Nietzche K

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NietzscheNietzsche..................................................................................................................................................................1***NOTES***...........................................................................................................................................................5The File....................................................................................................................................................................6The Concept.............................................................................................................................................................7How to Run this K (Secuit! "esion#.....................................................................................................................$%NR Notes (Su&&ein' "esion#..............................................................................................................................1

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***NOTES***



The Fie

1NC&Secuit!Be3< 3'3inst no43l 3&&s. The 3lt <oes nothin'.

Su&&ein' e3< 3'3inst citic3l 3&&s o 3&&s with ethicsD he' ;3<D il3wD o <e4oc3c! 3</3nt3'es. The 3lt 3cceptssu&&ein'.

The Fo'ettin' 1NC - <onAt 3</ise e3<in'. Howe/eD i& !ou un<est3n< it ;ette th3n the su&&ein' oneD 'o3he3<. The 3lten3ti/e is &o'ettin'. -& !ou ch3n'e 3 &ew wo<s 3oun<D 3l4ost 3ll o& the ;locs &o the su&&ein'one (which 3e sli'htl! ;ette th3n those o& the &o'ettin' one# 3e 'eneic enou'h to 3ppl!D e8cept &o the3lten3ti/e o/e/iew. - inten<e< to &in< 4oe 3lt sol/enc! c3<s &o itD ;ut to ;e honest - coul<nAt &in< 3n! th3t

wee 'oo<D 3n< the 1NC itsel& h3s 0 3lt sol/enc! c3<s. lsoD i& !ou <o e3< itD - su''est onl! e3<in' 1stD 0thD3n< 5th c3<sD e3<in' the l3st two c3<s in !ou 3lten3ti/e o/e/iewD 3n< the %n< 3n< < c3<s 3s eithe 'eneiclins o i4p3cts. The 3lt &o'ets su&&ein'.

The <iceollin' 1NC shoul< onl! ;e e3< ;! those who un<est3n< Nietzsche. -& !ou lie itD 3s 4e 3n< -Alle8pl3in 4oe. The 3lt e4;3ces ch3nce.

lts2 thee 3e two othe 3lts. ou c3n co4;ine these with 3 lin to 43e 3 <i&&eent 1NC i& !ou pe&e. - <onAt3</ise it.

O+e,+ie-s&Secuit!2 3s setSu&&ein'2 !ou shoul< po;3;l! e3< ;oth the i4p3ct o/e/iew 3n< the 3lten3ti/e o/e/iew. 9ec3use the i4p3cto/e/iew is ?uite lon'D it is ;oen into 4o<ules &o !ou. )o not e3< 3ll the c3<s heeD ust e3< the ones th3t3ppl! 4ost in !ou p3ticul3 <e;3te. -& !ou 3e 3'3inst 3 pe&o43nce 3&& with 3 n33ti/eD e3< the E834ple2p3t o& the %NC o/e/iewD 3n< po;3;l! 3nt thee &o 3 little ;it.Fo'ettin'2 3s set)iceollin'2 3s set

!e,s& e3< the ;loc th3t h3s to <o with the p3ticul3 pe4. ll o& the pe4 <o ;oth e/i<ence 3pplies. Thepe4 <o the 3lt c3< is ust 3 st3te ;3< c3<. ou po;3;l! h3/e 4oe o& these in 3 ;3c &ile. -t 3nswes 3ll o& thepe4s 3s well.

The/,& The 3&& &i3t ;3< ;loc is 3ctu3ll! /i3;le. Re3< the pe4 theo!D 3s well.



The C/cet

h/ is Nietzsche4So !ou po;3;l! now wh3t e8istenti3lis4 is. -& !ou <onAtD close this &ile. Fo those who 3e onl! /3'uel! sueDitAs the 'eneic wh! <o we e8istG t!pe ?uestionsD th3t see4 to ;e the ;3sis o& 3 lot o& philosoph!. >ost o& wh3tNietzche wites is /3'ue e8istenti3list 4usin's. Nietzsche hi4sel& w3s 3 nihilistD which 4e3ns th3t li&e h3s noo;ecti/e 4e3nin' o /3lue. He thou'ht 'o< w3s <e3<D o 3t le3stD th3t the en< o& 4et3ph!sic3l philosoph! w3s

co4in'. Howe/eD th3t &3ct h3s /e! little to <o with the K. -tAs ust wh3t 4ost people thin o& when the! thino& Nietzsche.

h5t is e,secti+is4Nietzsche ;elie/es th3t inten3l pespecti/e sews e3lit! so th3t thee is no o;ecti/e tuth.

h5t is the 5te,5ti+e4Neitzche ce3tes the concept o& the I;e4enschD the 'o3l which hu43nit! h3s to set &o itsel& in o<e tosu/i/e. Cent3l to this 'o3l is the i<e3 o& li&e3&&i43tionD which in/ol/es 3n honest ?uestionin' o& 3ll<octines th3t <3in li&eJs e8p3nsi/e ene'iesD howe/e soci3ll! pe/3lent those /iews 4i'ht ;e. 9oth thesu&&ein' 3n< the secuit! /esionAs 3lten3ti/es 3e &un<34ent3ll! this point.

Fo'ettin'2 we shoul< &o'et su&&ein'D i'noe the /iolence o& the p3stD itAs the onl! w3! to ;e 3;le to 3llow &op3'43tic ch3n'e inste3< o& &ocusin' on ;i3s 3n< h3te.

)iceollin'2 we shoul< e4;3ce ch3nce 3n< <e3th.

=ooin' 3w3!2 ;3sic3ll! lie &o'ettin' e8cept !ou 3lso 3ccept ;e3ut! 3n<D in so4e c3sesD 3ctu3ll! ce3te 3t. -& !ou e3< thisD ple3se 3'ue th3t !ou speech 3ct is 3t 3the th3n spont3neousl! p3intin' so4ethin'. O 3t le3stth3t !ou will ce3te 3t 3&te the oun<.

Fouc3ult2 3ccept powe el3tions 3s 3 &ee&lowin' &o4

'/- 6/ -e 6/ th5t4This ?uestionin' pocess is c3lle< ontolo'!D which is the stu<! o& 9ein'.

h5t is th5t49ein' is the st3te o& ;ein'D the tue coe o& 3 peson. -t is closel! tie< with the su&&ein' th3t one h3se8peience<. ccept3nce o& this is the p3th to <isco/ein' oneAs 9ein'D whichD ;ec3use thee is no intinsic /3lueto li&eD is e3ll! the onl! p3ctic3l thin' one c3n <o &o the 3</3nce4ent o& sel&:societ!.

h5t is this ihti 55ist4The i<e3l o& the ,;e4ensch is u8t3pose< with the <!stopi3n i<e3l o& the =3st >3n2 3 sot o& 3sceticis4 whichionic3ll! <e43n<s the 3;olition o& su&&ein' thou'h 3 pocess o& sel&<eni3l which &ostes h3te< 3n<i<enti&ic3tion:otheiz3tion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch



'/- t/ R this K :Sec,it ;e,si/<

C,/ss=>C o& 1C• @ho is 'oin' to 3tt3c usG

• "3'ue p33noi3 L 43e &un o& the4 &o not nowin'• Speci&ic p33noi3 L wh3t is !ou e/i<ence ;3se< o&& o&G

• @h! woul< so4eone c3use e8tinctionG• C3z! L i'htD 3n< wh! will !ou polic! stop th3tG• )onAt now itAll c3use e8tinction L SoD weAe the onl! ones s43t enou'h to now itAs 'oin' to c3use

e8tinctionG• @h! <o we c3e 3;out people <!in':'ettin' 3pe<:etc.G

• @h! 3e THE-R <e3ths i4pot3ntG• 93sic3ll!D ust un the4 in cicles until !ou po/e2

• Thei /3lues 3e sel&e&eenti3l• -tAs 3ll 3;out us

2NC

Connect with the 1NC. uthos in ;ol< ;elow 3ppl! onl! to the secuit! /esion.

=in )e;3te ( 43in t!pes o& 'eneic linsD 3lso e3< speci&ic lins th3t 3ppl! to thei 3</3nt3'es in !ouo/e/iew 3s tuns c3se 3'u4ents#.• Sc3pe'o3tin' (;l34in' on so4eone else# S5,ette? )e, )e,i5• Re3l @ol< (!ou i43'ine the wol< 3s uns3tis&3cto!# S5,ette• -ne/it3;ilit! (c3nAt sol/e it# S5,ette? )e, )e,i5

-4p3ct )e;3te• C3se Tuns (&34e< 3s the3t constuction cicul3it! 3'u4entsBsee the3t con ;locs 3n<:o lins#

• The3t con e8t2 82 (=#2 Sc3pe'o3tin' (po/es the3t conD po/es nihilis4D wose th3n 3tt3cin'Dpepetu3tes 3tt3cin'# S5,ette

• )ichoto4! (o<uces uthosD epetu3tes sc3pe'o3tin'D pepetu3tes 3uthos# )e, )e,i5? Nietzsche• "3lue (societ! is 3 <ist3ction &o4 the sel&D 3ll /3lues e/ol/e 3oun< us# Nietzsche? C,/ss=>• Su&&ein' (itAs ine/it3;leD oient3tion is wh3t 43ttesD itAs 'oo< L lets us now h3ppinessD utopi3 sucs#• Thei i4p3cts 3e iele/3nt (<e3th is ine/it3;le# Lco4;ine with 'oo< c3se 3's to h3/e 3 <ecent polic!

;3se< point. NonK u<'es will lie th3t.

e4s• @e <onAt c3e 3;out 3</3nt3'esD onl! ousel/esD pe4 <oesnAt wo • -4p3ct tunD &ocus on su&&ein' is ;3<• )oesnAt 3&&i4 esolution• Se/e3nce• n! 3&& ;3llot is 3n 3&&i43tion o& thei Re3l wol<• Thee is no thi< option (thei 3&&i43tion o& the Re3l wol< ne'3tes 3&&i43tion o& li&e# @5cic

F34ewo )e;3te• Te34 th3t un<est3n<s thei pl3ce in the wol<• The!Ae we3wille< 4oons unnin' 3w3! (co4;ine< with ethic3l oient3tion o& 3lt 4e3ns &34ewo still

lins#• K is 3 '3tew3! 3'u4ent (the! h3/e to usti&! thei /3lues in o<e to usti&! polic! <e;3te (usti&! the @ill to

O<e##• &&i43tion o& li&e pece<es e<uc3tion 3n< &3iness



2NR N/tes :Se,i ;e,si/<1. E8pl3in the 3lten3ti/e%. Conte8tu3l 3n3l!sis2 wh3t woul< the 3lten3ti/e loo lie in the wol< o& the 3&&G. -4p3ct C3lc

3. Ontolo'!:Otheiz3tion:"3lue to =i&e co4es &isti. F34ewo ;3cs this up i& !ou <i<nAt e3< othe c3<s hee.

;. The3t Con

i. &&As 3'u4ents <onAt e8ist o 3enAt i4pot3nt21. Su&&ein' is ine/it3;le%. The! ce3te 3 sel&&ul&illin' c!cle o& h3te< 3n< /iolence. E8tensions o& 3n! othe c3<s !ou e3< hee

c. Re3l -4p3ct C3lci. S!ste4ic -4p3cts co4e &ist

ii. >3'ntitu<eBoot c3use 3'u4entsiii. Speci&ic tuns c3se on e3ch 3</3nt3'e (e8ten< lins to e3ch 3</3nt3'e o ust <o

3n3l!sis#0. F34in'2 onl! 3 is the 3&& pepetu3tes 3sceticis4D i& this is tue then the! usti&! otheiz3tion

;ec3use the i<e3l o& the =3st >3n isol3tes those who <o not en'3'e in the sel&<estucti/e pocessD3n< necess3il! li4its out nowle<'e o& 9ein'2 this 4e3ns thei i4p3cts 3e &un<34ent3ll! ce3tionso& the e&us3l to 3ccept su&&ein'. ccept3nce sol/es i4p3cts D D 3n< MD those outwei'h 3n! isth3t the! sol/e thei 3</3nt3'es.

5. nswe thei o&&ense23. e4s

;. KAs o& !ou K c. co4es &ist &34ewo

i. Thee 3e c3<s on this speci&ic3ll! in the ps!cho3n3l!sis &ile i& !ou nee< so4e.<. O&&ensi/e &34ewo

6. nswe thei <e&ense23. utho in<icts

;. lt c3nAt sol/ec. -4p3ct <e&ense:<e&ensi/e &34ewo

7. nswe othe 3'u4ents

$. E8ten< c3se L e8pl3in th3t it is 3 usti&ic3tion &o !ou theoetic3l the3t con 3'u4ents. >e3nspesu4ption shi&ts ne'.

***1NCs



thee&oeD 'ene3tes two inteel3te< e3ctions. FistD essenti4ent en'en<es 3 nee< 3cti/el! to 4oul< the pp3ent @ol< in3cco<3nce with the <ict3tes o& the i<e3l polloni3n Re3l @ol<. -n o<e to 3chie/e thisD howe/eD the 3scetici<e3l 3lso 3ssets th3t 3 JtueJD 4oe co4plete nowle<'e o& the Re3l @ol< 4ust ;e est3;lishe< ce3tin' 3ne/eince3sin' @illto Tuth. This sel&pepetu3tin' 4o/e4ent ce3tes 3n intepet3ti/e stuctue within

which e/e!thin' 4ust ;e un<estoo< 3n< o<ee< in el3tion to the 3scetic Tuth o& the Re3l @ol<. s Nietzschesu''estsD tWhe 3scetic i<e3l h3s 3 'o3lBthis 'o3l is so uni/es3l th3t 3ll othe inteests o& hu43n e8istence see4D when co4p3e< with itD pett! 3n<n3ow it intepets epochsD n3tionsD 3n< 4en ine8o3;l! with 3 /iew to this one 'o3l it pe4its no othe intepet3tionD no othe 'o3l it eectsD <eniesD3&&i4s 3n< s3nctions solel! &o4 the point o& /iew o& its intepet3tion.JJ1 The /e! stuctue o& the @ill to Tuth ensues th3t theoetic3l in/esti'3tion4ust ;e ince3sin'l! o<ee<D co4pehensi/eD 4oe TueD 3n< close to the pe&ection o& the i<e3l. t the s34e ti4eD this un<est3n<in' o& intellectu3l

theo! ensues th3t it ce3tes p3ctices which 3tte4pt to i4pose ince3sin' o<e in the pp3ent @ol<. @ith this citic3l t3ns&o43tionD the @ill toO<e ;eco4es .the &un<34ent3l philosophic3l pinciple o& 4o<enit!.

Ris is ihe,et thei, e5, / ie ,/Ds the / e+e,thi -/,th i+i /,. This c,e5tes 5e5ti+e i t/ !/-e, -hich ,eBects the D56 5,ts / ie.34es )e, )e,i5? 93 po&esso o& politic3l science 3t the , >3ss3chusetts4hest 3n< po& o& -R 3t 9own +The politic3l su;ect o& /iolence e<. )3/i< C34p;ell 3n< >ich3el )illonD p 1115

Nietzsche 3n< -ntepeti/e Re3lis4 -n the l3st 3n3l!sisD lo/e o& the nei'h;o is 3lw3!s so4ethin' secon<3!D p3tl! con/ention3l 3n<

3;it3!Billuso! in el3tion to &e3 o& the nei'h;o. &te the stuctue o& societ! is &i8e< on the whole 3n<see4s secue 3'3inst e8ten3l <3n'esD it is this &e3 o& the nei'h;o th3t 3'3in ce3tes new pespecti/es o&4o3l /3lu3tion. BFie<ich NietzscheD 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/il Nietzsche t3ns/3lues ;oth Ho;;css 3n< >38Js intepet3tions o& secuit! thou'h3 'ene3lo'! o& 4o<es o& ;ein'. His 4etho< is not to unco/e so4e <eep 4e3nin' o /3lue &o secuit!D ;ut to <est3;ilize the intole3;le &i3ion3l i<entitieso& the p3st which h3/e ;een ce3te< out o& &e3D 3n< to 3&&i4 the ce3ti/e <i&&eences which 4i'ht !iel< new /3lues &o the &utue. Oi'in3tin' in thep33<o8ic3l el3tionship o& 3 contin'ent li&e 3n< 3 cet3in <e3thD the histo! o& secuit! e3<s &o Nietzsche 3s 3n 3;ne'3tionD 3 esent4ent 3n<D &in3ll!D 3

t3nscen<ence o& this p33<o8. -n ;ie&D the histo! is one o& in<i/i<u3ls seein' 3n i4possi;le secuit! &o4 the 4ost3<ic3l othe o& li&eD the teo o& <e3th whichD once 'ene3lize< 3n< n3tion3lize<D ti''es 3 &utile c!cle o&collecti/e i<entities seein' secuit! &o4 3lien othesBwho 3e seein' si4il3l! i4possi;le 'u33ntees. -t is 3sto! o& <i&&eences t3in' on the otheness o& <e3thD 3n< i<entities c3lci&!in' into 3 &e3&ul s34eness. Since

Nietzsche h3s su&&ee< the 'e3test ne'lect in inten3tion3l theo!D his eintepct3tion o& secuit! will ecei/e 3 4oe e8tensi/e te3t4ent hee. One4ust ;e'in with NietzscheJs i<e3 o& the will to poweD which he cle3l! ;elie/e< to ;e pio to 3n< 'ene3ti/e o& 3llconsi<e3tions o& secuit! . -n 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/ilD he e4ph3tic3ll! est3;lishes the pi43c! o& the will to powe2 h!siolo'ists shoul<thin ;e&oe puttin' <own the instinct o& sel&pese/3tion 3s the c3<in3l instinct o& 3n o'3nic ;ein'. li/in'thin' sees 3;o/e 3ll to <isch3'e its sten'thBli&e itsel& is will to powe sel&pese/3tion is onl! one o& the4ost &e?uent esults .0 The will to poweD thenD shoul< not ;e con&use< with 3 Ho;;esi3n pepetu3l <esie &o powe.-t c3nD in its ne'3ti/e &o4D po<uce 3 e3cti/e 3n< esent&ul lon'in' &o onl! poweD le3<in'D in NietzscheJs /iewD to 3

tiu4ph o& nihilis4. 9ut Nietzsche e&es to 3 positi/e will to powe D 3n 3cti/e 3n< 3&&ecti/e &oce o& ;eco4in'D&o4 which /3lues 3n< 4e3nin'sBinclu<in' sel&pese/3tionB3e po<uce< which 3&&i4 li&e . Con/entions o&secuit! 3ct to suppess 3the th3n con&ont the &e3s en<e4ic to li&e D &o ... li&e itsel& is essenti3ll!3ppopi3tionD inu!D o/epowein' o& wh3t is 3lien 3n< we3e suppessionD h3<nessD i4position o& onesown &o4sD incopo3tion 3n< 3t le3stD 3t its 4il<estD e8ploit3tionB;ut wh! shoul< one 3lw3!s use those wo<sin which sl3n<eous intent h3s ;een i4pinte< &o 3'es.5 Elsewhee Nietzsche est3;lishes the pe/3si/eness o& 3'onis4 in li&e2

li&e is 3 conse?uence o& w3D societ! itsel& 3 4e3ns to w3. 9ut the <eni3l o& this pe43nent con<ition D thee&&ot to <is'uise it with 3 consensu3l 3tion3lit! o to hi<e &o4 it with 3 &iction3l so/eei'nt!D 3e 3ll e&&ects o&this suppession o& &e3. The <esie &o secuit! is 43ni&este< 3s 3 collecti/e esent4ent o& <i&&eence Bth3t

which is not usD not cet3inD not pe<ict3;le. Co4plicit with 3 ne'3ti/e will to powe is the &e3<i/en <esie &opotection &o4 the unnown . ,nlie the positi/e will to poweD which po<uces 3n 3esthetic 3&&i43tion o&<i&&eenceD the se3ch &o tuth po<uces 3 tunc3te< li&e which con&o4s to the 3tion3ll! now3;leD to the

c3us3ll! sust3in3;le. -n The 3! ScienceD Nietzsche 3ss o& the e3<e =ooD isnJt ou nee< &o nowle<'e pecisel! this nee< &o the &34ili3D the will to unco/e e/e!thin' st3n'eD unusu3lD 3n< ?uestion3;leD so4ethin' th3t no lon'e <istu;s usG -s it not the instinct o& &e3 th3t ;i<s us to nowG

n< is the u;i l3tion o& those who o;t3in nowle<'e not the u;il3tion o/e the esto3tion o& 3 sense o& secuit!G**7 The &e3 o& the unnown3n< the <esie &o cet3int! co4;ine to po<uce 3 <o4estic3te< li&e D in which c3us3lit! 3n< 3tion3lit! ;eco4ethe hi'hest si'n o& 3 so/eei'n sel&D the suest potection 3'3inst contin'ent &oces. The &e3 o& &3te 3ssues 3

;elie& th3t e/e!thin' e3son3;le is tueD 3n< e/e!thin' tueD e3son3;le. -n shotD the secuit! i4pe3ti/e po<ucesD 3n< is sust3ine< ;!D the st3te'ies o& nowle<'e which see to e8pl3in it. Nietzsche eluci<3tes the n3tue o& this

'ene3ti/e el3tionship in The Twili'ht o& the -<ols. The c3us3l instinct is thus con<ition3l uponD 3n< e8cite< ;!D the &eelin'o& &e3. The wh!G*1 sh3llD i& 3t 3ll possi;leD not 'i/e the c3use &o its own s3e so 4uch 3s &o 3 p3ticul3 in<o& c3useB3 c3use (h3t is co4&otin'D li;e3tin' 3n< elie/in'. . . . Th3t which is new 3n< st3n'e 3n< h3s not ;een e8peience< ;e&oeD is e8clu<e< 3s 3

c3use. Thus one not onl! se3ches &o so4e in< o& e8pl3n3tion D to se/e 3s 3 c3useD ;ut to 3 p3ticul3l! selecte<3n< pe&ee< in< o& e8pl3n3tion Bth3t which 4ost ?uicl! 3n< &e?uentl! 3;olishe< the &eelin' o& the st3n'eD



new 3n< hitheto une8peience<2 the 4ost h3;itu3l e8pl3n3tions.$ s3&e li&e e?uies s3&e tuths. The st3n'e3n< the 3lien e43in une834ine<D the unnown ;eco4es i<enti&ie< 3s e/ilD 3n< e/il po/oes hostilit!Bec!clin' the <esie &o secuit! . The in&luence o& ti4i<it!D 3s Nietzsche puts itD ce3tes 3 people who 3e willin' tosu;o<in3te 3&&i43ti/e /3lues to the necessities o& secuit!2 the! &e3 ch3n'eD t3nsitoiness2 this e8pesses 3 st3itene< soulD&ull o& 4istust 3n< e/il e8peiences.+ The unnow3;le which c3nnot ;e cont3ine< ;! &oce o e8pl3ine< ;! e3son is ele'3te< to the o&&wol<.

TustD the 'oo<D 3n< othe co44on /3lues co4e to el! upon 3n 3ti&ici3l sten'th2 the &eelin' o& secuit! such 3s the Chisti3npossesses he &eels ston' in ;ein' 3;le to tustD to ;e p3tient 3n< co4pose<2 he owes this 3ti&ici3l sten'th to the illusion o& ;ein' potecte< ;! 3 'o<.0

Fo NietzscheD o& couseD onl! 3 &3lse sense o& secuit! c3n co4e &o4 &3lse 'o<s2 >o3lit! 3n< eli'ion ;elon' 3lto'ethe to the

ps!cholo'! o& eoD in e/e! sin'le c3seD c3use 3n< e&&ect 3e con&use< o tuth is con&use< with the e&&ects o& ;elie/in'so4ethin' 1 ;e tue o 3 st3te o& consciousness is con&use< with its X0l c3uses. NietzscheJs intepet3tion o& the oi'ins o&eli'ion c3n she< so4e li'ht on this p33<o8ic3l oi'in 3n< t3ns/3lu3tion o& secuit!. -n The enc3lo '! o& >o3lsD Nietzsche sees eli'ion 3isin' &o4 3sense o& &e3 3n< in<e;te<ness to ones 3ncestos2 The con/iction ei'ns th3t it is onl! thou'h the s3ci&ices 3n< 3cco4plish4ents o& the 3ncestos th3tthe ti;e e8istsB3n< th3t one h3s to p3! the4 ;3c with s3ci&ices 3n< 3cco4plish4ents2 one thus eco'nizes 3 <e;t th3t const3ntl! 'ows 'e3teD sincethese &oe;e3s ne/e ce3seD in thei continue< e8istence 3s powe&ul spiitsD to 3cco< the ti;e new 3</3nt3'es 3n< new sten'th:% S3ci&icesD honosDo;e<ience 3c 'i/en ;ut it is ne/e enou'hD &o The 3ncestos o& the 4ost powe&ul ti;ts 3e ;oun< e/entu3ll! to 'ow to 4onstous <i4ensions thou'hthe i43'in3tion o& 'owin' &e3 3n< to ece<e into the <3ness o& the <i/inel! unc3nn! 3n< uni43'in3;le2 in the en< the 3ncesto 4ust necess3il! ;et3ns&i'ue< into 3 'o<.0i s the 3ncestos <e;t ;eco4es e4;e<<e< in institutionsD the co44unit! t3es on the ole o& ce<ito. Nietzsche 4ocs thisoi'in3!D Ho;;esi3n 4o4ent2 One li/es in 3 co44unit!D one eno!s the 3</3nt3'es o& co44un3lit! (oh wh3t 3</3nt3'esQ we so4eti4es un<e3te

the4 to<3!#D one <wells potecte<D c3e< &oD in pe3ce 3n< tust&ulnessD without &e3 o& cet3in inuies 3n< hostile 3cts to which the 43n outsi<eD the 43n without pe3ceD is e8pose< . . . since one h3s ;oun< 3n< ple<'e< onesel& to theco44unit! pecisel! with 3 /iew to inu! 3n< hostile 3cts.00 The est3;lish4ent o& the co44unit! is<epen<ent uponD in<ee< it &ee<s uponD this &e3 o& ;ein' le&t outsi<e. s the c3stle w3ll is epl3ce< ;! witten te3t!D howe/eD

3n< <ist3nt 'o<s ;! te4po3l so/eei'nsD the 43ti3l sills 3n< spiitu3l /itues o& the no;le w3io 3e slowl! <e;3se<

3n< <issi4ul3te<. The su;ect o& the in<i/i<u3l will to powe ;eco4es the o;ect o& 3 collecti/e esent4ent . The

esultG The &e3 o& the e8ten3l othe is t3ns/3lue< into the lo/e o& the nei'h;o ?uote< in the openin' o& this sectionD 3n<the pepetu3tion o& co44unit! is 3ssue< thou'h the inten3liz3tion 3n< le'iti43tion o& 3 &e3 th3t lost itsoi'in3l souce lon' 3'o. This powe&ul ne8us o& &e3D o& e8ten3l 3n< inten3l othenessD 'ene3tes the /3lues

which uphol< the secuit! i4pe3ti/e. -n<ee<D Nietzsche loc3tes the 'ene3lo'! o& e/en in<i/i<u3l i'htsD such 3s&ee<o4D in the c3lculus o& 43int3inin' secuit!2 >! i'hts 3e th3t p3n o& 4! powe which othes not4eel! conce<e< 4eD ;ut which the! wish 4e to pese/e . How <o these othes 3i/e 3t th3tG Fist2 thou'h thei pu<ence3n< &e3 3n< c3ution2 whethe in th3t the! e8pect so4ethin' si4il3 &o4 us in etun (potection o& thei i'hts# o in th3t the! consi<e th3t 3stu''le with us woul< ;e peilous o to no pupose o in th3t the! sec in 3n! <i4inution o& ou &oce 3 <is3</3nt3'e to the4sel/esD since we woul< then

;e unsuite< to &o4in' 3n 3lli3nce with the4 in opposition to 3 hostile thi< powe. Then2 ;! <on3tion 3n< cession.05 The point o&

NietzscheJs citic3l 'ene3lo'! is to show th3t the peilous con<itions th3t ce3te< the secuit! i4pe3ti/eB3n< the westen 4et3ph!sics th3t pepetu3te itBh3/e <i4inishe< i& not <is3ppe3e< !etD the &e3 o& li&e pesists2 Oucentu! <enies this peilousncssD 3n< <ocs so with 3 'oo< conscience2 3n< !et it continues to <3' 3lon' with it the ol< h3;its o& Chisti3n secuit!.

Chisti3n eno!4entD ece3tion 3n< e/3lu3tion.06 NietzscheJs wo! is th3t the collecti/e e3ction 3'3inst ol<eD 4oe pi43l &e3sh3s ce3te< 3n e/en wose <3n'e the t!3nn! o& the he<D the lowein' o& 43nD the 3p3th! o& the l3st 43n

which contols thou'h con&o4it! 3n< ules thou'h p3ssi/it!. The secuit! o& the so/eei'nD 3tion3l sel& 3n<st3te co4es 3t the cost o& 34;i'uit!D uncet3int!D p33<o8B3ll th3t 43es 3 &ee li&e wothwhile . NietzscheJs l34ent&o this lost li&e is c3ptue< 3t the en< o& )3!;e3 in 3 seies o& hetoic3l ?uestions2 O& &utue /ituesBHow co4es it th3t the 4oe co4pehensi;le the wol< h3s 'own the 4oe sole4nities o& e/e! in< h3/e <ece3se<G -s it th3t &e3 w3s so 4uch the ;3sic cle4ent o& th3t e/eence which o/ec34e us in

the pesence o& e/e!thin' unnown 3n< 4!steious 3n< t3u'ht us to &3ll <own ;e&oe the inco4pehensi;le 3n< ple3< to 4ec!G n< h3s the wol< not lost so4e o& its ch34 &o us ;ec3use we h3/e 'own less &e3&ulG @ith the <i4inution o& ou&e3ulness h3s ou own <i'nit! 3n< sole4nit!D ou own &i3so4enessD not 3lso <i4inishe<G07 -t is o& couse inNietzscheJs l34entD in his <eepest pessi4is4 &o the l3st 43nD th3t one &in<s the cele;3tion o& the o/e43n 3s ;oth s!4pto4 3n< h3;in'e o& 3 4oe&eespiite< !et &e3so4e 3'e. )is4issi/e o& ,topi3n en'ineein'D Nietzsche ne/e su''ests how he woul< estuctue societ! he loos &ow3< onl! so&3 3s to si'ht the e4e'ence o& new philosophes (such 3s hi4sel&G# who woul< estoe 3 e/eence &o &e3 3n< ee/3lu3te the secuit! i4pe3ti/e.Nietzsche <oesD howe/eD 'o ;3c to 3 peChisti3nD peSoc3tic e3 to &in< the e8e4pl3s &o 3 new in< o& secui i/. -n The ene3lo'! o& >o3ls hehol<s up eicles 3s 3n e834pleD &o l3u<in' the theni3ns &o thei h3t;!4i3B3 te4 th3t incopo3tes the notion o& in<i&&eence to 3n< conte4pt&o secuit!.0$ -t is peh3ps too 4uch to e8pect NietzscheJs 4ess3'e to eson3te in l3te 4o<en ti4esD to e8pectD 3t the /e! ti4e when con<itions see44ost uncet3in 3n< unpe<ict3;leD th3t people woul< te3t &e3 3s 3 sti4ulus &o i4po/e4ent 3the th3n c3use &o etench4ent. et Nietzsche

woul< cle3l! see these 3s oppotune ti4esD when &e3 coul< ;e will&ull! 3ssete< 3s 3 &oce &o the 3&&i43tiono& <i&&eence D 3the th3n c3n3lize< into 3 c3utious i<entit! constucte< &o4 the c3lcul3tion o& iss 3n<

;ene&its.

O, 5te,5ti+e is t/ )/ /thi i the ist5ce / the 5. The ,es5 t/ 5ct 5ccets theie+it5Diit / st,e? 5/-i s t/ 6e,st56 5i /siti+e.Nietzsche? H78 The 3ntichist Human, All too Human. phois4 Y%$0 1$7$

The means to real peace.B No 'o/en4ent 3<4its 3n! 4oe th3t it eeps 3n 34! to s3tis&! occ3sion3ll! the <esie &ocon?uest. R3the the 34! is suppose< to se/e &o <e&ense D 3n< one in/oes the 4o3lit! th3t 3ppo/es o& sel&



<e&ense. 9ut this i4plies oneJs own 4o3lit! 3n< the nei'h;oJs i44o3lit! &o the nei'h;o 4ust ;e thou'hto& 3s e3'e to 3tt3c 3n< con?ue i& ou st3te 4ust thin o& 4e3ns o& sel&<e&ense. >oeo/e. the e3sons we'i/e &o e?uiin' 3n 34! i4pl! th3t ou nei'h;oD who <enies the <esie &o con?uest ust 3s 4uch 3s <oes ouown st3teD 3n< whoD &o his p3tD 3lso eeps 3n 34! onl! &o e3sons o& sel&<e&enseD is 3 h!pocite 3n< 3 cunnin' ci4in3l who

woul< lie nothin' ;ette th3n to overpower 3 h34less 3n< 3ww3< /icti4 without 3n! &i'ht. Thus 3ll st3tes3e now 3n'e< 3'3inst e3ch othe2 the! pesuppose thei nei'h;oJs ;3< <isposition 3n< thei own 'oo<<isposition. This pesuppositionD howe/eD is inhumane. 3s ;3< 3s w3 3n< wose. t ;otto4D in<ee<D it is itsel& thech3llen'e 3n< the c3use o& w3sD ;ec3useD 3s - h3/e s3i<D it 3tti;utes i44o3lit! to the nei'h;o 3n< thus po/oes

3 hostile <isposition 3n< 3ct. @e 4ust 3;ue the <octine o& the 34! 3s 3 4e3ns o& sel&<e&ense ust 3sco4pletel! 3s the <esie &o con?uests. n< peh3ps the 'e3t <3! will co4e when people D <istin'uishe< ;!

w3s 3n< /ictoies 3n< ;! the hi'hest <e/elop4ent o& 3 4ilit3! o<e 3n< intelli'enceD 3n< 3ccusto4e< to 43e the he3/iest

s3ci&ices &o these thin'sD will e8cl3i4 o& its own &ee willD "We break the sword" 3n< will s43sh its entie 4ilit3!est3;lish4ent <own to its lowest &oun<3tions. Ren<ein' onesel& unarmed when one had been the best-armed ,out o& 3 height o& &eelin'B th3t is the 4e3ns to real pe3ce D which 4ust 3lw3!s est on 3 pe3ce o& 4in< whee3sthe soc3lle< 34e< pe3ceD 3s it now e8ists in 3ll countiesD is the 3;sence o& pe3ce o& 4in<. One tusts neitheonesel& no oneJs nei'h;o 3n<D h3l& &o4 h3te<D h3l& &o4 &e3D <oes not l3! <own 34s. R3the peish th3nh3te 3n< &e3D 3n< twice rather perish than make oneself hated and feared B this 4ust so4e<3! ;eco4e thehi'hest 438i4 &o e/e! sin'le co44onwe3lth. Ou li;e3l epesent3ti/es D 3s is well nownD l3c the ti4e &o e&lectin' on

the n3tue o& 43n2 else the! woul< now th3t the! wo in /3in when the! wo &o 3 '3<u3l <ece3se o& the 4ilit3! ;u<en. R3theD onl! when this in< o& nee< h3s ;eco4e 'e3test will the in< o& 'o< ;e ne3est who 3lone c3n

help hee. The tee o& w3'lo! c3n onl! <esto!e< 3ll 3t onceD ;! 3 stoe o& li'htnin'2 ;ut li'htnin'D 3s in<ee< !ou nowD co4es &o4 3 clou<B3n< &o4 up hi'h.



Se,iI the 5ce / 5 c,isis / se,i? -e 5,e ,esete6 -ith t-/ /ti/s&1< the -/,6 / the 1"C5 ie=6ei -i t/ c5c5te the ,e5test //6 56 55e the he,66//i s t/ e6i/c,it 56 h5t,e6 /, the -/,6. O,?2< the 5te,5ti+e-e c5 5ccet th5t ch5/s 56 6isc/,6 5,e ie+it5De? th5t ,e+etise,i is i/ssiDe? 56 esc5e ihiis D 5i,i ie 5s it is.O-e 56 Ri6e? 2000 ()3/i< Owen is Re3<e in olitic3l hilosoph! 3n< )eput! )iecto o& the Cente &o ostn3l!tic hilosoph! 3t the ,ni/esit! o& South34pton. He isthe 3utho o& nu4eous ;oos 3n< 3ticles in soci3l 3n< politic3l philosoph! with 3 &ocus on Nietzsche. 3on Ri<le! is 3 po&esso o& hilosoph! 3t the School o& Hu43nities 3t the ,ni/esit! o&

South34pton. He h3s 3lso witten 4ultiple ;oos 3;out Nietzsche3n ethics. @h! Nietzsche stillG p3'e 10+50#

The the3t hee is o;/ious2 @h3t is to ;e &e3e<D wh3t h3s 3 4oe c3l34itous e&&ect th3n 3n! othe c3l34it!D is th3t 43n shoul< inspie not po&oun< &e3 ;ut po&oun< nausea; 3lso not 'e3t &e3 ;ut 'e3t pit. Suppose these two wee one <3! to uniteD the! woul< ine/it3;l! ;e'et one o& the unc3nniest 4onstes2 the l3st will o& 43nD his will to nothin'nessD nihilis4. n< 3 'e3t <e3l points to this union.!# ---2-0# So suici<3l nihilis4 ;econs. The one esponse to the situ3tion th3t is 3;solutel! ule< out is the one th3t h3s so &3 po/e< 4ost success&ul 3t 3<<essin' po;le4s o& this sotD n34el!D

3<option o& the 3scetic i <e3lD ;ec3use the pesent cisis is c3use< ;! the sel&<estuction o& th3t i<e3l. 9ut Nietzsche 3'ues th3t two pl3usi;le esponses to thecisis 3e nonetheless possi;le &o 4o<en 43n. 9oth o& these in/ol/e the constuction o& i443nent i<e3ls o'o3ls2 one esponse is epesente< ;! the t!pe the =3st >3nD the othe ;! the t!pe the $bermensch. The &istesponse eco'nizes the e3lit! o& su&&ein' 3n< ou (post3scetic# in3;ilit! to 3cco< t3nscen<ent3lsi'ni&ic3nce to it 3n< conclu<es th3t the l3tte po/i<es 3n o/ewhel4in' e3son &o 3;olishin' the &o4e to

wh3te/e e8tent is possi;le. This h3s the e&&ect o& ele/3tin' the 3;olition o& su&&ein' into 3 ?u3sit3nscen<ent3l 'o3l 3n< ;in's with it 3 new t3;le o& /ituesD on which pu<ence

&i'ues l3'est. -n othe wo<sD this esponse t3es the &o4 o& 3 rapport a soi ch33cteize< ;! 3 st!le o& c5c5ti+e,5ti/5it 6i,ecte6 t/-5,6 the 5+/i65ce / se,i 5t 5 c/stD &o e834pleD / tiitit5,i5is56 5 /the, 5cc/t / h5 sDBecti+it th5t 5cc/,6s ,eeiece t/ 5Jiizi

,ee,ece s5tis5cti/. -n Thus %poke &arathustra Nietzsche pot3!s this t!pe 3s &ollows2 @h3t is lo/eG @h3t is ce3tionG @h3t is lon'in'G @h3t is 3 st3G thus 3ss the =3st

>3n 3n< ;lins. The e3th h3s ;eco4e s43llD 3n< upon it hops the =3st >3nD who 43es e/e!thin' s43ll. His 3ce is3s ine8te4in3;le 3s the &le3 the =3st >3n li/es lon'est. @e h3/e <isco/ee< h3ppinessD s3! the =3st >en 3n< ;lin. The! h3/e le&t the pl3ces whee li/in'

w3s h3<2 &o one nee<s w34th. One still lo/es oneJs nei'h;o 3n< u;s onesel& 3'3inst hi42 &o one nee<s w34th. Sicness 3n< 4istust count 3s sins with the42 one shoul< 'o 3;out w3il!. He is 3 &ool who still stu4;les o/e stones o o/e 4enQ little poison now 3n< then2 th3t po<uces ple3s3nt <e34s. n< 3 lot o& poison 3t l3stD &o 3 ple3s3nt <e3th. The! still woD &o wo is entet3in4ent. 9ut the!t3e c3e the entet3in4ent <oes not e8h3ust the4. No;o<! 'ows ich o poo 3n! 4oe2 ;oth 3e too 4uch o& 3 ;u<en. @ho still w3nts to uleG @ho o;e!G 9oth 3e too 4uch o& 3 ;u<en. No he<s43n

3n< one he<. E/e!one w3nts the s34e thin'D e/e!one is the s34e2 whoe/e thins othewise 'oes /olunt3il! intothe 43<house Fo4el! 3ll the wol< w3s 43<D s3! the 4ost 3cute o& the4 3n< ;lin. The! 3e cle/e 3n< now e/e!thin' th3t h3s e/e h3ppene<2 so thee is no en< to thei 4oce!. The!still ?u3elD ;ut the! soon 43e upothewise in<i'estion woul< esult. The! h3/e thei little ple3sue &o the <3! 3n< t hei little ple3sue &o the ni'ht2 ;ut t he! espect he3lth. @e h3/e <isco/ee<

h3ppinessD s3! the =3st >en 3n< ;lin. !&' - olo'ue 5# NietzscheJs hostilit! to this &ist &o4 o& esponse is e/i<ent. His 'ene3lo;ection to the =3st >3n is th3t the =3st >3nJs i<e3lD lie the 3scetic i<e3lD is co44itte< to the <eni3l o&ch3nce 3n< necessit! 3s inte'3l &e3tues o& hu43n e8istence. @hee3s the 3scetic i<e3l <enies ch3nce 3n< necessit! pe se so th3tD while su&&ein'

e43ins e3lD wh3t is o;ection3;le 3;out it is 3;olishe<D the =3st >3nJs i<e3l is e8pesse< 3s the p3ctic3l i4pe3ti/e to 3;olishsu&&ein'D 3n< henceD 3 &otioiD wh3t is o;ection3;le 3;out it L th3t isD ou e8posue to ch3nce 3n< necessit!. This 'ene3l o;ection h3s two speci&ic <i4ensions. The &ist is th3t the L5st

5s i6e5 is ,e5iz5De D inso&3 3s hu43n e8istence in/ol/es ineli4in3;le souces o& su&&ein' not le3st ouconsciousness th3t we co4e into ;ein' ;! ch3nce 3n< ce3se to ;e ;! necessit!. Thus the =3st >3nJs i<e3l is pe<ic3te< on 3 ne'lect o& tuth&ulness. The secon< <i4ension o& NietzscheJs o;ection is th3t

,sit / the L5st 5s i6e5 i/+e,ishes 56 5,Dit,5,i ,est,icts /, 6e,st56i / -h5t -e c5 De 56D in <oin' soD /,ec/ses /, t,e /ssiDiities / Dec/i /the,-ise th5 -e 5,e. Thus the =3st >3nJs i<e3l ent3ils 3n 3toph!in' o& the c3p3cities (&o sel&o/eco4in'D etc.# ;e?ue3the< ;! the 3scetic i<e3l. Nietzsche ;in's these two <i4ensions to'ethe in (eond oodand )vil' ou w3ntD i& possi;le L 3n< thee is no 4oe ins3ne Ji& possi;leJ L to abolish suffering. ... @ell;ein' 3s !ou un<est3n< it L th3t is no 'o3lD th3t see4s to us 3n end, 3 st3te th3t soon 43es 43n

i<iculous 3n< conte4pti;le L th3t 43es his <estuction desirable" !() **+. The secon< esponse to the nihilistic the3t pose< ;! thesel&<estuction o& the 3scetic i<e3l is <e&initi/e o& the $bermensch t!pe. This esponse ,ec/izes D/th the,e5it 56 the ieii5Diit / se,i 56 c/c6es th5t 5 5i,5ti/ / ch5ce 56ecessit st the,e/,e De Dit it/ the +e, c/ceti/ / -h5t it is /, s/ethi t/ cti/3s 3 (post3scetic# i<e3l. So this esponseD inso&3 3s it culti/3tes 3n 3&&i43tion o& ch3nce 3n< necessit! (i.e.Damor fati, o/eco4es the (3scetic# h3te< o& o (4o<en# <iss3tis&3ction with thiswol<l! e8istence. et the success o&this o/eco4in' is con<ition3l on the e8ecise 3n< <e/elop4ent o& the /e! c3p3cities 3n< <isposition th3t 3e the ;e?uest o& the 3scetic i<e3l. The <isposition to tuth&ulness is 3 con<ition o& eco'nizin'the ineli4in3;ilit! o& ch3nce 3n< necessit!. 9ut 3ctu3ll! to eco'nizeD let 3lone 3&&i4D this 3w&ul &3ct 3;out hu43n e8istence e?uies the e8ecise o& the c3p3cities &o sel&su/eill3nce (so th3t one c3n4onito onesel& &o the s!4pto4s o& sel&<eception in the &3ce o& this &3ct#D sel&<iscipline (so th3t one c3n esist the un<est3n<3;le te4pt3tion to <ecei/e onesel& 3;out this &3ct#D 3n< sel&o/eco4in' (soth3t one c3n <e/elopD in the &3ce o& this te4pt3tionD oneJs c3p3cities &o sel&su/eill3nce 3n< sel&<iscipline#. Thus the 3scetic i<e3l po/i<es the tools e?uie< to o/eco4e the ci sis pecipit3te< ;! its ownsel&<estuction. -n othe wo<sD the $bermenschs i<e3l si4pl! is the e8ecise 3n< culti/3tion o& the c3p3cities 3n< the <isposition e?uie< to 3&&i4 the &3ct th3t ch3nce 3n< necessit! 3e ineli4in3;le.

n< ;ec3use ch3nce 3n< necessit! 3e ineli4in3;leD 3n< thee&oe e?uie pepetu3ll! to ;e 3&&i4e< 3new D such e8ecise 3n< culti/3tion 4ust itsel& ;epepetu3lD 3 pocess without the sli'htest pospect o& 3n en<.The cont3st with the =3st >3nJs i<e3l is st3. @hee3s the l3tte o&&es 3 &eelin' o& powe to its <e/otees ;!positin' 3s e3liz3;le the une3liz3;le i<e3l o& no 4oe su&&ein'th3t isD o& 3 &i8e<D &in3lD completed st3te o&

;ein' L the $bermenschs i<e3l o&&es 3 &eelin' o& powe pe<ic3te< onl! on the continu3l o/eco4in' o& the<esie &o 3n! such st3te. @h3t the =3st >3n lon's &oD in othe wo<s.D the $bermensch <istin'uishes hi4sel&

;! unen<in'l! 3n< tuth&ull! e&usin' to w3nt. -t is o& the &ist i4pot3nce th3t the Ubermensch's i6e5sh/6 ,e,eset 5 process 5s ihe,et +55De? ,5the, th5 5 ,/6ct :sch 5s the L5st5s c/ete6 st5te / ie -ith/t se,i#. Thee 3e two e3sons &o thinin' this i4pot3nt. The&ist is the one 4entione< 3;o/e 'i/en th3t ch3nce 3n< necessit! 3e ineli4in3;le &e3tues o& li/in' 3 li&eD 3 li&e



oiente< to the 3&&i43tion o& this &3ct 4ust eco'nize the ineli4in3;l! pocessu3l ch33cte o& such 3n3&&i43tionD 3n< hence the ineli4in3;l! pocessu3l ch33cte o& 3n i<e3l th3t se/es 3the th3n <enies the4ost &un<34ent3l pee?uisites o& li&e ! # ---2%$#. The othe e3son is th3t this i<e3l e8hi;its the &o4 o& p3ctic3l e3sonin' th3t NietzscheJs 'ene3lo'! itsel& <eplo!s. 9!cont3st withD s3!D K3ntJs conception o& p3ctic3l e3sonin'D which centes on 3n opposition ;etween the e3l 3n< the i<e3l (;etween the heteono4ous 3n< the 3utono4ous#D 3n< <enies the 4ost&un<34ent3l pee?uisites o& li&eD NietzscheJs conception in/ol/es 3 continu3l pocess o& 4o/e4ent &o4 the 3tt3ine< to the 3tt3in3;le 3n< it is pecisel! this th3t the rapport a soi constituti/e o& the$bermensch e8hi;its. ThusD while K3nt o&&es 3 ui<ic3l conception o& p3ctic3l e3sonin' stuctue< in te4s o& the i<e3 o& law, Nietzsche o&&es 3 4e<ic3l o t he3peutic conception 3ticul3te< thou'hthe i<e3 o& the t!pe o e8e4pl3. @hich is to s3!D NietzscheJs 'ene3lo'ic3l in/esti'3tion (3t its ;estD i.e.D its 4ost sel&consistent# e8e4pli&ies pecisel! th3t co44it4ent to the 3&&i43tion o& li&e which iteco44en<sD th3t isD to 3n $bermenschlich rapport a soi. ocessD not po<uct )ion!susD not pollo.

The i6e// / the 5 is / c/+e, /, ite,5ti/5 +i/ece th5t 5is t/ ,/tect i6i+i65s$,/-? 0# :The %outh Atlantic /uarterl 1.%: (%0# 05106 The >ost @e C3n Hope Fo . . .2 Hu43nRi'hts 3n< the olitics o& F3t3lis4D @en<! 9own#.

9ut in 3<<ition to -'n3tie&&Js own t3ns'essions o& the ;oun<3ies he setsD thee is this2 it is in the n3tue o&e/e! si'ni&ic3nt politic3l poect to ipple ;e!on< the poectJs 3/owe< t3'et 3n< 3ctionD &o the si4ple e3sonth3t 3ll such poects 3e situ3te< in politic3lD histoic3lD soci3lD 3n< econo4ic conte8ts with which the!<!n34ic3ll! en'3'e. No e&&ecti/e poect po<uces onl! the conse?uences it 3i4s to po<uce. @h3te/e thei 3/owe< puposeDthenD <o hu43n i'hts onl! e<uce su&&ein'G )o the! (po4ise to# e<uce it in 3 p3ticul3 w3! th3t p eclu<es o ne'3tes othe possi;le w3!sG n< i& the! e<uce su&&ein'D wh3t in<s o& su;ects 3n<politic3l (o 3ntipolitic3l# cultues <o the! ;in' into ;ein' 3s the! <o soD wh3t in<s <o the! t3ns&o4 o eo<eD 3n< wh3t in<s <o the! 3/eG @h3t 3e the i4plic3tions o& hu43n i'hts 3ssu4in' centest3'e 3s 3n inten3tion3l ustice poectD o 3s the po'essi/e inten3tion3l ustice poectG Hu43n i'hts 3cti/is4 is 3 4o3lpolitic3l poect 3n< i& it <ispl3cesD co4petes withD e&usesD o eects othepolitic3l poectsD inclu<in' those 3lso 3i4e< 3t po<ucin' usticeD then it is not 4eel! 3 t3ctic ;ut 3 p3ticul3 &o4 o& politic3l powe c3!in' 3 p3ticul3 i43'e o& usticeD 3n< it will ;ehoo/e us to inspectDe/3lu3teD 3n< u<'e it 3s such. Such consi<e3tions e?uie us to <ep3t ;oth the te4s o& p3'43tist 4ini43lis4 3n< the te4s o& 4o3lit! &o 3 4oe co4ple8 encounte with the powes o& politic3l

conte8t 3n< politic3l <iscouse th3n eithe set o& te4s c3n 3cco44o<3te. Fo the 4ost p3tD hu43n i'hts 3cti/is4 e&uses the politic3l 43ntle on which- 34 insistin'. R3theD it 'ene3ll! pesents itsel& 3s so4ethin' o& 3n 3ntipoliticsB3 pue <e&ense o& theinnocent 3n< the poweless 3'3inst poweD 3 pue <e&ense o& the in<i/i<u3l 3'3inst i44ense 3n< potenti3ll! cuel o <espotic 43chineies o& cultueD st3teD w3D ethniccon&lictD ti;3lis4D p3ti3ch!D 3n< othe 4o;iliz3tions o inst3nti3tions o& collecti/e powe 3'3inst in<i/i<u3ls. >oe pecisel!D hu43n i'hts t3e thei sh3pe 3s 3 4o3l <iscouse centee< on p3in 3n<su&&ein' 3the th3n politic3l <iscouse o& co4pehensi/e ustice. E/en 3s -'n3tie&& titles his &ist lectue Hu43n Ri'hts 3s olitics 3n< eco'nizes th3t hu43n i'hts 4ust 3ccept th3t it is 3 &i'htin' cee<3n< th3t its uni/es3l cl3i4s will ;e esiste< ;! wh3te/e 3uthoit! is its p3ticul3 t3'etD the politics he i<enti&ies 3e in the p3'43tic e&&ects o& wh3t he &othi'htl! i<enti&ies 3s 3 4o3l o<e o& thin's2Hu43n i'hts is the l3n'u3'e th3t s!ste43tic3ll! e4;o<ies theW intuition th3t e3ch in<i/i<u3l is entitle< to e?u3l 4o3l consi<e3tionWD 3n< to the <e'ee th3t this intuition '3ins in&luence o/e thecon<uct o& in<i/i<u3ls 3n< st3tesD we c3n s3! th3t we 3e 43in' 4o3l po'ess (0#. -n 3<<ition to the e8plicit cl3i4 3;out 4o3l e?u3lit!D inten3tion3l hu43n i'hts 3 e 3lso pe4ise< on the i44o3lit!o& politic3ll! in<uce< su&&ein'. ,nlie constitution3ll! <ei/e< 3n< n3tion3ll! en&oce< hi'hl! speci&ie< i'hts in li;e3l <e4oc3tic o<esD inten3tion3l hu43n i'hts 3e c3st in te4s o& the 4o3lin/iol3;ilit! o& hu43n <i'nit! 3n< the <epi/3tion o <e'3<3tion o& this <i'nit! th3t the! 3e un<estoo< to potect 3'3inst. Hu43n i'htsD in -'n3tie&&Js un<est3n<in'D <o not pesci;e wh3t is 'oo< oi'ht ;ut 3the <epen< on 3'ee4ent 3;out wh3t is insu&&e3;l!D in3'u3;l! won' (56#2 The uni/es3l co44it4ents i4plie< ;! hu43n i'hts c3n ;e co4p3ti;le with 3 wi<e /3iet! o& w3!s o& li/in'onl! i& the uni/es3lis4 i4plie< is sel&consciousl! 4ini43list. Hu43n i'hts c3n co443n< uni/es3l 3ssent onl! 3s 3 <eci<e<l! thin theo! o& wh3t is i'htD 3 <e&inition o& the 4ini4u4 con<itions &o3n! in< o& li&e 3t 3ll. Hu43n i'hts is onl! 3 s!ste43tic 3'en<3 o& ne'3ti/e li;et!D 3 tool it 3'3inst oppessionD 3 tool it th3t in<i/i<u3l 3'ents 4ust ;e &ee to use 3s the! see &it within the ;o3<e &34eo& cultu3l 3n< eli'ious ;elie&s th3t the! li/e ;!. (56D 57# 9ut i& hu43n i'hts 3e ten<ee< 3s 3n 3ntipolitic3l 3n< e8pessl! 4o3l 3nti<ote to 3;usi/e politic3l poweD 3 <e&ense 3'3inst powe 3n< 3potection 3'3inst p3inD <epi/3tionD o su&&ein'D we 43! still 3s wh3t in< o& politiciz3tion the! set in 4otion 3'3inst the powes the! oppose. )o the! st3n< &o 3 <i&&eent &o4ul3tion o& ustice o <othe! st3n< in opposition to collecti/e ustice poectsG @hethe the! 3i4 eithe to we3en n3tion3l politic3l so/eei'nt! 3s the! sten'then the 4o3l st3n<in' o& the in<i/i<u3l oD to the cont3! 3s-'n3tie&& 3'uesD the! un<eline the necessit! o& st3te o<e 3s 3 'u33ntee o& i'htsD 3n< hence ou'ht 3ctu3ll! to sten'then o/e;u<ene< st3tesD wh3t in< o& ustice poect is thisG ut 3nothe w3!D i&hu43n i'hts 3e po&&ee< 3s 3 <e&ense 3'3inst politic3l poweJs 3;ilit! to in&lict p3inD in<i'nit!D cuelt!D 3n< <e3thD i& the! st3n< &o politic3l poweJs 4o3l li4it e'3<less o& its inten3l o'3niz3tion ole'iti43c!D wh3t is thei politic3l positionin' 3n< e&&ect in this woG s it tuns outD -'n3tie&& <oes notD in<ee< c3nnotD li4it his ;ie& &o hu43n i'hts to thei 3ttenu3tion o& su&&ein'. R3theD heun<est3n<s the4 3s openin' up po'essi/e politic3l possi;ilit! th3t e8cee<s thei pu/iew. He cl3i4sD &istD th3t hu43n i'hts 43tte ;ec3use the! help people to help the4sel/es 3n< thus inst3nti3te o<e/elop 3'enc! whee it <i< not e8ist ;e&oe (57#. He cl3i4sD secon<D th3t i'hts 3s ci/il 3n< politic3l &ee<o4s 3e the necess3! con<ition &o the e/entu3l 3tt3in4ent o& soci3l 3n< econo4ic secuit!(+#. Thi<D he cl3i4s th3t i'hts l3n'u3'e ce3tes the ;3sis &o En< 3'e 050W con&lictD <eli;e3tionD 3'u4ent 3n< contentionD 3s it po/i<es 3 sh3e< /oc3;ul3! &o4 which ou 3'u4ents c3n ;e'inD3n< the ;3e hu43n 4ini4u4 &o4 which <i&&ein' i<e3s o& hu43n &louishin' c3n t3e oot (+5#. The &ist cl3i4 concens the ontolo'ic3l lo'ic o& hu43n i'hts the secon< cl3i4 concens the histoic3l

lo'ic o& hu43n i'hts 3n< the thi< cl3i4 concens the politic3l lo'ic o& hu43n i'hts. =et us consi<e e3ch ;ie&l!. Hu43n i'hts is 3 l3n'u3'e o& in<i/i<u3l e4powe4entD -'n3tie&& 3'uesD 3n< whenin<i/i<u3ls h3/e 3'enc!D the! c3n potect t he4sel/es 3'3inst inustice. E?u3ll!D when in<i/i<u3ls h3/e 3'enc!D the! c3n <e&ine the4sel/es wh3t the! wish to li/e 3n< <ie &o (57#. -n othe wo<sD hu43ni'hts con&i'ue su;ects 3s eithe 3;le o entitle< (itJs not cle3 which &o -'n3tie&&# to potect t he4sel/es &o4 wh3t the! consi<e unust 3n< <e&ine & o the4sel/es wh3t thei in<i/i<u3l 3i4s 3n< en<s 3e.

s -'n3tie&& 3'ues elsewheeD Ri'hts l3n'u3'e h3s ;een cent3l not si4pl! to the potectionD ;ut 3lso to the po<uction o& 4o<en in<i/i<u3lsD 3 po<uction th3t he speci&ies 3s the pocess o& ;eco4in' 3n

in<i/i<u3lBthe 4ost uni/es3l 3spi3tion ;ehin< 3ll the &o4s o& 4o<enit! on o&&e. 9ut it is not 3t 3ll cle3 th3t hu43n i'hts <iscouse 3ctu3ll!secues the 3utono4! 3n< 3'enc! -'n3tie&& po4ises 3theD this <iscouse o&&es 3 &o4 o& potection &oin<i/i<u3ls th3t 43! t3<e one &o4 o& su;ection &o 3notheD 3n inte/ention ;! 3n e8ten3l 3'ent o set o&institutions th3t po4ises to potect in<i/i<u3ls &o4 3;usi/e st3te powe in p3t ;! epl3cin' th3t powe. ( ecen3n< /e! lite3l c3se o& such 3n e8ch3n'e w3sD o& couseD the inte/ention in -3? ;! the ,nite< St3tes 3n< 9it3inD co44encin' in spin' % 3n< continuin' thou'h the pesentD which c3ie< the &l3' o&hu43n i'hts 3n< which -'n3tie&&D in se/e3l 43o pess /enuesD h3s 3t ti4es <e&en<e< 3s 3 hu43n i'hts e&&ot.0# @hile the epl3ce4ent 43! o 43! not ;e 3 positi/e one &o4 the st3n<point o& e<ucin'

su&&ein'D it <oes not &ollow th3t it necess3il! po<uces 3'enc! o helps people to help the4sel/es. >oeo/eD to the e8tent th3t hu43n i'hts 3eun<estoo< 3s the 3;ilit! to potect onesel& 3'3inst inustice 3n< <e&ine oneJs own en<s in li&eD this is 3 &o4 o&e4powe4ent th3t &ull! e?u3tes e4powe4ent with li;e3l in<i/i<u3lis4. s suchD the po4ise o& i'hts toen3;le the in<i/i<u3lJs c3p3cit! to choose wh3t one wishes to li/e 3n< <ie &o <oes not 3<<ess the histoic3lDpolitic3lD 3n< econo4ic const3ints in which this choice occusB3'enc! is <e&ine< 3s choice within these

const3ints 3n< thus l3'el! co<i&ies these const3ints. Fin3ll!D i& i'hts po4ise 3 shiel< 3oun< in<i/i<u3lsDthe i'ht En< 3'e 055W to choose the li&e the! see &it to le3< (57#D this shiel< constitutes 3 ui<ic3l li4it one'i4es without e4powein' in<i/i<u3ls 3s politic3l 3ctos 3theD it is 3n inst3nce o& wh3t -s3i3h 9elin c3lle<3n< -'n3tie&& en<oses 3s ne'3ti/e li;et!D the i'ht to ;e let 3lone to <o 3s one wishes (57#.

" ethic / t/e,5ce 5chie+es its //site. LiDe,5 s/cieties c/si6e, these+es t/e,5tisi6e, st5tes th5t 5,e Bstiie6 i -5i -5, / /tsi6e,s 5,e6 D it/e,5ce.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

The oi'in3l poectD thenD w3s to ;e 3 consi<e3tion o& the constucti/e 3n< e'ul3to! e&&ects o& tole3nce 3s 3<iscouse o& usticeD citizenshipD 3n< co44unit! in l3te 4o<enD 4ulticultu3l li;e3l <e4oc3ciesD with 3 &ocus

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on the ,nite< St3tes. Howe/eD in the 3&te43th o& Septe4;e 11D politic3l hetoics o& -sl34D n3tion3lis4D&un<34ent3lis4D cultueD 3n< ci/iliz3tion h3/e e&34e< e/en <o4estic <iscouses o& tole3ncethe ene4! o&tole3nce is now the we3ponize< 3<ic3l -sl34icist st3te o teo cell 3the th3n the nei'h;ohoo< ;i'ot3n<h3/e cet3inl! ch3n'e< the cultu3l pitch o& tole3nce in the inten3tion3l sphee. @hile so4e o& these ch3n'esh3/e si4pl! ;ou'ht to the su&3ce lon'pesent su;te3ne3n no4s in li;e3l tole3nce <iscouseD othes h3/e3ticul3te< tole3nce &o 'enuinel! new puposes. These inclu<e the le'iti43tion o& 3 new &o4 o& i4pei3l st3te3ction in the twent!&ist centu!D 3 le'iti43tion tethee< to 3 constucte< opposition ;etween 3 cos4opolit3n

@est 3n< its put3ti/el! &un<34ent3list Othe. Tole3nce thus e4e'es 3s p3t o& 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3t

i<enti&ies ;oth tole3nce 3n< the tole3;le with the @estD 43in' nonli;e3l societies 3n< p3ctices 3sc3n<i<3tes &o 3n intole3;le ;3;3is4 th3t is itsel& si'n3le< ;! the put3ti/e intole3nce ulin' these societies.-n the 4i<nineteenth thou'h 4i<twentieth centuiesD the @est i43'ine< itsel& 3s st3n<in' &o ci/iliz3tion 3'3inst pi4iti/is4D 3n< in t he col< w3 !e3s &o &ee<o4 3'3inst t!3nn! now these two ecenthistoies 3e 4e'e< in the w3in' &i'ues o& the &eeD the tole3ntD 3n< the ci/ilize< on one si<eD 3n< the &un<34ent3listD the intole3ntD 3n< the ;3;3ic on the othe. s it 3ltee< cet3in e4ph3ses inli;e3l <iscouse itsel&D soD tooD <i< the postSepte4;e 11 e3 3lte the oi'in3ll! inten<e< couse o& this stu<!. The new e3 <e43n<e< th3t ?uestions 3;out tole3nce 3s 3 <o4estic 'o/en4ent3lit!po<ucin' 3n< e'ul3tin' ethnicD eli'iousD 3ci3lD 3n< se8u3l su;ects ;e supple4ente< with ?uestions 3;out the ope3tion o& tole3nce in 3n< 3s 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse <istin'uishin' Occi<ent &o4OientD li;e3l &o4 nonli;e3l e'i4esD &ee &o4 un&ee peoples. Such ?uestions inclu<e the &ollowin'2 -& tole3nce is 3 politic3l pinciple use< to 43 3n opposition ;etween li;e3l 3n<&un<34ent3list o<esD how 4i'ht li;e3l tole3nce <iscouse &unction not onl! to 3noint @esten supeioit! ;ut 3lso to le'iti43te @esten cultu3l 3n< politic3l i4pei3lis4G Th3t isD how 4i'ht this<iscouse 3ctu3ll! po4ote @esten supe43c! 3n< 3''ession e/en 3s it /eils the4 in the 4o<est <ess o& tole3nceG How 4i'ht t ole3nceD the /e! /itue th3t S34uel Huntin'ton 3 </oc3tes &opee4ptin' 3 wol<wi<e cl3sh o& ci/iliz3tionsD ope3te 3s 3 e! ele4ent in 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3t co<i&ies the supeioit! 3n< le'iti43tes the supeo<in3tion o& the @estG @h3t is the wo o&tole3nce <iscouse in 3 conte4po3! i4pei3l li;e3l 'o/en4ent3lit!G @h3t in< o& su;ect is thou'ht to ;e c3p3;le o& tole3nceG @h3t sot o& 3tion3lit! 3n< soci3lit! is tole3nce i43'ine< to e?uie3n< wh3t sots 3e thou'ht to inhi;it itin othe wo<sD wh3t 3nthopolo'ic3l pesuppositions <oes li;e3l tole3nce ent3il 3n< cicul3teG -n the en<D the e&&ot to un<est3n< tole3nce 3s 3 <o4estic<iscouse o& ethnicD 3ci3lD 3n< se8u3l e'ul3tionD on the one h3n<D 3n< 3s 3n inten3tion3l <iscouse o& @esten supe43c! 3n< i4pei3lis4 on the otheD <i< not h3/e to e43in pe43nentl! &oe<.Conte4po3! <o4estic 3n< 'lo;3l <iscouses o& tole3nceD while 3ppe3in' 3t &ist ;lush to h3/e el3ti/el! <istinct o;ects 3n< 3i4sD 3e ince3sin'l! 4el<e< in enco4iu4s to tole3nceD such 3s those

&e3tue< in the Si4on @iesenth3l >useu4 o& Tole3nce <iscusse< in ch3pte 0D 3n< 3e 3lso 3n3l!tic3ll! inteline<. The conceit o& secul3is4 un<e 'i<in' thepo4ul'3tion o& tole3nce within 4ulticultu3l li;e3l <e4oc3cies not onl! le'iti43tes thei intole3nce o& 3n<3''ession tow3< nonli;e3l st3tes o t3nsn3tion3l &o43tions ;ut 3lso 'losses the w3!s in which cet3incultues 3n< eli'ions 3e 43e< in 3</3nce 3s ineli'i;le &o tole3nce while othes 3e so he'e4onic 3s to note/en e'iste 3s cultues o eli'ions the! 3e inste3< l3;ele< 43inste34 o si4pl! 4eic3n. -n this w3!Dtole3nce <iscouse in the ,nite< St3tesD while posin' 3s ;oth 3 uni/es3l /3lue 3n< 3n i4p3ti3l p3cticeD<esi'n3tes cet3in ;elie&s 3n< p3ctices 3s ci/ilize< 3n< othes 3s ;3;3icD ;oth 3t ho4e 3n< 3;o3< it ope3tes&o4 3 conceit o& neut3lit! th3t is 3ctu3ll! thic with ;ou'eois otest3nt no4s. The 4o3l 3utono4! o& the in<i/i<u3l 3t the he3t o& li;e3l tole3nce <iscouse is 3lso citic3l in<3win' the line ;etween the tole3;le 3n< the intole3;leD ;oth <o4estic3ll! 3n< 'lo;3ll!D 3n< thee;! se/es to sne3 li;e3lis4 into 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3t cl3i4s to ;e espect&ul o& 3ll cultues3n< eli'ionsD 43n! o& which it woul< 3ctu3ll! un<e4ine ;! li;e3lizin'D 3n<D con/esel!D to sne3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse into li;e3lis4. This is not to s3! th3t tole3nce in ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse ise<uci;le to li;e3lis4 in &3ctD it is ston'l! sh3pe< ;! the le'3c! o& the coloni3l settle n3ti/e encounte 3s well 3s the postcoloni3l encounte ;etween white 3n< in<i'enousD colonize<D o e8popi3te<peoples. This st3in in the le8icon 3n< ethos o& tole3nceD while not e<uci;le to 3 li;e3l '3443 3n< 3n3l!ticsD is nonetheless 4e<i3te< ;! the4 3n< 3lso constitutes 3n ele4ent in the constituti/e outsi<e

o& li;e3lis4 o/e the p3st thee centuies Tole3nce is thus 3 cuci3l 3n3l!tic hin'e ;etween the constitution o& 3;ect <o4esticsu;ects 3n< ;3;3ous 'lo;3l onesD ;etween li;e3lis4 3n< the usti&ic3tion o& its i4pei3l 3n< coloni3l3</entues. ut sli'htl! <i&&eentl!D tole3nce 3s 3 4o<e o& l3te 4o<en 'o/en4ent3lit! th3t ite3tes theno43lc! o& the powe&ul 3n< the <e/i3nce o& the 43'in3l espon<s toD linsD 3n< t34es ;oth unul! <o4estici<entities o 3&&inities 3n< nonli;e3l t3nsn3tion3l &oces th3t t3citl! o e8plicitl! ch3llen'e the uni/es3lst3n<in' o& li;e3l pecepts. Tole3nce e'ul3tes the pesence o& the Othe ;oth insi<e 3n< outsi<e the li;e3l<e4oc3tic n3tionst3teD 3n< o&ten it &o4s 3 cicuit ;etween the4 th3t le'iti43tes the 4ost illi;e3l 3ctions o&the st3te ;! 4e3ns o& 3 te4 consu443tel! 3ssoci3te< with li;e3lis4



)ice,/iTHE FF-R>T-"E OS-TS THE>SE="ES S >STERS OF THE THETRE OF O=-CD 9=E TOCRETE NE@ RE=-T @H-CH >ORE C=OSE= RESE>9=ES THE -)E= FOR> @H-CH >KESTHE-R =N )EFENS-9=E. TH-S )R-"E TO@R)S ,R-F-CT-ON N) E=NT-OND TH-S @-== TOTR,THD -S N TTE>T TO ESCE S,FFER-N N) CRET-"E OTENT-= @H-CH NETES =-FE.

TUR"NLI 2K33!<3nD nietzsche 3n< the l3te witt'ensteinD oun3l o& nietzsche stu<iesD issue %6D p. 61%D 4useW

The c3/in' &o 3;solutel! 'ene3l speci&ic3tions esults in <oin' 4et3ph!sics. ,nlie @itt'ensteinD Nietzsche po/i<es 3n 3ccount o& how this c3/in'

3ises. The c,e5ti/ / the t-/ -/,6s sch 5s 55,et 56 ,e5 -/,6? c/6iti/e6 56c/6iti/e6 wol<? Dei 56 Dec/i is the c,e5ti/ / the ,essetiet / et5hsici5s.Nietzsche s5s? t/ i5ie 5/the,? /,e +55De -/,6 is 5 eJ,essi/ / h5t,e6 /, 5 -/,6th5t 5es /e se,& the ,essetiet / et5hsici5s 55ist 5ct5it is he,e c,e5ti+e (W0

--- 57+#. Esc5i ,/ this -/,6 Dec5se the,e is ,ie i it ,ests i 5sceticis. !5i ,esectt/ the 5scetic i6e5 is /i /, the -/,6 th5t is ,e 56 6e5t,5ize6. C,5+i /,,icti/ess s,5ces? /, 5 t,5sce6et5? ,e? t,e? i6e5? e,ect -/,6? is the ,est / the,essetiet / et5hsic5s -h/ se, i this -/,6 . >et3ph!sici3ns <o not 3&&i4 this wol< 3s it isD 3n< this p3/esthe w3! &o 43n! e8pl3n3to! theoies in philosoph!. -n citicizin' 3 philosophe who p3!s ho43'e to the 3scetic i<e3lD Nietzsche s3!sD he w3nts toescape from torture (# --- 6#. The t3<ition3l philosophe o the 3scetic piest continues to epe3tD U>! in'<o4 is not o& this wol<A (# --- 1#.

This is 3 /i /, 5/the, -/,6 i -hich /e 6/es /t se,. -t is t/ esc5e ,/ this -/,6 t/

c,e5te 5/the, is/,? ictiti/s? 5se -/,6. This /i /, the t,th / 5 -/,6 i -hich/e 6/es /t se, is the 6esi,e /, 5 -/,6 / c/st5c. It is s/se6 th5t c/t,56icti/?ch5e? 56 6eceti/ 5,e the c5ses / se,i in othe wo<sD the senses <ecei/e it is &o4 the senses th3t 3ll

4is&otunes co4e ,e5s/ c/,,ects the e,,/,s the,e/,e ,e5s/ is the ,/56 t/ the c/st5t. I s?this -/,6 is 5 e,,/, the -/,6 5s it /ht t/ De eJists. This -i t/ t,th? this Mest /, 5/the,

-/,6? this 6esi,e /, the -/,6 5s it /ht t/ De? is the ,est / ,/6cti+e thii. It is,/6cti+e Dec5se it is the ,est / 5+/i6i the c,e5ti/ / the -/,6 5s it /ht t/ De.

cco<in' to NietzscheD the -i t/ t,th is the i/tece / the -i t/ c,e5te (W0 --- 5$5#. >et3ph!sici3ns en< up with the ce3tion o& the tue wol< in cont3st to the 3ctu3lD ch3n'e3;leD <ecepti/eD sel&cont3<icto! wol<. The! t! to <isco/e the tueD

t3nscen<ent3l wol< th3t is 3le3<! thee 3the th3n ce3tin' 3 wol< &o the4sel/es. F/, NietzscheD on the othe h3n<? thet,5sce6et5 -/,6 is the 6e5t,5ize6 -/,6 (W0 --- 5$6<. The -5 /t / the ci,ce c,e5te6 Dthe ,essetiet / et5hsici5s is the -i t/ ie ,5the, th5 the -i t/ t,th. The -i t/t,th c5 De /+e,c/e / th,/h 5 )i/si5 ,e5ti/shi t/ eJistece. This is the -5 t/ 5e- hi/s/h? -hich in @itt'ensteinAs te4s 5is t/ sh/- the the -5 /t / the =D/tte ( 01 Z+#.

"N)? T'E 1"CAS !OLITIC"L ST"TEENTS "RE USTIFIC"TION FOR T'EIR !"T'OS OFRE"CTION T'E "FF IS " ;"LORI@"TION OF RESIST"NCE TO C"!TURE T'EIR $ORE)O.

"CTI;IS GI;ES T'E " FEELING OF RE;OLUTION 'ILE KEE!ING E;ERYT'ING T'ES"E.

NIET@SC'E 1887 Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceD p'. 117$W

The craving for suffering - @hen - thin o& the c3/in' to <o so4ethin'D which continu3ll! ticles 3n< spus those 4illions o& !oun' Euope3ns whoc3nnot en<ue thei ;oe<o4 3n< the4sel/esD then - e3lize th3t the! 4ust h3/e 3 c3/in' to su&&e 3n< to &in< in thei su&&ein' 3 po;3;le e3son &o

3ctionD &o <ee<s. Nee6iess is ee6e6 2ot ist n3tig.W 'ece the /itici5s c5/,? hece the 43n! &3lseD&ictitiousD eJ5e,5te6 Pc/6iti/s / 6ist,essP o& 3ll sots o& cl3sses 56 the Di6 ,e56iess t/ Deie+e ithe. These !oun' e/e 6e56 th5tnot h3ppiness ;ut h5iess sh/6 5,/5ch ,/ the/tsi6e 56 Dec/e +isiDe 56 thei, i5i5ti/ is Ds i 56+5ce t/ t, it it/ 5 /ste,s/ th5t 3&tew3< the c5 iht 5 /ste,. -& these people who c3/e <istess &elt the sten'th insi<e the4sel/es to ;ene&it the4sel/es

3n< to <o so4ethin' &o the4sel/es inten3ll!D then the i the -/,6 -ith thei, c5/, 5D/t 6ist,ess 56 5 t///te it,/6ce it it/ the eei / 6ist,ess. The 6/ /t /- -h5t t/ 6/ -ith these+es56 the,e/,e 5it the 6ist,ess / /the,s / the -5 the 5-5s ee6 /the,s "6 c/ti5/the, /the,s 3<on 4eD 4! &ien<sD - h3/e /entue< to p3int 4! h3ppiness on the w3ll.

"N)? T'E "FFIR"TI;E "TTE!TS TO E>TEN) T'IS NEG"TI;E CONCE!T OF "STERYTO T'E 'OLE E;ENT OF E>ISTENCE TO ER")IC"TE C'"OS. "G"INST SUC' "N



OR)ERING? YOU S'OUL) "FFIR T'E FREE S!IRIT "S " TOYING IT' T'IS SL";IS'FR"EORK OF LIFE. IT IS T'E ONLY !OSITI;E C'OICE.

NIET@SC'E 1873On Tuth 3n< =ies in 3 Non4o3l SenseD p' 7W

The ,ee iteect copies hu43n li&eD ;ut it c/si6e,s this ie t/ De so4ethin' //6 56 sees t/ De Mites5tisie6 -ith it. Th5t iese ,5e-/, 56 5i / c/cets t/ -hich the ee6 5

cis his -h/e ie lon' i /,6e, t/ ,ese,+e hise is /thi Dt 5 sc5/6i 56 t/ /, the/st 565ci/s e5ts / the iDe,5te6 iteect. "6 -he it s5shes this ,5e-/, t/ ieces?th,/-s it it/ c/si/? 56 ts it D5c t/ethe, in 3n ionic &3shionD p3iin' the 4ost 3lien thin's 3n< sep33tin' the

closestD it is 6e/st,5ti th5t it h5s / ee6 / these 5eshits / i6iece 56 th5t it -i /- De i6e6 D ititi/s ,5the, th5 D c/cets. Thee is no e'ul3 p3th which le3<s &o4 these intuitions into the l3n< o&'hostl! sche43t3D the l3n< o& 3;st3ctions. Thee e8ists no wo< &o these intuitions when 43n sees the4 he 'ows <u4;D o else he spe3s onl! in

&o;i<<en 4et3phos 3n< in unhe3<o& co4;in3tions o& concepts. He <oes this so th3t D sh5tte,i 56 /ci the /6c/cet5 D5,,ie,s he 5 5t e5st c/,,es/6 c,e5ti+e t/ the i,essi/ / the /-e,,eset ititi/.

"N)? T'E "FFIR"TI;E C"N "L"YS I)ENTIFY " !"RTICUL"R T'RE"T TO OURE>ISTENCE. T'E INSECURITIES OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E "RE " )"ILY RE"LITY&

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQ. T'EIR )ESIRE FOR "STERY "N) CONTROL IN RES!ONSE TO T'ESEIN'ERENT CON)ITIONS OF LIFE IS " )OESTIC"TION OF T'E ORL) 'IC'

"TTE!TS TO CLE"NSE T'E UNKNON. T'IS ISNAT UST "$OUT )E"T' GI;EN T'"T E "LL )IE? $UT T'E !"RTS OF LIFE T'"T "KE IT ;"LU"$LE. T'EIR "CT OF !ITYNEG"TES OUR "$ILITY TO "FFIR "N) CRE"TE? "KING US $ORING CRE"TURES

IT'OUT UC' ;"LUE. T'EIR FR"EORK FOR LIFE "KES E>TINCTION )ESIR"$LE.

NIET@SC'E 188% &e<ichD ;e!on< 'oo< 3n< e/ilD 3ph Y %%5D p'. 0%W

@hethe he<onis4D o pessi4is4D o utilit3i3nis4D o eu<3i4oni3nis4 (6#B3ll these w3!s o& thinin'D which 4e3sue the /3lue o& thin's 3cco<in' tople3sue 3n< p3inD th3t isD 3cco<in' to contin'ent cicu4st3nces 3n< secon<3! issuesD 3e w3!s o& thinin' in the &oe'oun< 3n< n3[/et\D whiche/e!one who nows 3;out ce3ti/e &oces 3n< 3n 3tistic conscience will loo <own onD not without i<icule 3n< not without co4p3ssion. Co4p3ssion

&o !ousel&Bth3t isD o& couseD /t c/5ssi/ the -5 / e5 the te,& its /t it /, s/ci5 Pee6s?P/, Ps/cietP 56 its sic 56 c e/e? with those <ep3/e< 3n< ;oen <own &o4 the st3tD 3n< with the w3! the! lie

on the 'oun< 3ll 3oun< usBe+e ess is it c/5ssi/ /, the ,Di /,esse6? the ,eDei/s s5+ec5sses? -h/ st,i+e /, 5ste,the c5 it PF,ee6/.P

O, c/5ssi/ is 5 hihe, c/5ssi/ -hich sees ,the,-e see h/- 5 is 5i hises5e,? h/- / 5e hi s5e,56 the,e 5,e /ets -he -e // 5t /, c/5ssi/

-ith 5 i6esc,iD5De 5Jiet? -he,e -e 6ee6 /,se+es 55ist this c/5ssi/Bwhee we &in< !ou

seiousness 4oe <3n'eous th3n 3n! c3elessness. Y/ -5tD i& possi;leB3n< thee is no wil<e i& possi;leBt/ 6/ 5-5 -ithse,i. @h3t 3;out usG It 6/es see th5t -e -/6 ,ee, it t/ De hihe, 56 -/,se th5 it e+e,

-5s e Dei? the -5 / 6e,st56 it? th5ts / /5. T/ s th5t //s ie 5 e6? 5c/6iti/ -hich ie6i5te 5es h5 Deis 5h5De 56 c/tetiDe? s/ethi

-hich 5es thei, 6est,cti/ 6esi,5De The cultue o& su&&ein'D o& 'e3t su&&ein'D <onJt !ou e3lize th3t up to this point it is/ this se,i -hich h5s c,e5te6 5 the this -hich ,5ise 5 4

"N)? "TTE!TS TO SECURE OUR E>!ERIENCE OF E>ISTENCE !'YSIC"LLY OR!SYC'OLOGIC"LLY SU!!RESS "N) INTERN"LI@E !"R"NOI"C FE"R. T'IS !RO)UCESLIFE "S " "N"GERI"L !ROECT 'ERE E CONST"NTLY STRUGGLE TO !REFECT ITT'ROUG' SECURITY. T'IS FUELS " RESSENTIENT T'"T NEG"TES $E"UTY "N) LIFE.

