Quang Dien Tu

7/30/2019 Quang Dien Tu

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Chng 1: Cc kin thc c bn

1

Chng 1

CC KIN THC CBN

1.1 nh sng

1.1.1. Tnh cht vt l ca nh sng

Bng phng php ton hc, Macxoen chng minh rng in ttrngdo mt in tch imdao ngtheo phng thng ng ti mt imsinh ra s lan truyn trong khng gian di dng sng. Sng c gi lsng in t.

Ngi ta ni rng in tchdao ng bc x ra sng in t. Nu xttheo mt phng truyn Ox, sng in t l sng ngang c thnh phn indao ng theo phng thng ng v thnh phn t dao ng theo phngnm ngang.

Hnh 1.1.Sng in tlan truyn trong khng gian

Tn ssng in tbng tn s ca in tchdao ngvvn tccan trong chn khng bng vn tc nh sngtrong chn khng.

Nng lng ca sngin t t l vi lu tha bc 4 ca tn s.

Ngy nay, ngi ta bit rng sng in tc y cc tnh cht nhsng c hc, nhng sng c hc, truyn i trong nhng mi trng n hi,

cn sng in tth t n truyn i m khng cn nh n s bin dng camt mi trng n hi no c, v vy n truyn c c trong chn khng.

nh sng kh kin dng ch cc bc x in t c bc sng nmtrong vngquang phnhn thy c bng mt thng (tc l t khong 400nm n 700 nm).

"nh sng lnh" l nh sng c bc sngtp trung gn vng quang phtm. "nh sng nng" l nh sng c bc sng nm gn vng .

nh sng cquang phtri u t n tm l nh sng trng, nh sngc bc sng tp trung ti vng quang ph rt hp gi l "nh sng n sc".
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Hnh 1.2. Phn loiSng in t

nh sng t nhin hoc nh sng nhn thy c chim mt phn rtnh trong ph sng in t.

1.1.2.Bc sngv mu sc nh sngo bc sng ca nhng nh sng n sc khc nhau bng phngphp giao thoa, ngi ta thy mi nh sng n scc mtbc snghonton xc nh. Chng hn:

nh sng mu u ca di mu lin tc c bc sng: . nh sng mu tm cui ca di mu lin tc c bc sng: nh sng vng do n hi natri pht ra c bc sng: .

Nh vy, nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt bc sng xc nh.Mu ng vi nh sng gi l mu n schaymu quang ph.

Thc ra, nhng nh sng n sc c bc sng ln cn nhau th gnnh c cng mt mu. V vy, ngi ta phn nh ra trong quang ph lintcnhng vng mu khc nhau:

Vng cbc sngt: Vng da cam v vng cbc sngt: (Vng da

cam v Vng vng)

Vng lccbc sngt: Vng lam - chm cbc sngt: (Vng lam-

chm)

Vng tm cbc sngt:Ngoi ccmu n sc, cn c cc mu khng n sc, l hn hp ca

nhiu mu n scvi nhng t l khc nhau.
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Hnh 1.3.mu sc v bc sng ca nh sng

1.Tia hng ngoi

Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x khng nhn thy dc c bc sngln hn bc sngca nh sng . Tia hng ngoic bn cht lsng in t.Tia hng ngoido cc vt b nung nng pht ra.

Vt c nhit thp ch pht ra c cc tia hng ngoi. Chng hnnh thn th ngi nhit ch pht ra cc tia hng ngoi trong mnh nht l cc tia c bc sng vng .

Vt cnhit bt u pht ra nh sng mu ti nhng mnhnht vn l cc tia hng ngoi vng bc sng .

Trong nh sng mt tri, ckhong 50% nng lngcachm sng lthuc v cc tia hng ngoi. Ngun pht tia hng ngoi thng dng l cc

bng n c dy tc bng vonfram nng sng cng sutt 250W n 1000W.Nhit dy tc bng n vo khong .

Tc dng ni vt nht ca tia hng ngoil tc dng nhit. Ngoi ra, tiahng ngoicng c tc dng ln mt loi knh nh c bit gi l knh nhhng ngoi. Nu chp nh cc m my bng knh nh hng ngoi th nh ccm my s ni ln rt r rt. l cc m my cha hi nc t hay nhius hp th cc tia hng ngoiyu hay mnh rt khc nhau.

ng dng quan trng nht ca cc tia hng ngoil dng sy hocsi. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng tia hng ngoi sy kh cc sn

phm sn (nh v t, v t lnh v.v) hoc cc hoa qu nh chui, nho

v.v Trong y hc, ngi ta dng n hng ngoi si m ngoi da chomu lu thng c tt.
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2.Tia t ngoi

Tia t ngoil nhng bc x khng nhn thy c, c bc sngngnhn bc sngca nh sng tm .

