Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show...

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Farmacogenetica Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie & Toxicologie Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research COIG Genoom en Genetica, 24 nov 2017

Transcript of Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show...

Page 1: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Farmacogenetica

Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar

Klinische Farmacie & Toxicologie

Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum

Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research

COIG – Genoom en Genetica, 24 nov 2017

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Farmacogenetica-paspoort

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Three patients at the outpatient clinic

Three patients A, B, C

Identical:

• Symptoms

• Diagnostic procedures

• Diagnosis X

• Treatment: Drug Rx at a dose x mg/day

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Three patients at the outpatient clinic

e x mg/day

After 3 weeks

• Pat A: still symptoms, no effect of drug

• Pat B: symptoms resolved

• Pat C: still symptoms, side effects

How is this possible?

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‘Most drugs don’t work’

Effective (%)…..

Alzheimer 30

Depression (SSRI) 62

Asthma 60

Diabetes mellitus 57

Incontinence 40

Migraine (acute) 52

Migraine (profyl.) 50

Cardiac dysrhythmia 60

Tumors 25

Schizophrenia 60

Rheumatoid arthritis 50

Reumat. art. (Cox-2) 80

Hepatitis C 47

Spear, Trends Mol Med 2001;7(5):201

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Prescribing drugs – Trial and Error

Dx Guideline

Rx Clinical studies

•Dx

•Inclusion criteria

•Age

•Organ function

•Severity of disease

First choice Drug

•‘Normal’ dose

•Individualize

•Co-morbidity

•Co-medication

•Age, Organ function

Monitor effect

•Efficacy & Toxicity

•Tumorsize, Biomarkers

•Pain(score), Bloodpressure

•Cholesterol levels

•Liverfunction, Myalgia

Drug dose

•Increase/decrease

Switch drug

•Second choice Drug

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Variability in humans

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Drug response is a heritable trait

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Mei 1975: Debrisoquine

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Debrisoquine – 4-hydroxydebrisoquine

11 Smith, Lancet 1977(2): 584-586

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Pharmacogenetics in drug labels

13

132 drug labels contain PGx information

Farmacogenetische informatie in drug labels

www.pharmgkb.org

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Mei 2016: CYP2D6 genotypering

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Van genotype naar fenotype

Roche, AmpliChip CYP450 Test, manual

P

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16 16

Allel Enzym

activiteit

Genetische variant Allel frequentie (%)

Kaukasiers (Europa) Japan Tanzania

*1 Normaal Wild-type 32.2-36.4 43 27.8

*2 Normaal 2850C>T, 4180G>C 28.5-32.4 12.3 40

*2x2 Hoog duplicatie 1-1.3

*3 Afwezig 2549delA 1-2 0

*4 Afwezig 1846G>A 17.2-20.7 .2 .9

*5 Afwezig CYP2D6 deletie 2-6.9 4.5 6.3

*6 Afwezig 1707delT .9-1.3 0

*9 Gereduceerd 2615_2617delAAG 1.8-2.7

*10 Gereduceerd 100C>T 1.5-2 38.1 3.8

*17 Gereduceerd 1023C>T, 2850C>T 17

*41 Gereduceerd 2988G>A 8.4

CYP2D6 genotype

Fenotype : Poor Metabolizer (5-10%)

Intermediate Metabolizer (10-15%)

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisme

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“Book of Life”

• Complete sequentie humane

genoom bekend

• “voor iedereen gelijk”

• Typografische fouten:

• Letter mis.

• Letter teveeel

• Verwissleing

• Typefouc

• Dupliplipliplicatiesssss

• Hele paragrafen dubbeldubbel

• Passages missen

• Dreekegmo

Check, Nature 2005:1084

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Variabiliteit in DNA

• 2 niet verwante individuen:

• 3.200 * 106 baseparen

• 1: 300-1000 baseparen zijn

verschillend

• 3-10 * 106 baseparen zijn

verschillend

• 99,7-99,9% overeenkomst

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Kleine verandering … grote gevolgen