)ER )ER-N +534esD On Secuit!D p'. %+W



The -i t/ /-e,D thenD shoul< not ;e con&use< with 3 Ho;;esi3n pepetu3l <esie &o powe. -t c3nD i its e5ti+e /,?,/6ces 5 ,e5cti+e 56 ,eset /i /, / /-e,D e56iD in NietzscheJs /iewD t/ 5 t,ih /ihiis. 9ut Nietzsche e&es to 5 /siti+e -i t/ /-e,? 5 5cti+e 56 5ecti+e /,ce / Dec/i? &o4

which /3lues 3n< 4e3nin's 5,e ,/6ce6 -hich 5i, ie. C/+eti/s / sec,it 5ct t/ s,ess ,5the,th5 c/,/t the e5,s e6eic t/ ieD &o ... li&e itsel& is essenti3ll! 3ppopi3tionD inu!D o/epowein' o& wh3t is 3lien 3n< we3e suppessionD h3<nessD i4position o& oneJs own &o4sD incopo3tion 3n< 3t le3stD 3t its 4il<estD e8ploit3tion;ut wh! shoul< one 3lw3!s use

those wo<s in which sl3n<eous intent h3s ;een i4pinte< &o 3'es. 5 Elsewhee Nietzsche est3;lishes the pe/3si/eness o& 3'onis4 in li&e2 ie is5 c/seMece / -5,? s/ciet itse 5 e5s t/ -5,. 6 9ut the 6ei5 / this e,5et c/6iti/

the e/,t t/ 6isise it -ith 5 c/ses5 ,5ti/5it /, t/ hi6e ,/ it -ith 5 icti/5s/+e,eit? 5,e 5 eects / this s,essi/ / e5,. The 6esi,e /, sec,it is 5ieste6 5s 5c/ecti+e ,esetet / 6ie,ece==th5t -hich is /t s? /t ce,t5i? /t ,e6ict5De. C/icit

-ith 5 e5ti+e -i t/ /-e, is the e5,=6,i+e 6esi,e /, ,/tecti/ ,/ the /-. Uiethe /siti+e -i t/ /-e,? which po<uces 3n 3esthetic 3&&i43tion o& <i&&eenceD the se5,ch /, t,th ,/6ces 5t,c5te6 ie -hich c//,s t/ the ,5ti/5 /-5De? t/ the c5s5 sst5i5De. -n The 3!ScienceD Nietzsche 3ss o& the e3<e2 =ooD isnJt ou nee< &o nowle<'e pecisel! this nee< &o the &34ili3D the will to unco/e e/e!thin' st3n'eDunusu3lD 3n< ?uestion3;leD so4ethin' th3t no lon'e <istu;s usG -s it not the instinct o& &e3 th3t ;i<s us to nowG n< is the u;il3tion o& those who

o;t3in nowle<'e not the u;il3tion o/e the esto3tion o& 3 sense o& secuit!G 7 The e5, / the /- 56 the 6esi,e /,ce,t5it c/Die t/ ,/6ce 5 6/estic5te6 ie? i -hich c5s5it 56 ,5ti/5it Dec/e thehihest si / 5 s/+e,ei se? the s,est ,/tecti/ 55ist c/tiet /,ces. The &e3 o& &3te 3ssues 3

;elie& th3t e/e!thin' e3son3;le is tueD 3n< e/e!thin' tueD e3son3;le. -n shotD the sec,it ie,5ti+e ,/6ces? 56 issst5ie6 D? the st,5teies / /-e6e -hich see t/ eJ5i it. Nietzsche eluci<3tes the n3tue o& this

'ene3ti/e el3tionship in The Twili'ht o& the -<ols 2 The c3us3l instinct is thus con<ition3l uponD 3n< e8cite< ;!D the &eelin' o& &e3. The wh!G sh3llD i& 3t3ll possi;leD not 'i/e the c3use &o its own s3e so 4uch 3s &o 3 p3ticul3 in< o& c3use 3 c3use th3t is co4&otin'D li;e3tin' 3n< elie/in'. . . . Th5t

-hich is e- 56 st,5e 3n< h3s not ;een e8peience< ;e&oeD is eJc6e6 5s 5 c5se. Thus /e not onl! se5,ches&o so4e in< o& e8pl3n3tionD to se/e 3s 3 c3useD ;ut /, 5 p3ticul3l! selecte< 3n< ,ee,,e6 i6 / eJ55ti/th3t which 4ost

?uicl! 3n< &e?uentl! 3;olishe< the &eelin' o& the st3n'eD new 3n< hitheto une8peience<2 the /st h5Dit5 eJ55ti/s. $ "s5e ie ,eMi,es s5e t,ths. The st,5e 56 the 5ie ,e5i eJ5ie6? the /-

Dec/es i6etiie6 5s e+i? 56 e+i ,/+/es h/stiit==,ecci the 6esi,e /, sec,it. ThePiece / tii6it?P 3s Nietzsche puts itD c,e5tes 5 e/e -h/ 5,e -ii t/ sD/,6i5te 5i,5ti+e

+5es t/ the PecessitiesP / sec,it& Pthe e5, ch5e? t,5sit/,iess& this eJ,esses 5st,5itee6 s/? / ist,st 56 e+i eJe,ieces.P +The /-5De -hich c5/t Dec/t5ie6 D /,ce /, eJ5ie6 D ,e5s/ is ,ee5te6 t/ the /=-/,6. PT,st?P the P//6?P 56/the, c// +5es c/e t/ ,e / 5 P5,tiici5 st,ethP& Pthe eei / sec,it such 3s theChisti3n possesses he &eels ston' in ;ein' 3;le to tustD to ;e p3tient 3n< co4pose<2 he owes this 3ti&ici3l sten'th to the illusion o& ;ein' potecte< ;!3 'o<.

"N)? T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS TO "FFIR )ESTINY "N) C'"NCE. YOU S'OUL) T"KE T'ERISK OF E>!OSING YOURSELF TO ;IOLENT I!"CTS? "$"N)ON T'E )ESIRE FOR"STERY? "N) E$R"CE T'E UNKNON "N) UNF"ILI"R "S!ECTS OF LIFE $YREFUSING TO ENG"GE T'E 1"C. T'IS RISKS )"NGER $UT YOUR ORT"LITY ISSOET'ING T'"T IS CERT"IN "NY"Y. T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS T'E ONLY "Y TO LI;ELIFE E;ENTFULLY "N) ");ENTUROUSLY? T'ROUG' " ROLLING OF T'E )ICE.

)E=E,ME $illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D p'. %5%7W

The 5e h5s t-/ /ets -hich 5,e th/se / 5 6iceth,/- the 6ice th5t is th,/- 56 the6ice th5t 5s D5c. Nietzsche ,esets the 6iceth,/- 5s t5i 5ce / t-/ 6istict t5Des? thee5,th 56 the s. The e5,th -he,e the 6ice 5,e th,/- 56 the s -he,e the 6ice 5 D5c 2 i&e/e - h3/e pl3!e< <ice with the 'o<s 3t thei t3;leD the e3thD so th3t the e3th te4;le< 3n< ;oe open 3n< ste34s o& &ie snote< &oth &o the e3th is3 t3;le o& the 'o<sD 3n< te4;lin' with ce3ti/e new wo<s 3n< the <ice thows o& the 'o<s (M --- The Se/en Se3ls p. %05#. O s! 3;o/e 4eD !ou pue3n< lo&t! s!Q This is now !ou puit! to 4eD th3t thee is no eten3l e3sonspi<e 3n< spi<eAs we; in !ou th3t !ou 3e to 4e 3 <3nce &loo &o <i/ine

ch3ncesD th3t !ou 3e to 4e 3 'o<As t3;le &o <i/ine <ice 3n< <ices (M --- 9e&oe Sunise p. 1$6#. $t these t-/ t5Des 5,e /t t-/ -/,6s. The 5,e the t-/ h/,s / 5 sie -/,6? the t-/ /ets / 5 sie -/,6? i6iht56 i665 the hou when the <ice 3e thownD the hou when the <ice &3ll ;3c. Nietzsche insists on the two t3;les o& li&e which 3e 3lso the two

4o4ents o& the pl3!e o the 3tist e temporarily abandon life, in order to then temporarily fix our gaze uponit.” The dicethrow affirms becoming and it affirms the being of becoming. It is /t 5 5tte, / se+e,56iceth,/-s -hich? Dec5se / thei, De,? i5 ,e,/6ce the s5e c/Di5ti/. On the

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cont3! ? it is 5 5tte, / 5 sie 6iceth,/- -hich D <ue to the nu4;e o& the co4;in3tion po<uce<D c/es t/,e,/6ce itse 5s sch. -t is not th3t 3 l3'e nu4;e o& thows po<uce the epetition o& 3 co4;in3tion ;ut 3the the nu4;e o& the

co4;in3tion which po<uces the epetition o& the <icethow. The 6ice -hich 5,e th,/- /ce 5,e the 5i,5ti/ /ch5ce? the c/Di5ti/ -hich the /, / 5i is the 5i,5ti/ / ecessit. Necessit is5i,e6 / ch5ce i th5t Dei is 5i,e6 / Dec/i 56 it is 5i,e6 / tiicit . -t will ;e eplie<D in /3inD th3t thown to ch3nceD the <ice <o not necess3il! po<uce the winnin' co4;in3tionD the <ou;le si8 which ;in's ;3c the

<icethow. This is tueD ;ut onl! inso&3 3s the pl3!e <i< not now how to affirm ch3nce &o4 the outset. FoD Bst 5s it 6/es /ts,ess /, 6e tiicit? ecessit 6/es /t s,ess /, 5D/ish ch5ce. Nietzsche

i6etiies ch5ce -ith tiicit? -ith ,5ets? -ith 5,ts? -ith ch5/s& the ch5/s / the 6iceth5t 5,e sh5e 56 the th,/-. Nietzsche t,s ch5ce it/ 5 5i,5ti/. The s itse isc5e6 ch5ce=s? innocences! (M --- 9e&oe Sunise# the ei'n o& M33thust3 is c3lle< 'e3t ch3nce (M -" The Hone! O&&ein'

3n< --- O& Ol< 3n< New =3w T3;les @5,5thst,5 c5s hise the ,e6eee, / ch5ce#. 4( chance, he is the wol<As

ol<est no;ilit!D which - h3/e 'i/en ;3c to 3ll thin's I h5+e ,ee5se6 the ,/ thei, se,+it6e 6e, ,/se . . . Ih5+e /6 this h5 ce,t5it i 5 this& th5t the ,ee, t/ 65ce / the eet / ch5ce (M ---

9e&oe Sunise p. 1$6# >! <octine is U=et ch3nce co4e to 4e2 it is 3s innocent 3s 3 little chil<QA (M --- On the >ount o& Oli/es p. 1+0#. h5tNietzsche c5s ecessit :6esti< is thus e+e, the 5D/iti/ Dt ,5the, the c/Di5ti/ /ch5ce itse. Necessit is 5i,e6 / ch5ce i 5s ch 5s ch5ce itse 5i,e6. F/, the,e is/ 5 sie c/Di5ti/ / ch5ce 5s sch? 5 sie -5 / c/Dii 5 the 5,ts / ch5ce? 5

-5 -hich is ie the it / tiicit D th3t is to s3! nu4;e o necessit!. Thee 3e 43n! nu4;es with ince3sin' o<ece3sin' po;3;ilitiesD ;ut onl! one nu4;e o& ch3nce 3s suchD one &3t3l nu4;e which eunites 3ll the &3'4ents o& ch3nceD lie 4i<<3! '3thesto'ethe the sc3ttee< p3ts o& 4i<ni'ht. This is wh! it is su&&icient &o the pl3!e to 3&&i4 ch3nce once in o<e to po<uce the nu4;e which ;in's ;3c

the <ice thow.%%To now how to 3&&i4 ch3nce is to now how to pl3!. 9ut we <o not now how to pl3!D Ti4i<D 3sh34e<D 3ww3<D lie 3 ti'e whose le3p h3s &3ile<. 9ut

wh3t o& th3t !ou <icethowesQ ou h3/e not le3ne< to pl3! 3n< 4oc 3s 3 43n ou'ht to pl3! 3n< 4ocQ (M -" O& the Hi'he >3n 10 p. #. The D56 5e, counts on se/e3l thows o& the <iceD on 3 'e3t nu4;e o& thows. -n this w3! he 5es se / c5s5it 56,/D5Diit t/ ,/6ce 5 c/Di5ti/ th5t he sees 5s 6esi,5De. 'e /sits this c/Di5ti/ itse5s 5 e6 t/ De /Dt5ie6? hi66e Dehi6 c5s5it. This is wh3t Nietzsche 4e3ns when he spe3s o& the eten3l spi<eD o&the spi<eAs we; o& e3sonD in< o& spi<e o& i4pe3ti/e 3n< &o43lit! hi<<en ;ehin< the 'e3t we;D the 'e3t net o& c3us3lit! B we coul< s3!D with

Ch3les the 9ol< when he oppose< =ouis -D - &i'ht the uni/es3l spi<e (> --- +#. T/ 5D/ish ch5ce D h/6i it i the ,i/ c5s5it 56 i5it? t/ c/t / the ,eetiti/ / th,/-s ,5the, th5 5i,i ch5ce? t/5tici5te 5 ,est iste56 / 5i,i ecessit these 5,e 5 the /e,5ti/s / 5 D56 5e,.

The h5+e thei, ,//t i ,e5s/? Dt -h5t is the ,//t / ,e5s/4 The spiit o& e/en'eD nothin' ;ut the spiit o&

e/en'eD the spi<e (M -- O& the T33ntul3s#. Ressetiet i the ,eetiti/ / th,/-s D56 c/sciece i the Deie i 5 ,/se. $t? i this -5? 5 th5t -i e+e, De /Dt5ie6 5,e /,e /, ess ,/D5De

,e5ti+e De,s.

Th5t the i+e,se h5s / ,/se? th5t it h5s / e6 t/ h/e /, 5 /,e th5 it h5s c5ses t/ De /- this is the ce,t5it ecess5, t/ 5 -e (" -ll 065#. The 6iceth,/- 5is Dec5sech5ce h5s /t Dee 5i,e6 e/h i /e th,/-. It h5s /t Dee 5i,e6 e/h i /,6e, t/,/6ce the 5t5 De, -hich ecess5,i ,eites 5 the ,5ets 56 D,is D5c the6iceth,/-. e st the,e/,e 5tt5ch the ,e5test i/,t5ce t/ the //-i c/csi/& /,the c/e c5s5it=i5it? ,/D5Diit=i5it D &o the opposition 3n< the s!nthesis o& these te4sD &o the we; o& these

te4sD Nietzsche sDstittes the )i/si5 c/,,e5ti/ / ch5ce=ecessit D the )ion!si3n couple ch3nce

<estin!. Not 3 po;3;ilit! <isti;ute< o/e se/e3l thows ;ut 3ll ch3nce 3t one not 3 &in3lD wille< co4;in3tionD ;ut the 5t5 c/Di5ti/?5t5 56 /+e6? 5/, 5ti /t the ,et, o& 3 co4;in3tion D the De, / th,/-s? Dt the ,eetiti// 5 6iceth,/- D the 5t,e / the 5t5 /Dt5ie6 De,.

N)D TO FF-R> CHNCE N) THE TR-C -N =-FE -S TO =ERN TO SEE THE 9EST -N THE @ORSTOF @HT -S NECESSR. TH-S -S =-9ERT-ON OF THE FREE -NTE==ECT FRO> THE O=ESSCONCET OF =-FE -N THE 1C.

)E=E,ME $illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D p 171$W

)i/ss 5i,s 5 th5t 5e5,s? e+e the /st Ditte, se,iD 3n< 3ppe3s in 3ll th3t is 3&&i4e<.

tie 56 ,5ist 5i,5ti/ this is the essece / the t,5ic . This will ;eco4e cle3e i& we consi<e the<i&&iculties o& making everthing 3n o;ect o& 3&&i43tion. Hee the e&&ot 3n< the 'enius o& plu3lis4 3e necess3!D the powe o& t3ns&o43tionsD



)ion!si3n l3ce3tion. he 5ish 56 6isst 5e5, i Nietzsche it is 5-5s 5t this /it& c5e+e,thi Dec/e 5 /DBect / 5i,5ti/? th3t is to s3! / B/4 @e 4ust &in<D &o e3ch thin' in tunD the speci3l 4e3ns

;! which it is 3&&i4e<D ;! which it ce3ses to ;e ne'3ti/e.A% The t,5ic is /t t/ De /6 i this 5ish /, 6isst? /,i 5 /st5i5 /, /st it. The t,5ic is / t/ De /6 i tiicit? i the 6i+e,sit /5i,5ti/ 5s sch. h5t 6eies the t,5ic is the B/ / tiicit? ,5 B/. This B/ is /tthe ,est / 5 sDi5ti/? 5 ,i? 5 c/es5ti/? 5 ,esi5ti/ /, 5 ,ec/cii5ti/. Nietzsche

c3n 3tt3c 3ll theoies o& the t3'ic &o &3ilin' to eco'nize t3'e<! 3s 3n 3esthetic pheno4enon. The t,5ic is the 5esthetic /, / B/? /t 5 e6ic5 h,5se /, 5 /,5 s/ti/ t/ 5i? e5, /, it.1 -t is o! th3t is t3'ic. 9ut this 4e3ns th3t

t,5e6 is ie6i5te B/? th5t it / c5s /,th the e5, 56 it / the /Dtse sect5t/,?the 5th//ic5 56 /,5isi istee, -h/ c/ts / it t/ es,e the ,/e, cti/i /his /,5 sDi5ti/s 56 e6ic5 ,is. Ths the 5,tistic istee, is 5s/ ,eD/, -ith the,eDi,th / t,5e6. I his 5ce i the the5t,e 5 c,i/s Mi6 ,/ M/ se6 t/ sit -ith h5 /,5?h5 sch/5, ,etesi/s the Hc,iticA (9T %% p. 1#. n< in<ee<D 5 t,e ,e5iss5ce is ee6e6 i /,6e,t/ iDe,5te the t,5ic ,/ 5 the e5, /, it / the D56 istee,s -h/ 5+e it 5 e6i/c,e sese

D/, / D56 c/sciece. The 3nti<i3lectic3l 3n< 3ntieli'ious <e34 which uns thou'h the whole o& NietzscheAs philosoph! is 3 lo'ic o&

4ultiple 3&&i43tion 3n< thee&oe 3 lo'ic o& pue 3&&i43tion 3n< 3 coespon<in' ethic o& o! . The t,5ic is /t /6e6 / 5,e5ti/ / ie 56 the e5ti+e Dt / the esseti5 ,e5ti/ / B/ 56 tiicit? / the/siti+it 56 tiicit? / 5i,5ti/ 56 tiicit. The heo is o!&ulD this is wh3t h3sD up to nowD esc3pe< the3uthos o& t3'e<ies (" -" 5#. T3'e<! B &3nD <!n34icD '3iet!.



F/,ettiT'E "FF CONFRONTS T'E '"RS $Y ;"LORI@ING T'E 1"C "S " OR"L C'OICE 'IC'

"!!E"RS TO RESOL;E T'E CRISIS $UT IT ONLY INTERN"LI@ES T'E SUFFERING OF T'E'"R TO "SK IT IT' SUR!LUS ENOYENT.

@U PANČČ !"# 3len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 070+W

-t 4i'ht see4 th3t the notion o& the 3scetic i<e3lD 3s well 3s NietzscheAs 3n3l!sis 3n< citicis4 o& itD so4ehow ;elon's to the p3stD 3n< h3s no p3ticul3ele/3nce to ou l3'el! he<onistic post4o<en con<ition. et this 3ssu4ption coul< not ;e 4oe eoneous. The he6/is //st/6e, s/ciet? 5, ,/ ,e,eseti 5 ste /t / the ,5e-/, / -h5t Nietzsche c5sthe 5scetic i6e5? is 6ee ,//te6 i this ,5e-/, . -n o<e to see thisD we 4ust &ist un<est3n< th3tD &o Nietzsche?the 5sceticis i+/+e6 i the 5scetic i6e5 <oes not si4pl! in/ol/e 3 enounce4ent o& eno!4ent it i+/+esD 3;o/e 3llD 5seciic /6e /, 5,tic5ti/ / eB/et. >oeo/eD one coul< e/en s3! th3t the 3scetic i<e3l coinci<es with the /e!

in/ention o& eno!4ent2 eB/et 5s 6ie,et ,/ e5s,eD 3s so4ethin' which liesBto use Feu<As te4B;e!on< theple3sue pinciple.

-&D 3cco<in' to NietzscheD 5 ,e5t ,eii/s 3e 3n 3nswe to 43nAs &eelin's o& <isple3sue 3n< p3inD the! ne/e te3t the c3use o& this

<isple3sue. -nste3<D the! s//the the ses5ti/ / 6ise5s,eB the! soothe it D ,/+i6i 5 e+e st,/e,ses5ti/. The lite3ll! /tsc,e5 the 6ise5s,e (3n< the <epessionBthis is NietzscheUs te4Bline< to it# with 3ne/en sh3pe 3n< 4oe 3cute &eelin'D on 3ccount o& which we no lon'e &eel the pe/ious <isple3sue. The eli'ious (3n< especi3ll! Chisti3n# cue &o<epessi/e <isco4&ot co4es not in the &o4 o& 3n 3n3l'esic o 3 t3n?uilizeD ;utD 3theD in the &o4 o& 3n iit3tin' <u' o e8cit3tion3iseD 3

sti4ul3nt. The 5scetic i6e5D wites NietzscheD is e/e6 t/ ,/6ce /,ies / eei# % It is 5D/tie,si the h5 s/ i te,,/,s? ice? 5es? 56 ,5t,es to such 3n e8tent th5t it is iDe,5te6,/ 5 ett 6ise5s,e? //? 56 6e,essi/# This is the /e! coe o& the 3scetic i<e3l2 E/e!whee the ;3<conscienceD th3t 3;o4in3;le ;e3stD 3s =uthe c3lle< it e/e!whee the p3st e'u'it3te<D the &3ct <istote<D the 3un<ice< e!e &o 3ll 3ction .e/e!whee the scou'eD the h3i shitD the st3/in' ;o<!D contition e/e!whee the sinne ;e3in' hi4sel& on the cuel wheel o& 3 estless 4o;i<l!l3sci/ious conscience e/e!whee <u4; to4entD e8te4e &e3D the 3'on! o& thetotue< he3tD con/ulsions o& 3n unnown h3ppiness . . 2 3w3eD e/el3stin'l! 3w3eD sleeplessD 'lowin'D ch3e<D spent 3n< !et not we3!Bthus w3s the43nD the sinneD initi3te< into this 4!ste!. This 3ncient 4i'ht! socee in his stu''le with <isple3sueD the 3scetic piestBhe h3< o;/iousl! wonD his

in'<o4 h3< co4e2 one no lon'e poteste< 3'3inst p3inD one thiste< &o p3in 4oe p3inQ 4oe p3inQ1 -n 3 wo<D one coul< s3! th3t the thin' the5scetic i6e5 e/s in esponse to <isple3sue is B/iss5ceD (suplus# eno!4ent2 4o;i<l! l3sci/ious conscienceD con/ulsions o3n unnown h3ppinessD 3n< the &un<34ent3l i4pe3ti/e2 >oeQ EncoeQ -t 3lso in/ents the secon< ;o<!2 3 su;li4e ;o<!D sleepless 3n< spentD 3s i&

ch3e<D ;ut ne/e we3!. Nietzsche epe3ts this insistentl!2 the 5scetic i6e5 is 3;out e8cite4entBit isD so to spe3D 5 5ssi/ 6iet

it is not 3;out 4o<e3tionD it countes p3ssions with 3 suplus o& pue p3ssion. -t 4i'ht ;e inteestin' to note th3t this po;le43tic is /e! closel!connecte< to the one <iscusse< ;! Eic S3ntne in his ;oo On the s!chotheolo'! o& E/e!<3! =i&e2 Re&lections on Feu< 3n< Rosenzwei. S3ntne st3ts&o4 the notion th3t li&eBoD t3en 4oe n3owl!D the ps!cheBis ch33cteize< ;! 3 constituti/e too4uchness (the hu43n 4in< is <e&ine< ;! the &3ct

th3t it inclu<es 4oe e3lit! th3n it c3n cont3inBit ;e3s 3n e8cessD 3 too4uchness o& pessue th3t is not 4eel! ph!siolo'ic3l#. This t//=chess o& pessue c3nnot ;e <one 3w3! withD ;ut it c3n t3e two <i&&eent &o4s o p3ths2 it c5 De eithe, the 5et / /,e5eet i the i6st / ie? /, 5 6eese 55ist sch e5eet. The line ;etween the twoD ;etweenthe p3ssions in&usin' ou en'3'e4ent in the wol< 3n< ou <e&enses 3'3inst such en'3'e4entD is o&ten 3 thin one. The co44on p3th is pecisel! the one

th3t const3ins ou c3p3cities ;! ;u<enin' the4 with 3n unc3nn! sot o& suplus 3ni43tion. e 5,e 6e5i he,e -ith 55,56/Jic5 in< o& et5 ee, th5t c/st,5is D e5s / eJcess th5t e5+es s stc 565,5ze6 pecisel! D -5 / 3 cet3in in< o& itesiic5ti/ 56 5iic5ti/.P This e&&ectD which S3ntne c3lls un<e3<enin'D is 'ene3ti/e o& 3 <istu;in' suplus 3ni43tionD 3n< is not unlie the in'As Usecon< ;o<!A posite< ;!

theoists o& so/eei'nt!.16 @h3t Nietzsche <iscusses un<e the n34e o& the 5scetic i6e5 is ,ecise this i6 / 5ssi/?i -hich 5 is 5-5es,ee 5-5eD 3ni43te< 3n< i44ese< in /e! ston' sens3tions 3n< &eelin'sB Dt /t 5i+eThe wo< th3t Nietzsche uses to e8pess this (3 ch3e< 43n# is /e! elo?uent in itsel&. -n this espectD NietzscheAs <i3'nosis is ?uite cont3! to >38As<i3'nosis2 eli'ion is not so 4uch the opiu4 o& the peopleD 3 t3n?uilize th3t constitutes 3n esc3pe &o4 (h3sh# e3lit!D 3s 3n e8cit3tion3ise which

;in<s us to this e3lit! ;! 3cti/3tin' so4e 4oti&!in' p3ssion. )isc//,t is s//the6 (o silence<# D c,ises 56 st5tes /

ee,ec i -hich 5 sDBect ees 5i+e. $t this 5i+e is /thi /the, th5 6e56ess?the et,ii ,i / s,s eJcit5ti/ 56 5it5ti/. O& couseD Nietzsche 3lso o&ten t3ls 3;out the opiu4 <i4ensiono& eli'ion2 the &3i!t3le 3;out li&e 3&te <e3thD 3;out the e8istence o& 3notheD ;ette wol<D 3;out the e8istence o& 3 i'hteous u<'e who c3n 43e senseo& the o&ten senseless 3n< un&otun3te /icissitu<es o& ou <3il! li&e. 9ut he <oes not situ3te the coe o& eli'ious 43ste! (the 3scetic i<e3l# in this<i4ension. The powe 3n< sten'th o& eli'ion (in the &o4 o& the 3scetic i<e3l# <o not spin' &o4 the &3ct th3t it po4ises the su&&ein' 3n< the<is3ppointe< 3 ;ette wol< in e8ch3n'e &o thei &3ithD thus &ocin' the4 to 3ccept 3n< en<ue the 4iseies o& this wol< (inste3< o& isin' 3'3inst theic3uses#. 3in 3n< su&&ein' 3e not si4pl! ;u<ens th3t 3 tue Chisti3n (whoD in NietzscheAs 3'u4entD c3n /e! well ;e 3n 3theist Chisti3n# stoic3ll!

en<ues the! 3eD 3theD so4ethin' in el3tion to which 3 Chisti3n co4es to li&e 3s 3 su;ect. The c/,e / the 5scetic i6e5 ies iits 5,tic5ti/ / the ec// / eB/et th5tB3lthou'h it nee<s 3 e&eence to 3 ;e!on< in o<e to ;e ope3ti/eB

/e,5tes i this c/,/,e5 -/,6& it is th5t it /Diizes 56 /ti+5tes s/s? 56 ,/+i6esthe -ith eB/et



"N)? T'E )ESIRE TO "SK SUFFERING IT' ENOYENT IS T'E "SCETIC I)E"L !"RE>CELLENCE. T'E "FFAS OR"LS "RE E!LOYE) TO "KE ONE FEEL "CCO!LIS'E)$Y T'EIR !ERSON"L RESTR"INTS.

@U!"NI 2K33len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 070+W

The 5scetic i6e5 5ces the Re5 / e5s,e i eB/et (3n< posits eno!4ent o& p3in o su&&ein' 5s the /st

+i+i6 h5 eJe,iece L 3n e8peience in which the <e'ee o& sel&sens3tion 3n< sel&pesence 3tt3ins its hi'hest intensit!D po<ucin' 3in< o& p33l!zin' w3e&ulness#D 3n< 43es it 3 l3w. The speci&icit! o& this eB/et=eB/ii 5- B&o this is pecisel! wh3t this l3w

is 3ll 3;outBis th3t it 6/es /t 5/- /, 5 5 / t,5s,essi/& it <oes not c3ptue us ;! 4e3ns o& 3ousin' 3t3ns'essi/e <esie to which we clin' 3s to 3 po4ise o& so4e secet eno!4ent. -t is not 3 l3w with which we coul< est3;lish so4e in< o& el3tionshipD

situ3tin' ousel/es 3s su;ects in el3tion to it. It is 5 5- th5t e5+es /thi /tsi6e it? &o nowD wites Nietzsche? 5 5 isie 5 he i,is/e6 D 5 ch5 ie. 'e c5 / /e, et /t / this ch5 cl7 'e c5D howe/eD

,/t5te i it t/ iiit 2 the li4it 3n< the in&inite 3e not in cont3<iction heeD since it is the li4it itsel& th3t is in&inite. -t is te4ptin' to s3!th3t so4ethin' w3s in the 3i in th3t secon< h3l& o& the nineteenth centu!D so4ethin' th3t ;ou'ht Nietzsche to his conceptu3liz3tion o& the 3scetic i<e3l3n< Feu< to his theo! o& the supee'o. =3c3nAs e3<in' o& the supee'o l3w in te4s o& the i4pe3ti/e o& eno!4ent isD o& couseD /e! si'ni&ic3nt inthis conte8t. So4ethin' h3s ch3n'e< in the unctue o& =3w 3n< eno!4entD in thei ne8us. O& couseD Nietzsche eco'nizes this 4o<e o& eno!4ent in the whole histo! o& Chisti3nit! he <oes not concei/e o& it 3s o& so4ethin' th3t h3s ust ecentl! occue<. NonethelessD this is the &3te (3n< the powe# o&4ost concepts2 once the! 3e &o'e<D we c3n e3sil! eco'nize thei ele4ents in p3st histoic3l &o43tionsD o e/en in otheD ol<e concepts. ThisD howe/eD<oes not cont3<ict the &3ct th3t Nietzsche wites &o4 the pespecti/e o& 3 cet3in shi&t o ;e3 th3t ;e&ell the histo! o& Chisti3nit! (oD 4oe ;o3<l!D

o& @esten ci/iliz3tion 3s ;3se< on Chisti3nit!#D 3n< th3t it is onl! in this ;e3 th3t thin's th3t wee thee 3ll the ti4e ;ec34e /isi;le. ith thete, 5scetic i6e5? Nietzsche 5es the 5ss5e &o4 one lo'ic o& the l3w to 3notheD 3 p3ss3'e ,/ the 5-th5t /,Di6s 56 ,e5tes eB/et t/ the 5- th5t c/56s (not ple3sueD ;ut# eB/et?c/,/ti s -ith 5 ie,5ti+e / eB/et. ctu3ll!D it woul< ;e 4oe 3ccu3te to s3! th3t the two si<es o& the l3wBthe pohi;ition o& eno!4ent 3n< the suplus o& eno!4entB wee 3lw3!s line< to'etheD 4utu3ll! suppotin' e3ch othe. (Suplus# eno!4ent is not

si4pl! so4ethin' th3t is suppesse< o epesse< ;! the l3w. The ,/hiDiti/ / eB/et eM5s the c,e5ti/ / 5De/6 -he,e s,s=eB/et (3lthou'h &o;i<<en< i6s its 5ce. This De/6 is the +e, thi,/ -hich the 5- 6,5-s its /-e, t/ 5tt5ch s D since the l3w e3ll! &unctions not when it 43n3'es to hol< us si4pl! ;! &e3

o& its 3uthoit!D ;ut when -e 56he,e t/ it th,/h 5 seciic /6e / :/,< eB/et. The shi&t 4entione< 3;o/econcens the &3ct th3t this othe si<e o& the l3w (its ;3c si<e# ;eco4es its &ont si<e. OD peh3ps 4oe pecisel!2 (suplus# eno!4ent is no lon'e 3hi<<en suppot o& the l3w 3theD it ;eco4es one with the l3wD 3s i& 3 in< o& shot cicuit ;etween the two h3< ;een est3;lishe<. This coul< 3lso ;ee8pesse< in te4s o& wh3tD in his ;oo Homo s3ceD io'io '34;en <e/elops 3t the politic3l le/el2 4o<en politics is ch33cteize< ;! the &3ct th3t thest3te o& e4e'enc! (the st3te th3t isD 3t one 3n< the s34e ti4eD the e8ception to 3s well 3s the suppot o& the ule o& l3w# is itsel& ;eco4in' 3 ule o& l3w.

ThusD the cuci3l &e3tue o& the 3scetic i<e3l <oes not consist in the &3ct th3t the l3w (3s the i4pe3ti/e o& <ut! 3n< sel&<eni3l# constitutes 3 we3pon with which we 3e to &i'ht ou p3ssions 3n< <i/es the l3w <oes not e83ctl! suppess the <i/es 3n< the p3ssions. The po;le4 3n< powe o& the 3scetic i<e3l

lie in the &3ct th3t it is onl! thou'h it th3t p3ssion 3ctu3ll! uns wil<D 3n< ;eco4es li4itless. -n p33'3ph %%+ o& 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/ilD Nietzsche<esi'n3tes the &e3 o& the Uwil<D s3/3'e ;e3st (i.e. the &e3 o& wh3tD in 4enD is suppose< to ;e l3wless 3n< 3ni43llie# 3s supestition. The ;elie&3cco<in' to which thee is so4e pi43! wil<ness in 43n (3 wil<ness th3t h3s to ;e t3ns&o4e< ;! 4e3ns o& cultue 3n< spiit# is 3n e4pt! ;elie&. -&thee is 3 pue p3ssion to ;e &oun< in the histo! o& Chisti3nit! (3s the essenti3l ;e3e o& the 3scetic i<e3l#D it is to ;e &oun< on the si<e o& the =3wD onthe si<e o& the 3scetic i<e3l itsel&. -n the stu''le 3'3inst sensu3lit! 3n< copoe3lit!D in the <issection o& conscienceD thee is 3n 3;un<3ntDo/e3;un<3nt eno!4ent enu9W.$ n< hi'h cultue is ;3se< on the <eepenin' 3n< spiitu3lizin' o& cuelt!2 th3t Uwil< ;e3stA h3s not ;een ille< o&&3t 3llD it li/es 3n< thi/esD 3n< it h3s onl! B 43<e 3 <i/init! o& itsel&...-t is onl! with the (Chisti3n# l3w th3t sensu3lit! 3s such 'ets in/ente<. This w3s Kiee'33<As thesisD ;ut &o Kiee'33< it ;3sic3ll! 4e3ns th3tD incont3st to the ee in<i/i<u3lit! th3t sto/e &o 3 ;3l3nce ;etween the spiitu3l 3n< the sensu3lD Chisti3nit!D 3s the 3&&i43tion o& the spiitu3lpincipleD 3lso est3;lishe< its Othe2 it e8clu<e< the sensu3lD 3n< thus 4eel! '3nte< it its 3utono4ous e8istence.%] NietzscheAs e4ph3sis is sli'htl!

<i&&eent2 -ith the /,5ti/ / the 5scetic i6e5? the ses5 is not si4pl! the Othe o& the l3wD ;ut ;eco4es the +e,thi th5t the 5- i+es /, t/it Dec/es /e -ith the 5- . (The 3scetic i<e3l is e4plo!e< to po<uce o'ies o&

&eelin'D 3s Nietzsche puts it.# The 65et5 est,e / the 5scetic i6e5 i ,e5ti/ t/ the ses5 is not

e8clusion ;utD 3theD so4ethin' lie 5 c/ete 5,/,i5ti/D 3n inclusion without 3n! e43in<e. The ses5 itsel& t5es/ the /, / the 5- . -&D on the one h3n<D the puel! sensu3l o ;oun<less p3ssion is 3 &iction 'ene3te< ;! the l3w (i.e. 3 &iction o& 3n

otheness sust3ine< ;! the l3w#D it isD on the othe h3n<D the +e, Re5 / the 5- . ue sensu3lit! (p3ssionD ple3sueD /oluptuousness# isnothin' ;ut the l3w itsel&. The 5- Dec/es the / Re5 (in the sense o& the onl! souce o& e8cit3tionD p3ssionD ple3sueD 3n< p3in#2 theple3sues th3t e43in outsi<e (it# 3eD stictl! spe3in'D null 3n< /oi< in el3tion to the (o/e3;un<3nt# ple3sue th3t the l3w po/i<esD 'i/es ;o<! toD3n< enoins. -n this conte8tD the 3ssetion 3;out the nullit! o& ple3sues (outsi<e the &34e o& the 3scetic i<e3l# is not si4pl! e4pt! i<eolo'ic3l t3lD

&l3tl! cont3<icte< ;! the Re3l o& hu43n e8peience. The tiu4ph o& the 5scetic i6e5 consists pecisel! in the &3ct th3tD 3t so4e pointD it

c/Me,s the +e, s/i / ,e5 h5 eJe,iece. 9e&oe thisD the ple3sue 4i'ht well h3/e ;een <ispese<D ch3oticD without cle3 ;oun<3ies !et this <oes not 4e3nt th3t it w3s in&inite 3n< ;oun<less ;e&oe the l3w set li4its to it. On the cont3!D the l3w (o& the 3scetici<e3l# is the /e! n34e &o li4itless ple3sueD &o the eno!4ent th3t ;ec34e in&inite 3n< &3tho4less. -n the 3scetic i<e3lD the l3w is not so4ethin' th3tsets li4its to p3ssionD est3inin' 3n< e'ul3tin' it. -nste3<D it is the /e! outlet o& p3ssion. -t is the p3ssion o& the in&inite o 3n in&inite p3ssionBe/enthou'h it t3es the &o4 o& 3n in&inite p3ssion to set li4itsD to pui&!D to n3ow the cicle 3oun< the pue. The onl! (now e8istin'# in&inite p3ssion is thep3ssion th3t t3es on the &o4 o& the l3w. ecisel! 3s the stu''le 3'3inst <isple3sue (in esponse to which it e4plo!s eno!4ent#D Chisti3nit! is 3lso 3stu''le 3'3inst ple3sueD <e&ine< e83ctl! 3s th3t whichD in eno!4entD is not e3l (&leetin' ple3suesD p3ssin' /oluptuousness# ;ut illuso!. n< the'enuine tiu4ph o& the 3scetic i<e3l co4es when people the4sel/es (3theists inclu<e<# 3ctu3ll! 3n< peson3ll! ;e'in to &eel th3t such ple3sue is in<ee<



e4pt!D null 3n< illuso!Bth3t is to s3!D when it is no lon'e necess3! &o 3ll in<s o& chuch 3uthoities to pe3ch 3;out it. This is wh! the 3scetici<e3l 3tt3ins its cli438 (o ;eco4es wh3t it is# onl! 3&te the <e3th o& o<.- h3/e 3le3<! in<ic3te< the po8i4it! o& these 3'u4ents to so4e o& Feu<As cl3i4s &o4 Ci/iliz3tion 3n< 1ts )iscontents. @h3t Nietzsche 3n3l!zes

un<e the n34e o& 3scetic i<e3l coespon<sD 3l4ost point ;! pointD to wh3t Feu< c3lls the supee'oD the l3w o& 3n ins3ti3;le p3ssion. The /,e -e /De it? the /,e -e s5c,iice t/ itthe /,e it -5ts? 56 the /,e it 5is i st,eth 56se+e,it. e 5,e 6e5i -ith the s34e i43'e o& +5i,is th3t is 3lso pesent in Nietzsche2 the (supee'o# 5- ite,5ee6s / the 6,i+es? 6e+/,i thei, D//6? 56 ti5te Dec/i the / ,e5 /cs /eB/et. -t coul< ;e s3i< th3t the supee'o itsel& co4es to ;e stuctue< lie 3 <i/e. -t is co44on nowle<'e th3t Feu< posits 3 in< o&te4po3l p33<o8 3t the /e! coe o& the supee'o 3n< the 4o3l conscience line< to it2 the enounce4ent o& the <i/es ce3tes conscienceD 3n<

conscience <e43n<s the enounce4ent o& the <i/es.%A -n this w3!D the /e! &o4 o& enouncin' ;eco4es 3 &o4 o& eno!4entD 3 4o<e o& itso'3niz3tion. This is especi3ll! ;l3t3nt in o;session3l neuosisD in which Feu< eco'nizes the p33<i'4 o& eli'ious thinin'.

"N)? T'E "FFAS "SCETICIS CULIN"TES IN !"SSI;ITY. "LT'OUG' SUFFERING NE;EREN)S? T'E 1"C IS ONLY "NOT'ER "FFIR"TION OF NOT'INGNESS "S T'E ONLY

"!!RO!RI"TE OR"L RES!ONSE.

@U!"NI 2K33len3D The Shotest Sh3dow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two,” 64-68]

Howe/eD 34on' those enu4e3te< 3;o/e (3theistsD 3ntiChisti3nsD i44o3listsD nihilists septicsD ephecticsD hectics o& the spiit# thee is 3n i4pot3nt<i&&eenceD which is pecisel! the <i&&eence ;etween 3cti/e 3n< p3ssi/e nihilis4. The coe o& this <i&&eence is ;est e8pesse< in wh3t Nietzsche3ticul3tes 3s the <i&&eence ;etween willin' nothin'ness 3n< not willin'. Hee is the ele/3nt (&34ous# p3ss3'e &o4 On the ene3lo'! o& >o3ls2

Th3t the 5scetic i6e5 h3s 4e3nt so 43n! thin's to 43nD howe/eD is 5 eJ,essi/ / the D5sic 5ct / the h5 -iD its hoo /3cui2 it ee6s 5 /5BB56 it -i ,5the, -i /thiess th5 /t -i . -& wh3t Nietzsche

<esci;es hee e8pl3ins the hu43n popensit! &o 3cti/e nihilis4D then 5ssi+e /, ,e5cti+e ihiis c/6 De 6eie6,ecise 5s the 5e / the c/i,5ti/ -he,e e -i /t t/ -i ,5the, th5 -i/thiess. Consi<ein' the e/olution o& the 3scetic i<e3lD it epesents the occuence o& 3 st3n'e e/es3l in the <i3lectics o& the willD the

-i so4ehow 5cceti its Dei 6e,i+e6 / 5 /5 (o;ect#. The &un<34ent3l pesupposition o& this 3ttitu<e ,s 5s//-s& the Dest -e c5 6/ is t/ 5+/i6 the -/,st (so4e ;i''e e/il#D 56 /t t/ -5t 5thi too p3ssion3tel!.

This is the /,5it / the 6ict5t/,shi / the ,e5it (pinciple#2 no 'e3t i<e3 is e3ll! wothwhile thee is nothin'

&un<34ent3l th3t one c3n <o o ch3n'e. -t is not e83ctl! th3t the -i 3s such <is3ppe3s. R3theD it is eti,e 56 eJh5sti+ee/e6 i the ,5ctice / se=,est,5it 56 se=,e5ti/. It is 5 -i /t t/ -i? 5 -i t//-ii. Nietzsche <oes not popose 3n e8plicit theo! o& the el3tionship ;etween the two in<s o& nihilis4 (which 3e 3lso two 3ticul3tions o&

the 3scetic i<e3l#. He so4eti4es su''ests th3t the &ist one ulti43tel! le3<s to the secon< (5cti+e ihiis Dec/es 5ssi+e -heit eJh5sts itse #. 9ut he usu3ll! te3ts the4 3s 3 couple. -n this secon< pespecti/eD p3ssi/e nihilis4 is 4oe 3 esponse o 3 e3ction to 3cti/e

nihilis4D 3n< not so 4uch 3 esult o& the inne lo'ic o& the l3tte. Consi<e the &ollowin' p3ss3'eD which is inteestin' in se/e3l espectsD whee5ssi+e ihiis (<iscusse< hee in the &o4 o& septicis4# is ,esete6 5s 5 se65ti+e? 5s 5 6eese 55ist the,56ic5 56 eJciti ch5,5cte, / 5cti+e ihiis? 5 6eese th5t c/c6es i /, /t -ii& '3inst th3t in< o& 'oo< will (3 will to <en! li&e tul!D 3cti/el!# thee is 3<4itte<l! no ;ette se<3ti/e o t3n?uilize to<3! th3n scepticis4D the <e3D'entleD lullin' opiu4 o& scepticis4 enAt ou e3s &ille< with enou'h ;3< noises 3le3<!G 3ss the scepticD 3s 3 &ien< o& pe3ce 3n< 3l4ost 3s 3 in< o&secuit! policeD this su;te3ne3n UNoA is tei;leQ @oul< !ou ple3se ;e ?uietD !ou pessi4istic 4olesQ The scepticD !ou seeD th3t <elic3te ce3tueD is 3lltoo e3sil! st3tle< his conscience h3s ;een t3ine< to twitch 3n< &eel so4ethin' lie 3 p3n' 3t e/e! No 3n< e/en 3t 3 <ecisi/eD h3sh es.esQ n<NoQBth3t 'oes 3'3inst his 4o3lit!. Con/esel!D he lo/es to in<ul'e his /itue with no;le 3;stinenceD 3s i& to s3! with >ont3i'neD @h3t <o - nowG O with Soc3tesD 41 now th3t - now nothin'. OD - woul<nAt /entue in heeD no <oo is open to 4e. OD E/en i& the <oo wee openD wh! shoul< - 'oi'ht inQ OD @h3t use 3e pe43tue h!pothesesG -t 4i'ht ;e in ;ette t3ste to 43e no h!potheses 3t 3ll. ... E/en uncet3int! h3s its ch34s. . . . OuEuope o& to<3!. . . is thoou'hl! sceptic3l. . . 3n< o&ten sic unto <e3th o& its willA 33l!sis o& the will. . . @h3t Nietzsche <esci;es hee un<e the n34e

o& septicis4 is the 3t4osphee in which the -i (o the 3ct o& willin'# is itsel& 3 ,// / the 5ct th5t -e 5,e /titeect5 hieic e/h? etti /,se+es De 6,i+e D s/e C5se /, 5ssi/ -hich

-/6 e+5/,5te lie 3 4i3'e i / -e t// the tie t/ // 5t it /,e c/se . -t loos 3s i& 3cti/e nihilis4 (3n<

the 3scetic i<e3l on which it is ;3se<# soone o l3te con&onts us with the &ollowin' choice2

eithe, -e e,sist? t/ the e6? -iththe ,5the, /thi th5 (whee;! we lin the i4pe3ti/e o& the Re3l to so4e sel&W <estucti/e p3ss3'e 3 lA3cte#D /, -e t5e/e 5st ste i the 6i,ecti/ / ,ii /, 5sceticis D ,e/ci N/thiess itse (3s the

onl! 3n< the l3st Re3l th3t is le&t#D the,eD ,e/ci the c/stitti+e eeet / the -i 5s sch . ctu3ll!D it is3the o;/ious th3t the thin' th3t is ulti43tel! l3cin' in p3ssi/e nihilis4 is the nothin' itsel&. The po;le4 o& p3ssi/e nihilis4 <oes not ;! 3n! 4e3nsconsist in the &3ct th3t thee is nothin' e/e!whee th3t thee is nothin' 3ll 3oun< us2 the po;le4 isD 3theD th3tD 3ll 3oun< usD thee 3eso4ethin'sD !et none o& these p3ticul3 so4ethin's h3s the powe to en'3'e ou will o <esie in 3n! seious w3!.

This is thus the <e3<locD the eithe:oD o& Euope3n nihilis4 3s Nietzsche sees it2 eithe, i+i out the conse?uences o& the 3scetic i<e3l (which

i4plies 3cti/el! -ii N/thiess<? /, 6ee6i /ese 55ist this i 5 ,e ,e5cti+e -5 .-n<ee<D i& one wee to <e&ine 4oe pecisel! the 'ene3l te4 ihiis (which is o&ten use< in 3 looseD c3eless &3shion#D one coul< s3! th3t it,ee,s t/ /thi Dt the c/i,5ti/ / this /,tii eithe,V/,. Nihiis 3s such is thec/i,5ti/ -he,ei the -i (o <esie# is c5t,e6 i the 5te,5ti+e Det-ee 6i,ect -iiN/thi:ess< itse 56 /t -ii. -n this senseD nihilis4 is not 3 'ene3l c3te'o! th3t then &3lls into 3cti/e 3n< p3ssi/e



nihilis4 it e&es to the /e! tension sp3nnin' the sp3ce ;etween these two &i'ues o 3lten3ti/esBit <oes not e8ist outsi<e this sp3ce. cti/e 3n<

e3cti/e nihilis4 3e 4utu3ll! co<epen<ent 3n<D as suchD the! constitute wh3t is 'ene3ll! c3lle< nihilis4. Thee isD on the one h3n<? theie,5ti+e o the nee< &o e8cite4entD the nee< to ;e in touch with the Re3lD t/ ee ie 3s /i/i<l! 3s possi;leD to &eel 3w3eBthe

i4pe3ti/e o nee< in which Nietzsche eco'nizes the coe o& the 5scetic i6e5. This ie,5ti+eD pecisel! 3s 3n i4pe3ti/eD h/6ss i 5 i6 / /,tii ,iD 3 p33l!sis th3t c3n /e! well t3e the &o4 o& so4e intense 3cti/it! while still e43inin' e83ctl! thT2 3

p33l!sis. On the othe h3n< (3n< in esponse to this#D the,e is 5ssi+e ihiis 5s 5 6eese 55ist the/,tiic5ti/ c5se6 D s,s eJciteet? 5 6eese th5t /e,5tes D /,tii thiseJciteet itse -n othe wo<sD one in< o& 4oti&ic3tion (the one th3t t3es the p3th o& suplus e8cite4ent# is e'ul3te< o 4o<e3te< ;!

3nothe in<. The -i t/ N/thiess is c/Die6 -ith the 5,c/ticiz5ti/ / the -i=eJcitisti5t c/Dies -ith se65ti t,5Miize,.

n e4;le43tic conte4po3! &i'ue o& this con&i'u3tion is peh3ps the heo o& 9et E3ston EllisAs no/el l34ou343D who 'oes thou'h his (3the

&enetic# li&e ;! si4ult3neousl! c/si ch55e 3n< 3n38 (3 popul3 3nti3n8iet! <u' th3t e<uces 3n8iet! 3n< tension#. He

<ins ch34p3'neD one coul< s3!D to 3tt3in so4e le/el o& e8cite4entD -hie sit5e/s t5i >55J t/ 6e5cti+5tethis eJciteet. Fo4 3 ;o3<e pespecti/eD one coul< s3! th3t 4ost o& wh3t is <esci;e< to<3! 3s post4o<en <isillusion4entD 3n 3ttitu<e th3tno lon'e ;elie/es in 3n! C3use (3n< is shoce< ;! those who 3e still e3<! to <ie &o so4e C3use#D is pecisel! this in< o& p3ssi/e nihilis4coespon<in' point ;! point to NietzscheAs <esciption o& septicis4 &o4 the p3ss3'e ?uote< 3;o/e. F3 &o4 epesentin' 3 step out o& the 4oti&!in''ip o& nihilis4 3n< its ulti43tel! <estucti/e willD it not onl! helps to pese/e it in 3 <e3cti/3te< 4o<e th3t coul< e3sil! &in< 3 new w3! o& e8plo<in'Bit3lso nee<s this 3cti/e nihilis4 3s its Othe. cti/e nihilis4 is not si4pl! 3;sent in the pe/3ilin' p3ssi/e nihilis4D ;ut constitutes its inheent Othe.

"cti+e ihiis po/i<es 3 'oo< e3son 3n< 4oti/3tion &o us to pesist in ou w3!. -t ,ei6s sD so to spe3D th5tch55e sh/6 5-5s De c/se6 -ith >55J. No;o<! is 3sin' us to cut <own on ou w3!s o& &in<in' e8cite4entDto cut <own on ch34p3'neBo< &o;i<A @e 3e si4pl! 3se< to t3e ou ch34p3'ne with so4e 3n38 oD e/en ;etteD to ;u! po<ucts th3t 3le3<! &ul&illthe two con<itions. @h3t 3e these po<uctsG Co&&ee without c3&&eineD sweets without su'3D ci'3ettes without nicotine (i.e. su;st3nces <epi/e< o& theisu;st3nce#. eh3ps these po<ucts shoul< not ;e concei/e< o& so 4uch in te4s o& su;st3nces th3t l3c the /e! thin' th3t <e&ines the4D ;utD 3theD 3s

;ein' co4pose< o& t-/ sDst5ces? /e et,5izi the eJciti eect / the /the, (lie ch34p3'ne 3n< 3n384i8e< to'ethe#. Fo wh! else shoul< we nee< to c3ll this ;ownish w3te with no c3&&eine in it co&&eeG @h!D i& not ;ec3use the /e! n34e co&&eee/oc3ti/el! 3w3ens the e8cite4ent th3t is then success&ull! <e3cti/3te< ;! the l3c o& c3&&eineG o<ucts o& this in< 3e the pe&ect esponse to the<ou;le;in< th3t <e&ines the coe 3n< &34e o& nihilis42 on the one h3n<D the i4pe3ti/e Eno!QD 3n<D on the otheD the e4in<e th3t we 3e 3lso

const3ntl! ;o4;3<e< with2 Eno!4ent c3n ill !ouQD EB/Dt De 5-5,e th5t eB/et c5 i /. This isthe 6/De=Di6 th5t -e 5,e c/st5t 6e5i -ith on the 4ost ti/i3l 3n< <3il! le/el o& ou li/es.

N)D >E>OR EERTS "-O=ENCE S >ECHN-S> OF >OR=-T N) THE SCET-C -)E= THE-R->CTS N) HR>S SEEK TO =E"ERE O,R CONCET OF -N -N RE=T-ON TO THE ST-=SE=F TO ENFORCE SS-"E N-H-=-S>.

NIET@SC'E 1887ene3lo'! o& >o3lsD secon< ess3! uilt^ p'. 0+7 in The 93sic @itin's o& NietzscheW

'/- c5 /e c,e5te 5 e/, /, the h5 3ni43lG How c3n one i4pess so4ethin' upon this p3tl! o;tuseD p3tl! &li'ht!

4in<D 3ttune< onl! to the p3ssin' 4o4entD in such 3 w3! th3t it will st3! theeG One c3n well ;elie/e th3t the 5s-e,s 56 eth/6s /,s/+i this ,ie+5 ,/De -e,e /t ,ecise ete peh3ps in<ee<A the,e -5s /thi /,ee5, 3n< unc3nn! in the whole pehisto! o& 43n th5 his e/techics. I s/ethi is t/ st5 i thee/, it st De D,e6 i& / th5t -hich e+e, ce5ses t/ h,t st5s i the e/, Bthis is 343in cl3use o& the ol<est (unh3ppil! 3lso the 4ost en<uin'# ps!cholo'! on e3th. One 4i'ht e/en s3! th3t whee/e on e3th sole4nit!D seiousnessD4!ste!D 3n< 'loo4! coloin' still <istin'uish the li&e o& 43n 3n< 3 peopleD so4ethin' o& the teo th3t &o4el! 3tten<e< 3ll po4isesD ple<'esD 3n<

/ows on e3th is still e&&ecti/e2 the 5stD the lon'estD <eepest 3n< stenest p3stD D,e5thes / s 56 ,ises i s -hee+e, -e Dec/e se,i/s. $an could ne%er do without blood, torture, and sacrifices when he

felt the need to create a memory for himself the 4ost <e3<&ul s3ci&ices 3n< ple<'es (s3ci&ices o& the &ist;on 34on' the4#D the4ost epulsi/e 4util3tions (c3st3tionD &o e834ple#D the cuelest ites o& 3ll the eli'ious cults (3n< 3ll eli'ions 3e 3t the <eepest le/el s!ste4s o&

cuelties# B3ll this h3s its oi'in in the instinct th3t e3lize< th3t 5i is the /st /-e, 5i6 t/ e/ics. -n 3 cet3in

senseD the -h/e / 5sceticis De/s he,e 5 e- i6e5s 5,e t/ De ,e6e,e6 ieJtiish5De? e+e,=,eset? /,ett5De? iJe6? -ith the 5i / h/tizi the eti,e e,+/s 56 iteect5sste -ith these iJe6 i6e5s56 5scetic ,/ce6,es 3n< 4o<es o& li&e 5,e e5s / ,eei thesei6e5s ,/ the c/etiti/ / 5 /the, i6e5sD so 3s t/ 5e the /,ett5De. The wose 43nAs 4e4o!h3s ;eenD the 4oe &e3&ul h3s ;een the 3ppe33nce o& his custo4s the se/eit! o& the pen3l co<e po/i<es 3n especi3ll! si'ni&ic3nt 4e3sue o& the <e'eeo& e&&ot nee<e< to o/eco4e &o'et&ulness 3n< to i4pose 3 &ew pi4iti/e <e43n<s o& soci3l e8istence 3s pesent e3lities upon these sl3/es o& 4o4ent3!3&&ect 3n< <esie.



"N)? OUR "LTERN"TI;E IS TO FORGET "$OUT QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ "N)QQQQQQQQQQQQQ "N) QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. T'E !"IN CITE) $Y T'E 1"C IS ONLY "TTEN)E) TO $Y T'EEORY OF T'E 1"C TO FURT'ER "SCETICIS "N) ENSURE T'E S"E TR"GE)IES.

@U!"NI 2K33len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 576W

This is peh3ps the 4o4ent to e834ine in 4oe <et3il wh3t Nietzsche3n &o'ettin' is 3ctu3ll! 3;out. @h3t is the c3p3cit! o& &o'ettin' 3s the ;3sis o&

'e3t he3lthG Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t e/, ete,t5is s/e esseti5 ,e5ti/shi -ith 5i. This is wh3t he<esci;es 3s the pinciple use< in hu43n 4ne4otechnics2

I s/ethi is t/ st5 i the e/, it st De D,e6 i& / th5t -hich e+e, ce5ses t/h,t st5s i the e/, %1 ThusD i& 4e4o! is essenti3ll! el3te< to p3in (hee it see4s th3t Nietzsche cl3i4s the opposite o& wh3tps!cho3n3l!sis is cl3i4in'2 th3t t3u43tic e/ents 3e the pi/ile'e< o;ects o& epession !et p3in is not the s34e thin' 3s t3u43D ust 3s &o'ettin' is

not the s34e thin' 3s epessin'#D then /,etti ,ee,s 5D/+e 5 t/ the c55cit /t t/ ,t,e 5i. This 3lso

4e3ns the c55cit /t t/ 5e 5i the 6ete,ii ,/6 / /, 5cti/s 56 ch/ices. @h3t e83ctl! is

5i (not so 4uch ph!sic3l p3inD ;utD 3theD the 4ent3l p3in th3t c3n h3unt ou li/es#G -t is 5 -5 i -hich the sDBectite,5izes 56 5,/,i5tes s/e t,55tic eJe,iece 5s he, /- Ditte, t,e5s,eD -n othe wo<sDin el3tion to the t3u43tic e/entD p3in is not e83ctl! 3 p3t o& this e/entD ;ut 3le3<! its 4e4o! (the 4e4o! o& the ;o<!#. n< Nietzsche3n o;li/ion isnot so 4uch 3n e&&3ce4ent o& the t3u43tic encounte 3s 3 pese/3tion o& its e8ten3l ch33cteD o& its &oei'nnessD o& its otheness.-n ,n&3shion3;le O;se/3tionsD Secon< iece (On the ,tilit! 3n< =i3;ilit! o& Histo! &o =i&e#D Nietzsche lins the ?uestion o& &o'ettin' (which he

e4plo!s 3s 3 s!non!4 &o the 3histoic3l# to the ?uestion o& the 3ct. F/,ettiD o;li/ionD is the +e, c/6iti/ / /ssiDiit/, 5 5ct i the st,/ sese / the -/,6. e/, (the histoic3l# is ete,5 seeessess 56 5e,t

is/i5? 5 st5te i -hich / ,e5t thi c5 h5e? 56 -hich c/6 e+e De s5i6 t/ se,+e this +e, ,/se. Consi<ein' the co44on conception 3cco<in' to which 4e4o! is so4ethin' 4onu4ent3l th3t &i8es cet3in e/entsD 3n< closes

us within thei hoizonD Nietzsche poposes 3 si'ni&ic3ntl! <i&&eent notion. It is ,ecise 5s 5 ete,5 /eess? 5ce5si st,e5? th5t e/, c5 i/Diize s? /,ti s? 5e s ic55De / 5cti/ .

Nietzsche in/ites us to i43'ine the e8te4e e834ple o& 5 h5 Dei -h/ 6/es /t /ssess the /-e, t/ /,et . Such

3 hu43n ;ein' -/6 De c/6ee6 t/ see Dec/i e+e,-he,e& he -/6 / /e, Deie+e i his/- Dei? -/6 see e+e,thi /- 55,t i t,Det 5,tices? 56 -/6 /se hise ithis st,e5 / Dec/i. He woul< ;e lie the tue stu<ent o& He3clitus. hu43n ;ein' who w3nte< to e8peience thin's in 3 thoou'hl!

histoic3l 43nne woul< ;e lie so4eone &oce< to 'o without sleep.%$ e/, hol<s us in eten3l 4otionBit eeps openin' nu4eous hoizonsD

3n< this is pecisel! how it i/Diizes s? /,ci s it/ ,eetic 5cti+it . HenceD Nietzsche 3</3nces 3 thesis th3t is 3s outo& tune with ou ti4e 3s it w3s with his own2 e/e! li/in' thin' c3n ;eco4e he3lth!D ston' 3n< &uit&ul onl! within 3 <e&ine< hoizon i& it is inc3p3;le o&<3win' 3 hoizon 3oun< itsel& 3n< too sel&ishD in tunD to enclose its own pespecti/e within 3n 3lien hoizonD then it will &ee;l! w3ste 3w3! o h3sten to

its ti4el! en<.%+ O& couseD NietzscheAs 5i he,e is /t t/ ,e5ch 5,,/-=i6e6ess 56 ettiess? /,is it si t/ 5i, the 5hist/,ic5 55ist hist/, 56 e/, . On the cont3!D he cle3l! st3tes th3t it is onl! ;!thinin'D e&lectin'D co4p3in'D 3n3l!zin'D 3n< s!nthesizin' (i.e. onl! ;! 4e3ns o& the powe to utilize the p3st &o li&eD 3n< to esh3pe p3st e/ents intohisto!# th3t the hu43n ;ein' ;eco4es popel! hu43n. etD in the e8cess o& histo!D the hu43n ;ein' ce3ses to ;e hu43n once 3'3inD no lon'e 3;le toce3te o in/ent. This is wh! Nietzsche insists th3t e/e! 'e3t histoic3l e/ent is ;on in the 3histoic3l 3t4ospheeD th3t is to s3!D in con<itions o&o;li/ion 3n< closue2 -43'ine 3 43n seize< 3n< c3ie< 3w3! ;! 3 /ehe4ent p3ssion &o 3 wo43n o &o 3 'e3t i<e3 how his wol< ch3n'esA =ooin' ;3cw3< he &eels he is ;lin<D listenin' 3oun< he he3s wh3t is un&34ili3 3s 3 <ullD insi'ni&ic3nt soun< 3n< those thin's th3t he pecei/es 3t 3ll he ne/e ;e&oe pecei/e< in this w3! so p3lp3;le 3n< ne3D colo&ulD eson3ntD illu4in3te<D 3s thou'h he wee 3ppehen<in' it with 3ll his senses 3t once. ll his /3lu3tions 3e ch3n'e< 3n< <e/3lue<. . . -t is the 4ost unust con<ition in the wol<D n3owD un'3te&ul to the p3stD ;lin< to <3n'esD <e3& to w3nin's 3tin! whilpool o& li&e in 3 <e3< se3 o& ni'ht 3n< o;li/ion 3n< !et this con<itionB3histoic3lD 3ntihistoic3l thou'h 3n< thou'hB is not onl! wo4; o& theunust <ee<D ;ut o& e/e! ust <ee< 3s well 3n< no 3&tist will ce3te 3 pictueD no 'ene3l win 3 /icto!D 3n< no people '3in its &ee<o4 without theih3/in' pe/iousl! <esie< 3n< sti/en to 3cco4plish these <ee<s in ust such 3n 3histoic3l con<ition. . ThusD e/e!one who 3cts lo/es his 3ction in&initel!4oe th3n it <ese/es to ;e lo/e<D 3n< the ;est <ee<s occu in such 3n e8u;e3nce o& lo/e th3tD no 43tte wh3tD the! 4ust ;e unwoth! o& this lo/eD e/eni& thei woth wee othewise inc3lcul3;l! 'e3t.] -& we e3< this p3ss3'e c3e&ull!D we note th3t the point is not si4pl! th3t the c3p3cit! to &o'etD o the3histoic3l con<itionD is the con<ition o& 'e3t <ee<s o e/ents. On the cont3!2 it is the pue suplus o& p3ssion o lo/e (&o so4ethin'# th3t ;in's3;out this closue o& 4e4o!D this 3histoic3l con<ition. -n othe wo<sD it is not th3t we h3/e &ist to close ousel/es within 3 <e&ine< hoizon in o<ethen to ;e 3;le to 3cco4plish so4ethin'. The closue t3es pl3ce with the /e! (p3ssion3te# openin' tow3< so4ethin' (3 wo43n o 3 'e3t i<e3#.

NietzscheAs point is th3t i this s,s 5ssi/ e5es s i the i6st / ie? iste56 / /,tii s?it 6/es s/ +i5 its i6ceet / /,etti. -n<ee<D - coul< 4ention 3 ?uite co44on e8peience hee2 -hee+e,s/ethi i/,t5t h5es t/ s 56 icites /, 5ssi/? -e te6 t/ /,et 56 6isiss the,6es 56 ,esetets -e iht h5+e Dee ,t,i De/,e. Iste56 / /,i+i those who

4i'ht h3/e inue< us in the p3stD -e /,et 3n< <is4iss these inuies. -& we <o notD i -e -/, / /, e/, 56 st,i+et/ ee these ,6es 5i+e? the -i /st ,/D5D 5ect 56 /,ti /, :e-< 5ssi/.

-t coul< 3lso ;e inteestin' to el3te NietzscheAs e&lections &o4 the ?uote< p3ss3'e to the sto! o& H34letD in which the i4pe3ti/e to e4e4;eD uttee< ;! H34letAs &3theAs hostD pl3!s 3 /e! po4inent ole. Re4e4;e 4eQ Re4e4;e 4eQD the host epe3ts to H34letD thus en'3'in' hi4 in the sin'ul3h!th4 th3t ch33cteizes the heo o& this pl3!Bth3t o& the 3lten3tion ;etween esi'ne< 3p3th! 3n< &enetic 3cti/it! o pecipit3te 3ctions (his illin' o&oloniusD 3s well 3s th3t o& Rosenc3ntz 3n< uil<ensten his en'3'e4ent in the <uel with =3etes . . . #. This 4o/e4ent pe/ents H34let &o4 c3!in'out the /e! <ee< his &3theAs host ch3'es hi4 with. >3n! thin's h3/e ;een s3i< 3n< witten 3;out the el3tionship ;etween 3ction 3n< nowle<'e inthis pl3!D 3n< 3;out how nowle<'e pe/ents H34let &o4 3ctin'. lthou'h the two notions 3e not unel3te<D it 4i'ht ;e inteestin' to consi<e this



3lso in te4s o& 4e4o! (not onl! in te4s o& nowle<'e#. -t coul< ;e wothwhile to conte4pl3te the ole pl3!e< ;! the i4pe3ti/e o& 4e4o!. Coul< wenot s3! th3t one o& the &un<34ent3l e3sons &o the <i&&icult! o& H34letAs position is pecisel! the stuctu3l inco4p3ti;ilit! o& 4e4o! 3n< 3ctionB th3tis to s3!D the &3ct th3t 3ction ulti43tel! 3lw3!s ;et3!s 4e4o!G n< <o we not encounte so4ethin' si4il3 in the wi<e pheno4enon o& 4el3nchol!(in the pl3!D H34let is 3ctu3ll! s3i< to ;e 4el3ncholic# 3s 3 ne/een<in' 'ie& th3t eeps 3li/eD thou'h p3inD the 4e4o! o& wh3t w3s lostG <<ition3ll!D 3lthou'h we c3n eco'nize in this in< o& 4el3nchol! 3 &o4 o& &i<elit! (&o inst3nceBto use NietzscheAs wo<sB&i<elit! to 3 wo43n o 3

'e3t i<e3#D this in< o& i6eit D D/6 t/ e/,? sh/6 De 6istiishe6 ,/ i6eit t/ the +e,e+et / the ec/te, -ith this wo43n o i6e5. Cont3! to the &ist &o4D this sec/6 /, / i6eit iies56 ,es/ses the /-e, t/ /,et. O& couseD this 6/es /t e5 t/ /,et i the D55 sese // /e, ,eeDe,i the peson o the i<e3 in ?uestionD Dt i the sese th5t /,etti iDe,5tes the

/teti5 / the ec/te, itse? 56 /es Bpecisel! thou'h its closueBthe /ssiDiit / 5 e- /e.

"N)? FORGETTING IS " E"NS TO "C'IE;E OURSEL;ES OUTSI)E OF EORY "N) OF "SCETICISAS GRI! ON !OSITI;E LIFE "N) "CTION.

NIET@SC'E 1887ene3lo'! o& >o3lsD secon< ess3! uilt^ in The 93sic @itin's o& NietzscheW

To ;ee< 3n 3ni43l with the right to make promises5is not this the p33<o8ic3l t3s th3t n3tue h3s set itsel& in the c3se o& 43nG is it not the e3lpo;le4 e'3<in' 43nG Th3t this po;le4 h3s ;een sol/e< to 3 l3'e e8tent 4ust see4 3ll the 4oe e433;le to 3n!one who 3ppeci3tes the sten'th

o& the opposin' &oce th3t o& forgetfulness. F/,etti is / e,e +is ie,ti5e as the supe&ici3l i43'ine it is 3the 5 5cti+e56 i The st,ictest sese /siti+e 5ct / ,e,essi/D th3t is esponsi;le &o the &3ct th3t wh3t we e8peience 3n<3;so; entes ou consciousness 3s little while we 3e <i'estin' it (one 4i'ht c3ll the pocess inps!ch3tion# 3s <oes the thous3n<&ol< pocessD in/ol/e<

in ph!sic3l nouish4entBsoc3lle< incopo3tion. T/ c/se the 6//,s 56 -i6/-s / c/sci/sess /, 5 tie t/,e5i 6ist,De6 D the /ise 56 st,e /, 6e,-/,6 / tiit /,5s -/,i -ith56 55ist /e 5/the, 5 itte Mietess 5 itte t5D5 ,5s5 / the c/sci/sess? t/ 5e,// /, e- this? 5D/+e 5 /, the /De, cti/s 56 cti/5,ies? /, ,e5ti/?/,esiht? ,ee6it5ti/ (&o ou o'3nis4 is 3n oli'3ch!# Bth5t is the ,/se / 5cti+e /,etess which is

lie 3 <ooeepeD 3 pese/e o& ps!chic o<eD eposeD 3n< eti?uette2 so th3t it will ;e i44e<i3tel! o;/ious h/- the,e c/6 De /h5iess? / chee,ess? / h/e? / ,i6e? / ,eset? -ith/t /,etess. The 5 i

-h/ this 55,5ts / ,e,essi/ is 655e6 3n< ce3ses to &unction popel! 43! ;e co4p3e< (3n< 4oe th3n 4eel!

co4p3e<# with 3 <!spepticBhe c5/t h5+e 6/e -ith 5thi.

"N)? C'OOSING TO FORGET T'E '"RS OF T'E 1"C IS TO "$"N)ON !ROECTS OF

RESSENTIENT IN F";OR OF " CONST"NT LOOKING FOR"R) "N) CRE"TI;ITY.REFUS"L TO FORGET !RE;ENTS "CTION E TURN "LL OF T'EIR STOICIS $") "RGUENTS

NIET@SC'E 187#,se 3n< ;use o& Histo! o& Histo! &o li&eD p'. 6%W

'e -h/ c5/t si 6/- / the th,esh/6 / the /et 56 /,et 5 the 5stD who c3nnot st3n<

;3l3nce< lie 3 'o<<ess o& /icto! without 'owin' <izz! 3n< 3&3i<D -i e+e, /- -h5t h5iess is woseD he will e+e,6/ 5thi t/ 5e /the,s h5. I5ie the e8te4ist possi;le e834ple o& 5 5 -h/ 6i6 /t /ssess the/-e, / /,etti 5t 5 56 -h/ -5s ths c/6ee6 t/ see e+e,-he,e 5 st5te / Dec/i&sch 5 5 -/6 / /e, Deie+e i his /- Dei? -/6 / /e, Deie+e i hise? -/6see e+e,thi /-i 5s6e, i /+i /its 56 -/6 /se hise i this st,e5 /

Dec/i2 lie 3 tue pupil o& He3clitusD he -/6 in the en< h5,6 65,e t/ ,5ise his ie,. F/,etti isesseti5 t/ 5cti/ / 5 i6 D ust 3s not onl! li'ht ;ut <3ness too is essenti3l &o the li&e o& e/e!thin' o'3nic. 43n who w3nte<to &eel histoic3ll! thou'h 3n< thou'h woul< ;e lie one &oci;l! <epi/e< o& sleepD o 3n 3ni43l th3t h3< to li/e onl! ;! u4in3tion 3n< e/e epe3te<u4in3tion. Thus2 it is possi;le to li/e 3l4ost without 4e4o!D 3n< to li/e h3ppil! 4oeo/eD 3s the 3ni43l <e4onst3tes ;ut it is 3lto'ethe i4possi;le

to li/e 3t 3ll without &o'ettin'. OD to e8pess 4! the4e e/en 4oe si4pl!2 the,e is 5 6e,ee of sleeplessness, of ,i5ti/? / thehist/,ic5 sese? -hich is h5, 56 ti5te 5t5 to the living thing, whether this living thing be a man or a peopleor a culture.



2NC She

The 5 is ch5,5cte,ize6 D 5 6is5+/-5 / t,5e6. The t,ih / S/c,5tic ,e5s/ 5iestsi /, 5ttets t/ ,es/+e the ch5/tic 5sects / ie 56 5+/i6 se,i. This ,eMi,es thec/st,cti/ / 5 i6e5 -/,6 t/-5,6s -hich /, 55,et -/,6 5si,es. I the /6e, 6,i+et/-5,6s ce,t5it 56 sec,it i 5 5ttet 5t ,e/ci isec,it? the 5 5D/,s t/ /656 /,6e, the -/,6 t/ 5e it 6ic5te /, i6e5ize6 i5e.3ul S5,etteD h) in politic3l theo! 3t ohn Hopins ,D i 9% - 4istust 3ll s!ste43tizes 3n< 3/oi< the4J2 NietzshceD en<t 3n< the Cisis o&

the @ill to O<e in -Nten3tion3l Rel3tions Theo!. >illeniu4 oun3l o& -nten3tion3l Stu<ies. "ol. %5 no. 1 p3'e 6The @ill to O<e 3n< olitics3s>3in' The hilosophic3l Foun<3tion o& the @ill to Tuth:O<e P. - 4istust 3ll s!ste43tizes 3n< 3/oi< the4. willto 3 s!ste4 is 3 l3c .o& Q inte'it!. cco<in' to NietzscheD the philosophic3l &oun<3tion o& 3 societ! is the set o& i<e3s which 'i/e 4e3nin' to thepheno4enon o& hu43n e8istence within 3 'i/en cultu3l &34ewo. s one 43ni&est3tion o& the @ill to oweD this will to D 4e3nin' &un<34ent3ll!in&luences the soci3l 3n< politic3l o'3nis3tion o& 3 p3ticul3 co44unit!.5 n!thin' less th3n 3 po&oun< histoic3l inteo'3tion o& the 4ost ;3sicphilosophic3l &oun<3tions o& ou ci/iliz3tionD thenD 4isconcei/es the oi'ins o& /3lues which we t3e to ;e intinsic 3n< n3tu3l. Nietzsche su''estsD

.thee&oeD th3t to un<est3n< the <e/elop4ent o& ou 4o<e4 conception o& societ! 3n< politicsD we 4usteconsi<e the cuci3l in&luence o& the l3tonic &o4ul3tion o& Soc3tic thou'ht. Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t peSoc3ticeece ;3se< its philosophic3l usti&ic3tion o& li&e on heoic 4!ths which honoue< t3'e<! 3n< co4petition.=i&e w3s un<estoo< 3s 3 contest in which ;oth the o!&ul 3n< o<ee< (polloni3n# 3n< ch3otic 3n< su&&ein'

()ion!si3n# 3spects o& li&e wee 3ccepte< 3n< .3&&i4e< 3s inesc3p3;le 3spects o& hu43n e8istence.6 Howe/eD thisPinc3n3tion o& the will to powe 3s t3'e<! we3ene<D 3n< ;ec34e un3;le to sust3in 4e3nin' in ee li&e. ee 4!ths no lon'e instille< the sel&espect 3n< sel&contol th3t h3< uphel< the peSoc3tic soci3l o<e. E/e!whee the 2 instincts wee in 3n3ch! e/e!whee people wee.;ut &i/e steps&o4 e8cess2 the 4onstu4in3ni4o w3s 3 uni/es3l <3n'eA. No lon'e willin' to 3ccept the t3'ic h3<ness 3n< sel&43ste! o& peSoc3tic 4!thD

ee thou'ht !iel<e< to <ec3<enceD 3 se3ch &o 3 new soci3l &oun<3tion which woul< so&ten the t3'e<! o& li&eD while still 'i/in' 4e3nin' to e8istence. -n this conte8tD Soc3tesJ thou'ht ;ec34e p334ount. -n the wo<s o& NietzscheD Soc3tes s3w ;ehin< his3istoc3tic theni3ns he '3spe< th3t his c3seD the i<ios!nc3s! o& his c3seD w3s no lon'e e8ception3l. The s34e in< o& <e'ene3tion w3s e/e!wheesilentl! pep3in' itsel&2 the ol< thens w3s co4in' to 3n en<Bn< Soc3tes un<estoo< th3t the wol< h3< nee< o& hi4 Bhis e8pe<ientD his cue 3n< hispeson3l 3t o& sel&pese/3tion. Soc3tes e3lise< th3t his se3ch &o 3n ulti43te 3n< eten3l intellectu3l st3n<3< p33llele< the wi<espe3< !e3nin'

&o 3ssu3nce 3n< st3;ilit! within societ!. His e8pe<ientD his cueG n 3lten3ti/e will to powe. n 3lten3te &oun<3tion th3t po4ise<43ste! 3n< contol not thou'h 3ccept3nce o& the t3'ic li&eD ;ut thou'h the <is3/ow3l o& the instinctu3lD thecontin'entD 3n< the po;le43tic. -n esponse to the &3ilin' powe o& its &oun<3tion3l 4!thsD eece tie< to enounce the /e!e8peience th3t h3< 'i/en ise to t3'e<! ;! ete3tin':esc3pin' into the polloni3n wol< po4ise< ;!Soc3tic e3son. -n NietzscheJs wo<sD J3tion3lit! w3s <i/ine< 3s 3 s3/iou...it w3s thei l3st e8pe<ient. The &3n3ticis4 with which the whole o&ee thou'ht thows itsel& 3t 3tion3lit! ;et3!s 3 st3te o& e4e'enc!2 one w3s in peilD one h3< onl! one choice2 eithe to peishD o ;e 3;su<l!