Tia t ngoic bn cht l sng in t.Mt Tri l mt ngun pht tia t ngoi rt mnh. Khong 9% cngsutca chm nh sng mt tri l thuc v cc tia t ngoi. Cc h quangin cng l nhng ngun pht tia t ngoi mnh. Trong cc bnh vin v

phng th nghim, ngi ta dng cc n thu ngn lm ngun pht cctia tngoi. Ngoi ra nhng vt nung nng trn cng pht ra tia t ngoirtmnh.

Tia t ngoib thu tinh, nc v.v hp th rt mnh. Thch anh thgn nh trong sut i vi cc tia t ngoicbc sngnm trong vng t

( gi l vng t ngoi gn).Tia t ngoic tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh. N c th lm cho mt

s cht pht quang. N c tc dng in ho khng kh. Ngoi ra, n cn c tcdng gy ra mt s phn ng quang ho, phn ng quang hp v.v

Tia t ngoic mt s tc dng sinh hc.

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng tia t ngoi pht hin cc vtnt nh, vt xc trn b mt cc sn phm tin. Mun vy, ngi ta xoa trn

b mtsn phm mt lp bt pht quang rt mn. Bt s chui vo cc khe nt,

vt xc. Khi a sn phm vo chm t ngoi, cc vt s sng ln. Trong y hc, ngi ta dng tia t ngoi cha bnh ci xng.

3. Tia X

Nm 1895, nh bc hc Rn-ghen (Roentgen), ngi c, nhn thyrng khi cho dng tiacatttrong ng tia cattp vo mt ming kim loi cnguyn t lng ln nh bch kim hoc vonfram th t s pht ra mt bcx khng nhn thy c. Bc x ny i xuyn qua thnh thu tinh ra ngoi vc th lm pht quang mt s cht hoc lm en phim nh. Ngi ta gi bcx ny ltia X

Khi mi c pht hin, ngi ta tng lmtia X l mt dng ht no. Tuy nhin, khi cho tia X i qua in trng v t trng mnh th nkhng b lch ng. Nh vy,tia Xkhng mang in. Tia X l mt loisngin tcbc sngngn hn bc sngca tia t ngoi. Bc sngcatiaX nm trong khong t (tia X mm).

Tia X c nhng tnh cht vcng dng sau

Tnh cht ni bt catia X l kh nng m xuyn. N truyn qua cnhng vt chn sngthng thng nh giy, ba, g. N i qua kim loi khkhn hn. Kim loi c khi lngring cng ln th kh nng cntia X ca
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n cng mnh. Chng hn, tia X xuyn qua d dng mt tm nhm dy vicm, nhng li b lp ch dyvi mm cn li. V vy, ch c dng lm ccmn chn bo v trong k thut k thutRnghen.

Nh kh nng m xuyn mnh m tia X c dng trong y hc

chiu in, chp in, trong cng nghip d cc l hng khuyt tt nmbn trong cc sn phm c.

Tia X c tc dng rt mnh ln knh nh, nn n c dng chpin.

Tia X c tc dng lm pht quang mt s cht. Mn hunh quangdngtrong vic chiu in l mn c ph mt lp platinocyanua bary. Lp ny phtquang mu xanh lc di tc dng catia X.

Tia X c kh nng ion ho cc cht khi. Ngi ta li dng c im ny

lm cc my o liu lngtia X.Tia X c tc dng sinh l. N c th hu hoi t bo, git vi khun. V

thtia X dng cha nhng ung th nng, gn ngoi da.

Hnh 1.4. ng dng sngin t.

