûï. 9. Ñ. 349.

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Èçìàéëîâ È.Â., Áîðîâèöêàÿ Ã.Ê. Ïòèöû þãî-çàïàäíîãî Çà-áàéêàëüÿ. Âëàäèìèð, 1973. 316 ñ.

Èëüè÷åâ Â.Ä., Ôîìèí Â.Å. Îðíèòîôàóíà è èçìåíåíèå ñðå-äû. Ì., 1988. 248 ñ.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêàíà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. – Òðóäû Ãî-ñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåð-æåíñêèé». 2006. Ò. 3. C. 102–103.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîçëîâ À.À. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé êàäàñòð ïòèö×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìà-íóñêðèïò». 1999. 421 ñ.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êàðïîâ Ô.Ô.Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2005 ã. â ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ íà ñåâå-ðî-âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà.2005à. ¹ 4. Ñ. 34–43.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. Êðóïíûåïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèî-íà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 7. Ñ.21–45.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Íîâûå äàí-íûå ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè íåêîòîðûõ õèùíûõïòèö è ñîâ â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñ-òè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005â. ¹ 3. Ñ. 54–64.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., ÃðàáîâñêèéÌ.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèù-íèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà.2005ã. ¹ 3. Ñ. 28–51.

Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî îðíèòîôàóíå ñîêîëîîáðàç-íûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö «Ùó÷üèõ ãîð» (Òàòàðñòàí). – Áåð-êóò. 2004. Ñ. 183–188.

Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêàè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â óðî÷èùå «Ùó÷üè ãîðû», Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåð-íàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 7. Ñ. 67–69.

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Ïîïîâ Â.Â., Ñàëîâàðîâ Â.Î. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå õèùíûõïòèö è ñîâ â Àíãàðñêîì ðàéîíå (Þæíîå Ïðèáàéêàëüå). –Ìàòåðèàëû 3-é êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Âîñòî÷-íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè (15–18 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1998 ã). ×.1.Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, À.Í. Õîõëîâ. Ñòàâðîïîëü, ÑÃÓ. 1998.Ñ. 98–100.

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Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíûè å¸ èçìåíåíèÿ çà 80 ëåò. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö è ìëåêî-ïèòàþùèõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987. Ñ. 151–172.

Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì. Ïðèðîäà Õàêàñèè: Ïîñîáèå. Àáàêàí: Õà-êàññêîå êí. èçä-âî, 1993. 205 ñ.

Ðàâêèí Å.Ñ., ×åëèíöåâ Í.Ã. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèèïî êîìïëåêñíîìó ìàðøðóòíîìó ó÷¸òó ïòèö. Ìîñêâà: ÂÍÈ-Èïðèðîäà, 1990. 33 ñ.

Ðåäüêî Ï.Ñ. Ïòèöû Åòêóëüñêîãî ðàéîíà ×åëÿáèíñêîé îá-ëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, âÏðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1998.Ñ. 141–148.

Ðîìàíþê Ã.Ï. 1985. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïî-âåäíèêà. – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çàïîâåäíèêàõ ÐÑÔÑÐ.Òðóäû ÖÍÈË Ãëàâîõîòû. Ì. Ñ. 70–79.

Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê., Áîéêî Ã.Â., Ìîñêâèòèí Ñ.Ñ., Âàñèëü÷åíêîÀ.À., Ãàãèíà Ò.Í., Ãàøåâ Ñ.Í., Çàõàðîâ Â.Ä., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë.,Êîðîâèí Â.À., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á., Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ., Ñîëîâü¸â

Ñ.À., Ñòðåëüíèêîâ Å.Ã., Òàðàñîâ Â.Â., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., ßêè-ìåíêî Â.Â. Ôàóíà ïòèö ðåãèîíîâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Èí-âåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëî-ãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé. Ì.:Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2001. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 140–168.

Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Îðëû Áàéêàëà. Èðêóòñê: ÀÝÌ «Òàëüöû», 2000.128 ñ.

Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â., Ôåôåëîâ È.Â. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö íà Íîâî-Ëåíèíñêèõ îç¸ðàõ (Èðêóòñê). – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèéæóðíàë. Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê. 1997. ¹ 25. Ñ. 11–18.

Ñàáàíååâ Ë.Ï. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà è ãåîãðà-ôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èõ â Ïåðìñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñ-êîé ãóáåðíèÿõ. Ì., 1874. 207 ñ.

Ñåäîâ Â.Ã. Ê ôàóíå ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ìîðäîâèè. – Ôàóíà, ýêî-ëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Ñàðàíñê,1997. Ñ. 91–92.

Ñêàëîí Â.Í. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ èèõ ðîëü â æèçíè ÷åëîâåêà. – Èçâåñòèÿ Èðêóòñêîãî ïðîòèâî-÷óìíîãî èíñòèòóòà Ñèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. 1934. Âûï.1. Ñ. 55–83.

Ñêàëîí Â.Í. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû þæíûõ ãðàíèöÑèáèðè. – Èçâåñòèÿ Èðêóòñêîãî ïðîòèâî÷óìíîãî èíñòèòóòàÑèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. 1936. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 135–209.

Ñìèðíîâ À.Þ., Äóðíåâ Þ.À., Ìîñêîâñêèõ À.À., Ãîðÿè-íîâ Ï.Ï., Ñìèðíîâà Î.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþè ýêîëîãèè õèùíûõ ïòèö â þãî-çàïàäíîì Çàáàéêàëüå. – Ýêî-ëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû I ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè èîõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 141–143.

Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ.Ì.: Íàóêà, 1990. 728 ñ.

Ñóìúÿà Ä., Ñêðÿáèí Í.Ã. Ïòèöû Ïðèñóáõóíãóëüÿ, ÌÍÐ. Èð-êóòñê, 1989. 199 ñ.

Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷à-ñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1–2. Ì. – Ë., Èçä. ÀÍÑÑÑÐ, 1938. 754 ñ.

Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Áåçáîðîäîâ Â.È. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ ïîîðíèòîôàóíå Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö èìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987. Ñ. 172–181.

Òà÷àíîâñêèé Â.Ê. Êðèòè÷åñêèé îáçîð îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîéôàóíû Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè. – Òðóäû 5-ãî ñúåçäà ðóññêèõ åñ-òåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé è âðà÷åé â Âàðøàâå. 1877. Âûï. 5. îòä.çîîë. Ñ. 284–386.

Òóãàðèíîâ À.ß. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñåâåðî-Çà-ïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè (õð. Òàííó-Îëà, Óáñó-Íóð). – Îðíèòîëî-ãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 1916. ¹ 2–3. Ñ. 77–90, 140–154.

Òóïèöûí È.È., Ôåôåëîâ È.Â. Íîâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðåä-êèõ ïòèöàõ äåëüòû Ñåëåíãè. – Ýêîëîãî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ õà-ðàêòåðèñòèêà çîîöåíîçîâ Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ. Èðêóòñê, 1995. Ñ.108–111.