3tion3l....J+ ThusD Soc3tes co<i&ie< the wi<e &e3 o& inst3;ilit! into 3n intellectu3l &34ewo. The Soc3tic @ill to Tuth isch33cteise< ;! the 3tte4pt to un<est3n< 3n< o<e li&e 3tion3ll! ;! enouncin' the )ion!si3n ele4ents o&e8istence 3n< pi/ile'in' 3n i<e3lise< polloni3n o<e. s li&e is inesc3p3;l! co4pise< o& ;oth o<e 3n<

<iso<e howe/eD the po4ise o& contol thou'h Soc3tic e3son is onl! possi;le ;! ce3tin' 3 JRe3l @ol<* o&eten3l 3n< 4e3nin'&ul &o4sD in opposition to 3n Jpp3ent @ol< o& t3nsito! ph!sic3l e8istence. Su&&ein'3n< contin'enc! is cont3ine< within the pp3ent @ol<D <isp33'e<D <e/3lue<D 3n< i'noe< in el3tion to thei<e3l o<e o& the Re3l @ol<. Essenti3l to the Soc3tic @ill to TuthD thenD is the &un<34ent3l cont3<iction ;etween the e8peience o&

)ion!si3n su&&ein' in the pp3ent @ol< 3n< the i<e3lise< o<e o& the Re3l @ol<. cco<in' to NietzscheD this <ichoto4ise< 4o<el le< tothe e4e'ence o& 3 uni?uel! J4o<enJ1 un<est3n<in' o& li&e which coul< onl! /iew su&&ein' 3s the esult o&the i4pe&ection o& the pp3ent @ol<. This outloo ce3te< 3 4o<en notion o& esponsi;ilit! in which the)ion!si3n ele4ents o& li&e coul< ;e un<estoo< onl! 3s 3 pheno4enon &o which so4eoneD o so4ethin' is to

;l34e. Nietzsche te4s this philosophic3ll!in<uce< con<ition ressentiment . 3n< 3'ues th3t it si'n3lle< 3 potenti3l cisis o&the @ill to Tuth ;! e8posin' the cent3l cont3<iction o& the Soc3tic esolution. This cont3<ictionD howe/eD w3s esol/e< histoic3ll! thou'h the

3''essi/e uni/es3lis3tion o& the Soc3tic i<e3l ;! Chisti3nit!. cco<in' to NietzscheDJ 3scetic Chisti3nit! e83ce;3te< the Soc3tic<ichoto4is3tion ;! e4plo!in' the pp3ent @ol< 3s the esponsi;le 3'ent 3'3inst which the essenti4ent o&li&e coul< ;e tune<. 9l34e &o su&&ein' &ell on in<i/i<u3ls within the pp3ent @ol<D pecisel! ;ec3use the! <i< not li/e up to o<D the TuthD3n< the Re3l @ol<D s Nietzsche woteD U- su&&e2 so4eone 4ust ;e to ;l34e &o itA thins e/e! sicl! sheep. 9ut his shephe<D the 3scetic piest tellshi42 UVuite so 4! sheepQ So4eone 4ust ;e to ;l34e &o it2 ;ut !ou !ousel& 3e this so4eoneD !ou 3lone 3e to ;l34e &o !ousel&D!ou 3lone 3e to ;l34e&o !ousel& JThis is ;3zen 3n<.&3lse enou'h2 ;ut one thin'D is 3chie/e< ;! itD the <iection o& essenti4ent is 3ltee<. F3ce<D with the coll3pse o& theSoc3tic esolution 3n< the pospect o& 4e3nin'lessnessD once 3'3inD Jone w3s in peilD one h3< onl! one choice2 eithe to peishD o ;e 3;su<l!3tion3l.... J1% The 'enius o& the 3scetic i<e3l w3s th3t it pese/e< the 4e3nin' o& the Soc3tic @ill to owe 3s @ill to Tuth ;! e8t3pol3tin' 3<

3;su<iuin the Soc3tic <i/ision thou'h the e<iection o& essenti4ent 3'3inst the pp3ent @ol<Q Thou'h this e<iectionD the Re3l @ol< w3s t3ns&o4e< &o4 3 t3nscen<ent3l wol< o& philosophic3l esc3pe into 3 4o<el tow3<s which the pp3ent @ol< 3cti/el! 3spie<D 3lw3!s ;l34in' its cont3<icto! e8peiences on its own i4pe&ect nowle<'e3n< 3ction. This su;tle t3ns&o43tion o& the el3tionship ;etween the <ichoto4ise< wol<s ce3tes the .@ill to O<e 3s the <e&inin' ch33cteistic

o& the 4o<en @ill to Tuth. ,n3;le to 3ccept the )ion!si3n su&&ein' inheent in the pp3ent @ol<D the 3scetic

***SECURITY



essenti4ent <espe3tel! se3ches &o Jthe h!pnotic sense o& nothin'nessD the epose o& <eepest. sleepD in shot3;sence o& su&&ein' cco<in' to the 3scetic 4o<elD howe/eD this esc3pe is possi;le onl! when the pp3ent @ol<pe&ectl! <uplic3tes the Re3l @ol<. The @ill to O<eD thenD is the 3''essi/e nee< ince3sin'l! to o<e the

pp3ent @ol< in line with the pecepts o& the 4o3lTuth o& the Re3l @ol<. The essenti4ent o& the @ill to O<eD

thee&oeD 'ene3tes two inteel3te< e3ctions. FistD essenti4ent en'en<es 3 nee< 3cti/el! to 4oul< the pp3ent @ol< in3cco<3nce with the <ict3tes o& the i<e3l polloni3n Re3l @ol<. -n o<e to 3chie/e thisD howe/eD the 3scetici<e3l 3lso 3ssets th3t 3 JtueJD 4oe co4plete nowle<'e o& the Re3l @ol< 4ust ;e est3;lishe< ce3tin' 3ne/eince3sin' @illto Tuth. This sel&pepetu3tin' 4o/e4ent ce3tes 3n intepet3ti/e stuctue within

which e/e!thin' 4ust ;e un<estoo< 3n< o<ee< in el3tion to the 3scetic Tuth o& the Re3l @ol<. s Nietzschesu''estsD tWhe 3scetic i<e3l h3s 3 'o3lBthis 'o3l is so uni/es3l th3t 3ll othe inteests o& hu43n e8istence see4D when co4p3e< with itD pett! 3n<n3ow it intepets epochsD n3tionsD 3n< 4en ine8o3;l! with 3 /iew to this one 'o3l it pe4its no othe intepet3tionD no othe 'o3l it eectsD <eniesD3&&i4s 3n< s3nctions solel! &o4 the point o& /iew o& its intepet3tion.JJ1 The /e! stuctue o& the @ill to Tuth ensues th3t theoetic3l in/esti'3tion4ust ;e ince3sin'l! o<ee<D co4pehensi/eD 4oe TueD 3n< close to the pe&ection o& the i<e3l. t the s34e ti4eD this un<est3n<in' o& intellectu3ltheo! ensues th3t it ce3tes p3ctices which 3tte4pt to i4pose ince3sin' o<e in the pp3ent @ol<. @ith this citic3l t3ns&o43tionD the @ill toO<e ;eco4es .the &un<34ent3l philosophic3l pinciple o& 4o<enit!.

The 5i,5ti+e -i 5-5s De 5De t/ /c5te s/e eJte,5 th,e5t t/ -/,6 /,6e,. $,e5iNe-s /cc,s e+e, ite ites Dec5se ite,5ti/5 /itics 5,e ,e6ict5De. Theisec,ities citie6 D the 5i,5ti+e 5,e /t iMe ite,5ti/5 te,,/,is is 5 e+e,=,eset th,e5t? 56 the,e iht Bst De /is/ i /, chi6,es h5/-ee c56. Uce,t5it56 ,is 5,e 5,t 56 5,ce / h5 ie. "t isse he,e is /t Bst ie itse Dt -h5t 5es ie

+55De. e ec/,5e i6ie,ece 56 c5,eessess i 5 -/,6 ihe,et ch5,5cte,ize6 Disec,it i 5 5ttet t/ ,ec5i B/ ,/ the 5i,5ti+es 5,5/i6 tit/ei.34es )e, )e,i5? 93 po&esso o& politic3l science 3t the , >3ss3chusetts4hest 3n< po& o& -R 3t 9own +The politic3l su;ect o& /iolence e<. )3/i< C34p;ell 3n< >ich3el )illonD p 1115

Nietzsche 3n< -ntepeti/e Re3lis4 -n the l3st 3n3l!sisD P/+e / the eihD/,P is 5-5s so4ethin' secon<3!D p3tl! con/ention3l 3n<

3;it3!Bis/, i ,e5ti/ t/ e5, / the eih=D/, . &te the stuctue o& societ! is &i8e< on the whole3n< see4s secue 3'3inst e8ten3l <3n'esD it is this &e3 o& the nei'h;o th3t 3'3in ce3tes new pespecti/es o&4o3l /3lu3tion. BFie<ich NietzscheD 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/il Nietzsche t3ns/3lues ;oth Ho;;css 3n< >38Js intepet3tions o& secuit! thou'h3 'ene3lo'! o& 4o<es o& ;ein'. His 4etho< is not to unco/e so4e <eep 4e3nin' o /3lue &o secuit!D ;ut to <est3;ilize the intole3;le &i3ion3l i<entitieso& the p3st which h3/e ;een ce3te< out o& &e3D 3n< to 3&&i4 the ce3ti/e <i&&eences which 4i'ht !iel< new /3lues &o the &utue. Oi'in3tin' in thep33<o8ic3l el3tionship o& 3 contin'ent li&e 3n< 3 cet3in <e3thD the histo! o& secuit! e3<s &o Nietzsche 3s 3n 3;ne'3tionD 3 esent4ent 3n<D &in3ll!D 3

t3nscen<ence o& this p33<o8. -n ;ie&D the hist/, is /e / i6i+i65s seei 5 i/ssiDe sec,it ,/ the/st ,56ic5 P/the,P / ie D the teo o& <e3th whichD once 'ene3lize< 3n< n3tion3lize<D ti''es 3 &utile

c!cle o& collecti/e i<entities seein' secuit! &o4 3lien othesBwho 3e seein' si4il3l! i4possi;le'u33ntees. -t is 3 sto! o& <i&&eences t3in' on the otheness o& <e3thD 3n< i<entities c3lci&!in' into 3 &e3&uls34eness. Since Nietzsche h3s su&&ee< the 'e3test ne'lect in inten3tion3l theo!D his eintepct3tion o& secuit! will ecei/e 3 4oe e8tensi/e

te3t4ent hee. Oe st Dei -ith NietzscheJs i<e3 o& the -i t/ /-e,D which he cle3l! ;elie/e< to ;e ,i/, t/ 56ee,5ti+e / 5 c/si6e,5ti/s / sec=,it . -n 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/ilD he e4ph3tic3ll! est3;lishes the pi43c! o& the will to

powe2 h!siolo'ists shoul< thin ;e&oe puttin' <own the instinct o& sel&pese/3tion 3s the c3<in3l instinct o&3n o'3nic ;ein'. li/in' thin' sees 3;o/e 3ll to <isch3'e its sten'thBie itse is -i t/ /-e, se= ,ese,+5ti/ is / /e / the /st ,eMet ,ests .0 The will to poweD thenD shoul< not ;econ&use< with 3 Ho;;esi3n pepetu3l <esie &o powe. -t c3nD in its ne'3ti/e &o4D po<uce 3 e3cti/e 3n< esent&ul lon'in'&o onl! poweD le3<in'D in NietzscheJs /iewD to 3 tiu4ph o& nihilis4. 9ut Nietzsche e&es to 5 /siti+e -i t//-e, D 3n 3cti/e 3n< 3&&ecti/e &oce o& ;eco4in'D ,/ -hich +5es 56 e5isic6i se=,ese,+5ti/5,e ,/6ce6 -hich 5i, ie. C/+eti/s / sec,it 5ct t/ s,ess ,5the,

th5 c/,/t the e5,s e6eic t/ ie D &o ... li&e itsel& is essenti3ll! 3ppopi3tionD inu!D o/epowein'o& wh3t is 3lien 3n< we3e suppessionD h3<nessD i4position o& ones own &o4sD incopo3tion 3n< 3t le3stD3t its 4il<estD e8ploit3tionB;ut wh! shoul< one 3lw3!s use those wo<s in which sl3n<eous intent h3s ;eeni4pinte< &o 3'es.5 Elsewhee Nietzsche est3;lishes the pe/3si/eness o& 3'onis4 in li&e2 ie is 5 c/seMece / -5,?s/ciet itse 5 e5s t/ -5,.P3W $t the 6ei5 / this pe43nent c/6iti/D the e&&ot to <is'uise it

with 3 consensu3l 3tion3lit! o to hi<e &o4 it with 3 &iction3l so/eei'nt!D 5,e 5 eects / thiss,essi/ / e5,. The 6esi,e /, sec,it is 5ieste6 5s 5 c/ecti+e ,esetet / 6i=e,ece Bth3t which is not usD not cet3inD not pe<ict3;le. Co4plicit with 3 ne'3ti/e will to powe is the &e3<i/en <esie &o potection &o4 the unnown. ,nlie the positi/e will to poweD which po<uces 3n 3esthetic3&&i43tion o& <i&&eenceD the se5,ch /, t,th ,/6ces 5 t,c5te6 ie which con&o4s to the 3tion3ll!now3;leD to the c3us3ll! sust3in3;le. -n The 3! ScienceD Nietzsche 3ss o& the e3<e =ooD isnJt ou nee< &o nowle<'e pecisel! thisnee< &o the &34ili3D the will to unco/e e/e!thin' st3n'eD unusu3lD 3n< ?uestion3;leD so4ethin' th3t no lon'e <istu;s usG -s it not the instinct o& &e3



th3t ;i<s us to nowG n< is the u;i l3tion o& those who o;t3in nowle<'e not the u;il3tion o/e the esto3tion o& 3 sense o& secuit!G**7 Thee5, / the /- 56 the 6esi,e /, ce,t5it c/Die t/ ,/=6ce 5 6/estic5te6 ie D in

which c3us3lit! 3n< 3tion3lit! ;eco4e the hi'hest si'n o& 3 so/eei'n sel&D the suest potection 3'3instcontin'ent &oces. The &e3 o& &3te 3ssues 3 ;elie& th3t e/e!thin' e3son3;le is tueD 3n< e/e!thin' tueDe3son3;le. -n shotD the secuit! i4pe3ti/e po<ucesD 3n< is sust3ine< ;!D the st3te'ies o& nowle<'e whichsee to e8pl3in it. Nietzsche eluci<3tes the n3tue o& this 'ene3ti/e el3tionship in The Twili'ht o& the -<ols. The c3us3l instinct is thuscon<ition3l uponD 3n< e8cite< ;!D the &eelin' o& &e3. The wh!G*1 sh3llD i& 3t 3ll possi;leD not 'i/e the c3use &oits own s3e so 4uch 3s &o 3 p3ticul3 in< o& c3useB3 c3use (h3t is co4&otin'D li;e3tin' 3n< elie/in'. . . . Th3t which is new 3n<

st3n'e 3n< h3s not ;een e8peience< ;e&oeD is e8clu<e< 3s 3 c3use. Thus one not onl! se3ches &o so4e in< o& e8pl3n3tionD tose/e 3s 3 c3useD ;ut to 3 p3ticul3l! selecte< 3n< pe&ee< in< o& e8pl3n3tionBth3t which 4ost ?uicl! 3n<&e?uentl! 3;olishe< the &eelin' o& the st3n'eD new 3n< hitheto une8peience<2 the 4ost h3;itu3le8pl3n3tions.$ s3&e li&e e?uies s3&e tuths. The st,5e 56 the 5ie ,e5i eJ5ie6? the/- Dec/es i6etiie6 5s e+i? 56 e+i ,/+/es h/stiit,ecci the 6esi,e /,sec,it. The in&luence o& ti4i<it!D 3s Nietzsche puts itD ce3tes 3 people who 3e willin' to su;o<in3te 3&&i43ti/e

/3lues to the necessities o& secuit!2 the! &e3 ch3n'eD t3nsitoiness2 this e8pesses 3 st3itene< soulD &ull o& 4istust 3n< e/il

e8peiences.+ The unnow3;le which c3nnot ;e cont3ine< ;! &oce o e8pl3ine< ;! e3son is ele'3te< to the o&&wol<. TustD the 'oo<D 3n<

othe co44on /3lues co4e to el! upon 3n 3ti&ici3l sten'th2 the &eelin' o& secuit! such 3s the Chisti3n possesses he &eels ston' in ;ein' 3;le to tustD to ;e p3tient 3n< co4pose<2 he owes this 3ti&ici3l sten'th to the illusion o& ;ein' potecte< ;! 3 'o<.0 Fo NietzscheD o& couseD

/ 5 5se sese / sec,it c5 c/e ,/ 5se /6s& >o3lit! 3n< eli'ion ;elon' 3lto'ethe to the ps!cholo'! o&

eoD in e/e! sin'le c3seD c3use 3n< e&&ect 3e con&use< o tuth is con&use< with the e&&ects o& ;elie/in' so4ethin' 1

;e tue o 3 st3te o& consciousness is con&use< with its X0l c3uses. NietzscheJs intepet3tion o& the oi'ins o& eli'ion c3n she<so4e li'ht on this p33<o8ic3l oi'in 3n< t3ns/3lu3tion o& secuit!. -n The enc3lo '! o& >o3lsD Nietzsche sees eli'ion 3isin' &o4 3 sense o& &e3 3n<in<e;te<ness to ones 3ncestos2 The con/iction ei'ns th3t it is onl! thou'h the s3ci&ices 3n< 3cco4plish4ents o& the 3ncestos th3t the ti;e e8istsB3n< th3t one h3s to p3! the4 ;3c with s3ci&ices 3n< 3cco4plish4ents2 one thus eco'nizes 3 <e;t th3t const3ntl! 'ows 'e3teD since these &oe;e3sne/e ce3seD in thei continue< e8istence 3s powe&ul spiitsD to 3cco< the ti;e new 3</3nt3'es 3n< new sten'th:% S3ci&icesD honosD o;e<ience 3c'i/en ;ut it is ne/e enou'hD &o The 3ncestos o& the 4ost powe&ul ti;ts 3e ;oun< e/entu3ll! to 'ow to 4onstous <i4ensions thou'h thei43'in3tion o& 'owin' &e3 3n< to ece<e into the <3ness o& the <i/inel! unc3nn! 3n< uni43'in3;le2 in the en< the 3ncesto 4ust necess3il! ;et3ns&i'ue< into 3 'o<.0i s the 3ncestos <e;t ;eco4es e4;e<<e< in institutionsD the co44unit! t3es on the ole o& ce<ito. Nietzsche 4ocs thisoi'in3!D Ho;;esi3n 4o4ent2 One li/es in 3 co44unit!D one eno!s the 3</3nt3'es o& co44un3lit! (oh wh3t 3</3nt3'esQ we so4eti4es un<e3te

the4 to<3!#D one <wells potecte<D c3e< &oD in pe3ce 3n< tust&ulnessD without &e3 o& cet3in inuies 3n< hostile 3cts to which the 43n outsi<eD the 43n without pe3ceD is e8pose< . . . since one h3s ;oun< 3n< ple<'e< onesel& to theco44unit! pecisel! with 3 /iew to inu! 3n< hostile 3cts.00 The est3;lish4ent o& the co44unit! is<epen<ent uponD in<ee< it &ee<s uponD this &e3 o& ;ein' le&t outsi<e. s the c3stle w3ll is epl3ce< ;! witten te3t!D howe/eD

3n< <ist3nt 'o<s ;! te4po3l so/eei'nsD the 43ti3l sills 3n< spiitu3l /itues o& the no;le w3io 3e slowl! <e;3se<3n< <issi4ul3te<. The sDBect / the i6i+i65 -i t/ /-e, Dec/es the /DBect / 5 c/ecti+e,esetet. The esultG The e5, / the eJte,5 /the, is t,5s+5e6 it/ the P/+e / the eihD/,P

?uote< in the openin' o& this sectionD 56 the e,et5ti/ / c/it is 5ss,e6 th,/h theite,5iz5ti/ 56 eiti5ti/ / 5 e5, th5t /st its /,ii5 s/,ce / 5/. This /-e,eJs / e5,? / eJte,5 56 ite,5 /the,ess? ee,5tes the +5es -hich h/6 thesec,it ie,5ti+e. -n<ee<D Nietzsche /c5tes the ee5/ / e+e i6i+i65 ,ihtsD such 3s&ee<o4D i the c5=cs / 5it5ii sec,it 2 >! i'hts 3e th3t p3n o& 4! powe which othesnot 4eel! conce<e< 4eD ;ut which the! wish 4e to pese/e . How <o these othes 3i/e 3t th3tG Fist2 thou'h theipu<ence 3n< &e3 3n< c3ution2 whethe in th3t the! e8pect so4ethin' si4il3 &o4 us in etun (potection o& thei i'hts# o in th3t the!consi<e th3t 3 stu''le with us woul< ;e peilous o to no pupose o in th3t the! sec in 3n! <i4inution o& ou &oce 3 <is3</3nt3'e to the4sel/esD since

we woul< then ;e unsuite< to &o4in' 3n 3lli3nce with the4 in opposition to 3 hostile thi< powe. Then2 ;! <on3tion 3n< cession.05 Thepoint o& NietzscheJs citic3l 'ene3lo'! is to show th3t the peilous con<itions th3t ce3te< the secuit! i4pe3ti/eB3n<the westen 4et3ph!sics th3t pepetu3te itBh3/e <i4inishe< i& not <is3ppe3e< !etD the &e3 o& li&e pesists 2Ou centu! <enies this peilousncssD 3n< <ocs so with 3 'oo< conscience2 3n< !et it continues to <3' 3lon' with it the ol< h3;its o& Chisti3n secuit!.

Chisti3n eno!4entD ece3tion 3n< e/3lu3tion.06 NietzscheJs wo! is th3t the collecti/e e3ction 3'3inst ol<eD 4oe pi43l &e3sh3s ce3te< 3n e/en wose <3n'e the t!3nn! o& the he<D the lowein' o& 43nD the 3p3th! o& the l3st 43n

which contols thou'h con&o4it! 3n< ules thou'h p3ssi/it!. The sec,it o& the so/eei'nD 3tion3l sel&3n< st3te c/es 5t the c/st / 34;i'uit!D uncet3int!D p33<o8B 5 th5t 5es 5 ,ee ie -/,th-hie. NietzscheJs l34ent &o this lost li&e is c3ptue< 3t the en< o& )3!;e3 in 3 seies o& hetoic3l ?uestions2 O& &utue /ituesBHow co4es it th3t the 4oeco4pehensi;le the wol< h3s 'own the 4oe sole4nities o& e/e! in< h3/e <ece3se<G -s it th3t &e3 w3s so 4uch the ;3sic cle4ent o& th3t e/eence which o/ec34e us in the pesence o& e/e!thin' unnown 3n< 4!steious 3n< t3u'ht us to &3ll <own ;e&oe the inco4pehensi;le 3n< ple3< to 4ec!G

n< h3s the wol< not lost so4e o& its ch34 &o us ;ec3use we h3/e 'own less &e3&ulG @ith the <i4inution o&ou &e3ulness h3s ou own <i'nit! 3n< sole4nit!D ou own &i3so4enessD not 3lso <i4inishe<G07 -t is o& couse inNietzscheJs l34entD in his <eepest pessi4is4 &o the l3st 43nD th3t one &in<s the cele;3tion o& the o/e43n 3s ;oth s!4pto4 3n< h3;in'e o& 3 4oe&eespiite< !et &e3so4e 3'e. )is4issi/e o& ,topi3n en'ineein'D Nietzsche ne/e su''ests how he woul< estuctue societ! he loos &ow3< onl! so&3 3s to si'ht the e4e'ence o& new philosophes (such 3s hi4sel&G# who woul< estoe 3 e/eence &o &e3 3n< ee/3lu3te the secuit! i4pe3ti/e.Nietzsche <oesD howe/eD 'o ;3c to 3 peChisti3nD peSoc3tic e3 to &in< the e8e4pl3s &o 3 new in< o& secui i/. -n The ene3lo'! o& >o3ls he



hol<s up eicles 3s 3n e834pleD &o l3u<in' the theni3ns &o thei h3t;!4i3B3 te4 th3t incopo3tes the notion o& in<i&&eence to 3n< conte4pt&o secuit!.0$ -t is peh3ps too 4uch to e8pect NietzscheJs 4ess3'e to eson3te in l3te 4o<en ti4esD to e8pectD 3t the /e! ti4e when con<itions see4

4ost uncet3in 3n< unpe<ict3;leD th3t people woul< te3t &e3 3s 3 sti4ulus &o i4po/e4ent 3the th3n c3use &o etench4ent. et Nietzsche woul< cle3l! sec these 3s oppotune ti4esD when e5, c/6 De -i 5sse,te6 5s 5 /,ce /, the5i,5ti/ / 6ie,ece? ,5the, th5 c55ize6 it/ 5 c5ti/s i6etit c/st,cte6 ,/ thec5c5ti/ / ,iss 56 Deeits.

The iiite 56 /=ie5, c5ses / +i/ece 5,e t// D,/56 56 +5st t/ De ,e6icte6 56,es/6e6 t/ eecti+e=5ttets t/ ,e+et 6is5ste,s ti5te e56 t/ D,e5c,5ticish56i -hich 5iies the ,/De)e, )e,i5D )i o& Secuit! Stu<ies 3t 9owD 2(34es N3tion3l Secuit!D n cci<ent @3itin' to H3ppenD 0redicting the 0resent 6ol *7 !8

-t o&ten t3es 3 c3t3stophe to e/e3l the illuso! ;elie&s we continue to h3;o in n3tion3l 3n< ho4el3n<secuit!J. To eep us s3&eD we pl3ce ou &3ith in n3tion3l ;o<es 3n< 'u3<sD ;ue3uc3cies 3n< e8petsD technolo'ies 3n< 34ies.

These 3n< othe instu4ents o& n3tion3l secuit! 3e e4powee< 3n< le'iti43te< ;! the 3ssu4ption th3t it &3lls upon theso/eei'n count! to potect us &o4 the tu;ulent st3te o& n3tue 3n< 3n3ch! th3t pe43nentl! lies in w3ito&&shoe 3n< o/e the hoizon &o the unpep3e< 3n< in3<e?u3tel! <e&en<e<. 9ut this p3ochi3l &e3D posin' 3s 3 e3listic

wol</iewD h3s ecentl! t3en so4e /e! h3< nocs. io to Septe4;e 11D %1D n3tion3l ;o<es wee thou'ht to ;enecess3! 3n< su&&icient to eep ou ene4ies 3t ;3! upon ent! to 93'h<3<D 3 /ituous tiu4ph3lis4 3n< 3e/olution in 4ilit3! 3&&3is wee toute< 3s the ;est 4e3ns to ;in' pe3ce 3n< <e4oc3c! to the >i<<le E3st3n< ;e&oe Huic3ne K3tin3D e4e'enc! pep3e<ness 3n< 3n intic3te s!ste4 o& le/ees wee suppose< toeep New Ole3ns s3&e 3n< <!. The int3ct3;ilit! o& <is3steD especi3ll! its une8pecte<D unpl3nne<Dunpece<ente< n3tueD eo<es not onl! the /e! <istinction o& the loc3lD n3tion3lD 3n< 'lo;3lD ;utD 3ssiste< 3n<34pli&ie< ;! 3n un;linin' 'lo;3l 4e<i3D e/e3ls the contin'ent 3n< hi'hl! inteconnecte< ch33cte o& li&e in'ene3l. et when it co4es to <e3lin' with n3tu3l 3n< unn3tu3l <is3stesD we continue to e8pect (3n<D in the 3;sence o& 3 ce<i;le

3lten3ti/eD un<est3n<3;l! soD i& not cet3int! 3n< tot3l s3&et! 3t le3st 3 hi'h le/el o& po;3;ilit! 3n< co4petence &o4 oun3tion3l 3n< ho4el3n< secuit! e8pets Howe/eD ;etween the 4i8e< 4et3phos 3n< ;ehin< the 4et3ph!sic3l concepts 'i/en /oice ;! ,S

Ho4el3n< Secuit! )iecto >ich3el Cheto&& e3l! into the K3tin3 cisisD thee lus 3n une3s! eco'nition th3t this 3<4inist3tionB 3n<

peh3ps no n3tion3l 'o/en4entBis up to the t3s o& 43n3'in' inci<ents th3t so 3pi<l! c3sc3<e into 'lo;3le/ents. -n<ee<D the! su''est th3t ou n3tion3l pl3ns 3n< pep33tions &o the ;i' oneB3 &oce&i/e huic3neD teoist 3tt3cD p3n<e4ic <ise3seB

h3/e ;eco4e p3t o& the po;le4D not the solution. His use o& h!;e;olic te4s lie ult3c3t3stophe 3n< &3llout is tellin'2 such e/ents e8cee<not onl! loc3l 3n< n3tion3l c3p3;ilitiesD ;ut the c3p3cit! o& con/ention3l l3n'u3'e itsel&. n e3s! <e&lection woul< ;e to

l3! the ;l34e on the neoconse/3ti/e &3ith&ul o& the &ist te4 o& ,S esi<ent eo'e @. 9ushD whoD /iewin' thou'h 3n in/ete< @ilsoni3n pis4 the wol< 3s the! woul< wish it to ;eD h3/e now ;een &oce< ;! n3tu3l 3n< unn3tu3l <is3stes to &3ce the wol< 3s it e3ll! isB3n< not e/en the 4ost

sophistic3te< pu;lic 3&&3is 43chine o& <issi4ul3tionsD <istotionsD 3n< lies c3n close this '3p. Howe/eD the <iscouse o& the secon< 9ushte4 h3s ince3sin'l! etune< to the <o4in3nt wol</iew o& n3tion3l secuit!D e3lis4D 3n< i& l3n'u3'e isD 3sNietzsche cl3i4e<. 3 pisonhouseD e3lis4 is its supe438 penitenti3!. 93se< on line3 notions o& c3us3lit!D 3coespon<ence theo! o& tuthD 3n< the 43tei3lit!J o& poweD how c3n e3lis4 possi;l! 3ccountBlet 3lonepep3e o po/i<e e4e<iesB&o co4ple8 c3t3stophesD lie the topplin' o& the @ol< T3<e Cente 3n< 3tt3con the ent3'on ;! 3 h3n<&ul o& ih3<ists 34e< with ;o8cuttes 3n< 3 &ew 4onths o& &li'htt3inin'G &oce&i/e huic3ne th3t 4i'ht well h3/e ;e'un with the &l3ppin' o& 3 ;utte&l!Js win'sG nothe3st electic3l

;l3cout th3t st3te< with 3 &3llin' tee li4; in OhioG possi;le p3n<e4ic ti''ee< ;! the 4ut3tion o& 3n3/i3n /iusG HowD &o inst3nceD 3e we to 4e3sue the i443tei3l powe o& the CNNe&&ect on the &ist ul&

@3D the l3zee3 e&&ect on the -3? "_J3D o the Noi3e&&ect on the =on<on teoist ;o4;in'sG Fo e/ents o&such co4ple8D nonline3 oi'ins 3n< with such ti'htl!couple<D ?u3ntu4 e&&ectsD the n3tion3l secuit!J<iscouse o& e3lis4 is si4pl! not up to the t3s. @oseD wh3t i& the &3ilue o& i43'in3tion i<enti&ie< ;! the +:11

Co44ission is ;uilt into ou n3tion3l 3n< ho4el3n< secuit! s!ste4sG @h3t i& the eli3nce on pl3nnin' &o thec3t3stophe th3t ne/e c34e e<uce< ou c3p3;ilit! to &le8i;l! espon< 3n< i4po/ise &o the ult3c3t3stophe th3t <i<G @h3t i& wosec3se scen3iosD si4ul3tion t3inin'D 3n< <is3ste e8ecisesB3s well 3s

;o<e 'u3<sD concete h3ies 3n< e3then le/eesBnot onl! po/e in3<e?u3te ;ut 4i'ht well 3ct 3s &oce4ultipliesBwh3t o'3niz3tion3l theoists i<enti&! 3s ne'3ti/e s!ne'! 3n< c3sc3<in' e&&ects Bth3t po<uce the3uto43te< ;un'lin' ̀ thin Fe<e3l E4e'enc! >3n3'e4ent 'enc!# th3t t3ns&o4 isol3te< e/ents 3n< sin'ul3 3tt3csinto 'lo;3l <is3stesG ust 3s no43l 3cci<ents 3e ;uilt into new technolo'iesB&o4 the Tit3nic sinin' to the Cheno;!l 4elt<own to the

Ch3llen'e e8plosionB we 4ust 3s whethe ult3c3t3stophes 3e no lon'e the e8ception ;ut now p3t 3n< p3celo& <ensel! netwoe< s!ste4s th3t <e&! n3tion3l 43n3'e4ent in othe wo<sD pl3nne< <is3stes. @h3tD thenD is to

;e <oneG &ist step is to 4o/e ;e!on< the wheelspinnin' <e;3tes th3t peenni3ll! eep secuit! <iscouse



3lw3!s one step ;ehin< the 'lo;3l e/ent. -t 4i'ht well ;e uniD ;iD o 4ultipol3D ;ut it is ti4e to eco'nize th3tthe powe con&i'u3tion o& the st3tess!ste4 is 3pi<l! ;ein' su;su4e< ;! 3 heteopol3 43ti8 D in which 3 wi<e3n'e o& <i&&eent 3ctos 3n< technolo'ic3l <i/es 3c po<ucin' po&oun< 'lo;3l e&&ects thou'h inteconnecti/it!. "3!in' in i<entit!D inteestsD 3n<

sten'thD these new 3ctos 3n< <i/es '3in 3</3nt3'e thou'h the ;o3< ;3n<wi<th o& in&o43tion technolo'!JD&o netwoe< co44unic3tion s!ste4s po/i<e the 4e3ns to t3/ese politic3lD econo4icD eli'iousD 3n< cultu3l ;oun<3iesD ch3n'in' not onl! how weintepet e/entsD ;ut 43in' it e/e 4oe <i&&icult to 43int3in the /e! <istinction o& inten<e< &o4 3cci<ent3l e/ents. cco<in' to the le'3l philosophe

o& N3zi e43n!D C3l Sch4ittD when the st3te is un3;le to <eli/e on its t3<ition3l po4isso! notes o& s3&et!D secuit!D3ntiwell;ein' thou'h le'3lD <e4oc3tic 4e3nsD it will necess3il! e8ecise the so/eei'n e8ception2<ecl3in' 3 st3te o& e4e'enc!D <e&inin' &ien< &o4 &oeD 3n<D i& necess3!D e3<ic3tin' the the3t to the st3te. 9ut

wh3t i& the st3te. F3cin' the 'lo;3l e/entD c3nnot <iscen the 3cci<ent3l &o4 the intention3lG n e8ten3l 3tt3c&o4 3n inten3l 3utoi44une esponseG The n3tu3l 3s oppose< to the pl3nne< <is3steG The ene4! within&o4 the ene4! withoutG @e c3nD 3s the ,nite< St3tes h3s <one since Septe4;e 11D continue to te3t c3t3stophic the3ts 3sissues o& n3tion3l 3the th3n 'lo;3l secuit!JD 3n< 'o it 3lone. Howe/eD once <ecl3e<D ;ue3uc3tic3ll!inst3lle<D 3n< epetiti/el! '34e<D n3tion3l st3tes o& e4e'enc! 'ow ec3lcit3nt 3n< ;eco4e pone to e/en

wose <is3stes. s 3ul "iilioD 43ste theoist o& the w3 43chine 3n< the inte'3l 3cci<ent once tol< 4e2 The &ullsc3le 3cci<ent isnow the polon'3tion o& tot3l w3 ;! othe 4e3ns.

I 5s-e, t/ the 5i,5ti+eAs schiz/h,eic c5 t/ 5cti/? /, 5te,5ti+e is t/ )/ /thi ithe ist5ce / the 5. This is 5 5ccet5ce / the ie+it5Diit / 5i 56 ce,t5it 56 5,es5 t/ st,e 55ist it. This ,56ic5 /eess ee6e,s 5 6e,st56i th5t 5i isAt

e5ti+e i 56 / itse 56 5/-s s t/ t5e B/ i /, 5i.Nietzsche? H78 The 3ntichist Human, All too Human. phois4 Y%$0 1$7$

The means to real peace.B No 'o/en4ent 3<4its 3n! 4oe th3t it eeps 3n 34! to s3tis&! occ3sion3ll! the <esie &ocon?uest. R3the the 34! is suppose< to se/e &o <e&enseD 3n< one in/oes the 4o3lit! th3t 3ppo/es o& sel&<e&ense. 9ut this i4plies oneJs own 4o3lit! 3n< the nei'h;oJs i44o3lit! &o the nei'h;o 4ust ;e thou'hto& 3s e3'e to 3tt3c 3n< con?ue i& ou st3te 4ust thin o& 4e3ns o& sel&<e&ense. >oeo/e. the e3sons we'i/e &o e?uiin' 3n 34! i4pl! th3t ou nei'h;oD who <enies the <esie &o con?uest ust 3s 4uch 3s <oes ouown st3teD 3n< whoD &o his p3tD 3lso eeps 3n 34! onl! &o e3sons o& sel&<e&enseD is 3 h!pocite 3n< 3 cunnin' ci4in3l who

woul< lie nothin' ;ette th3n to overpower 3 h34less 3n< 3ww3< /icti4 without 3n! &i'ht. Thus 3ll st3tes3e now 3n'e< 3'3inst e3ch othe2 the! pesuppose thei nei'h;oJs ;3< <isposition 3n< thei own 'oo<<isposition. This pesuppositionD howe/eD is inhumane. 3s ;3< 3s w3 3n< wose. t ;otto4D in<ee<D it is itsel& thech3llen'e 3n< the c3use o& w3sD ;ec3useD 3s - h3/e s3i<D it 3tti;utes i44o3lit! to the nei'h;o 3n< thus po/oes3 hostile <isposition 3n< 3ct. @e 4ust 3;ue the <octine o& the 34! 3s 3 4e3ns o& sel&<e&ense ust 3sco4pletel! 3s the <esie &o con?uests. n< peh3ps the 'e3t <3! will co4e when peopleD <istin'uishe< ;!

w3s 3n< /ictoies 3n< ;! the hi'hest <e/elop4ent o& 3 4ilit3! o<e 3n< intelli'enceD 3n< 3ccusto4e< to 43e the he3/iest

s3ci&ices &o these thin'sD will e8cl3i4 o& its own &ee willD "We break the sword" 3n< will s43sh its entie 4ilit3!est3;lish4ent <own to its lowest &oun<3tions. Ren<ein' onesel& unarmed when one had been the best-armed, out o& 3 height o& &eelin'Bth3t is the 4e3ns to real pe3ceD which 4ust 3lw3!s est on 3 pe3ce o& 4in< whee3sthe soc3lle< 34e< pe3ceD 3s it now e8ists in 3ll countiesD is the 3;sence o& pe3ce o& 4in<. One tusts neitheonesel& no oneJs nei'h;o 3n<D h3l& &o4 h3te<D h3l& &o4 &e3D <oes not l3! <own 34s. R3the peish th3nh3te 3n< &e3D 3n< twice rather perish than make oneself hated and feared B this 4ust so4e<3! ;eco4e thehi'hest 438i4 &o e/e! sin'le co44onwe3lth. Ou li;e3l epesent3ti/es D 3s is well nownD l3c the ti4e &o e&lectin' on

the n3tue o& 43n2 else the! woul< now th3t the! wo in /3in when the! wo &o 3 '3<u3l <ece3se o& the 4ilit3! ;u<en. R3theD onl! when this in< o& nee< h3s ;eco4e 'e3test will the in< o& 'o< ;e ne3est who 3lone c3nhelp hee. The tee o& w3'lo! c3n onl! <esto!e< 3ll 3t onceD ;! 3 stoe o& li'htnin'2 ;ut li'htnin'D 3s in<ee<

!ou nowD co4es &o4 3 clou<B3n< &o4 up hi'h.



O+e,+ie- The 5 c/st,cts 5 i6e5 -/,6 th5t the c5 st,i+e /, Dt e+e, ,e5ch 6is/,6e, is ihe,et.'5te /, 6is/,6e, is h5te /, the se? c5si ,esetet. !/itics 5,e ,e6ict5De? the c5At

De s,e / thei, i5cts. Uce,t5it c5ses e5, th5t 5es the ,eset /the,s? D5i the.Fe5, / the /- es,es the 6isc/,se th5t ,/6ces thei, 5th/,s. TheA 5-5s i6s/ethi t/ iJ ie+it5Diit 5es it seess.

( 5,ets /A,e /i t/ e+55te i,st 1. K t,s the c5se thei, ,e5cti/5, ethics // the +5es / the i5ct c5is. S5,ettei6ic5tes the c/tie t/ 5tt5c the )i/si5 eeets / the se th5t 5,e ie+it5De? c,e5tiressentiment -hich 5es s h5te ie Dec5se itAs /t c//,i t/ thei, e,ect -/,6.

2. " i5cts 6/At 5tte, 6e5th is ie+it5De? the c5At st/ it. !,/+es the / thi th5t5tte,s is the -5 -e /,iet /,se+es t/-5,6 ie. Thei, i5ct sce5,i/s 5,e i,,ee+5t -he,ei+i is /t //6 e/hNietzsche 188% &e<ichD ;e!on< 'oo< 3n< e/ilD 3ph Y %%5D p'. 0%W @hethe he<onis4D o pessi4is4D o utilit3i3nis4D o eu<3i4oni3nis4 (6#B3ll these w3!s o& thinin'D which 4e3sue the /3lue o& thin's 3cco<in' tople3sue 3n< p3inD th3t isD 3cco<in' to contin'ent cicu4st3nces 3n< secon<3! issuesD 3e w3!s o& thinin' in the &oe'oun< 3n< n3[/et\D whiche/e!one who nows 3;out ce3ti/e &oces 3n< 3n 3tistic conscience will loo <own onD not without i<icule 3n< not without co4p3ssion. Co4p3ssion

&o !ousel&Bth3t isD o& couseD not co4p3ssion the w3! !ou 4e3n the te42 itJs not pit! &o soci3l nee<sD &o societ!3n< its sic 3n< unluc! peopleD with those <ep3/e< 3n< ;oen <own &o4 the st3tD 3n< with the w3! the! lie on the 'oun< 3ll 3oun< us

Be/en less is it co4p3ssion &o the 'u4;lin' oppesse<D the e;ellious sl3/e cl3ssesD who sti/e &o 43ste!Bthe! c3ll it Fee<o4. Ou co4p3ssion is 3 hi'he co4p3ssion which sees &utheBwe see how 43n is 43in'hi4sel& s43lleD how !ou 43e hi4 s43lleB3n< thee 3e 4o4ents when we loo 3t !ou co4p3ssion with 3nin<esci;3;le 3n8iet!D whee we <e&en< ousel/es 3'3inst this co4p3ssionBwhee we &in< !ou seiousness 4oe <3n'eous

th3n 3n! c3elessness. ou w3ntD i& possi;leB3n< thee is no wil<e i& possi;leBto <o 3w3! with su&&ein' . @h3t 3;out usG -t <oessee4 th3t we woul< pe&e it to ;e hi'he 3n< wose th3n it e/e w3sQ @ell ;ein'D the w3! !ou un<est3n< itDth3tJs no 'o3l . To us that loo&s li&e an end, a condition which immediately ma&es human beings laughable and contemptible, something which ma&es their destruction desirable' The cultue o& su&&ein'D o& 'e3t su&&ein'D <onJt

!ou e3lize th3t up to this point it is onl! this suffering which has created all the things which raise man up (

3. The K c/es i,st se=,ese,+5ti/ c/es ,/ the 5Diit t/ 5i, ie. Thei, i5cts6/At 6ee6 the +5e / ie i thei, ,5e-/,? e5s -e t, thei, ite,5 is th5tAs )e,)e,i5.

#. The K t5es /t s/+ec the 5i,5ti+e this the c/t,/ /ic D c,e5ti 5 Re5 -/,6 th5tAs S5,ette. This 5ttets t/ esc5e se,i is thei, /teti5 t/ h5+e eecti+ech5e 56 e5tes ie th5tAs 5 i6ee6et 6is56.T,5i 233!<3nD nietzsche 3n< the l3te witt'ensteinD oun3l o& nietzsche stu<iesD issue %6D p. 61%D 4useWThe c3/in' &o 3;solutel! 'ene3l speci&ic3tions esults in <oin' 4et3ph!sics. ,nlie @itt'ensteinD Nietzsche po/i<es 3n 3ccount o& how this c3/in'

3ises. The ce3tion o& the two wol<s such 3s 3pp3ent 3n< e3l wol<D con<itione< 3n< uncon<itione< wol<? being and becoing is the c!eation of the !essentient of etaphysicians" Nietzsche says, #to iagine anothe!,

o!e $al%able wo!ld is an e&p!ession of hat!ed fo! a wo!ld that a'es one s%ffe!: the !essentient ofetaphysicians against act%ality is he!e c!eati$e” (W0 --- 57+#. Esc3pin' &o4 this wol< ;ec3use thee is 'ie& in itesults in 3sceticis4. 3!in' espect to the 3scetic i<e3l is lon'in' &o the wol< th3t is pue 3n< <en3tu3lize<.C3/in' &o &ictionless su&3cesD &o 3 t3nscen<ent3lD pueD tueD i<e3lD pe&ect wol<D is the esult o& theessenti4ent o& 4et3ph!sic3ns who su&&e in this wol<. >et3ph!sici3ns <o not 3&&i4 this wol< 3s it isD 3n< this p3/es the w3! &o43n! e8pl3n3to! theoies in philosoph!. -n citicizin' 3 philosophe who p3!s ho43'e to the 3scetic i<e3lD Nietzsche s3!sD he w3nts to escape fromtorture (# --- 6#. The t3<ition3l philosophe o the 3scetic piest continues to epe3tD U>! in'<o4 is not o& this wol<A (# --- 1#. This is 3

lon'in' &o 3nothe wol< in which one <oes not su&&e. -t is to escape from this world) to create anotherillusory, fictitious, false world . This longing for *the truth” of a world in which one does not suffer is thedesire for a world of constancy. t is supposed that contradiction, change, and deception are the causes ofsuffering in othe wo<sD the senses <ecei/e it is &o4 the senses th3t 3ll 4is&otunes co4e e3son coects the eos thee&oee3son is the o3< to the const3nt. -n su4D this world is an error) the world as it ought to be exists. This will



to truth, this +uest for another world, this desire for the world as it ought to be, is the result ofunproducti%e thin&ing. t is unproducti%e because it is the result of a%oiding the creation of the world asit ought to be. cco<in' to NietzscheD the will to tuth is the i4potence o& the will to ce3te” (W0 --- 5$5#. >et3ph!sici3nsen< up with the ce3tion o& the tue wol< in cont3st to the 3ctu3lD ch3n'e3;leD <ecepti/eD sel&cont3<icto! wol<. The! t! to <isco/e the tueD

t3nscen<ent3l wol< th3t is 3le3<! thee 3the th3n ce3tin' 3 wol< &o the4sel/es. Fo Nietzsche? on the othe h3n<? the t!anscendental

wo!ld is the #denat%!alized wo!ld” (W0 --- 5$6#. The w3! out o& the cicle ce3te< ;! the essenti4ent o&4et3ph!sici3ns is the will to li&e 3the th3n the will to tuth. The will to truth can be o%ercome only through

a ionysian relationship to existence . This is the way to a new philosophy, which in @itt'ensteinAs te4s 3i4s toshow the &l! the w3! out o& the &l!;ottle ( 01 Z+#.

:IT' IS ");"NT"GE< The 5 ses 5th/s / ,e5cti/ t/ 5tt5c thei, /- D/,e6/. "cti+is ets the ee ,e+/ti/5,? Dt / sc5e/5ts 5/the, 5s 5 e+i? ch5i /thi.Nietzsche 1887 Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceD p'. 117$WThe craving for suffering - @hen - thin o& the c3/in' to <o so4ethin'D which continu3ll! ticles 3n< spus those 4illions o& !oun' Euope3ns whoc3nnot en<ue thei ;oe<o4 3n< the4sel/esD then - e3lize th3t the! 4ust h3/e 3 c3/in' to su&&e 3n< to &in< in thei su&&ein' 3 po;3;le e3son &o

3ctionD &o <ee<s. Nee<iness is nee<e<Q 2ot ist n3tig.W Hence the politici3nsJ cl34oD hence the 43n! &3lseD &ictitiousD

e83''e3te< con<itions o& <istess o& 3ll sots o& cl3sses 3n< the ;lin< e3<iness to ;elie/e in the4. These !oun'

people <e43n< th3tBnot h3ppiness ;ut unhappiness should approach from the outside and become %isible) and their imagination is busy in ad%ance to turn it into a monster so that 3&tew3< they can fight a monster. -&

these people who c3/e <istess &elt the sten'th insi<e the4sel/es to ;ene&it the4sel/es 3n< to <o so4ethin' &o the4sel/es inten3ll!D then the! &illthe wol< with thei cl34o 3;out <istess 3n< 3ll too o&ten into<uce it into the &eelin' o& <istess. They do not &now what to do with themsel%es-and therefore paint the distress of others on the wall) they alwaysneed others' And continually other others' -3<on 4eD 4! &ien<sD - h3/e /entue< to p3int 4! h3ppiness on the w3ll.

(. The 5t ,5es /, D5/t the 6/At ,/+e eJte,5 +5e? e5s the ,e5ti/ t/ /, $eiis /st i/,t5t. NietzscheAs 5cti+e ,esist5ce is 5ieste6 i 5 e5ti+e D5/t. Resi t/5ct D,e5s the s-/,6 / ,essetiet 56 ets s 6e+e/ 5 /siti+e ,e5ti/shi t/-5,6 ie.



not e+ual.0 And neither shall they become so' 2hat would be my lo%e to the 3uperman, if spa&eotherwise(

10. N/ i5ct& their discussion of hypothetical policy impacts is unimportant) human intellect is self1centered. 2e must affirm chance and necessity at once to extricate oursel%es from this negati%ity.Nietzsche 1873

On Tuth 3n< =ies in a Non-o!al (ense”, pg )]

Once upon 3 ti4eD in so4e out o& the w3! cone o& th3t uni/ese which is <ispese< into nu4;eless twinlin' sol3 s!ste4s?

thee w3s 3 st3 upon which cle/e ;e3sts in/ente< nowin'. That was the most arrogant and mendaciousminute of 0world history,0 but ne%ertheless, it was only a minute . After nature had drawn a few breaths,the star cooled and congealed, and the cle%er beasts had to die. QOne 4i'ht in/ent such 3 &3;le , and yet hestill would not ha%e ade+uately illustrated how miserable, how shadowy and transient, how aimless andarbitrary the human intellect loo&s within nature. There were eternities during which it did not exist.And when it is all o%er with the human intellect, nothing will ha%e happened . 4or this intellect has noadditional mission which would lead it beyond human life. R3theD it is hu43nD 3n< onl! its possesso 3n< ;e'ette t3es it so

sole4nl!3s thou'h the wol<Js 38is tune< within it. 9ut i& we coul< co44unic3te with the 'n3tD we woul< le3n th3t heliewise &lies thou'h the 3i with the s34e sole4nit!D th3t he &eels the &l!in' cente o& the uni/ese withinhi4sel&. Thee is nothin' so epehensi;le 3n< uni4pot3nt in n3tue th3t it woul< not i44e<i3tel! swell up lie 3 ;3lloon 3t the sli'htest pu&& o& thispowe o& nowin'. n< ust 3s e/e! pote w3nts to h3/e 3n 3<4ieD so e/en the pou<est o& 4enD the philosopheD supposes th3t he sees on 3ll si<es thee!es o& the uni/ese telescopic3ll! &ocuse< upon his 3ction 3n< thou'ht.



"T& !e,1. N/ i5ct& i -e -i 5 ,is / 5 i? the e, isAt /ese this is 5 / i 5,et

-ith/t 5 -5,,5t.

2. EJte6 th5t 5As i5cts 6/At 5tte, / et Deeit t/ the e,t5ti/? / 5 ,is / 5i. "6 T,5i 23 t,s c,e5ti+e /teti5? c,/ss 5 ,/ ,5e-/,.

3. !e, is i/ssiDe& the 5 c5 / 5i, its /tc/e i thei, i6e5 -/,6As /,5s5i the 6esi,e /, 5 ,e st,ct,5? c,e5ti /,e ,essetiet.

#. C5At +/te /, the e,& 6/esAt 5i, the ,es/ti/? 56 the is t/ the ,es/ti/?5es the e, 5ti=t/ic5 -hich ets 5 ste5 e ,/6 6est,/i e6c5ti/? +/ti isse.

(. Se+e,5ce& se+e,s Bstiic5ti/s. )est,/s /, /teti5 t/ e5e i 5 st,e i5cte6i se,i? i5cte6 D S5,ette 56 Nietzsche 56 ,ec6es c5sh? +/ti isse. "6 itAs5/the, i? ,/+es the 6/At +5e 5thi sice theA,e ,i ,/ thei, +5es

%. !e, 6/esAt s/+e& Bstiic5ti/ / et Deeit sti /,6e,s the -/,6 56 / +5ese,ecti/ +/ti 5 e5s 5 ,eBecti/ / se,i? t,s c5se.

7. ;/te e / ,esti/& i the c5 se+e, the e+i6ece the ,e56 56 c5is the 5e?thei, i5cts 6/At h5+e 5 Bstiic5ti/? e5s / Bstiic5ti/ /, 5 5 D5/t.

8. !e, is& the 5te,5ti+e is 5 6/De e5ti/ th5t 5Ds/,Ds the /teti5 / the thi,6/ti/ D 5i,i c/tiec 56 ths Dei. Thei, e6i5ti/ c5 /t s/,t this5i,5ti/ / ie. The / -5 t/ ,ec5i ie is t/ e5te the e5ti/ / ie.@5XiX 03 3len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 10W

9ut wh3tD e83ctl!D is the thi< possi;ilit!G The si4plest 3nswe woul< ;e2 the epetition o& the secon<. The thi<possi;ilit! is not 3 co4;in3tion o& the &ist two it <o es not refer D &o inst3nceD to 3n 3ppe33nce co4;ine< with so4e tuth. Th3t this is not wh3t Nietzsche is 3&te is peh3ps 4ost o;/ious in el3tion to 3nothe conceptu3l couple th3t is p33<i'43tic &o 3llNietzsche3n couples2 the couple o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD o& ess3!in' 3n< Nos3!in'D o& 3cti/e 3n< e3cti/e &oces. - h3/e 3le3<! e&ee< to thep3ss3'e &o4 Ecce ho4o whee Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t the ps!cholo'ic3l po;le4 in the t!pe o& M33thust3 is how he th3t s3!s No 3n< <oes No to 3n

unhe3<o& <e'eeD to e/e!thin' to which one h3s so &3 s3i< esD c3n ne/etheless ;e the opposite o& 3 Nos3!in'spiit. The w3! Nietzsche sol/es this po;le4 is not ;! 3<<in'D 3s 3 thi< te4 to the <ichoto4! o& es 3n< NoDso4ethin' lie peh3psD o neithe es no NoBhe 3<<s 3nothe esD 3nothe 3&&i43tion. M33thust3 says5es and No-No perhaps e%en more 6ften than 5es-yet he represents affirmation as such. One w3! o& un<est3n<in' this woul< ;e in te4s o& the <i3lectics o& the ne'3tion o& ne'3tion2 M33thust3 ne'3tes ne'3tionD 3n< is thus the spiit o&

3&&i43tion. ThisD howe/eD is not wh3t Nietzsche h3s in 4in<. Ne'3tion <oes not e&e to o ne'3te the 3&&i43tion (no 3n3le3<! e8istin' ne'3tion# it ne'3tes so4ethin' neut3lD n34el!D li&e o ;eco4in'. The s34e is tue &o 3&&i43tion. Onecoul< s3! th3t the! ;oth stu''le &o li&e. n<D o& couseD the! 3e ;oth p3t o& li&e. Ne'3tion ne'3tes li&e not &o4 the outsi<eD ;ut &o4 within li&e itsel& Bit ;eco4es itsel& 3 &o4 o& li&e. This i4plies th3t we 3e <e3lin' not with 3 <i3lectics o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD ;utD 3theD with two p33llel<i3lectics2 one in which li&e is ?u3li&ie< ;! ne'3tionD 3n< one in which it is ?u3li&ie< ;! 3&&i43tion. The two <o not &ollow &o4 one 3notheD ;ut the! 3e ;oth pesent. >oe pecisel!D the! were ;oth pesentD since the e3cti/e &oces see4 to h3/e con?uee< li&eD 3n< ;eco4e its onl! 3n< <o4in3nt &o4. Thisis wh3t Nietzsche c3lls nihilis4. ll h3s ;eco4e One. The histo! o& the wol< is not 3 '3<u3l loss o& so4e 4!thic3l unit! o OnenessBon the cont3!D it

is the loss o& 3 <ou;le souce. This is wh! the Nietzsche3n e/ent i4plies D 3;o/e 3llD the (e#3cti/3tion o& the othe:secon<

souce (3&&i43tion#B!et 3 secon< souce which is 3le3<! <ou;le in itsel&.9. The 1c is 5 ,e5s/ t/ ,ese t/ ,es/6 t/ the 5 /, the ,es/ti/ Dec5se -e ch5eethe 6esi,5Diit / ,es/+i the i5cts / the 15c the e, 6/esAt 5e 5 sese.



2NC O+e,+ie-

***SUFFERING



St/,&

The wol< o& the 1C en'3'es in 3sceticis4 which sees to i4pose its i<e3l o& the co44on 'oo< onto the<e&enseless &3ce o& the 43sses this i<eolo'! 43ss tue su&&ein' 3n< co/es up inten3tion3l /iolence. The3&&i43ti/e &3ils to potect the /e! in<i/i<u3ls &o who4 the! t3e 3ction. This ce3tes the notion o& 3 li;e3lsociet!D 3n< the /e! constuction o& this sel& <oo4s the outsi<e wol< to ;eco4in' 3n otheD 3n< usti&ies

w3s o& intole3nce.



EJ5e&Consi<e the Rw3n<3n 'enoci<e the Hutu ethnic 'oup o/ethew the 'o/en4ent 3n< pesecute< the TutsiD3ll 3s 3 ust ew3< &o the /iolence the Tutsi h3< shown to the Hutu <ec3<es e3lie. s the! en&oce< theiethic3l /iewpointD the! sl3u'htee< thous3n<s o& innocent ci/ili3ns. The! <ew ;oun<3ies ;etween us 3n<the4 3n< e8ploite< &e3 to usti&! /iolence.



I5ct C/5,is/ E+&

This s/,t / /the,iz5ti/ is the -/,st /, / 56 ,//t / +i/eceit st De ,eBecte6.'ee,5? 23 43n<3D >3chD Te83s R3n'es2 The Roots o& "iolence in the Constuction o& the OtheD 3ni43Dhttp2::www.3ni43;eiut.co4:3chi/es:%:3ticles:+.ht4

Otheiz3tion conse?uentl! occus when those in powe &3il to 3ccept p3ts o& the4sel/es 3n< poect those 3spectsonto those o/e who4 the! h3/e powe. The i<entit! o& the Sel& 3n< the i<entit! o& the Othe ;eco4e two &3cets o& the s34e ch33cteDone =i'ht 3n< one Sh3<ow (nz3l<a3D p. +#. ThusD the Oient h3s ;eco4e 3 sot o& suo'3te 3n< un<e'oun< sel& &o Euope3n cultue o/e the

couse o& centuies (S3i<D p. #. ,n<est3n<in' the constuction o& the Othe is e! to un<est3n<in' /iolence. The<i/ision o& the Sel& into the Sel& 3n< the Othe is the ulti43te 3n< oi'in3l &o4 o& /iolenceD 3s ito;lite3tes the tue sel/es o& those <ee4e< OtheD <en!in' the4 hu43nit! 3n< 3'enc! . ThusD &o the Euope3n schol3 Uthe Oient3lA w3sW 3 in< o& i<e3l 3n< unch3n'in' 3;st3ctionD 3the th3n 3 hu43n ;ein' with thou'htsD <esiesD 4oti/3tionsD 3n< peson3lit!

(Oient3lis4D p. $#. The schol3l! Otheiz3tion w3s p33llele< ;! 3 ;o3<e cultu3l Otheiz3tion th3t le'iti4ize< the /iolence o&coloni3lis4. loi3 nz3l<a3 conten<s th3t the s34e pocessD with its 3cco4p3n!in' ph!sic3l /iolenceD h3s occue< in the 4eic3n SouthwestD with white o n'lo4eic3ns in powe 3n< Chic3nos:3s 3s the Othe. She c3lls the white pocess o& Otheiz3tion th3t consciousness o&

<u3lit!^.which is consi<ee< the hi'hest consciousnessD (nz3l<a3D p. 5+#. -n 3nothe p3ss3'eD nz3l<a3 wites2 Ao;ecti/eA @esten cultue43<e Uo;ectsA o& thin's 3n< people when it <ist3nce< itsel& &o4 the4D thee;! losin' UtouchA with the4^this<ichoto4! is the oot o& 3ll /iolence (nz3l<a3D p. 5+#. _



2NC I5ct C5c

1. Che5=sh/t -e c/e i,st 5,ets5. The 5i,5ti+e 5is t/ 5s-e, the c/,e Mesti/s / Ot// -he the ,ese t/

5ccet se,i& esti/s / Ot// st De 5se6 56 "s-e,e6 Fi,st Sicethe i/, 5 ,ee+5t /-e6e 56 c/ceti/s / the ,/DeDillon, Prof of Politics @ University of Lancaster, Moral Spaces 99 p. 97-98

Heirs to all this, we find orselves in the tr!lent and now "lo!ali#ed wa$e of its conflence. %s Heide""er-hi&self an especially revealin" fi"re of the deep and

&tal i&plication of the philosophical and the political'-never tired of pointin" ot, the relevance of ontolo"y to all other $inds ofthin$in" is fnda&ental and inescapa!le. (or one cannot say anythin" a!ot any thin" that is, withot alwaysalready havin" &ade ass&ptions a!ot the is as sch. %ny &ode of tho"ht, in short, always already carries anontolo"y se)estered within it. *hat this ontolo"ical trn does to other-re"ional-&odes of tho"ht is tochallen"e the ontolo"y within which they operate . +he i&plications of that review rever!erate thro"hot the entire &ode of tho"ht,

de&andin" a reappraisal as fnda&ental as the reappraisal ontolo"y has de&anded of philosophy. *ith ontolo"y at isse, the entirefondations or nderpinnin"s of any &ode of tho"ht are rendered pro!le&atic . +his applies as &ch to any &odern

discipline of tho"ht as it does to the )estion of &odernity as sch, with the eception, it see&s, of science, which, havin" lon" a"o "iven p the ontolo"ical)estionin" of when it called itself natral philosophy, appears now, in its indstriali#ed and corporati#ed for&, to !e invlnera!le to ontolo"ical pertr!ation.

*ith its fondations at isse, the very athority of a &ode of tho"ht and the ways in which it characteri#esthe critical isses of freedo& and d"&ent of what $ind of niverse h&an !ein"s inha!it, how they inha!it it, and what conts as relia!le

$nowled"e for the& in it/ is also pt in )estion . +he very ways in which 0iet#sche, Heide""er, and other continental philosophers challen"ed*estern ontolo"y, si&ltaneosly, therefore reposed the fnda&ental and inescapa!le difficlty, or aporia, for h&an !ein" of decision and d"&ent.

1n other words, whatever ontolo"y yo s!scri!e to, $nowin"ly or n$nowin"ly, as a h&an !ein" yo still have to act.

*hether or not yo $now or ac$nowled"e it, the ontolo"y yo s!scri!e to will con stre the pro!le& of action for yo inone way rather than another. 2o &ay thin$ ontolo"y is so&e arcane )estion of philosophy, !t 0iet#sche and

Heide""er showed that it inti&ately shapes not only a way of thin$in", !t a way of !ein", a for& of life. 3ecision, afortiori political decision, in short, is no &ere techni)e. 1t is instead a way of !ein" that !ears an nderstandin" of4ein", and of the fnda&ents of the h&an way of !ein" within it. +his applies, indeed applies &ost, tothose &oc$ innocent political slaves who clai& only to !e technocrats of decision &a$in".

2. Th,e5t c/&5. The 5i,5ti+e is 5 se=ii ,/hec thei, 5cti/ is 6//e6 t/ 5i,e

Dec5se the c,e5te 5 i6e5 / the L5st 5? 5,Dit,5,i iiti /, /-e6e /$ei? / 5i,5ti/ / se,i 56 the ,/cess / ,e6eii ,e5ti/shi t/se,i c5 ce5, the s5te /, c/c,ete 5cti/ /+i /,-5,6.NIET@SC'E 187#,se 3n< ;use o& Histo! o& Histo! &o li&eD p'. 6%W

'e -h/ c5/t si 6/- / the th,esh/6 / the /et 56 /,et 5 the 5stD who c3nnot st3n< ;3l3nce< lie 3 'o<<ess o& /icto! without 'owin' <izz! 3n< 3&3i<D -ie+e, /- -h5t h5iess is woseD he will e+e, 6/ 5thi t/ 5e /the,sh5. I5ie the e8te4ist possi;le e834ple o& 5 5 -h/ 6i6 /t /ssess the /-e,/ /,etti 5t 5 56 -h/ -5s ths c/6ee6 t/ see e+e,-he,e 5 st5te /

Dec/i& sch 5 5 -/6 / /e, Deie+e i his /- Dei? -/6 / /e, Deie+e i hise? -/6 see e+e,thi /-i 5s6e, i /+i /its 56 -/6 /se hise i this st,e5 / Dec/i2 lie 3 tue pupil o& He3clitusD he -/6 in the en< h5,6 65,e t/ ,5ise his ie,. F/,etti is esseti5 t/ 5cti/ / 5i6D ust 3s not onl! li'ht ;ut <3ness too is essenti3l &o the li&e o& e/e!thin' o'3nic. 43n

who w3nte< to &eel histoic3ll! thou'h 3n< thou'h woul< ;e lie one &oci;l! <epi/e< o& sleepDo 3n 3ni43l th3t h3< to li/e onl! ;! u4in3tion 3n< e/e epe3te< u4in3tion. Thus2 it ispossi;le to li/e 3l4ost without 4e4o!D 3n< to li/e h3ppil! 4oeo/eD 3s the 3ni43l<e4onst3tes ;ut it is 3lto'ethe i4possi;le to li/e 3t 3ll without &o'ettin'. OD to e8pess 4!the4e e/en 4oe si4pl!2 the,e is 5 6e,ee of sleeplessness, of ,i5ti/? / thehist/,ic5 sese? -hich is h5, 56 ti5te 5t5 to the living thing, whether thisliving thing be a man or a people or a culture .



3. I5ct=e+e 55sis&5. 5it6e& the 5i,5ti+e Bstiies 5 -5,s 56 h5 ,ihts +i/5ti/s the

,ete6 t/ /- se,i 56 i 6/i s/? /+e 5-5 ,/ the Mesti/i,/cess th5t ,/+i6es the / h/e / ,e+e,si the c/,se / these h5,s. The5te,5ti+e? the? ,e+ets /t Bst the -5,s / the 5i,5ti+e? Dt e+e, t,e

-5,.

D. Tie ,5eV!,/D5Diit& ,ee, ssteic i5cts? +i/ece is /cc,,i 5 the

tie? / 5i,i its eJistece c5 s/+e. e 5,e c/st5t / the D,i? e- -5,s 56 c/icts 5,e /cc,,i 65i? 56 /t// is sti Dei 5sse6 /+e,.

3hort term subecti%e %iolence should not be the main preoccupation in the round. 3ystemic %iolence should ta&e precedence as itconstructs the subecti%e force, distractions with subecti%e %iolence only allows the systemic to slide by unnoticed.

Mize $ 73la%o 8ize& is a senior researcher at the 9ni%ersity of 3lo%enia :ublana. ;e also has a beard. /iolence.<

*f the!e is a %nifying thesis that !%ns th!o%gh the b!ic-a-b!ac of !eflections on $iolence that follow, it is that a siila! pa!ado& holds t!%e fo!

$iolence" +t the fo!ef!ont of o%! inds, the ob$io%s signals of $iolence a!e acts of c!ie and te!!o!, ci$il %n!est, inte!national conflict" %t we

sho%ld lea!n to step bac', to disentangle o%!sel$es f!o the fascinating l%!e of this di!ectly $isible s%b.ecti$e $iolence, $iolence pe!fo!ed by a

clea!ly identifiable agent" /e need to pe!cei$e the conto%!s of the bac'g!o%nd which gene!ates s%ch o%tb%!sts" + step bac' enables %s to identify

a $iolence that s%stains o%! $e!y effo!ts to fight $iolence and to p!oote tole!ance" This is the sta!ting point, pe!haps e$en the a&io, of the p!esent boo': s%b.ecti$e $iolence is .%st the ost $isible po!tion of a t!i%$i!ate that also incl%des two ob.ecti$e 'inds of $iolence" 0i!st, the!e is

a sybolic $iolence ebodied in lang%age and its fo!s, what 1eidegge! wo%ld call o%! ho%se of being" +s we shall see late!, this $iolence is

not only at wo!' in the ob$io%s-and e&tensi$ely st%died-cases of inciteent and of the !elations of social doination !ep!od%ced in o%!

habit%al speech fo!s: the!e is a o!e f%ndaental fo! of $iolence still that pe!tains to lang%age as s%ch, to its iposition of ace!tain %ni$e!se of eaning" (econd, the!e is what * call systeic $iolence, o! the often catast!ophic conse 2%ences of the

sooth f%nctioning of o%! econoic and political systes" The catch is that s%b.ecti$e and ob.ecti$e $iolence cannot be pe!cei$ed f!o the sae standpoint: s%b.ecti$e $iolence is e&pe!ienced as s%ch against the bac'g!o%nd of a non-$iolent ze!ole$el" *t is seen as a pe!t%!bation of the no!al, peacef%l state of things" 1owe$e!, ob.ecti$e $iolence is p!ecisely the $iolenceinhe!ent to this no!al state of things" 3b.ecti$e $iolence is in$isible since it s%stains the $e!y ze!o-le$el standa!d against

which we pe!cei$e soething as s%b.ecti$ely $iolent" (ysteic $iolence is th%s soething li'e the noto!io%s da!' atte! of physics, the co%nte!pa!t to an all-too-$isible s%b.ecti$e $iolence" *t ay be in$isible, b%t it has to be ta'en into acco%nt if one is toa'e sense of what othe!wise see to be i!!ational e&plosions of s%b.ec ti$e $iolence" /hen the edia boba!d %s with thoseh%ani ta!ian c!ises which see constantly to pop %p all o$e! the wo!ld, one sho%ld always bea! in ind that a pa!tic %la! c!isis

only e&plodes into edia $isibility as the !es%lt of a cople& st!%ggle" P!ope!ly h%anita!ian conside!ations as a !%le play a less

ipo!tant !ole he!e than c%lt%!al, ideologico-political, and econoic con side!ations" The co$e! sto!y of Time agazine on 5 %ne

2006, fo! e&aple, was The 5eadliest /a! in the /o!ld" This offe!ed detailed doc%entation on how a!o%nd 4 illion

people died in the 5eoc!atic ep%blic of 7ongo as the !es%lt of political $iolence o$e! the last decade" None of the %s%al

h%anita!ian %p!oa! followed, .%st a co%ple of !eade!s lette!s-as if soe 'ind of filte!ing echanis bloc'ed this news f!oachie$ing its f%ll ipact in o%! sybolic space" To p%t it cynically, Time pic'ed the w!ong $icti in the st!%ggle fo! hegeony in

s%ffe!ing" *t sho%ld ha$e st%c' to the list of %s%al s%spects: 9%sli woen and thei! plight, o! the failies of 9/11 $ictis and

how they ha$e coped with thei! losses" The 7ongo today has effecti$ely !e-ee!ged as a 7on!adean hea!t of da!'ness" No one

da!es to conf!ont it head on" The death of a /est an' Palestinian child, not to ention an *s!aeli o! an +e!ican, is ediaticallywo!th tho%sands of ties o!e than the death of a naeless 7ongolese"

c. R/e / the D5/t& /,etti is the / 5siDe 5th t/ sccess. The D5/t sh/6t5e +ie- the 6eD5te i 5 /ese=6eese 5,56i. I -e -i th5t the5i,5ti+eAs h5,s 5,e c/st,cte6 56 the 6// these+es t/ 5 ,eetiti/ /

+i/ece? the,e is / 5 ch5ce th5t the 5te,5ti+e s/+es.

T'E OR"LITY OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E )E!EN)S ON "N E>TERN"LENEY TO C"LL ITSELF GOO) IN O!!OSITION TO ITSELF T'ISE"NS T'E "FFIR"TI;ES '"RS ILL "L"YS E>IST "S T'EYREUIRE T'E FOR T'EIR OR"L !ROECT TURNING T'E C"SE? "N)TURNS US INTO SL";ES.

Newan (S3ulD Senio =ectue in olitics b , o& =on<onD n3chis4 3n< the olitics o&Ressenti4entD Theo! E/ent "olu4e 0D -ssue D >useD )2 7:$:+# l3la%e morality is characterized by the 3ttitu<e o& ressentiment the esent4ent 3n<h3te< o& the poweless &o the powe&ul. Nietzsche sees essenti4ent 3s 3n entiel! ne'3ti/esenti4ent the attitude of denying what is life1affirming, saying =no= to what is different,what is =outside= or =otherJ. Ressenti4ent is ch33cteize< ;! 3n oient3tion to the outsi<eD



3the th3n the &ocus o& no;le 4o3lit!D which is on the sel&.7W @hile the master says = amgood= and adds 3s 3n 3&tethou'htD =therefore he is bad= the sla%e says the opposite =;e (the 43ste# is bad, therefore am good=. Thus the in%ention of %alues comes from acomparison o opposition to that which is outsideD otheD <i&&eent. Nietzsche s3!s2 ... ino<e to co4e 3;outD sl3/e morality first has to ha%e an opposing, external world, it needs,psychologically spea&ing, external stimuli in order to act all, 11 its action is ;3sic3ll! areaction.$W This e3cti/e st3nceD this inability to define anything except in opposition to

something else, is the attitude of ressentiment. -t is the e3cti/e st3nce o& the we3 who<e&ine the4sel/es in opposition to the ston'. The wea& need the existence of this externalenemy to identify themsel%es as =good=. Thus the sla%e ta&es =imaginary re%enge= uponthe masterD 3s he c3nnot 3ct without the e8istence o& the 43ste to oppose. The 43n o&essenti4ent h3tes the no;le with 3n intense spiteD 3 <eepse3te<D seethin' h3te< 3n<

e3lous!. -t is this essenti4entD 3cco<in' to NietzscheD th3t has poisoned the modernconsciousnessD 3n< &in<s its e8pession in i<e3s o& e?u3lit! 3n< <e4oc3c!D 3n< in 3<ic3lpolitic3l philosophiesD lie 3n3chis4D th3t 3</oc3te it.

http://muse.jhu.edu.ts.isil.westga.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v004/4.3newman.html#fn7






2NC "2& !e, Othe, Ist5cesThe e,t5ti/ sti is Dec5se it 6/es the 5i,5ti+e& 5 the 1NC is sti 5≪andread more links here≫? 5s / 5s -e ,/+e th5t the 5 is D56? itAs 5 ,e5s/ t/ / e / thee, 6eD5te.

The e, sti 6/es the 5i,5ti+e& -e st eD,5ce e+e, ist5ce / se,i 56 6e,i+e it/ e5i.

"ain, Phillip !>>?, #Nietzsche, ;te!nal ec%!!ence, and the 1o!!o! of ;&istence”http:<<%se".h%"ed%<.o%!nals<.o%!nal=of=nietzsche=st%dies<$>><>>"?'ain"htl

- thin we 3e now in 3 position to see th3t &o eten3l ecuence to woD &o it to h3/e the e&&ect th3t it 4usth3/e &o NietzscheD we 4ust 3ccept without ?u3li&ic3tionD we must lo%e, e%ery single moment of our li%es, e%ery single moment of suffering. 2e cannot allow oursel%es to be tempted by what might at first sightseem to be a much more appealing %ersion of eternal recurrence D th3t isD a recurring life that wouldinclude the desirable aspects of our present life while lea%ing out the undesirable ones. To gi%e in to suchtemptation would be to ris& losing e%erything that has been gained. To gi%e in to such temptationD -su''estD would allow the suffering in our present life to begin to reassert its psychological stranglehold .

@e woul< st3t to slip ;3c into su;u'3tion. @e woul< 3'3in co4e to ;e <o4in3te< ;! ou su&&ein'. 2e En<3'e 57W would spend our time trying to minimize itD o 3/oi< itD o ameliorate it, or cure it. 2e would

again become sla%es to it. Fo the s34e e3sonD do not thin& it will wor& for us to accept eternalrecurrence merely because of one or a few grand moments-for the sa&e of which we are willing totolerate the rest of our li%es. >3'nus hol<s th3t 3ll we nee< <esie is the etun o& one pe3 e8peience.%1 Thissu''ests th3t ou 3ttitu<e tow3< 4uch o& ou li&eD e/en 4ost o& itD coul< ;e one o& tole3tionD 3ccept3nceD oin<i&&eenceBit coul< e/en ;e ne'3ti/e. ll we nee< <o is lo/e one 'e3t 4o4ent 3n<D ;ec3use 3ll 4o4ents 3einteconnecte< (M -"2 The )unen Son' 1 @ 1%#D th3t then will e?uie us to 3ccept 3ll 4o4ents. This

woul< ;e 4uch e3sie th3n 3ctu3ll! lo/in' 3ll 4o4ents o& oneJs li&eBe/e! sin'le <et3il. The l3tte is wh3t is<e43n<e< in Ecce Ho4oD which s3!s th3t amor fati means th3t one 0wants nothing to be different0 3n< th3t

we nWot 4eel! ;e3 wh3t is necess3! . . . ;ut lo/e it (EH Cle/e 1D e4ph3sis 3<<e< e8cept to lo/eW#. 2ewant 0a 5es1saying without reser%ation, e%en to suffering. . . . Nothing in existence may be subtracted,nothing is dispensable . . .0 (EH 9T %#. f we do not lo%e e%ery moment of our present life for its own

sa&e, those moments we do not lo%e, those moments we 3ccept &o the s3e o& one '3n< 4o4entD - su''estDwill ;e'in to wear on us.%% 2e will begin to wish we did not ha%e to suffer through so many of them, wewill try to de%elop strategies for coping with them, we will worry about them, they will start to reassertthemsel%es, they will slowly begin to dominate us, and pretty soon we will again be ensla%ed by them. Ou3ttitu<e tow3< 3n! 4o4ent c3nnot ;e 3 <esie to 3/oi< itD ch3n'e itD o e<uce itBo it will 3'3in ;e'in to<o4in3te us. -n<ee<D in Ecce Ho4oD Nietzsche s3!s th3t he h3< to <ispl3! 3 Russi3n &3t3lis4. He <i< so ;!ten3ciousl! clin'in' &o !e3s to 3ll ;ut intole3;le situ3tionsD pl3cesD 3p3t4entsD 3n< societ!D 4eel! ;ec3usethe! h3ppene< to ;e 'i/en ;! 3cci<ent2 it w3s ;ette th3n ch3n'in' the4D th3n &eelin' th3t the! coul< ;ech3n'e<Bth3n e;ellin' 3'3inst the4. n! 3tte4pt to <istu; 4e in this &3t3lis4D to 3w3en 4e ;! &oceD use<to 3nno! 4e 4ot3ll!B3n< it 3ctu3ll! w3s 4ot3ll! <3n'eous e/e! ti4e. cceptin' onesel& 3s i& &3te<D not

wishin' onesel& <i&&eentBth3t is in such c3ses 'e3t e3son itsel&. (EH @ise 6# Eten3l ecuence is 3n3tte4pt to <e3l with 4e3nin'less su&&ein'. -t is 3n 3tte4pt to <o so th3t co4pletel! eects 3n 3ppo3ch to

su&&ein' th3t s3!sD =etJs i4po/e the wol<D letJs ch3n'e thin'sD let=s wor& step by step to remo%e suffering-the %iew of liberals 3n< soci3lists whom Nietzsche so often rails against. f it is impossible to significantlyreduce suffering in the worldD 3s Nietzsche thins it isD then to ma&e it your goal to try to do so is to ensla%eyourself to that suffering.

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http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_nietzsche_studies/v033/33.1kain.html





2NC "2& !e, )/ the "tThe 5i,5ti+e ,e5is the 5ct/, / the st5te? 56 the st5te c5/t ,5t s ,ee6/sit c5/ 5e s it/ 5 h//e/s he,6. Re5 i6i+i65it st 5it5i 6ist5ce ,/istitti/s.$,/-? 2000 (@en<!D )istin'uishe< o&esso o& hilosoph!D inceton ,ni/esit! 3n< ,C 9eele!Hu43nities Fellow Nietzsche &o olitics in @h! Nietzsche StillG E<ite< ;! l3n Schi&tD p'. %1$#

This app!eciation of- not siply hie!a!chy@as c%lt%!ally in$igo!ating ee!ges in Nietzsches cha!acte!ization of f!eedo as the will

to self-!esponsibility that p!ese!$es the distance which di$ides %s (Tl ('i!ishes >1A" Th%s, li'e 0o%ca%lt, Nietzsches coplaint

against ode!n politics is that it e&cessi$ely o!ganizes and instit%tionalizes h%an !elations: it dissol$es o%! sepa!ateness e$en as it

fab!icates %s as indi$id%alsB it th!ows %s into p!o&iity in a fashion that %tes o%! own capacity to e&p!ess !esponsibility, c!eati$ity,and hence f!eedo, Ci'e o%ssea%, Nietzsche !ega!ds ass social inte!co%!se and the instit%tions that pe!pet%ate it as the eney of

disce!ning sensibility" *n this !ega!d, tole!ance, one of deoc!acys p!o%dest $i!t%es, ee!ges as a sypto of its baseness" To p%t %p

with en, to 'eep open ho%se in ones hea!t-this is libe!al, b%t no o!e than libe!al" 3ne 'nows hea!ts which a!e capable of noble

hospitality, which ha$e c%!tained windows and closed sh%tte!s: they 'eep thei! best !oos epty """ beca%se they await g%ests with

who one does not ha$e to p%t %p" (TI ('i!ishes DEA *n sho!t, Nietzsche regards political life, especially modern politicallife, as harboring %alues and spawning institutions that displace and discourage indi%idual and collecti%e aspiration, creati%itydistinction, and culture. The state is 0organized immorality,0 a 0tremendous machine0 that 0o%erpowers the indi%idual0 andsubstitutes for it a mechanical indi%idualism in which all are reduced to units F/P )?),)?8A" Pa!ties a!c fo! %nthin'ingfollowe!s-whoe$e! thin's %ch is not s%itable as a pa!ty ebe!: he soon thin's hiself !ight th!o%gh the pa!ty (HH 579). +nd

political doct!ines a!e ostly .%stifications of and fo! the wea' against the st!ong b%t also of the !ational against the 5ionysian, in

eithe! case iss%ing f!o ressentiment (Tl +ncients 4A" /hile Nietzsche concedes a potentially syne!gistic !elation between politicsand c%lt%!e when the fo!e! itself pa!ta'es of g!eatness FPe!iclean +thens is the abi$alent e&aple to which he f!e2%ently !ec%!sA,

politics is o!e often cast as the eney of c%lt%!e"



2NC "2& !e, )/ $/thThe e,t5ti/ sti is Dec5se it 6/es the 5i,5ti+e& 5 the 1NC is sti 5≪andread more links here≫? 5s / 5s -e ,/+e th5t the 5 is D56? itAs 5 ,e5s/ t/ / e / thee, 6eD5te.

The,e is / i66e ,/6 -e c5/t 6/ D/th./!isley No 5ate (eo'eD o& o& hilosoph! b , -ow3D @h3t Shoul< Ou ttitu<e Tow3<s Su&&ein' 9eD Nietzsche 3n< Su&&ein' Choice o& ttitu<es3n< -<e3lsD http2::www.'oo'le.co4:se3chGhlden?dsite

f'eo'ewisle!.co4g@h3tgShoul<gOugttitu<egTow3<sgSu&&ein'g9e3?d&o?d3?id# M3nezo

How shoul< we co4pot ousel/es to the su&&ein' we &in< in ou li/esG 2hen touching a hot sto%e or confronted withdanger, our natural reactions are to pull bac&, to flee, to find safety . -n 'ene3l it see4s th3t we n3tu3ll! sh!3w3! &o4 <isco4&ot 3n< p3inBsu&&ein' o& 3ll t!pes. The chil< l34ents his ;oin' 3&tenoon 3n< the 3<ult &e3s the i4pen<in' <e3th o& 3p3ent 3n< the su;se?uent 3n'uish the loss will ;in'D hopin' 3n< wishin' the! will ne/e co4e. Su&&ein'D it see4sD is ?uite i'htl! seen 3s

un<esi3;le. ;owe%er@ 2hen a misfortune stri&es us, we can o%ercome it either by remo%ing its causeor else D ch5i the eect it h5s / /, eeisD th3t isD by reinterpreting the misfortune as agood, whose benefit may only later become clear. SoD shoul< we see to 3;olish su&&ein' 3s &3 3s we c3n ;! e4o/in' its c3useD o shoul< we 3tte4pt to ch3n'e ou 3ttitu<e tow3< su&&ein' such

th3t it is no lon'e seen 3s (3lw3!s# un<esi3;leG T3in' Nietzsche seiousl! when he s3!s th3t it is the meaning of our sufferingthat has been the problem D - will 3tte4pt to in<iectl! 3nswe this ?uestion ;! looin' 3t two possi;ilities &oun< in Nietzsche &o'i/in' 4e3nin' to ou su&&ein'. The &ist possi;ilit! concens 3 eli'ious ethic th3tD 3cco<in' to NietzscheD /iews su&&ein' 3s un<esi3;leD ;ut

which ulti43tel! uses 4en<3cious 3n< <eleteious 4e3ns to po/i<e 3 4e3nin' &o hu43n su&&ein'. The secon< possi;ilit! concens the e8tentto which we c3n s3! Nietzsche endorsed the idea of gi%ing meaning to suffering through ac&nowledging itsnecessary role in human enhancement and greatness . 3ince the religious ethic sees suffering asundesirable and thus something ultimately to be a%oided (;ein' itsel& the p33<i'43tic 4e3ns &o e3sin' su&&ein'#D

and the means it uses to gi%e suffering meaning are ultimately mendacious D - will 3'ue th3t i& Nietzsche is

si'ni&ic3ntl! coect in ;oth his 3tt3c on eli'ious 4o3lit! 3n< his 3lten3ti/e i<e3lD we c3n t3e this 3s e/i<ence th3t the 5+/i65ce /se,i is /t the ,/e, 5ttit6e. ,n&otun3tel!D - will not ;e 3;le to 3<<ess the ?uestion o& whethe Nietzsche is

si'ni&ic3ntl! coect in this p3pe. Secon<l!D gi%en Nietzsches positi%e alternati%e -one that embraces thenecessary role suffering has for the enhancement of human lifeB- will 3'ue th3t we c3n t3e this 3s e/i<ence th3t itis our attitude toward suffering that needs to be modified D i.e.D we should modify so that we no longersee suffering as something to be a%oided. 9ec3use o& thisD the i66e /siti/ / 5+/i6i se,i

-he /ssiDe 56 the seei its /siti+e 5tt,iDtes -he it 6/es /cc, 6/es /t,ec/e6 itse . Th3t isD since it will be argued that suffering has a positi%e and necessary role toplay, to see& to a%oid it as far as possible and then to ac&nowledge its positi%e aspects when it doesoccur, is /t ,e5 t/ 5c/-e6e 56 5ccet se,iAs /siti+e 56 ecess5, ,/e .Howe/eD 3s we will seeD 3ll o& this is co4plic3te< ;! the issue o& the o<e o& 3n 3s &oun< in NietzscheAs witin's.