1.1.3. Cc hin tng quang hnh hcnh sng ni ring, cc bc x in t ni chung d bt k tn s

no u c tc truyn nh nhau trong mi trng chn khng: 299 792,5km/s # 300 000 km/s

Tuy nhin, trong mi trng khc tc truyn nh sng s thay i

Mi trng chn khng v khng kh : 300 000 km/s Mi trng nc : 225 000 km/s Thu tinh : 200 000 km/s
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1. Hin tng khc x nh sng

Hnh 1.5.Hin tng khc x nh sng

Khc x thng dng ch hin tng nh sng i hng khi i quamt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit sut khc nhau. M rng ra, yl hin tng i hng ng i ca bc x in t, khi lan truyn trong mitrng khng ng nht

2. Hin tng tn sc

Hnh 1.6.Hin tng tn sc

nh sng trng l tng hp ca rt nhiu tia sng, mi tia sng tngngvi cc di sng in t khc nhau v c mu sc khc nhau. Tia sng

c sng in t ngn cng d b khc x. Nh vy c ngha l nh sng xanhd b khc x hn so vi nh sng

Lng knh l mt dng c quang hc, s dng khc x,phn xvtn xnh sng sang ccmu quang ph(nh mu sc ca cu vng). Lngknh thng c lm theo dng kim t thpng, c y l hnhtam gic.

Tia sng i t mt mi trng (nh mi trng khng kh) sang mtmi trng khc (nh tthutinh trong lng knh), n s b chm li, v gingnh kt qu, n s hoc b cong (khc x) hoc b phn x hoc ng thi xyra c hai hin tng trn. Gc m tia sng hp vi trc thng gc ti im mtia sng i vo trong lng knh c gi l gc ti, v gc to ra u bn
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kia, qua qu trnh khc x c gi l gc l. Tng t, tia sng i vo tronglng knh c gi l tia ti v tia sng i ra ngoi lng knh c gi l tia l.

Cc lng knh phn x c s dng phn x nh sng, v d nh ccng nhm, v, nh hin tng phn x ton phn, chng d dng c s

dng hn l cc gng. Cc lng knh tn sc c s dng chia nh sngthnh cc thnh phn quang ph mu, bi v khc x ca chng ph thucvobc sngca tia sng (hin tng tn sc); khi mt tia sng trng i votrong lng knh, n c mt gc ti xc nh, tri qua qu trnh khc x, v

phn x bn trong lng knh, dn n vic tia sng b b cong, hay gp khc,v v vy, mu sc ca tia sng l s khc nhau. nh sng mu xanh c bcsng nh hn nh sng mu v v vy n cong hn so vi nh sng mu. Cng c loi lng knh phn cc, n c th chia nh sng thnh cc thnh

phn phn cc khc nhau.

1.1.4. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sngNguyn t gm:

Ht nhn ( in tch +Z) gm:

Proton (p), mp =1,672. 10-27kg, tch in dng + 1,602. 10 -19 C. Ntron(n), mn = 1,675. 10-27kg, khng mang in .Ht nhn ca cc nguyn t u bn (tr cc nguyn t phng x).

Electron(e) ,me = 9,1. 10-31kg , tch in m - 1,602. 10-19 C.

Trong bng h thng tun hon (HTTH), s TT nguyn t = in tchht nhn = s e.

1. Hin tng quang in

nh sng l mt sng in t lan truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc c= 3.108m/s, cc trng bng bc sng lhay tn s dao ng = c/l

Thuyt sng ca nh sng gii thch c nhng hin tng lin quanvi s truyn sngnh giao thoa v nhiu x nhng khng gii thch c

nhng d kin thc nghim vs hp th v s pht ra nh sng khi i quami trng vt cht.

Nm 1900, M.Planck a ra gi thuyt: Nng lng ca nh sngkhng c tnh chtlin tc m bao gm tng lng ring bit nh nht gi llng t. Mt lng t ca nh sng (photon) c nng lng l E=h

Trong

E l nng lng ca photon : tn s bc x h = 6,626 .10-34 J.s - hng s Planck.
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Nm 1905, Anhstanh da vo thuyt lng t gii thch thang hin tngquang in. Bn cht ca hin tng quang in l cc kimloi kim trong chn khngkhi b, khi b chiu sng s pht ra cc electron;nng lng ca cc electron khngph thuc vo cng ca nh sng

chiu vo m ph thuc vo tn s nh sng.Anhstanh cho rng khi c chiu ti b mt kimloi, mi photon vi

nng lng hs truyn nng lng cho kim loi. Mt phn nng lng E0c dng lm bt electronra khi nguyn t kim loi v phn cn li str thnh ng nng ca electron

Nhng bc x c tn s b hn tn s gii hns khng gy ra hintngquang in.

S dng cng thc trn ta c th tnh c vn tc ca electron bt ratrong hin tngquang in.