•20 Courtesy: GJ van Ommen, sept 2012

DEZE ZIN IS HEEL GOED TE LEZEN

DEZE ZIN IS GOED TE LEZEN

DEZE ZNI SH EELG OE DTELE ZEN

I

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Variaties in het DNA

• Deleties

• DNA

• Eiwit

• SNPs

• DNA

• Eiwit

• Microsatellieten

Wild type Mutant

• GAA AAG CCT GGT GAA GCC TGG TGA

• Glu Lys Pro Gly Glu Ala Trp Stop

• ATG AAC CCG ATG AAC TGG

• Met Asn Arg Met Asn Trp

• ATGAATATATATATATAGGC

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Niet alleen lever-enzymen

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Compliance

Absorptie

Metabolisme

Eliminatie

Target/Receptor

Signaal transductie

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Farmacogenetica

100% Dose

Drug A

50% Dose

Drug A Drug B

DNA Test

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Hoe vaak komt het voor?

• A: zeldzaam (1-2%)

• B: vrij zeldzaam (2-5%)

• C: redelijk vaak (25-50%)

• D: Bijna iedereen heeft wel een ‘actionable’ variant

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

95% van de patiënten heeft tenminste 1 ‘actionable’ genotype

‘Actionable’ genotypes

Dunnenberger, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015

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Evidence supporting a panel approach:

Brixner, J Med Econ, 213-228. 2016

Finkelstein, PGx and Pers Med 2016:9 107–116

Elliot, PLoS One. 2017 Feb 2;12(2): e0170905

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Farmacogenetica werkgroep

27 Swen, Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83(5):781-8

11 leden multidisciplinaire werkgroep (DPWG):

(ziekenhuis) apothekers, artsen, klinisch farmacologen, klinisch

chemici, epidemiologen, huisarts, toxicoloog

Doel:

• Het ontwikkelen van farmacogenetische (doseer)richtlijnen

gebaseerd op systematisch literatuur onderzoek bedoeld voor

artsen en apothekers

• Integratie van de richtlijnen in voorschrijfsystemen en

medicatiebewakingssystemen

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• Top 50 lijst gen-geneesmiddel

combinaties

• Systematisch literatuur onderzoek

~1000 artikelen

• Scoren ‘level of evidence’

• Scoren ‘klinische relevantie’

• Status rapport

• Gen-geneesmiddelinteractie: ja/nee

• Actie vereist: ja/nee

• Evidence based therapeutische

richtlijn

Farmacogenetica werkgroep - werkwijze

Swen, Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83(5):781-8

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RCTs Farmacogenetica

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Drug Clinical Endpoint Variant

Abacavir hypersensitiviteit HLA-B*5701

Acenocoumarol /

Fenprocoumon

% tijd therapeutische INR VKORC1/CYP2C9

Warfarine % tijd therapeutische INR VKORC1/CYP2C9

Warfarine % tijd therapeutische INR

VKORC1/CYP2C9

Mercaptopurine leukopenie TPMT

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Abacavir – HLA-B *5701

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Abacavir – HLA-B *5701

Hypersensitivity

• 5-8% Caucasians

• Rechallenge can be fatal

HLA-B *5701

Rodriguez, Pharmacogenomics 2008;9(10): 1531

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Abacavir overgevoeligheid

• 1,956 patiënten

• 1:1 gerandomiseerd : screening vs no screening

• Prevalentie HLA-B *5701= 5,6% (109 patiënten)

• “Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug”

Mallal, N Engl J Med 2008;358(6):568

NPV= 100%; PVV= 48%

SPC “Voor het starten van de behandeling met abacavir zou elke hiv-patiënt gescreend moeten worden op

het drager zijn van het HLA-B*5701-allel, ongeacht het ras (zie rubriek 4.4). Abacavir moet niet worden

gebruikt bij patiënten die drager zijn van het HLA-B*5701-allel.