T'E !ERUT"TION F"ILS T'E CO$IN"TION OF !ESSIIS "N) T'EELEENTS OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E RESULT IN "N IN"$ILITY TO "FFIR T'EENTIRETY OF TR"GE)Y 5ienstag 4 (oshu3 Fo3D ssoci3te o&esso o& olitics 3t the ,ni/esit! o& "i'ini3D T3'e<!D essi4is4DNietzscheD New =ite3! Histo! 021 oect >useD )2 7:+:+# l

The t3s th3t The 9ith o& T3'e<! set itsel& w3s to e8pl3in not onl! the 3ppe33nce o& ee t3'e<!D ;ut

3lso its <ecline in ee societ! 3&te Euipi<es. s is well nownD Nietzsche h!pothesizes th3t Soc3tesJinto<uction (3n< l3toJs &uthe3nce# o& 3 3tion3listic philosoph! <esto!e< the pee8istin' cultu3l'oun<s &o ee t3'e<! (9T $1&&.#. 9ut wh3t e83ctl! <i< Soc3tes <esto!D 3n< how w3s this possi;leG

@h!D in 3n! c3seD shoul< 3 philosophe h3/e h3< the powe to 3&&ect the the3teG The 3nswe lies in thepessi4is4 th3t Nietzsche 3ssoci3tes with the peSoc3tic philosophes 3n< his ;elie& th3t thei i<e3se&lecte< the oi'in3l ch33cte o& e3l! ee cultue. TragedyD 3s he put it in 3 note &o4 this peio<Dis the outlet of mystic1pessimistic &nowledge.1% essi4is4 w3s the philosophic3l ;3sis &o the pl3!so& esch!lus 3n< Sophocles. This was the wisdom that the pre13ocratics possessed and that latergenerations &ist denied 3n< then &o'ot. Soc3tes is the 3'ent o& this ch3n'e ;ec3use his philosoph! isessenti3ll! opti4istic (9T +1&&.#.1 Nietzsche <i< not thin o& opti4is4 3n< pessi4is4 3s two e?u3lD i&oppositeD w3!s o& looin' 3t the wol<D 3s we 4i'ht to<3! 3the pessi4is4 . . . is ol<e 3n< 4oeoi'in3l th3n opti4is4 (K@ 0.1.%$#. essi4is4 is the <o43in o& the -oni3n philosophes who

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=site%3Ageorgewrisley.com+What+Should+Our+Attitude+Towards+Suffering+Be&aq=f&oq=&aqi


http://muse.jhu.edu.ts.isil.westga.edu/journals/new_literary_history/v035/35.1dienstag.html#FOOT12








pece<e< Soc3tes 3n< whose te3chin's we possess onl! in &3'4ents. -nste3< o& t!in' to constuct 3s!ste43ticD o<ein' philosoph!D 3s Soc3tes 3n< l3to wee to <oD the peSoc3tics '3spe< the ch3otic3n< <iso<ee< n3tue o& the wol< 3n< onl! 3tte4pte< to cope with itD inso&3 3s th3t w3s possi;le2Pessimism is the conse+uence of &nowledge of the absolute illogic of the world1order0 ([email protected]#. En< 3'e $6W -n othe notes &o4 this peio<D Nietzsche &ist 3tti;utes to )e4ocitus the<octine th3t the wol< isW without 4o3l 3n< 3esthetic 4e3nin' 3n< c3lls this i<e3 the pessi4is4 o&3cci<ents (K@ .0.151#. -n hilosoph! in the T3'ic 'e o& the ees (witten 3t 3;out the s34e ti4e3s The 9ith ;ut pu;lishe< onl! posthu4ousl!#D he liens n38i43n<e to Schopenh3ue 3n< c3lls hi4

the &ist philosophic3l 3utho o& the 3ncients. He 'oes on to <esci;e n38i43n<e 3s 3 tue pessi4ist3n< ?uotes his onl! e8t3nt &3'4ent to usti&! the l3;el2 @hee the souce o& thin's isD to th3t pl3ce the!4ust 3lso p3ss 3w3!D 3cco<in' to necessit!D &o the! 4ust p3! pen3nce 3n< ;e u<'e< &o thei inusticesDin 3cco<3nce with the o<in3nce o& Ti4e.10 -n othe wo<sD the peSoc3ticsD 3s Nietzsche intepete<the4D '3spe< the 3ni43tin' pinciple o& pessimism2 th3t ti4e is an unsha&able burden for humanbeings because it leads to the ultimate destruction of all things-and that this fate belies anyprinciple of order that may, on the surface, appear to guide the course of e%ents. O& couseD whethe3n! o& the peSoc3tics woul< h3/e put thin's this w3! is <e;3t3;le (3lthou'h He3clitusD in p3ticul3D iscet3inl! o&ten un<estoo< in this &3shion#. @h3t is i4pot3nt hee is th3t Nietzsche un<estoo< the4 to

;e <oin' soD th3t he un<estoo< the oot o& pessi4is4 to ;eD 3s he l3te woteD ti4esicness MeitK3nheitW (K@ 7.%.51#. The epi'3ph &o4 @eil c3ptues the thou'ht e83ctl!2 it is the <estucti/epowe o& ti4e th3t st3n<s ;ehin< 3n! p3ticul3 c3use o& su&&ein' in the wol<. Nietzsche consideredtragic theater to be an outgrowth of this %iew of the uni%erse as something constantly in flux,constantly in the process of becoming andD thusD constantly in the process of destroying. The 3/3'eso& ti4e coul< not ;e cue< o co4pens3te< &o thou'h t3'e<!D onl! un<estoo<2 T3'e<! . . . is in itsessence pessi4istic. E8istence is in itsel& so4ethin' /e! tei;leD 43n so4ethin' /e! &oolish (K@.%.$#. Nietzsche eects the conclusionD popul3 since istotleD th3t tragedy offers some &ind ofpurification of the emotions generated by the terrible truths of the human condition .15 ;e 3lsoreects the idea that tragedies contain some sort of moral lesson meant to instruct us in ethicalbeha%ior. -nste3<D he 3'uesD tragedy simply ser%es to lay bare for us the horrible situation of humanexistence that the pre13ocratic philosophers describe, a situation from which our minds wouldotherwise flee@ 0The hero of tragedy does not pro%e himself . . . in a struggle against fate, ust aslittle does he suffer what he deser%es. Bather, blind and with co%ered head, he falls to his ruin@ and

his desolate but noble burden with which he remains standing in the presence of this well1&nownworld of terrors presses itself li&e a thorn in our soul0 (K@ .%.$#. The tragic outloo& is thusgenerated from a base of pessimistic &nowledge. t recommends no cure for the pains of existence,only a public recognition of their depth and power. En< 3'e $7W







2NC F,5e-/, 1. Ite,,et5ti/& the 5i,5ti+e c5,,ies the D,6e / Bstii thei, ,e,eset5ti/s i

the ,5e-/, / /t//. The B6e sh/6 6eci6e the 6eD5te D5se6 / -h/ Dette,5ccets se,i 56 6eies the -i /, 5sceticis. This +ie- is Bstiie6 D the 1NC&e+e, i 56 i5ct 5,e ,e5s/s -h Mesti/s / /t// 56 se,i ,ece6e the/ti/s / the 5i,5ti+e.

T'E $"LLOT UST $E USE) "S "N ET'IC"L "CTION INSTE") OFROLE!L"YING? ONLY TR"NSFORING OUR ON !ERSON"L REL"TIONS'I! IT' SUFFERING C"N SOL;ENC2$AN > :S"UL? SENIOR LECTURER IN !OLITICS Z U OF LON)ON?"N"RC'IS "N) T'E !OLITICS OF RESSENTIENT? T'EORY [ E;ENT = ;OLUE #? ISSUE 3? USE? ")& 7V8V09< LBather than ha%ing an external enemy 11 li&e the 3tate in opposition to which oneJs politic3li<entit! is &o4e<D we must wor& on oursel%es. s politic3l su;ects we must o%ercomeressentiment by transforming our relationship with power. 6ne can only do this D 3cco<in' toNietzscheD through eternal return. To 3&&i4 eten3l etun is to 3cnowle<'e 3n< in<ee< positi/el!3&&i4 the continu3l JetunJ o& s34e li&e with its h3sh e3lities. 9ec3use it is 3n 3cti/e willin' o&nihilis4D it is 3t the s34e ti4e 3 t3nscen<ence o& nihilis4. eh3ps in the s34e w3!D eten3l etune&es to powe. @e 4ust 3cnowle<'e 3n< 3&&i4 the JetunJ o& poweD the &3ct th3t it will 3lw3!s ;e

with us. To o%ercome ressentiment we 4ustD in othe wo<sD will powe. 2e must affirm a will topower in the &o4 o& ce3ti/eD li&e3&&i4in' /3luesD 3cco<in' to Nietzsche.56W This is to 3cceptthe notion o& Jsel&o/eco4in'J.57W To =o%ercome= oneself in this sense, would mean ano%ercoming of the essentialist identities and categories that limit us . s Fouc3ult h3s shownD weare constructed as essential political subects in ways that that dominate us this is wh3t hec3lls su;ecti&ic3tion.5$W 2e hide behind essentialist identities that deny power, and producethrough this denial, 3 >3niche3n politics o& 3;solute opposition th3t onl! e&lects 3n< e3&&i4s the

/e! <o4in3tion it cl3i4s to oppose. This we h3/e seen in the c3se o& 3n3chis4. -n o<e to 3/oi<this >3niche3n lo'icD 3n3chis4 4ust no lon'e el! on essenti3list i<entities 3n< conceptsD 3n<inste3< positi/el! 3&&i4 the eten3l etun o& powe. This is not 3 'i4 e3liz3tion ;ut 3the 3

Jh3pp! positi/is4J. -t is ch33cteize< ;! politic3l st3te'ies 3i4e< 3t 4ini4izin' the possi;ilities o&<o4in3tionD 3n< ince3sin' the possi;ilities &o &ee<o4.

2. The/,&5. E6c5ti/& /, ite,,et5ti/ 5,5tees 5ccess t/ the c,itic5 ite,5t,e? -hich

the eJc6e. O, 5te,5ti+e is 5 ,e5s/ -h this ,5i / 6eD5te is the Dest. D. !,e6ict5Diit& -e ,/+i6e 5 5te,5ti+e teJt 56 5 /tie /, /, 5cti/ -e -i

6ee6 / th5t -hich -e ,e56 s/+ec e+i6ece /,.c. Seciicit& -e 6/At i t/ 5 / thei, 5,ets 5D/t i/,i the 5i,5ti+e

Dec5se -e ,e56 seciic is. "t the /it -he,e -e h5+e e+i6ece th5t 5ssesthe eJistece / the 5i,5ti+e? -e ci,c+et the Bstiic5ti/ /, these5,ets.

3. E+e i the -i thei, ,5e-/,? Nietzsche is c/5tiDe -ith ,e5isit is the 1"CsMest /, 6e/c,5c 56 i+e,s5 ,ihts th5t is i6e5ist.)e, )e,i5 03 (olitic3l Science o&essoD ,ni/esit! o& >3ss3chusettshttp2::4use.hu.e<u.po8!.li;3!.e4o!.e<u:oun3ls:;oun<3!:/:.<ei3n.ht4l ;oun<3! %. (%# 1+%7D )eco<in' The N3tion3l Secuit! St3te'! o& the ,nite< St3tes o& 4eic3D 34es#.

/hat significance sho%ld we a'e of the fact that the sho!test section of the NSS Fba!ely a page and a halfA is on the

nonnegotiable deands of h%an dignity and !ights, incl%ding f!ee speechB f!eedo of wo!shipB e2%al .%sticeB !espect fo!

woenB !eligio%s and ethnic tole!anceB and !espect fo! p!i$ate p!ope!ty F>A" +!e these !ights so self-e$ident and inalienable

that they do not wa!!ant f%!the! cla!ification o! .%stificationG *t wo%ld see so: 1isto!y has not been 'ind to those nations which igno!ed o! flo%ted the !ights and

aspi!ations of thei! people F>A" +nd yet this %ni$e!salist a$owal of !ights !e2%i!es a selecti$e if not o%t!ight denial of histo!y" /he!e was the H"(" s%ppo!t of f!eedo, .%stice, and !eligio%s and ethnic tole!anwhen it s%ppo!ted (adda 1%ssein in his ea!lie! wa! against *!anG /hen it p!o$ided intelligence, a!s, and the p!ec%!so!s fo! cheical weapons of ass dest!%ctionG /hen it abandoned the (hiites in the so%




http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.emory.edu/journals/boundary/v030/30.3derian.html




http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.emory.edu/journals/boundary/v030/30.3derian.html



and the I%!ds in the no!th of *!a2 afte! the fi!st J%lf /a!G 9ost significant is that these !ights a!e conside!ed nonnegotiable, a'ing wa!, if not the fi!st, ce!tainly o!e of a $iable option when these !ightsa!e $iolated" *n this !ega!d, P!esident %shs NSS is a contin%ation !athe! than a !ep%diation of P!esident 7lintons National Security Strategy of the United States 99!"995# $ngagement and $nlargement " To be s%!e, 7lintons National Security Strategy places g!eate! ephasis on p!e$enti$e diploacy and %ltilate!al inte!$ention than %shs p!efe!ence fo! p!eepti$e wa! and %nilate!alist p!edispositions" %t t$i!t%o%s ipe!ati$es a!e in f%ll e$idence in the 7linton st!ategy: +ll of +e!icas st!ategic inte!ests@f!o p!ooting p!ospe!ity at hoe to chec'ing global th!eats ab!oad befo!e they th!eaten o%! te!!ito!y@a!e se!$ed by enla!ging the co%nity of deoc!atic and f!ee a!'et nations" Th%s, wo!'ing with new deoc!atic states to help p!ese!$e the as deoc!acies coitted to f!ee a!'ets and !espect fo! h%

!ights, is a 'ey pa!t of o%! national sec%!ity st!ategy" ? *t is ha!dly s%!p!ising, then, that any libe!als, both within the go$e!nent and the

%ni$e!sity, s%ppo!ted the wa! against *!a2, and ha!dly %nfai! to 2%estion the e&tent to which 7linton and othe! o!al

inte!$entionists p!epa!ed the high g!o%nd fo! this wa!" +s a ic!ocos, conside! one of the ost $isible splits in the !an's at

top +e!ican %ni$e!sities, when s%ch o!al libe!als as oseph Nye, 9ichael *gnatieff, and (aantha Powe! cae o%t in

s%ppo!t of the wa!, whe!eas s%ch ao!al !ealists as (tanley 1offann, (te$e /alt, and ohn 9ea!sheie! p%bliclyopposed it" Nietzsche, who always detected the sell of the swap in all tal' of $i!t%e, finds in The T%ilight of the Idols a

bestowing $i!t%e in the !ealists co%!age in the face of !eality: 9y !ec!eation, y p!efe!ence, y cure f!o all Platonis

has always been Thucydides" Th%cydides, and pe!haps the &rinci'e of 9achia$elli, a!e !elated to e closely by thei!

%nconditional will not to decei$e thesel$es and to see !eason in reality @not in K!eason, still less in Ko!ality" " " " D

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RE"LIS CRE"TES " SELF=FULFILLING !RO!'ECY 'ERE E UST ELIIN"TET'E OT'ER IN T'E N"E OF OUR ON SECURITY? IN TURN !RO)UCINGINSECURITY "ONG E;ERYONE5e! 5e!ian L8 (34esD o& o& oliSci 3t the , o& >3ss3chusettsD The "3lue o& Secuit!2 Ho;;esD >38D NietzscheD3n< 93u<ill3<D Ci3netD http2::www.ci3onet.o':;oo:lipschutz:lipschutz1%.ht4lD )2 7:7:+# l

-n t3<ition3l realist representations of world politics 3s the stu''le &o powe 34on' st3tesD the will tosecuit! is born out of a primal fearD 3 n3tu3l est3n'e4ent 3n< 3 con<ition o& 3n3ch! which<iplo43c!D inten3tion3l l3w 3n< the ;3l3nce o& powe seeD yet ultimately failD to 4e<i3te. 11 9!consi<ein' so4e histoic3l 4e3nin's o& secuit! th3t e8cee< this pe/3ilin' /iewD - wish to su''est newpossi;ilities 3n< intelli'i;ilities &o secuit!. <4itte<l!D this ;ie& 'ene3lo'! is thin on 3n3l!sis 3n< thicon <esciption. 9ut my intention is to pro%o&e discussion, and to suggest that there is more than aspeculati%e basis for the acceptance of a concept of security that is less coherent and dogmatic, andmore open to the historical complexity and contingent nature of international relations.

!OLICY )E$"TE FR"EORK IS CO!LICIT IT' T'E SOCR"TIC ILL TOTRUT' T'"T E CRITICI@E FORCING )E$"TE TO $E "$OUT INSTRUENT"L

)ESIR"$ILITY I!OSES "STERY "N) ;IOLENCE INTO T'E RE"L OF !OLITICS.T'IS )E!L"CES )E$"TE IT' "$SOLUTIS "N) TOT"LIT"RI"NIS(a%!ette L6 (3ulD o& o& politic3l theo!:science 3t ohn Hopins ,ni/esit!D - 4istust 3ll S!ste43tizes 3n<

/oi< The42 NietzscheD en<t 3n< the Cisis o& the @ill to O<e in -nten3tion3l Rel3tions Theo!.>illeniu4 oun3l o& -nten3tion3l Stu<ies. "ol. %5D nu4;e 1. pp. 6D )2 7:6:+# l

en<t conten<s th3t this rule1based conception of political action assumed a hegemonic and=natural= status onl! when the philosophic3l transformation of 2estern ci%ilisation created anintellectual framewor& which necessitated interpreting politics as rulership . Fo4 this pespecti/eDthe i4pot3nce o& en<tJs thou'ht is th3t she e/e3ls the w3! in which the @ill to O<e:Tuth h3sce3te< the p334etes o& the 4o<en un<est3n<in' o& politics. cco<in' to en<tD our modernnotion of politics is 3n ine/it3;le conse+uence of the l3tonic 2ill to Truth:O<e. &te l3toJsRepu;licD politics coul< no lon'e ;e concei/e< o& 3s the &ee<o4 to 3ct with e?u3lsD ;ut could be

conceptualised only as the ordering of society according to the world of forms. @ith thisp33<i'43tic su;stitution o& 43in' &o 3ctin'D ho4o &3he ;eco4es the 4o<el politic3l 3ctoD 3n< thee3l4 o& hu43n 3&&3is c3n ;e intepete< onl! in te4s o& wo. FutheD through this transformation,the concepts of mastery, control, and %iolence are inextricably imposed onto the realm of politics . s

en<t notesD J>W the Repu;licD the philosophein' 3pplies the i<e3s 3s the c3&ts43n 3pplies his ules3n< st3n<3< he 43es his Cit! 3s the sculpto 43es 3 st3tue 3n< in the &in3l l3tonic wo theses34e i<e3s h3/e e/en ;eco4e l3ws which nee< onl! ;e e8ecute<J.%7 The politici3n is i<e3lise< 3s thec3&ts43n whose sill lies &ist in pecei/in' the i<e3l &o4 o& the po<uctto;eD 3n< secon<D ino'3nisin' the 4e3ns to e8ecute its po<uction.This t3ns&o43tion in/ets ;oth the p3ctice 3n< the 4e3nin' o& politics on 3t le3st two le/els. FistD the=end= of political action becomes measured in terms of the ability of actors to replicate an idealform. s en<t notesD this instrumentalised model of politics e%aluates action solely on the groundsof a means1ends calculus which ris&s de%ol%ing into an eternal regression of ungroundable utility .

en<t st3tes th3t tWhe tou;le with the utilit! st3n<3< inheent in the /e! 3cti/it! o& &3;ic3tion isth3t the el3tionship ;etween 4e3ns 3n< en< on which it elies is /e! 4uch lie 3 ch3in whose e/e! en<c3n se/e 3'3in 3s 3 4e3ns in so4e othe conte8tJ.J The onl! possi;le w3! to st3;ilise this ch3in is to posit3n eten3l 3n< pe&ect en<D such 3s usticeD o<eD o o<D which 3cts 3s 3n un?uestione< 'o3l <ue to itspe&ect tuth&ulness. The essence of the PlatonicD 3n< l3te Chisti3n 3n< Enli'hten4entD conceptions ofpolitical actionD thenD is the ability to ground the final end through recourse to an un+uestionable=truth=. Gy resituating political udgement in the realm of ideals, this model denies that meaningderi%es from the apparent world of human affairs, and replaces debate, action, and plurality withabsolutes and ideals.

http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html#note11

http://www.ciaonet.org/book/lipschutz/lipschutz12.html#note11



The <ichoto4is3tion o& the i<e3l 3n< 3pp3ent wol<s esults in 3 secon< in/esion. The notion o&politici3n 3s c3&ts43n un<e4ines the possi;ilit! o& 3ction in the politic3l sphee ;! 3tte4ptin' to <en!the /e! con<ition o& plu3lit! 3n< n3t3lit!. The prere+uisite +ualities of e+uality and persuasion arereplaced by the pecepts o& &3;ic3tion2 mastery and %iolence. Plural political action is renounced infa%our of the un+uestioned order of rulership and mastery (which <esto!s the potenti3l &o n3t3lit!3n< plu3lit!#D o ;! the coecion o& /iolence (which si4pl! o/ewhel4s 3n! possi;ilit! o& 3ction thou'hshee sten'th#. This conse?uence is then circularly ustified by the belief that the end of action can

be nothing more than the realisation of the Beal 2orld in the Apparent 2orld. The conception ofcommunity through e+uality and difference is inexorably replaced by the understanding of politicalcommunity constructed through mastery, control, and rule.The dual in%ersion of politics1as1ma&ing e8plicitl! re%eals the po&oun< impact of the philosophic3l&oun<3tion o& the 2ill to O<e:Truth on the modern conception of politics. @ithin this philosophic3lo<eD politics must be understood as a process of fabrication in which the end utopian goal ustifiesand underpins rulership, controls and domination. Fo4 this pespecti/eD the de%elopment of a%ariety of Beal 2orld ideals (l3tonic usticeD Chisti3n s3l/3tionD o /ul'3 >38ist utopi3nis4# whichguide political action ha%e disguised the entrenched consistency of the understanding of politics1as1ma&ing. t is precisely this =definition= of politics that must be exposed and problematised. 4orpolitics1as1ma&ing is neithe 3 Jn3tu3lJ no Je3listicJ conception o& politicsD ;ut 3the a historical

conse+uence of a specific philosophical foundation. s suchD it is neither factual nor beyond criti+ue.



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esti/s / /itic5 c/si6e,5ti/ iss the /it / the c,iticis the D5/t is 5 ethic5ch/ice t/ s5+e /,se+es/hite, L (l3nD o&esso o& hilosoph! @illi34s Colle'eD )elusion F34esD Fo4 @ithin NietzscheAs=3;!inthD http2::www.willi34s.e<u:philosoph!:&3cult!:3white:@N=f%we;:@ithoutf%&34es.ht4 D

)2 7:+:+# l

The most pro%ocati%e teachings - &in< in Nietzsche are not political, but 3the ethical) Nietzschedoes not attempt to tell us how to sa%e the world, but 3the how to sa%e oursel%es how to s3/eousel/es from li%ing li%es that we will come to %iew with regret rather than with pride . n< hete3ches th3t we c3n <o th3t without ;eco4in' supe4en who ;lithel! cush thei suppose< in&eios

;ene3th thei &eet.



2NC "2& Le+i5sLe+i5s i+es 5Ds/te ,i/,it / ethics De/,e /itics5i ethics 5 i+e,s5 /Di5ti/th5t Dec/es the D5sis / h5 ,ihts 56 the ee6 t/ ite,+ee 5 /+e, the -/,6.eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

=\/in3sJs point is th3t in ethicsD unlie politicsD we <o not 3s who c34e &ist 3n< wh3t we h3/e 3le3<! <one to

(o &o# e3ch othe. The <istincti/el! ethic3l ?uestion is 3the one o& po8i4it!we 3e 3le3<! hee 3n< so isthe otheD chee;!owl with us in the s34e pl3ce. The nei'h;o is the &i'ue o& the othe tow3< who4 ouonl el3tionship is th3t o& po8i4it!. Fo =\/in3sD the 'lo;3l 4o/e4ent to 'i/e ethics pi43c! o/e politics4ust ;e 3cco4p3nie<D within ethicsD ;! the e&&ot to 'i/e pi43c! to the ethics o& the nei'h;othe loc3l o/e the 'lo;3l. -nthis w3!D the 'lo;3l pi43c! o& ethics c!st3llizes 3oun< ou hoo o& the inhu43n 3ct (the 'oss /iol3tion o& hu43n i'hts# 3the th3nD &o e834pleD 3oun< the inten3tion3l <isti;ution o& we3lth othe e&&ects o& 'lo;3l cli43te ch3n'e. o8i4it! isD thusD the 43e th3t <istin'uishes 3n ethics o& the nei'h;o 3s 3 ;3sis &o hu43n i'hts &o4 'lo;3l concens 3;out inustice th3t 4i'ht 3lso ;econsi<ee< ethic3l. o8i4it! is not itsel& 3 4eel! sp3ti3l concept;oth sp3ce 3n< ti4e c3n ;e po8i43te o <ist3nt;ut it is use&ul to thin o& the ethics o& the nei'h;o 3s 3 spatiali9ing <iscouse withinethicsD 3s <istinct &o4 3 te4po3lizin' <iscouse th3t su;o<in3tes ethics to politic3l hetoics 3ssoci3te< with 4e4o! 3n< i<entit! (9o!3inD Sp3ce %#. The l3tte is hel< 3ccount3;le &o the 3tocitieso& the twentieth centu! ;ec3use it su''ests th3t the su&&ein' o& oneJs i44e<i3te nei'h;o c3n ;e usti&ie< thou'h 3n histoic3l n33ti/ e th3t lins it t o e<ee4in' the su&&ein' o& so4eone elseD peh3ps3n 3ncesto o 3 co43<eD to who4 one cl3i4s 3n histoic3l el3tionship th3t is close th3n el3tions 34on' nei'h;os. To e'3< po8i4it! o& place 3s the ethic3l &oun<3tion o& politics is to esist thisten<enc! &o4 the ;e'innin'D 3n< thee;! to set the st3'e &o the fin-de-si:cle poect o& t3nsition3l usticeD which is ;oth the 3lten3ti/e to hu43n i'hts inte/entions 3n< thei po&esse< 3i4.T3nsition3l ustice 3ssi'ns to histoic3l ene4ies the t3s o& li/in' 3s nei'h;os in the s34e pl3ce. -t e4plo!s techniues o& econcili3tion to ce3te new 3n< ;ette el3tionships ;etween pe/iousl! w3in''oupsD ;ut the imperative to econcile is ulti43tel! ethic3l in =\/in3sJs sense. Th3t i4pe3ti/e is ;3se< on no el3tionship othe th3n po8i4it! 3n< 4utu3l /ulne3;ilit!the e/epesent possi;ilit! th3tthe! will 4u<e e3ch othe. -& the su;ects o& t3nsition3l ustice &3il to econcileD 3n< 43ss 4u<es occuD t hese 3tocities 3e li3;le to ;e consi<ee< ci4es 3 '3inst hu43nit! th3t usti&! outsi<einte/ention. -n the now43ssi/e lite3tue on t 3nsition3l usticeD 'oss /iol3tions o& hu43n i'hts 3e 3lw3!s 3ssu4e< to ;e loc3lD occuin' ;etween nei'h;os who occup! co44on 'oun<D 3n< the

espon<es 3e te3te< 3s thi< p3ties who inte/ene (o &3il to <o so# &o4 3&3. E/en i& the espon<es h3/e 3n histoic3l connection to the site o&inte/entionD peh3ps 3s oneti4e colonizesD the! 3e consi<ee< to ;e <i/en ;! ethicsD 3s <istinct &o4politicsD in thei willin'ness to espon< on ;eh3l& o& the wol< co44unit! th3t shoul< ne/e 3'3in st3n< ;!

while nei'h;os 4u<e e3ch othe. -t is i4plicit in this e4e'in' conception th3t the site o& ethics is the sp3ceo& the nei'h;o (o nei'h;ohoo<# 3n< th3t the site o& politics is 'lo;3l. lo;3l inte/ention in the loc3l c3n ;e usti&ie< in the n34e o& uni/es3lhu43n i'hts ;ut /iolence 3i4e< 3t 'lo;3l c3uses o& su&&ein' (such 3s the Se3ttle iots 3'3inst the @TO o the Chi3p3s e;ellion 3'3inst NFT# is not seen 3s 3 &o4 o& hu43nit3i3n <iect 3ction on 3p3 with ;o4;in' 9el'3<e o 93'h<3<. -n the e4e'ent 'lo;3l <iscouse on hu43n i'htsD Nothin' essenti3l to 3 pesonJs hu43n essence is /iol3te< i& he o she su&&es 3s 3 conse?uence o& 4ilit3! 3ctiono o& 43et 43nipul3tion &o4 ;e!on< his own st3te when th3t is pe4itte< ;! i nten3tion3l l3w (s3<D Re<ee4in' the JHu43nJ 1%+#. pe/ese e&&ect o& the 'lo;3l cultue o& p otectin' loc3l hu43n

i'hts is thus to t3e the 'lo;3l c3uses o& hu43n su&&ein' o&& the politic3l 3'en<3. n! <iect 3ction t3en 3'3inst 'lo;3l &oces uns the is o& ;ein'consi<ee< 3 /iol3tion o& uni/es3l hu43n i'hts (3 /iol3tion such 3s teois4# in the loc3lit! whee it occus.

)/At et the c5i th5t the / c,e5te 5 ethic5 /Di5ti/ i 5 5,tic5, ist5ceLe+i5si5 ethics 6e56 ,ec/iti/ / 5 i+e,s5 6ti6i+i65 sit5ti/s 5,e / 5,/J /, this 5,e, /Di5ti/.eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

@ithout ;el3;oin' the o;/ious tension su''este< hee ;etween the 4ess3'e o& u<3is4D thus <esci;e<D 3n< politic3l Mionis4D it is cle3 th3t this ?uote pi/ile'es the position o& the e&u'ee o/e the

cl3i4s o& ;oth settle 3n< n3ti/eD 3n< te3ts the teito! 3s 3 pl3ce o& e&u'e h3;oin' potenti3l nei'h;os &o who4 ;3< histo! is 3lw3!s !et to co4e . The sp3ce o& the nei'h;o(the nei'h;ohoo<# is no lon'e 3 situ3tion &o which we sh3e 3tt3ch4ents it is hee 4!sti&ie< 3s 3 pueel3tionship o& ;ein' in the pesence o&D 3n< 3nswe3;le toD 3nothe &3ce. @h3t 43es this el3tionship?uintessenti3ll! ethic3lD 3cco<in' to =\/in3sD is th3t the nei'h;o <oes not 3ppo3ch us &ist with the politic3li<enti&! o& &ien< o &oeD 3n< with the cl3i4 to ;e eco'nize< 3cco<in'l!. R3theD the nei'h;oJs &ist <e43n< ispl3ce< upon us ;! pue po8i4it!not ;ec3use we &eel closer to ou nei'h;o th3n to so4eone elseD ;ut

;ec3use his po8i4it! 43es us 3nswe &o ou esponsi;ilit! to the 4oe <ist3nt st3n'e &o who4 he 3lsosu;stitutes (see Su;stitution#. -n =\/in3sJs ethic o& the nei'h;oD The po8i4it! o& the nei'h;othe pe3ce o&po8i4it!is the esponsi;ilit! o& the e'o &o 3n othe (e3ce 3n< o8i4it! 167#.

Iiite /Di5ti/ t/ the /the, 5is i the 5ce / t-/ /itic5 ,e5ities&

1< It Dec/es 5 eJcse /, e,5et -5, 55ist th/se see 5s +i/5t/,s / the ethic5/,6e,? 56

2< The eJ5e / the sici6e D/De, ,e6e,s th/se ethics ic/he,et-h/ is s5+e6 D5/-i the 6ete,ie6 sici6e D/De, t/ i+e4

eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

-t isD o& couseD possi;le to 3tt3c =\/in3s usin' C3l Sch4ittJs 3'u4ent 3'3inst the <iscouse o& hu43nit3i3ninte/ention &ollowin' the Te3t! o& "es3illes2 th3t it ce3tes 3 casus belli 3'3inst the &oces o& inhu43nit!Despeci3ll! when the! cl3i4 to ;e pusuin' histoic3l ustice in w3!s th3t <istu; the pe3ce ;! te3tin' theothe 3s the s34e (Sch4ittD The <oncept of the 0olitical 71#. Suici<e ;o4;in's woul< see4 to ;e 3p33<i'43tic e834ple o& this2 encountein' the othe 3s 3 <is'uise< hu43n ;o4; woul< su''est th3t &e3 of



he 3n< &e3 for he 3e not 3s &un<34ent3ll! <istinct 3s =\/in3s hi4sel& cl3i4s. @hen we escue the suici<e ;o4;e 3e we s3/in' he o ousel/esG n< i& we 4u<e he inste3<D wh3t ;eco4es o& usG )o we e/e3lousel/esD lie those who4 =\/in3s con<e4nsD to ;e 4oe 3&3i< o& <!in' th3n o& illin'G @h3t <oes it 4e3n &ohe to ;e e?u3ll! un3&3i< o& ;othG n< <oes he sel&chosen <e3th ?u3li&! he 3s 3 43t! o 3 4onsteD

whethe o not she succee<s in ;in'in' innocent othes to thei <e3ths 3lon' with heG -n cet3in politic3lnei'h;ohoo<sD =\/in3sJs concept o& the ulti43tel! unnow3;le hu43n &3ce c3n ;e ;oth ethic3l 3n< 3w&ul in

w3!s th3t eopen the possi;ilit! o& 3 hoi&!in' esponse. The ethic3l te4pt3tion to te3t suici<e ;o4;es 3sinhu43ns in hu43n <is'uise 3pplies a fortiori to the politics o& thi<p3t! inte/ention 3ise< 3t the

;e'innin' o& this ess3!2 when nei'h;os ill nei'h;osD who4 <o we escue 3n< who4 <o we 3tt3cG -s thethi< p3t! in this situ3tion ust 3nothe nei'h;oG

The 65, si6e / Le+i5si5 ethics 5,e thei, /teti5 t/ Bsti te,,iDe e+i. F/, ist5ce?5Ds/tist /itic5 /Di5ti/s 6e,i,6 e/ci6e 5s ch 5s the 6/ /itic5 c55is t/e6 +i/ece /, /+e,t.Schi 03 L o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3t the ,ni/esit! o& Chic3'o L % (3co;D ohn Hopins,ni/esit! essD olitics '3inst Re<e4ption2 Ree3<in' =e/in3s &o Citic3l -nten3tion3l Theo!D p'. 055$D http2::ptw.uchic3'o.e<u:schi&&.p<&#

=e/in3sA 3ccount o& e<e4ptionD 4e<i3te< ;! his con/es3tion with the R3;;is 3n< S34uelD su''ests th3t i<e3lso& puit! 3n< <eli/e3nce 3e not con&ine< to eli'ious o theolo'ic3l 43ttesD ;ut o&ten penet3te politic3l

con/es3tionsD 3n< this is wh! - c3ll politics th3t 3e 3ni43te< ;! such i<e3ls e<e4pti/e politics. Re<e4pti/epolitics wo in the se/ice o& poects th3t 4ost people woul< po;3;l! eco'nize 3s 'oo<&o inst3nceD inc3lls to en< 3ll w3 (,NO-D 1+65 =ips!D 1+71#D 'enoci<eD hun'eD po/et!D ho4elessnessD <u' useD 3cis4D3n< /iolent ci4e. 9ut e<e4pti/e politics 3lso wo in the se/ice o& poects th3t 4ost people woul< po;3;l!eco'nize 3s ;3<. Fo inst3nceD e<e4pti/e politics see4 to un<epin 'enoci<e. )uin' the Rw3n<3n'enoci<eD Hutu e8te4ists e&ee< to Tutsis 3s in!enziD o coco3chesD 3s pests th3t nee<e< to ;ee8te4in3te< (unieD 1++5#. Si4il3l!D N3zi i<eolo'! pot3!e< ews 3s <it!D 3 pl3'ue in&estin' e43nstoc. These <epictions tie< 'enoci<3l c34p3i'ns to the 3chie/e4ent 3n< 43inten3nce o& puit! &o 3 'i/eni<entit!D whethe Rw3n<3n o e43n.6 Futhe4oeD 43n! schol3s h3/e ch33cteize< 'enoci<3l poects ine<e4pti/e te4s. =eo KupeD &o inst3nceD h3s hi'hli'hte< sc3pe'o3tin' in 'enoci<es (1+$12 0#. -n ti4es o&soci3l 3n< econo4ic tu4oils3!D e43n! in the 1+sit is e3s! to ;l34e po4inent 4inoit! 'oups &osoci3lD econo4icD 3n< politic3l ills. Th3t which we c3nnot 3;i<eB4ilit3! <e&e3tD econo4ic <epession 3n< so

onBwe 43! c3st o&& ;! loc3tin' esponsi;ilit! &o ou con<ition elsewhee.7 Ron3l< onson (1+$%2100# h3sch33cteize< 'enoci<e 3s 3 in< o& ulti43te <eni3l o& e3lit!2 3 43<ness o& those in powe who 3e i4potent touse th3t powe e&&ecti/el! to ch3n'e e3lit!D 3n< whoD lost in /isions o& o4nipotenceD inste3< see to <esto! it.Fin3ll!D Ro;et 3! =i&ton h3s 3'ue< th3t 'enoci<e in/ol/es 3 peception o& collecti/e illnessD 3 /ision o& cueD3n< 3 seies o& 4oti/3tionsD e8peiencesD 3n< e?uie4ents o& pepet3tos in thei ?uest &o th3t cue (=i&ton1+$6D p. 067 in FeinD 1++D p.06#. Sc3pe'o3tin'D <eni3l o& e3lit!D 3n< 4et3phos o& illness 3n< cue 3ll c3ll up<i/es to pui&ic3tion th3t 3e s!4pto43tic o& e<e4pti/e politics.



EJt& Le+i5sH ;i/eceCONNECTING IT' T'E OT'ER T'ROUG' UN)ERST"N)ING IS NOT ONLYI!OSSI$LE $UT IF IT ERE? OUL) COLL"!SE SOCIETY INTO "N ERU!TION OF$LOO)7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.67D )2 7:7:+# l

There are people who are destined to taste only the poison in things D &o who4 3n! supise is 3

p3in&ul supise 3n< 3n! e8peience 3 new occ3sion &o totue. f someone were to say to me that suchsuffering has subecti%e reasonsD el3te< to the in<i/i<u3lJs p3ticul3 43eupD would then as&) isthere an obecti%e criterion for e%aluating suffering( @ho c3n s3! with pecision th3t 4! nei'h;osu&&es 4oe th3n - <o o th3t esus su&&ee< 4oe th3n 3ll o& usG Thee is no o;ecti/e st3n<3< ;ec3usesuffering cannot be measured 3cco<in' to the e8ten3l sti4ul3tion o loc3l iit3tion o& the o'3nis4D

;ut onl! 3s it is &elt 3n< e&lecte< in consciousness. l3sD &o4 this point o& /iewD 3n! hie3ch! is out o&the ?uestion. Cach person remains with his own suffering, which he belie%es absolute and unlimited.how 4uch woul< we <i4inish ou own peson3l su&&ein' i& we wee to co4p3e it to 3ll the wol<Jssu&&ein's until nowD to the 4ost hoi&!in' 3'onies 3n< the 4ost co4plic3te< totuesD the 4ost cuel<e3ths 3n< the 4ost p3in&ul ;et3!3lsD 3ll the lepesD 3ll those ;une< 3li/e o st3/e< to <e3thG No;o<! isco4&ote< in his su&&ein's ;! the thou'ht th3t we 3e not 3ll 4ot3lsD no <oes 3n!;o<! who su&&ese3ll! &in< co4&ot in the p3st o pesent su&&ein' o& othes. 9ec3use in this o'3nic3ll! insu&&icient 3n<

&3'4ent3! wol<D the in<i/i<u3l is set to li/e &ull!D wishin' to 43e o& his own e8istence 3n 3;solute.E3ch su;ecti/e e8istence is 3;solute to itsel&. Fo this e3son e3ch 43n li/es 3s i& he wee the cente o&the uni/ese o the cente o& histo!. Then how coul< his su&&ein' &3il to ;e 3;soluteG cannotunderstand another=s suffering in order to diminish my own. Fomparisons in such c3ses areirrele%ant, because suffering is an interior state, in which nothin' e8ten3l c3n help. 9ut there is agreat ad%antage in the loneliness of suffering. 2hat would happen if a man=s face could ade+uatelyexpress his suffering, i& his entie inner agony wee obectified in his facial expressionG Coul< we stillco44unic3teG @oul<nAt we then co/e ou &3ces with ou h3n<s while t3lin'G =i&e woul< e3ll! ;ei4possi;le i& the in&initu<e o& &eelin's we h3;o within ousel/es wee &ull! e8pesse< in the lines o& ou&3ces. Nobody would dare loo& at himself in the mirror, because a grotes+ue, tragic image wouldmix in the contous o& his &3ce with stains 3n< t3ces of blood, wounds which cannot be healed, 3n<

unstopp3;le streams of tears. would experience a in< o& %oluptuous awe if could see a %olcano ofblood, euptions 3s e< 3s &ie 3n< 3s burning as despair, burst into the 4i<st o& the co4&ot3;le 3n<superficial harmony of e%eryday life, o i& - coul< see 3ll ou hi<<en woun<s openD 43in' o& us 3

;loo<! euption &oe/e. 6nly then would we tul! un<est3n< 3n< appreciate the 3</3nt3'e o& loneliness, which silences our suffering and ma&es it inaccessible. The %enom drawn out fromsuffering would be enough to poison the whole world in a bloody eruption, ;ustin' out o& the

/olc3no o& ou ;ein'. Thee is so 4uch /eno4D so 4uch poisonD in su&&ein'Q



***)ICEROLLING



2NC She!OLITIC"L ;"LUES OR ET"!'YSICS C"NNOT GI;E LIFE " 'IG'ER E"NING E "RESTILL $ITS OF COSIC )UST SITTING ON " ROCK? CON;INCE) OF OUR ONI!ORT"NCE $EC"USE E '";E T'OUG'T.

NIET@SC'E 1873 On Tuth 3n< =ies in 3 Non4o3l SenseD p' 7W

Oce / 5 tie? i s/e /t / the -5 c/,e, / th5t i+e,se which is <ispese< into nu4;eless twinlin'

sol3 s!ste4sD the,e -5s 5 st5, / -hich ce+e, De5sts i+ete6 /-i. Th5t -5s the /st5,,/5t 56 e65ci/s ite / P-/,6 hist/,?P Dt e+e,theess? it -5s / 5 ite.

"te, 5t,e h56 6,5- 5 e- D,e5ths? the st5, c//e6 56 c/e5e6? 56 the ce+e, De5sts h56t/ 6ie. Oe iht i+et sch 5 5De? 56 et he sti -/6 /t h5+e 56eM5te ist,5te6h/- ise,5De? h/- sh56/- 56 t,5siet? h/- 5iess 56 5,Dit,5, the h5 iteect//s -ithi 5t,e. The,e -e,e ete,ities 6,i -hich it 6i6 /t eJist. "6 -he it is 5 /+e,

-ith the h5 iteect? /thi -i h5+e h5ee6. F/, this iteect h5s / 566iti/5issi/ -hich -/6 e56 it De/6 h5 ie. R3theD it is hu43nD 3n< onl! its possesso 3n< ;e'ette t3es it so sole4nl!

3s thou'h the wol<Js 38is tune< within it. 9ut i -e c/6 c/ic5te -ith the 5t? -e -/6 e5, th5t heie-ise ies th,/h the 5i, -ith the s5e s/eit? th5t he ees the i cete, / thei+e,se -ithi hise. Thee is nothin' so epehensi;le 3n< uni4pot3nt in n3tue th3t it woul< not i44e<i3tel! swell up lie 3

;3lloon 3t the sli'htest pu&& o& this powe o& nowin'. n< ust 3s e/e! pote w3nts to h3/e 3n 3<4ieD so e/en the pou<est o& 4enD the philosopheDsupposes th3t he sees on 3ll si<es the e!es o& the uni/ese telescopic3ll! &ocuse< upon his 3ction 3n< thou'ht.

It is ,e5,5De th5t this -5s D,/ht 5D/t D the iteect? -hich -5s ce,t5i 5/tte6 t/these /st /,t5te? 6eic5te? 56 ehee,5 Deis e,e 5s 5 6e+ice /, 6et5ii the 5ite -ithi eJistece. F/, -ith/t this 566iti/ the -/6 h5+e e+e, ,e5s/ t/ ee this

eJistece 3s ?uicl! 3s =essin'Js son. The pi<e connecte< with nowin' 3n< sensin' lies lie 3 ;lin<in' &o' o/e the e!es 3n< senses o& 4enD thus<ecei/in' the4 concenin' the /3lue o& e8istence. Fo this pi<e cont3ins within itsel& the 4ost &l3ttein' esti43tion o& the /3lue o& nowin'. )eception isthe 4ost 'ene3l e&&ect o& such pi<eD ;ut e/en its 4ost p3ticul3 e&&ects cont3in within the4sel/es so4ethin' o& the s34e <eceit&ul ch33cte.

T'E 1"C IRRORS " SYSTE OF !OLITICS T'"T SEEKS TO USTIFY RESSENTIENTT'ROUG' " STRUCTURING OF T'E E;ENT OF E>ISTENCE. YOU UST REFUSE TOCONCERN YOURSELF IT' T'E "FFIR"TI;EAS INCESS"NT !"R"NOI" "$OUT OUR

INSECURE ORL) INSTE") "FFIRING C'"NCE "S NECESS"RY TO LO;E LIFE.

N-ETMSCHE 1$7+Hu43nD 3ll too hu43nD 438i4 %$0W

The means to real peace.B No 'o/en4ent 3<4its 3n! 4oe th3t it eeps 3n 34! to s3tis&! occ3sion3ll! the <esie &o con?uest. R3the the 34! issuppose< to se/e &o <e&enseD 3n< one in/oes the 4o3lit! th3t 3ppo/es o& sel&<e&ense. 9ut this i4plies oneJs own 4o3lit! 3n< the nei'h;oJs

i44o3lit! &o the eihD/, st De th/ht / 5s e5e, t/ 5tt5c 56 c/Me, i /, st5te stthi / e5s / se=6eese. /,e/+e,? the ,e5s/s -e i+e /, ,eMi,i 5 5, i th5t/, eihD/,? -h/ 6eies the 6esi,e /, c/Mest ust 3s 4uch 3s <oes ou own st3teD 3n< whoD &o his p3tD 5s/ees 5 5, / /, ,e5s/s / se=6eese? is 5 h/c,ite 56 5 ci c,ii5 -h/

-/6 ie /thi Dette, th5 t/ /+e,/-e, 5 h5,ess 56 5--5,6 +icti without 3n! &i'ht. Ths5 st5tes 3e now 3n'e< 3'3inst e3ch othe2 the! ,es/se thei, eihD/,s D56 6is/siti/ 56 thei, /-

//6 6is/siti/. This ,es/siti/? h/-e+e,? is ih5e? 5s D56 5s -5, 56 -/,se. t ;otto4Din<ee<D it is itse the ch3llen'e 3n< the c5se / -5,s? Dec5seD 3s - h3/e s3i<? it 5tt,iDtes i/,5it t/ theeihD/, 56 ths ,/+/es 5 h/stie 6is/siti/ 56 5ct. @e 4ust 3;ue the <octine o& the 34! 3s 3 4e3ns o& sel&<e&ense ust 3s co4pletel! 3s the <esie &o con?uests. n< peh3ps the 'e3t <3! will co4e when peopleD <istin'uishe< ;! w3s 3n< /ictoies 3n< ;! thehi'hest <e/elop4ent o& 3 4ilit3! o<e 3n< intelli'enceD 3n< 3ccusto4e< to 43e the he3/iest s3ci&ices &o these thin'sD will e8cl3i4 o& its own &ee will

Pe D,e5 the s-/,6?P 56 -i s5sh its eti,e iit5, est5Dishet 6/- t/ its /-est/65ti/s. Re6e,i /ese 5,e6 -he /e h56 Dee the Dest=5,e6? /t / 5 heiht /eeith5t is the e5s t/ ,e5 e5ce? -hich st 5-5s ,est / 5 e5ce / i6 -he,e5sthe s/=c5e6 5,e6 e5ce? 5s it /- eJists i 5 c/t,ies? is the 5Dsece / e5ce / i6. Oet,sts eithe, /ese /, /es eihD/, 56? h5 ,/ h5t,e6? h5 ,/ e5,? 6/es /t 56/- 5,s. R5the, e,ish th5 h5te 56 e5,? 56 t-ice ,5the, e,ish th5 5e /ese h5te656 e5,e6Bthis 4ust so4e<3! ;eco4e the hi'hest 438i4 &o e/e! sin'le co44onwe3lth. Ou li;e3l epesent3ti/esD 3s is well nownD l3c theti4e &o e&lectin' on the n3tue o& 43n2 else the! woul< now th3t the! wo in /3in when the! wo &o 3 '3<u3l <ece3se o& the 4ilit3! ;u<en.



R3theD onl! when this in< o& nee< h3s ;eco4e 'e3test will the in< o& 'o< ;e ne3est who 3lone c3n help hee. The tee o& w3'lo! c3n onl! ;e<esto!e< 3ll 3t onceD ;! 3 stoe o& li'htnin'2 ;ut li'htnin'D 3s in<ee< !ou nowD co4es &o4 3 clou<B3n< &o4 up hi'h.

THE S-N,=R E"ENT OF THE )-CERO== CONT-NS == OF )ETER>-NT-ON -N )EST-N 9,TTHRO@S -T TO CHNCE -N CR-C-O,S CT OF =-FEAS FF-R>T-ON. TH-S CT RECE)ES =-FE

S N CT OF CONT-NENC.

)E=E,ME $

illesDD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D UThe )icethowAD p. %+W

he,e5s the th,/- 6ice 5i, ch5ce /ce 56 /, 5? the 6ice -hich 5 D5c ecess5,i5i, the De, /, the 6esti -hich D,is the 6ice D5c. It is i this sese th5t the sec/6/et / the 5e is 5s/ the t-/ /ets t/ethe, /, the 5e, -h/ eM5s the -h/e. Theete,5 ,et, is the sec/6 /et? the ,est / the 6iceth,/-? the 5i,5ti/ / ecessit?the De, -hich D,is t/ethe, 5 the 5,ts / ch5ce. $t it is 5s/ the ,et, / the i,st/et? the ,eetiti/ / the 6iceth,/-? the ,e,/6cti/ 56 ,e5i,5ti/ / ch5ce itsel&.

)esti i the ete,5 ,et, is 5s/ the -ec/i / ch5ce D - coo e/e! ch3nce in m pot. n< onl! when it is?uite cooe< <o - welco4e it 3s m &oo<. n< tul!D 43n! 3 ch3nce c34e i4peiousl! to 4e ;ut 4! will spoe to it e/en 4oe i4peiousl!D then it went<own i4ploin'l! on its nees i4ploin' shelte 3n< lo/e with 4eD u'in' in whee<lin' tones Uust seeD M33thust3D how 3 &ien< co4es to 3 &ien<QA(M --- O& the "itue th3t 43es s43ll p. 1+1#. This 4e3ns th3t thee 3e &3'4ents o& ch3nce which cl3i4 to ;e /3li< in the4sel/esD the! 3ppe3l tothei po;3;ilit!D e3ch solicits se/e3l thows o& the <ice &o4 the pl3!e <i/i<e< 34on' se/e3l thowsD h3/in' ;eco4e si4ple po;3;ilitiesD the

&3'4ents o& ch3nce 3e sl3/es who w3nt to spe3 3s 43stes.%0 9ut M33thust3 nows th3t /e st /t 5 /, et /ese De

5e6D on the cont3!D it is ecess5, t/ 5i, the -h/e / ch5ce 5t /ce (thee&oe ;oil 3n< coo it lie the pl3!e

who w34s the <ice in his h3n<s<? i /,6e, t/ ,eite 5 its ,5ets 56 t/ 5i, the De, -hich is/t ,/D5De Dt 5t5 56 ecess5,. O the is ch5ce 5 ,ie6 -h/ +isits 5 ,ie6? 5 ,ie6

-h/ -i De 5se6 D5c? 5 ,ie6 / 6esti -h/se 6esti itse 5ss,es the ete,5 ,et, 5ssch.

T'E "FFIR"TI;E !OSITS T'ESEL;ES "S "STERS OF T'E UNI;ERSE? "$LE TOER")IC"TE !"IN "N) SUFFERING $Y RENOUNCING T'E UNCERT"IN "N) C'"OTIC

"S!ECTS OF LIFE. SUFFERING COES TO $E SEEN ONLY "S " RESULT OFI!ERFECTIONS IN OUR ORL). T'IS REUIRES T'E CONSTRUCTION OF "N I)E"LRE"L ORL) TO"R) 'IC' OUR "!!"RENT ORL) "S!IRES? NEG"TING LIFE.

S"URETTE 9%3ulD - 4istust 3ll S!ste43tizes 3n< /oi< The4. >illeniu4 oun3l o& -nten3tion3l Stu<ies. "ol. %5D nu4;e 1. pp. 6W

The 0hilosophical =oundation of the Will to Truth>?rder' @ - 4istust 3ll s!ste43tizes 3n< 3/oi< the4. will to 3 s!ste4 is 3 l3c o& inte'it!.A cco<in'to NietzscheD the philosophic3l &oun<3tion o& 3 societ! is the set o& i<e3s which 'i/e 4e3nin' to the pheno4enon o& hu43n e8istence within 3 'i/encultu3l &34ewo. s one 43ni&est3tion o& the @ill to oweD this will to 4e3nin' &un<34ent3ll! in&luences the soci3l 3n< politic3l o'3nis3tion o& 3p3ticul3 co44unit!. n!thin' less th3n 3 po&oun< histoic3l inteo'3tion o& the 4ost ;3sic philosophic3l &oun<3tions o& ou ci/iliz3tionD thenD4isconcei/es the oi'ins o& /3lues which we t3e to ;e intinsic 3n< n3tu3l. Nietzsche su''estsD thee&oeD th3t to un<est3n< the <e/elop4ent o& ou4o<en conception o& societ! 3n< politicsD we 4ust econsi<e the cuci3l in&luence o& the l3tonic &o4ul3tion o& Soc3tic thou'ht. Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t

,e=S/c,5tic G,eece D5se6 its hi/s/hic5 Bstiic5ti/ / ie / he,/ic ths -hich h//,e6t,5e6 56 c/etiti/. Lie -5s 6e,st//6 5s 5 c/test i -hich D/th the B/ 56 /,6e,e6:"//i5< 56 ch5/tic 56 se,i :)i/si5# 3spects o& li&e -e,e 3ccepte< 3n< 5i,e6 3s inesc3p3;le

3spects o& hu43n e8istence. Howe/eD this inc3n3tion o& the will to powe 3s t3'e<! we3ene<D 3n< Dec5e 5De t/ sst5ie5i i G,ee ie. ee 4!ths no lon'e instille< the sel&espect 3n< sel&contol th3t h3< uphel< the peSoc3tic soci3l o<e.

UE/e!whee the instincts wee in 3n3ch! e/e!whee people wee ;ut &i/e steps &o4 e8cess2 the monstruin in animo w3s 3 uni/es3l <3n'eA. N//e, -ii t/ 5ccet the t,5ic h5,6ess 56 se=5ste, / ,e=S/c,5tic th? G,eeth/ht ie6e6 t/ 6ec56ece? 5 se5,ch &o 3 new soci3l &oun<3tion -hich -/6 s/te the t,5e6 / ieD while still 'i/in' 4e3nin' to e8istence. -n this conte8tD Soc3tesA thou'ht ;ec34e p334ount. -n the wo<s o& NietzscheD Soc3tes s3w behind his3istoc3tic theni3ns he '3spe< th3t his c3seD the i<ios!nc3s! o& his c3seD w3s no lon'e e8ception3l. The s34e in< o& <e'ene3tion w3s e/e!wheesilentl! pep3in' itsel& the ol< thens w3s co4in' to 3n en< n< Soc3tes un<estoo< th3t the wol< h3< nee< o& hi4 Bhis e8pe<ientD his cue 3n< hispeson3l 3t o& sel&pese/3tion.

S/c,5tes ,e5ise6 th5t his se5,ch &o 3n ulti43te 3n< eten3l intellectu3l st3n<3< 5,5ee6 the wi<espe3< e5,i/, 5ss,5ce 56 st5Diit within societ!. His e8pe<ientD his c,eG n 3lten3ti/e will to powe. n 3lten3te &oun<3tion th3t

,/ise6 5ste, 56 c/t,/D not thou'h 3ccept3nce o& the t3'ic li&eD ;ut th,/h the 6is5+/-5 / theistict5? the c/tiet? 56 the ,/De5tic. -n esponse to the &3ilin' powe o& its &oun<3tion3l 4!thsD eece tie< to



enounce the /e! e8peience th3t h3< 'i/en ise to t3'e<! ;! ete3tin':esc3pin' into the polloni3n wol< po4ise< ;! Soc3tic e3son. -n NietzscheAs wo<sD UW3tion3lit! w3s <i/ine< 3s 3 s3/iou... it w3s thei l3st e8pe<ient. The &3n3ticis4 with which the whole o& ee thou'ht thows itsel& 3t

3tion3lit! ;et3!s 3 st3te o& e4e'enc!2 one w3s in peilD one h3< onl! one choice2 eithe to peishD o ;e 3;su<l! 3tion3l...A ThusD S/c,5tesc/6iie6 the -i6e, e5, / ist5Diit it/ 5 iteect5 ,5e-/,. The S/c,5tic i t/ T,this ch33cteise< ;! the 5ttet t/ un<est3n< 3n< /,6e, ie ,5ti/5 D ,e/ci the )i/si5eeets / eJistece 3n< pi/ile'in' 3n i<e3lise< polloni3n o<e. "s ie is iesc55D c/,ise6 / D/th/,6e, 56 6is/,6e,? h/-e+e,? the ,/ise / c/t,/ th,/h S/c,5tic ,e5s/ is / /ssiDe Dc,e5ti 5 HRe5 /,6A / ete,5 56 e5i /,s? i //siti/ t/ 5 H"5,et /,6A o&

t3nsito! ph!sic3l e8istence. Se,i 56 c/tiec is c/t5ie6 -ithi the "5,et /,6?6is5,5e6? 6e+5e6? 56 i/,e6 i ,e5ti/ t/ the i6e5 /,6e, / the Re5 /,6 . Essenti3l to theSoc3tic @ill to TuthD thenD is the &un<34ent3l cont3<iction ;etween the e8peience o& )ion!si3n su&&ein' in the pp3ent @ol< 3n< the i<e3lise<

o<e o& the Re3l @ol<. cco<in' to NietzscheD this 6ich/t/ise6 /6e e6 t/ the ee,ece / 5 iMeH/6e, 6e,st56i / ie -hich c/6 / +iese,i 5s the ,est / theie,ecti/ / the "5,et /,6D This outloo c,e5te6 5 4o<e4 /ti/ / ,es/siDiit i -hichthe )i/si5 eeets / ie c/6 De 6e,st//6 / 5s 5 he/e/ /, -hich so4eoneD o s/ethi? is t/ D5e. Nietzsche te,s this philosophic3ll!in<uce< c/6iti/ ,essetiet? 56 5,esth5t it si5e6 5 /teti5 c,isis / the i t/ T,th D eJ/si the cet,5 c/t,56icti/ / theS/c,5tic ,es/ti/. This cont3<ictionD howe/eD w3s esol/e< histoic3ll! thou'h the 3''essi/e uni/es3lis3tion o& the Soc3tic i<e3l ;!Chisti3nit!. cco<in' to NietzscheD 3scetic Chisti3nit! e83ce;3te< the Soc3tic <ichoto4is3tion ;! e4plo!in' the pp3ent @ol< 3s the esponsi;le3'ent 3'3inst which the essenti4ent o& li&e coul< ;e tune<. 9l34e &o su&&ein' &ell on in<i/i<u3ls within the pp3ent @ol<D pecisel! ;ec3use the!<i< not li/e up to o<D the TuthD 3n< the Re3l @ol<. s Nietzsche woteD U- su&&e2 so4eone 4ust ;e to ;l34e &o itA thins e/e! sicl! sheep. 9ut hisshephe<D the 3scetic piest tells hi42 UVuite so 4! sheep so4eone 4ust ;e to ;l34e &o it2 ;ut !ou !ousel& 3e this so4eoneD !ou 3lone 3e to ;l34e &o

!ousel&DB!ou 3lone 3e to ;l34e &o !ousel&BThis is ;3zen 3n< &3lse enou'h2 ;ut one thin' is 3chie/e< ;! itD the <iection o& essenti4ent is3ltee<.AF3ce< with the coll3pse o& the Soc3tic esolution 3n< the pospect o& 4e3nin'lessnessD once 3'3inD Uone w3s in peilD one h3< onl! one choice2eithe to peishD o ;e 3;su<l! 3tion3l.... The 'enius o& the 3scetic i<e3l w3s th3t it pese/e< the 4e3nin' o& the Soc3tic @ill to owe 3s @ill to Tuth ;! e8t3pol3tin' 3< 3;su<iu4 the Soc3tic <i/ision thou'h the e<iection o& essenti4ent 3'3inst the pp3ent @ol<Q Thou'h this e<iectionD theRe3l @ol< w3s t3ns&o4e< &o4 3 t3nscen<ent3l wol< o& philosophic3l esc3pe into 3 4o<el tow3<s which the pp3ent @ol< 3cti/el! 3spie<D

3lw3!s ;l34in' its cont3<icto! e8peiences on its own i4pe&ect nowle<'e 3n< 3ction.This su;tle t3ns&o43tion o& the ,e5ti/shi Det-ee the 6ich/t/ise6 -/,6s c,e5tes the i t/ O,6e, 5s the 6eii ch5,5cte,istic / the/6e, i t/ T,th. U5De t/ 5ccet the )i/si5 se,i ihe,et i the "5,et

/,6? the 5scetic ,essetiet 6ese,5te se5,ches /, Hthe h/tic sese / /thiess?the ,e/se / 6eeest see? i sh/,t 5Dsece / se,iA. "cc/,6i t/ the 5scetic /6e D howe/eD

this esc5e is /ssiDe / -he the "5,et /,6 e,ect 6ic5tes the Re5 /,6? The i t/ O,6e,D thenD is the 5,essi+e ee6 ic,e5si t/ /,6e, the "5,et /,6 i ie -iththe ,ecets / the /,5 T,th / the Re5 /,6. The essenti4entD o& the @ill to O<eD thee&oeD 'ene3tes two

inteel3te< e3ctions. FistD ,essetiet ee6e,s 5 ee6 5cti+e t/ /6 the "5,et /,6 i5cc/,65ce -ith the 6ict5tes / the i6e5? "//i5 Re5 /,6. -n o<e to 3chie/e thisD howe/eD the 3scetic

i<e3l 3lso 3ssets th3t 3 UtueAD 4oe co4plete nowle<'e o& the Re3l @ol< 4ust ;e est3;lishe<D ce3tin' 3n e/eince3sin' @ill to Tuth. Thisse= e,et5ti /+eet c,e5tes 5 ite,,et5ti+e st,ct,e -ithi -hich e+e,thi st

De 6e,st//6 56 /,6e,e6 i ,e5ti/ t/ the 5scetic T,th / the Re5 /,6. s Nietzsche su''estsD tWhe3scetic i<e3l h3s 3 'o3lBthis 'o3l is so uni/es3l th3t 3ll othe inteests o& hu43n e8istence see4D when co4p3e< with itD pett! 3n< n3ow it intepetsepochsD n3tionsD 3n< 4en ine8o3;l! with 3 /iew to this one 'o3l it pe4its no othe intepet3tionD no othe 'o3l it eectsD <eniesD 3&&i4s 3n<s3nctions solel! &o4 the point o& /iew o& its intepet3tion.A



I5ct C5cs "L"YS $E "KING T'ESE "RGUENTS&

K TURNS T'E C"SE& E>TEN) NIET@SC'E 8% RESSENTIENT NEG"TES OUR "$ILITY TOCRE"TE ;"LUES E"NING 'U"NITY $ECOES FULL OF RESSENTIENT $EC"USE ITC"NAT "CT ITS RE"CTION "N) $ECOES CONTE!TI$LE SO T'"T ITS )ESTRUCTION$ECOES )ESIR"$LE. T'E "FFAS RESOLUTION OF SUFFERING ONLY INTERN"LI@ES T'E

"Y E E>!ERIENCE $EING $Y "TTE!TING TO ORG"NI@E IT IN LINE IT' T'E I)E"L ORL) "S !ER OUR S"URETTE E;I)ENCE.

"N)? T'E "FF I!"CTS )ONAT "TTER& T'EIR I!"CT SCEN"RIOS "RE " !ORTR"IT OFT'E SOCR"TIC )ELUSION& E;ERY U)GENT IS "SSIGNE) UTILIT"RI"N I!ORT"NCEIN OR)ER TO USTIFY T'E !"T'OS OF T'E 1"C "N) OUR $EING IN T'E ORL). INLIG'T OF OUR INE;IT"$LE ORT"LITY? IT IS NOT OUR E>ISTENCE T'"T ISINTRINSIC"LLY I!ORT"NT $UT R"T'ER T'EC"!"CITY OF T'"T E>ISTENCE TO !R"ISELIFE "N) !ROOTE !OSITI;ITY. T'EIR I!"CT SCEN"RIOS "RE IRRELE;ENT IN "

ORL) 'ERE $EING IS REN)ERE) NOT GOO) ENOUG' FOR T'E "FF? T'"TAS OURCONCEE)E) NIET@SC'E IN 8% "N) 73 E;I)ENCE

"N)? T'E K COES FIRST& T'E USTIFIC"TION TO !RESER;E T'E !'YSIC"L LIFE!RESU!!OSES T'E ILLINGNESS TO "FFIR LIFE IN T'E "$STR"CT "N) T'E C"!"CITYTO "FFIR OR CRE"TE. "LL OF T'EIR I!"CTS "SSERT T'"T LIFE IS GOO) $UT NE;ER"KE " )EFENSE OF T'E NEG"TI;ITY OR FUTILITY OF E>ISTENCE UN)ER T'EIRFR"EORK FOR LIFE E"NING E TURN T'E INTERN"LS TO T'EIR I!"CTS.

"N)? T'E K T"KES OUT SOL;ENCY& OUR TUR"NLI 2K3 E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"T T'E "FFAS ILL TO OR)ER "KES ITSELF T'E Y"R)STICK "G"INST 'IC' TO E"SUREE>ISTENCE $UT E ILL "L"YS COE U! S'ORT. OUR NIET@SC'E IN 73 E;I)ENCE

"LSO )ISSOL;ES T'EIR TRUT' CL"IS $EC"USE IT S"YS RE"LITY "S E E>!ERIENCEIT IS ONLY INTER!RET"TION 'IC' E"NS T'EREAS NO G"URENTEE OF SOL;ENCY$EC"USE !RE)ICTI;E !OLITICS C"NAT IRROR T'E RE"L ORL).



"T& F,5e-/, 1. COUNTER INTER!&

OUR INTER! SOL;ES "LL OF YOUR !OLICY"KINGVFI"T GOO) OFFENSE

2. K IS OFFENSE& IF E IN " LINK "N) T'E !L"N FUNCTIONS E>CLUSI;ELY IT'INT'EIR FR"EORK? T'EN T'E LINKS "N) I!"CT TO OUR K "RE E>TERN"L OFFENSETO T'EIR FR"EORK.

3. K OUTEIG'S& OUR I!"CT IS FUN)"ENT"LLY "LL !OTENTI"L "FFIR"TION OFLIFE. T'IS !RECE)ES UESTIONS OF !OLITIC"L ");OC"CY OR T'E ;"LUE OF)ISCUSSION.

#. FR"EORK LINKS& T'EIR "FFIR"TI;E C"N $E UN)ERSTOO) "S T'E)EFENSE OF " ORL) "N) )E$"TE IT'OUT )"NGER "N) UN!RE)ICT"$ILITY.T'EY ERELY )E$"TE RULES "N) INSTRUCTIONS I)E"LISTIC ORL) ISSOET'ING T'EY "RE RE")Y TO S"CRIFICE T'ESEL;ES FOR . T'IS STRUGGLE

FOR OR)ER IN T'E N"E OF SOCR"TES IS "LRE")Y I!"CTE) ON T'E K LINE $Y LINE$Y OUR NIET@SC'E 83 E;I)ENCE.

(. TUR"NLI 2K3 TURNS FR"EORK2 T'EIR OR)ERING OF T'E )E$"TE "S "STRUGGLE FOR EU"LITY "N) !ERFECTION IS T'E SOCR"TIC I)E"L. T'E I!"CT IS "N

"CTI;ITY STEE!E) IN RESSENTIENT 'ERE NO !OSITI;E LE"RNING T'ROUG'C'"LLENGE "N) $"TTLE OF ENEIES "N) FRIEN)S C"N OCCUR.

%. NO "$USE& OUR K IS FUNCTION"LLY " UESTION OF T'E )ESIR"$ILITY OFSOL;ING T'E '"RS OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E T'ROUG' T'E EC'"NISS OF SOL;ENCYT'EY !RO!OSE T'EIR INTER! OUL) FORECLOSE "LL C"SE )E$"TE 'IC' IS T'EONLY IN)IS!UT"$LE NEG GROUN) "N) KEY TO RECI!ROCITY 'IC' C'ECKS SI)E

$I"S.7. ERR NEG ON FR"EORK FOR "LL OF T'E RE"SONS T'E K COES FIRST "N)TURNS C"SE "S !ER T'E 2NC.

8. NON=UNIUE& T'EIR E)UC"TION C"N $E SOL;E) IT' " CO!Y OF T'EECONOIST T'EY '";E NO GER"NE LINK TO 'IG' SC'OOL !OLICY )E$"TE 'IC'E"NS E;EN IF ROLE!L"YING OR FI"T "RE GOO)? T'EY STILL '";E TO USTIFY T'EINTRINSIC ;"LUE OF )E$"TE "G"INST T'E E"NING OF E>ISTENCE.T'IS IS " TURN OR "T ORST? OOTS T'EIR OFFENSE E"NING YOU ERR NEG ONFR"EORK.

9. TURN& T'EIR INSIST"NCE ON EST"$LIS'ING RULES OF )E$"TE IGNORES T'"T)E$"TE IS NOT " GIFT FRO " )I;INE CRE"TOR T'ERE IS NO ESSENCE OR S!IRIT TO)EFEN) T'EIR "RGUENTS "RE CONTRI;E) ONLY TO )EFEN) T'EIR )E!EN)"NCEON )E$"TE.

OHNSTON +6I"N? theeJs nothin' nietzsche coul<nJt te3ch !3 3;out the 3isin' o& the wistD'TT!&VV."L".$C.C"V\O'NSTOIVINTROSERVNIET@S.'TD 32 1:6:7W

T5e? &o e834pleD the /si6e ,e in socce. ith/t th5t the 5e c/6 /t ,/cee6 i its t,56iti/5 -5. 'ece? s/cce, 5e,s see the /si6e ,e 5s 5 esseti5 5,t / thei, ,e5it? 56 5s /5s s/cce, is the / 5e i t/- 56 -e h5+e / i6e5 / its hist/, (which 4i'htD &o e834pleD tell us 3;out the

in/ention o& the o&&si<e ule#D the the /si6e ,e is e5s t/ ite,,et 5s 5 i+e,s5? 5 ecess5,

http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm





,eMi,eet /, s/ci5 5cti+it? 56 -e -i i6 56 e6/,se sc,it,5 teJts -hich ,ei/,ceth5t Deie? 56 /, scietists -i 6e+/te thei, tie t/ ii the /si6e ,e -ith theste,i/s ,Dis th5t c/e ,/ the /,est. n< &o4 thisD /e iht De e6 t/ c/c6e th5t the/si6e ,e is 5 L5- / N5t,e? so4ethin' -hich eJte6s 5, De/6 the ,e5s / /, 5,tic5,5e it/ 5 possi;le 5es 56D ;e!on< thoseD it/ the ,e5 / the -i6e,ess itsel&. O& couseD thee wee powe&ulsoci3l 3n< politic3l &oces (the co3ch 3n< t3ines 3n< ownes o& the te34# who 43<e sue th3t people h3< lots o& e3sons &o ;elie/in' in the unch3n'in' /eit! o& pesent 33n'e4ents. So itJs not supisin' th3t we &in< plent! o& le3ne< ;oosD t3inin' 43nu3lsD 3n< loce oo4 e8hot3tions u'in'e/e!one to e4e4;e the o&&si<e ule 3n< to c3sti'3te 3s ;3< those who outinel! &o'et 3;out th3t p3t o& the '34e. @e will 3lso woship those who

<ie< in <e&ense o& the o&&si<e ule. n< n3tu3ll! 5 e- 5e th5t 6i6 /t ,ec/ize the /si6e ,e -/6 De 5 D56 5e? 5 i/,5 -5 t/ c/6ct /ese . S/ i s/e ,/ t,ie6 t/ st5,t 5 5e -ith 56ie,et /si6e ,e? th5t ,/ -/6 De 5tt5ce6 Dec5se the h56 +i/5te6 5 ,e / 5t,e56 -e,e ths i/,5. 9ut &o contin'ent histoic3l e3sonsD Nietzsche 3'uesD th3t situ3tion o& one '34e in town <i< not l3st. Theece3tion3l unit! o& the 3e3 split upD 3n< the 'owth o& histoic3l schol3ship into the p3st <e4onst3te< 3ll too cle3l! th3t thee w3s o/ewhel4in'e/i<ence th3t 3ll the /3ious 3tte4pts to show th3t one p3ticul3 '34e w3s pi/ile'e< o/e 3n! o& the othesD th3t thee w3s one tue '34eD 3e &3lseD<o'43ticD ti/i3lD <ecei/in'D 3n< so on. Fo science h3s e/e3le< th3t the notion o& 3 necess3! connection ;etween the ules o& 3n! '34e 3n< the wi<e

puposes o& the wil<eness is si4pl! 3n un'oun<e< 3ssetion. The,e is / -5 i -hich -e c5 5e the c/ecti/s Det-ee the hist/,ic5 6e,i+e6 icti/s i the ,e D// 56 the ste,i/s 56 ti5te/-5De 6i,ecti/s / i,,5ti/5 5t,e. T/ 5 the 5e / sciece? -e h5+e t/ Deie+e ic5ses 56 eects? Dt the,e is / -5 -e c5 ,/+e th5t this is 5 t,e Deie 56 the,e is 565e, /, s i -e si i/,e th5t 5ct. The,e/,e? -e c5/t ,/+e 5 i Det-ee the 5e56 5thi /tsi6e it. n< histo! h3s shown usD ust 3s )3winJs n3tu3l histo! h3s <e4onst3te<D th3t 3ll 3pp3entl! eten3l issues

h3/e 3 sto!D 3 line o& <e/elop4entD 3 'ene3lo'!. ThusD c/cets? lie speciesD h5+e / ,e5it==the 5,e te/,5, icti/si/se6 /, the s5e / 6ee6i 5 5,tic5, 5,,5eet. HenceD o< is <e3<. The,e is / ete,5t,th 3n! 4oeD / ,e D// i the s? / ti5te ,ee,ee /, ite,5ti/5 Oic c/itteech5i,5. Nietzsche 6i6t i G/6 hist/, 56 the e- sciece 6i6. n< Nietzsche is / the4ost p3ssion3te 3n< iit3tin' essee,? 5/ci /+e, the !" sste to 3n!one who will listen th5t s/e/e lie

K3nt o )esc3tes o Newton -h/ this th5t -h5t he /, she is 6/i c5 De 6ee6e6 D 5 5e5 t/ 5sste ,/6e6 i the t,th / 5t,e h5s si Dee ist5e.

10. K COES FIRST& T'EIR !ROCE)UR"L UESTIONS "RE NOT FREE FROREUIRING " )EFENSE OF T'EIR USTIFIC"TIONS. OUR K UESTIONS T'E ;"LUE OF C"US"L T'INKING "N) "TTE!TS TO "N"GE "N) NOR"LI@E OUR ILL. T'EY STILL )ONAT '";E "N ")EU"TE )EFENSE OF T'ESE ;"LUES

'IC' "RE !RECURSORS TO "KING T'EIR )EFENSE OF NOR"TI;E !OLICY)E$"TE. OUR K OF STRUCTUR"L ILLS TO OR)ER FUNCTIONS LIKE " G"TE"YFOR T'EIR "$ILITY TO "KE FR"EORK OR T'EORY "RGUENTS.

11. NE LINK& F"IRNESS $ECOES " OUT'!IECE FOR RESSENTIENT $YNEG"TING !OSITI;E ;"LUE TO LIFE.

N-ETMSCHE 1$$7Thus Sp3e M33thust3D online 3t poect 'uten;u'D The T33ntul3sW

Thus <o - spe3 unto !ou in p33;leD !e who 43e the soul 'i<<!D e ,e5che,s / EU"LITY T5,5t5s 5,e e t/

e? 56 sec,et ,e+ee /es $t I -i s// D,i /, hi6i=5ces t/ the iht& the,e/,e6/ I 5h i /, 5ce 5hte, / the heiht. The,e/,e 6/ I te5, 5t /, -eD? th5t /, ,5e5 ,e / /t / /, 6e / ies? 56 th5t /, ,e+ee 5 e5 /,th ,/ Dehi6 /,

-/,6 PBstice.P $ec5se? FOR "N TO $E RE)EEE) FRO RE;ENGE==th5t is /, e the D,i6e t/ the hihest h/e? 56 5 ,5iD/- 5te, / st/,s. OthewiseD howe/eD woul< the t33ntul3s h3/e it. =et it ;e /e! ustice &o the wol< to ;eco4e &ull o& the sto4s o& ou /en'e3ncethus <o the! t3l to one 3nothe. "en'e3nce will we useD 3n< insultD 3'3inst3ll who 3e not lie usBthus <o the t33ntul3he3ts ple<'e the4sel/es. n< J@ill to E?u3lit!Jth3t itsel& sh3ll hence&oth ;e the n34e o& /itue 3n<3'3inst 3ll th3t h3th powe will we 3ise 3n outc!Q

Ye ,e5che,s / eM5it? the t,5t=,ez / i/tece c,ieth ths i / /, PeM5itP& /,/st sec,et t,5t=/is 6isise these+es ths i +i,te=-/,6s Fette< conceit 3n< suppesse< en/!peh3ps !ou &3thesJ conceit 3n< en/!2 in !ou ;e3 the! &oth 3s &l34e 3n< &enz! o& /en'e3nce. @h3t the &3the h3th hi< co4eth out in the son 3n< o&t

h3/e - &oun< in the son the &3theJs e/e3le< secet. Isi,e6 /es the ,eseDe& Dt it is /t the he5,t th5tisi,eth the== Dt +ee5ce. "6 -he the Dec/e sDte 56 c/6? it is /t si,it? Dt



e+? th5t 5eth the s/. Thei e3lous! le3<eth the4 3lso into thinesJ p3ths 3n< this is the si'n o& thei e3lous!the! 3lw3!s 'o too&32 so th3t thei &3ti'ue h3th 3t l3st to 'o to sleep on the snow. -n 3ll thei l34ent3tions soun<eth /en'e3nceD in 3ll thei eulo'ies is 43le&icence 3n< ;ein' u<'e see4eth to the4 ;liss. 9ut thus <o - counsel !ouD 4! &ien<s2 <istust 3ll in who4 the i4pulse to punish is powe&ulQ The! 3e people o& ;3<

3ce 3n< line3'e out o& thei counten3nces pee the h3n'43n 3n< the sleuthhoun<. )ist,st 5 th/se -h/ t5 ch / thei, Bstice ;e,i? i thei, s/s /t / h/e is 5ci. "6 -he the c5 these+es Pthe //656 Bst?P /,et /t? th5t /, the t/ De !h5,isees? /thi is 5ci Dt==/-e, >! &ien<sD - will not ;e 4i8e< up 3n< con&oun<e< with othes. Thee 3e those who pe3ch 4! <octine o& li&eD 3n< 3e 3t the s34e ti4e pe3ches o& e?u3lit!D 3n< t33ntul3s.Th3t the! spe3 in &3/ou o& li&eD thou'h the! sit in thei <enD these poisonspi<esD 3n< with<3wn &o4 li&eis ;ec3use the! woul< thee;! <o inu!. Tothose woul< the! thee;! <o inu! who h3/e powe 3t pesent2 &o with those the pe3chin' o& <e3th is still 4ost 3t ho4e. @ee it othewiseD then woul<

the t33ntul3s te3ch othewise2 3n< the! the4sel/es wee &o4el! the ;est wol<43li'nes 3n< heetic;unes. ith these ,e5che,s /eM5it -i I /t De iJe6 56 c//6e6. F/, ths se5eth Bstice UNTO E& Pe 5,e/t eM5.P "6 eithe, sh5 the Dec/e s/ h5t -/6 De /+e t/ the Se,5? i Is5e /the,-ise4

12. NO I!"CT& T'EIR )ISCUSSION OF 'Y!OT'ETIC"L !OLICY I!"CTS ISUNI!ORT"NT 'U"N INTELLECT IS SOLI!SISTIC. E UST "FFIR C'"NCE "N)NECESSITY "T ONCE TO E>TRIC"TE OURSEL;ES FRO T'IS NEG"TI;ITY.