2. M hnh nguyn t Bohr

Trong nguyn t mi electron quay xung quanh nhn ch theo nhngqu o trnng tm c bnknh xc nh.

Mi qu o ng vi mt mc nng lng xc nh ca electron. Quo gn nhnnht ng vi mc nng lng thp nht, qu o cng xa nhnng vi mc nnglng cng cao.

Khi e chuyn t qu o ny sang qu o khc th xy ra s hp th hoc gii phng nng lng. Khi e chuyn t qu o c mc nng lngthp sang mc nng lngcao hn th n hp th nng lng. Khi electronchuyn t mt mc nng lng caosang mc nng lng thp hn th xy ras pht x nng lng. Nng lng ca bcx hp th hoc gii phng l

Electron tn ti cc mc nng lng ring bit trong mt nguyn t.Cc mc nng lng c th hiu l tng ng vi cc qu o ring bit caelectron xung quanh ht nhn. Electron bn ngoi s c mc nng lng caohn nhng electron pha trong. Khi c s tc ng vt l hay ha hc t bnngoi, cc ht electron ny cng c th nhy t mc nng lng thp ln mc


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nng lng cao hay ngc li. Cc qu trnh ny c th to ra hay hp th ccphoton. Tp hp cc photon ny to ra nh sng.

1.7. Minh ho tng trng 1 photon

Bc sng (mu sc) ca tia sng ph thuc vo s chnh lch nnglng gia cc mc.

3. Lng tnh sng ht ca cc ht vi m

M hnh trn u khng gii thch c 1 s vn thc nghim t ra.

Nguyn nhn l do:- Khng cp n tnh cht sng ca electron- Do coi qu o chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t l qu

o trn c bn knh xc nh.

Nm 1924 nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis De Broglie a ra githuyt: mi ht vt chtchuyn ng u c th coi l qu trnh sng cc trng bng bc sng l v tun theo h thc

Trong

m - Khi lng ca ht, kg v - Vn tc chuyn ng ca ht , m/s h - Hng s Planck, h= 6,63.10-34 J.s

i vi ht v m: m kh ln (h =const) lkh nh -> tnh cht sngc th b qua.


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i vi ht vi m : m nh (h =const) l kh kh ln -> khng th bqua tnh cht sng.

V d : Mt ht c khi lng m = 0,3 kg, vn tc chuyn ng V= 30m/s thlcaht l?

Gii:

p dng h thc Louis De Broglie

lca ht v cng nh nn b qua tnh cht sng ca ht.


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4. Nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg

Khng th xc nh ng thi chnh xc c to v vn tc ca ht, do khng th v c chnh xc qu o chuyn ng ca ht.

y l h thc bt nh Heisenberg

Trong

x bt nh (sai s) v to theo phng x vx bt nh (sai s) v vn tc theo phng x

Nu

x cng nh th

vxcng ln, ngha bt nh v to cng nhth bt nh v vn tc cng ln. T y rt ra mt kt lun quan trng lkhng th dng c hc c in m t mt cch chnh xc qu o chuynng ca ht vi m nh thuyt ca Bohr m phi s dng mt mn khoa hcmi lc hc lng t.

1.1.5. nh sng laser

Laser l tn vit tt ca cm t Light Amplification by StimulatedEmission of Radiation c ngha l "khuch i nh sng bng pht x kchthch" hoc "khuch i nh sng bng bc x cng bc".

Tnh cht

Trong thc t, Laser l s to ra mt chm ht photon c pht xtha mn cc iu kin sau y

Tt c cc photon pht ra u c cng bc sng ging nhau.(ta gi yl s n sc)

Tt c cc photon u c cng pha dao ng. Ni cch khc l ccphoton phi c to ra vo cng mt thi im nh nhau.

Tt c cc photon u cng phn cc theo mt phng .S khc nhau gia nh sng thng v nh sng Laser

nh sng laser gm nhiu photon cng mt tn s, ng pha v bay gnnh song song vi nhau, nn c cng rt cao v chiu di ng pha cachm sng ln. Tia laser thng dng c th c chiu di ng pha c vi chccm . Cc tnh cht ny rt qu cho nhiu ng dng thc nghim.


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1.2.Bn cht ca s nhn thy

Chng ta nhn thy c mi vt xung quanh l do ngun sng chiuvo vt ri phn x vo mt ta, nn ta thy c vt .

Cc dao ng ca in trngtrong nh sng tc ng mnh n cc tbo cm th nh sng trongmtngi.