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Abacavir – HLA-B *5701

Caucasian 4.2-7.6%

• South Europe 1-4

• Mediterranen 1-2

Asian

• USA 1

• China 0

• Japan 0

• Thailand 4-10

• India 5-20

• Middle East 1-2

African 0.2-3

African-American 2.4-9.0

Hispanics 1.9-4.7

Indians 2.1

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Azathioprine/mercaptopurine metabolisme

AZA

Actieve stof Thioguanine nucleotide

6-MP

TPMT

Afbraak producten

Beenmerg-suppressie

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Interventie Controle RR (95%CI)

Totaal (n) 399 370

Hematologische bijwerking 29 (7,2%) 29 (7,8%)

TMPT variant 1 / 39 (2,6%) 8 / 35 (22,9%) 0,11 (0,01-0,85)

Geen TPMT variant 29 / 360 (8,1%) 22 / 335 (6,6%) 1,2 (0,72-2,09)

• 783 patiënten

• 1:1 gerandomiseerd : screening vs no screening TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, and TPMT*3C

• HET: 50% dosisreductie, HOM 90% dosisreductie

• Primaire uitkomst: leuko’s < 3.0*10(9)/L of plaatjes < 100*10(9)/L)

• “10-fold reduction in hematologic ADRs among variant carriers without differences in

treatment efficacy”

Coenen MJ, Gastroenterology. 2015 907-17

Topic Trial

Thiopurine response Optimization by Pharmacogenetic testing

in Inflammatory bowel disease Clinics

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Farmacogenetische test aangevraagd?

•Wie heeft wel eens een

farmacogenetische test aangevraagd?

•Welke test/welk geneesmiddel?

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4%

97,6% van de artsen 99,7% van de apothekers

is ervan overtuigd dat genetische variatie de reactie op een geneesmiddel kan beïnvloeden Heeft u in de afgelopen 6 maanden een farmacogenetische test aangevraagd of aanbevolen?

15%

~400 huisartsen 667 apothekers

Enquête artsen en apothekers

Stanek, CPT 2012:450-458 ; Bank, Pharmacogenomics 2017:18(3):215-225

Verkoop Verkoop

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Willen patiënten het?

• Haalbaarheid farmacogenetische

screening voor CYP2D6 en

CYP2C19 in huisartsenpraktijken

• Polyfarmacie patienten; >60 jaar

• Screening; geen ADE

• Deelname: 58.1%

• DNA extractie (Oragene®): 83.3%

• Call rate:

• 93.3% CYP2D6

• 100% CYP2C19

39 Swen, Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011, 8 Oct

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Persoonlijk standpunt farmacogenetische tests

TPMT – thiopurines

CYP2C19 – clopidogrel

CYP2C9-VKORC1 – coumarines

DPYD – 5FU/capecitabine

HLA-B – abacavir/carbamazepine

G6PD – rasburicase

UGT1A1 – irinotecan

IL28B – pegintron

SLCO1B1 – statine + myopathie

CYP2D6 – tamoxifen

CYP3A5 - tacrolimus

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Farmacogenetisch lab: genotypering en advies

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http://www.lumc.nl/org/kft/

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Implementation study LUMC: IP3

Implementation of Pharmacogenetics in Primary care Project

• 200 patients included and pre-emptively genotyped

• Panel of genetic variants: CYP2C9; 2C19, 2D6, 3A5, DYPD, SLCO-1B1, TPMT

and VKORC1; 40 alleles

• 40 pharmacies (Leiden)

• 200 patients included

• 89.5% ≥ 1 “actionable” genotype

• 61.5 % ≥ 2

• 28.5% ≥ 3

• 9.5% ≥ 4

• 2.0% ≥ 5

• 31.0 % of patients therapeutic

recommendation; dose adjustment or

monitoring

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Implementing PGx in Primary Care Project (IP3)

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Adherence PGx guidelines

• >85% of the recommendations accepted

• Follow-up data being collected

8

57

3 1,5

8,5

14,5

7,5

amitriptyline

atorvastatin

citalopram

escitalopram

nortriptyline

simvastatin

venlafaxine

Drug (%)

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N = 3.221.696 (Unique pat.)