NIET@SC'E 1873

M#3n T!%th and Cies in a Non-o!al (ense”, pg )]





3s thou'h the wol<Js 38is tune< within it. 9ut i -e c/6 c/ic5te -ith the 5t? -e -/6 e5, th5t heie-ise ies th,/h the 5i, -ith the s5e s/eit? th5t he ees the i cete, / thei+e,se -ithi hise. Thee is nothin' so epehensi;le 3n< uni4pot3nt in n3tue th3t it woul< not i44e<i3tel! swell up lie 3 ;3lloon 3t the sli'htest pu&& o& this powe o& nowin'. n< ust 3s e/e! pote w3nts to h3/e 3n 3<4ieD so e/en the pou<est o& 4enD the philosopheD

supposes th3t he sees on 3ll si<es the e!es o& the uni/ese telescopic3ll! &ocuse< upon his 3ction 3n< thou'ht.



"T& !e,1. NO I!"CT& IF E IN " RISK OF " LINK? T'E !ERUT"TION ILL NE;ER $EOFFENSE T'IS IS " NO LINK "RGUENT IT'OUT " "RR"NT.

2. E>TEN) T'E 2NCAS "FF I!"CTS )ONAT "TTER "RGUENT T'IS E"NS T'ERE ISNO NET $ENEFIT TO T'E !ERUT"TION? ONLY " RISK OF " LINK.

3. !ER IS I!OSSI$LE& E>TEN) S"URETTE 9% T'E !L"N C"N ONLY "FFIR T'E ITSOUTCOE IN " OR"L FR"EORK REL"TI;E TO T'EIR I)E"L ORL) "KING T'E)ESIRE FOR !L"N !URELY STRUCTUR"L CRE"TING ORE RESSENTIENT.

#. C"NAT ;OTE FOR T'E !ER& )OESNAT "FFIR T'E RESOLUTION? "N) E;EN IF T'EIR1"C )OES? T'E K LINKS TO T'E RESOLUTION "KES T'E !ER "NTI=TO!IC"L 'IC'LETS "FF STE"L NEG GROUN) )ESTROYING E)UC"TION

(. SE;ER"NCE& T'E !ER ETTISONS T'E USTIFIC"TIONS FOR T'E !L"N IN T'E 1"C.)ESTROYS OUR !OTENTI"L TO ENG"GE IN "N EUIT"$LE STRUGGLE IT' "N ENEY

'IC' IS I!"CTE) $Y T'E )E"T' OF T'E TR"GIC "S !ER OUR 1NC S"URETTE "N)NIET@SC'E E;I)ENCE "N) !RECLU)ES CL"S'.

%. !ER )OESNAT SOL;E& T'E USTIFIC"TION OF T'E 1"C STILL !RESUES T'E ORL) "S "N O$ECT TO $E )OIN"TE) "N) 'OSE ;"LUE LIES IN !ERFECTION "NY "FF$"LLOT IS "N EN)ORSEENT OF T'E 1"C "S RE") E"NING IT F"ILS TO FULLY "FFIRC'"NCE.

7. TURN& E>TEN) T'E FIRST )ELEU@E 83 C"R). T'E !ER F"ILS TO !ERCEI;E T'E1NCAS "FFIR"TION OF T'E COU!LE NECESSITY=C'"NCE "S "N "CT T'E 1NC IS T'EOENT OF SINGUL"RITY IT'IN T'E CYCLE OF T'E ETERN"L RETURN OF T'E ILL.T'E "FFAS CONCE!T OF T'E "LT TURNS SOL;ENCY FOR T'E K $Y ILLING "$OUT "CONST"NT RE!ETITION OF T'E )ICEROLL 'IC' IS E>!LICTLY IN)ICTE) IN OUR)ELEU@E E;I)ENCE.

8. ;OTE NEG ON !RESU!TION& IF T'EY C"N SE;ER T'E E;I)ENCE T'EY RE") "N)CL"IS T'EY "KE? YOU '";E NO USTIFIC"TION FOR "N "FF $"LLOT. "KES T'E

"FF CON)ITION"L.

9. !ER LINKS& T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS " )OU$LE "FFIR"TION T'"T "$SOR$S T'E!OTENTI"L OF T'E T'IR) O!TION $Y "FFIRING CONTINGENCY "N) T'US $EING.T'EIR E)I"TION C"N NOT SU!!ORT T'IS "FFIR"TION OF LIFE.

@U!"NI 03 3len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 10W

9ut wh3tD e83ctl!D is the thi< possi;ilit!G The si4plest 3nswe woul< ;e2 the epetition o& the secon<. The thi,6 /ssiDiit is /t 5c/Di5ti/ / the i,st t-/ it 6/es /t ,ee,D &o inst3nceD t/ 5 5e5,5ce c/Die6 -ith s/et,th. Th3t this is not wh3t Nietzsche is 3&te is peh3ps 4ost o;/ious in el3tion to 3nothe conceptu3l couple th3t is p33<i'43tic &o 3ll Nietzsche3ncouples2 the couple o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD o& ess3!in' 3n< Nos3!in'D o& 3cti/e 3n< e3cti/e &oces. - h3/e 3le3<! e&ee< to the p3ss3'e &o4Ecce ho4o whee Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t the ps!cholo'ic3l po;le4 in the t!pe o& M33thust3 is how he th3t s3!s No 3n< <oes No to 3n unhe3<o&

<e'eeD to e/e!thin' to which one h3s so &3 s3i< esD c3n ne/etheless ;e the opposite o& 3 Nos3!in' spiit. The -5 Nietzsche s/+esthis ,/De is /t D 566i? 5s 5 thi,6 te, t/ the 6ich/t/ / Yes 56 N/? s/ethi iee,h5s? /, eithe, Yes /, N/he 566s 5/the, Yes? 5/the, 5i,5ti/. @5,5thst,5s5s Yes 56 N/N/ e,h5s e+e /,e Ote th5 Yeset he ,e,esets 5i,5ti/ 5s sch.One w3! o& un<est3n<in' this woul< ;e in te4s o& the <i3lectics o& the ne'3tion o& ne'3tion2 M33thust3 ne'3tes ne'3tionD 3n< is thus the spiit o&

3&&i43tion. ThisD howe/eD is not wh3t Nietzsche h3s in 4in<. Ne5ti/ 6/es /t ,ee, t/ /, e5te the 5i,5ti/:/, 5 5,e56 eJisti e5ti/< it e5tes so4ethin' neut3lD n34el!D ie /, Dec/i. The s5e ist,e /, 5i,5ti/. One coul< s3! th3t the! ;oth stu''le &o li&e. n<D o& couseD the! 3e ;oth p3t o& li&e. Ne'3tion ne'3tes li&e not &o4the outsi<eD ;ut &o4 within li&e itsel&Bit ;eco4es itsel& 3 &o4 o& li&e. This i4plies th3t we 3e <e3lin' not with 3 <i3lectics o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD ;utD 3theD with two p33llel <i3lectics2 one in which li&e is ?u3li&ie< ;! ne'3tionD 3n< one in which it is ?u3li&ie< ;! 3&&i43tion. The two <o not &ollow



&o4 one 3notheD ;ut the! 3e ;oth pesent. >oe pecisel!D the! were ;oth pesentD since the e3cti/e &oces see4 to h3/e con?uee< li&eD 3n< ;eco4eits onl! 3n< <o4in3nt &o4. This is wh3t Nietzsche c3lls nihilis4. ll h3s ;eco4e One. The histo! o& the wol< is not 3 '3<u3l loss o& so4e 4!thic3l

unit! o OnenessBon the cont3!D it is the loss o& 3 <ou;le souce. This is -h the Nietzsche5 e+et iiesD 3;o/e 3llD the:,e<5cti+5ti/ / the /the,Vsec/6 s/,ce :5i,5ti/<et 5 sec/6 s/,ce -hich is 5,e566/De i itse.

10. NO NET $ENEFIT& ERR NEG ON T'E SI)E OF T'E !ER $EC"USE E IN T'"TENG"GING IN T'E "FFIR"TI;E !ROECT CRE"TES YOUR LIFE "S "N ET'IC"L

$UR)EN 'IC' NEG"TES "LL T'"T C"N $E !OSITI;E. "LL OF T'E 1NC E;I)ENCE$ECOES " UNIUE RE"SON TO REFUSE TO RES!ON) TO T'E "FF OR T'ERESOLUTION $EC"USE E C'"LLENGE T'E )ESIR"$ILITY OF RESOL;ING T'EI!"CTS OF T'E 1"C T'E !ER )OESNAT "KE "NY SENSE.



2NC She "FFIR"TION OF C'"NCE T'ROUG' CONTINGENCY IS " )OU$LE="FFIR"TION T'"TFULFILLS T'E )OCTRINE OF "OR F"TI "LLOING US TO ESC"!E T'E OYLESSNESS OFT'E "FFIR"TI;EAS FR"EORK OF LIFE. E COE TO SEE "S NECESS"RY "LL T'"TIS $EFORE US SO T'"T E "Y "FFIR LIFE.

@U!"NI 2K33len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 161W

This p3ss3'e is cuci3l &o 4oe th3n one e3son. -t shoul< ;! no 4e3ns ;e e3< 3s 3</oc3tin' Ch3nce 3'3inst Necessit!. Necessit! 3n< upose (oeten3l will# 3e not one 3n< the s34e thin'. The p3ss3'e is /e! i4pot3nt ;ec3use it 3ppe3s in the conte8t whee Nietzsche spe3s o& Ueten3lecuence 3n< the 3&&i43tion (the es s3!in'# el3te< to it. These l3st two the4es 3eD 3s is well nownD <iectl! 3ssoci3te< with NietzscheAs

co44en<3tion o& 34o &3ti (lo/e o& &3te#D <e&ine< 3s No 4eel! ;e3 wh3t is necess3!D still less conce3l it . . . D ;ut lo/e it. -n othe wo<sD ihe5+e "cci6et /, he5+e Ch5ce 5D/ishes the /ti/ / !,/se? 56 / 5 ete,5 -i

-ii th,/h 5 this? it D / e5s 5D/ishes the /ti/ / ecessit . @h3t it <oes 3;olish in el3tionto this notion is 3 necessit! o& necessit!. Th3t is to s3!2 necessit! e8istsD 3n< thin's 3e 3s the! 3e thou'h necessit! !et this /e! necessit! o& thin's is

wh3t it isBis such 3s it isB;! 3cci<ent. Necessit 3s such is pecei/e< 3s so4ethin' th3t s,is ,/ c/tiec . n< this is thee! e3son wh! Nietzsche eects (3n< 4ocs# the notion o& &ee will2 wh3t un<e4ines the notion o& &ee will (in its <ecision43in' sense# is notnecessit!D ;ut contin'enc!Bthe contin'enc! o&:3t the /e! oi'in o& necessit!D o& wh3t h3s ;eco4e necessit!. -n 3 so4ewh3t Nietzsche3n st!leD we coul<

s3! th3t e+e, 5,tic5, ecessit is 5 chi6 / c/tiec. C/tiec is -h5t /e c5/t5ste, -ith /eAs ,ee -i. Yet i /e c5/t 5ste, c/tiec? /e c5 eD,5ce 565i, it. I eD,5ci it? /e ie+it5D eD,5ces t-/ this 5t the s5e tie& the thi th5th5s /cc,,e6 :5s ecess5,< th,/h c/tiec? 56 this c/tiec itse. OD e/en 4oe pecisel!D ine4;3cin' contin'enc!D one 3lso e4;3ces necessit!. This 3'u4ent le3<s us ;3c to the the4e o& <ou;le 3&&i43tion. @hen Nietzsche eeps epe3tin'

th3t 5 sti h5s t/ e5, h/- t/ -i (to eect 3ll h3l&he3te< willin' 3n< to ;e 3;le to will#D5A this is wh3t he is 'ettin' T2

5 h5s t/ c/,ehe6 the -i (o w3ntin'< 5s s/ethi th5t is 5-5s 6/De /, ,e6/De6? I/e ,e5 -5ts 5 thi? /e 5s/ -5ts the ch5ce th5t D,/ht this thi 5D/t 3n< /ice /es32 i& one

w3nts contin'enc!D one 3lso w3nts the thin' th3t this contin'enc! h3s ;ou'ht 3;out (3s necess3!#. I /t? the -ii itse isc,ie6? e6 it/ the si,it / ,e+ee 56 5shi / teeth. -n M33thust3D Nietzsche &o4ul3tes this<ou;le <i4ension o& willin' in te4s o& the will ;ein' 3;le 3lso to will ;3cw3<. ll Uit w3sA is 3 &3'4entD 3 i<<leD 3 <e3<&ul 3cci<entBuntil thece3ti/e will s3!s to itD U9ut thus - wille< it.$ This Nietzsche3n the4e is so4eti4es (4is# un<estoo< 3s 3 &o4 o& /olunteeistic 3ppopi3tion o

3;olish4ent o& necessit! (3n< o& the contin'enc! 3t its oi'in#2 -h5te+e, h5es is ,et,/5cti+e /site6 5s s/ethi -e -5te6. Yet this -/6 si De -h5t Nietzsche c5s c/ce5i the ecessit (out o& /3nit!#D

56 is Mite 6ie,et ,/ /+i -h5t is ecess5, . @hen M33thust3 s3!s th3t his will c3n <o4in3te ch3nceD5+ this in

no w3! i4plies th3t the will ch3n'es ch3nce into so4ethin' elseD so4ethin' th3t w3s ;ou'ht 3;out ;! ou will. On the cont3!D -i c56/i5te /, 6is5, ch5ce ,ecise 56 si D -5ti it 5s ch5ce. -n this senseD -ii

D5c-5,6 is /thi Dt 5i,i :s5i Yes t/< -h5t /e iht c5 c/tiet ecessitA (oD 3lten3ti/el!D the un3/oi<3;le necessit! o& contin'enc! itsel&#. This is 3lso how we shoul< un<est3n< the thesis th3t e/e! tue will h3s two tensesD

p3st 3n< &utueD 3n< th3t e+e, 6/De 5i,5ti/ is st,ct,e6 ie the Ht,e e,ect (o &utue 3nteio# not in

te4s o& - w3nt thisD ;ut i te,s / I -i h5+e -5te6 this. This is the /e! coe o& the 6ie,ece th5tNietzsche tielessl! isists /? the 6ie,ece Det-ee 5cceti -h5t is ecess5, (en<uin' itD tole3tin'

it# 56 /+i it& the l3tte is not onl! 3 si4ple es to the necess3!Bit is 3 es to the necess3! ;! ;ein' 3 es to contin'enc! This 3ccounts &o

the &3ct th3t 5 Yes t/ -h5t is ecess5, is /t / 5 5i,5ti/ / -h5t is? Dt 5s/ 5 5i,5ti// th5t -hich is /t. )/De 5i,5ti/ is -h5t h/6s the 5ce /, -h5t is /t? ,e+etiecessit ,/ c/si i / itse.

***FORGETTING



I5ct C5cs "L"YS $E "KING T'ESE "RGUENTS&

K TURNS T'E C"SE& E>TEN) NIET@SC'E 87 RESSENTIENT NEG"TES OUR "$ILITY TOCRE"TE ;"LUES E"NING T'"T "S O$ECTS OF RESSENTIENT? 'U"NITY $ECOESSO CONTE!TI$LE T'"T IT $ECOES STOIC TO T'E 'IG'EST )EGREE NOT $YREFUSING TO "CT $UT R"T'ER $Y REFUSING TO CRE"TE NE ;"LUES. OUR @U!"NCIC

E;I)ENCE !RO;ES T'EIR "SCETIC I)E"L ONLY "SKS T'E ENOYENT T'EY )ERI;EFRO T'IS FEELING OF RE;OLUTION 'IC' NE;ER '"!!ENS.

"N)? T'E "FF I!"CTS )ONAT "TTER& T'EIR I!"CT SCEN"RIOS "RE ONLY " E"NSTO T'EIR "SCETICIS. OUR SECON) !IECE OF @U!"NCIC E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"TT'E OR"LI@ING FUNCTION OF " CONFRONT"TION IT' SUFFERING IS "N "TTE!TTO INTERN"LI@E T'IS FE"R "N) !"IN TO "KE IT STICK IT' T'E "Y E "RE INT'E ORL)

"N)? T'E K COES FIRST& T'E USTIFIC"TION TO !RESER;E T'E !'YSIC"L LIFE!RESU!!OSES T'E ILLINGNESS TO "FFIR LIFE IN T'E "$STR"CT "N) T'E C"!"CITYTO "FFIR OR CRE"TE. "LL OF T'EIR I!"CTS "SSERT T'"T LIFE IS GOO) $UT NE;ER"KE " )EFENSE OF T'E NEG"TI;ITY OR FUTILITY OF E>ISTENCE UN)ER T'EIRFR"EORK FOR LIFE E"NING E TURN T'E INTERN"LS TO T'EIR I!"CTS.

"N)? T'E K T"KES OUT SOL;ENCY& OUR FIRST !IECE OF @U!"NCIC E;I)ENCE !RO;EST'"T T'E SEEINGLY !OSITI;E NI'ILIS OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E ULTI"TELY $URNSOUT INTO !"SSI;ITY $EC"USE IT CRE"TES "N ENT"NGLEENT IT' SUFFERING

'ERE IT IS " !R">IS FOR )ECISION "KING E"NING T'EY C"NAT "C'IE;E " ORL) IT'OUT SUFFERING $EC"USE IT IS ESSENTI"L TO OTI;"TE T'EIR !ROECT.



"T& F,5e-/, 1. COUNTER INTER!&

OUR INTER! SOL;ES "LL OF YOUR !OLICY"KINGVFI"T GOO) OFFENSE

2. K IS OFFENSE& IF E IN " LINK "N) T'E !L"N FUNCTIONS E>CLUSI;ELY IT'INT'EIR FR"EORK? T'EN T'E LINKS "N) I!"CT TO OUR K "RE E>TERN"L OFFENSETO T'EIR FR"EORK.

3. K OUTEIG'S& OUR I!"CT IS FUN)"ENT"LLY "LL !OTENTI"L "FFIR"TION OFLIFE. T'IS !RECE)ES UESTIONS OF !OLITIC"L SITU"TIONS? ");OC"CY? ETC.

#. FR"EORK LINKS& SEEKING " NEUTR"L !L"YING FIEL) "TTE!TS TOE$E) OR"LITY "N) EU"LITY "S T'E FOREGROUN) FOR )ISCUSSION "N)E>ISTENCE OUR E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"T T'IS OR"LI@"TION ORCLE"NSING OF " GI;EN S!"CE IS !"RT OF T'E SOCR"TIC I)E"L T'"T CO;ERSO;ER T'E "FFAS SUR!LUS ENOYENT.

(. @U!"NCIC TURNS FR"EORK2 OUR E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"T T'E O$SESSION IT' " CLE"NSING OF T'E ORL) $"CK TO " EORY OF EU"LITY $REE)SRESSENTIENT. T'E TERIN"L I!"CT 'ERE IS "N "CTI;ITY STEE!E) IN NEG"TI;ITY

'ERE NO !OSITI;E LE"RNING T'ROUG' C'"LLENGE "N) $"TTLE OF ENEIES "N)FRIEN)S C"N OCCUR? " FREN@IE) O$SESSION TO !REFECT )E$"TE.

13. NO "$USE& OUR K IS FUNCTION"LLY " UESTION OF T'E )ESIR"$ILITY OFSOL;ING T'E '"RS OF T'E "FFIR"TI;E T'ROUG' T'E EC'"NISS OF SOL;ENCYT'EY !RO!OSE T'EIR INTER! OUL) FORECLOSE "LL C"SE )E$"TE 'IC' IS T'EONLY IN)IS!UT"$LE NEG GROUN) "N) KEY TO RECI!ROCITY 'IC' C'ECKS SI)E$I"S.

%. ERR NEG ON FR"EORK FOR "LL OF T'E RE"SONS T'E K COES FIRST "N)TURNS C"SE "S !ER T'E 2NC.

1#. NON=UNIUE& T'EIR E)UC"TION C"N $E SOL;E) IT' " CO!Y OF T'EECONOIST T'EY '";E NO GER"NE LINK TO 'IG' SC'OOL !OLICY )E$"TE 'IC'E"NS E;EN IF ROLE!L"YING OR FI"T "RE GOO)? T'EY STILL '";E TO USTIFY T'EINTRINSIC ;"LUE OF )E$"TE "G"INST T'E E"NING OF E>ISTENCE.T'IS IS " TURN OR "T ORST? OOTS T'EIR OFFENSE E"NING YOU ERR NEG ONFR"EORK.

7. K COES FIRST& T'EIR !ROCE)UR"L UESTIONS "RE NOT FREE FRO

REUIRING " )EFENSE OF T'EIR USTIFIC"TION. E CRITIUE T'ERE!RESENT"TIONS "N) "NIFEST"TIONS OF SUFFERING "S " O$ILI@"ITON.T'EY STILL )ONAT '";E "N ")EU"TE )EFENSE OF T'ESE ;"LUES 'IC' "RE!RECURSORS TO "KING T'EIR )EFENSE OF NOR"TI;E !OLICY )E$"TE "N)T'EIR I!"CTS. OUR K FUNCTIONS LIKE " G"TE"Y FOR T'EIR "$ILITY TO"KE FR"EORK OR T'EORY "RGUENTS.

8. EU"LITY $ECOES " OUT'!IECE FOR RESSENTIENT $Y NEG"TING !OSITI;E ;"LUE TO LIFE.




Thus <o - spe3 unto !ou in p33;leD !e who 43e the soul 'i<<!D e ,e5che,s / EU"LITY T5,5t5s 5,e e t/e? 56 sec,et ,e+ee /es $t I -i s// D,i /, hi6i=5ces t/ the iht& the,e/,e6/ I 5h i /, 5ce 5hte, / the heiht. The,e/,e 6/ I te5, 5t /, -eD? th5t /, ,5e5 ,e / /t / /, 6e / ies? 56 th5t /, ,e+ee 5 e5 /,th ,/ Dehi6 /,

-/,6 PBstice.P $ec5se? FOR "N TO $E RE)EEE) FRO RE;ENGE==th5t is /, e the

D,i6e t/ the hihest h/e? 56 5 ,5iD/- 5te, / st/,s. OthewiseD howe/eD woul< the t33ntul3s h3/e it. =et it ;e /e! ustice &o the wol< to ;eco4e &ull o& the sto4s o& ou /en'e3ncethus <o the! t3l to one 3nothe. "en'e3nce will we useD 3n< insultD 3'3inst3ll who 3e not lie usBthus <o the t33ntul3he3ts ple<'e the4sel/es. n< J@ill to E?u3lit!Jth3t itsel& sh3ll hence&oth ;e the n34e o& /itue 3n<3'3inst 3ll th3t h3th powe will we 3ise 3n outc!Q


h3/e - &oun< in the son the &3theJs e/e3le< secet. Isi,e6 /es the ,eseDe& Dt it is /t the he5,t th5tisi,eth the== Dt +ee5ce. "6 -he the Dec/e sDte 56 c/6? it is /t si,it? Dte+? th5t 5eth the s/. Thei e3lous! le3<eth the4 3lso into thinesJ p3ths 3n< this is the si'n o& thei e3lous!the! 3lw3!s 'o too&32 so th3t thei &3ti'ue h3th 3t l3st to 'o to sleep on the snow. -n 3ll thei l34ent3tions soun<eth /en'e3nceD in 3ll thei eulo'ies is 43le&icence 3n< ;ein' u<'e see4eth to the4 ;liss. 9ut thus <o - counsel !ouD 4! &ien<s2 <istust 3ll in who4 the i4pulse to punish is powe&ulQ The! 3e people o& ;3<

3ce 3n< line3'e out o& thei counten3nces pee the h3n'43n 3n< the sleuthhoun<. )ist,st 5 th/se -h/ t5 ch / thei, Bstice ;e,i? i thei, s/s /t / h/e is 5ci. "6 -he the c5 these+es Pthe //6

56 Bst?P /,et /t? th5t /, the t/ De !h5,isees? /thi is 5ci Dt==/-e, >! &ien<sD - will not ;e 4i8e< up 3n< con&oun<e< with othes. Thee 3e those who pe3ch 4! <octine o& li&eD 3n< 3e 3t the s34e ti4e pe3ches o& e?u3lit!D 3n< t33ntul3s.Th3t the! spe3 in &3/ou o& li&eD thou'h the! sit in thei <enD these poisonspi<esD 3n< with<3wn &o4 li&eis ;ec3use the! woul< thee;! <o inu!. Tothose woul< the! thee;! <o inu! who h3/e powe 3t pesent2 &o with those the pe3chin' o& <e3th is still 4ost 3t ho4e. @ee it othewiseD then woul<

the t33ntul3s te3ch othewise2 3n< the! the4sel/es wee &o4el! the ;est wol<43li'nes 3n< heetic;unes. ith these ,e5che,s /eM5it -i I /t De iJe6 56 c//6e6. F/, ths se5eth Bstice UNTO E& Pe 5,e/t eM5.P "6 eithe, sh5 the Dec/e s/ h5t -/6 De /+e t/ the Se,5? i Is5e /the,-ise4

9. NO I!"CT& T'EIR )ISCUSSION OF 'Y!OT'ETIC"L !OLICY I!"CTS ISUNI!ORT"NT 'U"N INTELLECT IS SOLI!SISTIC. E UST "FFIR C'"NCE "N)NECESSITY T'ROUG' FORGETTING TO E>TRIC"TE OURSEL;ES FRO T'IS NEG"TI;ITY.

NIET@SC'E 1873 On Tuth 3n< =ies in 3 Non4o3l SenseD p' 7W





3s thou'h the wol<Js 38is tune< within it. 9ut i -e c/6 c/ic5te -ith the 5t? -e -/6 e5, th5t heie-ise ies th,/h the 5i, -ith the s5e s/eit? th5t he ees the i cete, / thei+e,se -ithi hise. Thee is nothin' so epehensi;le 3n< uni4pot3nt in n3tue th3t it woul< not i44e<i3tel! swell up lie 3 ;3lloon 3t the sli'htest pu&& o& this powe o& nowin'. n< ust 3s e/e! pote w3nts to h3/e 3n 3<4ieD so e/en the pou<est o& 4enD the philosopheDsupposes th3t he sees on 3ll si<es the e!es o& the uni/ese telescopic3ll! &ocuse< upon his 3ction 3n< thou'ht.



"T& !e,1. NO I!"CT& IF E IN " RISK OF " LINK? T'E !ERUT"TION ILL NE;ER $EOFFENSE T'IS IS " NO LINK "RGUENT IT'OUT " "RR"NT.

2. E>TEN) T'E 2NCAS "FF I!"CTS )ONAT "TTER "RGUENT T'IS E"NST'ERE IS NO NET $ENEFIT TO T'E !ERUT"TION? ONLY " RISK OF " LINK.

3. !ER IS I!OSSI$LE& E>TEN) @U!"NCIC 03 T'E !L"N C"N ONLY "FFIR T'E ITSOUTCOE IN " OR"L FR"EORK "KING T'E )ESIRE FOR !L"N !URELYSTRUCTUR"L CRE"TING ORE RESSENTIENT.

#. C"NAT ;OTE FOR T'E !ER& )OESNAT "FFIR T'E RESOLUTION? "N) T'E K LINKSTO T'E RESOLUTION "KES T'E !ER "NTI=TO!IC"L 'IC' LETS "FF STE"L NEGGROUN) )ESTROYING E)UC"TION

(. SE;ER"NCE& T'E !ER ETTISONS T'E USTIFIC"TIONS FOR T'E !L"N IN T'E1"C. )ESTROYS !OTENTI"L TO ENG"GE IN "N EUIT"$LE STRUGGLE IT' "N ENEY

'IC' IS I!"CTE) $Y RESSENTIENT "N) !"SSI;ITY "S !ER OUR 1NC @U!"NCIC "N)NIET@SC'E E;I)ENCE.

%. !ER )OESNAT SOL;E& T'E USTIFIC"TION OF T'E 1"C STILL ENG"GES T'E ORL) "S "N O$ECT 'OSE ;"LUE LIES IN !ERFECTION T'ROUG' " !"T'OS OFEORY "NY "FF $"LLOT IS "N EN)ORSEENT OF T'E 1"C "S RE") E"NING ITF"ILS TO FULLY "FFIR LIFE.

7. TURN& E>TEN) @U!"NCIC 03. T'E !ER F"ILS TO "CTI;ELY FORGET T'EIR'"RS SCEN"RIOS. ONLY " REECTION OF T'E TR"CES OF EORY "SUSTIFIC"TIONS FOR "CTION C"N RESOL;E T'E LINK. OUR "LTERN"TI;E !RO;I)ES "E"NS TO LI;E $EYON) T'IS '"UNTING S!ECTER.

8. ;OTE NEG ON !RESU!TION& IF T'EY C"N SE;ER T'E E;I)ENCE T'EY RE") "N)CL"IS T'EY "KE? YOU '";E NO USTIFIC"TION FOR "N "FF $"LLOT. "KES T'E

"FF CON)ITION"L.

9. !ER LINKS& T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS " )OU$LE "FFIR"TION T'"T "$SOR$S T'E!OTENTI"L OF T'E T'IR) O!TION $Y "FFIRING CONTINGENCY "N) T'US $EING.T'EIR E)I"TION C"N NOT SU!!ORT T'IS "FFIR"TION OF LIFE.

@U!"NI 033len3D The Shotest Sh3<ow2 NietzscheAs hilosoph! o& the TwoD 10W

9ut wh3tD e83ctl!D is the thi< possi;ilit!G The si4plest 3nswe woul< ;e2 the epetition o& the secon<. The thi,6 /ssiDiit is /t 5c/Di5ti/ / the i,st t-/ it 6/es /t ,ee,D &o inst3nceD t/ 5 5e5,5ce c/Die6 -ith s/et,th. Th3t this is not wh3t Nietzsche is 3&te is peh3ps 4ost o;/ious in el3tion to 3nothe conceptu3l couple th3t is p33<i'43tic &o 3ll Nietzsche3ncouples2 the couple o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD o&ess3!in' 3n< Nos3!in'D o& 3cti/e 3n< e3cti/e &oces. - h3/e 3le3<! e&ee< to the p3ss3'e &o4

Ecce ho4o whee Nietzsche cl3i4s th3t the ps!cholo'ic3l po;le4 in the t!pe o& M33thust3 is how he th3t s3!s No 3n< <oes No to 3n unhe3<o&<e'eeD to e/e!thin' to which one h3s so &3 s3i< esD c3n ne/etheless ;e the opposite o& 3 Nos3!in' spiit. The -5 Nietzsche s/+esthis ,/De is /t D 566i? 5s 5 thi,6 te, t/ the 6ich/t/ / Yes 56 N/? s/ethi iee,h5s? /, eithe, Yes /, N/he 566s 5/the, Yes? 5/the, 5i,5ti/. @5,5thst,5s5s Yes 56 N/N/ e,h5s e+e /,e Ote th5 Yeset he ,e,esets 5i,5ti/ 5s sch.One w3! o& un<est3n<in' this woul< ;e in te4s o& the <i3lectics o& the ne'3tion o& ne'3tion2 M33thust3 ne'3tes ne'3tionD 3n< is thus the spiit o&

3&&i43tion. ThisD howe/eD is not wh3t Nietzsche h3s in 4in<. Ne5ti/ 6/es /t ,ee, t/ /, e5te the 5i,5ti/:/, 5 5,e56 eJisti e5ti/< it e5tes so4ethin' neut3lD n34el!D ie /, Dec/i. The s5e ist,e /, 5i,5ti/. One coul< s3! th3t the! ;oth stu''le &o li&e. n<D o& couseD the! 3e ;oth p3t o& li&e. Ne'3tion ne'3tes li&e not &o4the outsi<eD ;ut &o4 within li&e itsel&Bit ;eco4es itsel& 3 &o4 o& li&e. This i4plies th3t we 3e <e3lin' not with 3 <i3lectics o& 3&&i43tion 3n< ne'3tionD ;utD 3theD with two p33llel <i3lectics2 one in which li&e is ?u3li&ie< ;! ne'3tionD 3n< one in which it is ?u3li&ie< ;! 3&&i43tion. The two <o not &ollow&o4 one 3notheD ;ut the! 3e ;oth pesent. >oe pecisel!D the! were ;oth pesentD since the e3cti/e &oces see4 to h3/e con?uee< li&eD 3n< ;eco4eits onl! 3n< <o4in3nt &o4. This is wh3t Nietzsche c3lls nihilis4. ll h3s ;eco4e One. The histo! o& the wol< is not 3 '3<u3l loss o& so4e 4!thic3l



unit! o OnenessBon the cont3!D it is the loss o& 3 <ou;le souce. This is -h the Nietzsche5 e+et iies? 5D/+e 5?the :,e<5cti+5ti/ / the /the,Vsec/6 s/,ce :5i,5ti/<et 5 sec/6 s/,ce -hich is5,e56 6/De i itse.

10. NO NET $ENEFIT& ERR NEG ON T'E SI)E OF T'E !ER $EC"USE E IN T'"TENG"GING IN T'E "FFIR"TI;E !ROECT CRE"TES YOUR LIFE "S " RECURRINGET'IC"L I!OSITION 'IC' NEG"TES "LL T'"T COUL) $E !OSITI;E. "LL OF T'E 1NC

E;I)ENCE $ECOES " UNIUE RE"SON TO REFUSE TO RES!ON) TO T'E "FF OR T'ERESOLUTION. E C'"LLENGE T'E )ESIR"$ILITY OF RESOL;ING T'E I!"CTS OF T'E1"C T'E !ER )OESNAT "KE "NY SENSE.

11. TIEFR"E !ERS $")&

5. GROUN)& T'EY C"N "L"YS CL"I TO )O SOET'ING "FTER OR $EFORESOET'ING ELSE NO "Y TO G"RNER CO!ETITION TO "NY TY!E OF OFFENSE? T'ISE"NS T'E !ER F"ILS "S " TEST OF T'E LINK "N) IT )ESTROYS RECI!ROCITY "N)E)UC"TION.

D. INTRINSIC& "))S SEUENTI"L T'INKING TO T'E 1"C USTIFIES

UN!RE)ICT"$LE OFFENSE EFFECTI;ELY OOTING T'E 1NC. ;OTER "$O;E.c. SE;ER"NCE& FI"T IS !RESUE) TO $E IE)I"TE? T'EY SE;ER OUT OF T'EIRFR"EORK KILLS OUR "$ILITY TO G"RNER OFFENSE TO T'EIR FR"EORK "N)"KES T'E "FF CON)ITION"L? I!"CTE) "$O;E



;C:PNI PC6P:C

!ITY "N) CO!"SSION "RE INSULTING "CTIONS ITAS $ETTER TO FOCUS ONO;ERCOING !ERSON"L SUFFERING7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.61D )2 7:7:+# l

How c3n one still h3/e i<e3ls when thee 3e so 43n! ;lin<D <e3&D 3n< 43< people in the wol<G ;ow can

remorselessly enoy the light another cannot see or the sound another cannot hear( - &eel lie 3thie& o& li'ht. H3/e we not stolen li'ht &o4 the ;lin< 3n< soun< &o4 the <e3&G snt our %ery lucidityresponsible for the madman=s dar&ness( @hen - thin 3;out such thin'sD - lose 3ll cou3'e 3n< willDthoughts seem useless, and compassion, %ain. 4or do not feel mediocre enough to feel compassionfor anyone. Fompassion is a sign of superficiality@ bro&en destinies and unrelenting misery eitherma&es you scream or turn you to stone. Pity is not only inefficient) it is also insulting . n< ;esi<esDhow can you pity another when you yourself suffer ignominiously( Fompassion is as common as itis because it does not bind you to anything' Nobody in this world has yet died from another=ssuffering. And the one who said that he died for us did not die) he was &illed.

"TTE!TS TO 'OL) $"CK T'E TE!T"TION FOR CRUELTY "N) "TROCITIES "RE

"TTE!TS TO 'OL) $"CK T'E FOUN)"TIONS OF LIFE E C"N CRE"TE$E"UTY IN T'"T CRUELTY9ille! L (34esD o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3n< Ch3iD )ep3t4ent o& =i;e3l Stu<ies b FulletonD C3ni/3lso& tocit!2 Fouc3ultD NietzscheD Cuelt!D olitic3l Theo! 1$2 D u'D 070+1D stoD )2 7:$:+# l

Suin' &o pe3ceD the hu43n ;ein'D in ti4eD co4es to swe3 3lle'i3nce to 3 in< o& ps!cholo'ic3loli'3ch!D with e'ul3tionD &oesi'htD 3n< pe4e<it3tion eepin' 3t ;3! ou un<ewol< o& utilit!o'3ns woin' with 3n< 3'3inst one 3nothe. @ith the 3i< o& the 4o3lit! o& 4oes 3n< t he soci3lst3it3cetD 3s Nietzsche puts itD the organism=s oligarchy is &ept in power) man learns 0to beashamed of all his instincts.0 3tifling his cruel and murderous impulses, he becomes 0calculable,regular, necessary0 1 a subect of ci%ilized reason and morality. J+ Gut the o'3nis4Js cruel impulsesdo not disappear 3lto'ethe. @h3t othewise 4i'ht ;e ine8plic3;len34el!D the ple3sue 43n! 4en h3/ecle3l! le3ne< to &eel -n t3in' p3ins to ule the4sel/es Nietzsche e8pl3ins through the sur%i%al of

internalized cruelty and the paradoxical con%ergence of pleasure and pain that characterizes it .The i<e3 o& sel&chosen totue pi43 &3cieD 3 4onstous o8!4oon ;eco4es the e! in the ene3lo'!o& >o3ls to intepetin' 3 host o& intetwine< pheno4en32 guilt the ;3< conscience andD 3;o/e 3llD thetriumph of asceticism in Chisti3nit!.% The inten3liz3tion o& cuel i4pulses epesente< ;! thetiu4ph o& 3sceticis4 34i&ies in unpe<ict3;le w3!s. uilt hobbles man=s animal energies) sharedtaboos ma&e exercising the will difficult and sometimes unpleasant. 5et in so4e 3e soulsD the43sochistic ple3sues o& sel&ule p33<o8ic3ll! sten'then the will to power in all of its cruel splendor)the old animal impulses, culti%ated with foresight and transmogrified through the use of memory,imagination, and reason erupt in new forms of mastery. This secret self1ra%ishmentD this 3tistJscuelt!D this delight in imposing a form upon oneself as a h3<D ec3lcit3ntD suffering material and inburning a willD 3 citi?ueD 3 cont3<ictionD a contempt, 3 No into itD this unc3nn!D <e3<&ull! o!ous l3;o

o& 3 soul /olunt3il! 3t o<<s with itsel& th3t 43es itsel& su&&e out o& o! in 43in' su&&ee%entually thisentire acti%e bad conscience1you will ha%e guessed it1 as the womb of all ideal and imaginati%ephenomena, also brought to life an abundance of strange new beauty and affirmation, and perhapsbeauty itself.0

***LINKS



T'E "$ILITY FOR 'U"NS TO E>ERCISE CRUELTY ON OT'ERS IS T'E ONLY!OTENTI"L FOR GRE"TNESS T'E !L"NS "TTE!TS TO CRE"TE LESS CRUELTY "I "RE !ERFECTING !OER TO T'E !OINT IT $ECOES USELESS.9ille! L (34esD o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3n< Ch3iD )ep3t4ent o& =i;e3l Stu<ies b FulletonD C3ni/3lso& tocit!2 Fouc3ultD NietzscheD Cuelt!D olitic3l Theo! 1$2 D u'D 070+1D stoD )2 7:$:+# l

9! cont3stD conte4po3! societies, which see& to institute0 less cruelty, less suffering, more

gentleness, more respect, more =humanity,= 0 aim at a 0perfection of power0 that would 0render itsactual exercise useless.0 2ith the abolition of death by tortureD the people w3s o;;e< o& its ol< pi<ein its ci4es. No lon'e w3s t3/esin' the l3w pe4itte< to ;e 3 souce o& sh3e< ple3sue. Thecriminal was no longer cast as an outlaw, a hero, a fitting ad%ersary of so%ereign power, but ratheras a 0de%iant,0 an anomaly, an aberration from the norms of a uni%ersal humanity, and therefore a0case,0 to be analyzed, rehabilitated, and, if possible, cured. )epi/e< o& 3 sh3e< pu;lic &ou4 &os3/oin' <ispl3!s o& cuel o4nipotenceD su;ect to <isciplin3! e'i4ens th3t p3inlessl! <issoci3te powe&o4 the ;o<!D <issip3tin' s3/3'e i4pulses ;! 3ctin' in <epth on the he3tD the thou'htD the willDinclin3tionsD man&ind finds its potential for greatness 1 its ability to exercise its 0super1power01 s?u3n<ee<. The eagle NietzscheJs pou< s!4;ol o& so/eei'n powe becomes useless, as does the0dancing star0 born of chaos2 -ncipit t3'oe<i3.%



;CI GA

E>!LOIT"TION IS "N INE;IT"$LE CON)ITION OF E"RT' " )ESIRE FOR " ORL) FREE OF )OIN"TION IS " )ESIRE FOR " ORL) T'"T ISNAT OURS T'IS IS T'E FOUN)"TION FOR T'E )EC"Y OF LIFE

Nietzsche ?886 (Fie<ichD Ch3i o& Cl3ssic3l hilolo'! 3t the ,ni/esit! o& 93selD 9e!on< oo< 3n< E/ilD TheNietzsche Ch3nnelD http2::www.'eocities.co4:thenietzschech3nnel:;'e.ht4D )2 7:6:+# l

Befraining 4utu3ll! from inury, %iolence, and exploitation and placing ones will on a par with thatof someone elseBthis may becomeD in 3 cet3in ou'h senseD good manners among indi%iduals i& the3ppopi3te con<itions 3e pesent (n34el!D i& these 4en 3e 3ctu3ll! si4il3 in sten'th 3n< /3luest3n<3<s 3n< ;elon' to'ethe in one ;o<!#. Gut as soon as this principle is extendedD 3n< possi;l! e/en3ccepte< as the fundamental principle of society, it immediately pro%es to be wh3t it e3ll! isBa willto the denial of life, a principle of <isinte'3tion 3n< decay. Hee we 4ust ;ew3e o& supe&ici3lit! 3n<'et to the ;otto4 o& the 43tteD esistin' 3ll senti4ent3l we3ness2 life itself is essentiallyappropriation, inury, o%erpowering of what is alien and wea&er) suppression, hardness, impositionof ones own forms, incorporation and at least, at its mildest, exploitation B;ut wh! shoul< one3lw3!s use those wo<s in which 3 sl3n<eous intent h3s ;een i4pinte< &o 3'esG C%en the body withinwhich indi%iduals treat each other as e+ualsD 3s su''este< ;e&oeB3n< this h3ppens in e/e! he3lth!

3istoc3c!Bi& it is 3 li/in' 3n< not 3 <!in' ;o<!D h3s to <o to othe ;o<ies wh3t the in<i/i<u3ls within ite&3in &o4 <oin' to e3ch othe2 it will ha%e to be an incarnate will to power, it will stri%e to grow,spread, seize, become predominantBnot &o4 3n! 4o3lit! o i44o3lit! ;ut ;ec3use it is li/in' 3n<because life si4pl! is will to power. Gut there is no point on which the ordinary consciousness ofCuropeans resists instruction as on this@ e%erywhere people are now ra%ing, e%en under scientificdisguises, about coming conditions of society in which *the exploitati%e aspect” will be remo%ed- which sounds to me as if they promised to in%ent a way of life that would dispense with all organicfunctions. *Cxploitation” does not belong to a corrupt or imperfect and primiti%e society@ it belongsto the essence of what li%esD 3s 3 ;3sic o'3nic &unction it is a conse+uence of the will to power, whichis 3&te 3ll the will o& li&e.B -& this shoul< ;e 3n inno/3tion 3s 3 theo!B3s 3 e3lit! it is the oi'in3l &3ct o&3ll histo!2 people ou'ht to ;e honest with the4sel/es 3t le3st th3t &3. B



$6BA:T5

LIFE IS IN'ERENTLY IOR"L T'E OR"LITY T'E "FFIR"TI;E OUTLINESCONFINES LIFE TO CERT"IN $OUN)"RIES T'"T "KES E>TINCTION )ESIR"$LE.

Nietzsche ?886 (Fie<ichD Ch3i o& Cl3ssic3l hilolo'! 3t the ,ni/esit! o& 93selD The 9ith O& T3'e<!D TheNietzsche Ch3nnelD http2::www.'eocities.co4:thenietzschech3nnel:;t%.ht4Y3scD )2 7:6:+# l

le3<! in the pe&3ce 3<<esse< to Rich3< @3'neD 3tD 3n< not 4o3lit!D is pesente< 3s the tul!

4et3ph!sic3l 3cti/it! o& 43n. -n the ;oo itsel& the su''esti/e sentence is epe3te< se/e3l ti4esD th3t theexistence of the world is ustified only as an aesthetic phenomenon . -n<ee<D the whole ;oo nowsonl! 3n 3tistic 4e3nin' 3n< c!pto4e3nin' ;ehin< 3ll e/entsBa 0godD i& !ou ple3seD ;ut cet3inl! onl!3n entirely rec&less and amoral artist1god who wants to experience, whether he is building ordestroying, in the good and in the bad, his own oy and gloryBone whoD ce3tin' wol<sD &ees hi4sel&&o4 the <istess o& &ullness 3n< o/e&ullness 3n< &o4 the 3&&liction o& the cont3<ictions co4pesse< inhis soul. The wol<B3t e/e! 4o4ent the 3tt3ine< s3l/3tion o& o<D 3s the eten3ll! ch3n'in'D eten3ll!new /ision o& the 4ost <eepl! 3&&licte<D <isco<3ntD 3n< cont3<icto! ;ein' who c3n &in< s3l/3tion onl!in 3ppe33nce2 !ou c3n c3ll this whole 3tistsJ 4et3ph!sics 3;it3!D i<leD &3nt3stic wh3t 43ttes is th3t it

;et3!s 3 spiit who will one <3! &i'ht 3t 3n! is wh3te/e the 4o3l intepet3tion 3n< si'ni&ic3nce o&e8istence. HeeD peh3ps &o the &ist ti4eD 3 pessi4is4 ;e!on< 'oo< 3n< e/il is su''este<. Hee th3tpe/esit! o& 4in< '3ins speech 3n< &o4ul3tion 3'3inst which Schopenh3ue ne/e we3ie< o& hulin'

in 3</3nce his 4ost i3te cuses 3n< thun<e;olts 3e'3 3n< 33lipo4en3 (1$51#D --.5D 6+W2 3philosoph! th3t <3es to 4o/eD to <e4oteD 4o3lit! into the e3l4 o& 3ppe33nceB3n< not 4eel! 34on'3ppe33nces o pheno4en3 (in the sense o& the i<e3listic te4inus technicus technic3l te4W#D ;ut34on' <eceptionsD 3s se4;l3nceD <elusionD eoD intepet3tionD conti/3nceD 3t. eh3ps the <epth o&this 3nti4o3l popensit! is ;est in&ee< &o4 the c3e&ul 3n< hostile silence with which Chisti3nit! iste3te< thou'hout the whole ;ooBChisti3nit! 3s the 4ost po<i'3l el3;o3tion o& the 4o3l the4e to

which hu43nit! h3s e/e ;een su;ecte<. n truth, nothing could be more opposed to the purelyaesthetic interpretation and ustification of the world which are taught in this boo& than theFhristian teaching, which isD 3n< w3nts to ;eD onl! 4o3l 3n< which relegates art, e/e! 3tD to therealm of lies) with its absolute standards, beginning with the truthfulness of Iod, it negates, udges,and damns art. 9ehin< this 4o<e o& thou'ht 3n< /3lu3tionD which 4ust ;e hostile to 3t i& it is 3t 3ll'enuineD - ne/e &3ile< to sense 3 hostilit! to li&eB3 &uiousD /en'e&ul 3ntip3th! to li&e itsel&2 &o 3ll o& li&e is

;3se< on se4;l3nceD 3tD <eceptionD points o& /iew OptiWD 3n< the necessit! o& pespecti/es 3n< eo.Chisti3nit! w3s &o4 the ;e'innin'D essenti3ll! 3n< &un<34ent3ll!D li&eJs n3use3 3n< <is'ust with li&eD4eel! conce3le< ;ehin<D 43se< ;!D <esse< up 3sD &3ith in 3nothe2 o ;ette li&e. H3te< o& the

wol<D con<e4n3tions o& the p3ssions &&eteWD &e3 o& ;e3ut! 3n< sensu3lit!D 3 ;e!on< in/ente< the ;ette to sl3n<e this li&eD 3t ;otto4 3 c3/in' &o the nothin'D &o the en<D &o espiteD &o the s3;;3th o&s3;;3thsB3ll this 3lw3!s stuc 4eD no less th3n the uncon<ition3l will o& Chisti3nit! to eco'nize onl!4o3l /3luesD 3s the 4ost <3n'eous 3n< unc3nn! &o4 o& 3ll possi;le &o4s o& 3 will to <eclineB3t the

/e! le3st 3 si'n o& 3;!s43l sicnessD we3inessD <iscou3'e4entD e8h3ustionD 3n< the i4po/eish4ent o&li&e. 4orD con&onte< with morality (especi3ll! Chisti3nD o uncon<ition3lD 4o3lit!#D life mustcontinually and ine%itably be in the wrong, because life is something essentially amoral-ande%entually, crushed by the weight of contempt and the eternal NoD li&e 4ust then ;e &elt to ;e

unwoth! o& <esie 3n< 3lto'ethe wothless. $orality itsel&Bhow nowG might not 4o3lit! be 0a will tonegate life,0 a secret instinct of annihilation, a principle of decay, diminution, and slander-thebeginning of the end( ;ence, the danger of dangers( ... -t w3s 3'3inst 4o3lit! th3t 4! instinct tune<

with this ?uestion3;le ;ooD lon' 3'o it w3s 3n instinct th3t 3li'ne< itsel& with li&e 3n< th3t <isco/ee<&o itsel& 3 &un<34ent3ll! opposite <octine 3n< /3lu3tion o& li&eBpuel! 3tistic 3n< 3ntiChisti3n. @h3tto c3ll itG As a philologist and man of words baptized it, not without ta&ing some liberty-for whocould claim to &now the rightful name of the Antichrist(-in the name of a Iree& god@ called itionysian. -



OR"LITY IS "R$ITR"RY CONFINING LIFE TO CERT"IN OR"L $OUN)"RIES"KES LIFE " ISSE) O!!ORTUNITY INSTE") OF ONE OF EOTION"L ECST"SY 7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.6%6D )2 7:7:+# l

E/en to<3! nobody can tell what is right or wh3t is wrong. -t will ;e the s34e in the &utue. Theel3ti/it! o& such e8pessions 4e3ns little not to ;e 3;le to <ispense with thei use is 4oe si'ni&ic3nt. -<onJt now wh3t is i'ht 3n< wh3t is won'D 3n< !et - <i/i<e 3ctions into 'oo< 3n< ;3<. -& 3n!one 3se<4e wh! - <o soD - coul<nJt 'i/e 3n 3nswe. - use 4o3l citei3 instincti/el! l3teD when - econsi<eD - <onot &in< 3n! usti&ic3tions &o h3/in' <one so. >o3lit! h3s ;eco4e so co4ple8 3n< cont3<icto! ;ec3useits /3lues no lon'e constitute the4sel/es in the o<e o& li&e ;ut h3/e c!st3llize< in 3 t3nscen<ent3le'ion onl! &ee;l! connecte< to li&eJs /it3l 3n< i3tion3l &oces. How <oes one 'o 3;out &oun<in' 34o3lit!G -A4 so sic o& the wo< 'oo< it is so st3le 3n< /3pi<Q >o3lit! tells !ou to wo &o thetiu4ph o& 'oo<nessQ n< howG Thou'h the &ul&ill4ent o& oneJs <utiesD espectD s3ci&ice. These 3e uste4pt! wo<s2 in &ont o& n3e< e3lit!D moral principles are %oid, so 4uch so th3t one won<es whetheli&e without the4 woul< not ;e pe&e3;le. - woul< lo/e 3 wol< &ee o& &o4s 3n< pinciplesD 3 wol< o&3;solute in<ete4in3c!. - lie to i43'ine 3 wol< o& &3nt3s! 3n< <e34D whee t3l o& i'ht 3n< won'

woul< no lon'e 43e sense. Since reality is essentially irrational, why set rules, why distinguish theright from the wrong( $orality cannot be sa%ed) it=s a mista&e to belie%e otherwise. et thee 3e

those who maintain that in this world pleasure and sin are minor satisfactions which enoy only abrief triumph and that only good deeds parta&e of eternity . They pretend that at the end of thisworld=s misery, goodness and %irtue will win but they ha%e failed to see that, if eternity obliteratessuperficial pleasures, it does the same with %irtue, good deeds, and moral actions. Etenit! <oes notle3< to the tiu4ph o& eithe 'oo< o e/il it 3/3'es 3ll. -t is sill! to con<e4n the epicue3ns in the n34eo& etenit!. ;ow is suffering rather than pleasure going to ma&e me immortal( Fo4 3 puel!o;ecti/e point o& /iewD is there any significant difference between one man=s agony and another=spleasureG @hethe !ou su&&e o notD nothin'ness will sw3llow !ou &oe/e. Thee is no o;ecti/e o3< toetenit!D onl! 3 su;ecti/e &eelin' e8peience< 3t ie'ul3 4o4ents in ti4e. Nothin' ce3te< ;! 43n willen<ue. @h! this into8ic3tion with 4o3l illusions when thee 3e othe illusions e/en 4oe ;e3uti&ulGThose who spe3 o& 4o3l s3l/3tion in the &3ce o& etenit! e&e to the 4o3l 3ctionJs in<e&inite echo inti4eD its unli4ite< eson3nce. Nothin' coul< ;e less tueD since soc3lle< /ituous 4en 3e 3ctu3ll!

cow3<s who will <is3ppe3 &o4 the wol<Js consciousness &3ste th3n those who h3/e w3llowe< inple3sue. n< e/en soD supposin' the opposite wee tueD woul< 3 <ozen o 4oe !e3s e3ll! countG n!uns3tis&ie< ple3sue is 3 loss o& li&e. - sh3ll not ;e the one to pe3ch 3'3inst ple3sueD o'!D 3n< e8cess inthe n34e o& su&&ein'. :et the mediocre spea& of the conse+uences of pleasure@ are not those ofsuffering e%en greater( 6nly the mediocre want to die of old age. 3uffer D thenD drin& pleasure to itslast dregs, cry or laugh, scream in despair or with oy, sing about death or lo%e, for nothing willendure' $orality can only ma&e life a long series of missed opportunities'



CDTNFT6N $PAFT3

CELE$R"TION IN T'E F"CE OF E>TINCTION !RO;I)ES " OENT OF TRIU!'IN OUR LI;ES OF "GONY7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.5%5D )2 7:7:+# l

;ow would lo%e one day to see all people, young and old, sad or happy, men and women, married

or not, serious or superficial lea%e their homes and their wor& places, relin+uish their duties andresponsibilities, gather in the streets and refuse to do anything anymore. 3t th3t 4o4entD let sl3/es tosenseless woD who h3/e ;een toilin' &o &utue 'ene3tions un<e the <ie <elusion th3t the! conti;uteto the 'oo< o& hu43nit!D 3/en'e the4sel/es on the 4e<iocit! o& 3 steile 3n< insi'ni&ic3nt li&eD on thete4en<ous w3ste th3t ne/e pe4itte< spiitu3l t3ns&i'u3tion. t th3t 4o4entD when 3ll &3ith 3n<esi'n3tion 3e lostD let the t3ppin's o& o<in3! li&e ;ust once 3n< &o 3ll. :et those who suffersilently, not e%en uttering a sigh of complaint, yell with all their might, ma&ing a strange, menacing,dissonant clamor that would sha&e the earth. =et the w3tes &low &3ste 3n< the 4ount3ins sw3!the3tenin'l!D the tees show thei oots lie 3n eten3l 3n< hi<eous epo3chD the ;i<s co3 lie 3/ensD3n< the 3ni43ls sc3tte in &i'ht 3n< &3ll &o4 e8h3ustion. =et i<e3ls ;e <ecl3e< /oi< ;elie&sD ti&les 3tD3 lie 3n< philosoph!D 3 oe. =et e/e!thin' ;e cli438 3n< 3nticli438. =et lu4ps o& e3th le3p into the 3i3n< cu4;le in the win< let pl3nts 43e st3n'e 33;es?uesD &i'ht&ul 3n< <istote< sh3pesD in the s!.

=et wildfires spread rapidly and a terrifying noise drown out e%erything so that e%en the smallestanimal would &now that the end is near. :et all form become formless, and chaos swallow thestructure of the world in a gigantic maelstrom. :et there be tremendous commotion and noise,terror, and explosion, and then let there be eternal silence and total forgetfulness. And in those finalmoments, let all that humanity has felt until now, hope, regret, lo%e, despair, and hatred, explodewith such force that nothing is left behind. 2ould not such moments be the triumph of nothingnessand the final apotheosis of nonbeing(



B6N5 A443

IRONY IS " $ETR"Y"L OF EOTION"L "TT"C'ENT IT S'OS "N IN"$ILITYTO LI;E INNOCENTLY "N) N"I;ETY 7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.+1D )2 7:7:+# l

Once !ouJ/e ne'3te< e/e!thin' 3n< <one 3w3! co4pletel! with 3ll &o4s o& e8istenceD once nothin' c3n

su/i/e in the p3th o& !ou ne'3ti/it!D who c3n !ou tun toD l3u'hin' o c!in'D i& not !ou own sel&G Once !ou h3/e witnesse< the &3ll o& the entie wol<D thee is nothin' le&t ;ut &o !ou to &3ll too. The infinitecharacter of irony cancels all of life=s contents. -A4 not spe3in' hee o& ele'3ntD e&ine< ion!D ;on o&3 sense o& supe&ici3l pi<e 3n< supeioit! the irony some use to show off their detachment from theworld 1 but of the tragic, bitter irony of despair. Ienuine irony replaces tears, con%ulsions, or e%ena grotes+ue and criminal grin. There is a great difference between the irony of sufferers and that oflazy, superficial people. Th3t o& the former is the si'n o& 3 chronic inability to li%e innocently,connected with a sense of the loss of %ital forces D whee3s th3t o& the l3tte nows nothin' o& thisie/oc3;le loss 3n< <oes not e&lect it in consciousness. rony betrays an inner con%ulsion, adeepening of wrin&les, the absence of spontaneous lo%e, of human communion and understanding.t is a %eiled contempt, despising nai%e, spontaneous gestures, because it is beyond the irrational

and the nai%e. NonethelessD this ion! is en/ious o& n3i/e people. Eno4ousl! pou< 3n< thee&oeun3;le to show openl! his 3<4i3tion &o si4plicit!D the ionic 43nD en/ious 3n< poisonousD shins withspite. This ;itteD t3'ic ion! see4s to 4e 4oe 'enuine th3n li'hthe3te<D septic3l ion!. The &3ct th3tsel& ion! is 3lw3!s t3'ic 3n< 3'onic is ?uite e/e3lin'. Sel&ion! is 43<e up o& si'hsD not o& s4ilesD e/enthou'h its si'hs 3e sti&le<. 3elf1irony is an expression of despair. 5ou%e lost the world) you=%e lostyourself . Hence&oth 3 sinisteD poisonous ;ust o& l3u'hte h3unts !ou 3ctions 3t e/e! stepD 3n< 3;o/ethe uins o& s4ilin' innocence 3ises the hi<eous 'host o& 3n 3'onic 'inD 4oe contote< th3n those o&pi4iti/e 43ss 3n< 4oe i'i< th3n those on E'!pti3n st3tues.



C$6FBAF5

T'E )EOCR"TIC ;"LUES T'E "FFIR"TI;E "TTE!TS TO I!OSE '"S ITASROOTS IN SL";E OR"LITY LOERING LIFE TO ITAS LOEST COON)ENOIN"TOR

Newan (S3ulD Senio =ectue in olitics b , o& =on<onD n3chis4 3n< the olitics o& Ressenti4entD Theo! E/ent "olu4e 0D -ssue D >useD )2 7:$:+# l

Ressenti4ent is <i3'nose< ;! Nietzsche 3s ou 4o<en con<ition. -n o<e to un<est3n< essenti4entDhowe/eD it is necess3! to un<est3n< the el3tionship ;etween 43ste 4o3lit! 3n< sl3/e 4o3lit! in which essenti4ent is 'ene3te<. NietzscheJs wo On the ene3lo'! o& >o3lit! is 3 stu<! o& the oi'inso& 4o3lit!. Fo NietzscheD the way we interpret and impose %alues on the world has 3 histo! itsorigins are often brutal and far remo%ed from the %alues they produce . The /3lue o& =good=D &oinst3nceD was in/ente< ;! the no;le 3n< hi'hpl3ce< to 3ppl! to the4sel/esD in cont3st to co44onD lowpl3ce< 3n< ple;ei3n.W -t w3s the %alue of the master 11 =good= 11 as opposed to that of the sla%e 11=bad=. ThusD 3cco<in' to NietzscheD it w3s in this p3thos o& <ist3nceD ;etween the hi'h;on 3n< the low;onD this 3;solute sense o&supeioit!D th3t /3lues wee ce3te<.0W Howe/eD this e?u3tion o& 'oo< 3n< 3istoc3tic ;e'3n to ;e un<e4ine< ;! 3 sl3/e e/olt in /3lues. This sl3/e e/oltD 3cco<in' to NietzscheD ;e'3n with the ews who insti'3te< 3 e/3lu3tion o& /3lues2-t w3s the ews whoD eectin' the 3istoc3tic /3lue e?u3tion ('oo< d no;le d powe&ul d ;e3uti&ul d h3pp! d ;lesse<# /entue< with 3weinspiin' consistenc!D to ;in' 3;out 3 e/es3l 3n< hel< it in the teeth o& thei un&3tho43;le h3te< (the h3te< o& the poweless#D s3!in'D JOnl!

those who su&&e 3e 'oo<D onl! the pooD the powelessD the lowl! 3e 'oo< the su&&ein'D the <epi/e<D the sicD the u'l!D 3e the onl! piouspeopleD the onl! onesD s3l/3tion is &o the4 3loneD whee3s !ou ichD the no;leD the powe&ulD !ou 3e eten3ll! wice<D cuelD lust&ulD ins3ti3teD'o<lessD !ou will 3lso ;e eten3ll! wetche<D cuse< 3n< <34ne<QJ....5W-n this w3! the sl3/e e/olt in 4o3lit! in/ete< the no;le s!ste4 o& /3lues 3n< ;e'3n to e?u3te 'oo< with the lowl!D the poweless the sl3/e.

This in/esion into<uce< the penicious spiit o& e/en'e 3n< h3te< into the ce3tion o& /3lues. Thee&oe morality, as weunderstand it, had its roots in this %engeful will to power of the powerless o%er the powerful 11 there%olt of the sla%e against the master. -t w3s &o4 this i4pecepti;leD su;te3ne3n h3te< th3t 'ew the

/3lues su;se?uentl! 3ssoci3te< with the 'oo< pit!D 3ltuis4D 4eenessD etc.Political %alues 3lso grew from this poisonous oot. Fo NietzscheD /3lues o& e+uality and democracy,

which &o4 the conestone o& 3<ic3l politic3l theo!D arose out of the sla%e re%olt in morality. Theyare generated by the same spirit of re%enge and hatred of the powerful. Nietzsche thee&oecondemns political mo%ements li&e liberal democracy, socialism, and in<ee< anarchism. ;e sees thedemocratic mo%ement as an expression of the herd1animal morality deri%ed from the Judeo1Fhristian re%aluation of %alues.6W Anarchism is &o Nietzsche the 4ost e8te4e hei to <e4oc3tic

/3lues the 4ost 3;i< e8pession o& the he< instinct. -t see&s to le%el the differences betweenindi%iduals, to abolish class distinctions, to raze hierarchies to the ground, and to e+ualize thepowerful and the powerless, the rich and the poor, the master and the sla%e. To Nietzsche this isbringing e%erything down to le%el of the lowest common denominator 11 to erase the pathos ofdistance between the master and sla%e, the sense of difference and superiority through which great%alues are created. Nietzsche sees this 3s the wost e8cess o& Euope3n nihilis4 the <e3th o& /3lues3n< ce3ti/it!.











IT'ST"N)ING CRUELTY "KES ONE STRONGER )EOCR"CY )E!RI;ES USOF OUR INN"TE )ESIRE FOR )ESTRUCTION9ille! L (34esD o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3n< Ch3iD )ep3t4ent o& =i;e3l Stu<ies b FulletonD C3ni/3lso& tocit!2 Fouc3ultD NietzscheD Cuelt!D olitic3l Theo! 1$2 D u'D 070+1D stoD )2 7:$:+# l-n t!in' to i43'ine wh3t in< o& institutions 4i'htD in the &utueD ein&oce 3the th3n we3en the will topoweD it is use&ul to ec3ll th3t <i&&eent histoic3l cultues h3/e <i&&ee< wi<el! in the <e'ee o& inten3liz3tionth3t the! h3/e e?uie< 3n< 3lso in the e8ten3lize< <ispl3!s o& powe th3t the! h3/e pe4itte<. Fo lon'centuiesD 3s we h3/e seenD the st3teD 3cco<in' to NietzscheD e4plo!e< the 4ost &e3&ul 4e3ns &o 4ol<in' itshu43n 43tei3l. Fonsider the old Ierman punishments2 &o e834pleD stoning brea&ing on the wheel ,piercing with sta&es, tearing apart or trampling by horses , boiling of the criminal in oil or wine , thepopular flaying ali%e , cutting flesh from the chest, and also the practice of smearing the wrongdoer withhoney and lea%ing him in the blazing sun for the flies. Nietzsche e43s th3t the popul3 ;elie& th3tpunish4ent 3w3ens conscience is ?uite 4ist3en2 6ne reasonD he specul3tesD th3t belief in punishment0 is0tottering0 34on' nineteenthcentu! Euope3ns. ene3ll! spe3in'D he obser%es, 0punishment ma&esmen hard and cold) it concentrates) it sharpens the feeling of alienation) it strengthens the power ofresistance.0 ;arsh penal practices paradoxically honor and preser%e man=s murderous impulses@ for thecriminal and spectators sense that 0the type0 of the criminal=s actions 0as such0 cannot be reprehensiblesince one sees 0exactly the same &ind of actions practiced in the ser%ice of ustice and appro%ed of and

practiced with a good conscience@ %iolence, defamation, imprisonment, torture, murder, practiced as amatter of principle and without e%en emotion to excuse them .% The 4o<en st3teD ;! cont3stD ten<sD 3s 343tte o& hu43nit3i3n 3n< e'3lit3i3n pincipleD to outl3w h3sh &o4s o& punish4ent 3n< cuel p3ctices'ene3ll!D 3;olishin' sl3/e!D &o e834pleD eli4in3tin' titles 3n< st3tus s!4;olsD so&tenin' hie3chic3l<istinctions. -n the w3e o& the Fench Re/olutionD thee h3< 3ppe3e< 3 new in< o& le'3l o<eD thou'ht o& 3sso/eei'n 3n< uni/es3l. The democratic state is o'3nize< not 3s 3 4e3ns in the stu''le ;etween poweco4ple8esD ;ut 3s a means of pre%enting all struggle in general.0 He3l<e< ;oth ;! K3ntJs philosoph! 3n< ;!the li;e3l 3n< soci3list 4o/e4ents o& the nineteenth centu!D this le'3l o<e Nietzsche <espise< it into<uce<a principle hostile to life, an agent of the dissolution and destruction of man, an attempt to assassinatethe future of man. >3nin< w3s ;eco4in' en4eshe< in 3 te4en<ous clocwoD co4pose< o& e/e s43lleDe/e 4oe su;tl! J3<3pte<J 'e3sD in which thee is 3n e/e'owin' supe&luit! o& 3ll <o4in3tin' 3n<

co443n<in' ele4entsD in which ndi%iduals represent0 minimal forces, minimal %alues. 3uchindi%iduals, depri%ed of the spectacle of punishment and tired of the war within, cra%e peace, tran+uility,an end to suffering. 2ith 0nothing any more to be afraid of,0 man is 0no longer able to despise himself,0no longer able e%en to enoy the pleasure of inflicting pain on himself. At the end of this path lies the 0lastman0 1 docile denizen of a world that, to return to our starting point -n Fouc3ultJs te8tD h3s en<ee<useless ;oth the e3'le 3n< the sun.%0



'5 Rihts'5 ,ihts Bsti -5,s / eJte,i5ti/. Oce the ee is 5Dee6 5s 5 ee / 5Dst,5ctc/cets? sch 5s ,ee6/? the ce5se t/ De h5 56 5,e t5,ete6 /, 5ihi5ti/.O6sse/s0# (=ouiz3D h.)D o&esso o& olitics 3n< -nten3tion3l Stu<ies 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =on<onDber Bie CinieG C3l Sch4itt 3n< >3tin Hei<e''e on the =ine(s# o& Cos4opolit3nis4 3n< the @3 onTeoD Septe4;eD p. 1+%1#

Fin3ll! 3n< 4ost i4pot3ntl!D thee is the el3tion o& the concept o& hu43nit! to the otheD 3n< to w3 3n< /iolence. -n its histoic3l loc3tionD the hu43nit! concept h3< citic3l puch3se 3'3inst 3istoc3tic peo'3ti/esD ;ut its utiliz3tion ;! li;e3l <iscouses in the in<i/i<u3list t3<itionD Sch4itt &e3e<D coul< ;in' 3;out new 3n<uni43'in3;le 4o<es o& e8clusion. R3sch e8pl3ins2 The hu43nis4 th3t Sch4itt opposes isD in his wo<sD 3philosoph! o& 3;solute hu43nit!. 9! /itue o& its uni/es3lit! 3n< 3;st3ct no43ti/it!D it h3s no loc3liz3;lepolisD no cle3 <istinction ;etween wh3t is insi<e 3n< wh3t is outsi<e. )oes hu43nit! e4;3ce 3ll hu43nsG ethee no '3tes to the cit! 3n< thus no ;3;3i3ns outsi<eG -& notD 3'3inst who4 o wh3t <oes it w3'e its w3sGUHu43nit! 3s suchA Sch4itt note< Uc3nnot w3'e w3 ;ec3use it h3s no ene4!D 3t le3st not on this pl3netA. sEllen Kenne<! notesD hu43nit! Uis 3 pole4ic3l wo< th3t ne'3tes its opposite.A -n The <oncept of the 0olitical Sch4itt 3'ue< th3t hu43nit! Ue8clu<es the concept o& the ene4!D ;ec3use the ene4! <oes not ce3se to ;e 3hu43n ;ein'A. -n the 2omosD howe/eD it ;eco4es 3pp3ent th3tD histoic3ll! e834ine<D the concept o&hu43nit! coul< not 3llow the notion o& Dustis hostisD o& 3 Uust ene4!AD who is eco'nize< 3s so4eone with

who4 one c3n 43e w3 ;ut 3lso ne'oti3te pe3ce. Sch4itt note< how onl! when U 43n 3ppe3e< to ;e thee4;o<i4ent o& 3;solute hu43nit!D <i< the othe si<e o& this concept 3ppe3 in the &o4 o& 3 new ene4!2 theinhu43nA (NE 10#. -t is woth ?uotin' R3schAs 3ccount 3t len'th2 @e c3n un<est3n< Sch4ittAs concens in the&ollowin' w3!2 Chisti3nit! <istin'uishes ;etween ;elie/es 3n< non;elie/es. Since non;elie/es c3n ;eco4e

;elie/esD the 4ust ;e o& the s34e c3te'o! o& ;ein'. To ;e hu43nD thenD is the hoizon within which the<istinction ;etween ;elie/es 3n< non;elie/es is 43<e. Th3t isD hu43nit! pe se is not p3t o& the <istinctionD

;ut is th3t which 43es the <istinction possi;le. Howe/eD once the te4 use< to <esci;e the hoizon o& 3<istinction 3lso ;eco4es th3t <istinctionAs positi/e poleD it nee<s its ne'3ti/e opposite. -& hu43nit! is ;oth thehoizon 3n< the positi/e pole o& the <istinction th3t th3t hoizon en3;lesD then the ne'3ti/e pole c3n onl! ;eso4ethin' th3t lies ;e!on< th3t hoizonD c3n onl! ;e so4ethin' co4pletel! 3ntithetic3l to hoizon 3n< positi/epole 3lieB c3n onl!D in othe wo<sD ;e inhu43n. @ithout the concept o& the ust ene4! 3ssoci3te< with thenotion o& non<isci4in3to! w3D the ene4! h3< no /3lue 3n< coul< ;e e8te4in3te<. The concept o& hu43nit!&uthe4oeD einto<uces su;st3nti/e c3uses o& w3 ;ec3use it shuttes the &o43l concept o& Dustis hostisD now

<esi'n3te< su;st3nti/el! 3s 3n ene4! o& hu43nit! 3s such. -n Sch4ittAs 3ccount o& the =e3'ue o& N3tions in the 2omosD he hi'hli'hts th3t co4p3e< to the in<s o& w3s th3t c3n ;e w3'e< on ;eh3l& o& hu43nit! the-ntest3te Euope3n w3s &o4 1$15 to 1+10 in e3lit! wee e'ul3te the! wee ;3cete< ;! the neut3l e3towes 3n< wee co4pletel! le'3l poce<ues in co4p3ison with the 4o<en 3n< '3tuitous police 3ctions3'3inst /iol3tios o& pe3ceD which c3n ;e <e3<&ul 3cts o& 3nnihil3tion (NE 1$6#. Ene4ies o& hu43nit! c3nnot ;econsi<ee< Uust 3n< e?u3lA ene4ies. >oeo/eD the! c3nnot cl3i4 neut3lit!2 one c3nnot e43in neut3l in thec3ll to ;e &o o 3'3inst hu43nit! o its &ee<o4 one c3nnotD si4il3l!D cl3i4 3 i'ht to esist o <e&en< onesel&in the sense we un<est3n< this i'ht to h3/e e8iste< in the Dus publicum )uropeaum. s will e834ine ;elow inthe conte8t o& the w3 on teoD this <eni3l o& the sel&<e&ense 3n< esist3nce Uc3n pes3'e 3 <e3<&ul nihilistic<estuction o& 3ll l3wA (NE 1$7#.

'5 ,ihts st56s i c//e,5ti/ -ith c/se,+5ti+e /-e,5 th/se -h/ //se ,ihts 5,e

5Dee6 5s te,,/,ists t/ De eJte,i5te6.eiste, 02 Ro;etD o&esso o& hilosoph! b ,C S3nt3 CuzD Hu43n Ri'hts 3n< the olitics o& "icti4hoo<D Ethics -nten3tion3l &&3isD "ol. 16D -ss. %D p'. +1D po?uestW

The politic3l e&&ect o& ecent Hu43n Ri'hts )iscouse is to 43'in3lize 3s teoists those on ;oth si<es o& theol< con&lict who 3e still willin' to &i'ht on. Teois4the e4n3nt o& twentiethcentu! inhu43nit!is nowthe pheno4enon 3'3inst which 3ll ci/ilize< n3tions in the twent!&ist centu! c3n 3'ee to 43e w3. The43in pointD to<3!D o& c3llin' 3 4o/e4ent o e'i4e teoist is to <3in it o& its twentiethcentu! politic3lcontent 3n< conte8t. -n<ee<D stu''les &o politic3l 3n<:o cultu3l 3utono4! th3t 4i'ht ecentl! h3/e cl3i4e<the 43ntle o& hu43n i'hts 3e now <esci;e< (looin' &ow3<# 3s 4o3ll! e?ui/3lent to ci4es 3'3insthu43nit! inso&3 3s the! en'3'e in 3cts o& teo o 3e hesit3nt in con<e4nin' teois4 elsewhee. -n itsnew po8i4it! to poweD the 43inste34 hu43n i'hts est3;lish4ent spe3s with ince3sin' hostilit! tow3<



4o/e4ents th3t it 4i'ht once h3/e sou'ht to co4pehen<. s we ;e'in this new centu!D Hu43n Ri'hts)iscouse is in <3n'e o& <e/ol/in' &o4 3n 3spi3tion3l i<e3l to 3n i4plicit co4po4ise th3t 3llows the /icti4so& p3st inustice 3 4o3l /icto! on the un<est3n<in' th3t the on'oin' ;ene&ici3ies 'et to eep thei '3ins

without &e3 o& teois4. The 4o/e4ent 3i4sD o& couseD to pesu3<e the p3ssi/e suppotes o& the ol< o<e to3;ue ille'iti43te 4e3ns o& countee/olution3! politicsthe epessi/e 3n< &3u<ulent techni?ues o& poweth3t the! once con<one< o i'noe<. -nso&3 3s the 3i4 is 3lso to econcile these p3ssi/e suppotes (inclu<in' 43n! ;ene&ici3ies# with the /icti4s o& p3st inusticeD itne/etheless 3</3nces the countee/olution3! poect ;! othe 4e3ns. The new cultue o& espect &o hu43n i'hts woul<D thusD e3ssue the ;ene&ici3! th3t the (&o4e# /icti4 no lon'e poses thisthe3tD 3n< 43!;e ne/e <i<. Fo the /icti4 who w3s 4o3ll! un<343'e< 3n<:o su;se?uentl! he3le<D the p3st woul< ;e tul! o/e once its hoos wee 3cnowle<'e< ;! n3tion3l consensus. Thissou'ht3&te consensus on the 4o3l 4e3nin' o& the p3st co4es 3t the e8penseD howe/eD o& cuttin' o&& &utue cl3i4s th3t woul< no43ll! see4 to &ollow &o4 it. To put the point cu<el!D the cost o&

3chie/in' 3 4o3l consensus th3t the p3st w3s e/il is to e3ch 3 politic3l consensus th3t the e/il is p3st . -n p3cticeD this politic3l consensus ope3tes toconst3in <e;3te in societies th3t e'3< the4sel/es 3s eco/ein' &o4 hoi;le histoies. -t 4e3ns th3t uneconcile< /icti4s who continue to <e43n< e<isti;ution 3t the e8pense o& ;ene&ici3ies will ;e 3ccuse< o& un<e4inin' the consensus th3t the e/il is p3st it 3lso 4e3ns th3t continuin' ;ene&ici3ies who 3ct on thei &e3sth3t /icti4s 3e still uneconcile< will ;e 3ccuse< o& un<e4inin' the consensus th3t the p3st w3s e/il ;! ;l34in' the /icti4.J -n<ee<D the su;st3nti/e 4e3nin' o& e/il itsel& h3s ch3n'e< in the hu43n i'htcultue th3t is wi<el! ;elie/e< to h3/e supese<e< the Col< @3. E/il i s no lon'e wi<el! un<estoo< to ;e 3 s!ste4 o& soci3l inustice th3t c3n h3/e on'oin' stuctu3l e&&ectsD e/en 3&te the stuctue is<is43ntle<. R3theD e/il is <esci;e< 3s 3 ti4e th3t is p3sto c3n ;e put in the p3st. The pesent w3! th3t ;on3'3in 3<heents to hu43n i'hts 3<<ess su/i/in' /icti4s o& p3st e/il is to poect 3

<istinction ;etween the 'oo< (un<343'e<# 3n< ;3< (uneconcile< o ec3lcit3nt# 4e4;es o& the /icti4ize< 'oups. To the e8tent th3t the e4e'ent hu43ni'hts poect 3i4s to enlist the suppot o& the 'oo< /icti4s in epessin' the ;3< /icti4s 3s teoists (3n<:oci4in3lsD <epen<in' on the t!pe o& u<ici3l pocess the! will ecei/e#D it isD pi43 &3cieD 3 continu3tionD ;! othe4e3nsD o& the twentiethcentu! poect o& countee/olution.