1.2.1. Cu to ca mt

Mtging nh mt my nh. N c chc nng to ra mt nh tht, nhhn vt, trn mt lp t bo nhy vi nh sng, t to ra nhng tn hiuthn kinh, a ln no. Tuy nhin h thng quang hc ca mtphc tp hnh thng quang hc ca my nhrt nhiu.

B phn chnh ca mtl mt thu knh hi t, trong sut, mm, gi l

thu tinh th. cong ca hai mt thu tinh thc th thay i c nh sco gin ca c n.

Hnh 1.8. Cu to s lc mt

ng trc thu tinh thl mt cht lng trong sut, c chit sutn =1,333 gi l thu dch.

ng sau thu tinh thcng l mt cht lng trong sut khc, c chitsutn = 1,333, gi l dch thu tinh.

Mt ngoi cng ca mtl mt mng mng trong sut, cng nh sng,gi l gic mc.

Thnh trong ca mt, phn i din vi thu tinh th, gi l vng mc.N ng vai tr nh mt mnnh, ti c cc t bo nhy sng, nm u

cc dy thn kinh th gic.
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Trnvng mc, c mt vng nh mu vng, rt nhy vi nh sng, nmgn giao im V ca trc chnh ca mtvi vng mc. Vng ny gi l imvng.

Di im vng mt cht c im m M l im hon ton khng

nhy sng, v ti cc dy thn kinh phn nhnh v khng c u dy thnkinh th gic.

St mt trc ca thu tinh thc mt mng khng trong sut, mu en(hoc xanh hay nu) gi l mng mng mt(haylng en).

Gia mng mng mtc mt l trn nh gi l con ngi. Tu theocng ca chm nh sng ti m ng knh ca con ngis t ngthay i, iu chnh chm sng chiu vo vng mc. ngoi nng, conngithu nh li; trong phng ti, n m rng ra.

Mt c im rt quan trng v mt cu to camtl: cong ( do ,tiu c) ca thu tinh thc th thay i c. Trong khi , khong cch tquang tm ca thu tinh thn vng mc(d = OV) li lun lun khng i(d = 2,2cm).

Vng mc ngi c chia lm 2 lp (xt v mt chc nng) gm lpt bo cm nhn nh sng v lp t bo dn truyn xung thn kinh.

V t bo hc, vng mc ngi ch c 2 loi t bo: T bo gy v tbo nn.

Hnh 1.9.Phn b cc t bo que v t bo nn trong vngmc

T bo gy c chc nng xc nh v cu trc, hnh th vt ,nhng hnhnh trong ti.

C t 75-150 triu Rt nhy cmvi nh sng Cm nhn trn di rng nh sng ban ngy v m
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Cung cp kh nng nhn m Cm nhn chi (cngsng) phn gii cao

Hnh 1.10. nhy sng ca t bo que v t bo nn

T bo nn c chc nng xc nh r v mu sc, sc nt. Trong ,t bo nn li c phn thnh 3 loi, nhn cm mu sc nh sng tng ngvi 3 vng quang ph khc nhau

C t 6-7 triu Tp trung ch yu ti im vng ti trung tm vng mc Cm nhn trn di hp phn gii thp C 3 loi t bo nn cm nhn cc tn s cm nhn mu sc 460

nm ( xanh lam ), 575 nm ( xanh lc), 625 nm ( )

Ch c kh nng nhn ban ngyC 3 loi t bo nn cm nhn 3 vng quang phkhc nhau (tc ba

mu sckhc nhau). S kt hp cng lc 3 tn hiu t 3 loi t bo ny tonn nhng cm gic mu sc.

T bo cm gic mu v mu lcc ph hp th rt gn nhau, dovy mt ngi phn bit c rt nhiu mu nm gia mu v lc (muvng, mu da cam,xanh nn chui, ...).