First Rx* (4.138.909) Gene Phenotype Actionable#

Dose- adj. /switch**

PPI’s 1.026.441 CYP2C19 UM 41058 871

Coumarines 62.558 VKORC1 TT 10634 10634

Clopidogrel 98.709 CYP2C19 PM + IM 24677 24677

Statines 305.999 SLCO-1B1 Lage act. 78029 49024

Thiopurines 11.424 TPMT IM + PM 1828 1828

Tramadol 357.389 CYP2D6 IM + PM + UM 167972 8934

Codeine 519.728 CYP2D6 IM + PM + UM 244272 12993

TCA’s 127.804 CYP2D6 IM + PM + UM 60068 60068

Venlafaxine 26.603 CYP2D6 IM + PM 12503 11838

Flecainide 13.605 CYP2D6 IM + PM + UM 6394 680

Paroxetine 27.018 CYP2D6 IM + PM + UM 12698 675

Tamoxifen 10.807 CYP2D6 IM + PM 4809 4809

…. **based on prevalence from IP3 # based on DPWG guidelines

Impact Netherlands 2016

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Case : capecitabine toxiciteit

• 15 - 30% patiënten ernstige toxiciteit (diarree, mucositis, HFS)

• 10% hiervoor opname

• 0.2-0.4% lethaal

Genotypering DPYD *1/*2A

Deenen, Ann Intern Med 2010

• Mw, 60 jr, gemetastaseerd CRC • CAPOX-B • (CAP 1000 mg/m2 2dd d1-14)

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DPYD *2A: IVS14+1 G>A

DNA

mRNA

exon 13 exon 14 exon 15 5’ 3’

AG GT AG AG GT GT

>97% <3 %

GT AT

exon

13 5’ exon

14 exon

15

3’ exon

13

5’ exon

15

3’

functional DPD non-functional DPD

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• Prospective *2A screening (n=2,038) • 50% dose reductions in patients with DPYD*2A

• Severe (grade ≥3) toxicity reduced to normal risk in DPYD*2A carriers • Drug induced deaths 10% 0% • Maintaining efficacy/no underdosing (PK comparable to wild types) • Feasible in clinical care, safe, cost-saving (€45 per patient)

Prospective *2A screening

[1] Deenen et al. 2015, J Clin Oncol

DPYD*2A carriers

N=18 (1.1%)

Upfront DPYD*2A screening

N=2,038 screened, 1,631 started

no SNP

N=1,613

Normal dose (standard of care)

50% reduced starting dose

Historical controls (n=3,974)

DPYD*2A carriers N=48 (1.2%)

Full dose

73% Grade ≥3 toxicity

23% Grade ≥3 toxicity

28% Grade ≥3 toxicity

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Genotypering Rx Interpretatie en advies:

ziekenhuisapotheker Geindividualiseerde

therapie

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Genotyperingen

Farmacogenetica @ LUMC

Pre-therapeutisch testen:

• Oncologie: capecitabine/5-FU: DPYD (rs3918290, rs55886062, rs67376798, rs56038477)

• Transplantatie: CYP3A5 (rs776746, rs10264272)

• Psychiatrie: patienten met therapie resistente depressie; ECT: CYP2D6 en CYP2C19

• Gastroenterologie/Hepatologie:

azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine: TPMT

(rs1800462, rs1800460, rs1142345)

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Simvastatine – SLCO1B1

• Statines

• Myopathy

• 1:10.000 patienten per jaar

• Afhankelijk van dosis

• Gebruik andere geneesmiddelen

• ciclosporine, amiodarone

51 SEARCH, N Engl J Med 2008;359(8):789

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• Rs4363657 (SLCO1B1)

• C-allel: 4.3 maal verhoogde kans

• CC: 17.4 maal verhoogde kans

• 60% myopathy-gevallen verklaard

Simvastatine – SLCO1B1

54 SEARCH, N Engl J Med 2008;359(8):789

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Implementatie: Horizon 2020

55

WWW.UPGX.EU

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U-PGx - project

Implementatie pre-emptief farmacogenetisch testen van een

PGx panel in de routine patientenzorg in 7 EU landen gebruikmakend van de DPWG

adviezen

Evalueer patient uitkomst en kosten-effectiviteit in een gerandomiseerde studie

30% reductie incidentie ADR

Page 57: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

U-PGx consortium H.J. Guchelaar (Coordinator), J.J. Swen, M. Kriek

M. Pirmohamed, R. Turner J. Stingl M. Ingelman-Sundberg

C. Mitropoulou M. van Rhenen, K.C. Cheung

D. Steinberger

V.H.M. Deneer M. Samwald

G. Sunder-Plassmann A. Cambon-Thomsen

M. Karlsson S. Jonsson

G. Toffoli E. Cecchin C.L. Davila Fajardo

G. Patrinos V. Dolzan

M. Schwab E. Schaeffeler

Page 58: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

N=8,100

30% reductie incidentie ADR

Page 59: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Farmacogenetica paspoort