Ôðîëîâ Â.Â., Êîðêèíà Ñ.À. Î ñòàòóñå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèöÏåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòè íà ïðèìåðå íåâîðîáüèíûõ. – Ôàóíà, ýêî-ëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ / ïîä ðåä.Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâà è À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà. Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 46–49.

Øêàòóëîâà À.Ï. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïòèö þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî ðàéîíà Çàáàéêàëüÿ. – Òðóäû Èðêóòñêîãî ÑÕÈ «Òà-¸æíîå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå». Èðêóòñê, 1974. Ñ. 107–110.

ßêîâëåâ Â.À., Áî÷åíêîâ Ñ.À., ßêîâëåâ À.À. Íîâûå äàííûåïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è áèîëîãèè îðëà-êàðëèêà Hieraaetuspennatus â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè-÷åñêèé æóðíàë. Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê. 2002. ¹ 182. Ñ. 330–332.

ßíóøåâè÷ À.È. Ôàóíà ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Òóâèíñêîé îáëàñòè.Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1952. 142 ñ.

Radde G., Walter A. Die Vogel Transcaspiens. Ornis. 1889.¹ 5. P. 1–128.

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Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 63

Short�Reports

КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Õîõëàòûé îð¸ë (Spizaetusnipalensis) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èçðåä÷àéøèõ õèùíèêîâ Ðîññèè.Ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíîëèøü íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèìîð-ñêîãî êðàÿ. Âèä âíåñ¸í âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ è Êðàñíóþêíèãó Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ.Ñîãëàñíî Êðàñíîé êíèãå êðàÿ(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 2005), õîõ-

ëàòûé îð¸ë ãíåçäèòñÿ â âîñòî÷íûõ îòðîãàõÁîðèñîâñêîãî ïëàòî, â çàïîâåäíèêàõ «Êåä-ðîâàÿ Ïàäü» è «Óññóðèéñêîì», íà ïîëóîñò-ðîâå Ìóðàâüåâà-Àìóðñêîãî (ðèñ. 1–1), àòàêæå åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ íàÑðåäíåì Ñèõîòý-Àëèíå â Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêîìçàïîâåäíèêå è â ãîðíî-òà¸æíîìðàéîíå ñåâåðíåå Ëàçîâñêîãî çàïî-âåäíèêà, ãäå ïòèöû íåîäíîêðàòíîäîáûâàëèñü è ïîïàäàëè â êàïêàíû,â òîì ÷èñëå è ìîëîäûå ñ îñòàòêàìèïóõà (Åëñóêîâ, 1977).

Âïåðâûå õîõëàòûé îð¸ë áûë íàé-äåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ïðèìîðñêîìêðàå íà Áîðèñîâñêîì ïëàòî â 1985ã. Ã.À. Ãîð÷àêîâûì (1988). Òîãäà, âíîÿáðå-äåêàáðå, íà ó÷àñòêå õâîé-íî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà â 50 êìê çàïàäó îò ñò. Ðàçäîëüíàÿ, íàáëþ-äàëàñü ðåãóëÿðíî âîêàëèçèðîâàâ-øàÿ ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà. Ñóäÿ ïî âñòðå-÷àì ìîëîäûõ â ýòîì ðàéîíå, îðëûãíåçäèëèñü çäåñü óñïåøíî è ïîçæå– â 1990 è 1992 ãã. (Ãîð÷àêîâ, 1988). àïðåëå 1993 ã. íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêåáûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî õîõëàòî-ãî îðëà ñ êëàäêîé èç 1 ÿéöà, îäíàêîêëàäêà ïîãèáëà (Ãîð÷àêîâ, Íå÷àåâ,1994).  1994 ã. ïàðà çàíÿëà ïðåæíèé ó÷à-ñòîê íà þæíîì ñêëîíå ãîðíîé ðåêè, ïî-ðîñøåì âûñîêîñòâîëüíûì õâîéíî-øèðîêî-ëèñòâåííûì ëåñîì. Îðëû âûâåëè ïòåíöà âíîâîì ãíåçäå, óñòðîåííîì â 500-õ ìåòðàõîò ñòàðîãî, íà 50–55-òè ìåòðîâîé öåëüíî-

New�Record�of�the�Mountain�Hawk�Eagle�Nesting�in�Primorye,�Russia

НОВАЯ�НАХОДКА�ГНЕЗДА�ХОХЛАТОГО�ОРЛА�В�ПРИМОРЬЕ,РОССИЯ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Каряин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Россия,�Н.Нов�ород)

The Mountain Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus ni-palensis) is a most rare raptor in Russia. Itwas known several pairs of the MountainHawk Eagle to nest in southwest of Primor-ye in 1985 – 2000 (Gorchakov, 1988; Gor-chakov, Nechaev, 1998; Kurdyukov, 2000).

The new nest of the Mountain Hawk Ea-gle was found on 28 August 2005 (fig. 1–2). The nest was placed in a fir (Abies holo-phylla) on height near 30 m. There was thefledgling that had been yet fed by adults.

The total area of inhabitant places of theMountain Hawk Eagle in the BorisovskoePlateau is 1081.6 km2 (fig. 2). We project5–10 pairs of the Mountain Hawk Eagle tobreed in the Borisovskoe Plateau.

Õîõëàòûé îð¸ë (Spizaetusnipalensis). Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

Mountain Hawk Eagle(Spizaetus nipalensis).Photo by I. Karyakin

ëèñòíîé ïèõòå (Abies holophylla), ðàñòóùåéâ ñåðåäèíå ñêëîíà ãîðû, íà âûñîòå 35–37ì. Êëàäêà â ýòîì ãíåçäå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà19 ìàðòà, ïòåíåö ïîêèíóë ãíåçäî 2 èþëÿ,îäíàêî äî 2 ìàðòà 1995 ã. âêëþ÷èòåëüíî,äåðæàëñÿ ó ãíåçäà è äîêàðìëèâàëñÿ ðîäè-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä õîõëàòîãî îðëà (Spizaetusnipalensis): 1 – ïî äàííûì èç Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ïðèìîðñêîãîêðàÿ, 2005. 2 – ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Mountain Hawk Eagle’s (Spizaetusnipalensis) nests: 1 – according to the Red Data Book and 2 –following the author’s research

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 964

òåëÿìè íå ÷àùå 2-õ ðàç â äåíü (Ãîð÷àêîâ,Íå÷àåâ, 1998). Ïîçæå, äâà ãíåçäà õîõëà-òûõ îðëîâ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû À.Á. Êóðäþ-êîâûì (2000) â çàïîâåäíèêå «ÊåäðîâàÿÏàäü» è áëèç Âëàäèâîñòîêà, à òàêæå ïðåä-ïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðû íà ð. Áî-ðèñîâêà.

 õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè íà Áîðèñîâñêîå ïëà-òî â àâãóñòå 2005 ã., îñóùåñòâëÿåìîé íàñðåäñòâà Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî îòäåëåíèÿ ÂÂÔ,áûë âûÿâëåí ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîéó÷àñòîê õîõëàòûõ îðëîâ â äîëèíå ð. Íåæèí-êà (ðèñ. 1–2). Íà ñêëîíå þæíîé ýêñïîçè-öèè ñåâåðíîãî áîðòà äîëèíû ðåêè â ó÷àñò-êå õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà 28àâãóñòà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî. Îíî ðàñ-ïîëàãàëîñü íà öåëüíîëèñòíîé ïèõòå â îñíî-âàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà íà âû-ñîòå îêîëî 30 ì è ïðîñìàòðèâàëîñü ëèøü ñäâóõ òî÷åê – ñ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî ñêëîíàäîëèíû è íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñ ðåêè.  ãíåçäåíàõîäèëñÿ ñë¸òîê, äîêàðìëèâàåìûé ðîäèòå-ëÿìè, êîòîðûé õîðîøî ëåòàë, íî, òåì íå ìå-íåå, áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü âðåìåíè ïðîâîäèë âãíåçäå, ëèáî íà ïðèñàäå ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì.

Àíàëèç êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat–7 ETM+ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîéòåððèòîðèè òðè êëàñòåðà ñ ñîõðàíèâøèìè-

ñÿ ó÷àñòêàìè õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãîëåñà, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1081,6 êì2, êîòî-ðûå ñïîñîáíû ïîääåðæàòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèåãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè õîõëàòûõ îðëîâ. Âñàìîì êðóïíîì ñåâåðíîì êëàñòåðå Áîðè-ñîâñêîãî ïëàòî, ïëîùàäüþ 921,8 êì2, ïîàíàëîãèè ñ âûÿâëåííûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñò-êîì è õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâîðëîâ, îïèñàííûõ â ëèòåðàòóðå, ìîæíî âû-äåëèòü íå ìåíåå 108 ôðàãìåíòîâ ñêëîíîâþæíîé ýêñïîçèöèè, ïëîùàäüþ 7,2 êì2, ïî-ðîñøèõ ñòàðûì õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìëåñîì, ïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õîõëà-òûõ îðëîâ (ðèñ. 2). Íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñ-òîê õîõëàòûõ îðëîâ óäàë¸í áîëåå ÷åì íà10 êì îò ó÷àñòêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ ðàíååíà Áîðèñîâñêîì ïëàòî, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåòäèñòàíöèþ íå ìåíåå 10 êì ìåæäó ïàðàìè.Ó÷èòûâàÿ êîëè÷åñòâî è ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíûõ äëÿ âèäà ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà íà Áîðè-ñîâñêîì ïëàòî, ê êîòîðûì ìîæíî îòíåñòèñêëîíû þæíûõ ýêñïîçèöèé, ïîðîñøèå ñòà-ðûì õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñîì, àòàêæå âåðîÿòíóþ äèñòàíöèþ ìåæäó ïàðà-ìè, çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèåîò 5 äî 15 ïàð õîõëàòûõ îðëîâ. Íàñêîëüêîðåàëüíà ýòà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïîêàæóòäàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, îäíàêî å¸ ìè-íèìàëüíûé ïîðîã ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü äîñòîâåð-íûì, ò.ê. 2–3 ïàðû õîõëàòûõ îðëîâ íà äàí-íîé òåððèòîðèè íàáëþäàëèñü è â ïðåæíèåãîäû (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 2005).

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Ãîð÷àêîâ Ã.À. Âñòðå÷à õîõëàòîãî îðëàSpizaetus nipalensis orientalis Temm. Et Schleg.íà çèìîâêå â Þæíîì Ïðèìîðüå. – Ðåäêèå ïòè-öû Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è èõ îõðàíà. Âëàäèâîñ-òîê, 1988. Ñ. 139.

Ãîð÷àêîâ Ã.À., Íå÷àåâ Â.À. Õîõëàòûé îð¸ëSpizaetus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836),(Accipitridae, Aves) – íîâûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèäôàóíû Ðîññèè. – Áþëëåòåíü ÌÎÈÏ, îòä.áèîë.,1994. Ò.99, âûï., 4. Ñ. 15–17.

Ãîð÷àêîâ Ã.À., Íå÷àåâ Â.À. Íîâûå ìàòåðèà-ëû î áèîëîãèè õîõëàòîãî îðëà â Þæíîì Ïðè-ìîðüå. – Âîïðîñû ñîõðàíåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ ìàëî-èçó÷åííûõ ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ ñåâåðà.Ìàòåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå. Ìîñêâà, 1998.×.1. Ñ. 108–114.

Åëñóêîâ Ñ.Â. Î ðåäêèõ ïòèöàõ ñåâåðî-âîñòî-êà Ïðèìîðüÿ. – Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ VII Âñåñîþç-íîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Êèåâ,1977. ×.1. Ñ. 58–59.

Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ. Æèâîòíûå.Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçàþ-ùèå âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Âëàäèâîñòîê: ÀÂÊ «Àïåëü-ñèí», 2005. 448 ñ.

Êóðäþêîâ À.Á. Äâå íîâûå ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêèõîõëàòîãî îðëà Spizaetus nipalensis íà çàïàäåÞæíîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèéæóðíàë. Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê. 2000. ¹ 91. Ñ. 3–7.

Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï è ãíåç-äî õîõëàòîãî îðëà. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Nesting place and nest ofthe Mountain Hawk Ea-gle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 2. Âûÿâëåííûé â2005 ã. ãíåçäîâîé ó÷à-ñòîê – 1 è ìåñòîîáèòà-íèÿ – 2 õîõëàòîãî îðëàíà Áîðèñîâñêîì ïëàòî;îáëåñåííûå òåððèòî-ðèè ïëàòî – 3.

Fig. 2. The breeding ter-ritory of the MountainHawk Eagle found in2005 – 1, inhabitant plac-es – 2, forests in the Bori-sovskoe Plateau – 3.

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Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 65

 Ïðèáàéêàëüå áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandi-aca) ðåäêèé çèìóþùèé âèä.  äàííîì ñî-îáùåíèè íà îñíîâàíèè ñîáñòâåííûõ íà-áëþäåíèé è ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ýòî-ãî âèäà â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ÂåðõíåãîÏðèàíãàðüÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Óñòü-Îðäûíñ-êîãî Áóðÿòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà è ïðè-ëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâ Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè.