T bo cm gic mu lc vmu lam c ph hp th nm xa nhau, nnmt ngi phn bit v cc mu xanh khng tt.

to ra hnh nh mu trn mn hnh, ngi ta cng s dng 3 loi npht sng 3 vng quang ph nhy cm ca ngi.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quang_ph%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quang_ph%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_s%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_s%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_%C3%84%C2%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_%C3%84%C2%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_l%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_l%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_l%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_v%C3%83%C2%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_v%C3%83%C2%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_v%C3%83%C2%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_da_camhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanh_n%C3%83%C2%B5n_chu%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanh_n%C3%83%C2%B5n_chu%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanh_n%C3%83%C2%B5n_chu%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_lamhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_lamhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0n_h%C3%83%C2%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0n_h%C3%83%C2%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0n_h%C3%83%C2%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_lamhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanh_n%C3%83%C2%B5n_chu%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_da_camhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_v%C3%83%C2%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_v%C3%83%C2%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_l%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_%C3%84%C2%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%83%C2%A0u_s%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quang_ph%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1


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Hnh 1.11. Cc t bo nn hp th cc phSi() c nh ti cc bc sng

1.2.2. Cc thuc tnh m t mu scCc mu c phn bit da theo cc thuc tnh: sng, sc , v

bo ha mu

sng: c trng cho ri cm nhn c trng mu ( Chrominance )

o Sc ( Hue ) L thuc tnh lin quan ti bc sng ch yu trong hn

hp ccbc sng nh sng. c trng cho mu sc ch o c ngi quan st cm

nhn

o bo ha ( Saturation ) c trng cho thun khit tng i Ph thuc vo rng ca ph nhsng Th hin lng mu trng c trnvi sc

oHue v bo ha gi l c trng mu( chromaticity )


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24-bit RGB color cube RGB safe color cube

Hnh 1.12. Sbiu din mu sc

Hu ht mt ca cc sinh vt nhy cm vi bcx in tc bc sngnm trong khong t 300 nm n 1200 nm. Khong bc sng ny trng

khp vi vng pht x c cng mnh nht ca Mt Tri.Cc loi vt trn Tri t tin ho thu nhn vng bc x t nhin

mnh nht em li li th sinh tn cho chng.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%83%C2%B4m%C3%83%C2%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%B7t_Tr%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%B7t_Tr%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%83%C2%A1i_%C3%84%C2%90%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%83%C2%A1i_%C3%84%C2%90%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%B7t_Tr%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%83%C2%B4m%C3%83%C2%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1


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Hnh 1.13. Scm nhn sai tng phn v hnh dng kch thc ca mt


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Chng1 : Cc kin thc cbn

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1.3. Gc khi1.3.1. Khi nim gc khi

Hnh 1.14. Gc khi

n v o gc khi l gc khi trng ti tm ca mt hnh cuc bnknh r theo mt phn trn b mt ca hnh cu c din tch r. Nh vy ta c4 Steraian trong hnh cu

1.3.2. Gc trng vtvnng sut phn li ca mtGc trng vtAB c dng mt on thng t vung gc vi trc chnh

ca mt, l gc to bi hai tia sng i t hai u A v B ca vt qua quangtm O ca mt.

Mun phn bit c hai im A v B th khng nhng hai im phi nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt, m gc trng on AB phi ln.Thc vy, khi on AB ngn li, gc trng on AB gim i, hai nh A v Bca chng trn vng mcs tin li gn nhau. Khi hai nh A, B nm trn

cng mt u t bo nhy nh sng th ta khng cn phn bit c hai imA v B na.

Do , ngi ta gi nng sut phn li ca mt l gc trng nh nhtgia hai im A v B m mtcn c th phn bit c hai im .

Lc hai nh A v B ca chng nm ti hai t bo nhy sng cnh nhautrnvng mc.

Nng sut phn li ca mtph thuc vo tng conmt. Php o cthng k cho ta kt qu

1.3.3.S lu nh trn vng mc

Sau khi tt nh sng kch thch trn vng mc, phi mt mt khongthi gian c 0,1s, vng mcmi hi phc li nh c. Trong khong thi gian, cm gic sng cha b mt v ngi quan st vn cn thy hnh nh cavt. l s lu nh trn vng mc.

Hin tng ny c s dng trong chiu bng, trong v tuyn truynhnh

1.4. Trc quang
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1.4.1. Quang ph

1.Quang ph lin tc

Nu ngun l mt bng n c dy tc nng sng th qua lng knh ta

thy c mt di sng c mu bin i lin tc t n tm. l quang phlin tcca ngn n

Cc vt rn, lng hoc kh c t khi ln khi b nung nng s pht raquang ph lin tc. Mt Tri l mt khi kh c t khi ln pht sng. Quang

phca nh sng mt tri l quang ph lin tc. Trongquang ph lin tcccvch mu cnh nhau nm st nhau n mc chng ni lin vi nhau to nnmt di mu lin tc.

Hnh 1.15.Bc sngtia hng ngoipht ra gim

khi nhit cc vt b nung nng tng.