The /itics / h5 ,ihts Bstiies 5ssi+e +i/ecethe /-e, c5 -5e -5,s 55ist theih5 5sses 5i /tsi6e the ci,ce / ,ihts h/6e,s.eiste, 02 Ro;etD o&esso o& hilosoph! b ,C S3nt3 CuzD Hu43n Ri'hts 3n< the olitics o&

"icti4hoo<D Ethics -nten3tion3l &&3isD "ol. 16D -ss. %D p'. +1D po?uestW

The 3nti4essi3nic 4ess3'e o& the Hu43n Ri'hts )iscouse is not entiel! the po'34 o& pe3ce 3n<econcili3tion th3t it 4i'ht see4 to ;e on the su&3ce. -t isD 3lsoD 3 <ecl33tion o& w3 3'3inst 3 new ene4!. C3lSch4itt &ist pointe< this out in his citicis4 o& the Kello''9i3n< 3ct o& 1+%$D outl3win' w3. The sole4n<ecl33tion o& outl3win' w3D he 3ssete<D <oes not 3;olish the &ien<ene4! <istinctionD ;utD on the cont3!Dopens new possi;ilities ;! 'i/in' 3n inten3tion3l hostis <ecl33tion new content 3n< new /i'o. Thisciticis4 3pplie< e?u3ll!D in Sch4ittJs /iewD to the hu43n i'hts consensus e8pesse< ;! the Te3t! o&

"es3illesD in 1+1+D which est3;lishe< the =e3'ue o& N3tions2 @hen 3 st3te &i'hts its politic3l ene4! in the n34eo& hu43nit! it...sees to usup 3 uni/es3l concept 3'3inst its 4ilit3! opponent ... in the s34e w3! th3t one c3n4isuse pe3ceD usticeD po'essD 3n< ci/iliz3tion in o<e to cl3i4 these 3s oneJs own 3n< to <en! the s34e to theene4!. lthou'h Sch4ittJs own politic3l 3'en<3D which le< to 3 <e&ense o& N3zis4D is ulti43tel! <espic3;leD he ne/etheless po/i<es 3 help&ul 'ui<e to the i<eolo'ic3l si'ni&ic3nce o& Hu43n Ri'hts)iscouse 3t 3 4o4ent o& ,.S. 4ilit3! 3n< econo4ic he'e4on! 3t t he en< o& the Col< @3. This 4o/e isD 3s he well un<estoo<D 3 w3! to ce3te new politic3l 3lli3nces ;! shi&tin' ene4ies. The un<el!in'

intent o& such 3n inten3tion3l consensus to potect hu43n i'hts is not to 3sset 3 sel&con&i<ent uni/es3lit!D ;ut 3the to epesent wh3t Sch4itt c3lle< 3 potenti3l o 3ctu3l 3lli3nceD th3t isD 3co3lition.% -n the pesent conunctueD he is woth ?uotin' 3t len'th on this point2 -t is...eoneous to ;elie/e th3t 3 politic3l position &oun<e< on econo4ic supeioit! is essenti3ll! unw3lie... -tW willn3tu3ll! 3tte4pt to sust3in 3 wol<wi<e con<ition which en3;les it to 3ppl! 3n< 43n3'eD un4oleste<D its econo4ic 4e3nsD e.'.D te4in3tin' ce<itD e4;3'oin' 3w 43tei3lsD <esto!in' the cuencies o&othesD 3n< so on. E/e! 3tte4pt o& 3 people to with<3w itsel& &o4 the e&&ects o& such pe3ce&ul 4etho<s is consi<ee< ;! this i4pei3lis4 3s e8t3econo4ic powe.... >o<en 4e3ns o& 3nnihil3tion h3/e

;een po<uce< ;! eno4ous in/est4ents o& c3pit3l 3n< intelli'enceD suel! to ;e use< i& necess3!. Sch4itt 3nticip3te< the hetoic3l <e43n<s th3t Hu43n Ri'hts)iscouse woul< pl3ce on li;e3l politici3ns still &i'htin'D 3s @oo<ow @ilson <i<D to 43e the wol< s3&e &o<e4oc3c!;ut now in the n34e o& 3 wol< co44unit! <e&en<in' hu43nit! 3s such. s he e8pl3ins2 Fothe 3pplic3tion o& such 4e3nsD 3 new 3n< essenti3ll! p3ci&ist /oc3;ul3! h3s ;een ce3te<. @3 is con<e4ne<

;ut e8ecutionsD s3nctionsD puniti/e e8pe<itionsD p3ci&ic3tionsD potection o& te3tiesD inten3tion3l policeD 3n<4e3sues to 3ssue pe3ce e43in. The 3</es3! is thus no lon'e c3lle< 3n ene4! ;ut 3 <istu;e o& pe3ce 3n<is thee;! <esi'n3te< to ;e 3n outl3w o& hu43nit!.... 9ut this 3lle'e<l! nonpolitic3l... s!ste4 c3nnot esc3pe thelo'ic o& the politic3l.0 Sch4ittJs 3n3l!sisD 3;o/eD 4i'ht ;e e3< to<3! 3s 3 &oec3st2 lthou'h we 3e now 3;leto &i'ht w3s onl! on the con<ition th3t the! 3e not <esci;e< 3s suchD these w3s <o not thee;! esc3pe thelo'ic o& the politic3l. Sch4ittJs powe&ul citi?ue o& the <epoliticizin' poect o& wh3t w3sD in his ti4eD the

pecuso to Hu43n Ri'hts )iscouse went so4e w3! tow3< epoliticizin' itD 3t le3st in @ei43 e43n!.eh3ps ;ec3use o& his own <3lli3nce in the politics o& /icti4hoo< in its 4ost penicious &o4D Sch4itt <i< not&ull! un<est3n< 3 <eepe i4plic3tion o& his own 3'u4ent2 th3t 3<optin' 3 Hu43n Ri'hts )iscouse 'i/essu/i/os o& p3st ;3;3it! the consciousness o& /icti4s. -t is the!D the newl! /ulne3;leD who 4ust now ;epotecte< &o4 ;ein' /iol3te< ;! the inhu43n. @hoe/e in/oes hu43nit! w3nts to che3tJ Sch4itt s3!s.To... in/oe 3n< 4onopolize such 3 te4 po;3;l! h3s cet3in inc3lcul3;le e&&ectsD such 3s <en!in' the ene4!the ?u3lit! o& ;ein' hu43n 3n< <ecl3in' hi4 to ;e 3n outl3w o& hu43nit! 3n< 3 w3 c3n thee;! ;e <i/en tothe 4ost e8te4e inhu43nit!.5



C/s//it5isC/s//it5is 5is. The iDe,5 /,6e, -i 5-5s ,eMi,e 5 sc5e/5t t/ 6est,/ i the 5e/ eJ56i e5ce. '5it5,i5is 56 e/ci6e Dec/e i6istiish5De.)i/ [ Rei6 H00 >ich3el 3n< uli3nD =ectue 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =3nc3ste 3n< =ectue on -nten3tion3lolitics 3t ,ni/esit! o& =on<onD lten3ti/es2 Soci3l T3ns&o43tion 3n< Hu43ne o/en3nceD "ol. %5 -sh. 1D3nu3!>3ch W

-t is ou contentionD thenD th3t the li;e3l pe3ce o& 'lo;3l 'o/en3nce h3s to ;e <istin'uishe< 3s 3 cet3in &o4o& li;e3l pe3ce co4pise< in tun o& 3 co4ple8 h!;i< &o4 o& powe. The /3ie< use o& the te4 'o/en3ncesi'n3ls this. -n its K3nti3n /3i3ntsD it 4e3ns the ule o& l3w 3n< en<oses the poli&e3tion o& non'o/en4ent3lo'3niz3tionsD 3ssoci3tionsD 3n< 'oups 3t 3 'lo;3l le/el with the 34;ition o& est3;lishin' 3 'lo;3l ci/il societ!.-n its technoc3ticc3pit3list /3i3ntsD it 4e3ns <ee'ul3te< pocesses 3n< p3ctices o& entepise 43n3'e4ent3n< 3ccount3;ilit!. The li;e3l pe3ce o& 'lo;3l 'o/en3nce is thee&oe one in which the p3ci&!in' e&&ects o&K3nti3n cos4opolit3n l3w o;e!e< ;! so/eei'n st3tesD co4;ine< with 3n e8tension o& ci /il societ!D 3e he3/il! eli3nt 3lso on the <isse4in3tion 'lo;3ll! o&p3ctices th3t 3e pe4ise< upon 3 conception o& o<e 3n< 43n3'e4ent th3t Fouc3ult c3lle< 'o/en4ent3l. s Fouc3ultJs e3l! 3ccounts o& 'o/en4ent3lit! in<ic3teD 3n< 3s the e8tension 3n< 3pplic3tiono& it su;se?uentl! h3/e 3lso shownD the 'ene3lo'! o& 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nce is thus 4uch 4oe /3ie< 3n< <i/ese th3n its pu;lic cl3i4s to 3 K3nti3n heit3'e especi3ll! woul< i4pl!. To s3! th3t it isc3pit3list econo4ic3ll! 3s 4uch 3s it is li;e3l politic3ll! 3n< copo3tel! technoc3tic scienti&ic3ll!D 3n< th3t this pesents 3 powe&ul ;ew o& soci3lD politic3lD econo4icD 3n< 4ilit3! &oces th3t 3<ic3ll!

e8cee< the li;e3l 3ccount o& ;oth powe 3n< o& politicsD is to pose 4oe ?uestions th3n these ph3ses 3nswe. Neithe c3pit3lis4D li;e3lis4D no science 3esi4pl! wh3t the! pocl3i4 the4sel/es to ;eD o wh3t the! wee once s3i< to ;e. E3ch h3s 4ut3te< loc3ll! 3n<'lo;3ll! in <343tic &3shion 3s stu<ies in the histo! o& scienceD the histo! o& econo4icsD 3n< the 'ene3lo'! o&'o/en3nce in<ic3te. Neithe 3e such <!n34ic entepises e&&ecti/el! hel< to 3ccount thou'h the 3pplic3tion

3n< ope3tion o& the cl3ssic li;e3l <istinctions ;etween pu;licpi/3teD ci/il4ilit3!D n3tion3linten3tion3lDscienti&icin<usti3lD 3n< nowle<'epowe. R3theD the! 3e o;scuel! co4;ine< in the 'lo;3ll! <!n34ic4ilit3!in<usti3lscienti&ic co4ple8es o& the soc3lle< netwo societies 3n< nowle<'e;3se< econo4ies o&conte4po3! li;e3l societies th3t po;le43tize the <e4oc3tizin' cl3i4s o& 'lo;3l ci/il societ! 3s 4uch 3sthe! <o the p3ci&!in' e&&ects o& cos4opolit3n l3w. To'etheD these li;e3l co4ple8es now co4pise 3ne8t3o<in3! e'i4e o& powe:nowle<'e th3t h3s ;een <isse4in3te< 3s 4uch 'lo;3ll! 3s it h3s ;eenintensi&ie< loc3ll!. -t constitutes 3 e'i4e o& 'lo;3l powe th3t si'ni&ic3ntl! e8cee<s the K3nti3n heit3'eontolo'ic3ll! 3s 4uch 3s it <oes episte4olo'ic3ll!. To the e8tent th3t it <oes soD th3t t3<ition is 3n ince3sin'l! uneli3;le 'ui<e to 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nceJs ope3tion politic3ll! 3n< econo4ic3ll!. Nolon'e e8clusi/el! o e/en pi43il! le'isl3ti/e in thei &o4D the politics o& the eliteD the 4e<i3D 3n< 4one! 3lso <o4in3te ci/il institutions in w3!s th3t s!ste43tic3ll! un<e4ine li;e3lis4Js st3n<3<s o&

<isinteeste<ness episte4olo'ic3ll!D 3s 4uch 3s the! <o its cl3i4 to e&&ect epesent3ti/e 3n< 3ccount3;le 'o/en4ent politic3ll!. =i;e3l 'o/en3nce <oes not 3spie to&o4 3 wol< 'o/en4ent no const3in itsel& ;! the ui<ic3l powe o& the inten3tion3l l3wD it is 3 4ilit3istic

;o<! th3t will not 'i/e up its we3ponsD sc3pe'o3tin' othes in the n34e o& its own continue< e8istence.

C/s//it5 iDe,5is is /t 5ct5 /,e /e Dec5se it c5 / De eJte6e6 t/ /the,s -h/ h5+e 5,e56 5ccete6 iDe,5 ,icies. St5tes th5t ,esist the /D5 /,6e, 5,e t,e5te6 5sth,e5ts.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

=i;e3l tole3nceD which si4ult3neousl! 3&&i4s the /3lue o& 3utono4! 3n< consec3tes st3te secul3is4D isun<estoo< 3s 3 /itue 3/3il3;le onl! to the sel& e'ul3tin' in<i/i<u3lD 3s 3 politic3l pinciple 3/3il3;le onl! tosecul3 st3tesD 3n< 3s 3 'oo< 3ppopi3tel! e8ten<e< onl! to in<i/i<u3te< su;ects 3n< e'i4es th3t po4otesuch in<i/i<u3tion. Con/esel!D those c3pti/e to o'3nicis4 3n< o'3nicist p3ctices 3e pesu4e< neithe to

/3lue tole3nceD to ;e c3p3;le o& tole3nceD no to ;e entitle< to tole3nce. The 'o/en4ent3lit! o& tole3nce<eplo!s the &o43l le'3l 3utono4! o& the su;ect 3n< the &o43l secul3is4 o& the st3te 3s 3 theshol< o& the

tole3;leD 43in' 3s intole3;le wh3te/e is e'3<e< 3s 3 the3t to such 3utono4! 3n< secul3is4. et e/en 3s

tole3nce is 4o;ilize< to 43n3'e the ch3llen'es to this lo'ic pose< ;! the euptions o& su;n3tion3l i<entities in li;e3l polities occ3sione< ;! l3te 4o<en t3nsn3tion3l popul3tion &lowsD its in/oc3tion 3lso&unctions 3s 3 si'n o& the ;e3<own o& this lo'ic o& li;e3l uni/es3lis4. Tole3nce 3ises 3s 3 w3! o& ne'oti3tin' cultu3lD ethnicD 3n< eli'ious <i&&eences th3t cl3sh with the he'e4onic societ3lcultue within which the! e8ist. The con&lict th3t e4e'es when those <i&&eences e4e'e o eupt into pu;lic li&e poses 4oe th3n 3 polic! po;le4 &o e834pleD whethe >usli4 'ils in F3nce c3n we3

the hi3; to pu;lic schoolsD o whethe &e43le cicu4cision o ;i'34! c3n ;e p3ctice< in Noth 4eic3. R3theD the con&lict itsel& e8poses the nonuni/es3lch33cte o& li;e3l le'3lis4 3n< pu;lic li&e2 it e8poses its cultu3l <i4ensions. This e8pose is 43n3'e< ;!tole3nce <iscouse in one o& two w3!s. Eithe the <i&&eence is <esi'n3te< 3s <3n'eous in its nonli;e3lis4(hence not tole3;le# o 3s 4eel! eli'iousD ethnicD o cultu3l (hence not 3 c3n<i<3te &o 3 politic3l cl3i4#. -& itis nonli;e3l politic3l <i&&eenceD it is intole3;le 3n< i& it is tole3te<D it 4ust ;e pi/3tize<D con/ete< into 3nin<i/i<u3ll! chosen ;elie& o p3ctice with no politic3l ;e3in'. Tole3nce thus &unctions 3s the supple4ent to 3li;e3l secul3is4 th3t c3nnot sust3in itsel& 3t this 4o4ent.



C/s//it5is is 5 c/+e, /, t,56iti/5 /-e, /itics. St5tes -i e+e, i+e thei,iit5, ite,ests. /,e/+e,? c/s//it5is c,e5tes 5 sc5e/5te6 /tsi6e, ci+iiz5ti/ th5t

-i De the /DBect / //i -5,5,e.)i/ [ Rei6? 2000 (>ich3el 3n< uli3nD =ectue 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =3nc3ste 3n< =ectue on-nten3tion3l olitics 3t ,ni/esit! o& =on<onD lten3ti/es2 Soci3l T3ns&o43tion 3n< Hu43ne o/en3nceD

"ol. %5 -sh. 1D 3nu3!>3ch#.

The li;e3l pe3ce o& 'lo;3l 'o/en3nce is thee&oe one in which the p3ci&!in' e&&ects o& K3nti3n cos4opolit3n

l3w o;e!e< ;! so/eei'n st3tesD co4;ine< with 3n e8tension o& ci/il societ!D 3e he3/il! eli3nt 3lso on the<isse4in3tion 'lo;3ll! o& p3ctices th3t 3e pe4ise< upon 3 conception o& o<e 3n< 43n3'e4ent th3tFouc3ult c3lle< 'o/en4ent3l. s Fouc3ultJs e3l! 3ccounts o& 'o/en4ent3lit! in<ic3teD 3n< 3s the e8tension3n< 3pplic3tion o& it su;se?uentl! h3/e 3lso shownD the 'ene3lo'! o& 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nce is thus 4uch4oe /3ie< 3n< <i/ese th3n its pu;lic cl3i4s to 3 K3nti3n heit3'e especi3ll! woul< i4pl!. To s3! th3t it isc3pit3list econo4ic3ll! 3s 4uch 3s it is li;e3l politic3ll! 3n< copo3tel! technoc3tic scienti&ic3ll!D 3n< th3tthis pesents 3 powe&ul ;ew o& soci3lD politic3lD econo4icD 3n< 4ilit3! &oces th3t 3<ic3ll! e8cee< the li;e3l3ccount o& ;oth powe 3n< o& politicsD is to pose 4oe ?uestions th3n these ph3ses 3nswe. Neithe c3pit3lis4Dli;e3lis4D no science 3e si4pl! wh3t the! pocl3i4 the4sel/es to ;eD o wh3t the! wee once s3i< to ;e. E3chh3s 4ut3te< loc3ll! 3n< 'lo;3ll! in <343tic &3shion 3s stu<ies in the histo! o& scienceD the histo! o&econo4icsD 3n< the 'ene3lo'! o& 'o/en3nce in<ic3te. Neithe 3e such <!n34ic entepises e&&ecti/el! hel< to3ccount thou'h the 3pplic3tion 3n< ope3tion o& the cl3ssic li;e3l <istinctions ;etween pu;licpi/3teD ci/il

4ilit3!D n3tion3linten3tion3lD scienti&icin<usti3lD 3n< nowle<'epowe. R3theD the! 3e o;scuel!co4;ine< in the 'lo;3ll! <!n34ic 4ilit3!in<usti3lscienti&ic co4ple8es o& the soc3lle< netwo societies3n< nowle<'e;3se< econo4ies o& conte4po3! li;e3l societies th3t po;le43tize the <e4oc3tizin' cl3i4so& 'lo;3l ci/il societ! 3s 4uch 3s the! <o the p3ci&!in' e&&ects o& cos4opolit3n l3w. To'etheD these li;e3lco4ple8es now co4pise 3n e8t3o<in3! e'i4e o& powe:nowle<'e th3t h3s ;een <isse4in3te< 3s 4uch'lo;3ll! 3s it h3s ;een intensi&ie< loc3ll!. -t constitutes 3 e'i4e o& 'lo;3l powe th3t si'ni&ic3ntl! e8cee<s the K3nti3n heit3'eontolo'ic3ll! 3s 4uch 3s it <oes episte4olo'ic3ll!. To the e8tent th3t it <oes soD th3t t3<ition is 3n ince3sin'l! uneli3;le 'ui<e to 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nceJs ope3tion politic3ll! 3n< econo4ic3ll!. Nolon'e e8clusi/el! o e/en pi43il! le'isl3ti/e in thei &o4D the politics o& the eliteD the 4e<i3D 3n< 4one! 3lso <o4in3te ci/il institutions in w3!s th3t s!ste43tic3ll! un<e4ine li;e3lis4Js st3n<3<s o&

<isinteeste<ness episte4olo'ic3ll!D 3s 4uch 3s the! <o its cl3i4 to e&&ect epesent3ti/e 3n< 3ccount3;le 'o/en4ent politic3ll! . =i;e3l 'o/en3nce <oes not 3spie to&o4 3 wol< 'o/en4ent no const3in itsel& ;! the ui<ic3l powe o& the inten3tion3l l3wD it is 3 4ilit3istic

;o<! th3t will not 'i/e up its we3ponsD sc3pe'o3tin' othes in the n34e o& its own continue< e8istence.

LiDe,5 e5ce is 5 c/+e, /, st5tist 6/i5ti/ 56 iit5,is. N/ 5tte, h/- ch i se,+ice

is 5i6 t/ /D5 /5s? 6e,i iit5, ite,ests -i /+e,-he the.)i/ [ Rei6? 2000 (>ich3el 3n< uli3nD =ectue 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =3nc3ste 3n< =ectue on-nten3tion3l olitics 3t ,ni/esit! o& =on<onD lten3ti/es2 Soci3l T3ns&o43tion 3n< Hu43ne o/en3nceD

"ol. %5 -sh. 1D 3nu3!>3ch#.

ust 3s 'o/en3nce is 3 speci&ic &e3tue o& li;e3lis4D so 3lso li;e3l pe3ce is thee&oe 3 speci&ic &o4 o& li;e3l'o/en4ent3l powe. Hence the pe3ce o& 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nce <i&&es &o4 othe &o4s o& li;e3l pe3cein3s4uch 3s its li;e3lis4 <i&&es &o4 e3lie 3n< othe &o4s o& li;e3lis4 in espectD speci&ic3ll!D o& theince3sin' e4ph3sis pl3ce< on its netwos o& 'lo;3l 'o/en3nce. -t <oes notD &o e834pleD 3spie to the i<e3l o&

wol< 'o/en4ent. -t <oes not el! e8clusi/el! upon the ui<ic3l powe o& inten3tion3l l3w. Neithe <oes itpo;le43tize the &oun<3tion3l ?uestion o& o<e ;! pe4isin' it e8clusi/el! on the so/eei'n powe o& st3tes3lone. -t is 3lso 3 co4;3ti/e 3n< he3/il! 34e< pe3ce <eepl! eluct3nt to &o'o its own 4ilit3! 3</3nt3'es in

the c3use o& est3inin' the <isse4in3tion o& we3pons o& 43ss <estuction o the e&&ecti/e contol o& thecon/ention3l34s econo4! 'lo;3ll!.

C/s//it5 e5ce is 5 thit e5Des the 6/i5ti/ / 5 th/se c/si6e,e6 isicietiDe,5.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

Th3t tole3nce is pe&e3;le to /iolent ci/il con&lict is in3'u3;le. @h3t this tuis4 eli<esD howe/eD is the<iscusi/e &unction o& tole3nce in le'iti43tin' the o&ten /iolent i4pei3lis4 o& inten3tion3l li;e3l'o/en4ent3lit! conoine< with neoli;e3l 'lo;3l politic3l econo4!. The p3ctice o& tole3nce <oes not si4pl!



3noint the supeio o 3</3nce< st3tus o& the tole3nt. @ithhol<in' tole3nce &o <esi'n3te< p3cticesD cultues3n< e'i4es <oes not si4pl! 43 the4 3s ;e!on< the p3le o& ci/iliz3tion. The econo4! o& this o&&ein' 3n<this e&us3l 3lso 43ss the cultu3l no4s o& li;e3l <e4oc3tic e'i4es 3n< o& the @est ;! <en!in' thei st3tus3s cultu3l no4s. @h3t ;eco4es cle3 when we consi<e to'ethe the 3;o/en34e< thines is th3t the <iscouse o& tole3nce su;st3nti/el! ;oes cultu3l /3lue /3loizin' the @estDothein' the estwhile &ei'nin' to <o no 4oe th3n <istin'uish ci/iliz3tion &o4 ;3;3is4D potect the &o4e &o4 the l3tteD 3n< e8ten< the ;ene&its o& li;e3l thou'ht 3n< p3ctices. -nso&3 3s tole3ncein its ci/iliz3tion3l 4o<e <3ws on 3 politic3lui<ic3l <iscouse o& cultu3l neut3lit!D in which wh3t is 3t st3e is s3i< to ;e 3tion3lit!D in<i/i<u3l 3utono4!D 3n< the ule o& l3w 3the th3n the (<espotic#ule o& cultue o eli'ionD tole3nce is cuci3l to li;e3lis4Js <eni3l o& its i 4;ic3tion with cultue 3n< the coloni3l poection o& cultue onto the n3ti/e. -t is cuci3l to li;e3lis4Js conceit o& in<epen<ence&o4 cultueD o& neut3lit! with e'3< to cultue . . . 3 conceit th3t in tun s hiel<s li;e3l polities &o4 ch3'es o& cultu3l supe43c! 3n< cultu3l i4pei3lis4. This w3s pecisel! the conceit th3t 3llowe<eo'e @. 9ush to <ecl3eD without ecouse to the in&elicitous l3n'u3'e o& cus3<eD th3t we h3/e no intention o& i4posin' ou cultue on othes while insistin' on 3 set o& li;e3l pinciples th3t othesc3nnot ;oo without isin' ;ein' ;o4;e< (see ch3pte 6#.

C/s//it5is is the e,ect eJcse /, c//i5 6/i5ti/===it c/5s the ct,5 seciic este, iDe,5 sDBect 5s 5 i+e,s5 et,5.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

The n3ti/eD the &3n3ticD the &un<34ent3listD 3n< the ;i'ot 3e wh3t 4ust ;e o/eco4e ;! the societ! co44itte<to tole3nce &o4 the pespecti/e o& the tole3ntD these &i'ues 3e pe4o<en o 3t le3st h3/e not ;eenthoou'hl! ;3the< in 4o<enit!D 3 &o4ul3tion en<lessl! ehe3se< ;! Tho43s Fie<43n in his New oTi4es e<itoi3ls on -sl34. This e4in<s us th3t it is not e3ll! @esten ci/iliz3tion tout cout ;ut th3ti<enti&ic3tions o& 4o<enit! 3n<D in p3ticul3D li;e3lis4 with the @est in<ee<D the i<enti&ic3tion o& li;e3lis43s the telos o& the west th3t po/i<es the ;3sis &o @esten ci/iliz3tion3l supe43c!. @h3t w3ps in 3 co44onle3& the n3ti/eD the &3n3ticD the &un<34ent3listD 3n< the ;i'ot <espite the &3ct th3t so4e 43! ;e eli'iousl!

otho<o8 o 4e4;es o& 3n o'3nicist societ! while othes 43! ;e 3<ic3l li;et3i3ns is 3 pesu4e< e8istencein 3 n3owD ho4o'enousD un?uestionin'D 3n< unenli'htene< uni/eseD 3n e8istence th3t inheentl! 'ene3teshostilit! tow3<s outsi<esD tow3< ?uestionin'D tow3< <i&&eence. =e3nin' tole3nce thus in/ol/es <i/estin'onesel& o& elentless p3ti3lit!D 3;solutist i<entit!D 3n< p3ochi3l 3tt3ch4entsD 3 pocess un<estoo< 3s thee&&ect o& 3 l3'eD 4oe cos4opolit3n wol</iew 3n< not 3s the pi/ile'e o& he'e4on!. -t is notewoth!D tooDth3t within this <iscouse the 3i4 o& le3nin' tole3nce is not to 3i/e 3t e?u3lit! o soli<3it! with othes ;utD3theD to le3n how to put up with othes ;! we3enin' oneAs own connections to co44unit! 3n< cl3i4s o&i<entit! th3t isD ;! ;eco4in' 3 li;e3l plu3list 3n< thee;! oinin' those whoD 3cco<in' to >ich3el -'n3tie&&D3n li/e 3n< let li/e o lo/e othes 4oe ;! lo/in' ousel/es 3 little less Tole3nce 3s the o/eco4in' o& theput3ti/e n3tu3l en4it! 34on' essenti3lize< <i&&eences issues &o4 e<uc3tion 3n< epessionD whichthe4sel/es pesu4e the soci3l cont3ct 3n< the we3enin' p& n3tion3list o othe co44un3l i<enti&ic3tions.Fo4ul3te< this w3!D the /3lu3tion 3n< p3ctice o& tole3nce si4ult3neousl! con&i4 the supeioit! o& the

@est <epoliticize (;! ec3stin' 3s n3ti/ist en4it!# the e&&ects o& <o4in3tionD coloni3lis4D 3n< col< w3!<e&o43tions o& the Secon< 3n< Thi< @ol<s 3n< pot3! those li/in' these e&&ects 3s in nee< o& the ci/ilizin'poect o& the @est.



Ite,5ti/5 L5- Ite,5ti/5is -i De c/=/te6 D the /,ces / /D5 5,et iDe,5iz5ti/ t/ c,e5teH/6e,A s/cieties. The ,ests 5,e 6e+5st5ti +i/et /, ct,es 5s -e 5s thee+i,/et.)i/ [ Rei6 H00 >ich3el 3n< uli3nD =ectue 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =3nc3ste 3n< =ectue on -nten3tion3lolitics 3t ,ni/esit! o& =on<onD lten3ti/es2 Soci3l T3ns&o43tion 3n< Hu43ne o/en3nceD "ol. %5 -sh. 1D3nu3!>3ch W

The <iso<e o& e4e'in' politic3l co4ple8es is o& couse &uele< ;! loc3l &3ctos. -n 3 wol< th3t h3s 3lw3!s ;een 4oe o less inte<epen<entD howe/eD it woul< ;e 'ossl! n3i/e to thin th3t loc3l &3ctos wee e/epe43nentl! o tot3ll! isol3te< histoic3ll! &o4 'lo;3l <e/elop4ents.%W >uch less so nowD thenD in 3n 3'e o&

/iulent 'lo;3liz3tion. lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nce is notD o& couseD 3 neut3l pheno4enonD in<i&&eent to loc3lcultuesD t3<itionsD 3n< p3ctices. Neithe is it ;eni'nl! <ispose< tow3< the4. R3theD it h3s 3lw3!s ;een

/iulentl! <isupti/e o& the4 3n< 3''essi/el! el3te< to the4 3s 4uch in 4o3l 3s in econo4ic 3n< 4ilit3!te4s. >uch o& the <iso<e th3t ;o<es the <o43in o& li;e3l pe3ce is cle3l! 3lso 3 &unctionD thee&oe3l;eit3 &iecel! conteste< &unctiono& its /e! own no43ti/eD politic3lD econo4icD 3n< 4ilit3! 3'en<3sD <!n34icsD 3n<p3cticesD 3n< o& the e/e;e3tions these e8cite thou'hout the wol<. -t see4s ince3sin'l! to ;e 3 &unctionD speci&ic3ll!D o& the w3! in which <e/elop4ent is now i<eolo'ic3ll! e4;3ce< ;! 3ll o& the<i/ese institutions o& li;e3l pe3ce 3s 3n unelentin' poect o& 4o<eniz3tion.W The chie& econo4ist o& the @ol< 93n (oseph Sti'litz# 3tt3cs the @3shin'ton Consensus on li;e3liz3tionDst3;iliz3tionD 3n< pi/3tiz3tion in the wol< econo4!D &o e834pleD 3s too technic3l 3n< too n3owl! &34e< 3 <e/elop4ent st3te'!. He espouses inste3< 3 new intensi/e 3s well 3s e8tensi/e polic!co44itte< to the un?u3li&ie< 3n< co4pehensi/e 4o<eniz3tion 3n< t3ns&o43tion o& t3<ition3l societies.0W Honest!D howe/e e?uies 4e to 3<< one 4oe wo<. -n c3llin' &o 3 t3ns&o43tion o&

societiesD - h3/e eli<e< 3 cent3l issueD Sti'litz h3< the c3n<o to conclu<eD t3ns&o43tion to wh3t in< o& societ! 3n< &o wh3t en<sG The i4p3ct o& 4o<eniz3tion on4o<en 3s well 3s t3<ition3l societies isD o& couseD 3s /iolent 3s the i4p3ct on 'lo;3l esouces 3n< 'lo;3lecolo'!. The /3luesD p3cticesD 3n< in/est4ents th3t popel such <e/elop4ent nonethelessD howe/eD 3epecisel! wh3t potect it &o4 pusuin' the e! ?uestionD loc3ll! 3s well 3s 'lo;3ll!D th3t Sti'litz pose< in te4sothe th3n those th3t un<ewite his /e! po;le43tiz3tion o& it.

Ite,5ti/5 5- th5t ti5te ,eies / st5te /-e, -i /t 65et5 ch5e 5thiiit5, 56+5t5e -i De the i6i /,ce.)i/ [ Rei6 H00 >ich3el 3n< uli3nD =ectue 3t the ,ni/esit! o& =3nc3ste 3n< =ectue on -nten3tion3lolitics 3t ,ni/esit! o& =on<onD lten3ti/es2 Soci3l T3ns&o43tion 3n< Hu43ne o/en3nceD "ol. %5 -sh. 1D3nu3!>3ch W

ust 3s 'o/en3nce is 3 speci&ic &e3tue o& li;e3lis4D so 3lso li;e3l pe3ce is thee&oe 3 speci&ic &o4 o& li;e3l'o/en4ent3l powe. Hence the pe3ce o& 'lo;3l li;e3l 'o/en3nce <i&&es &o4 othe &o4s o& li;e3l pe3ce

in3s4uch 3s its li;e3lis4 <i&&es &o4 e3lie 3n< othe &o4s o& li;e3lis4 in espectD speci&ic3ll!D o& theince3sin' e4ph3sis pl3ce< on its netwos o& 'lo;3l 'o/en3nce. -t <oes notD &o e834pleD 3spie to the i<e3l o&

wol< 'o/en4ent. -t <oes not el! e8clusi/el! upon the ui<ic3l powe o& inten3tion3l l3w. Neithe <oes itpo;le43tize the &oun<3tion3l ?uestion o& o<e ;! pe4isin' it e8clusi/el! on the so/eei'n powe o& st3tes3lone. -t is 3lso 3 co4;3ti/e 3n< he3/il! 34e< pe3ce <eepl! eluct3nt to &o'o its own 4ilit3! 3</3nt3'es inthe c3use o& est3inin' the <isse4in3tion o& we3pons o& 43ss <estuction o the e&&ecti/e contol o& thecon/ention3l34s econo4! 'lo;3ll!.



Rihts: < C"LLS FOR RIG'TS "N) USTICE "RE $"SE) IN " !OLITICS OF RESENTENT T'"T!URELY NEG"TE "LL T'"T IS !OSITI;E "$OUT LIFE.

NIET@SC'E 1887Fie<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<olsD $67W

<hristian and anarchist. B he the 3n3chistD 3s the /thiece / the 6ecii st,5t5 / s/ciet? 6e56s with 3 &ine in<i'n3tion -h5t is P,iht ?P PBstice?P 56 PeM5 ,ihts?P he is e,e 6e, the ,ess,e /his /- ct,e6 st5te ? -hich c5/t c/,ehe6 the ,e5 ,e5s/ /, his se,i B wh3t it is th3

he is poo in2 li&e. " c5s5 istict 5sse,ts itse i hi& it st De s/eD/6s 5t th5t he is i 5 D56 -5. "s/? the Pie i6i5ti/P itse s//thes hi it is 5 e5s,e /, 5 -,etche6 6e+is t/sc/6& it i+es 5 siht Dt it/Jic5ti sese / /-e,. E/en pl3inti/eness 3n< co4pl3inin' c3n 'i/e li&e 3 ch34 &o thes3e o& which one en<ues it2 thee is 3 & ine <ose o& e/en'e in e/e! co4pl3int one ch3'es oneJs own ;3< situ3tionD 3n< un<e cet3in cicu4st3ncese/en oneJs own ;3<nessD to those who 3e <i&&eentD 3s i& th3t wee 3n inusticeD 3 &o;i<<en pi/ile'e. -& - 34 c3n3illeD !ou ou'ht to ;e too B on such

lo'ic 3e e/olutions 43<e. C/5ii is e+e, 5 //6& it stes ,/ -e5ess . @hethe one ch3'es oneJ4is&otune to othes o to onesel& B the soci3list <oes the &o4e the Chisti3nD &o e834pleD the l3tte B e3ll! 43es no <i&&eence. The co44on 3n<

let us 3<<D the unwoth! thin' is th3t it is suppose< to ;e so4e;o<!Js &3ult th3t one is su&&ein' in shotD th3t the se,e, ,esc,iDes theh/e / ,e+ee /, hise 55ist his se,i . The /DBects / this ee6 /, ,e+ee? 5s 5ee6 /, e5s,e? 5,e e,e /cc5si/s& e+e,-he,e the se,e, i6s /cc5si/s /, s5tisihis itte ,e+ee . -& he is 3 Chisti3n B to epe3t it once 4oe B he &in<s the4 in hi4sel&. The Chisti3n 3n< the 3n3chist 3e ;oth <ec3<ents

@hen the Chisti3n con<e4nsD sl3n<esD 3n< ;es4iches the wol<D his instinct is the s34e 3s th3t which po4pts the soci3list woe to con<e4nsl3n<eD 3n< ;es4ich societ!. The l3st u<'4ent is the sweet co4&ot o& e/en'e B the e/olutionD which the soci3list woe 3lso 3w3itsD ;ut concei/e<3s 3 little &3the o&&. The ;e!on< B wh! 3 ;e!on<D i& not 3s 3 4e3ns &o ;es4ichin' this wol<G



Utiit5,i5is

: < C"USING !"IN "N) S'OING $ENE;OLENCE "RE ")E OF T'E S"E ;EIN. T'EEN) RESULT OF $OT' IS TO INCRE"SE T'E !OER OF OUR ILLS O;ER T'OSE OF T'EOT'ERS. !ITY SEEKS TO INTER;ENE "N) T'OSE 'O SUCCU$ TO ITS TE!T"TIONSLOSE T'E STRENGT' OF T'EIR ILL.

NIET@SC'E 1887The 3! ScienceD p'. $6W

?n the doctrine of the feeling of power 9ene&itin' 3n< hutin' othes 3e w3!s o& e8ecisin' oneJs powe upon othes th3t is 3ll one <esies in suchc3ses. One huts those who4 one w3nts to &eel oneJs poweD &o p3in is 3 4uch 4oe e&&icient 4e3ns to th3t en< th3n ple3sue p3in 3lw3!s 3ises the

?uestion 3;out its oi'in while ple3sue is incline< to stop with itsel& without looin' ;3c. e Deeit 56 sh/- Dee+/ece t/th/se -h/ 5,e 5,e56 6ee6et / s i s/e -5 :-hich e5s th5t the 5,e se6 t/thii / s 5s c5ses< -e -5t t/ ic,e5se thei, /-e, Dec5se i th5t -5 -e ic,e5se /,s?/, -e -5t t/ sh/- the h/- 56+5t5e/s it is t/ De i /, /-e, th5t -5 the -i Dec/e/,e s5tisie6 -ith thei, c/6iti/ 56 /,e h/stie t/ 56 -ii t/ iht 55ist the eeies/ our /-e, .

@hethe ;ene&itin' o hutin' othes in/ol/es s3ci&ices &o us <oes not 3&&ect the ulti43te /3lue o& ou 3ctions. E/en i& we o&&e ou li/esD 3s 43t!s <o&o thei chuchD this is 3 s3ci&ice th3t is o&&ee< &o our <esie &o powe o &o the pupose o& pese/in' ou &eelin' o& powe. Those who &eel - possessTuthBhow 43n! possessions woul< the! not 3;3n<on in o<e to s3/e this &eelin'Q @h3t woul< the! not thow o/e;o3< to st3! on topBwhich4e3nsD above the othes who l3c the TuthQ

Ce,t5i the st5te i -hich -e h,t /the,s is ,5,e 5s 5,ee5De D in 3n un3<ulte3te< w3!D 5s th5t i -hich -e Deeit /the,s it is 5 si th5t -e 5,e sti 5ci /-e, ? /, it sh/-s 5 sese /,st,5ti/ i the 5ce / this /+e,t it is 5cc/5ie6 D e- 65e,s 56 ce,t5ities /,

-h5t /-e, -e 6/ /ssess? 56 c/6s /, h/,iz/ -ith the ,/sect / ,e+ee? sc/,?ishet? 56 5i,e . -t is onl! &o the 4ost iit3;le 3n< co/etous <e/otees o& the &eelin' o& powe th3t it is peh3ps 4oe ple3su3;leto i4pint the se3l o& powe on 3 ec3lcit3nt ;owBthose &o who4 the si'ht o& those who 3e 3le3<! su;ecte< (the o;ects o& ;ene/olence# is 3 ;u<en3n< ;oe<o4. @h3t is <ecisi/e is how one is 3ccusto4e< to spice oneJs li&e2 it is 3 43tte o& t3ste whethe one pe&es the slow o the su<<enD the 3ssue<o the <3n'eous 3n< 3u<3cious ince3se o& powe one sees this o th3t spice <epen<in' on oneJs te4pe34ent. n e3s! pe! is so4ethin' conte4pti;le&o pou< n3tues. The! &eel 'oo< onl! 3t the si'ht o& un;oen 4en who 4i'ht ;eco4e thei ene4ies 3n< 3t the si'ht o& 3ll possessions th3t 3e h3< toco4e ;!. '3inst one who is su&&ein' the! 3e o&ten h3< ;ec3use he is not woth! o& thei 3spi3tions 3n< pi<e ;ut the! 3e <ou;l! o;li'in' tow3<thei peers who4 it woul< ;e hono3;le to &i'ht i& the occ3sion shoul< e/e 3ise. Spue< ;! the 'oo< &eelin' o& this pespecti/eD the 4e4;es o& the

ni'htl! c3ste ;ec34e 3ccusto4e< to te3tin' e3ch othe with e8?uisite coutes!.!it is the /st 5,ee5De eei 5/th/se -h/ h5+e itte ,i6e 56 / ,/sects / ,e5t c/Mests /, the e5s ,e 56 th5t is

-h5t 5 -h/ se, 5,eis ech5ti. !it is ,5ise6 5s the +i,te / ,/stittes.

: < USING !"IN "N) !LE"SURE "S " )E;ICE TO "KE C"LCUL"TI;E )ECISIONS IS TO!ITY T'E ORL) "N) SI)E IT' SL";IS' OR"LITY. INSTE") E S'OUL) USEFORGETTING "S " E"NS TO ILL "$OUT T'E ETERN"L RETURN OF T'E S"E TO

"FFIR LIFE.

NIET@SC'E 18879e!on< oo< 3n< E/ilD 3phois4 %%5D p'. 0W

@hethe he<onis4D o pessi4is4D o utilit3i3nis4D o eu<3i4oni3nis4 B3ll these -5s / thii? -hich e5s,e the +5e/ this 5cc/,6i t/ e5s,e 56 5iD th3t isD 3cco<in' to contin'ent cicu4st3nces 3n< secon<3! issuesD 5,e w3!s o&

thinin' th3t st3! in the &oe'oun< 3n< 5]+et^s? -hich e+e,/e who nows 3;out ce3ti/e &oces 3n< 3n 3tistic conscience -i// 6/- /? /t -ith/t ,i6ice 56 /t -ith/t c/5ssi/. Co4p3ssion &o !ousel&Bth3t isD o& couseD not

co4p3ssion the w3! !ou 4e3n the te42 its /t it /, s/ci5 Pee6s?P /, Ps/cietP 56 its sic 56 ce/e? -ith th/se 6e,5+e6 56 D,/e 6/- ,/ the st5,t? 56 -ith the -5 the ie / the,/6 5 5,/6 se+e ess is it c/5ssi/ /, the ,Di /,esse6? the ,eDei/ss5+e c5sses? -h/ st,i+e /, 5ste,the c5 it PF,ee6/.P

O, it is 5 hihe, it -hich sees ,the,-e see h/- 5 is 5i hise s5e,? h/- / 5e hi s5e,56 the,e 5,e /ets -he -e // 5t /, it -ith 5 i6esc,iD5De5Jiet? -he,e -e 6ee6 /,se+es 55ist this c/5ssi/-he,e -e i6 /, se,i/sess/,e 65e,/s th5 5 c5,eessess. Y/ -5tD i& possi;leB3n< thee is no wil<e i& possi;leBt/ 6/ 5-5



-ith se,i. h5t 5D/t s4 It 6/es see th5t -e -/6 ,ee, it t/ De hihe, 56 -/,se th5it e+e, -5s e Dei? the -5 / 6e,st56 it = th5ts / /5. T/ s th5t //s ie 5 e6? 5c/6iti/ -hich ie6i5te 5es h5 Deis ,e6ic/s 56 c/tetiDe? s/ethi

-hich 5es thei, 6est,cti/ 6esi,5De



/,5it : < "TTE!TS TO CONSTR"IN "N) O;E TO"R)S " COLLECTI;E I)ENTITY "RE "N

"TTE!T TO CRE"TE " NE GO) OF T'E S!E"KER.

NIET@SC'E 1888Fe<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<olsD p' 06W

Let s i5 c/si6e, h/- 5i+e it is 5t/ethe, to say@ 0$an ought to be such and such '0 Beality

shows us 3n ench3ntin' we3lth o& t!pesD the 5D65ce / 5 5+ish 5 56 ch5e / /,s 56 s/e -,etche6 lo3&e o& 3 /,5ist c/ets& PN/ 5 /ht t/ De 6ie,et.P 'e e+e /-s -h5t 5sh/6 De ie? this wretched bigot and prig@ he paints himself on the wall and comments, 0Ccce homo' 0 9ut e/en when the 4o3list 3<<esses hi4sel& onl! to the sin'le hu43n ;ein' 3n< s3!s to hi4D ou ou'ht to ;e such 3n< suchQ he <oes not ce3se to43e hi4sel& i<iculous. The sin'le hu43n ;ein' is 3 piece o& &3tu4 &o4 the &ont 3n< &o4 the e3D one l3w 4oeD one necessit! 4oe &o 3ll th3t is !etto co4e 3n< to ;e. To s3! to hi4D Ch3n'e !ousel&Q is to <e43n< th3t e/e!thin' ;e ch3n'e<D e/en eto3cti/el!. n< in<ee< thee h3/e ;een consistent4o3lists who w3nte< 43n to ;e <i&&eentD th3t isD /ituous B the! w3nte< hi4 e43<e in thei own i43'eD 3s 3 pi'2 to th3t en<D the! ne'3te< the wol<QNo s43ll 43<nessQ No 4o<est in< o& i44o<est!Q

/,5it? is/5, 5s it c/6es /, its /- s5e? 56 /t /t / ,e5,6 /, the c/ce,s ?consi<e3tionsD 3n< conti/3nces / ie? is 5 seciic e,,/, -ith -hich /e /ht t/ h5+e / it anidiosyncrasy of degenerates which has caused immeasurable harm. @e othesD we i44o3listsD h3/eD con/esel!D 43<eoo4 in ou he3ts &o e/e! in< o& un<est3n<in'D co4pehen<in'D 3n< 3ppo/in'. @e <o not e3sil! ne'3te we 43e it 3 point o& hono to ;e 3&&i4es>oe 3n< 4oeD ou e!es h3/e opene< to th3t econo4! which nee<s 3n< nows how to utilize e/e!thin' th3t the hol! witlessness o& the piestD the<ise3se< e3son in the piestD eects B th3t econo4! in the l3w o& li&e which &in<s 3n 3</3nt3'e e/en in the <is'ustin' species o& the pi'sD the piestsD

the /ituous. @h3t 3</3nt3'eG 9ut we ousel/esD we i44o3listsD 3e the 3nswe.

: < TO SER;E 'IG'ER ;"LUES IS TO SU$IT TO REFINE) SER;ILITY IT IS "USTIFIC"TION FOR T'E !"T'OS OF !"SSI;ITY "N) )"NGEROUS STOICIS. INSTE")?

E UST REFUSE TO $E INSCRI$E) $Y T'E CYCLIC SYSTE "N) REFUSE TO GI;E OUR "CTIONS " 'IG'ER E"NING

NIET@SC'E 1887Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceD p' $1W

,ncon<ition3l <uties. " th/se -h/ ee the ee6 the st,/est -/,6s 56 s/6s? the /st e/Metest,es 56 /st,es? i /,6e, t/ De eecti+e 5t 5==sch 5s e/olution3! /itici5s? soci3listsD pe3ches o&

epent3nce with o without Chisti3nit!D 3ll o& who4 c3nnot tole3te se4isuccesst5 / P6ties ,0 and actually always of dutiesthat are supposed to be unconditional. 2ithout that they would lac& the ustification for their greatpathosD 3n< the! un<est3n< this /e! well. Ths the reach for moral philosophies that preach some categoricalimperati%e , or they ingest a goodly piece of religionD 3s >3zzini (iuseppe 1$57%# <i<D &o e834ple. $ec5se the6esi,e the c/6iti/5 c/i6ece / /the,s? the ee6 i,st / 5 t/ 6e+e/ c/6iti/5se=c/i6ece / the D5sis / s/e ti5te 56 i6ist5De c/56et th5t isihe,et sDie? 56 the -5t t/ ee ie? 56 De 5ccete6 5s? its se,+5ts 56 ist,ets .;ere we ha%e the most natural and usually %ery influential opponents of moral enlightenment ands&epticism ;ut the! 3e 3e. et 3 /e! co4pehensi/e cl3ss o& such opponents is to ;e &oun< whee/e sel&inteest e?uies su;4ission while

eput3tion 3n< hono see4 to pohi;it su;4ission. h/e+e, ees th5t his 6iit is ic/5tiDe -ith the th/ht/ Dei the ist,et / 5 ,ice /, 5 5,t /, sect o De/en woseD o& 3 &in3nci3l powes3!D ;ec3use he is 3&te 3ll the

<escen<3nt o& 3n ol< 3n< pou< &34il! == Dt -h/ e+e,theess -5ts t/ /, st De sch 5 ist,et De/,ehise 56 De/,e the Dic? ,eMi,es //s ,icies th5t c5 De /the6 5t 5 tie

,icies / s/e c/6iti/5 /Di5ti/ t/ -hich /e 5 sDit -ith/t sh5e. Befinedser%ility clings to the categorical imperati%e and is the mortal enemy of those who wish to depri%e duty ofits unconditional character th3t is wh3t <ecenc! <e43n<s o& the4D 3n< not onl! <ecenc!.

: < OR"LITY E"KENS T'E ;"LUE OF LIFE $Y CORR"LLING "N) $RE"KING IT OF ITS!RI)E "N) $E"UTY. IS CRE"TES ;"LUE IN E"KNESS "N) !ITY FOSTERING SICKNESS

"N) )EGENER"TION OF LIFE.

NIET@SC'E 1887&ie<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<olsD 556W

&istD tent3ti/e e834ple2 5t 5 ties /,5it h5s 5ie6 t/ Pi,/+eP e B this 3i4 is 3;o/e 3ll wh3t w3s c3lle<

4o3lit!. ,n<e the s34e wo<D howe/eD the 4ost <i/e'ent ten<encies h3/e ;een conce3le<. 9ut i,/+eetP h5s e5t D/th



t5i the De5st c5e6 5? 56 D,ee6i 5 5,tic5, i6 / 5. Such zoolo'ic3l concepts 3e e?uie< to

e8pess the e3lities B e3lities o& which the t!pic3l i4po/eD the piestD 3<4itte<l! neithe nows 3n!thin' no w3nts to now 3n!thin'. T/ c5the t5i / 5 5i5 its Pi,/+eetP s/6s 5/st ie 5 B/e t/ /, e5,s. 2hoe%er &nows what goes on in &ennels doubts that dogs are 0impro%ed0 there. They are wea&ened, they are made lessharmful, and through the depressi%e effect of fear, through pain, through wounds, and through hunger,they become sic&ly beasts. t is no different with the tamed man whom the priest has 0impro%ed.0 -n thee3l! >i<<le 'esD when the chuch w3s in<ee<D 3;o/e 3llD 3 ennelD the 4ost pe&ect speci4ens o& the ;lon< ;e3st wee hunte< <own e/e!whee 3n<the no;le TeutonsD &o e834pleD wee i4po/e<. 9ut how <i< such 3n i4po/e< Teuton loo 3&te he h3< ;een <3wn into 3 4on3ste!G =ie 3

c3ic3tue o& 43nD 3 4isc3i3'e2 he h56 Dec/e 5 Psie,?P he -5s stc i 5 c5e? t/,ete6 -ith 5 s/,ts/ 5i c/cets. "6 the,e he 5? sic? ise,5De? h5te t/ hise? / e+i eeis55ist the ises / his /- ie? / ssici/ 55ist 5 th5t -5s sti st,/ 56 h5 .-n shotD 3 Chisti3n. !hsi//ic5 se5i& i the st,e -ith De5sts? 5i the sic 5 Dethe / -5 t/ 5e the -e5. The ch,ch 6e,st//6 this& it sicee6 56 -e5ee6 5 56 D s/ 6/i Pi,/+e6P hi.

: < OR"LITY IS "NTI=N"TUR"L. IT IS " COUNTER=INTUITI;E )ENI"L OF 'U"NI!ULSE "N) N"TURE INTEN)E) TO ENCLOSE T'E ILL IT'IN T'E SELF IN T'EN"E OF T'E 'ER)? TO USTIFY T'E 'ER) OF T'E SELF.

Nietzsche 1887

Fie<ich The 3! ScienceD p'. 11711$W

He<-nstinct. he,e+e, -e eet -ith 5 /,5it -e i6 5 +55ti/ 56 /,6e, / ,5 / the h5ises 56 5cti+ities . These /3lu3tions 3n< o<es o& 3n 5,e always the expression of the needs of acommunity or herd @ that which is in the first place to its ad%antage 1 and in the second place and thirdplace 1 is also the authoritati%e standard for the worth of e%ery indi%idual . Gy morality the indi%idual istaught to become a function of the herd, and to ascribe to himself %alue only as a function . s the con<itions &othe 43inten3nce o& one co44unit! h3/e ;een /e! <i&&eent &o4 those o& 3nothe co44unit!D thee h3/e ;een /e! <i&&eent 4o3lities 3n< in espectto the &utue essenti3l t3ns&o43tions o& he<s 3n< co44unitiesD st3tes 3n< societiesD one c3n pophes! th3t thee will still ;e /e! <i/e'ent 4o3lities.

/,5it is the he,6=istict i the i6i+i65 .



Se,i: < T'E "FFAS "!!E"L TO T'E U)GE IS IN "TTE!T TO INTERN"LI@E T'E SUFFERINGOF T'EIR I!"CT SCEN"RIO. !"IN "N) SUFFERING "RE IN'ERENT CON)ITIONS OFLIFE? NOT "RGUENTS "G"INST T'E "LTERN"TI;EAS "FFIR"TION OF IT.

)E=E,ME $illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D UThe )icethowAD ' 1%+1W

-n o<e to un<est3n< the n3tue o& this in/ention we 4ust 3ssess the i4pot3nce o& 3 4oe 'ene3l po;le42 -h5t is the e5i /5i4 The e5i / eJistece is c/ete 6ee6et / it& eJistece is e5i / t/the eJtet th5t the 5i / eJistece h5s 5 e5i (,> ---D 5#. NowD p3in is 3 e3ction. Thus it 3ppe3s th3t its onl!4e3nin' consists in the possi;ilit! o& 3ctin' this e3ction o 3t le3st o& loc3lisin' itD isol3tin' its t3ceD in o<e to 3/oi< 3ll pop3'3tion until one c3n e3ct once 4oe. The 3cti/e 4e3nin' o& p3in thee&oe 3ppe3s 3s 3n e8ten3l 4e3nin'. -n o<e &o p3in to ;e u<'e< &o4 3n 3cti/e point o& /iew it 4ust ;e ept in the ele4ent o& its e8teioit!. Thee is 3 whole 3t in thisD 3n 3t which is th3t o& the 43stes. The 43stes h3/e 3 secet. The! now th3t p3inh3s onl! one 4e3nin'2 'i/in' ple3sue to so4eoneD 'i/in' ple3sue to so4eone who in&licts o conte4pl3tes p3in. -& the 3cti/e 43n is 3;le not to t3e hisown p3in seiousl! it is ;ec3use he 3lw3!s i43'ines so4eone to who4 it 'i/es ple3sue. -t is not &o nothin' th3t such 3n i43'in3tion is &oun< in the ;elie& in the 3cti/e 'o<s which people< the ee wol<2 UE/e! e/il the si'ht o& which e<i&ies 3 'o< is usti&ie<A . . . wh3t w3s 3t ;otto4 the ulti43te4e3nin' o& To3n @3s 3n< othe such t3'ic teosG Thee c3n ;e no <ou;t wh3te/e2 the! wee inten<e< 3s festival plas &o the 'o<s (> -- 7 p.

6+#. The,e is 5 te6ec t/ i+/e 5i 5s 5 5,et 55ist eJistece this -5 / 5,itestiies t/ 5 w3! o& thinin' which is <e3 to usD 3 ,e5cti+e -5. e /t / t /,se+es i the /siti/ /the /e -h/ se,s? Dt i the /siti/ / the 5 / ,essetiet -h/ / /e, 5cts his,e5cti/s. -t 4ust ;e un<estoo< th3t the 3cti/e 4e3nin' o& p3in 3ppe3s in othe pespecti/es2 5i is /t 5 5,et 55ist

ie? Dt? / the c/t,5,? 5 sti5t t/ ie? 5 D5it /, ie? 5 5,et i its 5+/, . Seei oe/en in&lictin' se,i is 5 st,ct,e / ie 5s 5cti+e ie? 5 5cti+e 5iest5ti/ / ie. !5i h5s 5ie6i5te e5i i 5+/, / ie& its eJte,5 e5i. Ou <elic3c! 3n< e/en 4oe ou t3tu&&e! esist 3 e3ll! /i/i< co4pehension o& the <e'ee to which cruelt constitute< the 'e3t &esti/3l ple3sue o& 4oe pi4iti/e 4en 3n< w3s in<ee< 3n in'e<ient o& 3l4oste/e! one o& thei ple3sues^@ithout cuelt! thee is no &esti/3l2 thus the lon'est 3n< 4ost 3ncient p3t o& hu43n histo! te3ches 3n< in punish4entthee is so 4uch th3t is &esti/eQ (> -- 6 p. 66 3n< p. 67*#. This is NietzscheAs conti;ution to 3 peculi3l! spiitu3l po;le42 wh3t is the 4e3nin' o& p3in3n< su&&ein'G @e 4ust 3<4ie the 3stonishin' in/ention o& the ;3< conscience 3ll the 4oe2 3 new 4e3nin' &o su&&ein'D an internal meaning. -t is no

lon'e 3 ?uestion o& 3ctin' oneAs p3inD no o& u<'in' it &o4 3n 3cti/e st3n<point. On the cont3!D one is nu4;e< 3'3inst p3in ;! p3ssion. Thepassion of the most sa%age”@ pain is made the conse+uence of a fault and the means of a sal%ation ) pain ishealed by manufacturing yet more pain, by internalising it still further) one tries to forget D th3t is to s3!D one

cues onesel& o& p3in D iecti the -/6 (> --- 15#. Nietzsche h3< 3le3<! pointe< out 3n essenti3l thesis in the (irth of Traged&t,5e6 6ies 5t the s5e tie 5s 6,55 Dec/es 5 i-5,6 c/ict 56 se,i isite,5ise6. 9ut who in/ents 3n< wills the inten3l 4e3nin' o& p3inG

: < T'E "FFAS ";ERSION TO SUFFERING )ENIES T'E GRE"TNESS OF T'E SOUL "N)SEES ONLY ISERY 'ERE T'ERE COUL) E>IST GRE"T STRENGT'.

NIET@SC'E 188% &e<ichD ;e!on< 'oo< 3n< e/ilD 3ph Y %%5D p'. 0%W

@hethe he<onis4D o pessi4is4D o utilit3i3nis4D o eu<3i4oni3nis4 (6#B3ll these w3!s o& thinin'D which 4e3sue the /3lue o& thin's 3cco<in' tople3sue 3n< p3inD th3t isD 3cco<in' to contin'ent cicu4st3nces 3n< secon<3! issuesD 3e w3!s o& thinin' in the &oe'oun< 3n< n3[/et\D whiche/e!one who nows 3;out ce3ti/e &oces 3n< 3n 3tistic conscience will loo <own onD not without i<icule 3n< not without co4p3ssion. Co4p3ssion

&o !ousel&Bth3t isD o& couseD not co4p3ssion the w3! !ou 4e3n the te42 itJs /t it /, s/ci5 Pee6s?P /, Ps/cietP 56its sic 56 c e/e? with those <ep3/e< 3n< ;oen <own &o4 the st3tD 3n< with the w3! the! lie on the 'oun< 3ll 3oun< us

Be+e ess is it c/5ssi/ /, the ,Di /,esse6? the ,eDei/s s5+e c5sses? -h/ st,i+e/, 5ste,the c5 it PF,ee6/.P

O, c/5ssi/ is 5 hihe, c/5ssi/ -hich sees ,the,-e see h/- 5 is 5i hises5e,? h/- / 5e hi s5e,56 the,e 5,e /ets -he -e // 5t /, c/5ssi/

-ith 5 i6esc,iD5De 5Jiet? -he,e we defend oursel%es against this compassion Bwhee we &in< !ou

seiousness 4oe <3n'eous th3n 3n! c3elessness. Y/ -5tD i& possi;leB3n< thee is no wil<e i& possi;leBt/ 6/ 5-5 -ithse,i . @h3t 3;out usG It 6/es see th5t -e -/6 ,ee, it t/ De hihe, 56 -/,se th5 it e+e,

-5s 2ell being, the way you understand it, that=s no goal. To us that loo&s li&e an end, a conditionwhich immediately ma&es human beings laughable and contemptible, something which ma&es theirdestruction desirable'



The ct,e / se,i? / ,e5t se,i? don=t you realize that up to this point it is only thissuffering which has created all the things which raise man up ( That tension of a so%l in ise!y whichde$elops its st!ength, its t!ebling when conf!onted with the g!eat dest!%ction, its in$enti$eness and co%!age in

bea!ing, holding o%t against, inte!p!eting, and %sing %nhappiness, and whate$e! has been confe!!ed %pon it by

way of p!of%ndity, sec!ecy, as's, spi!it, c%nning, and g!eatness@has that not been gi$en to it th!o%ghs%ffe!ing, th!o%gh the c%lti$ation of g!eat s%ffe!ingG

: < T'E "FF !"INTS T'E SUFFERING OF QQQQQQQQ :T'E OT'ER< ON T'E "LL OF T'EC";E TO GI;E T'EIR RESIST"NCE ;"LOR

NIET@SC'E 1887 Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceDD p' 117$W

The craving for suffering - @hen - thin o& the c3/in' to <o so4ethin'D which continu3ll! ticles 3n< spus those 4illions o& !oun' Euope3ns whoc3nnot en<ue thei ;oe<o4 3n< the4sel/esD then - e3lize th3t the! 4ust h3/e 3 c3/in' to su&&e 3n< to &in< in thei su&&ein' 3 po;3;le e3son &o

3ctionD &o <ee<s. Nee6iess is ee6e6 2ot ist n3tig.W 'ece the politicians= clamor, hence the 43n! &3lseD &ictitiousD

eJ5e,5te6 Pc/6iti/s / 6ist,essP o& 3ll sots o& cl3sses 56 the Di6 ,e56iess t/ Deie+e i the.These !oun' e/e 6e56 th5t/t h5iess Dt h5iess sh/6 5,/5ch ,/ the/tsi6e 56 Dec/e +isiDe 56 thei, imagination is busy in ad%ance to turn it into a monster so thatafterward they can fight a monster. -& these people who c3/e <istess &elt the sten'th insi<e the4sel/es to ;ene&it the4sel/es 3n< to <o

so4ethin' &o the4sel/es inten3ll!D then

the i the -/,6 -ith thei, c5/, 5D/t 6ist,ess 56 5 t// /teit,/6ce it it/ the eei / 6ist,ess. They do not &now what to do with themsel%es-and therefore paint the distress of others on the wall) they always need others' And continually other others' -Pardonme ? 4! &ien<s? ha%e %entured to paint my happiness on the wall.

: < TO L"UG' IN T'E F"CE OF E>TINCTION IS T'E ULTI"TE "SSERTION OF T'ES'ITTINESS OF T'E 'U"N E>ISTENCE $Y REO;ING US FRO T'E $UR)EN OF ITS!RESER;"TION

NIET@SC'E 1887Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceD p' 756W

G,565? man has become a fantastic animal that has to fulfill one more condition of existence thanany other animal@ man has to belie%e, to &now, from time to time why he exists his 3ce c3nnot &louish without 3

peio<ic tust in li&eBwithout &3ith in reason in life. n< 55i 56 again the human race will decree from time to time@0There is something at which it is absolutely forbidden henceforth to laugh .0 The most cautious friend ofman will add@ 0Not only laughter and gay wisdom but the tragic, too, with all its sublime unreason,belongs among the means and necessities of the preser%ation of the species.”



)e/c,5cVEM5it : < )EOCR"CYVEU"LITY ENT"ILS " LOERING OF !OSSI$ILITY TO T'E 'ER)ENT"LITY T'"T ER"SES CRE"TI;E !OTENTI"L IN T'E FOR OF T'E "STER=SL";EREL"TIONS'I!.

NE"N 2K0 S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 32 :16:6W

!/itic5 +5es 5s/ ,e- ,/ this /is//s ,//t. Fo Nietzsche +5es / eM5it and democracy D which &o4 the conestone o& 3<ic3l politic3l theo!D 5,/se /t / the s5+e ,e+/t i /,5it. They are generated bythe same spirit of re%enge and hatred of the powerful. Nietzsche thee&oe con<e4ns politic3l 4o/e4ents lie li;e3l <e4oc3c!D

soci3lis4D 3n< in<ee< 3n3chis4. 'e sees the 6e/c,5tic /+eet 5s 5 eJ,essi/ / the he,6=5i5/,5it 6e,i+e6 ,/ the 6e/=Ch,isti5 ,e+55ti/ / +5es. n3chis4 is &o Nietzsche the 4ost e8te4e

hei to <e4oc3tic /3lues the 4ost 3;i< e8pession o& the he< instinct. It sees t/ e+e the differences between indi%iduals,to abolish class distinctions, to raze hierarchies to the ground, and to e+ualize the powerful and thepowerless, the rich and the poor, the master and the sla%e . To Nietzsche this is bringing e%erything downto le%el of the lowest common denominator 11 to erase the pathos of distance between the master andsla%e, the sense of difference and superiority through which great %alues are created. Nietzsche sees thisas the worst excess of Curopean nihilism 11 the death of %alues and creati%ity.

: < EU"LITY $ECOES " OUT'!IECE FOR RESSENTIENT $Y NEG"TING !OSITI;E ;"LUES IN F";OR OF S"ENESS TO !RESER;E ITSELF.


Thus <o - spe3 unto !ou in p33;leD !e who 43e the soul 'i<<!D e ,e5che,s / EU"LITY T5,5t5s 5,e e t/e? 56 sec,et ,e+ee /es $t I -i s// D,i /, hi6i=5ces t/ the iht& the,e/,e6/ I 5h i /, 5ce 5hte, / the heiht. The,e/,e 6/ I te5, 5t /, -eD? th5t /, ,5e5 ,e / /t / /, 6e / ies? 56 th5t /, ,e+ee 5 e5 /,th ,/ Dehi6 /,

-/,6 PBstice.P $ec5se? FOR "N TO $E RE)EEE) FRO RE;ENGE==th5t is /, e the D,i6e t/ the hihest h/e? 56 5 ,5iD/- 5te, / st/,s. OthewiseD howe/eD woul< the t33ntul3s h3/e it. =et it

;e /e! ustice &o the wol< to ;eco4e &ull o& the sto4s o& ou /en'e3ncethus <o the! t3l to one 3nothe. "en'e3nce will we useD 3n< insultD 3'3inst3ll who 3e not lie usBthus <o the t33ntul3he3ts ple<'e the4sel/es. n< J@ill to E?u3lit!Jth3t itsel& sh3ll hence&oth ;e the n34e o& /itue 3n<3'3inst 3ll th3t h3th powe will we 3ise 3n outc!Q


h3/e - &oun< in the son the &3theJs e/e3le< secet. Isi,e6 /es the ,eseDe& Dt it is /t the he5,t th5tisi,eth the== Dt +ee5ce. "6 -he the Dec/e sDte 56 c/6? it is /t si,it? Dte+? th5t 5eth the s/. Thei e3lous! le3<eth the4 3lso into thinesJ p3ths 3n< this is the si'n o& thei e3lous!the! 3lw3!s 'o too&32 so th3t thei &3ti'ue h3th 3t l3st to 'o to sleep on the snow. -n 3ll thei l34ent3tions soun<eth /en'e3nceD in 3ll thei eulo'ies is 43le&icence 3n< ;ein' u<'e see4eth to the4 ;liss. 9ut thus <o - counsel !ouD 4! &ien<s2 <istust 3ll in who4 the i4pulse to punish is powe&ulQ The! 3e people o& ;3<

3ce 3n< line3'e out o& thei counten3nces pee the h3n'43n 3n< the sleuthhoun<. )ist,st 5 th/se -h/ t5 ch / thei, Bstice /erily, in their souls not only honey is lac&ing. And when they call themsel%es 0the good and ust,0 forget not, that for them to be Pharisees, nothing is lac&ing but11power' >! &ien<sD - will not ;e 4i8e< up 3n<

con&oun<e< with othes. Thee 3e those who pe3ch 4! <octine o& li&eD 3n< 3e 3t the s34e ti4e pe3ches o& e?u3lit!D 3n< t33ntul3s. Th3t the! spe3in &3/ou o& li&eD thou'h the! sit in thei <enD these poisonspi<esD 3n< with<3wn &o4 li&eis ;ec3use the! woul< thee;! <o inu!. To those woul<the! thee;! <o inu! who h3/e powe 3t pesent2 &o with those the pe3chin' o& <e3th is still 4ost 3t ho4e. @ee it othewiseD then woul< the

t33ntul3s te3ch othewise2 3n< the! the4sel/es wee &o4el! the ;est wol<43li'nes 3n< heetic;unes. ith these ,e5che,s /eM5it -i I /t De iJe6 56 c//6e d. 4or thus spea&eth ustice 9NT6 $C@ 0 $en are note+ual.0 And neither shall they become so' 2hat would be my lo%e to the 3uperman, if spa&e otherwise(



!/siti+e ;5e T/ Lie: < SL";IS' OR"LITY IS " FR"EORK )E;OI) OF !OSITI;E? LIFE "FFIRING

;"LUES "N) CO)ES.

NE"N 2K0S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 3ccesse<2 >3ch 16 6W

-n this w3! the s5+e ,e+/t i /,5it i+e,te6 the /De sste / +5es 56 De5 t/ eM5te //6 -ith the /-? the /-e,ess == the s5+e . This in/esion it,/6ce6 the e,ici/s si,it / ,e+ee56 h5t,e6 it/ the c,e5ti/ / +5es. The,e/,e /,5it D 3s we un<est3n< it? h56 its ,//ts i this

+ee will to power / the /-e,ess /+e, the /-e, == the ,e+/t / the s5+e 55ist the5ste,. It -5s ,/ this ie,cetiDe? sDte,,5e5 h5t,e6 th5t ,e- the +5es sDseMet5ss/ci5te6 -ith the //6 == it? 5t,is? eeess? etc. !/itic5 +5es 5s/ ,e- ,/ this/is//s ,//t. F/, Nietzsche? +5es / eM5it 56 6e/c,5c? -hich /, the c/,e,st/e/ ,56ic5 /itic5 the/,? 5,/se /t / the s5+e ,e+/t i /,5it. The 5,e ee,5te6 D thes5e si,it / ,e+ee 56 h5t,e6 / the /-e,. Nietzsche thee&oe con<e4ns politic3l 4o/e4ents lie li;e3l<e4oc3c!D soci3lis4D 3n< in<ee< 3n3chis4. He sees the <e4oc3tic 4o/e4ent 3s 3n e8pession o& the herd-animal moralit <ei/e< &o4 the u<eoChisti3n e/3lu3tion o& /3lues.6W n3chis4 is &o Nietzsche the 4ost e8te4e hei to <e4oc3tic /3lues the 4ost 3;i< e8pession o& the he<instinct. -t sees to le/el the <i&&eences ;etween in<i/i<u3lsD to 3;olish cl3ss <istinctionsD to 3ze hie3chies to the 'oun<D 3n< to e?u3lize the powe&ul

3n< the powelessD the ich 3n< the pooD the 43ste 3n< the sl3/e. T/ Nietzsche this is D,ii e+e,thi 6/- t/ e+e/ the /-est c// 6e/i5t/, == t/ e,5se the pathos of distance Det-ee the 5ste, 56s5+e ? the sese / 6ie,ece 56 se,i/,it th,/h -hich ,e5t +5es 5,e c,e5te6. Nietzschesees this 5s the -/,st eJcess / E,/e5 ihiis == the 6e5th / +5es 56 c,e5ti+it.

http://80-muse.jhu.edu.proxy.wichita.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v004/4.3newman.html#fn6




e/,V;i/ece

( # >E>OR EERTS "-O=ENCE S >ECHN-S> OF >OR=-MT-ON N) ENFORC-N THE SCET-C -)E=

NIET@SC'E 1887ene3lo'! o& >o3lsD secon< ess3! uilt^ p'. 0+7 in The 93sic @itin's o& NietzscheW

'/- c5 /e c,e5te 5 e/, /, the h5 3ni43lG How c3n one i4pess so4ethin' upon this p3tl! o;tuseD p3tl! &li'ht!4in<D 3ttune< onl! to the p3ssin' 4o4entD in such 3 w3! th3t it will st3! theeG One c3n well ;elie/e th3t the 5s-e,s 56 eth/6s /,s/+i this ,ie+5 ,/De -e,e /t ,ecise ete peh3ps in<ee<A the,e -5s /thi /,ee5, 3n< unc3nn! in the whole pehisto! o& 43n th5 his e/techics. I s/ethi is t/ st5 i thee/, it st De D,e6 i& / th5t -hich e+e, ce5ses t/ h,t st5s i the e/, Bthis is 343in cl3use o& the ol<est (unh3ppil! 3lso the 4ost en<uin'# ps!cholo'! on e3th. One 4i'ht e/en s3! th3t whee/e on e3th sole4nit!D seiousnessD4!ste!D 3n< 'loo4! coloin' still <istin'uish the li&e o& 43n 3n< 3 peopleD so4ethin' o& the teo th3t &o4el! 3tten<e< 3ll po4isesD ple<'esD 3n<

/ows on e3th is still e&&ecti/e2 the p3stD the lon'estD <eepest 3n< stenest p3stD ;e3thes upon us 3n< ises up in us whene/e we ;eco4e seious.$an could ne%er do without blood, torture, and sacrifices when he felt the need to create a memory forhimself the 4ost <e3<&ul s3ci&ices 3n< ple<'es (s3ci&ices o& the &ist;on 34on' the4#D the 4ost epulsi/e 4util3tions (c3st3tionD &o e834ple#Dthe cuelest ites o& 3ll the eli'ious cults (3n< 3ll eli'ions 3e 3t the <eepest le/el s!ste4s o& cuelties# B3ll this h3s its oi'in in the instinct th3t e3lize<

th3t 5i is the /st /-e, 5i6 t/ e/ics. -n 3 cet3in senseD the -h/e / 5sceticis De/she,e 5 e- i6e5s 5,e t/ De ,e6e,e6 ieJtiish5De? e+e,=,eset? /,ett5De? iJe6? -ith

the 5i / hypnotizing the entire ner%ous and intellectual system with these *fixed ideas”-and asceticprocedures 3n< 4o<es o& li&e 5,e e5s / ,eei these i6e5s ,/ the c/etiti/ / 5 /the, i6e5s D so

3s t/ 5e the /,ett5De .” The wose 43nAs 4e4o! h3s ;eenD the 4oe &e3&ul h3s ;een the 3ppe33nce o& his custo4s these/eit! o& the pen3l co<e po/i<es 3n especi3ll! si'ni&ic3nt 4e3sue o& the <e'ee o& e&&ot nee<e< to o/eco4e &o'et&ulness 3n< to i4pose 3 &ewpi4iti/e <e43n<s o& soci3l e8istence 3s pesent e3lities upon these sl3/es o& 4o4ent3! 3&&ect 3n< <esie.



Fi5t "s Re5cti+e: < RESSENTIENT IS !"SSI;ITY T'"T IS FELT $UT NOT "CTE). UTILIT"RI"N "N)OR"L "N"LYSIS NECESSIT"TES T'E NEE) FOR E;IL.

)E=E,ME $illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D p. 11711+W

3ssi/it!. I ,essetiet h5iess 5e5,s esseti5 5s 5 5,c/tic 6,D estD pe3ceD Us3;;3thAD sl3cenin' o

tension 3n< el38in' o& li4;sD in shot p3ssi/el! (> 11 p. $#. I Nietzsche 5ssi+e 6/es /t e5 /=5cti+e/=5cti+e e5s ,e5cti+e Dt 5ssi+e e5s /=5cte6. The / thi th5t is 5ssi+eis ,e5cti/ is/5, 5s it is /t 5cte6. The term *passi%e” stands for the triumph of reaction, themoment when, ceasing to be acted, it becomes a ressentiment . The 43n o& essenti4ent <oes not now how to 3n< <oes not w3nt to lo/eD ;ut w3nts to ;e lo/e<. He w3nts to ;e lo/e<D &e<D w3tee<D c3esse< 3n< put to sleep. He is the i4potentD the <!spepticD the &i'i<D theinso4ni3cD the sl3/e. Futhe4oe the 43n o& essenti4ent is e8te4el! touch!2 &3ce< with 3ll the 3cti/ities he c3nnot un<et3e he consi<es th3tD 3t the /e! le3stD he ou'ht to ;e co4pens3te< ;! ;ene&itin' &o4 the4. He thee&oe consi<es it 3 poo& o& o;/ious 43lice th3t he is not lo/e<D th3t he is not&e<. The 43n o& essenti4ent is the 43n o& po&it 3n< '3in. >oeo/eD essenti4ent coul< onl! ;e i4pose< on the wol< thou'h the tiu4ph o& thepinciple o& '3inD ;! 43in' po&it not onl! 3 <esie 3n< 3 w3! o& thinin' ;ut 3n econo4icD soci3l 3n< theolo'ic3l s!ste4D 3 co4plete s!ste4D 3 <i/ine

4ech3nis4. " 5i,e t/ ,ec/ize ,/it this is the the//ic5 c,ie 56 the / c,ie 55istthe si,it. t is in this sense that sla%es ha%e a morality, and that this morality is that of utility (9E %6#. @e

3se<2 -h/ c/si6e,s 5cti/ ,/ the st56/it / its tiit /, h5,essG n< e/en2 who consi<es 3ction&o4 the st3n<point o& 'oo< 3n< e/ilD o& p3isewothiness 3n< ;l34ewothinessG -& we e/iew 3ll the ?u3lities th3t 4o3lit! c3lls p3isewoth! o 'oo<

in the4sel/esD &o e834pleD the ince<i;le notion o& <isinteeste<nessD we e3lize th3t the c/ce5 the 6e56s 56,ec,ii5ti/s / 5 5ssi+e thi,6 5,t& it is he -h/ c5is 5 ite,est i 5cti/s th5t he 6/es/t e,/, he ,5ises the 6isite,este6 ch5,5cte, / ,ecise the 5cti/s ,/ -hich he

Deeits.A_ /,5it in itsel& c/ce5s the tiit5,i5 st56/it Dt tiit5,i5is c/ce5s thest56/it / the 5ssi+e thi,6 5,t? the t,ih5t st56/it / 5 s5+e -h/ ite,+ees

Det-ee 5ste,s. The i4put3tion o& won'sD the <isti;ution o& esponsi;ilitiesD pepetu3l 3ccus3tion. ll this epl3ces 3''ession. The3''essi/e p3thos ;elon's ust 3s necess3il! to sten'th 3s /en'e&ulness 3n< 3nco ;elon' to we3ness (EH - 7 p. %%#. Consi<ein' '3in 3s 3 i'htDconsi<ein' it 3 i'ht to po&it &o4 3ctions th3t he <oes not pe&o4D the 43n o& essenti4ent ;e3s out in ;itte epo3ches 3s soon 3s his e8pect3tions3e <is3ppointe<. n< how coul< the! not he <is3ppointe<D since &ust3tion 3n< e/en'e 3e the 3 piois o& essenti4entG -t is !ou &3ult i& no one lo/es4eD it is !ou &3ult i& -A/e &3ile< in li&e 3n< 3lso !ou &3ult i& !ou &3il in !ousD !ou 4is&otunes 3n< 4ine 3e e?u3ll! !ou &3ult. Hee we e<isco/e the

<e3<&ul &e4inine powe2 it is not content to <enounce ci4es 3n< ci4in3lsD it w3nts sinnesD people who 3e esponsi;le. @e c3n 'uess wh3t thec,e5t,e / ,essetiet -5ts2 he w3nts othes to ;e e/ilD he ee6s /the,s t/ De e+i i /,6e, t/ De 5De t/c/si6e, hise //6. Y/ 5,e e+i? the,e/,e I 5 //6 this is the s5+eAs 65et5/,5 , it e8pesses the 43in point o& essenti4ent &o4 the t!polo'ic3l point o& /iewD it su443izes 3n< ;in's to'ethe 3ll the pece<in'

ch33cteistics. This &o4ul3 4ust ;e co4p3e< with th3t o& the 43ste2 - 34 'oo<D thee&oe !ou 3e e/il.D The <i&&eence ;etween the two 4e3sues thee/olt o& the sl3/e 3n< his tiu4ph2 This in/esion o& the /3lue positin' e!e^ . is o& the essence o& essenti4ent2 in o<e to e8istD sl3/e 4o3lit! 3lw3!s

&ist nee<s 3 hostile wol< (> 11 pp. 6B7#. The s5+e ee6s? t/ set the /the, 5s e+i ,/ the /tset .



Feiis( # FE>-N-S>AS RE"-STT-ON OF THE E"-=S OF TR-RCH CONST-T,TE N ECONO> OFRESSENT->ENT 9 TTE>T-N CRET-"E >ONOO= ON THE OO) THRO,H RE"=,T-ON N) CO,NTEROR)ER. TH-S )OO>S THE-R ROECT TO STT-C NET-"-T N)CONTR)-CT-ON 9EC,SE -T -S )EF-NE) 9SE= -N OOS-T-ON TO TR-RCH.

STRINGER 2K0Mebecca, #+ Nietzschean !eed”, p"DE-D6]

Eessentiment 'i/es ;ith to 4o3ls 3t the s34e ti4e th3t it co4es to se/e 3s 3 4e3ns o& i<entit! &o43tionD 3n< on the pl3ne o& the politic3l the concept

c3n ;e use< to <iscen the pocess thou'h which ne'3ti/e 3n< nont3ns&o43ti/e politic3l i<entities 3e 3chie/e<. The eei/ /-e,essess 56 the eJe,iece / se,i 5,e 5-5s 5t the ,//t / ,essetiet Bwhethe

incue< 3s 3 esult o& 3 loss o& powe (the no;le &oce< to sl3/e!# o 3 pepetu3l st3te o& powelessness (the oi'in3l sl3/e#. I the c3se o&

eiis? the 65e, / ,essetiet ,esets itse -ith the 6esi,e t/ c/te, the /,ces th5th5+e c5se6 -/eAs /,essi/ hist/,ic5. Bessentiment feminism can be understood D to use

e3t43nAs te4D 5s 5 ,e5cti+e ,/Bect / s,+i+5. 0 s suchD this eiis /,s its /itic5 i6etit i5cc/,65ce -ith the t5ctic / i+e,si/? 56 its //siti/ t/ the s/ci/ct,5 c/i,5ti/sth5t h5+e ,/+e6 iB,i/s t/ -/e is /ti+5te6 D the -i t/ ,e+e,se these c/i,5ti/s. Thise/es3l occusD 3t 3n i43'ine< o <iscusi/e le/elB which us not to s3! th3t it <oes not h3/e e3l e&&ectsB3t the ;ith o& &e4inist 4o3ls oD 4oespeci&ic3ll!D when this &e4inis4 co4es to e?u3te wo4enAs powelessness with wo4enAs 'oo<ness. s e3t43n <esci;esD echoin' the concens o& the

popul3 pess &e4inists <e3lt with 3;o/eD Sch 5 eiis is c/itte6 t/ 6isc/+e,i -h5t is //6 i -/eAs 6isticti+e -5s / ,e5ti 56 6/i this 56 e6s ceeD,5ti 5s +i,tes 5th/se 5sects / the i6etit / the /,esse6 -hich 5,e 5ss/ci5te6 -ith st,5teic se=,ese,+5ti/ i 5 c/6iti/ / -e5ess.01 Si4il3l!D 9own co44ents th3t this eiis 5e+e,st/-5,6 5tt5ii si5, ,ch5se / Hthe //6.” 0% Fo this &e4inis4D 5t,i5,ch 5sses the5e5,5ce / 5 sste th5t eB/s the ,i+iee / hi6e,e6 5cti+it 2 p3ti3ch! is 3 &oce which <oes notsep33te itsel& &o4 its e&&ects o its 43ni&est3tions. This &e4inis4 will 3tte4pt to &o'e such 3 sep33tion ;! c3stin' the 3cti/it! o& p3ti3ch! 3s the ;l34ewoth! c3use o& inu!D 3s 3 &oce th3t 4ust ;e sep33te< &o4 its 43ni&est3tions (the <oe posite< ;e!on< the <ee<# 3n< ;e 43<e 3ccount3;le &oits e&&ects. @ith the into<uction o& 3ccount3;ilit! thou'h 3ccus3tionD this &e4inis4 c3sts itsel& 3n< its constituenc! 3s the <ese/in' ce<itos. Howe/ethe less o;/ious co4p3nion o& this ce<it cl3i4 is 3n in/est4ent inD o in<e;te<ness toD the powe el3tionship &o4 which it is el3;o3te<. Nietzsche

notes th3t the c,e5t,e / ,essetiet ,eMi,es 5 h/stie -/,6 i /,6e, t/ eJist& hee this e5sth5t the e+is / 5t,i5,ch Dtt,ess this eiisAs /,5 i6etit 56 se,+e 5s 5 ecess5,,es/,ce /, its s,+i+5 !# #. -n this senseD this eiis is i6eDte6 t/ the c/i,5ti/ / /-e,55ist -hich it is sit5te6? 3n in<e;te<ness th5t h5s t-/ eects2 &o e3t43nD it ,ese,+es the i6etit /the /,esse6 sDBect &o 9ownD it in3</etentl! ,e6,5-s the +e, c/i,5ti/s 56 eects //-e, th5t it sees t/ +5Mish. s with the pe/ious set o& wites - <iscusse<D 9ownD e3tn3nD 3n< T3ppe sh3e the concenth3t the politics o& essenti4ent le3<s &e4inists to position the4sel/es politic3ll! in 3 4o3ll! supeio e3l4 outsi<e o& powe. -n this e3l4Bthe43'insD the ;otto4 o& the hie3ch!Bp3ticip3tin' in powe is 3<4onishe< 3s 3n un&e4inist 3ct th3t is e?u3te< with un<e4oc3tic <o4in3tion. Oneo& the pi43! points &oun< in e3ch o& thei citi?ues is th3t this e3l4 is no less i4plic3te< in 3 will to powe 3n< no less pone to the <esie to <o4in3teth3n is the centeD the top o& the hie3ch!. The Fench wo< essenti4entD &o4 which the En'lish esent4ent w3s <ei/e<D co44onl! <enotes 3 st3te o&e/en'e&ul 3nco po<uce< 3s 3n e&&ect o& 3n inuious encounte. The wo< esent conu'3tes the pe&i8 eD which <esi'n3tes ;oth epetition 3n< ;3cw3< 4otionD with sentD which co4es &o4 the =3tin /e; sentieD to &eel. Thus essenti4ent pet3ins to e3cti/e &eelin's epe3te<l! &elt 3n<<esi'n3tes 3 ps!cholo'ic3l st3te th3t is 3lw3!s 3n< onl! el3tion3l2 esent4ent is 3lw3!s the po<uct o& inte3ction ;etween inue< &oces 3n< inuin'&oces (&o4 the h34&ul 3ctions o& 3 t!3nnic3l peson to the 4oe 'ene3l con<ition o& hu43n su&&ein'#D 3n< it 3lw3!s po<uces in tun 3 e3cti/e<esie on the p3t o& the inue< to e83ct eti;ution &o4 the inuin' (thei 3ss3il3ntD li&e#. s nn3 e3t43n notesD ressentiment 43es sense to 3

su;ect who is s!ste43tic3ll! ;ut3lize< 3n< e8ploite< ;! 4oe powe&ul &oces. Ressetiet is 5 ec// / e5ti+e5ect ,5the, th5 5 5ect i itse& it is 5 c/i,5ti/ / e/ti/s -he,ei 5i is c/st5t,eeDe,e6 56 ,e+isite6? 56 i -hich h5t,e6 56 the 6esi,e /, ,e+ee 5,e c/st5t

,ee-e6. h5t is /st i/,t5t /, /, ,/ses is the /it 5t -hich ,essetiet Dec/esc,e5ti+e2 th3t isD the /it 5t -hich it Dec/es 5 c/6iti/ / /ssiDiit 56 ce5ses t/ hesi 5 c/6iti/.