Ïåðâîå óïîìèíàíèå î áåëîé ñîâå â Ïðè-àíãàðüå îòíîñèòñÿ ê òðèäöàòûì ãîäàì – âêîëëåêöèè áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííîãî ôàêóëüòå-òà ÈÃÓ èìååòñÿ ýêçåìïëÿð ñàìöà áåëîéñîâû äîáûòîé íà 57-ì êì Êà÷óãñêîãîòðàêòà 17 íîÿáðÿ 1934 ã., à â êàðòîòåêåèìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î âñòðå÷å áåëîé ñîâû11 íîÿáðÿ 1933 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ¸ëêàÓñòü-Îðäûíñêèé. Ïîñëå ýòîãî äîâîëüíî äëè-òåëüíîå âðåìÿ, âïëîòü äî 70-õ ãã., óïîìè-íàíèÿ î âñòðå÷àõ áåëîé ñîâû â Ïðèáàéêà-ëüå îòñóòñòâóþò.  íîÿáðå 1976 ã. ñîâàâñòðå÷åíà íà ñêèðäå ñðåäè ñêîøåííîãîïîëÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Çàäû Ýõèðèò-Áó-ëàãàòñêîãî ðàéîíà.  êàðòîòåêå áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííîãî ôàêóëüòåòà ÈÃÓ óêàçàíû âñòðå-÷è 12 íîÿáðÿ 1977 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåðåâíèÕîãîò (Ýõèðèò-Áóëàãàòñêèé ðàéîí) è 12 è 14íîÿáðÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ. Áàÿíäàé (Áàÿí-äàåâñêèé ðàéîí). Íàèáîëåå ðàííÿÿ âñòðå÷àáåëûõ ñîâ – 5 è 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1996 ã. â îêðåñ-òíîñòÿõ ïîñ¸ëêà Òàãàðõàé (Ýõèðèò-Áóëàãàòñ-êèé ðàéîí). Ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, ýòî áûëîñâÿçàíî ñ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíîé ñèòóàöèåé íàìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, òàê êàê â ýòîì ãîäó âýòî æå âðåìÿ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû è çèìíÿêè.Áåëàÿ ñîâà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà íà 60-ì êì Êà-÷óãñêîãî òðàêòà 22 îêòÿáðÿ 1997 ã. (Âîðî-íîâà, Ðÿáöåâ, 2006), à 24 ôåâðàëÿ 1999 ã.1 îñîáü ìû íàáëþäàëè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïî-ñ¸ëêà Æåðäîâêà (Èðêóòñêèé ðàéîí). Îñå-íüþ 2000 ã. â Íóêóòñêîì ðàéîíå áûë îò-ìå÷åí ìàññîâûé ïðèë¸ò áåëûõ ñîâ. Íàóáðàííûõ ïîëÿõ ìû èíîãäà íàáëþäàëè îò2 äî 4 ñîâ îäíîâðåìåííî. Âñåãî íà ìàðø-ðóòàõ ïî áåðåãó Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà è åãî çàëèâîâ çà ïåðèîä ñ 10 ïî 17 íî-ÿáðÿ áûëî âñòðå÷åíî áîëåå 25 áåëûõ ñîâ.Ïðîë¸ò íàáëþäàëñÿ âäîëü áåðåãà âîäîõðà-íèëèùà ñ ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà íà þãî-çàïàä.

Êîíòàêò:

Âàëåðèé ÌàëååâÂèêòîð ÏîïîâÀäìèíèñòðàöèÿ Óñòü-Îðäûíñêîãî Áóðÿòñêîãîàâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãàÐîññèÿ 669001 ÓÎÁÀÎïîñ. Óñòü-Îðäûíñêèéóë. Ëåíèíà, 18òåë.: +7 (241) 3 12 [email protected]

Contact:

Valeriy MaleevViktor PopovAdministration of theUst-OrdinskiyBuryatskiy autonomousdistrictLenina str., 18Ust-OrdynskiyRussia 669001tel.: +7 (241) 3 12 [email protected]

Snow�Owl�in�the�Upper�Reaches�of�the�Angara�River

БЕЛАЯ�СОВА�В�ВЕРХНЕМ�ПРИАНГАРЬЕ

Maleev�V.G.,�Popov�V.V.(Administration�of�the�Ust-Ordinskiy�Buryatskiy�autonomous

district,�Russia)

Малеев�В.Г.,�Попов�В.В.�(Администрация�Усть-Ордынсо�о�Б$рятсо�о

автономно�о�ор$�а,�Россия)

The Snow Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) is the rarewintering species of the Baikal Region. Thefirst registrations of it in the Angara regionwere in 1930s. We don’t have any informa-tion about records of the species at the pe-riod 1930–1970. The Snow Owl has beenregistered in the Angara region since 1970sonce again. The mass migration of the owlinto the Nukutsk region was noted in au-tumn 2000. During the record routes alongthe Bratsk reservoir we noted more than 25birds since 10 to 17 November. Recent yearsthe number of records and the number ofnoted birds has increased that connected,as we believe, with the climate changing.Also we noted the number of owl recordsrelated with the number of micro mammals.

Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca). Ôîòî È. Ïîñïåëîâà

Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Photo by I. Pospelov

 ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ÷àñòîòà âñòðå÷ è ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü áåëûõ ñîâ âîçðîñëà.  äîëèíåÊóäû îíè âñòðå÷åíû 24 ôåâðàëÿ 2002 ã. è18 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã. (Âîðîíîâà, 2003). Çíà-÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü âñòðå÷ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà Êà-÷óãñêèé òðàêò – 18 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã. íà 57-ìêì, 5 ìàðòà 2003 ã. íà 91-ì êì, 9 ìàðòà2003 ã. íà 61-ì êì, 3 ÿíâàðÿ 2004 ã. 2 îñî-áè íà 80-ì êì è 24 ôåâðàëÿ 2006 ã. íà 55-ì êì, (Âîðîíîâà, Ðÿáöåâ, 2006). Íàìèçäåñü æå áåëàÿ ñîâà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà 18äåêàáðÿ 2005 ã. è 14 ìàðòà 2006 ã. â 5 êìê çàïàäó îò Óñòü-Îðäû è îäíà ìîëîäàÿ ïòè-öà 12 è 27 äåêàáðÿ 2006 ã. è 15 ÿíâàðÿ2007 ã. íà ó÷àñòêå âîñòî÷íåå Êàïñàëüñêîéãîðû. Êðîìå ýòîãî áåëûõ ñîâ â 2006 ã. íà-

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 966

áëþäàëè 20 ìàðòà â óðî÷èùå Äàíèëîâñêîì,25 ìàðòà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñåëêà Áàÿíäàé(Áàÿíäàåâñêèé ðàéîí) è 20 ìàðòà â îêðåñ-òíîñòÿõ ïîñåëêà Áóëàê (Áîõàíñêèé ðàéîí).

Íà ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Ïðèàíãàðüÿ áå-ëàÿ ñîâà âñòðå÷åíà 22 íîÿáðÿ 2005 ã. âäîëèíå ðåêè Óíãè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå ãîðûÕàøêàé, à íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü – íà ïîëåñåâåðíåå ïîñåëêà Íîâîíóêóòñê (Íóêóòñêèéðàéîí).  2006 ã. îäíà ñîâà âñòðå÷åíà 8àïðåëÿ ñåâåðíåå ãîðîäà Óñîëüå-Ñèáèðñêîå(Óñîëüñêèé ðàéîí) è îäíà – 20 äåêàáðÿ âîêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïîñ¸ëêà Àïõàéòà â Àëàðñêîìðàéîíå. Ðåçèí Â.Ñ. (2006) ñîîáùàåò â îá-ùåé ñëîæíîñòè î 13-òè âñòðå÷àõ áåëîéñîâû â çèìíèå ñåçîíû 2004–2005 ãã. è2005–2006 ãã. â äîëèíå ðåêè Êàìåíêè(ïðèòîê Àíãàðû) íà þãå Àëàðñêîãî ðàéî-íà. Îñîáåííî ÷àñòî ñîâ âñòðå÷àëè íà äî-ðîãå îò ïîñ. Êóíäóëóí äî ìîñòà ÷åðåç Êà-ìåíêó, ò.ê. îíè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò îòêðûòûåïðîñòðàíñòâà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïîëåéïðèìûêàþùèõ ê ðåêå.  ïèòàíèè îòìå÷å-íà óçêî÷åðåïíàÿ ïîë¸âêà è îáûêíîâåííàÿëèñèöà (âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî ïàäàëü).