Met QR code

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PREPARE: the Current Status

N=4,050 N=4,050

March 2017 Now

Arm Number of patients enrolled

PGx guided prescribing 407

Standard of care 703

TOTAL 1170

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Cost-effectiveness PGx testing

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Repurposing of whole exome sequencing data

Human Genetics Dr. Marjolein Kriek Dr. Jeroen Laros Clinical genetics Sander Bollen Dr. Gijs Santen Leiden Genome Technology Centre Dr. Yahya Anvar Dr. Guy Allard Clinical pharmacy and Toxicology Maaike van der Lee Dr. Jesse Swen

Page 63: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Background

• WES is routinely used for diagnosis of monogenic diseases

• Over 2000 individuals with WES data at the LUMC

• >90% form child-parent trio

• Entire exome is sequenced

• A majority is interested in a pharmacogenetic passport

Aim:

Is it feasible to use existing WES data for pharmacogenetics?

Complimentary PGx passport

Page 64: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Methods

Clinical genetics consultation

Diagnostic WES in

trio’s

Phasing of alleles

Variant calling Reference genome GRCh37

• DPYD • CYP2B6 • CYP2D6 • CYP2C9 • CYP2C19 • CYP3A5 • SLCO1B1 • TPMT • UGT1A1 • VKORC1 • Factor 5 Leiden • HLA-A • HLA-B

Phenotyping • ‘actionable’ = having a

guideline available

Stored data

Offered to obtain PGx information from WES N=230

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Results

• 166 out of 230 individuals gave consent and have data available

• 94% of individuals were child-parents trio’s

• 5 variants, located outside of the genes/ lack of coverage:

• 1 for HLA-A*3101

• 2 or HLA-B*1502

• 1 for CYP2C19*17

• 1 for UGT1A1*28/*37

• 8 genotypes could not be resolved due to missing data

Page 66: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Results

• 92.7% had at least 1 actionable phenotype

• 13% had 4 or more actionable phenotypes

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of actionable genes

Page 67: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Limitations

Limitations:

• Some variants could not be detected

• Rs12248560 (CYP2C19*17)

• 22% is expected to carry this mutation

• Rs1633021 (HLA-A *3101)

• Rs2844682 and Rs3909184 (HLA-B*1502)

• CYP2D6 ultra-rapid cannot be detected

• It is feasible to extract a PGx passport from routine WES

Page 68: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Conclusie

• Farmacogenetica

• is de erfelijkheid van geneesmiddel respons

• kan leiden tot veiliger en effectievere

farmacotherapie

• richtlijnen zijn beschikbaar

• geintegreerd voorschrijven en afleveren van

geneesmiddelen

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69

Page 70: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

The cancer genome

70

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Somatic versus germline variants

mutation tumor drug RR

Her2-neu* breast cancer trastuzumab ~50%

ER* PR* breast cancer tamoxifen, arom.inhib ~50%

c-kit GIST imatinib ~50%

Ph+ CML, ALL imatinib ~95%

k-ras colorectal cancer cetuxi- panitumumab ~30%

EGFR NSCLC gefitinib ~75%

* = expression

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72

EGFR-remmers

Karapetis, N Engl J Med 2008;359(17):1757-65

k-ras

mutant wild type

groei-signalen

perc

en

tag

e o

ve

rle

vin

g

tijd, maanden

KRAS mutant en/of

niet behandeld met cetuximab

KRAS wild-type en

behandeld met cetuximab

Activerende K-RAS mutatie voorspelt

ongevoeligheid anti-EGFR behandeling

Page 73: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

‘tumorized’

tumor DNA

somatic mutations

‘personalized’

germline DNA

germline variation

73

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Next generation sequencing

74

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Cancer genome sequencing

75

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Foundation One http://foundationone.com/