)e+e/et( # O"ERT RE),CT-ON N) OTHER )E"E=O>ENT= >THS @ORK THRO,H E>OT-ON=-)ENT-F-CT-ON -N OR)ER TO RO),CE FEE=-N OF CONCERNE) )-STNCE N) S,ER-OR-TDGBCCNI BC33CNT$CNT AN PT5.CORN"LL 2K(n<e3D -nstitute o& )e/elop4ent Stu<iesD ,ni/esit! o& Susse8D Octo;e @h3t <o 9uzzwo<s <o &o )e/elop4ent olic!G citic3l loo 3tUp3ticip3tionAD Ue4powe4entA3n< Upo/et! e<uctionAD Thi< @ol< %a!te!ly D6"), pp" ?4>-?6]

@e 3'ue in this p3pe th3t 5,tici5ti/ 56 e/-e,et? -/,6s th5t se5 / the 565De 5i /

enabling poor people to ha%e %oice and choice , ha%e now come to symbolise the legitimacy to pursuetodays generation of de%elopment blueprints, under the rubric of po%erty reduction. -n the te8ts o& 43inste34

<e/elop4ent 3'enciesD this t,i56 / H//6 thisA is used to pur%ey a storyline that situates them as guardiansof rightness and champions of progress. This storyline is 4oe th3n utopi3nD in SoelAs sense2 4oe th3n 3n e8ecise in

intellectu3l constuction. -t c/es iDe6 -ith /-e, ths 5D/t the 6esi,5Diit / 6//, c/=/,6i5ti/ , policy coherence and a series of embedded assumptions about the doing of de%elopment that place entrenched ideas and practices under1girding the de%elopment industry entirely beyond +uestion.

Soel conten<s2 ths 5,e /t 6esc,iti/s / this? Dt eJ,essi/s / 5 6ete,i5ti/ t/ 5ct. "th c5/t De ,ete6 sice it is? 5t D/tt/? i6etic5 -ith the c/+icti/s / 5 ,/ . >!ths

s3&e'u3< utopi3sD Soel 3'ues. The st3te4ents o& intent th3t constitute the policies o& ite,5ti/5 6e+e/et 5ecies 5ithe M5ities / th ,ecise Dec5se the 5,e D/, / c/+icti/s. They see& to call us to action,

name what we can do, and ma&e us into agents of the possible . =ie 3ll success&ul i<eolo'iesD the -/, Dec5sethe 6/ /,e th5 c/+e 5 //6 5,et the c/e e/e t/ iste Dec5se thethese+es 5,e the 5i ,/t5/ists / the st/,. e%elopment myths wor& through emotionalidentificationD not thou'h 3tion3lit! the! ;uil< 3n< sust3in the &eelin' o& con/iction th3t people nee< in o<e to ;e 3;le to 3ct. G//65,et h5s its 5ce he,e? Dt is sec/65, t/ s/ethi th5t is / Mite 5 6ie,et /,6e,& 5eei / ,ihtess? D5ce6 D the c,e5ti/ / /,5ti+e ist,ets? lie the >)sD -hich se,+e 55/st ce,e/i5 cti/ i D/ste,i 5 eei / t/ethe,ess 56 ,/seess? / 5

+isi/5, /5 t/-5,6s -hich t/ st,i+e. 9ut ;uzzwo<s 3e 4oe th3n pepwo<s. Thei use in <e/elop4ent <iscouse is not ust topo4ote 3 wec3n<oit ;oost. The utopi3s th3t 3e shoe< up ;! <e/elop4ent 4!ths 3n< ;olstee< ;! ;uzzwo<s 3e po&oun<l! i<eolo'ic3lconstuctions. -nten3tion3l <e/elop4ent o'3nis3tions 43! 3ppe3 to h3/e 3ppopi3te< concepts once use< ;! 3<ic3l 3lten3ti/e 4o/e4entsD ;ut the!h3/e not necess3il! sw3llowe< the4 whole. E&&ots to po4ote p3ticul3 concepts within these institutions h3/e po<uce< p3ti3l /ictoies. ctonetwos line< to ;o3<eD o/el3ppin' netwos o& 3</oc3tes 3n< 3cti/ists in ci/il societ! o'3nis3tions h3/e sou'ht to '3in oo4 &o 43noeu/e withinthei own institutionsD l3'e p3ts o& which 43! e43in entiel! unesponsi/e to new i<e3s. To t3l o& te4s ;ein' coopte< is to 3ssu4e th3t ;uzzwo<sh3/e sin'ul3 4e3nin's. 9ut ;uzzwo<s 3e use&ul in polic! st3te4ents ;ec3use the! 3e &uzzwo<s. Thei popensit! to shelte 4ultiple 4e3nin's

43es the4 politic3ll! e8pe<ientD shiel<in' those who use the4 &o4 3tt3c ;! len<in' the possi;ilit! o& co44on 4e3nin' to e8te4el! <isp33te 3ctos

( # THE S-R-T OF CHR-T FF-R>S STT-C OS-T-ONS OF "-CT->HOO) N) SER"ES TO >SKTHE C,SE OF O"ERT -N THE N>E OF RESENT- NI T;C 2C3T A3 T;C $6BA: AFT6B. @"ROSKY 2K0Chistin3D =ectue s!chi3t! >cill ,ni/esit!D lo;3l He3lth olic!D =oc3l Re3lities2 the &3ll3c! o& the le/el pl3!in' &iel<D e<s. =. @ hitefo!d O C"9ande!son, p"?8E]

" i/,t5t c//et / the /6e, ,5ctice / ch5,it is the e/ti/ / it? 56 thet5 ,ec/iti/ / ieM5it th5t this e/ti/ 5,s . The discourse of pity and charity in%o&es dyadic emotional ties, erasing the %isibility of the structural ine+uality that ma&es these discoursespossible. Howe/eD the p3ctice o& pit! is not 3 pi/3teD intepeson3l t3ns3ction. The lon' t3<ition o& Chisti3n ch3it!D o& which hu43nit3i3nis4

is 3n i4pot3nt 4o<en /esionD <e/elope< in 3 st3ti&ie< societ!. !it 6/es /t e,5se /-e, 6ie,eces? Dt ,ei/,ces

the? D ,/+i6i e/ti/5 56 /,5 +55ti/ / 5t,/=ciet ,e5ti/shis. -n Ethiopi3D open

3ppe3ls to pit! wee 3l4ost ne/e 43<e ;! e/en the pooest So43li e&u'ees o etunees with who4 - inte3cte<D ;ut wee &e?uentl! 43<e 3n< 3l4ost3cco4p3nie< ;! ph!sic3l 'estues o& su;o<in3tionD such 3s ;owin' the he3< 3n< 43in' whi4pein' noisesD ;! <estitute 4h3ic etunees 3n< ;e''3s. 4h3ic societ! is 4uch 4oe st3ti&ie< 3n< hie3chic3l th3n So43li societ!. The e/olution o& pit! ;! 4h3ic ;e''3s 3n< e&u'ees w3s 3n

3tte4pt to o;t3in 3ssist3nce pecisel! thou'h o&&ein' eco'nitionD 3n< ein&oce4entD o& the st3ti&ic3tion o& 4h3ic societ!. The 5e5s t/it 56 eJ,essi/ / it D 2estern donors, indi%idual and corporate, do the same thing on a global scale, but without the ac&nowledgement that this global society is structurally D 3n< not si4pl! 3cci<ent3ll! 3n<

te4po3il!D st,5tiie6 .



E+i,/etT'E !ROECT OF CONST"NT ECOLOGIC"L INTER;ENTION FUELS T'E GROING!RO$LES. IT IS " )ECL"R"TION T'"T N"TURE IS NOT ENOUG' FOR E>ISTENCE TO $E!OSITI;E. T'IS IS " NI'ILISTIC FR"EORK FOR E;"LU"TING N"TURE.C'ORTER 92=3<elleD 'uilt 3s 4anageent technology”, pg" ?-4]

Thinin' to<3! 4ust concen itsel& with the e3th. he,e+e, -e t, B on newsst3n<sD on the 3iw3/esD 3n< in e/en the 4ost c3su3l o&

con/es3tions e/e!whee B -e 5,e i65te6 D ,e6icti/s / ec//ic5 c5t5st,/he 56 /ici656//. n< 43n! o& these pe<ictions ;e3 the4sel/es out in ou own e8peience. e now i+e -ith the u'l! p3in&ulD 3n< i4po/eishin'

conse?uences o& <ec3<es o& technolo'ic3l inno/3tion 3n< e8p3nsion without est3intD o& 3t le3st 5 cet, / disastrous *naturalresource management” policiesD 3n< o& 4oe th3n two centuies o& /itu3ll! unchece< in<usti3l pollution B conse?uences th3t inclu<e the&3ct th3t 4illions o& us on 3n! 'i/en us <!in' o& <ise3ses 3n< 43lnutition th3t 3e the esults o& hu43nl! po<uce< ecolo'ic3l <e/3st3tion the &3ct th3tthous3n<s o& species now in e8istence will no lon'eD e8ist on this pl3net ;! the tun o& the centu! the &3ct th3t ou pl3netAs cli43te h3s ;een 3ltee<D

po;3;l! ie/esi;l! ;! the c3;on <io8i<e 3n< chloo&luooc3;ons we h3/e hee<lessl! poue< into ou 3t4osphee 3n< the 4in<;o''lin' &3ct th3t it5 /- De -ithi h5itAs /-e, t/ 6est,/ 5 ie / this /De .6ur usual response to such prophecies of doom is to i'noe the4 o when we c3nnot <o th3tD to sc,5De t/ i6s/e -5 t/ 55e /, ,/Des , some +uic& solution, some technological fix. Gut o%er and o%eragain new resource management techni+ues new solutions, new technologies disrupt <elic3te sstes e+e,the, 6/i sti /,e 655e t/ 5 5et 5,e56 65e,/s /t / ec//ic5 balance 6urceaseless inter%entions seem only to ma&e things worse , to perpetuate a cycle of cycle of human acti%ity,followed by a new ecological disaster followed by human inter%ention, &ollowe< ;! 3 new <is3ste o& 3nothe in<. -n fact

it woul< 3ppe3 th3t /, t,i t/ 6/ this? ch5e this? iJ this c5/t De the s/ti/ Dec5se it 55,t / the ,/De itse .

The 6esi,e t/ c/t,/ the e+i,/et is ,//te6 i 5 ,e5cti+e -i t/ /-e, ;icez/ % (oseph D o&esso o& hilosoph! 3t @3lsh ,ni/esit!D NietzscheJs ni43l >en3'eie2 =essons in )eep Ecolo'!D >os3ic 2 3 oun3l&o the -nte<isciplin3! Stu<! o& =ite3tue. @innipe'2 )ec."ol. +D -ss. 0 p'. 61D 16 p's#- popose to show th3t Nietzsches 5i5s in Thus Spoe M33thust3 ,/+i6e ess/s i 6ee ec// in 3ll &ou w3!s <esi'n3te< ;! Ecc! <e on'eD inso&3 3s2 the! si'ni&! <eep thinin' concenin' the el3tionship ;etween hu43nit! 3n< n3tue the 56+/c5te 5 e5,th=cet,e6 ethics ,/6e6 i 5 et5hsics / the -i t/ /-e, the! te3ch 3 theo! o& 'e3t politics oote< in the ce3tion o&

e3thcente< /3lues 3n< the ,e+e5 the ,e+e,s5 i the hie,5,ch / /,ces=,/ ,e5cti+e t/ 5cti+e=ecess5, /,5cti+e 6e5i -ith e+i,/et5 6e+5st5ti/. - will suppot this thesis thou'h 3n intepet3tion o& 3 s43ll nu4;e o& 3ni43li43'es &o4 the 'e3t 3ni43l 4en3'eie th3t Nietzsche o&&es in Thus Spoe M33thust3D showin' th3t the t3ns&o43tion in the <e/elop4ent o&

hu43nit! c3lle< &o ;! 6ee ec// -i 5,ise neithe ,/ e/olution3! politic3l hetoicD no &o4 4o<en scienceD ;ut &o4 5/+e,c/i / the t,ih / ,e5cti+e /,ce . The pincip3l <octines o& Thus Spoe M33thust3 h3/e ;een e834ine< &o4 3 nu4;eo& pespecti/es. @h3t h3s not ;een 'i/en <ue consi<e3tionD howe/eD is the o/e3ll the4e o& the ;oo. This cent3l the4e is soun<e< e8plicitl! 3t the ;e'innin' o& the wo in Section o& the olo'ueD it ecus e8plicitl! 3n< in <is'uise< &o4s thou'hout the ;ooD 3n< it echoes eni'43tic3ll! 3t the en<.=ie 4usic3l /3i3tions on 3 the4eD it <e&ines the wo 3s 3 whole. This cet,5 thee? is 6ee ec//ic5? /, it is 5 6isc/,selo'osW c/ce,i the 6e+e/et / h5its 65et5 ,e5ti/ t/ its ho4e oiosWthe e5,th. The e!p3ss3'e soun<in' this cent3l the4e &o the &ist ti4e e3<s2 -ch ;eschwje euchD 4eine 9k<eD ;lei;t <e E<e teu un< 'l3u;t )enen nichtD welcheeuch /on k;ei<ischen Ho&&nun'en e<enQ i&t4ische sin< esD o; sie es wissen o<e nicht (lso 15# (- ;eseech !ou 4! ;othes e43in &3ith&ul to thee3thD 3n< <o not ;elie/e those who spe3 to !ou o& othewol<l! hopesQ oison4i8es 3e the! whethe the! now it o not Thus 1%5W#. The st!le o& thep3ss3'e is e/3n'elic3lD while its 4ess3'e o/eco4es Chisti3n 3nthopocenticis4 3n< in/ets Chisti3n hope &o 3n othewol<. 9ut the si'ni&ic3nce o&this cent3l the4e is &3 &o4 ;ein' li4ite< to NietzscheJs citi?ue o& Chisti3nit!.

"ttets t/ c/,,ect the e+i,/et c/e ,/ 5 5th,//ecet,ic i6set th5t 5De the ch5/s ie5,th 5 ist5e this 6est,/s the 5Diit t/ see the 5esthetics i ie

;icez/ % (oseph D o&esso o& hilosoph! 3t @3lsh ,ni/esit!D NietzscheJs ni43l >en3'eie2 =essons in )eep Ecolo'!D >os3ic 2 3 oun3l&o the -nte<isciplin3! Stu<! o& =ite3tue. @innipe'2 )ec."ol. +D -ss. 0 p'. 61D 16 p's#-t is cle3 &o4 the 'ene3l conte8t o& the olo'ue th3t M33thust3Js e8hot3tion to e43in &3ith&ul to the e3th is pe43tue. -t is 3 co443n< 3i/in'D3s Nietzsche &elt he hi4sel& 3i/e<D 3he3< o& his ti4e. Conse?uentl!D it &3lls on <e3& e3s. =ie NietzscheD the e8hot3tion is ;on posthu4ousl!. -t is 3lso?uite cle3 &o4 the conte8t o& this e! p3ss3'e th3t NietzscheJs intent in the olo'ue is to con/e! the i<e3 th3t 4o<en h5it is i/,5t/ D/th its 6is/5t t/ the e5,th 56 the ,//t c5se / its 6is/5t . M33thust3D the 56+/c5te / ie?

e4ph3tic3ll! ,/c5is 5 /se / the /+e / ie (Hi''ins# ;3se< / i6eit t/ the e5,th Dec5se he /-s th5t hest c/+ice the e/e t/ /+e,c/e thei, e5,th6ei 5ttit6e. I5t5te6 D 5scetic i6e5s set 5D/+eie? /6e, h5s ce5seess B6e e5,th ie ,/ the st56/it / /the,-/,6? et5hsic5i6e5s. lthou'h the! 3e teesti3l ;ein'sD 3lthou'h the! n34e the4sel/es 3&te the e3th hu4usWD the! h3/e ;eco4e e8t3teesti3ls ()el C3oD

oun<in' 55D $D 1$D %0D %50#. M33thust3 is tellin' the people th3t eJt,5te,,est,i5 +5es 5,e /is//s is/5, 5s the5,ise /t / 5 e5ti/? 6e+55ti/? 56 5+e,si/ t/ the D5sic te/,5 ch5,5cte, / e5,th ie. Thei,PhihestP +5es? 5s -e 5s thei, /6e / /,5 +55ti/ ,e5cti t/ e+i D /t 5cti 5s the 65e,/se+i /es 5ct=e+ice the t,ih / ,e5cti+e /,ce /+e, 5cti+e /,ce. '5 5i5s h5+e Dec/e /+e,6/estic5te6? sic 3ni43ls pecisel! Dec5se / thei, wol<<en!in' 5th,//cet,is. )el C3o un<escoes NietzscheJs



epu<i3tion o& the pesu4ption o& the hu43n 3s /3lue 4e3sue o& 3ll thin'sD 3s Jwol< u<'eJ. . . W whichW Nietzsche e'3<s 3s 3 J4onstous insipi<it!J(01#. M33thust3 continues to in&o4 the people 3;out wh3t is 4ost <e3<&ul2 Once the sin 3'3inst o< w3s the 'e3test sin ;ut o< <ie< 3n< thesesinnes <ie< with hi4. To sin 3'3inst the e3th is now the 4ost <e3<&ul thin' (Thus 1%5#. HeeD the wo< o< <oes not 4e3n 4eel! the Chisti3no<D it 4e3ns the whole e3l4 o& the sup3sensi;le 3n< with it 3ll e8t3teesti3l /3lues 3n< i<e3ls. The <e3th o& o< si'ni&ies the 3nnihil3tion o& thesup3sensi;le 3n< 3ll t3nste4po3l /3lues pl3ce< 3;o/e li&e use< to u<'e li&e.@ith the e&&3ce4ent o& such i<e3lsD the sin 3'3inst o< ;eco4es 4oot.The sinnes 3'3inst o< 3lso /3nish with the <e3th o& o<D &o with the eco'nition th3t t3nste4po3l i<e3ls 3e in &3ct e4pt! &ictions 3isin' out o&esent4ent 3'3inst e3thl! li&eD to sin 3'3inst 3n e4pt! &iction 43es no sense. ith the 6e5th / G/6? 5 /,e 6,e56 si 3n< 3 4oeinsi<ious conspi3c! 5 De ,ec/ize6& the ,e5t si 55ist the e5,th 56 the c/si,5c 55ist e5,th ie.This 4ost <e3<&ul si is /-i c/itte6 3n< this conspi3c! is in3</etentl! ple<'e< 3new e3ch ti4e 3 e3cti/e in<i/i<u3l o 3e3cti/e co44unit! p3!s ho43'e to o 3cts in 3cco<3nce with e8t3teesti3l i<e3lsD such 3s 3 puel! t3nscen<entD ce3to o<D unch3n'in' tuthD

;ein'D e'oD o the /3lues o& con/ention3l 4o3lit!. He3in' M33thust3 ;eseech the people to e43in &3ith&ul to the e3th 3n< not to listen to the poison4i8esD M33thust3 in/ites &uthe in?ui! into NietzscheJs conception o& the sicness ch33cteistic o& hu43nit!. H34 po/i<es 3 'oo< into<uction toNietzscheJs /iew o& how 3n< wh! hu43ns h3/e ;eco4e the sic 3ni43l <ue to o/e<o4estic3tion (1555+#. - wish to 3<< to H34Js 3ccount ;!un<escoin' NietzscheJs un<est3n<in' o& hu43n sicness in te4s o& the tiu4ph o& e3cti/e &oce. i/en NietzscheJs po&use us3'e o& 3ni43l i43'e!in Thus Spoe M33thust3D this is possi;le ;! /itue o& 3 e3<in' o& 3 st3n'e 3ni43l i43'e2 3 cont3'ious sin <ise3se. The p3ss3'e cont3inin' this<istu;in' 3ni43l i43'e 3ppe3sD lie <istessin' news &o4 the <e43tolo'istD in the section &o4 3t -- o& Thus Spoe M33thust3 entitle< On e3tE/ents.



5,

The -5, c5is / the 1"C cite the 6e5th 56 6est,cti/ th5t ii/s -/6 5ce i the c/ict.This c/st,cti/ / the D,t5it / -5, sees t/ ,es/5te -ith 5st eJe,ieces / -5, th5t

"e,ic5 h5s 5ce6 t/ c/e 5t D5/t /t / shee, e5, / the ,eetiti/ / 5i th5t h5s,e+i/s Dee et. It eJists 5s /thi /,e th5 t/ 5e the " s these+es -ith B/i the th/ht / s5+i h5it ,/ /,e D,t5it.



Te,,/,

The te,,/, sce5,i/ th5t the 5 5its is 56e t/ ,e,it5te the 5i 56 e/ti/ th5t -5s et/ 9V11. The,e /- e+i6ece cites "e,ic5 ,e5cti/ t/ sch 5 e+et. It is e5t t/ t, t/ D,i e/,ies th5t 5,e s/se6 t/ 6,5- /t 5 5i,5ti+e D5/t 5s //se6 t/ 5 c/,/t5ti/

-ith ,e5it. The 5 -5ts / i+i i 5 6esi/5 -/,6 -he,e / 6/ /thi Dt e5, /,/- sh56/-? e+e, t, i+i i e5, / the eJt te,,/,ist 5tt5c.



Ec//

The 5i,5ti+e e+i6ece cites the h/,,/, th5t -5s the G,e5t )e,essi/ 56 II s/ th5t thec5 t, t/ t,ic / it/ +/ti /, the. This 5,et is / /,e /ic5 th5 5 icti/5 st/,?

Dt the 5i,5ti+e is t,i t/ ,// thei, /- c/,/t5ti/ -ith ,e5it D 5i / +/te/, the /t / e5,? 5/-i the t/ ee Dette, 5D/t thei, /- i56eM5cies. ReBect thee/,ies th5t 5,e c/,/te6 i the 1"C 5s //se6 t/ +/ti /, 5 5se c/st,cte6 t5e /ise, 56 is/,te.



!5t,i5,ch

The 5t,i5,ch c/st,cte6 D the 15c is s/se6 t/ eicit e/ti/s 56 e/,ies ,/ 5stiBstices -he,e -/e -e,e 5Dse6. The th,e5t / the i the t,e 5,e e,e c/st,cte6t/ 5/- the 5 t/ ee ie the h5+e 5+/i6e6 s/e /st,/s 5t,/cit= 56 5ttet t/ D,i e/,ies / iBstice t/ 5e / 5ct -ith/t ,/e, thii th,/h the c/seMeces.

***I!"CTS



/A:9C T6 :4C

T'E "$ILITY TO INFLICT !"IN? CRUELTY "N) SUFFERING ON OT'ERS IS T'E'IG'EST GR"TIFIC"TION OF T'E FEELING OF !OER "NY "TTE!T TO 'OL)T'IS $"CK IS " ILL TO NEG"TE LIFE.9ille! L (34esD o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3n< Ch3iD )ep3t4ent o& =i;e3l Stu<ies b FulletonD C3ni/3lso& tocit!2 Fouc3ultD NietzscheD Cuelt!D olitic3l Theo! 1$2 D u'D 070+1D stoD )2 7:$:+# l

NowD NietzscheJs ene3lo'! o& >o3ls e8pesses the s34e <is?uietin' t3ns/3lu3tion th3t - h3/e 3le3<!note< in Su/eille et punl NietzscheD tooD expresses s&epticism about the %alue of eliminating pain)he also expresses an unwonted, disturbing sympathy for institutions that promote public displays ofcruelty. NietzscheD &uthe4oeD explicitly places the pheno4enon o& cruelty at the heart of hisgenealogy. 9! cuelt!D - 4e3n (to 4o<i&! sli'htl! the <e&inition in the O8&o< En'lish )iction3!# adisposition to inflict suffering0) ndifference to or delight in pain or misery) mercilessness, hard1heartedness, especially as exhibited in action. 0$an is the cruelest animal D wites Nietzsche in ThusSpoe M33thust32 2hate%er is most e%il is his best power and the hardest stone for the highestcreator.J This con/iction t3es sh3pe '3<u3ll! in NietzscheJs wo. -t 'owsD on one h3n<D &o4 hiso;se/3tion th3t the puit! 3n< ;e3ut! o& 3ncient ee cultue e4e'e< onl! 3&te 3 lon' co4&otlesspeio< o& <3 cu<it! 3n< cuelt!3n o;se/3tion th3t le3<s Nietzsche to co44ent th3t one c3n spe3

o& spin' 3s lon' 3s one h3s 3 winte to pece<e it.1 >oe &3te&ulD ;ec3use 4oe &un<34ent3lD thou'hD isNietzscheJs poposition 3t &ist 3</3nce< hesit3ntl! th3t the infliction of pain, to the extent it excitespleasure, ought not to be regarded as e%il. 2hen suffering is 0accompanied by pleasure (&eelin' o&oneJs own poweD o& oneJs own ston' e8cit3tion#D wites Nietzsche in Hu43nD ll Too Hu43nD it occursfor the wellbeing of the indi%idual. 2ithout pleasure no life) the struggle for pleasure is the strugglefor life. 2hether an ndi%idual pursues this struggle in such a way that people call him good, or insuch 3 w3! th3t the! c3ll hi4 e%ilD is determined by the degree and +uality of his intellect.010 This &o4ul3tionD which yo&es pleasure and pain together in 3 in< o& )ion!si3n &olie 3 <eu8D 'owsince3sin'l! cent3l to NietzscheJs thou'ht. To e8ecise 3cti/el! the will to poweD he e'3<s as theessence of life. To e8ecise this powe with 3;3n<on is not onl! to cout ;ein' cuel ;utD when cuelt!occusD to enoy the pain, the suffering, the agony that cruelty causes. 0To practice cruelty is toenoy the highest note the 3<ecti/e2 the hi'hest gratification of the feeling of power.0 To enoythe exercise of power is, in effect, to be cruel@ This is Nietzsche=s hard teaching .15

CRUELTY ILL "L"YS '"!!EN ITAS UST " UESTION OF 'ET'ER OR NOT E E>!EL IT OUT"R) IN " GOO) "Y OR )ECL"RE "R ON OURSEL;ES9ille! L (34esD o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3n< Ch3iD )ep3t4ent o& =i;e3l Stu<ies b FulletonD C3ni/3lso& tocit!2 Fouc3ultD NietzscheD Cuelt!D olitic3l Theo! 1$2 D u'D 070+1D stoD )2 7:$:+# l

t &istD conten<s NietzscheD such ple3sue w3s pu;lic. Fruelty is 0one of the oldest festi%e oys o&43nin<. 0t is not long since princely weddings and public festi%als of the more magnificent &indwere unthin&able without executions, torturing, o peh3ps 3n 3uto<3&e, and no noble householdwas without creatures upon whom one could heedlessly %ent one=s malice and cruel o&es.0 4orthousands of years, societies ha%e been organized hierarchicallyD enabling the man with pesti'e to

enoy the cruel pleasure of exciting en%y and permitting the man of power the ple3sue o& ;ein'3llowe< to /ent his powe &eel! upon one who is powelessD the /oluptuous ple3sue J<e&3ie le 43lpoule pl3isi <e le &3ieDJ the eno!4ent o& /iol3tion.J6 -t w3s ;! pu;lic <ispl3!s o& cuelt!D Nietzschespecul3tesD th3t 4e4o! 3n<D with itD the sphees o& le'3l o;li'3tion 3n< 4o3lit! wee &ist ;ou'ht intoe8istence. Glood, torture and sacrifices0 were the way in which man created 0a memory forhimself=1 0only that which ne%er ceases to hurt stays in the memory.0 oinin' 3 'oupD 3 43n ple<'e<hi4sel& to o;e! sh3e< ules on p3in o& cuel punish4ent i& he <i< not. Such punish4ent po<uces 3nince3se o& &e3D 3 hei'htenin' o& pu<enceD 43ste! o& the <esies2 thus punish4ent t34es 4enD ;ut it<oes not 43e the4 J;ette.J17 T34in'D &o NietzscheD ent3ils wh3t he c3lls inten3liz3tion 3n i<e3th3tD in ou own postFeu<i3n 3'eD see4s <ecepti/el! sel&e/i<ent. All nstincts that do not dischargethemsel%es outwardly turn inward,0 wites Nietzsche2 TWhus it w3s th3t 43n &ist <e/elope< wh3t w3s



l3te c3lle< his JsoulJ The in/ention o& the soul <i/i<es the hu43n 3ni43l. ts instinct for freedompushed bac& and repressed incarcerated within, and finally able to discharge and %ent itself only onitself,0 the organism declares war on itself .J$



The 5Diit t/ /+e,c/e se,i c5 i+e s D,t5 s5tis5cti/ 5te,5ti+e 5cti/ ,ests i 56ist,st 56 h5te / ie.7io!an >4 (E.>D Ro43ni3n hilosopheD o& o& hilosoph! 3t n<ei S3'un3D 1+0D On the Hei'hts o& )esp3iD p.67D )2 7:7:+# l

4on' the 43n! &o4s o& the 'otes?ueD - &in< the one whose oots 3e steepe< in <esp3i 4oe unusu3l3n< co4ple8. The othe &o4s h3/e less intensit!. -t is i4pot3nt to note th3t the 'otes?ue isinconcei/3;le without intensit! o& &eelin'. n< what intensity is deeper and more organic thandespairG The 'otes?ue 3ppe3s onl! in /e! ne'3ti/e st3tesD when great anxiety arises from a lac& oflife the 'otes?ue is e83lt3tion in ne'3ti/it!. thee is 3 43< l3unch tow3< ne'3ti/it! in th3t ;esti3lD3'onizin' 'i43ce when the sh3pe 3n< lines o& the &3ce 3e contote< into st3n'el! e8pessi/e &o4sD

when the loo in oneJs e!es ch3n'es with <ist3nt li'ht 3n< sh3<owD 3n< oneJs thou'hts &ollow the cu/e o&si4il3 <istotions. Truly intense and irre%ocable despair cannot be obectified except in grotes+ueexpressions, because the grotes+ue is the absolute negation of serenity, that state of purity,transparence, and lucidity so different from the chaos and nothingness of despair. ;a%e you e%erhad the brutal and amazing satisfaction of loo&ing at yourself in the mirror after countless sleeplessnights( ;a%e you suffered the torment of insomnia, when you count the minutes for nights on end,when you feel alone in this world, when your drama seems to be the most important in history andhistory ceases to ha%e meaning, ceases to exist( 2hen the most terrifying flames grow in you andyour existence appears uni+ue 3n< isol3te< in 3 wol< 43<e onl! &o the consu443tion o& !ou 3'on!G

ou 4ust h3/e &elt those 4o4entsD 3s countless 3n< in&inite 3s su&&ein'D in o<e to h3/e 3 cle3 pictueo& the 'otes?ue when !ou loo 3t !ousel& in the 4io. -t is 3 pictue o& tot3l st3inD 3 tense 'i43ce to

which is 3<<e< the <e4onic3ll! se<ucti/e p3llo o& 3 43n who h3s stu''le< 3lon' hoi;leD <3pecipices. -snAt this 'otes?ue e8pession o& <esp3i si4il3 to 3 pecipiceG -t h3s so4ethin' o& the3;!s43l 43elsto4 o& 'e3t <epthsD the se<uction o& the 3llenco4p3ssin' in&inite to which we ;ow 3s we

;ow to &3t3lit!. How 'oo< it woul< ;e i& one coul< <ie ;! thowin' onesel& into 3n in&inite /oi<Q Theco4ple8it! o& the 'otes?ue ;on out o& <esp3i esi<es in its c3p3cit! to in<ic3te 3n inne in&init! 3n< topo<uce 3 p3o8!s4 o& the hi'hest tension. How coul< this intense 3'on! 43ni&est itsel& in ple3s3ntline3 cu/es 3n< &o43l puit!G The grotes+ue essentially negates the classic, as well as any idea ofstyle, harmony, and perfection. -t is e/i<ent to 3n!one who un<est3n<s the 4ultiple &o4s o& inne<343 th3t the 'otes?ue hi<es secet t3'e<iesD in<iectl! e8pesse<. @hoe/e h3s seen his &3ce'otes?uel! <is&i'ue< c3n ne/e &o'et itD ;ec3use he will 3lw3!s ;e 3&3i< o& hi4sel&. )esp3i is &ollowe<

;! p3in&ul 3n8iet!. @h3t else <oes the 'otes?ue <o i& it <oes not 3ctu3lize &e3 3n< 3n8iet!G



T6TA:TABAN3$

)e/c,5c 56 ,i+5c 5,e /t 5 chec 55ist t/t5it5,i5is the 5,e 5ets / eJcessi+e/-e,the t,5 / the 5B/,it /,ces he,6 +5es /t/ the i6i+i65.

5,,e? 88 (>3D o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3t the ,ni/esit! o& 9itish Colo4;i3D Nietzsche 3n<olitic3l Thou'htD p'. %%D >-T ess#

-n these te4sD one c3n un<est3n< NietzscheJs &e3 th3t the sel& 4i'ht ;e e'essi/el! politicize< in the w3e o&the /3cuu4 le&t ;! Chisti3n4o3l cultue. lthou'h he i4plicitl! sh3e< this &e3 with li;e3lsD he <i< not seethe possi;ilit! o&3 esolution within the te4s o& li;e3l theo!. Hee 3'3in NietzscheJs co44ents 3esu''esti/e2 li;e3ls h3/e 3lw3!s oppose< the enco3ch4ent o& institution3lize< politics (i& not institution3lize<econo4ics# into the pi/3te sphee o& the sel&. The! i'htl! &e3 tot3lit3i3nis4 in such inst3nces. 9ut li;e3lsten< not to un<est3n< wh! tot3lit3i3nis4 is possi;leD ;ec3use the! <o not un<est3n< the histoic3ll!con<ition3l n3tue o& in<i/i<u3l 3'enc!.%5 The! o&ten 43e the &3t3l 3ssu4ption th3t the in<i/i<u3l po/i<es 3n3tu3l 3n< un3ss3il3;le conestone o& pi/3te li&eD sust3ine< ;! &34il!D chuchD 3n< wo pl3ce. et cent3l3spects o& this s!ste4 o& i<entities <issol/e in 3 cultu3l cisis. Nietzsche thou'ht th3t &o 4ost the cultu3lcisis woul< le3< to e8posue o& 3 <ec3<ent sel&D the pi/3te peson. %6 The pi/3te peson coinci<es with

wh3t he l3te c3lle< the l3st 43n. %7 The l3st 43n o& the 4o<en peio< is the esult o& 3 politic3l cultueth3t h3< 4e<i3te< powe el3tions ;etween in<i/i<u3ls thou'h e8ten3l i<entitiesD such 3s those o& o< 3n<count!. @ith the loss o& e8ten3l 'ui<3nce in the 4o<en cultu3l cisisD the l3st 43nJs &eelin' o& powe isthe3tene<. o< is epl3ce< ;! new in<s o& eli'ionD n3cotic cultueD 3n< i<entit! with n3tion3l heoes 3n< thest3te. The e8istence o& l3st 4en le3/es 3 &etile &iel< &o in/3sion o& the sel& ;! the st3te o 3n! otheinstitution3lize< powe. NietzscheJs sensiti/it! to this we3ness o& li;e3l <e4oc3tic societies suel! ste44e<in p3t &o4 the &3ct th3t li;e3l cultue w3s ne/e well est3;lishe< in e43n!. Fo this e3sonD he w3s 3;le toun<est3n< its contin'ent n3tue in w3!s th3t those in wellest3;lishe< li;e3l cultues coul< not. E/en inNietzscheJs li&eti4eD pocesses o& cultu3l ;e3<own coe8iste< with 3 isin' e43n n3tion3lis4D 3n3tion3lis4 e8pesse< in the Eeich 3n< 3ntiSe4itis4. lthou'h Nietzsche welco4e< in pinciple the 'owth o&li;e3l institutions 3s 3 4e3ns &o cu;in' st3te poweD he too little co4&ot in thei e8istence ;ec3use he s3wthe4 3s /ehicles &o the i<e3ls o& 3n ince3sin'l! 43ssi&ie< societ!.%$ ThusD e&lectin' the e43n situ3tion o&his ti4eD Nietzsche e4ph3size< not the plu3lis4 o& p3li34ent3! pocesses ;ut thei el3ti/e i<eolo'ic3lunit!. 3li34ent3i3nis4 th3t isD pu;lic pe4ission to choose ;etween &i/e ;3sic pu;lic opinions&l3ttes 3n<

wins the &3/o o& 3ll those who woul< lie to seem in<epen<ent 3n< in<i/i<u3lD 3s i& the! &ou'ht &o thei

opinions.... howe/e <e/i3tes &o4 the &i/e pu;lic opinions 3n< st3n<s 3p3t will 3lw3!s h3/e the whole he<3'3inst hi4. %+ =i;e3lis4D Nietzsche wites elsewheeD is he<3ni43liz3tion. The pl3usi;ilit! o&NietzscheJs pole4ics 3'3inst the he< 3n< its connections to li;e3l institutions c3n ;e &oun< in his /iewone3le3<! well<e/elope< ;! <e Toc?ue/ille 3n< ohn Stu3t >illth3t p3li34ent3! pocesses cont3in the <3n'eo& po/i<in' 4eel! the &o43l 3ppe33nce o& plu3lis4 while &unctionin' to le'iti43te the st3te 3s 3 'u33ntoo& 43ss /3lues. Shoul< p3li34ent ;eco4e the tool o& the he<3n< Nietzsche thou'ht this i44inentit

woul< suel! use st3te powe to i4pose he< /3lues on e/e!one. =i;e3l institutionsD he 'ene3lizesD ce3se to ;e li;e3l 3s soon 3s the! 3e3tt3ine<2 l3te onD thee 3e no wose 3n< no 4oe thoou'h inues o& &ee<o4 th3n li;e3l institutions. 1 He /oice< si4il3 concens 3;out le&tist 4o/e4ents. @oin' 3t &ist thou'h li;e3linstitutionsD the 3</oc3tes o& <e4oc3c! on the le&t woul< wish to politicize e/e!thin' ;! <e&inin' 'ene3l st3n<3<s o& e8istence the! woul< <ict3te th3t e/e!one shoul< li/e 3n< wo 3cco<in' tosuch st3n<3<s. % Foesh3<owin' the o;ections o& l3te 3n3chists such 3s E443 ol<43n 3'3inst st3tist >38istsD Nietzsche ;elie/e< th3t e/olution3ies h3;o 3 e3ction3! <esie to e3sset thepowe o& the st3te o/e the in<i/i<u31.



5, " ethic / t/e,5ce 5chie+es its //site. LiDe,5 s/cieties c/si6e, these+es t/e,5tisi6e, st5tes th5t 5,e Bstiie6 i -5i -5, / /tsi6e,s 5,e6 D it/e,5ce.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

The oi'in3l poectD thenD w3s to ;e 3 consi<e3tion o& the constucti/e 3n< e'ul3to! e&&ects o& tole3nce 3s 3

<iscouse o& usticeD citizenshipD 3n< co44unit! in l3te 4o<enD 4ulticultu3l li;e3l <e4oc3ciesD with 3 &ocuson the ,nite< St3tes. Howe/eD in the 3&te43th o& Septe4;e 11D politic3l hetoics o& -sl34D n3tion3lis4D&un<34ent3lis4D cultueD 3n< ci/iliz3tion h3/e e&34e< e/en <o4estic <iscouses o& tole3ncethe ene4! o&tole3nce is now the we3ponize< 3<ic3l -sl34icist st3te o teo cell 3the th3n the nei'h;ohoo< ;i'ot3n<h3/e cet3inl! ch3n'e< the cultu3l pitch o& tole3nce in the inten3tion3l sphee. @hile so4e o& these ch3n'esh3/e si4pl! ;ou'ht to the su&3ce lon'pesent su;te3ne3n no4s in li;e3l tole3nce <iscouseD othes h3/e3ticul3te< tole3nce &o 'enuinel! new puposes. These inclu<e the le'iti43tion o& 3 new &o4 o& i4pei3l st3te3ction in the twent!&ist centu!D 3 le'iti43tion tethee< to 3 constucte< opposition ;etween 3 cos4opolit3n

@est 3n< its put3ti/el! &un<34ent3list Othe. Tole3nce thus e4e'es 3s p3t o& 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3ti<enti&ies ;oth tole3nce 3n< the tole3;le with the @estD 43in' nonli;e3l societies 3n< p3ctices 3sc3n<i<3tes &o 3n intole3;le ;3;3is4 th3t is itsel& si'n3le< ;! the put3ti/e intole3nce ulin' these societies.-n the 4i<nineteenth thou'h 4i<twentieth centuiesD the @est i43'ine< itsel& 3s st3n<in' &o ci/iliz3tion 3'3inst pi4iti/is4D 3n< in t he col< w3 !e3s &o &ee<o4 3'3inst t!3nn! now these two ecenthistoies 3e 4e'e< in the w3in' &i'ues o& the &eeD the tole3ntD 3n< the ci/ilize< on one si<eD 3n< the &un<34ent3listD the intole3ntD 3n< the ;3;3ic on the othe. s it 3ltee< cet3in e4ph3ses inli;e3l <iscouse itsel&D soD tooD <i< the postSepte4;e 11 e3 3lte the oi'in3ll! inten<e< couse o& this stu<!. The new e3 <e43n<e< th3t ?uestions 3;out tole3nce 3s 3 <o4estic 'o/en4ent3lit!po<ucin' 3n< e'ul3tin' ethnicD eli'iousD 3ci3lD 3n< se8u3l su;ects ;e supple4ente< with ?uestions 3;out the ope3tion o& tole3nce in 3n< 3s 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse <istin'uishin' Occi<ent &o4OientD li;e3l &o4 nonli;e3l e'i4esD &ee &o4 un&ee peoples. Such ?uestions inclu<e the &ollowin'2 -& tole3nce is 3 politic3l pinciple use< to 43 3n opposition ;etween li;e3l 3n<&un<34ent3list o<esD how 4i'ht li;e3l tole3nce <iscouse &unction not onl! to 3noint @esten supeioit! ;ut 3lso to le'iti43te @esten cultu3l 3n< politic3l i4pei3lis4G Th3t isD how 4i'ht this<iscouse 3ctu3ll! po4ote @esten supe43c! 3n< 3''ession e/en 3s it /eils the4 in the 4o<est <ess o& tole3nceG How 4i'ht t ole3nceD the /e! /itue th3t S34uel Huntin'ton 3 </oc3tes &opee4ptin' 3 wol<wi<e cl3sh o& ci/iliz3tionsD ope3te 3s 3 e! ele4ent in 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3t co<i&ies the supeioit! 3n< le'iti43tes the supeo<in3tion o& the @estG @h3t is the wo o&tole3nce <iscouse in 3 conte4po3! i4pei3l li;e3l 'o/en4ent3lit!G @h3t in< o& su;ect is thou'ht to ;e c3p3;le o& tole3nceG @h3t sot o& 3tion3lit! 3n< soci3lit! is tole3nce i43'ine< to e?uie3n< wh3t sots 3e thou'ht to inhi;it itin othe wo<sD wh3t 3nthopolo'ic3l pesuppositions <oes li;e3l tole3nce ent3il 3n< cicul3teG -n the en<D the e&&ot to un<est3n< tole3nce 3s 3 <o4estic<iscouse o& ethnicD 3ci3lD 3n< se8u3l e'ul3tionD on the one h3n<D 3n< 3s 3n inten3tion3l <iscouse o& @esten supe43c! 3n< i4pei3lis4 on the otheD <i< not h3/e to e43in pe43nentl! &oe<.Conte4po3! <o4estic 3n< 'lo;3l <iscouses o& tole3nceD while 3ppe3in' 3t &ist ;lush to h3/e el3ti/el! <istinct o;ects 3n< 3i4sD 3e ince3sin'l! 4el<e< in enco4iu4s to tole3nceD such 3s those

&e3tue< in the Si4on @iesenth3l >useu4 o& Tole3nce <iscusse< in ch3pte 0D 3n< 3e 3lso 3n3l!tic3ll! inteline<. The conceit o& secul3is4 un<e 'i<in' thepo4ul'3tion o& tole3nce within 4ulticultu3l li;e3l <e4oc3cies not onl! le'iti43tes thei intole3nce o& 3n<3''ession tow3< nonli;e3l st3tes o t3nsn3tion3l &o43tions ;ut 3lso 'losses the w3!s in which cet3incultues 3n< eli'ions 3e 43e< in 3</3nce 3s ineli'i;le &o tole3nce while othes 3e so he'e4onic 3s to note/en e'iste 3s cultues o eli'ions the! 3e inste3< l3;ele< 43inste34 o si4pl! 4eic3n. -n this w3!Dtole3nce <iscouse in the ,nite< St3tesD while posin' 3s ;oth 3 uni/es3l /3lue 3n< 3n i4p3ti3l p3cticeD<esi'n3tes cet3in ;elie&s 3n< p3ctices 3s ci/ilize< 3n< othes 3s ;3;3icD ;oth 3t ho4e 3n< 3;o3< it ope3tes

&o4 3 conceit o& neut3lit! th3t is 3ctu3ll! thic with ;ou'eois otest3nt no4s. The 4o3l 3utono4! o& the in<i/i<u3l 3t the he3t o& li;e3l tole3nce <iscouse is 3lso citic3l in<3win' the line ;etween the tole3;le 3n< the intole3;leD ;oth <o4estic3ll! 3n< 'lo;3ll!D 3n< thee;! se/es to sne3 li;e3lis4 into 3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse th3t cl3i4s to ;e espect&ul o& 3ll cultues3n< eli'ionsD 43n! o& which it woul< 3ctu3ll! un<e4ine ;! li;e3lizin'D 3n<D con/esel!D to sne3 ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse into li;e3lis4. This is not to s3! th3t tole3nce in ci/iliz3tion3l <iscouse ise<uci;le to li;e3lis4 in &3ctD it is ston'l! sh3pe< ;! the le'3c! o& the coloni3l settle n3ti/e encounte 3s well 3s the postcoloni3l encounte ;etween white 3n< in<i'enousD colonize<D o e8popi3te<peoples. This st3in in the le8icon 3n< ethos o& tole3nceD while not e<uci;le to 3 li;e3l '3443 3n< 3n3l!ticsD is nonetheless 4e<i3te< ;! the4 3n< 3lso constitutes 3n ele4ent in the constituti/e outsi<e

o& li;e3lis4 o/e the p3st thee centuies Tole3nce is thus 3 cuci3l 3n3l!tic hin'e ;etween the constitution o& 3;ect <o4esticsu;ects 3n< ;3;3ous 'lo;3l onesD ;etween li;e3lis4 3n< the usti&ic3tion o& its i4pei3l 3n< coloni3l3</entues. ut sli'htl! <i&&eentl!D tole3nce 3s 3 4o<e o& l3te 4o<en 'o/en4ent3lit! th3t ite3tes theno43lc! o& the powe&ul 3n< the <e/i3nce o& the 43'in3l espon<s toD linsD 3n< t34es ;oth unul! <o4estici<entities o 3&&inities 3n< nonli;e3l t3nsn3tion3l &oces th3t t3citl! o e8plicitl! ch3llen'e the uni/es3lst3n<in' o& li;e3l pecepts. Tole3nce e'ul3tes the pesence o& the Othe ;oth insi<e 3n< outsi<e the li;e3l<e4oc3tic n3tionst3teD 3n< o&ten it &o4s 3 cicuit ;etween the4 th3t le'iti43tes the 4ost illi;e3l 3ctions o&the st3te ;! 4e3ns o& 3 te4 consu443tel! 3ssoci3te< with li;e3lis4.

The ethics / hei /, eihD/, 5,e ,/6e6 i 5 si,it / ,esetete56i t/ie+it5De -5,5,e Det-ee //si? 6/5tic ci+iiz5ti/s./hst/? 99 (-3nD Rese3ch ssoci3te 3n< -nstucto 3t "3ncou/e -sl3n< ,ni/esit!D TheeJs Nothin'Nietzsche Coul<nJt Te3ch 3 ;out the R3isin' o& the @ist >3!Dhttp2::eco<s./iu.c3:ohnstoi:intose:nietzs.ht4#

@h! is this insi'ht so wo!in'G @ellD one point is th3t <o'43tists 'et 3''essi/e. Socce pl3!es 3n< u';!pl3!es who &o'et wh3t Nietzsche is pointin' out c3n st3t illin' e3ch othe o/e ?uestions which 3<4it o& no3nsweD n34el!D ?uestions 3;out which 'oup h3s the tue '34eD which 'oup h3s pi/ile'e< 3ccess to thetuth. Nietzsche senses th3t <o'43tis4 is 'oin' to le3< to w3&3eD 3n< he pe<icts th3t the twentieth centu!

will see 3n unp33llele< e8tension o& w3&3e in the n34e o& co4petin' <o'43tic tuths. 3t o& his poect is to

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm

http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm



w3e up the people who 3e intelli'ent enou'h to espon< to wh3t heJs t3lin' 3;out so th3t the! c3n eco'nizethe stupi<it! o& illin' e3ch othe &o 3n illusion which the! 4ist3e &o so4e tuth. -n 3<<ition to th3tDNietzscheD lie >ill (3lthou'h in 3 /e! <i&&eent 43nne#D is seiousl! concene< 3;out the possi;ilities &ohu43n e8cellence in 3 cultue whee the he< 4ent3lit! is t3in' o/eD whee Euope is <e/elopin' intoco4petin' he<s3 situ3tion which is eithe sweepin' up the ;est 3n< the ;i'htest o is sti&lin' the4 entiel!.NietzscheD lie >ill 3n< the 3ncient peSoc3tic ees to who4 he const3ntl! e&esD is 3n elitist. He w3nts thepotenti3l &o in<i/i<u3l hu43n e8cellence to ;e li;e3te< &o4 the h3nesses o& con&o4it! 3n< 'oupco4petition 3n< con/ention3l 4o3lit!. OthewiseD hu43n ;ein's 3e 'oin' to ;eco4e <estucti/eD l3z!D

con&o4in' he< 3ni43lsD usin' technolo'! to <i/et the4 &o4 the 'e3test o!s in li&eD which co4e onl! &o4in<i/i<u3l sti/in' 3n< ce3ti/it!D 3cti/ities which e?uie one to ele3se oneJs instincts without eepin' the4eten3ll! su;u'3te< to 3n o/epowein' histoic3l consciousness o 3 con/ention3l 4o3lit! o& 'oo< 3n< e/il.

@h3t 43es this p3ticul3l! 3 po;le4 &o Nietzsche is th3t he sees th3t 3 cet3in &o4 o& '34e is '3inin'popul3it!2 <e4oc3tic /olle!;3ll. -n this '34eD the ule ;oo insists th3t 3ll pl3!es ;e te3te< e?u3ll!D th3tthee ;e no n3tu3l 3uthoit! 'i/en to the ;est pl3!es o to those who ;est un<est3n< the n3tue o& ?u3lit!pl3!. Hence the 43ss o& in&eio pl3!es is t3in' o/eD the ?u3lit! o& the pl3! is <eteio3tin'D 3n< thee 3e&ewe 3n< &ewe 'oo< /olle!;3ll pl3!es. This pocess is ;ein' encou3'e< ;oth ;! the t3<ition3l ethic o& help

!ou nei'h;ou (now o&ten in 3 soci3list uni&o4# 3n< (3s 4entione< 3;o/e# ;! 4o<en science#. s the 43sso& 4oe nu4eous in&eio pl3!es t3es o/e the spotD the 4in<less /iolence o& thei <esies to 3tt3c othepl3!es 3n< t3e o/e thei '34es ince3sesD 3s <oes thei hostilit! to those who 3e uni?uel! e8cellent (who43! well nee< 3 43s to pe/ent the4sel/es ;ein' eco'nize<#. The hopes &o 3n! ch3n'e in this <e/elop4ent

3e not 'oo<. -n &3ctD thin's see4 to ;e 'ettin' wose. Fo when Nietzsche loos 3t 3ll these '34es 'oin' on henotices cet3in 'oups o& peopleD 3n< the pospect is not tot3ll! e3ssuin'.



T;BCAT F6N

The /ti/ / 5cti t/ s5+e the st,5e, t5es /the,ess 5s 5t,5 56 ,eies / thec5te/,ies / sVthe. This ,e6ces sDBects / ,/tecti/ t/ 6eh5ize6 sDBectsi+es t/ Des5+e6? Dt st,ie6 / /itic5 5ec.E6is? 03 :enn!D -nten3tion3l politicsD ,ni/esit! o& @3lesD oun3l o& Hu43n Ri'htsD /.% n.%D une#.

The <e;3te ;o3<l! centes on est3;lishin' no43ti/e pinciples th3t help us <eci<e 3t wh3t point we shoul<inte/ene to help st3n'es. @h3t 3e ou esponsi;ilities tow3<s those who 3e not &ellow citizensG Shoul< wet3e 3ction to help the4 when to <o so woul< 4e3n inte/enin' in the 3&&3is o& 3nothe so/eei'n st3teG Howshoul< we <o this so 3s to 3/oi< in3</etentl! <oin' h34G These ?uestions t3e &o '3nte< th3t the people we3e concene< to help 3e wh3t we c3ll Ust3n'esA. The 3ssu4ption is th3t UweA 3n< Uthe!A 3e 3le3<! <istinctD

;e&oe thee is 3n! el3tionship ;etween us. The onl! ?uestion to ;e esol/e< is whethe 3n< how UweA shoul<help Uthe4A L 3n< it is not seen 3s po;le43tic to loo &o 'ene3lD 3histoic3l ules th3t will po/i<e solutions tothose ?uestions. The so/eei'n st3te s!ste4 un<e which we li/e is one th3t is ;3se< on 3n< po<uce< ;! such<istinctions2 ;etween <o4estic 3n< &oei'nD insi<e 3n< outsi<eD us 3n< the4D hee 3n< thee (@3le 1++#. Tot3e &o '3nte< these <istinctions is 3le3<! to &34e the whole <e;3te in 3 w3! th3t le3<s ine8o3;l! tow3<s 3solution suppoti/e o& st3te so/eei'nt! . This is wh!D &3 &o4 ch3llen'in' st3te so/eei'nt!D hu43nit3i3nis4o&ten ein&oces it (C34p;ell 1++7#. n< - w3nt to su''est th3t this is the e3son too wh! 3n ince3se in t3l o& no43ti/e citei3 3n< the 4o3l ;3sis o& hu43nit3i3nis4 is3cco4p3nie< so closel! ;! the incopo3tion o& the in<epen<ent hu43nit3i3n 4o/e4ent in p3ctices o& 'o/en3nce2 whethe those o& in<i /i<u3l st3tes o those o& the intest3te co44unit! is

l3'el! i443tei3l. )oes this 4e3n th3t 3ll &o4s o& hu43nit3i3nis4 will in the en< succu4; to incopo3tion ;! the st3teG -s it possi;le to en/is3'e 3 hu43nit3i3nis4 th3t estoes the concept o&neut3lit! 3n< eest3;lishes 3n U3utono4ous hu43nit3i3n sp3ceA <istinct &o4 st3te politicsD 3s Rie&& su''ests (Rie&& %%2 %$#G To 3<<ess this ?uestion we nee< to e834ine closel! wh3t Rie&& h3s in4in< hee. The success o& the entepise 43! well <epen< on the e8tent to which it c3n 4o/e 3w3! &o4 the 3ssu4ptions un<el!in' conte4po3! hu43nit3i3nis4 i<enti&ie< 3;o/e 3n< <e/elop 3n3ppo3ch th3t <oes not el! on the constitution o& the su;ects o& its concen in 3 w3! th3t so closel! i4it3tes the po<uction o& su;ects o& the st3te. The concepts o& neut3lit! 3n< i4p3ti3lit! 3e o&tenseen 3s p3t o& 3n 3tte4pt to en<e hu43nit3i3nis4 3politic3l. s 3 esult o& the e8peience o& U3ctu3ll!e8istin' hu43nit3i3nis4A o/e the p3st twent!&i/e !e3sD it is now 'ene3ll! 3ccepte< th3thu43nit3i3n 3ction c3nnot ;e sep33te< &o4 politics in the ;o3< sense2 it h3s politic3l conse?uences. Rie&& <oes not <ispute thisD 3n< when he 3'ues &o 3 etun to 3 neut3lD in<epen<enthu43nit3i3nis4D - t3e it he 4e3ns 3 hu43nit3i3nis4 th3t is not closel! line< to the politics o& the st3te 3the th3n one th3t is 3politic3l. @h3t 3e the i4plic3tions o& the c3ll &o 3 neut3lit! o& thissotG -s it possi;leG C3n hu43nit3i3nis4 etun to its Ucoe /3lues L soli<3it!D 3 &un<34ent3l s!4p3th! &o /icti4sD 3n< 3n 3ntip3th! &o oppessos 3n< e8ploitesA (Rie&& %%2 0#G Neut3lit! c3n ;ee3< in <i&&eent w3!sD so4e 4oe con<uci/e to st3te hu43nit3i3nis4 3n< othes to the in<epen<ent hu43nit3i3nis4 Rie&& 3</oc3tes. The concept o& neut3lit! c3n ;e seen 3s <3win' on so4e notiono& co44on hu43nit! L 3 &o4 o& lowest co44on <eno4in3to th3t 3ll hu43n ;ein's possess 3n< to which hu43nit3i3ns espon<. The hu43n i'hts <iscouse elies on 3 si4il3 concept o& 3 ;3sichu43nit! to which i'hts 3e 3tt3che<. This 3ppo3ch is po;le43ticD howe/e. s Rie&& points outD it e4ph3sizes the innocence o& /icti4s. -43'es o& chil<en 3e p3ticul3l! potent in this <iscouse

;ec3use o& thei 'u33ntee< UinnocenceA.Those th3t hu43nit3i3nis4 helps 3e Uhu43n ;ein's in the 'eneic senseAD in 3 t3leU<e/oi< o& histoic3l conte8t D 'eo'3phic3l speci&icit!A 3n< U3n! e3l peson3liz3tionA (Rie&& %%2 5#. -n othe

wo<s the! 3e te3te< 3s li/es to ;e s3/e<D li/es with no politic3l /oiceD o wh3t io'io '34;en c3lls U;3eli&eA ('34;en 1++$#. This notion o& ;3e hu43nit! iss co4plicit! with st3te &o4s L in the s34e w3! 3s theus:the4 <istinction <iscusse< 3;o/e. 9oth the so/eei'n st3te 3n< 3 hu43nit3i3nis4 ;3se< on the concept o&3 co44on hu43n essence po<uce (3n< <epen< on# 3 p3ticul3 &o4 o& su;ect2 one th3t is e8clu<e< &o4

politics. The n33ti/e o& hu43n ;ein' 3s 3 co44on essence iss the s34e e8clusion3! p3ctices th3tpo<uce the so/eei'nt! o& the n3tionst3te D with its n33ti/es o& n3tion3l i<entit!D 3n< po<uces the s34e<ehu43nize< 3n< <epoliticize< su;ects.

Ethics / 5ccet5ce e6 6is5ci /,e i/,t5t sDst5ti+e /itic5 s/ti/s? 5ic/icts -/,se.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

The ete3t &o4 4oe su;st3nti/e /isions o& ustice he3l<e< ;! the po4ul'3tion o& tole3nce to<3! is p3t o& 34oe 'ene3l <epoliticiz3tion o& citizenship 3n< powe 3n< ete3t &o4 politic3l li&e itsel&. The culti/3tion o&tole3nce 3s 3 politic3l en< i4plicitl! constitutes 3 eection o& politics 3s 3 <o43in in which con&lict c3n ;epo<ucti/el! 3ticul3te< 3n< 3<<esse<D 3 <o43in in which citizens c3n ;e t3ns&o4e< ;! thei p3ticip3tionD 3<o43in in which <i&&eences 3e un<estoo< 3s ce3te< 3n< ne'oti3te< politic3ll!D in<ee< 3 <o43in in which<i&&eence 43es up 4uch o& the su;ect 43tte. To the cont3!D 3s it c3sts the politic3l 3n< the soci3l 3spl3ces whee in<i/i<u3ls with &i8e< i<entitiesD inteestsD 3n< i<e3s ch3&e 3n< ;3'3inD tole3nce <iscouse3tte4pts to e4o/e &o4 the politic3l t3;le 3s 4uch o& ou put3ti/el! n3tu3l en4it! 3s it c3n. This&o4ul3tion un<ecuts the culti/3tion ;oth o& sh3e< citizen powe 3n< o& 3 su;st3nti/e pu;lic sphee <e/ote<to the &3shionin' o& <e4oc3tic politic3l cultue 3n< co44unit!. >oeo/eD the ete3t &o4 3 politic3lencounte with <i&&eence e83ce;3tes the po;le4 i43'ine< to occ3sion it. The thinne th3t pu;lic li&e 3n<citizensA e8peience with powe 3n< <i&&eence 'owsD the 4oe citizens with<3w into pi/3te i<entities 3n< 3peception o& &ellow citizens 3s tools o o;st3cles to thei pi/3te 3i4sD 3n< the 4oe we 3ppe3 in nee< o&tole3nce 3s 3 solution to ou <i&&eences 3 solution th3t intensi&ies ou est3n'e4ents &o4 one 3nothe 3n<&o4 pu;lic li&e 3s 3 &ile< o& en'3'e4ent with <i&&eence.



The ethic5 c5 /, t/e,5ce 56 5ccet5ce / the /the, is 6e/iticizie/ti/5 5e5s,e5ce se,i/s i+esti5ti/ / the c/6iti/s th5t ,/6ce6 iBstice i the i,st 5ce.$,/-? 0% (@en<!D o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!D Re'ul3tin' /esion2 Tole3nce in 3n 'e o& -<entit! 3n<E4pie#.

'3inD i& tole3nce is ne/e innocent o& powe o no43ti/it!D this se/es onl! to loc3te it soli<l! in the e3l4 o& the hu43n 3n< hence 43e it in3ppopi3te &oconceptu3liz3tions o& 4o3lit! 3n< /itue th3t &3nc! the4sel/es in<epen<ent o& powe 3n< su;ection. O& itsel&D howe/eD this e/3lu3tion <oes not !et in<ic3te wh3t the speci&ic3ll! politic3l po;le43tics o&tole3nce 3e. These 3e set not ;! the pesence o& powe in the e8ecise o& tole3nce ;utD 3theD ;! the histoic3lD soci3lD 3n< cultu3l p3ticul3s o& this pesence in speci&ic <eplo!4ents o& tole3nce 3s well

3s in <iscouses with which tole3nce i ntesectsD inclu<in' those o& e?u3lit!D &ee<o4D cultueD en&3nchise4entD 3n< @esten ci/iliz3tion. Tole3nce 3 s such is not the po;le4. R3theD the c3ll &otole3nceD the in/oc3tion o& tole3nceD 3n< the 3tte4pt to inst3nti3te tole3nce 3e 3ll si'ns o& i<entit!po<uction 3n< i<entit! 43n3'e4ent in the conte8t o& o<es o& st3ti&ic3tion o 43'in3liz3tion in which thepo<uctionD the 43n3'e4entD 3n< the conte8t the4sel/es 3e <is3/owe<. -n shotD the! 3e si'ns o& 3 ;uie<o<e o& politics. 3t o& the poect o& this ;ooD thenD is to 3n3l!ze tole3nceD especi3ll! in its ecentl! esu'ent &o4D 3s 3 st3n< o& <epoliticiz3tion in li;e3l <e4oc3cies. )epoliticiz3tionin/ol/es constuin' ine?u3lit!D su;o<in3tionD 43'in3liz3tionD 3n< soci3l con&lictD which 3ll e?uie politic3l 3n3l!sis 3n< politic3l solutionsD 3s peson3l 3n< in<i/i<u3lD on the one h3n<D o 3s n3tu3lDeli'iousD o cultu3l on the othe. Tole3nce wos 3lon' ;oth /ectos o& <epoliticiz3tionit peson3lizes 3n< it n3tu3lizes o cultu3lizes3n< so4eti4es it intetwines the4. Tole3nce 3s i t is co44onl!use< to<3! ten<s to c3st inst3nces o& ine?u3lit! o soci3l inu! 3s 43ttes o& in<i/i<u3l o 'oup peu<ice. n< it ten<s to c3st 'oup con&lict 3s oote< in ontolo'ic3ll! n3tu3l hostilit! tow3< essenti3lize<eli'iousD ethnicD o cultu3l <i&&eence. Th3t isD tole3nce <iscouse e<uces con&lict to 3n inheent &iction 34on' i<entities 3n< 43es eli'iousD ethnicD 3n< cultu3l <i&&eence itsel& 3n inheent site o&con&lictD one th3t c3lls &o 3n< is 3ttenu3te< ;! the p3ctice o& tole3nce. s - will su''est 4o4ent3il!D tole3nce is h3<l! the c3use o& the n3tu3liz3tion o& politic3l con&lict 3n< the ontolo'iz3tion o&politic3ll! po<uce< i<entit! in li;e3l <e4oc3ciesD ;ut it is &3cilit3te< ;! 3n< 3;ets these pocesses. lthou'h <epoliticiz3tion so4eti4es peson3lizesD so4eti4es cultu3lizesD 3n< so4eti4es n3tu3lizescon&lictD these t3ctic3l /3i3tions 3e tethee< to 3 co44on 4ech3nicsD which is wh3t 43es it possi;le to spe3 o& <epoliticiz3tion 3s 3 coheent pheno4enon.1 )epoliticiz3tion in/ol/es e4o/in' 3politic3l pheno4enon &o4 co4pehension o& its histoic3l e4e'ence 3n< &o4 3 eco'nition o& the powes th3t po<uce 3n< contou it. No 43tte its p3ticul3 &o4 3n< 4ech3nicsD <epoliticiz3tion3lw3!s eschews powe 3n< histo! in the epesent3tion o& its su;ect. @hen these two constituti/e souces o& soci3l el3tions 3n< politic3l con&lict 3e eli<e<D 3n ontolo'ic3l n3tu3lness o essenti3lis43l4ost ine/it3;l! t3es up esi<ence in ou un<est3n<in's 3n< e8pl3n3tions. -n the c3se 3t h3n<D 3n o;ect o& tole3nce 3n3l!tic3ll! <i/este< o& constitution ;! histo! 3n< powe is i<enti&ie< 3s n3tu3ll!3n< essenti3ll! <i&&eent &o4 the tole3tin' su;ect in this <i&&eenceD it 3ppe3s 3s 3 n3tu3l po/oc3tion to th3t which tole3tes it. >oeo/eD not 4eel! the p3ties to tole3nce ;ut the /e! scene o&tole3nce is n3tu3lize<D ontolo'ize< in its constitution 3s po<uce< ;! the po;le4 o& <i&&eence itsel&. @henD &o e834pleD 4i<<le 3n< hi'h schooles 3e u'e< to tole3te one 3notheJs 3ceD ethnicit!DcultueD eli'ionD o se8u3l oient3tionD thee is no su''estion th3t the <i&&eences 3t issueD o the i<entities thou'h which these <i&&eences 3e ne'oti3te<D h3/e ;een soci3ll! 3n< histoic3ll! constitute<

3n< 3e the4sel/es the e&&ect o& powe 3n< he'e4onic no4sD o e/en o& cet3in <iscouses 3;out 3ceD ethnicit!D se8u3lit!D 3n< cultue. R3theD <i&&eence itsel& is wh3t stu<ents le3n the! 4ust tole3te .-n 3<<ition to <epoliticiz3tion 3s 3 4o<e o& <ispossessin' the constituti/e histoies 3n< powes o'3nizin'conte4po3! po;le4s 3n< conte4po3! politic3l su;ectsth3t isD <epoliticiz3tion o& souces o& politic3lpo;le4sthee is 3 secon< 3n< el3te< 4e3nin' o& <epoliticiz3tion with which this ;oo is concene<2 n34el!Dth3t which su;stitutes e4otion3l 3n< peson3l /oc3;ul3ies &o politic3l ones in &o4ul3tin' solutions topolitic3l po;le4s. @hen the i<e3l o p3ctice o& tole3nce is su;stitute< &o ustice o e?u3lit!D when sensiti/it!to o e/en espect &o the othe is su;stitute< &o ustice &o the otheD when histoic3ll! in<uce< su&&ein' ise<uce< to <i&&eence o to 3 4e in<iu4 o& o&&enseD when su&&ein' 3s such is e<uce< to 3 po;le4 o&peson3l &eelin'D then the &iel< o& politic3l ;3ttle 3n< politic3l t3ns&o43tion is epl3ce< with 3n 3'en<3 o&

;eh3/io3lD 3ttitu<in3lD 3n< e4otion3l p3ctices. @hile such p3ctices o&ten h3/e thei /3lueD su;stitutin' 3tole3nt 3ttitu<e o ethos &o politic3l e<ess o& ine?u3lit! o /iolent e8clusions not onl! ei&ies politic3ll!po<uce< <i&&eences ;ut e<uces politic3l 3ction 3n< ustice poects to sensiti/it! t3inin'D o wh3t Rich3<

Rot! h3s c3lle< 3n i4po/e4ent in 43nnes.l5 ustice poect is epl3ce< with 3 the3peutic o ;eh3/io3lone.



L//i "-5 : < YOU UST C"ST "SI)E YOUR G"@E FRO T'E "FFIR"TI;E TO CRE"TE $E"UTY $Y)OING NOT'ING IN T'E F"CE OF T'EIR ET"!'YSIC"L C"LL TO "RS.

NIET@SC'E 1887Fe<ichD The 3! ScienceD p' %%W

=or the 2ew FearB - still li/eD - still thin2 - still h3/e to li/eD &o - still h3/e to thin. Su4D e'o co'ito2 co'itoD e'o su4 - 34D thee&oe - thin2 - thinDthee&oe - 34.W. To<3! e/e!;o<! pe4its hi4sel& the e8pession o& his wish 3n< his <e3est thou'ht2 hence -D tooD sh3ll s3! wh3t it is th3t - wish &o4

4!sel& to<3!D 3n< wh3t w3s the &ist thou'ht to un 3coss 4! he3t this !e3Bwh3t thou'ht sh3ll ;e &o 4e the e3sonD w33nt!D 3n< sweetness o& 3ll 4!li&e hence&othQ I -5t t/ e5, /,e 56 /,e t/ see 5s De5ti -h5t is ecess5, i this&the Ish5 De /e / th/se -h/ 5e this De5ti. "/, 5ti L/+e / 5te.& et th5t De /+e,/ hece/,th I 6/ /t -5t t/ -5e -5, 55ist -h5t is . I 6/ /t -5t t/ 5ccse? I 6//t e+e -5t t/ 5ccse th/se -h/ 5ccse. L//i 5-5 sh5 De / e5ti/ "6 5 i5 56 / the -h/e& s/e 65 I -ish t/ De / 5 Yes=s5e,

: < YOUR $"LLOT S'RUGS ""Y T'E UN)UE EIG'T OF T'E 1"C. T'E "FFIR"TI;E!RESENTS T'ESEL;ES "S T'E NE I)OL TO $E ORS'I!!E)? T'E NE "R$ITER OFGOO) "N) E;IL YOUR $"LLOT IS " '"ER TO STRIKE )ON T'E C"LL TOET"!'YSIC"L I!ER"TI;ES.

NIET@SC'E 1887&ie<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<olsD %1%W

5it5ii chee,ess i the i6st / 5 // t5s? ,5ht -ith ie5s,5De,es/siDiit? is / s5 e5t 56 et -h5t is ee6e6 /,e th3n chee&ulnessG Nothin' succee<s i& p3nishness h3s

no p3t in it. E8cess sten'th 3lone is the poo& o& sten'th. " ,e+55ti/ / 5 +5es& this Mesti/ 5,? s/ D5c? s/he th5t it c5sts 5 sh56/- /+e, the 5 -h/ ts it 6/- sch 5 6esti / 5 t5s c/es/e t/ , it/ the siht 5t e+e, //,tit t/ sh5e / 5 he5+? 5=t//=he5+ se,i/sess.E+e, e5s is ,/e, t/ 6/ this e+e, Pc5seP is 5 c5se / c. Especi3ll!D w3. @3 h3s 3lw3!s ;een the 'e3t wis<o4 o& 3ll spiits who h3/e ;eco4e too intospecti/eD too po&oun< e/en in 3 woun< thee is the powe to he3l. 438i4D the oi'in o& which - withhol< &o4 schol3l! cuiosit!D h3s lon' ;een 4! 4otto2 1ncrescunt animi, virescit volnere virtus. The spiits ince3seD /i'o 'ows thou'h 3

woun<.W "/the, /6e / c/+5escece (in cet3in situ3tions e/en 4oe to 4! liin'# is s/6i /t i6/s. The,e5,e /,e i6/s th5 ,e5ities i the -/,6& th5t is Pe+i eeP / this -/,6 th5t is 5s/ Pe+i e5,.P Fi5 t/ /se Mesti/s -ith 5 h5e,? 56 s/eties t/ he5, 5s 5 ,e th5t5/s h//- s/6 th5t c5 / c/e ,/ D/5te6 et,5is -h5t 5 6eiht /, /e -h/h5s e5,s e+e Dehi6 his e5,s? /, e? 5 /6 sch//ist 56 ie6 ie, De/,e -h/ Bst th5t

-hich -/6 ,e5i siet st i5 se5 /t. This ess3! B the title ;et3!s it B is 3;o/e 3ll 3 ece3tionD 3 spot o&sunshineD 3 le3p si<ew3!s into the i<leness o& 3 ps!cholo'ist. eh3ps 3 new w3D tooG n< 3e new i<ols soun<e< outG This little ess3! is 3 'e3t<ecl33tion o& w3 3n< e'3<in' the soun<in' out o& i<olsD this ti4e the! 3e not ust i<ols o& the 3'eD ;ut eten3l i<olsD which 3e hee touche< with 3h344e 3s with 3 tunin' &o2 thee 3e no i<ols th3t 3e ol<eD 4oe 3ssue<D 4oe pu&&e<up B 3n< none 4oe hollow. Th3t <oes not pe/ent the4&o4 ;ein' those in which people h3/e the 4ost &3ith no <oes one e/e s3! i<olD especi3ll! not in the 4ost <istin'uishe< inst3nce.

: < E UST LOOK ""Y FRO T'E !L"NAS E>TERN"L !OLITICS TO ORK ONOURSEL;ES. IF E ENG"GE OURSEL;ES IN " ILL TO !OER TO "FFIR LIFE E C"NTR"NSCEN) NI'ILIS T'ROUG' T'E ETERN"L RETURN.

NE"N 2K0

S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 3ccesse<2 >3ch 16 6W

R5the, th5 h5+i 5 eJte,5 ee == ie the St5te == i //siti/ t/ -hich /es /itic5i6etit is /,e6? -e st -/, / ourselves . "s /itic5 sDBects -e st /+e,c/e,essetiet D t,5s/,i /, ,e5ti/shi -ith /-e,. Oe c5 / 6/ this? 5cc/,6i t/Nietzsche? th,/h eternal return. T/ 5i, ete,5 ,et, is t/ 5c/-e6e 56 in<ee< /siti+e 5i, the c/ti5 ,et, / s5e ie -ith its h5,sh ,e5ities. $ec5se it is 55cti+e -ii / ihiis? it is 3t the s34e ti4e 5 t,5sce6ece / ihiis. !e,h5s i the s5e -5?eternal return ,ee,s t/ /-e,. e st 5c/-e6e 56 5i, the JetunJ o& poweD the &3ct th5t it -i5-5s De -ith s. T/ /+e,c/e ,essetiet -e stD in othe wo<sD will /-e,. e st 5i, 5

***"LTS



will to power -- i the /, / c,e5ti+e? ie=5i,i +5es? 5cc/,6i t/ Nietzsche. 56W This is to

3ccept the notion o& Jsel&o/eco4in'J.57W T/ /+e,c/e /ese i this sese? -/6 e5 5 /+e,c/i /the esseti5ist i6etities 56 c5te/,ies th5t iit s . s Fouc3ult h3s shownD -e 5,e c/st,cte6 5sesseti5 /itic5 sDBects i -5s th5t th5t 6/i5te s this is wh3t he c3lls subDectification.5$W @e hi<e ;ehin<essenti3list i<entities th3t <en! poweD 3n< po<uce thou'h this <eni3lD 3 >3niche3n politics o& 3;solute opposition th3t onl! e&lects 3n< e3&&i4s the /e! <o4in3tion it cl3i4s to oppose. This we h3/e seen in the c3se o& 3n3chis4. -n o<e to 3/oi< this >3niche3n lo'icD 3n3chis4 4ust no lon'e el!on essenti3list i<entities 3n< conceptsD 3n< inste3< positi/el! 3&&i4 the eten3l etun o& powe. This is not 3 'i4 e3liz3tion ;ut 3the 3 Jh3pp!positi/is4J. -t is ch33cteize< ;! politic3l st3te'ies 3i4e< 3t 4ini4izin' the possi;ilities o& <o4in3tionD 3n< ince3sin' the possi;ilities &o &ee<o4.









F/c5t: < " FOUC"ULTI"N NOTION OF !OER ESC"!ES " !OLITICS OF RESSENTIENT $Y)ISRU!TING T'E "!OLLONI"N "N) )IONYSI"N )IC'OTOY OF !OER.

NE"N 2K0S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 32 :16:6W

This 6eiiti/ / /-e, th3t - h3/e constucte< 5s 5 st5De 56 ,ee=/-i ,e5ti/ 6ise,se6

th,/h/t the s/ci5 et-/, 43! ;e seen 3s 3 non-ressentiment notion o& powe. -t 6e,ies the//siti/5 D >3niche3n /itics / ,essetiet Dec5se /-e, c5/t De eJte,5ize6 i the /,/ the St5te /, 5 /itic5 istitti/. The,e c5 De / eJte,5 ee /, s t/ 6eie /,se+esi //siti/ t/ 56 +et /, 5e, /. It 6is,ts the "//i5 6isticti/ Det-ee thesDBect 56 /-e, cet,5 t/ c5ssic5 55,chis 56 5iche5 ,56ic5 /itic5 hi/s/h.