Ó÷àñòèâøèåñÿ âñòðå÷è áåëîé ñîâû â ëå-ñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿìîæíî ñâÿçàòü ñ íåñêîëüêèìè ôàêòîðàìè.

Ïðåæäå âñåãî, ýòî ïðîâåäåíèå áîëåå èí-òåíñèâíûõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ðàáîò ïî îáñëåäî-âàíèþ òåððèòîðèè â çèìíåå âðåìÿ. Âòîðîå– â çèìíèå ñåçîíû 2004–2005 ãã. è, îñî-áåííî, â 2005–2006 ãã. îòìå÷åíà âûñîêàÿ÷èñëåííîñòü ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ. Íîëåòîì 2006 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ãðûçóíîâ ðåçêîñîêðàòèëàñü è íàñòóïèëà äåïðåññèÿ. Çèìîé2006–2007 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ãðûçóíîâ áûëàíèçêîé, íî, òåì íå ìåíåå, âñòðå÷è áåëûõñîâ áûëè òàêæå îòíîñèòåëüíî ðåãóëÿðíû-ìè.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, íå èñêëþ÷åíà âåðîÿò-íîñòü ñâÿçè ó÷àñòèâøèõñÿ âñòðå÷ áåëûõ ñîâñ êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè ôàêòîðàìè, à èìåííî ñïîòåïëåíèåì, êîòîðîå íàáëþäàåòñÿ â Âåð-õíåì Ïðèàíãàðüå â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Âîðîíîâà Ñ.Ã. Èññëåäîâàíèå àâèôàóíû Êóäèí-ñêîé ñòåïè (þæíîå Ïðåäáàéêàëüå). – Ñîâðåìåí-íûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëü-íîé Àçèè. II ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿêîíôåðåíöèÿ. ×. 1. Óëàí-Óäý. 2003. Ñ. 73–76.

Âîðîíîâà Ñ.Ã., Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Î çèìíèõ âñòðå-÷àõ ñîâ â ëåñîñòåïíîì Ïðåäáàéêàëüå. – ÑîâûÑåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ì. 2005. Ñ. 401–402.

Ðåçèí Â.Ñ. Ê ýêîëîãèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîâî-îáðàçíûõ áàññåéíà ð. Êàìåíêà, äîëèíû ð. Àí-ãàðà. Äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà. Èðêóòñê. 2006.

Autumn�Migration�of�the�Crested�Honey�Buzzard�and�the�Great

Spotted�Eagle�in�the�Tashkent�Vicinities

ОСЕННИЙ�ПРОЛЁТ�ХОХЛАТОГО�ОСОЕДА�И�БОЛЬШОГОПОДОРЛИКА�ПОД�ТАШКЕНТОМ

Mitropolskiy�M.G.�(State�Inspection�of�the�Republic�of�Uzbekistan�on�Guards

and�Rational�Use�Animal�of�the�Vegetative�World�and�Reserve)

Митропольсий�М.Г.�(Госбиоонтроль�Госомитета�по�охране�природы

Респ$блии�Узбеистан)

Íàìè, â ïåðèîä ñ 1996 ïî 2006 ãã., ðåãó-ëÿðíî ïðîâîäèëèñü êðàòêîâðåìåííûå ýê-ñêóðñèè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Òàøêåíòà íà ñåëü-ñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäüÿõ âäîëüåäèíñòâåííîãî èñêóññòâåííîãî âîäî¸ìà –êàíàëà Äæàíà-Àðûê íà âîñòî÷íîé îêðàè-íå ãîðîäà (N41,38° E69,18°, âûñîòà 373 ìí.ó.ì.). Çäåñü çàëîæåí ìàðøðóòíûé ó÷¸ò,îáùåé ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ 4,5 êì è îõâàòû-âàþùèé âèçóàëüíî ïðîñìàòðèâàåìóþ ïëî-ùàäü ïîëåé ëþöåðíû, êóêóðóçû è îâîùåé,à òàêæå íåáîëüøèå òîïîëèíûå ðîùè â0,919 êì2.  ñðåäíåì âðåìÿ ïðîõîæäåíèÿìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâëÿåò 2–2,5 ÷àñà.

Õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhyncus)

Âåñåííèé ïðîë¸ò õîõëàòîãî îñîåäà ïðî-õîäèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãîðàìè (Ìèòðî-

We regular spent the short-term excursionsinto the agricultural area along the Dzhana-Aryk artificial channel in the eastern outskirtsof Tashkent (N 41.38° E 69.18° Elev. 373)during the period from 1996 to 2006. Thetransect for bird recording was establishedwith the total length of 4.5 km, it was in-cluded fields with water Lucerne, corn andvegetables, and small poplar groves in0.919 km2. The average time of passage ofthe transect was 2–2.5 hours.

Crested Honey Buzzard(Pernis ptilorhyncus)

The Crested Honey Buzzard migratesmainly through mountains during spring-time (Mitropolskiy, etc., 1987; M. Mitropol-skiy, 2002). However, M.R. Meklenburtsev

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Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 67

ïîëüñêèé è äð., 1987; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé,2002). Îäíàêî èçðåäêà ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñüè íà ðàâíèíå, â ÷àñòíîñòè 27 ìàÿ 1948 ã.Ì.Ð. Ìåêëåíáóðöåâûì (1982) â Òàøêåíòå.

Íà îñåííåì ïðîë¸òå õîõëàòûõ îñîåäîâíà ðàâíèíå îòìå÷àþò ãîðàçäî ÷àùå. Èìå-åòñÿ ðÿä ýêçåìïëÿðîâ, äîáûòûõ â îêðåñò-íîñòÿõ Òàøêåíòà (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è äð.,1987) 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1970 ã. (À.Í. Àþïîâ,êîëë. ÍÓÓç) è 12 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1966 ã. (Ð.Í.Ìåêëåíáóðöåâ, êîëë. ÍÓÓç). Ì.Ì. Îñòà-ïåíêî (1960) 18 îêòÿáðÿ 1949 ã. äîáûëàõîõëàòîãî îñîåäà â Äåíäðîïàðêå (Çàïàä-íàÿ îêðàèíà ãîðîäà). Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðå-ìåíè ýòà ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñ÷èòàëàñü îäíîé èçíàèáîëåå ïîçäíèõ.