Mt c im quan trng caquang ph lin tcl n khng ph thucthnh phn cu to ca ngun sng, m ch ph thuc vo nhit ca ngunsng.

Mt ming st v mt min s t trong l, nung n cng mt nhits cho hai quang ph lin tcrt ging nhau.

nhit , vt bt u pht sng , nhng rt yu, nn mtcha cm nhn c v vt vn ti.

Nhit cng cao, min pht sng ca vt cng m rng v pha nhsng cbc sngngn ca quang ph lin tc.

Cc dy tc bng n c nhit khong t 2500 K n 3000K phtsng kh mnh vng nh sng nhn thy v cho mt quang ph lin tcc mu sc t n tm. nh sng ca cc bng n ny l nh sng trng.

Nhit ca b mt Mt Tri khong 6000K. Vng sng mnh caquang ph lin tcca Mt Tri nm ln cn bc sng , nh sng mt

tri l nh sng trng.
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Hnh 1.16. Phmt tri

Trn bu tri c cc ngi sao mu sng xanh.Nhit ca cc ngi saony cng cao hn nhit ca Mt Tri rt nhiu.

Ngi ta li dng c im trn xc nh nhit ca cc vt phtsng do nung nng nh nhit ca dy tc bng n, h quang, l cao, MtTri, cc sao v.v

Mun o nhit ca mt vt b nung nng sng, ngi ta so snh sng ca vt vi sng ca mt dy tc bng n mt vng bc sngno (thng l ).

Nhit ca dy tc bng n ng vi nhng sng khc nhau hon ton bit trc.

2.Quang ph vch pht x.

Chiu mt chmtia sng do mt n phng in cha kh long (nhi thu ngn, n hyr, n natri v.v) pht ra vo khe ca mtmy quang

ph, ta s thu c trn tm knh ca bung nhmt quang phpht x cacht khhoc hi kim loi . Quang phny bao gm mt h thng nhngvch mu ring r nm trn mt nn ti v gi l quang ph vch.

Quang ph vch pht xdo cc kh hay hi p sut thp b kch thchpht sng ra. C th kch thch cho mt cht khpht sng bng cch t nnghoc bng cch phng mt tia la inqua m kh hay hi v.v

Thc nghim cho thy quang ph vch pht xca cc nguyn t khcnhau th rt khc nhau v s lng cc vch quang ph, v tr cc vch, mu

sc cc vch v sng t i ca cc vch .
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Nh vy, mi nguyn t ho hc trng thi kh hay hi nng sngdi p sut thp cho mt quang ph vchring, c trng cho nguyn t .

3.Quang ph vch hp th

Chiu mtchm sng trngdo mt n c dy tc nng sng pht ravo khe ca mtmy quang phta thu c mt quang ph lin tctrn tmknh ca bung nh. Nu trn ng i cachm sng ta t mt ngn n chi natri nung nng th trong quang ph lin tcni trn xut hin mt vchti (thc ra l hai vch ti nm st cnh nhau) ng v tr ca vch vngtrongquang phpht x ca natri. l quang ph hp th ca natri.

Nu thay hi natri bng hi kali th trn quang ph lin tcxut hinnhng vch ti ng chnhng vch mu ca quang phpht x ca kali. l quang ph hp th ca kali.

Quang phca Mt Tri m ta thu c trn Tri t l quang phhpthu. B mt ca Mt Tri (quang cu) pht ra mt quang ph lin tc. nhsng t quang cu i qua lp kh quyn ca Mt Tri n Tri t cho ta mtquang phhp th ca kh quyn .

iu kin thu c quang phhp th l nhit ca m kh hayhi hp th phi thp hn nhit ca ngun sngpht raquang ph lin tc.

4. Hin tng o sc cc vch quang ph

C mt hin tng c bit lin h gia quang ph vch hp th v

quang ph vch pht xca cng mt nguyn t: hin tng o sc. Hintng ny xy ra nh sau

Gi s m hi hp th trong th nghim trn c nung nng nnhit m chng c th pht sng, tuy nhit ny vn cn thp hn nhit ca ngun sng trng. Trn knh nh ca my quang ph, ta thu cquang phhp th ca m hi .

By gi ta t nhin tt ngun sngtrng i. Ta s thy bin mt nnquang ph lin tc trn knh nh, ng thi nhng vch en ca quang ph

hp th tr thnh nhng vch mu ca quang ph vch pht x ca chnhnguyn t . l hin tng o scca vch quang ph.

