premature ADHD

7/28/2019 premature ADHD

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CORRELATION BETWEENPREMATURE BIRTH WITH ADHD

By :

Shabrina Herdiana Putri

030.08.222Faculty of Medicine

Trisakti University

Jakarta, July 2011


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ABSTRACT

Previous studies have demonstrated an

increased risk for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD) in follow-up studies of preterm

survivors from NICUs. This paper will explain the

effect of moderate as well as extreme preterm birthon the risk for ADHD in school age, taking into

account genetic, perinatal, and socioeconomic

confounders.


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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

Increasing numbers of infants born preterm are

reaching adulthood as a consequence of advances

in perinatal care. A negative effect of preterm birth

on the neurologic and psychological development

of children and youth is well documented. Severeneurologic impairment has been reported in 10% to

12% of school-aged children born very preterm.

Much higher rates have been reported for more

subtle neurocognitive impairment with reports oflower IQ and poor academic achievement.


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CHAPTER II : PREMATURE BIRTH

Birth that is at least 3 weeks before a baby's due

date/preterm birth or less than 37 weeks

Serious health risk for a baby leading cause of

death among newborn babies


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RISKFACTOROFPREMATUREBIRTH

Carrying more than one baby (twins, triplets,quadruplets or more).

Having a previous preterm birth.

Problems with the uterus or cervix.

Chronic health problems in the mother, such as highblood pressure, diabetes, and clotting disorders.

Certain infection during pregnancy.

Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or illicit drug use

during pregnancy.


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CHAPTER III : ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is

one of the most common childhood disorders and

can continue through adolescence and adulthood.

Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and

paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, andhyperactivity (over-activity).


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CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS

Several perinatal complications increased risk

for short and long-term neurologic sequeale.

Perinatal asphyxia hypoxic-ischemic

encephalopathy in the neonate with widespread

brain injuries as a consequence

Poor intrauterine growth fetal hypoxiahypotension injure the striatal complex of the

basal ganglia increase the number ofdopamine receptors

Undernutrition : during fetal brain development

may also have long-term effects on attention,

learning, and memory


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At term birth

Gestational ages of

34-36 weeks : 70%increased risk ofADHD


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90 %increased

risk

50 %increased

risk

birthweights :

1500-2499grams

birth

weights of2500-2999grams


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risk ofADHD

socioeconomicstatus of the

parents

family historyof psychiatric

disorderscomorbidity

maternalsmoking during

pregnancy


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CHAPTER V : DISCUSSION

From those literature showed that preterm delivery

near term and proxy measures of intrauterine

growth in children born at or above term increase

the risk of ADHD.


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CONCLUSION

The association of preterm birth to ADHD is graded

by degree of immaturity with significant increased

risks also for children born moderately preterm.

Children born preterm, also close to term, and

children born at term with low birth weights (1500

2499 g) have an increased risk of clinically verified

ADHD. These findings have important public health

perspectives because the majority of preterm

babies are born close to term.


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REFERENCE

Lindstrm, K., Lindblad, F., Hjern, A. Preterm Birth andAttention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder inSchoolchildren. PEDIATRICS Vol. 127 No. 5 May 1,2011.

Delobel-Ayoub M, Arnaud C, White-Koning M, et al.

Behavioral Problems and Cognitive Performance at 5Years of Age After Very Preterm Birth: the EPIPAGEStudy. Pediatrics. 2009;123(6):14851492.

Levin, Aaron. Low Birth Weight, Prematurity Can RaiseADHD Risk. Psychiatric News by American PsychiatricAssociation Vol.41 No.15 p27. August 4, 2006.

Linnet, K.M., Wisborg, K., Agerbo, E., Secher, N.J.Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk ofhyperkinetic disorder.Arch Dis Child Vol. 91 Issue 8 p655-660. 2006
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Karolina+Lindstr%C3%B6m&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Karolina+Lindstr%C3%B6m&sortspec=date&submit=Submit


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REFERENCE (CONT)

Goodman, Brenda. Risk for Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder in School Age ChildrenAssociated With Premature Birth. WebMD Health News.2011.

Taylor HG, Klein N, Minich NM, et al. Middle-school-ageoutcomes in children with very low birth weight. ChildDev 2000;71:1495511.

Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, et al. Cognitive andbehavioral outcomes of school-aged children who wereborn preterm: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:72837.

OKeeffe MJ, OCallaghan M, Williams GM, et al.Learning, cognitive, and attentional problems inadolescents born small for gestational age. Pediatrics2003;112:3017.


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