Íàìè õîõëàòûé îñîåä íàáëþäàëñÿ 3 íî-ÿáðÿ 2005 ã., ÷òî ïðîäëåâàåò ñðîêè ïðî-ë¸òà îñîåäîâ â Óçáåêèñòàíå äî íîÿáðÿ.

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga)

 êîëëåêöèè ÍÓÓç èìååòñÿ öåëûé ðÿääîáûòûõ Í.À. Çàðóäíûì áîëüøèõ ïîäîð-ëèêîâ â Òàøêåíòå è åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ, êàêíà îñåííåì, òàê è íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸òå.Îäíàêî Ð.Í. Ìåêëåíáóðöåâ (1982) íå ó÷è-òûâàåò èõ è óïîìèíàåò ëèøü î âîçìîæíîñ-òè âñòðå÷è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Òàøêåí-òå âî âðåìÿ îñåííåãî è âåñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà.Âñå îñåííèå âñòðå÷è áûëè äàòèðîâàíû âïåðèîä ñ 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 17 îêòÿáðÿ.  ýòîòæå ïåðèîä ïîäîðëèêîâ â Òàøêåíòå äîáû-âàë è Ä.Í. Êàøêàðîâ (2 è 19 îêòÿáðÿ 1925ã). ×óòü ïîçæå (26 íîÿáðÿ 1928 ã.) ïîä Òàø-êåíòîì (â òóãàÿõ ïî ð. ×èð÷èê) îòìå÷àëàáîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ Ç.Ë. Ñàòàåâà (1937). êîëëåêöèè Çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ ÍÍÏÌÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû õðàíèòñÿ ýêçåìïëÿð, äîáû-òûé Ì. Êðàñîâêèì íåñêîëüêî ðàíåå îáû÷-íûõ îñåííèõ âñòðå÷, – 17 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1929ã. (Ïåêëî, 1997).

Íàìè îäèíî÷íûå áîëüøèå ïîäîðëèêèîòìå÷åíû 22 îêòÿáðÿ 2006 ã. è 23 îêòÿáðÿ2005 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà, à òàêæå 7äåêàáðÿ 1998 ã. íàä ãîðîäîì (íàèáîëååïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à).

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Ìåêëåíáóðöåâ Ð.Í. Ïðîë¸òíûå è çèìóþùèåïòèöû Òàøêåíòà (ïî äàííûì ìíîãîëåòíèõ íà-áëþäåíèé). – Áþëë. ÌÎÈÏ. Îòäåë áèîëîãè÷åñ-êèé. Ìîñêâà, 1982. Ò. 87. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 86–93.

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Ì. Íîâûå è ðåäêèå âèäûïòèö Çàïàäíîãî Òÿíü-Øàíÿ (Óçáåêèñòàí). – Áèî-ðàçíîîáðàçèå ÇÒØ: îõðàíà è ðàöèîíàëüíîåèñïîëüçîâàíèå. Òàøêåíò, 2002. Ñ.156–157.

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ôîòòåëåð Ý.Ð., Òðåòüÿ-êîâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes).– Ïòèöû Óçáåêèñòàíà. Òàøêåíò, 1987. Ò. 1. Ñ.123–246.

Êîíòàêò:

Ìàêñèì Ìèòðîïîëüñ-êèé ÃîñáèîêîíòðîëüÃîñêîìèòåòà ïî îõðàíåïðèðîäûÓçáåêèñòàíòåë.: +7 (998 90) 319 15 [email protected]

Contact:

Maxim MitropolskiyState inspection of theRepublic of Uzbekistanon guards and rationaluse animal of thevegetative world andreservestel.:+7 (998 90) 31915 [email protected]

recorded birds on a valley: in Tashkent onMay 27, 1948.

The Crested Honey Buzzard is noted muchmore often on a valley during autumn mi-gration. There are some skins of birds hunt-ed in the Tashkent vicinities (Mitropolskiyet all., 1987): on September 9, 1970(Aiupov, coll. NUUz), on September 12,1966 (Meklenburtsev, coll. NUUz). M.M.Ostapenko (1960) hunted the Crested Hon-ey Buzzard in Dendropark (Western outsideof the city) on October 18, 1949. That factwas considered being one of the latest reg-istrations.

However we observed the Crested Hon-ey Buzzard on November 3, 2005, that pro-longs the terms of autumn migration in Uz-bekistan until November.

Great Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga)

R.N. Meklenburtsev (1982) mentioned thepossible records of the Great Spotted Eaglein Tashkent during the autumn and springmigrations. However, there are same skinsof the Great Spotted Eagles hunted by N.A.Zarudniy in Tashkent and its vicinities in thecollection of NUUz, both at autumn, andspring migrations. All autumn registrationswere during from September 28 until Oc-tober 17. At the same time, the Great Spot-ted Eagle in Tashkent was also hunted byD.N. Kashkarov (on October 2 and 19,1925). Later Z.L. Sataeva (1937) noted theGreat Spotted Eagle near the Tashkent – onNovember 26, 1928 in a water forest alongthe Chirchik River (southern outside of thecity). However, a skin of the eagle huntedon September 17th of 1929 by M. Kras-ovskiy is stored in the collection of Zoolog-ical museum of the Academy of Sciences ofUkraine (Peklo, 1997).

We note a single Great Spotted Eagleoutside of the city on October 22, 2006 andon October 23, 2005, and above the city –on December 7, 1998 (the latest record).

Ïåêëî À.Ì. Êàòàëîã êîëëåêöèé Çîîëîãè÷åñ-êîãî ìóçåÿ ÍÍÏÌ ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû. Ïòèöû. –Íå-âîðîáüèíûå Non-Passeriformes (Ïèíãâèíîîá-ðàçíûå Sphenisciformes – ÆóðàâëåîáðàçíûåGruiformes). Êèåâ, 1997. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 99.

Îñòàïåíêî Ì.Ì. Î çàë¸òàõ õîõëàòîãî îñîå-äà â Óçáåêèñòàíå. – Óçáåêñêèé áèîëîãè÷åñêèéæóðíàë. Òàøêåíò, 1960. ¹ 5. Ñ. 70.

Ñàòàåâà Ç.Ë. Ñìåíà ñåçîííûõ àñïåêòîâ àâèà-ôàóíû ïî Òàøêåíòó è åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿì. –Òðóäû Ñðåäíåàçèàòñêîãî Ãîñ. Óíèâåðñèòåòà.Òàøêåíò, 1937. Âûï. 29. 74 ñ.

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Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìûÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 968

New� Publications� and� Videos

НОВЫЕПУБЛИКАЦИИИФИЛЬМЫ

Âûøåë â ñâåò îïðåäåëèòåëü ïåðüåâ äëÿîõðàíû ïòèö íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå (M.Cieslak and B. Dul. Feathers identificationfor bird conservation. Warsaw: NaturaPublishing House, 2006. 320 p.).