Th d: trong quang ph hp th ca hi natri c mt vch en kpnm ng v tr ca hai vch vng ca natri.

Vy, mt nhit nht nh, mt m hi c kh nng pht ra nhngnh sng n scno th n cng c kh nng hp th nhng nh sng n sc.

Quang ph vch hp thca mi nguyn t cng c tnh cht c trng

ring cho nguyn t . V vy, cng c th cn c vo quang ph vch hp
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th nhn bit s c mt ca nguyn t trong cc hn hp hay hp cht. l ni dung ca php phn tch quang ph hp th.

Nh c vic phn tch quang ph hp thca Mt Tri m ngi ta pht hin ra hli trn Mt Tri, trc khi tm thy n Tri t. Ngoi rangi ta cn thy c mt ca rt nhiu nguyn t trong kh quyn Mt Trinh hir, natri, canxi, st v.v

5.Php phn tch quang phv tin li ca php phn tch quang ph

Php phn tch thnh phn cu to ca cc cht da vo vic nghincuquang phgi l php phn tch quang ph.

Trong phpphn tch quang ph nh tnh, ngi tach cn bit s cmt ca cc thnh phn khc nhau trong mu m ngi ta cn nghin cu.Phpphn tch quang ph nh tnhth n gin v cho kt qu nhanh hn cc

phpphn tch ho hc.Trong phpphn tch quang ph nh lng, ngi ta cn bit c nng

ca cc thnh phn trong mu. Php phn tch quang ph ht sc nhy.Ngi ta c th pht hin c mt nng rt nh ca cht trong mu(thng vo khong 0,002%).

Nhphp phn tch quang phm ngi ta bit c thnh phn cuto v nhit ca cc vt rt xa nh Mt Tri v cc sao.

1.4.2. Khi nim quang trc

Cc h o nh sng da trn c s m phng p ng ca mt ngivi nh sng.

Trc quang l php o cc i lng lin quan vi nh sng trong vng400-700 nm.

Php trc quang v quang k s dng cc i lng v n v khc vibc x k. Cc h trc quang da trn c scc b thu c p ng vi nnglng bc x theo kiu nh p ng ca mt ngi.

Ngi ta dng mt s rt ln d liu thng k to ra ng congchunm t p ng ph ca mt, gi l ng quan st chun (hay ngc trng cho quan st chun) (Standard observer curve hay Luminosity curvefor the Standard observer) hay cn gi l ng cong CIE (CommisionInternational de lEclairage ca Hi ng International Commision onIllumination).
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Hnh 1.17. ng quan st chun

Lu trn th ng cong chun ( trng tng i ph thucbc sng). Bc sng 555nm l sng nht .Mt ngun c th bc x mt

nng lng bc x nh nhau 555nm v 610nm, s c sng 0,5 khi hotng 610nm so vi sng 1 khi hot ng 555 nm

BNG TRNG TNG I (= 1 Ti bc sng 555 nm)

Bcsng

(nm)

trng

tngi

Bcsng

(nm)

trng

tngi

410 0,001 570 0,952

420 0,004 585 0,870430 0.012 595 0,757443 0,023 600 0,631450 0,038 610 0,503460 0,060 621 0,381470 0,091 630 0,265480 0,193 640 0,175490 0,208 650 0,107500 0,323 660 0,061510 0,503 670 0,032520 0,710 680 0,017530 0,862 690 0,008540 0,954 700 0,004550 0,995 710 0,002560 0,995 720 0,001


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Dng cng sut quang c o theo Lumen v k hiu FV. Lumen c

ngha tng t nh n v ca cng sut Watt nhng dng trong vng bcsng kh kin

Quan h gia dng cng sut bc x v dng cng sut quangF

V= 683[lm/W].

e

Vi

FV

: Dng quang (lumen)

e: Dng bc x (Watt)

683 lm/W : Hng s vt l : trng tng i bc sng ang xt

Cc c trng c bn:

Nng lng quang trng (Luminous Energy): Qv

lumen.second (lm.s)

Dng quang trng: Fv= dQ

v/dt lumen (lm)

Mt dng quang trng chiu x : Ev= dF

v/dA lm/m

2

Kch thch quang trng: Mv= dF

v/dA lm/m

2

Cng sng): Iv= dF

v/d =E

v.R

2lm/sr

gc c ( gc khi) S

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