76

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ROTATIE- study

77

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78

Antihypertensive – inter- and intraindividual variation

• ROTATIE-study

• Population-based, cross-over, open label

• 102 mildly hypertensive patients; 35-60 yrs

• 3 ethnicities

• Creole (‘black’)

• Hindustani Surinamese (‘south Asian’)

• White Dutch (‘white’)

• 5 successive 6-week treatment episodes

• Single-drug antihypertensive treatment

• ACE-inhibitor; Beta-blocker; Calcium-antagonist; Diuretic; Angiotensin

receptor blocker

• Primary outcome: ΔSBP after 6 weeks drug therapy

• 24 h ambulatory BP measurement

• Multivariate mixed effects analysis

• Ethnicity, low sodium intake, age, gender, BMI, baseline BP, smoking,

polymorphisms in candidate genes related to drug action

Van Rijn-Bikker, Am J Hypert 2009;22(12):1295

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79

Antihypertensiva – inter- en intraindividual variation

14%

9%

12%65%

environment genetics incl interactions unknow n intra-individual variation

Van Rijn-Bikker, Am J Hypert; 2009 Sep 24. Epub

ethnicity, Na intake, age, gender, BMI, baseline BP, smoking

Page 80: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Is the pharmacogenetic test result actionable?

• Endpoint current PGx

studies:

• OR= 1.90

• (Un)favorable genetic profile

• Increased risk

• Association with ..

• Relationship ..

• …

• Dosing algorithm

• Decision tree

• Scoring system

• Clinical guidelines

80

Page 81: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

81

Predictive model: scoring system MTX efficacy in RA

Baseline Variable Score

premenopausal 1 Gender Female

postmenopausal 1

Male 0

Disease activity DAS at baseline 3.8 0

DAS at baseline >3.8, but 5.1 3

DAS at baseline >5.1 3.5

Immunological factors Rheumatoid factor negative and non - smoker 0

Rheumatoid factor negative and smoker 1

Rheumatoid factor positive and non - smoker 1

Rheumatoid factor positive a nd smoker 2

Genetic factors MTHFD1 1958 AA genotype 1

AMPD1 34 CC genotype 1

ITPA 94 A - allele carrier 2

ATIC 347 G - allele carrier 1

Other ge notypes 0

Baseline Variable Score

premenopausal 1 Gender Female

postmenopausal 1

Male 0

Disease activity DAS at baseline 3.8 0

DAS at baseline >3.8, but 5.1 3

DAS at baseline >5.1 3.5

Immunological factors Rheumatoid factor negative and non - smoker 0

Rheumatoid factor negative and smoker 1

Rheumatoid factor positive and non - smoker 1

Rheumatoid factor positive a nd smoker 2

Genetic factors MTHFD1 1958 AA genotype 1

AMPD1 34 CC genotype 1

ITPA 94 A - allele carrier 2

ATIC 347 G - allele carrier 1

Other ge notypes 0

Wessels, Arthritis & Rheum 2007;56(6):1765

Sum of score = ……………………………………………………...

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82

Good clinical response

Good clinical

response (proportion

at t= 6 months)

Wessels, Arthritis & Rheum 2007;56(6):1765

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83

Receiver Operating Curve (ROC)

1,0 0,8 0,5 0,3 0,0

0,8

0,5

0,3

1,0

sensitivity

1- specificity

non-genetic model

pharmacogenetic model

Wessels, Arthritis & Rheum 2007;56(6):1765

Page 84: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Development of powerful and barrier-free CDSS

http://safety-code.org/

Page 85: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

SASG, UPAT, ULMF

LUMC, MUMV, CROA, PHUL

PREPARE PREemptive Pharmacogenomic testing for

preventing Adverse drug REactions Not the same patients

Page 86: Prof. dr. Henk-Jan Guchelaar Klinische Farmacie ... presentatie Guchelaar...•“Our results show that a PGx test can be used to prevent a specific toxic effect of a drug” Mallal,

Number needed to genotype

• How many patients do I have

to screen/test to prevent one

from having a Adverse Drug

Reaction (grade 3-4 toxicity,

death, etc.)?

• For most single gene-drug

pairs the number needed to

genotype is:

• TPMT: 50 (leukopenia)

• 20-1000 patients