Îïðåäåëåíèå ïòèö ïî èõ ïåðüÿì ÿâëÿ-åòñÿ îäíîé èç ñëàáî ðàçðàáîòàííûõ îá-ëàñòåé ïðèêëàäíîé îðíèòîëîãèè. Ýòà êíèãàðåøàåò äàííóþ ïðîáëåìó.  íåé ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû ïåðüÿ 60 âèäîâ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿïåðüÿ âñåõ åâðîïåéñêèõ âèäîâ ñîêîëî-îáðàçíûõ (Falconiformes) è ñîâîîáðàç-íûõ (Strigiformes).

 êíèãå îñâåùåíû ñëåäóþùèå òåìû:– îïåðåíèå ïòèö, ëèíüêà, ìîðôîëîãèÿ

ïåðüåâ è èõ èçìåí÷èâîñòü;– èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïåðüåâ â èçó÷åíèè è

îõðàíå ïòèö;– ïðîöåäóðà îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïåðüåâ;– âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ïåðüÿ.Îïðåäåëèòåëü ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ïðî-

ôåññèîíàëüíûõ îðíèòîëîãîâ è ëþáèòåëåé.Êíèãó ìîæíî çàêàçàòü â èíòåðíåò-ìàãà-

çèíå Lanius Books5 ïî öåíå 25,6.Êîíòàêò (5).

 ìàðòå 2007 ã. âûõîäèò â ñâåò ôîòî-îïðåäåëèòåëü ïòèö ßïîíèè è Âîñòî÷íîéÀçèè íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå (TadaoShimba. Photographic Guide to the Birdsof Japan and East Asia. Christopher HelmPublishers Ltd, 2007. 512 p.).

Ýòà êíèãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâûì ôîòî-îïðå-äåëèòåëåì ïòèö ßïîíèè è ïåðâûì ñïðàâî÷-íèêîì ïî ñòðàíå, îïóáëèêîâàííûì íà àíã-ëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.  êíèãå ïðåäñòàâëåíûáîëåå 520 âèäîâ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ êàê âßïîíèè, òàê è íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðè-ÿõ Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè (Êîðåÿ, Êèòàé, ÄàëüíèéÂîñòîê Ðîññèè). Òåêñò êîðîòêî îïèñûâàåòêëþ÷åâûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè èäåíòèôèêàöèèêàæäîãî âèäà. Äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà ïðèâîäèò-ñÿ êàðòà åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ.

Êíèãó ìîæíî çàêàçàòü â èíòåðíåò-ìàãà-çèíå Amazon6 ïî öåíå 25.

Books

КНИГИ

Marian Cieslak and Boleslaw Dul. Feath-ers identification for bird conservation.Warsaw: Natura Publishing House, 2006.320 p. (ISBN: 9788392441007) have pub-lished in English.

The identification of birds from their feath-ers is one of the rather poorly-developedareas of applied ornithology. This book al-lows to resolve this problem. This guidepresents the feathers of 60 species of bird,including all European species of raptors.

This book contains information including:– basic information on feathers: bird plum-

age, moulting, feather morphology, feath-er variability,

– the use of feathers in the conservation andstudy of birds: faunistic research, bird conser-vation, research into avian ecology and edu-cation in the service of bird conservation,

– the feather identification procedure,– identifying feathers.This guide has been prepared for experts

as well as enthusiasts for ornithology.The Book is available in internet-shop Lan-

ius Books5 ( 25.6). Contact (5).

Tadao Shimba. Photographic Guide to theBirds of Japan and East Asia. ChristopherHelm Publishers Ltd, 2007. 512 p. (ISBN:9780713674392) have published in Eng-lish in the March 2007.

This new photographic guide will be thefirst book to cover the Japanese avifauna inEnglish for over 25 years, and the first pho-to guide to the country in English. It willalso include the birds of neighboring main-land regions of Eastern Asia, Korea, NE Chi-na and Eastern Siberia. Over 520 speciesare illustrated with hundreds of stunningcolor photographs. The text succinctly de-scribes the key identification features andeach species has a distribution map. Thisguide will be an essential companion foranyone visiting Japan or Eastern Asia.

The Book is available in internet-shopAmazon6 ( 25).

5 http://www.lanius-books.com/Feathers_identification.htm6 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Photographic-Guide-Birds-Japan-East/dp/

0713674393

(5) Contact:

[email protected]

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New Publications and Videos Raptors Conservation 2007, 9 69

 ìàå 2007 ã. ïëàíèðóåòñÿ âûõîä â ñâåòîïðåäåëèòåëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö Áåííè Ãåíñ-áîëà è Âàëüòåðà Òèäý (Benny Gensbol,Walter Thiede. Collins Birds of Prey. Collins,2007. 416 p.).

Ýòî íàèáîëåå ïîëíûé ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî 49âèäàì äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïû. Äëÿêàæäîãî âèäà äàí î÷åðê ñ íîâåéøåé èí-ôîðìàöèåé î ñòàòóñå, ðàñïðåäåëåíèè è÷èñëåííîñòè, ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, ïîâåäåíèè,ãîëîñå, ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè, ïèòàíèþ è ìå-òîäàì îõîòû. Îòäåëüíûé ðàçäåë ïîñâÿù¸íèäåíòèôèêàöèè âèäà, â êîòîðîì ïðèâîäÿò-ñÿ îñíîâíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îïðåäåëåíèÿâ ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ, ïðîïîðöèè, ðàçëè÷-íûå âàðèàöèè îêðàñêè êàê ïîïóëÿöèîííûå,òàê è âîçðàñòíûå, èäåíòèôèêàöèîííûåïðèçíàêè ñèäÿùèõ è ëåòÿùèõ ïòèö, îòëè÷èÿîò äðóãèõ áëèçêèõ âèäîâ, ñ êîòîðûìè äàí-íûé âèä ìîæåò áûòü ñïóòàí â ïðèðîäå. Êíè-ãà ñîäåðæèò 55 êàðò, îêîëî 200 ôîòîãðà-ôèé è ïî÷òè 1000 ðèñóíêîâ.

Êíèãó ìîæíî áóäåò çàêàçàòü â èíòåðíåò-ìàãàçèíå Amazon7 ïî öåíå 20.

 ìàðòå 2007 ã. ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáýêîöåíòð»âûïóñòèë «Àòëàñ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è èõäåðèâàòîâ – îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ íåçà-êîííîãî îáîðîòà â Àëòàå-ÑàÿíñêîìÝêîðåãèîíå. /Ý. Íèêîëåíêî, È. Ñìåëÿí-ñêèé. – Íîâîñèáèðñê: Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî-ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð, 2007. – 46 ñ. èëë.

Àòëàñ âûïóùåí ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåð-æêå Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ / ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèåáèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àë-òàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà – ôàçà 1».

 Àòëàñ âêëþ÷åíî 18-òè âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ,âîâëå÷¸ííûõ â íåëåãàëüíûé îáîðîò â Þæ-íîé Ñèáèðè, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔè/èëè Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ. Àòëàñ ñîäåðæèòêðàòêîå îïèñàíèå æèâîòíûõ è èõ äåðèâàòîâ,à òàêæå õàðàêòåðà èõ îáîðîòà.  Àòëàñå ïðè-âåäåíû ôîòîãðàôèè îñíîâíûõ äåðèâàòîâ.

Îäíà ãëàâà Àòëàñà ïîñâÿùåíà òð¸ì âèäàìêðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ – êðå÷åòó (Falco rusticolus)áàëîáàíó (F. cherrug) è ñàïñàíó (F. peregri-nus). Íàðÿäó ñ êðàòêèì îïèñàíèåì ïòèö,ïðèâîäÿòñÿ îñíîâíûå ìåòîäû èõ áðàêîíü-åðñêîãî îòëîâà è òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè.

Âî âñòóïëåíèè ê Àòëàñó êðàòêî îïèñàíîíîðìàòèâíîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ëåãàëüíîãîîáîðîòà äàííûõ âèäîâ â ÐÔ, à â Ïðèëîæå-íèè ïðèâåäåíû ôîðìû îñíîâíûõ ðàçðåøè-òåëüíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ.

Pdf-âåðñèÿ Àòëàñà äîñòóïíà íà âýá-ñàéòåÑèáýêîöåíòðà8. Êîíòàêò (6).

Benny Gensbol, Walter Thiede. CollinsBirds of Prey. Collins, 2007. 416 p. (ISBN:9780007248148) will be published in Eng-lish in the May 2007.

The most complete guide to the 49 spe-cies of bird of prey (eagles, vultures, hawks,buzzards, osprey and falcons) found in Eu-rope. Every species has a comprehensivedescriptive entry, with the most up to dateinformation on population, distribution, sta-tus, behaviour, habitat, voice, breeding bi-ology, food and hunting techniques. In ad-dition, a separate section deals in-depth withthe identification of the species – Major IDcharacteristics, proportions, regional varia-tions, young, juvenile and adult variation,ID of perched birds, ID of flying birds and asection on other species that can be con-fused. Illustrated with 55 maps, nearly 200photographs and nearly 1000 illustrations,this book is essential reading for anyone in-terested in the birds of prey of Europe.

The Book is available in internet-shopAmazon7 ( 20).

NGO Siberian Environmental Center haspublished «The Atlas of Animal Speciesand Derivates – Major Objects of IllegalTrade in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» inRussian on March 2007. /E. Nikolenko, I,Smelansky. – Novosibirsk: Siberian Envi-ronmental Center, 2007. – 46 p.

The Atlas has been published within theProject of UNDP / GEF «Biodiversity Conser-vation in the Russian Part of the Altai-SayanEcoregion – Phase 1».

Atlas is devoted the main species, in-volved in the illegal traffic and trade in South-ern Siberia, listed in the Red Data Book ofthe Russian Federation and/or in CITES Ap-pendixes. The Atlas contents brief descrip-tions of 18 animal species and its derivatesas well as their traffic and trade status. Thereare many perfect illustrations of animals andphotos of derivates.

Three species of large falcons – Gyrfalcon(Falco rusticolus), Saker (F. cherrug), and Per-egrine (F. peregrinus) are showed in onechapter with descriptions of methods of il-legal catching and transportation.

The Atlas has the introduction, referred tothe legal regulation of traffic and trade inRussia, and the supplement with forms ofmain permission documents.

The on-line version is available in the web-site of the SEC8. Contact (6).

7 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Collins-Birds-Prey-Benny-Gensbol/dp/00072481488 http://www.ecoclub.nsu.ru/proects/Atlas_CITES.pdf

(6) Êîíòàêò

Ýëüâèðà ÍèêîëåíêîÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèéýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð»ÐîññèÿÍîâîñèáèðñê630090 à/ÿ 547òåë.: +7 (383) 339 78 [email protected]

(6) Contact

Elvira NikolenkoNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547630090 NovosibirskRussiatel.: +7 (383) 339 78 [email protected]

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ÑîäåðæàíèåÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2007, 970

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ....................................... 6

Ïðàâîâûå èíñòðóìåíòû ïðåñå÷åíèÿ íåçàêîííîãîîòëîâà è îáîðîòà êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ â Ðîññèè.Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Êðåéíäëèí Ì.Ë. ....................... 6

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .......................... 17

Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëà áàëîáàíàâ Ìîíãîëèè. Ãîìáîáààòàð Ñ., Ñóìúÿà Ä., Ïîòàïîâ Å. Ìóíõçàÿà Á., Îäõóó Á. ..................... 17

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè,Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ......................................... 27

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 63

Íîâàÿ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà õîõëàòîãî îðëàâ Ïðèìîðüå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. .................... 63

Áåëàÿ ñîâà â Âåðõíåì Ïðèàíãàðüå. Â.Ã. Ìàëååâ, Â.Â. Ïîïîâ ..................................... 65

Îñåííèé ïðîë¸ò õîõëàòîãî îñîåäàè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîä Òàøêåíòîì. Ì.Ã. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé .......................................... 66

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ........................... 68

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Events ...................................................................... 3

Reviews and Comments ......................................... 6

Legal Instruments for Supressing UnlawfulCapture and Trade of Large Falcons in Russia.Smelansky I.E., Kreyndlin M.L. .............................. 6

Raptors Research .................................................. 17

Breeding Biology of the Saker Falconin Mongolia. S. Gombobaatar, D. Sumiya,E. Potapov, B. Munkhzaya, B. Odkhuu ................ 17

The Booted Eagle in the Volga Region, Ural andSiberia, Russia. Karyakin I.V. ................................ 27

Short Reports ........................................................ 63

New Record of the Mountain Hawk EagleNesting in Primorye, Russia. Karyakin I.V. ............ 63

Snow Owl in the Upper Reaches of the AngaraRiver. V.G. Maleev, V.V. Popov ............................. 65

Autumn Migration of the Crested Honey Buzzardand the Great Spotted Eagle in the TashkentVicinities. M.G. Mitropolskiy ............................... 66

New Publications and Videos .............................. 68

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. KleschevPage-proofs by A. KleschevProof-reader: E. Klescheva

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «ÀÏÄ» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà603139, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Ãàóãåëÿ, 16–49

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸âÂåðñòêà: À. Êëåù¸â

Êîððåêòóðà: Å. Êëåù¸âà

Èëëþñòðàöèè (ôîòî ñïðàâà) ê ñòàòüå Êàðÿêèíà È.Â.«Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè,Ðîññèÿ» íà ñòð. 27–62:À. Ïòèöû:1. – Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû2. – Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû3. – ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus)

B. Ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêàìè:1 – 2. – ßïîíñêèé êàíþê (Buteo buteo japonicus)3 – 4. – Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus)5. – Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis)6. – ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus)Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Photos (right) illustrate the report «The Booted Ea-gle in the Volga Region, Ural and Siberia, Russia» byI.V. Karyakin on pp. 27–62:A. Birds:1. – Dark morph of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)2. – Dark morph of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)3. – Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus)

B. Nests with clutches:1 – 2. – Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo japonicus)3 – 4. – Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)5. – Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)6. – Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus)Photos by I. Karyakin

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A

B

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