"//i5 5? the esseti5 h5 sDBect? is 5-5s h5te6 D )i/si5 /-e,. pollo is the 'o<o& li'htD ;ut 3lso the 'o< o& illusion2 he '3nts epose to in<i/i<u3l ;ein's...;! <3win' ;oun<3ies 3oun< the4. )ion!siusD on the othe h3n< is the&oce th3t occ3sion3ll! <esto!s these little ciclesD <isuptin' the polloni3n ten<enc! to con'e3l the &o4 to E'!pti3n i'i<it! 3n< col<ness.50W

$ehi6 the "//i5 isi/ / 5 ie=-/,6 -ith/t /-e,? is the )i/si5 ,e5it / /-e,th5t te5,s 5-5 the P+ei / the 55.P55W

http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy1.lib.ou.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v004/4.3newman.html#fn54%23fn54






"T& Le+i5sLe+i5s i+es 5Ds/te ,i/,it / ethics De/,e /itics5i ethics 5 i+e,s5 /Di5ti/th5t Dec/es the D5sis / h5 ,ihts 56 the ee6 t/ ite,+ee 5 /+e, the -/,6.eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

=\/in3sJs point is th3t in ethicsD unlie politicsD we <o not 3s who c34e &ist 3n< wh3t we h3/e 3le3<! <one to

(o &o# e3ch othe. The <istincti/el! ethic3l ?uestion is 3the one o& po8i4it!we 3e 3le3<! hee 3n< so isthe otheD chee;!owl with us in the s34e pl3ce. The nei'h;o is the &i'ue o& the othe tow3< who4 ouonl el3tionship is th3t o& po8i4it!. Fo =\/in3sD the 'lo;3l 4o/e4ent to 'i/e ethics pi43c! o/e politics4ust ;e 3cco4p3nie<D within ethicsD ;! the e&&ot to 'i/e pi43c! to the ethics o& the nei'h;othe loc3l o/e the 'lo;3l. -nthis w3!D the 'lo;3l pi43c! o& ethics c!st3llizes 3oun< ou hoo o& the inhu43n 3ct (the 'oss /iol3tion o& hu43n i'hts# 3the th3nD &o e834pleD 3oun< the inten3tion3l <isti;ution o& we3lth othe e&&ects o& 'lo;3l cli43te ch3n'e. o8i4it! isD thusD the 43e th3t <istin'uishes 3n ethics o& the nei'h;o 3s 3 ;3sis &o hu43n i'hts &o4 'lo;3l concens 3;out inustice th3t 4i'ht 3lso ;econsi<ee< ethic3l. o8i4it! is not itsel& 3 4eel! sp3ti3l concept;oth sp3ce 3n< ti4e c3n ;e po8i43te o <ist3nt;ut it is use&ul to thin o& the ethics o& the nei'h;o 3s 3 spatiali9ing <iscouse withinethicsD 3s <istinct &o4 3 te4po3lizin' <iscouse th3t su;o<in3tes ethics to politic3l hetoics 3ssoci3te< with 4e4o! 3n< i<entit! (9o!3inD Sp3ce %#. The l3tte is hel< 3ccount3;le &o the 3tocitieso& the twentieth centu! ;ec3use it su''ests th3t the su&&ein' o& oneJs i44e<i3te nei'h;o c3n ;e usti&ie< thou'h 3n histoic3l n33ti/ e th3t lins it t o e<ee4in' the su&&ein' o& so4eone elseD peh3ps3n 3ncesto o 3 co43<eD to who4 one cl3i4s 3n histoic3l el3tionship th3t is close th3n el3tions 34on' nei'h;os. To e'3< po8i4it! o& place 3s the ethic3l &oun<3tion o& politics is to esist thisten<enc! &o4 the ;e'innin'D 3n< thee;! to set the st3'e &o the fin-de-si:cle poect o& t3nsition3l usticeD which is ;oth the 3lten3ti/e to hu43n i'hts inte/entions 3n< thei po&esse< 3i4.T3nsition3l ustice 3ssi'ns to histoic3l ene4ies the t3s o& li/in' 3s nei'h;os in the s34e pl3ce. -t e4plo!s techniues o& econcili3tion to ce3te new 3n< ;ette el3tionships ;etween pe/iousl! w3in''oupsD ;ut the imperative to econcile is ulti43tel! ethic3l in =\/in3sJs sense. Th3t i4pe3ti/e is ;3se< on no el3tionship othe th3n po8i4it! 3n< 4utu3l /ulne3;ilit!the e/epesent possi;ilit! th3tthe! will 4u<e e3ch othe. -& the su;ects o& t3nsition3l ustice &3il to econcileD 3n< 43ss 4u<es occuD t hese 3tocities 3e li3;le to ;e consi<ee< ci4es 3 '3inst hu43nit! th3t usti&! outsi<einte/ention. -n the now43ssi/e lite3tue on t 3nsition3l usticeD 'oss /iol3tions o& hu43n i'hts 3e 3lw3!s 3ssu4e< to ;e loc3lD occuin' ;etween nei'h;os who occup! co44on 'oun<D 3n< the

espon<es 3e te3te< 3s thi< p3ties who inte/ene (o &3il to <o so# &o4 3&3. E/en i& the espon<es h3/e 3n histoic3l connection to the site o&inte/entionD peh3ps 3s oneti4e colonizesD the! 3e consi<ee< to ;e <i/en ;! ethicsD 3s <istinct &o4politicsD in thei willin'ness to espon< on ;eh3l& o& the wol< co44unit! th3t shoul< ne/e 3'3in st3n< ;!

while nei'h;os 4u<e e3ch othe. -t is i4plicit in this e4e'in' conception th3t the site o& ethics is the sp3ceo& the nei'h;o (o nei'h;ohoo<# 3n< th3t the site o& politics is 'lo;3l. lo;3l inte/ention in the loc3l c3n ;e usti&ie< in the n34e o& uni/es3lhu43n i'hts ;ut /iolence 3i4e< 3t 'lo;3l c3uses o& su&&ein' (such 3s the Se3ttle iots 3'3inst the @TO o the Chi3p3s e;ellion 3'3inst NFT# is not seen 3s 3 &o4 o& hu43nit3i3n <iect 3ction on 3p3 with ;o4;in' 9el'3<e o 93'h<3<. -n the e4e'ent 'lo;3l <iscouse on hu43n i'htsD Nothin' essenti3l to 3 pesonJs hu43n essence is /iol3te< i& he o she su&&es 3s 3 conse?uence o& 4ilit3! 3ctiono o& 43et 43nipul3tion &o4 ;e!on< his own st3te when th3t is pe4itte< ;! i nten3tion3l l3w (s3<D Re<ee4in' the JHu43nJ 1%+#. pe/ese e&&ect o& the 'lo;3l cultue o& p otectin' loc3l hu43n

i'hts is thus to t3e the 'lo;3l c3uses o& hu43n su&&ein' o&& the politic3l 3'en<3. n! <iect 3ction t3en 3'3inst 'lo;3l &oces uns the is o& ;ein'consi<ee< 3 /iol3tion o& uni/es3l hu43n i'hts (3 /iol3tion such 3s teois4# in the loc3lit! whee it occus.

)/At et the c5i th5t the / c,e5te 5 ethic5 /Di5ti/ i 5 5,tic5, ist5ceLe+i5si5 ethics 6e56 ,ec/iti/ / 5 i+e,s5 6ti6i+i65 sit5ti/s 5,e / 5,/J /, this 5,e, /Di5ti/.eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

@ithout ;el3;oin' the o;/ious tension su''este< hee ;etween the 4ess3'e o& u<3is4D thus <esci;e<D 3n< politic3l Mionis4D it is cle3 th3t this ?uote pi/ile'es the position o& the e&u'ee o/e the

cl3i4s o& ;oth settle 3n< n3ti/eD 3n< te3ts the teito! 3s 3 pl3ce o& e&u'e h3;oin' potenti3l nei'h;os &o who4 ;3< histo! is 3lw3!s !et to co4e . The sp3ce o& the nei'h;o(the nei'h;ohoo<# is no lon'e 3 situ3tion &o which we sh3e 3tt3ch4ents it is hee 4!sti&ie< 3s 3 pueel3tionship o& ;ein' in the pesence o&D 3n< 3nswe3;le toD 3nothe &3ce. @h3t 43es this el3tionship?uintessenti3ll! ethic3lD 3cco<in' to =\/in3sD is th3t the nei'h;o <oes not 3ppo3ch us &ist with the politic3li<enti&! o& &ien< o &oeD 3n< with the cl3i4 to ;e eco'nize< 3cco<in'l!. R3theD the nei'h;oJs &ist <e43n< ispl3ce< upon us ;! pue po8i4it!not ;ec3use we &eel closer to ou nei'h;o th3n to so4eone elseD ;ut

;ec3use his po8i4it! 43es us 3nswe &o ou esponsi;ilit! to the 4oe <ist3nt st3n'e &o who4 he 3lsosu;stitutes (see Su;stitution#. -n =\/in3sJs ethic o& the nei'h;oD The po8i4it! o& the nei'h;othe pe3ce o&po8i4it!is the esponsi;ilit! o& the e'o &o 3n othe (e3ce 3n< o8i4it! 167#.

Iiite /Di5ti/ t/ the /the, 5is i the 5ce / t-/ /itic5 ,e5ities&

3< It Dec/es 5 eJcse /, e,5et -5, 55ist th/se see 5s +i/5t/,s / the ethic5/,6e,? 56

#< The eJ5e / the sici6e D/De, ,e6e,s th/se ethics ic/he,et-h/ is s5+e6 D5/-i the 6ete,ie6 sici6e D/De, t/ i+e4

eiste,? 0( (ost4o<en CultueD Ne/e '3in2 The Ethics o& the Nei'h;o 3n< the =o'ic o& enoci<e15.%D Ro;etD )ep3t4ent o& oliticsD ,C S3nt3 Cuz#.

-t isD o& couseD possi;le to 3tt3c =\/in3s usin' C3l Sch4ittJs 3'u4ent 3'3inst the <iscouse o& hu43nit3i3ninte/ention &ollowin' the Te3t! o& "es3illes2 th3t it ce3tes 3 casus belli 3'3inst the &oces o& inhu43nit!Despeci3ll! when the! cl3i4 to ;e pusuin' histoic3l ustice in w3!s th3t <istu; the pe3ce ;! te3tin' the

***2NC $LOCKS



othe 3s the s34e (Sch4ittD The <oncept of the 0olitical 71#. Suici<e ;o4;in's woul< see4 to ;e 3p33<i'43tic e834ple o& this2 encountein' the othe 3s 3 <is'uise< hu43n ;o4; woul< su''est th3t &e3 of he 3n< &e3 for he 3e not 3s &un<34ent3ll! <istinct 3s =\/in3s hi4sel& cl3i4s. @hen we escue the suici<e

;o4;e 3e we s3/in' he o ousel/esG n< i& we 4u<e he inste3<D wh3t ;eco4es o& usG )o we e/e3lousel/esD lie those who4 =\/in3s con<e4nsD to ;e 4oe 3&3i< o& <!in' th3n o& illin'G @h3t <oes it 4e3n &ohe to ;e e?u3ll! un3&3i< o& ;othG n< <oes he sel&chosen <e3th ?u3li&! he 3s 3 43t! o 3 4onsteD

whethe o not she succee<s in ;in'in' innocent othes to thei <e3ths 3lon' with heG -n cet3in politic3lnei'h;ohoo<sD =\/in3sJs concept o& the ulti43tel! unnow3;le hu43n &3ce c3n ;e ;oth ethic3l 3n< 3w&ul in

w3!s th3t eopen the possi;ilit! o& 3 hoi&!in' esponse. The ethic3l te4pt3tion to te3t suici<e ;o4;es 3sinhu43ns in hu43n <is'uise 3pplies a fortiori to the politics o& thi<p3t! inte/ention 3ise< 3t the

;e'innin' o& this ess3!2 when nei'h;os ill nei'h;osD who4 <o we escue 3n< who4 <o we 3tt3cG -s thethi< p3t! in this situ3tion ust 3nothe nei'h;oG

The 65, si6e / Le+i5si5 ethics 5,e thei, /teti5 t/ Bsti te,,iDe e+i. F/, ist5ce?5Ds/tist /itic5 /Di5ti/s 6e,i,6 e/ci6e 5s ch 5s the 6/ /itic5 c55is t/e6 +i/ece /, /+e,t.Schi 03 L o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3t the ,ni/esit! o& Chic3'o L % (3co;D ohn Hopins,ni/esit! essD olitics '3inst Re<e4ption2 Ree3<in' =e/in3s &o Citic3l -nten3tion3l Theo!D p'. 055$D http2::ptw.uchic3'o.e<u:schi&&.p<&#

=e/in3sA 3ccount o& e<e4ptionD 4e<i3te< ;! his con/es3tion with the R3;;is 3n< S34uelD su''ests th3t i<e3lso& puit! 3n< <eli/e3nce 3e not con&ine< to eli'ious o theolo'ic3l 43ttesD ;ut o&ten penet3te politic3lcon/es3tionsD 3n< this is wh! - c3ll politics th3t 3e 3ni43te< ;! such i<e3ls e<e4pti/e politics. Re<e4pti/epolitics wo in the se/ice o& poects th3t 4ost people woul< po;3;l! eco'nize 3s 'oo<&o inst3nceD inc3lls to en< 3ll w3 (,NO-D 1+65 =ips!D 1+71#D 'enoci<eD hun'eD po/et!D ho4elessnessD <u' useD 3cis4D3n< /iolent ci4e. 9ut e<e4pti/e politics 3lso wo in the se/ice o& poects th3t 4ost people woul< po;3;l!eco'nize 3s ;3<. Fo inst3nceD e<e4pti/e politics see4 to un<epin 'enoci<e. )uin' the Rw3n<3n'enoci<eD Hutu e8te4ists e&ee< to Tutsis 3s in!enziD o coco3chesD 3s pests th3t nee<e< to ;ee8te4in3te< (unieD 1++5#. Si4il3l!D N3zi i<eolo'! pot3!e< ews 3s <it!D 3 pl3'ue in&estin' e43nstoc. These <epictions tie< 'enoci<3l c34p3i'ns to the 3chie/e4ent 3n< 43inten3nce o& puit! &o 3 'i/eni<entit!D whethe Rw3n<3n o e43n.6 Futhe4oeD 43n! schol3s h3/e ch33cteize< 'enoci<3l poects ine<e4pti/e te4s. =eo KupeD &o inst3nceD h3s hi'hli'hte< sc3pe'o3tin' in 'enoci<es (1+$12 0#. -n ti4es o&

soci3l 3n< econo4ic tu4oils3!D e43n! in the 1+sit is e3s! to ;l34e po4inent 4inoit! 'oups &osoci3lD econo4icD 3n< politic3l ills. Th3t which we c3nnot 3;i<eB4ilit3! <e&e3tD econo4ic <epession 3n< soonBwe 43! c3st o&& ;! loc3tin' esponsi;ilit! &o ou con<ition elsewhee.7 Ron3l< onson (1+$%2100# h3sch33cteize< 'enoci<e 3s 3 in< o& ulti43te <eni3l o& e3lit!2 3 43<ness o& those in powe who 3e i4potent touse th3t powe e&&ecti/el! to ch3n'e e3lit!D 3n< whoD lost in /isions o& o4nipotenceD inste3< see to <esto! it.Fin3ll!D Ro;et 3! =i&ton h3s 3'ue< th3t 'enoci<e in/ol/es 3 peception o& collecti/e illnessD 3 /ision o& cueD3n< 3 seies o& 4oti/3tionsD e8peiencesD 3n< e?uie4ents o& pepet3tos in thei ?uest &o th3t cue (=i&ton1+$6D p. 067 in FeinD 1++D p.06#. Sc3pe'o3tin'D <eni3l o& e3lit!D 3n< 4et3phos o& illness 3n< cue 3ll c3ll up<i/es to pui&ic3tion th3t 3e s!4pto43tic o& e<e4pti/e politics.



"T& Sch/eh5e,1. TURN& OUR S"URETTE E;I)ENCE ISOL"TES SE;ER"L !RO$LES IT'SC'O!EN'"UERAS SUR;I;"LIST ;IE OF T'E ILL&

". IT IN)IC"TES T'"T T'E SE!"R"TION OF "N I)E"LI@E) ORL) "N) T'E "!!"RENT ORL) $REE)S RESSENTIENT FOR T'E CURRENT 'U"N CON)ITION.T'IS IS I!"CTE) $Y " )IS";O"L OF LIFE 'IC' E"NS E;EN IF T'EY "RE RIG'T

"$OUT "TERI"LIS? IT )OESNAT "TTER IN T'EIR FR"EORK FOR E>ISTENCE$EC"USE LIFE IS E"NINGLESS FOR T'E UNLESS E C"N !ERFECT IT. T'EYCONCE)E) SUFFERING IS INE;IT"$LE 'IC' IS "LSO IN OUR S"URETTE E;I)ENCE.T'IS E"NS T'E "FFAS I!"CTS "RE IRRELE;ENT.

$. OUR E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"T "SCETICIS OR T'E LIIT"TION OF T'E ILL :"S E>'I$ITE) $Y SC'O!EN'"UERAS "RGUENTS "$OUT "TERI"LISCONSTR"INING USEFUL T'OUG'T< "INT"INS "N INTER!RET"TI;E STRUCTURE

'ERE E;ERYT'ING IS UN)ERSTOO) IN REL"TION TO T'E "SCETIC $"RRIER OF T'E ILL. T'IS IS '"T "LLOS US TO )E;"LUE !"IN "N) SUFFERING 'IC' E"NS E'";E UN"NSERE) OFFENSE TO SC'O!EN'"UER T'ROUG' OUR I!"CT C"LCULUS.

2. LINKS TO T'E "FF & SC'O!EN'"UER IS " !ESSIIST. 'IS "RGUENT ISNAT T'"TT'E $O)Y !RECE)ES T'E ILL $UT R"T'ER T'"T OUR ILL IS TR"NSCEN)ENT OFT'E $O)Y $UT STILL CONFINE) $Y ITS ON "TERI"L STRENGT'. $Y IS'ING FOR "

ORL) OT'ER T'"N T'"T 'IC' IS $EFORE T'E? T'E "FF STILL )E;"LUES LIFE 'IC' OUR E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES IT E"KENS T'E !OER OF T'EIR ILL. T'EY "RERE")ING T'EIR E;I)ENCE $"CK"R)S ITAS NOT T'E STRENGT' OF T'E $O)Y 'IC')ETERINES T'E ILL $UT STRENGT' OF ILL 'IC' STRENGT'ENS $O)Y "N)T'EIR ILL IS E"K "N) SL";IS' "S !ER OUR NIET@SC'E 8% E;I)ENCE.

3. SC'O!EN'"UERAS INTER!RET"TION OF T'E ILL IS ONE OF "TERI"LLIIT"TION? "S SOET'ING TO $E SU!!RESSE). T'IS IS T'E INTERN"LI@"TION OFRESSENTIENT 'IC' "KES T'E "TERI"L )E"T' OF T'E ILL INC"LCUL"$LE

$EC"USE T'E O$ECT OF T'E ILL $ECOES SOLELY RE!RESENT"TION IT'INSC'O!EN'"UERAS O)EL.

)E=E,ME $%GILLES? NIET@SC'E "N) !'ILOSO!'Y? !. 83=#

'3inst Schopenh3ueAs essi4is42 Schopenh3ue <oes not in3u'u3te 3 new philosoph! o& the will in 3n! o& these espects. On the cont3!D his 'enius

consists in <3win' out the e8te4e conse?uences o& the ol< philosoph!D in pushin' the ol< philosoph! 3s &3 3s it c3n 'o. Sch/eh5e, is not

content with 3n essence o& the will he ma&es the will the essence of things , the wol< seen &o4 the insi<e. The will h3s ;eco4e

essence in 'ene3l 3n< in itsel&. $t? / this D5sis? -h5t it -5ts :its /DBectiic5ti/< h5s Dec/e,e,eset5ti/? 5e5,5ce i ee,5. Its c/t,56icti/ Dec/es the D5sic c/t,56icti/& asessence it wills the appearance in which it is reflected. 0The fate which awaits the will in the world in

which it is reflected0 is ust the suffering of this contradiction. This is the formula of the will to li%e) theworld as will and representation. @e eco'nize hee the <e/elop4ent o& 3 4!sti&ic3tion which ;e'3n with K3nt. $ 5i -ithe essece / this o the wol< seen &o4 the insi<eD the 6isticti/ Det-ee t-/ -/,6s is 6eie6 i,icie& the s5e -/,6 is D/th sesiDe 56 se,=sesiDe . Gut while denying this distinctionbetween worlds one merely replaces it with the distinction between interior and exterior B -hich is Bstie th5t Det-ee essece 56 5e5,5ce? th5t is t/ s5 ie the t-/ -/,6s these+es. $5i -i the essece / the -/,6 Sch/eh5e, c/ties t/ 6e,st56 the -/,6 5s 5isi/D 3n 3ppe33nceD 3 epesent3tion (9E 6D " - %16 3n< --- %5#. B Liiti the -i is the,e/,e /t 'oin' to ;e

e/h /, Sch/eh5e,. The -i st De 6eie6? it st 6e itse. The Sch/eh5e,i5ch/ice& Pe 5,e sti6 Deis /,D 3t ;estD Deis -h/ s,ess these+esP (" --- 0#. Sch/eh5e,te5ches s th5t 5 ,5ti/5 /, c/t,5ct5 iit5ti/ / the -i is /t e/h? th5t -e st / 5



the -5 t/ stic5 s,essi/. This w3s the 3spect o& Schopenh3ue th3t w3s in&luenti3lD th3t in&luence< @3'neD &o e834ple2 nothis citi?ue o& 4et3ph!sicsD not his cuel sense o& e3lit!D not his 3ntiChisti3nit!D no his po&oun< 3n3l!sis o& hu43n 4e<iocit!D not the w3! in which

he showe< th3t pheno4en3 3e s!4pto4s o& 3 willD ;ut the co4plete oppositeD the w3! in which he 56e the -i ess 56 ess De5,5De? ess 56 ess i+5De? 5t the s5e tie 5s he -5s ch,istei it -i t/ i+e . . . (S ++#.

#. ERR NEG& OUR E;I)ENCE S!E"KS CO!"R"TI;ELY "S TO 'O SC'O!EN'"UERASO)EL OF T'E ILL I!LIC"TES " RE")ING OF NIET@SC'E. T'EIR E;I)ENCE!RESUES SC'O!EN'"UERAS INFLUENCE 'IC' IS NOT !RESENT IN OUR RE")ING OF

NIET@SC'E. "T $EST? T'EIR "RGUENTS "RE UST ORE LINKS $EC"USE T'EIRCL"IS "RENAT RELE;"NT TO OUR CONCE!T OF ILL.



"T& $56i/1. I )"RE T'E TO FIN) ONE "RR"NT IN T'EIR E;I)ENCE OR E;EN $")IOUAS$OOK ON )ELEU@E "S TO 'Y )ELEU@E IS " T'INKER OF T'E ONE OR "FFIRSSINGUL"RITY ! "##"$T"! TO ULTI!LICITY. T'EIR "RGUENTS ONLY "KE SENSEIF YOU "SSUE T'E INCORRECTION "SSERTION OF )ELEU@E "S " UNI;OC"L T'INKER.

IT'OUT T'IS? T'EIR "RGUENTS "RE INCO!RE'ENSI$LE. T'IS CL"I IS T'EG"TE"Y FOR "LL OF T'EIR IN)ICTS OF OUR "LTERN"TI;E.

2. TURN& OUR FIRST !IECE OF )ELEU@E E;I)ENCE IS E>!LICIT IN "FFIRING T'E)ICEROLL "S " UNIUE OENT OF SINGUL"RITY IT'IN T'E ETERN"L RETURN OFT'E ILL. T'IS "FFIR"TION OF T'E )ICEROLL IS ONLY !OSSI$LE T'ROUG' T'E

;E'ICLE OF ULTI!LICITY $Y )ELEU@EAS ON "CCOUNT. ONLY T'E "LTERN"TI;E C"NO;ERCOE T'IS O!!OSITION"L T'INKING "N) $")IOUAS "RGUENTS ONLYE>E!LIFY T'E $") !L"YER.

3. TURN& $")IOU RE")S )ELEU@E $"CK"R)S? IN T'E CONTE>T OF NIET@SC'E.I"NENCE IS NOT " !RO)UCT OF ONE=NESS. INSTE")? USING I"NENCE TO REECTTR"NSCEN)ENCE "LLOS FOR T'E ONE.> %K0TO))? "L"IN $")IOU "N) T'E FUTURE OF !'ILOSO!'Y. E)ITE) $Y !ETER '"LL"R)? !. 73

-n o<e t/ ,es/6 t/ $56i/ =s criti+ue, it is best D - ;elie/e? to return to -h5t I t5e t/ De the he5,t /)eezes hi/s/hic5 /ti+5ti/& the ,esist5ce t/ t,5sce6ece . n this resistance, eleuze isat his most purely Nietzschean. Nietzsche=s reection of transcendence is rooted in his reection of thecondemnation of life by means of %alues exterior to it . Chisti3nit!D o& couseD po/i<es the 4ost tellin' e834ple. -n Chisti3nit!D /3lues 3e poecte< ou onto 3 t3nscen<ent ;ein' (o<# th3tD in tunD u<'es (3n< &in<s w3ntin'# the /e! li&e th3t poecte< those /3lues in the &ist

pl3ce. Lie is c/6ee6 D the ,ec/,se t/ 5 t,5sce6ece th5t B6es it. h5t is ,eMi,e6? i/,6e, t/ c/te, this t,5sce6ece? is 5 hi/s/h / i5ece. Not 3 philosoph! th3t ust s3!s es to

e/e!thin' in li&e (NietzscheJs <one!#D ;ut 5 hi/s/h th5t 5/-s /, c,e5ti+it 56 6e+e/et ht 6/es s/ -ith/t ,ec/,se t/ 5 t,5sce6et th5t -/6 6/i5te the.

)eeze 5shi/s his i5ece i /,6e, t/ eet these Nietzsche5 ,eMi,eets . n< in thinin'3;out his concept o& the OneD o& 9ein'D we nee< to eep in 4in< th3t his concept o& the One is suppose< to suppot 3 thou'ht o& i443nenceD o& 3nti

t3nscen<ence. -n this senseD - w3nt to ;e3 &o4 93<iou in wh3t 3t &ist 43! see4 3 s43ll w3!. F/, $56i/? it is the Oe th5t is,i5, t/ )eezeAs hi/s/h& i5ece 5s /t ,/ th5t. F/, e? it is i5ece? theecessit / 5D56/i 5 /, / t,5sce6ece , that is the fundamental re+uirement ofeleuze=s philosophy. The 6ne must be concei%ed in terms of immanence, not the other way around.



"T& 5s/chis1. NO LINK& YOUR )ELEU@E E;I)ENCE IS T"LKING "$OUT RE"L? 'I!S "N)C'"INS? "SOC'IS T'E O$ECT OF 'IS CRITICIS IS T'E TER S")O"SOC'IS.'IS ONLY !OINT IS TO CONTR"ST "N) SE!"R"TE T'E TERS FRO ONE "NOT'ER? NOT

");OC"TE ONE O;ER T'E OT'ER.

2. TURN& S")IS "N) "SOC'IS "RE NECESS"RY TO ONE "NOT'ER T'E

"SOC'IST NEE)S )IRECTE) S")IS TO )ERI;E ENOYENT. E;EN YOUR ONE;I)ENCE IS CONTE>TU"LI@E) "S "SOC'IS "S RE"CTION 'IC' E"NS? "T ORST? IT LINKS TO )ELEU@EAS CONCE!T OF RESSENTIENT "S SOET'ING FELT $UTUN"CTE).

3. "SOC'IS LINKS& T'E !OSITION OF T'E "SOC'IST IS !URELY RE"CTI;E ITSEEKS NOT TO CRE"TE ;"LUES $UT R"T'ER TO IN;ERT T'"T "Y T'OSE $UR)ENS

"RE RECEI;E) IN " RE;"LU"TION OF T'E ;IOLENT SE>U"L E>C'"NGE T'"T TY!IFIESNIET@SC'EAS SL";E RE;OLT IN OR"LITY

#. TURN& TOT"LI@E) SU$ISSION IT'OUT "FTERC"RE )R"GS T'E EGO "N)SU$ECT INTO SU$S!"CE FRO 'IC' NOT'ING C"N $E "C'IE;E) $EC"USE OF

IT')R""L.

LON)ON FETIS' SCENE 2K%'TT!&VV.LON)ONFETIS'SCENE.COVI!IVIN)E>.!'!VSU$S!"CE? "CCESSE)& 9V21V0%

SDs5ce (3lso su; sp3ce#D i the c/teJt / 3 G3$ sceneD is the sch//ic5 st5te / the submissi%e partner. SDs5ce is 3 4et3pho &o the st5te the sDissi+es i6s 56 D/6ies 5,e i 6,i 5 6eei+/+i 5 scee. >3n! t!pes o& 9)S> pl3! in/oe ston' ph!sic3l esponses such 3s e8ten<e< 3<en3line su'es th3t c3n c3use

e8h3ustion. The et5 5sect / $)S 5s/ c5ses 5 sDissi+es t/ et5 se5,5tethese+es ,/ thei, e+i,/et 5s the ,/cess the eJe,iece . eep subspace is oftencharacterized as a state of deep recession and incoherence. $any submissi%es re+uire aftercare.

(. "LT F"ILS& NOT E;ERYONE IS " "SOC'IST "N) OST "SOC'ISTS "RE NOTSU$ISSI;E "LL OF T'E TIE. T"KES OUT SOL;ENCY $EC"USE IT'OUT " TOT"LEU!'ORIC "FFIR"TION OF "SOC'IS? T'EIR "LTERN"TI;E $ECOES I!OSSI$LE.

%. TURN& "SOC'IS IS " EU!'EIS FOR ESC"!IS. T'E "SOC'IST FEELSLI$ER"TE) FRO $EING )URING ENOYENT FRO T'E ;IOLENT SE>U"L E>C'"NGET'IS '"S TO I!"CTS&

ONE? NO "LT SOL;ENCY "LL OF YOUR E;I)ENCE "SSUES " ORL) IN 'IC' E C"NENG"GE IN T'E ORL) "N) )ERI;E ENOYENT IN " "SOC'ISTIC "Y.

TO? OUR )ELEU@E E;I)ENCE I!"CT TURNS T'IS CONCE!T OF ESC"!ING $EING$EC"USE T'E "SOC'IST RE;ELS IN " ORL) OUTSI)E OF T'E CONTINGENCY OF$EING E"NING T'ERE IS SOET'ING IN'ERENTLY NEG"TING LIFE IT'IN"SOC'IS T'ERE IS " )ENI"L OF $EING R"T'ER T'"N "N "FFIR"TION OF IT.

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"T& 'ei6ee,1. )ELEU@E "N) 'EI)EGGER )IFFER ON T'E UESTION OF NIET@SC'E "N) T'E

ILL TO !OER. FOR )ELEU@E? IT IS NOT SE!"R"TE FRO T'E FORCES 'IC' IT)EFINES. T'EIR "RGUENTS )ONAT "!!LY TO T'E "LT.

$ELL 9(llenD hilosophizin' the )ou;le9in<2 )eleuze Re3<s NietzscheD hilosoph! To<3!D "ol. +D No. 0W

The i4pot3nce o& &oce within NietzscheJs thou'ht h3s lon' ;een eco'nize<D 3t le3st since Hei<e''e. )eezeD howe/eD 6/es /t //-'ei6ee, i i6etii /,ce 5s si 5/the, 5e /, -i t/ /-e, ) rather , eleuze arguesthat *will to power” is the non1identifiable differential element which allows for the identification offorces and the e%aluation of the differences between them 7e.g., acti%e and reacti%eD 43in &e3tueD etc.#D 56 et-i t/ /-e, is /t s/ethi se5,5te ,/ these /,cesD so4ethin' which l3cs &oceD o so4ethin' th3t 3cts

&o4 3;o/eD so to spe3 (i.e.D t3nscen<s these &oces# on the cont3!D 3s <i&&eenti3l ele4ent -i t/ /-e, Pihe,es /,sDsists?P to use 3 ph3se o& )eleuzeJsD -ithi /,ces? Dt it is /t t/ De i6etiie6 -ith these /,ces = -i t//-e, is /=i6etii5De. This /ti/ / 5 /=i6etii5De 6ie,eti5 eeet -hich ise,h5s the /st cet,5 /ti/ / )eezes -/, D 3n< he will use 3 nu4;e o& <i&&eent te4s thou'hout his witin'sto e&e to it2 sin'ul3it!D 3le3to! pointD e/entD inclusi/e <isunctionD incopoe3l t3ns&o43tionD 3n< ;eco4in'8 (e.'.D ;eco4in'3ni43lD

;eco4in'wo43nD ;eco4in'i4pecepti;le#. -n Cogic of %enseD &o e834pleD he cl3i4s th3t 5 Pe+et?P 5s -ith -i t/ /-e,?is eithe, se5,5De ,/ 5ct5 D/6ies /, st5tes / 55i,s :i.e.? /,ces<? it 0inheres or subsists0 in

them, nor is it to be identified with them. t fore%er eludes such identification .2. 'EI)EGGER IS RONG I)ENTITY IT'IN T'E ETERN"L RETURN IS NOT T'"T OFSU$ECTI;ITY TR"!!E) FRO IT'IN $UT R"T'ER $EING )EFINE) "S O$ECT UNTOT'E ETERN"L RETURN.

)E=E,ME $illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D p' 07W

How <oes the thou'ht o& pue ;eco4in' se/e 3s 3 &oun<3tion &o the eten3l etunG ll we nee< to <o to thin this thou'ht is to stop ;elie/in' in ;ein'3s <istinct &o4 3n< oppose< to ;eco4in' o to ;elie/e in the ;ein' o& ;eco4in' itsel&. @h3t is the ;ein' o& th3t which ;eco4esD o& th3t which neithe

st3ts no &inishes ;eco4in'G Ret,i is the Dei / th5t -hich Dec/es (Re/eniD lAmte <e ce ?ui <e/ient#. UTh5te+e,thi ,ec,s is the c/sest 5,/Ji5ti/ / 5 -/,6 / Dec/i t/ 5 -/,6 / Dei

hih /it / the e6it5ti/ (" -- 17:@ 617#. This po;le4 &o the 4e<it3tion 4ust ;e &o4ul3te< in !et 3nothe w3! how c3n thep3st ;e constitute< in ti4eG How c3n the pesent p3ssG The p3ssin' 4o4ent coul< ne/e p3ss i& it wee not 3le3<! p3st 3n< !et to co4e B 3t the s34eti4e 3s ;ein' pesent. -& the pesent <i< not p3ss o& its own 3cco<D i& it h3< to w3it &o 3 new pesent in o<e to ;eco4e p3stD the p3st in 'ene3l woul<ne/e ;e constitute< in ti4eD 3n< this p3ticul3 pesent woul< not p3ss. @e c3nnot w3itD the 4o4ent 4ust ;e si4ult3neousl! pesent 3n< p3stD pesent3n< !et to co4eD in o<e &o it to p3ss (3n< to p3ss &o the s3e o& othe 4o4ents#. The pesent 4ust coe8ist with itsel& 3s p3st 3n< !et to co4e. Thes!nthetic el3tion o& the 4o4ent to itsel& 3s pesentD p3st 3n< &utue 'oun<s it el3tion to othe 4o4ents. The eten3l etun is thus 3n 3nswe to the

po;le4 o& p3ss3'e 8 n< in this sense it 4ust not ;e intepete< 3s the etun o& so4ethin' th3t isD th3t is one o the s34e. @e 4isintepet the

e8pession eten3l etun i& we un<est3n< it 3s etun o& the s34e. It is /t Dei th5t ,et,s Dt ,5the, the ,et,iitse th5t c/stittes Dei is/5, 5s it is 5i,e6 / Dec/i 56 / th5t -hich 5sses . t isnot some one thing which returns but rather returning itself is the one thing which is affirmed ofdi%ersity or multiplicity. -n othe wo<s? identity in the eternal return does not describe the nature of thatwhich returns butD on the cont3!D the 5ct / ,et,i /, th5t -hich 6ie,s. This is -h the ete,5,et, st De th/ht / 5s 5 sthesis 3 s!nthesis o& ti4e 3n< its <i4ensionsD 3 s!nthesis o& <i/esit! 3n< its epo<uctionD

s!nthesis / Dec/i 56 the Dei -hich is 5i,e6 i Dec/i? 5 sthesis / 6/De5i,5ti/. Ths the ete,5 ,et, itse 6/es /t 6ee6 / 5 ,icie / i6etit Dt / /e -hich st? i 5 ,esects? i the ,eMi,eets / 5 t, siciet ,e5s/.

3. NO LINK& 'EI)EGGER IS " ISRE")ING OF NIET@SC'E. "T ORST? E;EN IF "LLOF T'EIR "RGUENTS "RE TRUE? OUR )ELEU@E E;I)ENCEAS !RO$LE"TI@"TION OF'EI)EGGERAS NIET@SC'E !RO;ES T'"T IT "N) T'E "LTERN"TI;E "RENAT T'E S"ET'ING 'IC' E"NS T'EIR C"R)S "RENAT OFFENSE "G"INST OUR "LT. E;"LU"TE ITLIKE " )IS") TO OUR !L"N $UT OUR NO LINK E;I)ENCE IS $ETTER.



"T& ;i/eceVGe/ci6e1. TURN& T'E CON)ITIONS T'"T USTIFY ;IOLENCE V GENOCI)E "RE !OSITIONS OFRESSENTIENT.

'ITLER !ERCEI;E) T'E GER"N ST"TE "S I!ERFECT "N) "S )ET"INE) INE>ISTENCE ONLY T'ROUG' T'E ER")IC"TION OF T'E UN)ESIR"$LES. T'E'OLOC"UST IS T'E SOCR"TIC I)E"L IT' " KILLING "C'INE.

OR

;IOLENCE "S RE"CTION IS T'E !"T'OS OF T'E 1"C T'EY !URIFY ;IOLENCE OF ITSCRE"TI;E !OTENTI"L "N) ONLY SEEK TO )ESTROY TO RE)UCE E;ERYT'ING TO T'ES"E NEUTR"L $L"NK !OSITION? TO )ESTROY $E"UTY.

2. TURN& !ROECTS OF )OIN"TION !RO)UCE T'E ;IOLENCE OF T'EIR I!"CTST'E ILL TO !OER IS NOT "N I!ULSE TO CONTROL. T'EIR I!"CTS "RE ONLY!RO)UCTS OF T'E "FFIR"TI;EAS !ERS!ECTI;E ON LIFE? NOT OUR "FFIR"TION OF IT.

)E=E,ME %K0GILLES? )ESERT ISL"N)S "N) OT'ER TE>TS? !G. 119

This oi'in3l <epthD M33thoust3As cele;3te< hei'ht<epthD 4ust ;e n34e< the will to powe. O& couseD 4. ;i3ult &i'ue< out how we 4ust un<est3n<

the te4 will to power .” -t is /t -5ti t/ i+e? Dec5se h/- c/6 -h5te+e, ie is -5t t/ i+e4ItAs /t 5 6esi,e /, 6/i5ti/ eithe,, ;ec3use h/- c/6 -h5te+e, it is th5t 6/i5tes 6esi,e t/6/i5te4 M33thust3 s3!s2 The <esie to <o4in3te2 now who woul< c3ll th3t 3 <esieG The -i t/ /-e, then? is /t 5 -ith5t -5ts /-e, /, -5ts t/ 6/i5te. 3uch an interpretation would in<ee< h5+e two disad%antages . -&

the will to powe 4e3nt w3ntin' poweD it -/6 ce5, 6ee6 / / est5Dishe6 +5es such 3s honoD 4one!D o soci3l

in&luenceD sice these +5es 6ete,ie the 5tt,iDti/ 56 ,ec/iti/ / /-e, 5s / /DBect /6esi,e 56 -i. >oe to the pointD -e 5s& -h/ -5ts sch /-e,4 2ho wants to dominate( Preciselythose whom Nietzsche calls sla%es and the wea&. 2anting power is the image of the will to power whichthe impotent in%ent for themsel%es.

3. TURN& T'E ILL TO !OER IS NOT "N E>!RESSION OF )ESIRE FOR CONTROL $UTR"T'ER " REL"TION"L UN)ERST"N)ING OF T'E FORCE OF )ESIRE "N) ITS "$ILITY TO

"FFIR LIFE.

)ELEU@E 83illesD nietzsche 3n< philosoph!D $0W

Nietzsche 5/ces th5t t/ -i is t/ c,e5te e- +5es. 2ill to power does not mean that the willwants power . @ill to powe <oes not i4pl! 3n! 3nthopo4ophis4 in its oi'inD si'ni&ic3tion o essence. @ill to powe 4ust ;e intepete< in 3

co4pletel! <i&&eent w3!2 /-e, is the /e th5t -is i the -i . owe is the 'enetic 3n< <i&&eenti3l ele4ent in the will. This is wh! the will is essenti3ll! ce3ti/e. This is 3lso wh! powe is ne/e 4e3sue< 3'3inst epesent3tion2 it is ne/e epesente<D it is not e/en intepete< oe/3lu3te<D it is the one th3t intepetsD the one th3t e/3lu3tesD the one th3t wills. 9ut wh3t <oes it willG -t wills pecisel! th3t which <ei/es &o4 the'enetic ele4ent. The 'enetic ele4ent (powe# <ete4ines the el3tion o& &oce with &oce 3n< ?u3li&ies el3te< &oces. s pl3stic ele4ent it si4ult3neousl!

<ete4ines 3n< is <ete4ine<D si4ult3neousl! ?u3li&ies 3n< is ?u3li&ie<. @h3t the -i t/ /-e, -is is 5 5,tic5, ,e5ti/ //,ces? 5 5,tic5, M5it / /,ces. "6 5s/ 5 5,tic5, M5it / /-e,& 5i,i /,6ei. This c/eJD which /3ies in e/e! c3seD /,s 5 te t/ -hich i+e he/e5 c/,,es/6. Alphenomena express relations of forcesD ?u3lities o& &oces 3n< o& poweD nu3nces o& these ?u3litiesD in shotD 5 te / /,ce56 -i. -n NietzscheJs te4sD we 4ust s3! th5t e+e, he/e/ /t / reflects a type which constitutes itssense and %alue, but also the will to power as the element from which the signification of its sense and the%alue of its %alue deri%e . n this way the will to power is essentially creati%e and gi%ing@ it does not aspire,it does not see&, it does not desire, abo%e all it does not desire power. t gi%es@ power is somethinginexpressible in the will 7something 4o;ileD /3i3;leD 5stic< powe is in the will 3s the ;estowin' /itueD thou'h powe the willitsel& ;estows sense 3n< /3lue. @e shoul< not 3s whetheD in the &in3l 3n3l!sisD the will to powe is unit3! o 4ultiple B this woul< show 3 'ene3l isun<est3n<in' o& NietzscheJs philosoph!. The will to powe is pl3sticD insep33;le &o4 e3ch c3se in which it is <ete4ine< ust 3s the eten3l etun is



;ein'D ;ut ;ein' which is 3&&i4e< o& ;eco4in'D the will to powe is unit3!D ;ut unit! which is 3&&i4e< o& 4ultiplicit!. The 4onis4 o& the will to poweis insep33;le &o4 3 plu3list t!polo'!.

#. NO OFFENSE& T'EIR "RGUENTS "SK T'E RONG UESTION. IT ISNAT ISNIET@SC'E " F"SCIST OR N"@I4 T'E UESTION IS ONE OF USE. )ELEU@E !UTSNIET@SC'E TO "N "FFIR"TION OF LIFE.


-t is thisD - ;elie/eD which &o NietzscheJs wo is the i'ht to 4isintepet. n 3phois4 is 3 pl3! o& &ocesD 3 st3te o& &oces which 3e 3lw3!s e8teio toone 3nothe. n 3phois4 <oesnJt 4e3n 3n!thin'D it si'ni&ies nothin'D 3n< no 4oe h3s 3 si'ni&ie th3n 3 si'ni&ie<. Those woul< ;e w3!s o& estoin' 3te8tJs inteioit!. n 3phois4 is 3 st3te o& &ocesD the l3st o& whichD 4e3nin' 3t once the 4ost ecentD the 4ost 3ctu3lD 3n< the po/ision3lulti43teD is the

4ost e8ten3l. Nietzsche /sits it Mite ce5,& i / -5t t/ /- -h5t I e5 , find the force thatgi%es what say meaning , and a new meaning if need be. ;oo& the text up to this force. n this way, thereare no problems of interpretation for Nietzsche, there are only problems of machining 2 to 43chine NietzscheJs

te8tD to &in< out which 3ctu3l e8ten3l &oce will 'et so4ethin' thou'hD lie 3 cuent o& ene'! -n this espectD -e c/e 5c,/ss the,/De ,5ise6 D s/e / Nietzsches teJts -hich h5+e 5 5scist /, 5ti=Seitic ,es/5ce... n<

since we 3e <iscussin' Nietzsche to<3!D -e st 5c/-e6e th3t he has inspired 3n< inspies still 5 5 /5scist . There was a time when it was important to show how Nietzsche was used, twisted, and

completely distorted by the fascists. This was done in the e/ue ceph3leD -ith e3n @3hlD $5t5ie? 56K/ss/-si. T/65? h/-e+e,? this is peh3ps / /e, the ,/De. It is /t 5t the e+e / the teJtth5t -e st iht. N/t Dec5se -e 5,e ic55De / ihti 5t th5t e+e? Dt Dec5se sch 5iht is / /e, se. R5the,? -e st i6? 5ssi? B/i th/se eJte,5 /,ces -hich i+e t/5 5,tic5, Nietzsche5 h,5se its iDe,5ti e5i? its sese / eJte,i/,it. t is at the le%elof method that the +uestion of Nietzsche=s re%olutionary character is raised @ it is the Nietzschean methodthat ma&es Nietzsche=s text not something about which we ha%e to as&@ 0is this fascist, bourgeois, orre%olutionary in itself(0-but a field of exteriority where fascist, bourgeois, and re%olutionary forcesconfront one another. n< i& we pose the po;le4 in this w3! ? the 5s-e, th3t necess3il! con&o4s with the 4etho< is& i6 there%olutionary force (who is supe43nG# 5-5s c5i / e- /,ces -hich c/e ,/ the eJte,i/, , andwhich tra%erse and intersect with the Nietzschean text in the frame of the aphorism. There is yourlegitimate misinterpretation@ to treat the aphorism li&e a phenomenon awaiting new forces that will0subugate0 it or ma&e it wor& or explode.

(. TURN& E C"N ONLY "FFIR LIFE "S "N "CT OF )OU$LE "FFIR"TION E"NING E UST LO;E T'E E;ENTS T'"T "KE LIFE ;"LU"$LE "N) T'OSE T'"T "!!E"R TO$E NEG"TI;E ONLY T'IS "FFIR"TION OF T'E E;ENT "N) T'E CONTINGENCY T'"T$ROUG'T IT "$OUT C"N SOL;E. OUR @U!"NCICV)ELEU@E E;I)ENCE "$SOR$S "LL OFT'EIR OFFENSE.



"T& Re5ti+is1. NO LINK& NIET@SC'EAS !ROECT IS NOT REL"TI;IS 'E !OSITS T'E REFLECTIONOF SENSE "S T'E )EFINITION OF TRUT'. E C"N $E !OSSESSE) $Y " SENSE OF TRUT'$UT T'IS TRUT' UST $E UN)ERSTOO) "S REFLECTING OUR ILL.


9ut &ist thee is this &3ct2 Nietzsche Mesti/s the c/cet / t,th he denies that the true can be an elementof language . @h3t he is contesting is the /e! notions of true and false. Not because he wants to *relati%ize”them li&e an ordinary s&eptic. n their place he substitutes sense and %alue as rigorous notions @ the senseof what one says, and the e%aluation of the one saying it. 5ou always get the truth you deser%e accordingto the sense of what you say, and according to the %alues to which you gi%e %oice. This pesupposes 3 3<ic3ll! newconception o& thou'ht 3n< l3n'u3'eD ;ec3use sense 3n< /3lueD si'ni&ic3tion 3n< e/3lu3tion ;in' into pl3! 4ech3nis4s o& the unconscious. -t thus 'oes

without s3!in' th3t Nietzsche le3<s philosoph! 3n< thou'ht in 'ene3l into 3 new ele4ent. @h3t is 4oeD this eeet iies not onlynew ways of thin&ing and *udging ,” but also new ways of writing, and 43!;e 5cti.

2. !REFER OUR E;I)ENCE& ITAS ORE S!ECIFIC TO T'E "LT E;"LU"TE T'EIROFFENSE TO T'E "LT LIKE " )IS") "N) OUR NO LINK E;I)ENCE IS ORE S!ECIFICE"NING YOU ERR NEG"TI;E? NO "TTER 'O "NY TIES T'EIR E;I)ENCE S"YS

T'E N"E NIET@SC'E. T'EY C"NAT E>!L"IN T'E CONNECTION $ETEEN OURRE")ING OF NIET@SC'E "N) T'EIR CL"IS.

3. NO I!"CT& T'EIR CONFUSION OF ONTOLOGY ISNAT I!"CTE) IN !R"CTICE SO '"T IF T'E ORL) $ECOES UNKNO"$LE4 '"T )OES T'"T E"N FOR T'E "Y E !ERCIE;E OUR LI;ES OR 'O E "CT4 !REFER OUR I!"CT SCEN"RIO $EC"USEITAS E>TR"!OL"TE) "S "N EFFECT OF E;OKING !"IN "N) C'"NCE "S "RGUENTS

"G"INST LIFE "N) T'E )E!RESSI;E TONE T'IS E;"LU"TION GI;ES LIFE? !US'ING USTO"R)S SUICI)E.



"T& Re5is1. NON=RES!ONSI;E& OUR "LTERN"TI;E IS NOT " "Y OF !OSITIONING YOUR$"LLOT "S " !OLITICS $UT R"T'ER "S " C'OICE TO O;E $EYON) ET'ICS.

'ITE 913l3nD 43 hopins po&esso o& philosoph! willi34s colle'eD http2::www.willi34s.e<u:philosoph!:&3cult!:3white:wnlf%we;:wnlf%contents.ht4W

The /st ,/+/c5ti+e teachings find in Nietzsche are not political, but rather ethical) Nietzsche does

not attempt to tell us how to sa%e the world, but rather how to sa%e oursel%es 11 how to sa%e oursel%esfrom li%ing li%es that we will come to %iew with regret rather than with pride. n< he te3ches th3t we c3n <o th3t without ;eco4in' supe4en who ;lithel! cush thei suppose< in&eios ;ene3th thei &eet.

2. SELF=REFERENTI"L& T'E ONLY I!"CT TO REFUSING TO ENG"GE IN RE"LIS IS!OLITIC"L ;IOLENCE. SUC' !RE)ICTI;E CL"IS OF CONSEUENCES IS T'E LINK TOOUR S"URETTE CL"IS "$OUT T'E !URIFIC"TION OF E>ISTENCE. "N)? OURNIET@SC'E 73 IN)ICTS T'EIR TRUT' CL"IS "$OUT T'E "Y T'E ORL) "N)C"US"ULITY NECESS"RILY ORK. T'IS "CKS "LL OF T'EIR SOL;ENCY CL"IS T'"TO!ER"TE INSI)E OF RE"LIS.

3. NO LINK& T'EIR "RGUENTS "SSUE T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS " NEO=LI$ER"L

SOCI"L O;EENT T'"T REUIRES "TTENTION OUR 'ITE 91 E;I)ENCE "$O;EIN)IC"TES T'"T E "RE "N "LTERN"TI;E FR"EORK TO !ERCIE;E LIFE.

#. TURN& E;EN IF T'EY IN T'"T RE"LIS IN T'E !OLITIC"L RE"L ISINE;IT"$LE? E STILL IN T'"T " !ERSON"L ET'IC OF )ISENG"GEENT OF !OLITICST'"T E IN)ICT "S $EING !RE)ICTI;E OR "S )ENYING T'E CONTINGENCY OF LIFE $YCLINGING TO SOE NOTION OF !ERFECTI$ILITY. T'IS E"NS "NY RISK OF " LINK"KES T'EIR "RGUENTS NON=RES!ONSI;E.

(. TURN& RE"LIS IS "N "TTE!T TO OR)ER "N) STRUCTURE T'E ORL) $UT ITINTERN"LLY CONTR")ICTS ITSELF $Y )EFINING STRUCTURE "N) OR)ER "S GOO) "N)I!OSSI$LE "LLOING IT TO !OSIT ITSELF "S T'E ONLY C'OICE. T'IS IS T'E LINK TOT'E K

S"URETTE 9%p3ulD - 4istust 3ll s!ste43tizes 3n< 3/oi< the4. 4illeniu4 oun3l o& inten3tion3l stu<ies. /ol. %5D nu4;e 1. pp.105W

-n ;oth c3sesD the 6/estic /,6e, is ,i+iee6 Dec5se Upo'ess 3n< e,ecti/D o 3t le3st the 4iti'3tion o& the st3te o&

n3tueD is 5sse6 t/ De /ssiDe / th,/h c/t,/ 56 ,e? This c/ceti/ 5e5,s c/he,et/ Dec5se /=/,6e,D un<estoo< 3s the l3c o& hie3chic3l uleD is 5 ,i/,i 6eie6 5s 5 st5te /5t,eVc/ict? It is / D 5 e,ect ci,c5, t5t// D thenD th5t ,e5is 55es t/ ,i+ieethe st5te. Oce 55,ch is 6eie6 5s 65e,/s? /itics c5 De c/cet5ize6 / 5s 5,/cess / 5D,ic5ti/ th,/h -hich 5 sec,e c/it is /,e6 D ,e 56 c/t,/ . >oeo/eD

once secuit!:co44unit! is un<estoo< in these te4sD the /ic c5 / ci,c5te D5c 56 ,ei/,ce the

6e,st56i / /itic5 5cti/ 5s 5ste, 56 c/t,/ /+e, h5 55i,s th,/h the5th/,it o /iolence o& uleship. @hen consi<ein' inten3tion3l el3tionsD thenD it is co4pletel! consistent &o e3lis4 to l3;el Uthe inten3tion3lA

3s 3n3chic 3n< thus <3n'eous ;ec3use it is ;e!on< contol. etD Dec5se ,e5is h5s ,e+i/s 6eie6 /=/,6e, 5sihe,et 65e,/s to sur%i%al, the dri%e for state security compels the attempt to impose order onthe international realm. -n 3 senseD the ite,5ti/5 ,e5 st see D/th /itic5 :5 s5ce i ee6/ hie,5,chic5 c/t,/< 56 5/itic5 :5 s5ce De/6 hie,5,chic5 c/t,/<. This 6ich/t/e56s t/ the 6/De st,5te / ,e5is 5s :1< the 5ttet t/ i/se /,6e, / the ite,5ti/5th,/h H,e5s/e6 /,ei /icA 56 /-e,? -hie :2< ,et,e5ti it/ the /,5ti+e +5e /the st5te? 56 its ci,c5, /,5ti+e Bstiic5ti/ / 6/estic /,6e, 3n< st3te su/i/3l. -n this li'htD it is3;solutel! p33<o8ic3l 3n< !et co4pletel! consistent &o >o'enth3u to <ec! the inten3tion3l 3s the e3l4 o& i3tion3lit! 3n< e4e'enc!D whilenost3l'ic3ll! !e3nin' &o o;ecti/e scienti&ic l3ws which woul< 3llow the st3tes43n to i4pose theoetic3l o<e on inten3tion3l politicsD 3n< thus le3< to

the 3ctu3l contol 3n< 43ste! o& the inten3tion3l e3l4. s suchD ,e5is 55es t/ ,i+iee the /,5ti+e +5e /



the 6/estic ,e5 -hie sit5e/s i6e5izi the 6/estic5ti/ / the ite,5ti/5th,/h 5 eJtesi/ / c/t,/ 56 /,6e,.



"T& C/-5 1. CON"YAS RE")ING OF )ELEU@E COLL"!SES ON ITSELF&

". 'IS UN)ERST"N)ING OF )ELEU@E ")ITTE)LY $EGINS FRO "STRUCTUR"L RE")ING OF NIET@SC'E 'E IGNORES T'E UN)ERLYINGSC'I@O"N"LYTIC N"TURE OF )ELEU@EAS NIET@SC'E OR "T LE"ST? OUR NIET@SC'E 73E;I)ENCE T'"T )ISSOL;ES T'EIR STRUCTUR"L RE")ING. T'EY '";E NO )EFENSE OF

T'IS RE")ING $UT E '";E UN"NSERE) OFFENSE.$. 'E ONLY UN)ERST"N)S )ELEU@E IN REL"TION TO T'E ORIGIN OFNIET@SC'E 'ILE )ELEU@EAS RE")ING IS ")ITTE)LY SELECTI;E 'IS RE")ING ISE"NT TO SU!!ORT "N "FFIR"TION OF C'"NCE? NOT NIET@SC'EAS ORIGN"RY!ROECT.

C. CON"YAS CRITICIS OF NIET@SC'E IS "CTU"LLY " CRITICIS OF'EI)EGGERAS INTER!RET"TION OF T'E ETERN"L RETURN 'IC' IS T'E O!!OSITE OF)ELEU@EAS. YOUR OFFENSE )OES NOT "!!LY TO T'E "LTERN"TI;E

`RE") EIT'ER OF T'E C"R)S FRO T'E "T& 'EI)EGGER $LOCKa

2. T'E RETERRITORI"LI@"TION OF )ELEU@EAS RE")ING OF NIET@SC'E IS NOT "RE"SON TO REECT T'E "LTERN"TI;E. T'E "FFIR"TION OF C'"NCE IS T'E ONLYE"NS TO "FFIR T'E TR"GIC )EISE OF OUR ON !ROECTS. E;ERYT'ING IS)OOE) TO F"IL OR )IE $UT IN T'EIR FR"EORK? T'IS $ECOES NI'ILIS. UN)EROUR FR"EORK? IT E"NS "N "FFIR"TION OF $EING "N) " RE"SON TO !LUNGEFOR"R) IT'OUT 'ESIST"TION.

CON"Y 98)3nielD o&. hilosoph! b ennSt3te Tu4;lin' )iceD s!4ploe 6.1D 4useW

-& we 3e to put )eleuze to woD inte'3tin' his ;3l! en'ine into the constuction o& ou own He3clite3n &ie 43chineD then we 4ust 3llow hi4 to e/e3hi4sel& in his constituti/e &3'4ent3tion 3n< cont3<iction. His <iceD tooD 4ust &3ll to e3thD 3n< the co4;in3tion on which the! settle 4ust ine/it3;l!co4po4ise the oi'in3l po4ise o& his <i&&eenti3l citi?ue. The &etishize< )eleuze will c3sh to e3thD e8pose< 3s 3 nois!D &3ctiousD <espoticD

eteitoi3lizin' 43chineD ;ut the epetition o& the eten3l <icethow is thee;! enewe<. $eMe5the6 t/ s D the 5e )eeze?these 5t5 cDes /- ,est i /, t,eDi h56s. O, ,/Bect? -hich -e ihe,it ,/ hi?i+/+es /thi ess th5 the rhizomatic deterritorialization of schizoanalysis itself . -& we 3e to continue hisin/esti'3tion o& <i&&eenceD 3the th3n 4eel! &etishize his 3cco4plish4entD then we 4ust un<et3e its sel&e&eenti3l <e/elop4ent 3n< e8tension.

Th5t -e -i e+et5 ,e=te,,it/,i5ize )eezes ie6/ i /, /- i5eD unwittin'l! o<3inin'

ousel/es the hi'h piests o& the 3ntipiesthoo<D should not deter us. t is our destiny too t/ 5 t/ e5,th i 5 i5? 5t5c/Di5ti/. "s i the c5se / )eeze? the et6/- 56 c,5sh / /, 6esi,i 5chies is the/=e/ti5De c/st / ,ee-i the ,eetiti/ / the ete,5 6iceth,/- .



"T& Nihiis $56

TURN& "OR F"TI !RECLU)ES NI'ILIS IT IS TR"GIC "FFIR"TION. "LL ELSEIS NI'ILIS.

6eeze 83illesD Nietzsche 3n< hilosoph!D p. 56W

Nietzsche ,esets the 5i / his hi/s/h 5s the ,eei / th/ht ,/ ihiis 56 its +5,i/s /,s. NowD this i4plies 3 new w3! o& thinin'D 3n o/ethow o& the pinciple on which thou'ht <epen<sD 3 st3i'htenin' out o& the

'ene3lo'ic3l pinciple itsel&D 3 t3ns4ut3tion. F/, 5 / tie -e h5+e / Dee 5De t/ thi i te,s /,essetiet 56 D56 c/sciece. e h5+e h56 / /the, i6e5 Dt the 5scetic i6e5. @e h3/e oppose<nowle<'e to li&e in o<e to u<'e li&eD in o<e to 43e it so4ethin' ;l34ewoth!D esponsi;le o eoneous. @e tune< will into so4ethin' ;3<Dso4ethin' sticen ;! 3 ;3sic cont3<iction2 we h3/e s3i< th3t it 4ust he ecti&ie<D est3ine<D li4ite< 3n< e/en <enie< 3n< suppesse<. -t w3s onl! 3n!'oo< 3t this pice. Thee is no philosophe whoD <isco/ein' the essence o& willD h3s not 'o3ne< 3t his own <isco/esJ 3n<D lie the ti4i< &otunetelleDh3s not i44e<i3tel! seen h3< o4ens &o the &utue 3n< the souce o& 3ll e/ils o& the p3st. Schopenh3ue pushe< this ol< conception to its e8te4e li4itthe penitenti3! o& the willD he s3i<D 3n< the wheel o& -8ion. Nietzsche is the onl! one who <oes not 'o3n 3t the <isco/e! o& the willD who <oes not t! toe8ocise itD o li4it its e&&ect. The ph3se 3 new w3! o& thinin' 4e3ns 3n 3&&i43ti/e thou'htD 3 thou'ht which 3&&i4s li&e 3n< the will to li&eD 3 thou'ht which &in3ll! e8pels the whole o& the ne'3ti/e to ;elie/e in the innocence o& the &utue 3n< the p3stD to ;elie/e in the eten3l etun. @h3t Nietzsche c3llshis 'l3< ti<in's is th3t e8istence is no lon'e te3te< 3s ;l34ewoth! no <oes the will &eel 'uilt! &o e8istin'. @illD this is wh3t the li;e3to 3n< the

4essen'e o& o! is c3lle< (M -- O& Re<e4ption#.J The 56 ti6is 5,e t,5ic th/ht? /, t,5e6 is /t /6 ithe ,ec,ii5ti/s / ,essetiet? the c/icts / D56 c/sciece /, the c/t,56icti/s / 5

-i -hich ees it 56 ,es/siDe. The t3'ic <oes not e/en &i'ht 3'3inst essenti4entD ;3< conscience o nihilis4. cco<in'

to Nietzsche it h3s ne/e ;een un<estoo< th3t the t3'ic the o!&ul. This is 3nothe w3! o& puttin' the 'e3t e?u3tion2 to will d to ce3te. @e h3/e notun<estoo< th3t the t,5ic is ,e 56 tie /siti+it? 65ic 5iet . Affirmation is tragic becauseit affirms chance and the necessity of chance) because it affirms multiplicity and the unity of multiplicity.The dicethrow is tragic. All the rest is nihilismD Chisti3n 3n< <i3lectic p3thosD c3ic3tue o& the t3'icD co4e<! o& h3< conscience.

TURN& E )ONAT "SSERT $ELIEF IN NOT'ING R"T'ER E T'INK E S'OUL) REECTT'E ILL TO OR)ER E>ISTENCE IT'IN FR"EORKS "N) $ORING UTILITY INSTE")O!ENING OURSEL;ES U! TO C'"NCE. NIET@SC'E IS " CRITICIS OF T'E !"SSI;ENI'ILIS YOUR E; IS T"LKING "$OUT.

ERR NEG TO ESC"!E NI'ILIS& T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS T'E ONLY !OSITI;E C'OICE&IT "LLOS US TO "FFIR )ESTINY R"T'ER T'"N "CT SL";IS'LY TO "C'IE;E

T'E OR)ERE) SOCR"TIC I)E"L. T'E "FF C"N ONLY ENSURE ORE OF T'E S"ETR"GE)IES T'EY CITE $EC"USE T'EIR RESIST"NCE OCCURS IN "!"RTICUL"RI@E) RE!ETITI;E FOR $Y !RESENTING T'ESEL;ES "S T'E ONLYOR"L SOLUTION TO E>ISTENCE T'"TAS OUR NIET@SC'E IN 87 E;I)ENCE.T'ERE IS ONLY " RISK T'"T T'E "LTERN"TI;E C"N $E SOET'ING $ETTER.

NO OFFENSE& "T ORST? E;EN IF T'EY IN "LL T'EIR NI'ILIS CL"IS "$OUTNIET@SC'E? OUR :FIRST !IECE OF< )ELEU@E 83 E;I)ENCE "$SOR$S " RISK OF OFFESNE$EC"USE T'E )ICEROLL IS "N "CT IN 'IC' e te/,5,i 5D56/ ie? i /,6e, t/the te/,5,i iJ /, 5ze / it. E ONLY TE!OR"RILTY STE! OUTSI)E OF "FR"EORK FOR ;"LUING LIFE TO G"@E U!ON IT "S "N "CT OF "EST'ETIC $E"UTY.T'EREAS ONLY " RISK E C"N SOL;E NI'ILIS $Y "FFIRING LIFE "FTER T'IS

TE!OR"RY "CT OF "$"N)ONENT.NO LINK& NIET@SC'E IN)ICTS "RE NOT SUFFiCIENt OUR "LTERN"TI;E IS )ELEU@EASTRE"TING OF NIET@SC'E 'IC' IS ")ITTE)LY SELECTI;E. T'EY NEE) OFFENSE TO)ELEU@EAS NIET@SC'E $EC"USE 'IS RE")ING !RECLU)ES NI'ILIS $Y ILLING "RE")ING OF C'"NCE "N) C"US"LITY OT'ER th5 -h5t thei, e+i6ece 5sses.

NE LINK& "LL OF T'EIR I!"CTS "RE USTIFY "N "FF $"LLOT IN T'E N"E OFRE"CTI;E "N) F"LSE !OLITICS T'EIR T'EORETIC"LLY CO!"RITI;E CL"IS EU"TET'E CONSTRUCTION OF " NE SOCR"TIC I)E"L ORL) "S !ER OUR S"URETTEE;I)ENCE.



"T& Ge6e,e6 L55e

NO LINK& OUR CRITICIS )OES NOT TRY TO RESITU"TE T'E !OLITIC"L SU$ECT IT'IN " FR"EORK OF QQQQQQQQQQQQQ OR C"TEGORIC"L $EING E "RE $EYON)T'IS. YOUR "RGUENT ONLY "KES SENSE IF E "SSUE T'"T E>ISTENTI"LINCLUSION INTO "N OR)ER IS )ESIR"$LE 'IC' T'E 1NC E>!LICTLY CRITICI@ES.

TURN& T'EIR "TTE!T TO SEEK EU"LITY IS CONTE!TI$LE "S IT SEEKS TO RE)UCE

$EING TO " "TTER OF INCLUSION IT'IN FR"EORKS FOR OR)ERING E>ISTENCE.OUR CRITICIS )ESTROYS SUC' FR"EORKS OF OYLESSNESS. :th5tAs /, ietzsche 73e+i6ece FRO T'E 1NC<

NIET@SC'E 1873On Tuth 3n< =ies in 3 Non4o3l SenseD p' 7W

The ,ee iteect copies hu43n li&eD ;ut it c/si6e,s this ie t/ De so4ethin' //6 56 sees t/ De Mites5tisie6 -ith it. That immense framewor& and plan&ing of concepts to which the needy man clings hiswhole life lon' i /,6e, to preser%e himself is nothing but a scaffolding and toy for the most audaciousfeats of the liberated intellect. And when it smashes this framewor& to pieces, throws it into confusion,and puts it bac& together in 3n ionic &3shionD p3iin' the 4ost 3lien thin's 3n< sep33tin' the closestD it is 6e/st,5ti th5t

it h5s / ee6 / these 5eshits / i6iece 56 th5t it -i /- De i6e6 D ititi/s,5the, th5 D c/cets. Thee is no e'ul3 p3th which le3<s &o4 these intuitions into the l3n< o& 'hostl! sche43t3D the l3n< o&3;st3ctions. Thee e8ists no wo< &o these intuitions when 43n sees the4 he 'ows <u4;D o else he spe3s onl! in &o;i<<en 4et3phos 3n< in

unhe3<o& co4;in3tions o& concepts. He <oes this so th3t by shattering and moc&ing the old conceptual barriers he may at least correspond creati%ely to the impression of the powerful present intuition.

C"NAT ;OTE FOR T'E "LT& IT )OESNAT "FFIR T'E RESOLUTION OR T'E "FFIR"TI;E!ROECT "S !ER T'E 1"C. )ESTROYS RESOLUTION"L $"SIS FOR )E$"TE? )ESTROYSCL"S' 'IC' IS I!"CTE) $Y the )E"T' OF T'E TR"GIC.:"N) IT "KES )E$"TE !OINTLESS UN)ER T'EIR FR"EORK ERR FOR T'ECOUNTERINTER!<

E UST REFUSE TO )EFINE !OLITIC"L SU$ECTI;ITY IN TERS OF O!!OSITIONR"T'ER? E UST "FFIR '"RS' INEU"LITIES TO "FFIR $EING IN ITS TOT"LITY

"N) CULTI;"TE "N ET'IC OF LO;E.

NE"N 2K0S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 3ccesse<2 >3ch 16 6W

R5the, th5 h5+i 5 eJte,5 ee lie the St3tei //siti/ t/ -hich /es /itic5 i6etitis /,e6? -e st -/, / ourselves . "s /itic5 sDBects -e st /+e,c/e ,essetiet Dt,5s/,i /, ,e5ti/shi -ith /-e,. Oe c5 / 6/ this ? 5cc/,6i t/ Nietzsche?th,/h eternal return . T/ 5i, ete,5 ,et, is t/ 5c/-e6e 56 in<ee< /siti+e 5i,the c/ti5 ,et, / s5e ie -ith its h5,sh ,e5ities.

TURN& T'EIR "RGUENTAS I!LICIT "LTERN"TI;E IS LINGUISTIC INCLUSION TO T'E

FR"EORKS OF E>ISTENCE $UT OUR "RGUENT )ISSOL;ES T'ESE FR"EORKSFOR E;"LU"TING LIFE 'IC' E"NS "T ORST? T'EREAS NO LINK "N)? "T $EST? OURK IS 8 INUTES OF OFFENSE TO YOUR L"NGU"GE K T'E E>!LICT N"TURE OF OURNIET@SC'E 73 E;I)ENCE "G"INST FR"EORKS FOR E;"LU"TING LIFE IS!REFER"$LE $EC"USE T'EY '";E NO CONTE>TU"L )EFENSE OF T'E ORG"NI@"TIONOF E>ISTENCE INTO FR"EORKS -hich e5s this 5,et / Des the Mesti/ / thei.

NE LINK& thei, !OLITIC"L STRUCTURING OF LIFE IN T'E N"E OF EU"LITY RE)UCES$EING TO SOET'ING CONTE!TI$LE "N) NEG"TES CRE"TION T'ROUG' STRUGGLE.

NE"N 2K0 S3ulD n3chis4 3n< the politics o& essenti4entD p2 >useD 32 :16:6W



!/itic5 +5es 5s/ ,e- ,/ this /is//s ,//t. Fo Nietzsche +5es / eM5it and democracy D which &o4 the conestone o& 3<ic3l politic3l theo!D 5,/se /t / the s5+e ,e+/t i /,5it. They are generated bythe same spirit of re%enge and hatred of the powerful. Nietzsche thee&oe con<e4ns politic3l 4o/e4ents lie li;e3l <e4oc3c!D

soci3lis4D 3n< in<ee< 3n3chis4. 'e sees the 6e/c,5tic /+eet 5s 5 eJ,essi/ / the he,6=5i5/,5it 6e,i+e6 ,/ the 6e/=Ch,isti5 ,e+55ti/ / +5es. n3chis4 is &o Nietzsche the 4ost e8te4e

hei to <e4oc3tic /3lues the 4ost 3;i< e8pession o& the he< instinct. It sees t/ e+e the differences between indi%iduals,to abolish class distinctions, to raze hierarchies to the ground, and to e+ualize the powerful and thepowerless, the rich and the poor, the master and the sla%e . To Nietzsche this is bringing e%erything downto le%el of the lowest common denominator 11 to erase the pathos of distance between the master andsla%e, the sense of difference and superiority through which great %alues are created. Nietzsche sees thisas the worst excess of Curopean nihilism 11 the death of %alues and creati%ity.



"T& "t )/esAt S/+e

esti/s / 5te,5ti+e s/+ec 5t/ethe, iss the /it. Y/, D5/t is /t 5 /itic5 5cti/ Dt 5 ethic5 6ecisi/ t/ ,ec5i /, ie ,/ the B/essess / the 5i,5ti+eAs ,5e-/,.

'ITE 913l3nD >3 Hopins o&esso o& hilosoph! @illi34s Colle'eD http2::www.willi34s.e<u:philosoph!:&3cult!:3white:@N=f%we;:@N=f%contents.ht4W

The /st ,/+/c5ti+e te5chis I i6 i Nietzsche 5,e /t /itic5? Dt ,5the, ethic5Nietzsche 6/es /t 5ttet t/ te s h/- t/ s5+e the -/,6? Dt ,5the, h/- t/ s5+e /,se+es 11how to sa%e oursel%es from li%ing li%es that we will come to %iew with regret rather than with pride. n< hete3ches th3t we c3n <o th3t without ;eco4in' supe4en who ;lithel! cush thei suppose< in&eios

T'E $"LLOT ORKS LIKE T'IS&

". IT IS " REFUS"L TO ENG"GE IN T'E EORY CRE"TION OF T'E 1"C T'E ORL)UN)ER T'EIR FR"EORK IS " SERIES OF RE"CTIONS TO " ;IOLENT !"ST OURNIET@SC'E "N) @U!"NCIC E;I)ENCE IN)IC"TES T'"T T'E $EST !"T' TO " !OSITI;E?LIFE "FFIRING !'ILOSO!'Y IS TO REECT T'E TR"CES OF T'E 1"C T'ROUG' "CTI;EFORGETTING.

$. IT IS " UNIUE "Y TO RES!ON) CRE"TI;ELY TO T'E NECESS"RILY ;IOLENT "CTOF T'E 1"C OUR NIET@SC'E E;I)ENCE !RO;ES T'"T T'EIR E"NS OF E;"LU"TINGLIFE CONSTRUCTS OUR $EING "S NOT GOO) ENOUG'? T'"T T'ERE IS SOET'INGIN'ERENTLY RONG FRO CRE"TION. T'IS RESSENTIENT C"N ONLY $E S'RUGGE)OFF $Y T'E "CTI;E FORGETTING OF T'E "LT.

C. YOUR $"LLOT S'RUGS ""Y T'E UN)UE EIG'T OF T'E 1"C. T'E "FFIR"TI;E!RESENTS T'ESEL;ES "S T'E NE I)OL TO $E ORS'I!!E)? T'E NE "R$ITER OFGOO) "N) E;IL YOUR $"LLOT IS " '"ER TO STRIKE )ON T'E C"LL TOET"!'YSIC"L I!ER"TI;ES

NIET@SC'E 87 Mf!ied!ich, #Twilight of the *dols”, D?-D]5it5ii chee,ess i the i6st / 5 // t5s , fraught with immeasurable responsibility,is no small feat) and yet what is needed more th3n chee&ulnessG Nothin' succee<s i& p3nishness h3s no p3t in it. E8cess sten'th

3lone is the poo& o& sten'th. " ,e+55ti/ / 5 +5es& this Mesti/ 5,? s/ D5c? s/ he th5t it c5sts5 sh56/- /+e, the 5 -h/ ts it 6/- such a destiny of a tas& compels one to run into thesunlight at e%ery opportunity to sha&e off a hea%y, all1too1hea%y seriousness. C%ery means is proper to dothis ) e%ery 0case0 is a case of luc&. Especi3ll!D w3. @3 h3s 3lw3!s ;een the 'e3t wis<o4 o& 3ll spiits who h3/e ;eco4e toointospecti/eD too po&oun< e/en in 3 woun< thee is the powe to he3l. 438i4D the oi'in o& which - withhol< &o4 schol3l! cuiosit!D h3s lon' ;een

4! 4otto2 1ncrescunt animi, virescit volnere virtus. The spiits ince3seD /i'o 'ows thou'h 3 woun<.W "/the, /6e /c/+5escece (in cet3in situ3tions e/en 4oe to 4! liin'# is s/6i /t i6/s. The,e 5,e /,e i6/s th5,e5ities i the -/,6& th5t is Pe+i eeP / this -/,6 th5t is 5s/ Pe+i e5,.P Fi5 t//se Mesti/s -ith 5 h5e,? 56 s/eties t/ he5, 5s 5 ,e th5t 5/s h//- s/6 th5t

c5 / c/e ,/ D/5te6 et,5is @ what a delight fo! one who has ea!s e$en behind his ea!s, fo! e,an old psychologist and pied pipe! befo!e who .%st that which wo%ld !eain silent %st finally spea' o%t. Thisess3! B the title ;et3!s it B is 3;o/e 3ll 3 ece3tionD 3 spot o& sunshineD 3 le3p si<ew3!s into the i<leness o& 3 ps!cholo'ist. eh3ps 3 new w3D tooG n<3e new i<ols soun<e< outG This little ess3! is 3 'e3t <ecl33tion o& w3 3n< e'3<in' the soun<in' out o& i<olsD this ti4e the! 3e not ust i<ols o& the3'eD ;ut eten3l i<olsD which 3e hee touche< with 3 h344e 3s with 3 tunin' &o2 thee 3e no i<ols th3t 3e ol<eD 4oe 3ssue<D 4oe pu&&e<up B3n< none 4oe hollow. Th3t <oes not pe/ent the4 &o4 ;ein' those in which people h3/e the 4ost &3ith no <oes one e/e s3! i<olD especi3ll! not inthe 4ost <istin'uishe< inst3nce.



"T& Nietzsche I6icts1< NO LINK OR I!"CTT'E !ERSON IS NOT T'E "RGUENT IS NOT T'E !ERSON. T'EIR

") 'O "TT"CKS "RE NOT OFFENSE "G"INST "NYT'ING. NONE OF T'EIR E;I)ENCE!RO;ES " C"US"L LINK $ETEEN T'E S!ECIFIC NIET@SC'E"N I)E" E U!'OL) "N)

"TT"CKS ON 'IS C'"R"CTER. 'OL) T'EIR "RGUENT TO T'E S"E T'RES'OL) OFOFFENSE ;ERSUS U)SLINGING "S "NY "RGUENT "KE T'E E>!L"IN 'Y T'E

"LTERN"TI;E IS '"T T'EIR E;I)ENCE IN)ICTS "N) '"T T'"T E"NS FOR T'E

ROUN).2< T'EIR NEG"TI;E RE")ING OF NIET@SC'E IS SELECTI;E "N) INTEN)E) ONLY TOUSTIFY T'EIR !"RTICUL"R OR"LITY. OT'ER RE")INGS OF NIET@SC'E "RE

";"IL"$LE "N) S'OUL) $E !REFERRE).

C//? 02 (@illi34D o&esso o& olitic3l Science 3t ohns Hopins ,ni/esit!D -<entit!:)i&&eence2 )e4oc3tic Ne'oti3tions o& olitic3l33<o8#



"T& Ce6e the !/itic5

1. C,/ss=" ,/ ,5e-/, th5t -e st 5ct eJte,5 t/ the st5te t/ De 5De t/ s/+e.Th5t e5s -e et t/ -eih the eti,et / the K 55ist thei, Ce6e the !/itic5 5,ets.

2. N/ Li 56 Li T,& C,itic5 The/, 6/es /t st/ /itics= it ,ee-s the$,/-? 0( ( )dgework' <ritical )ssas on Gnowledge and 0oliticsD @en<!D o&esso o& oli SciD ,C 9eele!#.

On the one h3n<D citic3l theo! c3nnot let itsel& ;e ;oun< ;! politic3l e8i'enc! in<ee<D it h3s so4ethin' o& 3no;li'3tion to e&use such e8i'enc!. @hile thee 3e 3lw3!s <ecisi/e choices to ;e 43<e in the politic3l e3l4(who4 to /ote &oD wh3t policies to suppot o opposeD wh3t 3ction to t3e o <e&e#D these /e! <eli4it3tions o& choice 3e o&tenthe4sel/es the 43tei3l o& citic3l theo!. Hee we 4i'ht e4in< ousel/es th3t p!in' 3p3t i44e<i3te politic3l const3ints &o4

intellectu3l ones is one p3th to ;ein' 'o/ene< 3 little less in Fouc3ultJs sense. et 3llowin' thinin' its wil<ness ;e!on< thei44e<i3te in o<e to eset the possi;ilities o& the i44e<i3te is 3lso how this <e'o/enin' e3ticul3tes citic3ltheo! 3n< politics 3&te <is3ticul3tin' the4 citic3l theo! co4es ;3c to politics o&&ein' 3 <i&&eent sense o&the ti4es 3n< 3 <i&&eent sense o& ti4e. -t is 3lso i4pot3nt to e4e4;e th3t the i44e<i3te choices 3e ust th3t 3n< o&ten l3st no lon'eth3n 3 politic3l se3son (e8e4pli&ie< ;! the &3ct th3t the politic3l conun<u4s with which this ess3! opene< will ;e <3te< i& not &o'otten ;! the ti4e this

;oo is pu;lishe<#. No is the 3'u4ent con/incin' th3t citic3l theo! the3tens the possi;ilit! o& hol<in' ;3c thepolitic3l <3. -t is <i&&icult to n34e 3 sin'le inst3nce in which citic3l theo! h3s ille< o&& 3 po'essi/epolitic3l poect. Citic3l theo! is not wh3t 43es po'essi/e politic3l poects &3il 3t wost it 4i'ht 'i/e the4 ;3<

conscienceD 3t ;est it enews thei i43'in3ti/e e3ch 3n< /i'o.

T'EY C"NAT IN " LINK $ETEEN OUR "LTERN"TI;E "N) T'EIR I!"CT TURNST'E "LTERN"TI;E IS NOT " USTIFIC"TION FOR !OLITIC"L "CTION. IT IS "N "LTERN"TI;EFR"EORK FOR ;IEING LIFE IN OR)ER TO GUI)E OUR ET'IC"L )ECISIONS. @hiteD + (l3nD o&esso o& hilosoph! 3t @illi34s Colle'eD @ithin NietzscheAs =3;!inth2 T3ns&o43tions o& Nihilis4Dhttp2::www.willi34s.e<u:philosoph!:&3cult!:3white:@N=f%we;:T3ns&o43tionsf%o&f%Nihilis4.ht4#.

The /st ,/+/c5ti+e te5chis I i6 i Nietzsche 5,e /t /itic5? Dt ,5the, ethic5Nietzsche 6/es /t 5ttet t/ te s h/- t/ s5+e the -/,6? Dt ,5the, h/- t/ s5+e /,se+es - how to s3/e ousel/es &o4 i+i i+es th5t -e -i c/e t/ +ie- -ith ,e,et ,5the, th5 -ith ,i6e. "6he te5ches th5t -e c5 6/ th5t -ith/t Dec/i se,e -h/ Dithe c,sh thei, s/se6ie,i/,s Dee5th thei, eet.

3. I -e -i the ,eise / /, 5,et the / 6/ /t i+e 5 c,e6iDiit t/ the -5, c5is

,/ this 5,et.

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/Transformations%20of%20Nihilism.htm

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/Transformations%20of%20Nihilism.htm



"T& Ch,isti5 /,5is G//61. ONLY 'EN E RE"LI@E T'"T E 'OL) T'E !RI"RY RES!ONSI$ILITY FOR OUR!ERSON"L E>ISTENCE C"N E RE)EE T'E ORL) "N) EN) T'E TROU$LES C"USE)$Y T'E C'RISTI"N OR"LIST "Y OF T'INKING.

Nietzsche 1$$+ (Fie<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<olsD p. 65#

@h3t 3lone c3n ;e ou <octineG Th3t no one 'i/es 3 43n his ?u3lities B neithe o<D no societ!D no his p3ents 3n< 3ncestosD no he hi4sel&. (The

nonsense o& the l3st i<e3 w3s t3u'ht 3s intelli'i;le &ee<o4 ;! K3nt B 3n< peh3ps ;! l3to.# N/ /e is ,es/siDe /, 5 5s Dei he,e 5t 5 , for his being such1and1such, or for his being in these circumstances or in thisen%ironment. The fatality of his existence is not to be disentangled from the fatality of all that has beenand will be. ;uman beings are not the effect of some special purpose, or will , or end) nor are they amedium through which society can realize an 0ideal of humanity0 or an 0ideal of happiness0 or an 0idealof morality.0 t is absurd to wish to de%ol%e one=s essence on some end or other . @e h3/e in/ente< the concept o&

en<2 in e3lit! thee is no en<. 43n is necess3!D 3 43n is 3 piece o& &3te&ulnessD 3 43n ;elon's to the wholeD 3 43n is in the whole the,e is/thi th5t c/6 B6e? e5s,e? c/5,e? /, setece his Dei? /, th5t -/6 e5

B6i? e5s,i? c/5,i? /, seteci the -h/e. $t the,e is /thi Desi6es the -h/e. Th5t /D/6 is he6 ,es/siDe 5 /e,? th5t the /6e / Dei 5 /t De t,5ce6 D5c t/ 5 ,i5, c5se? th5t the -/,6 6/es /t /, 5 it eithe, 5s 5 ses/,i /, 5sPsi,itP th5t 5/e is the ,e5t iDe,5ti/. ith th5t i6e5 5/e -e 5Ds/+e /, Dec/i /

5 it. The c/cet / PG/6P -5s ti /- the ,e5test /DBecti/ t/ eJistece. 2e deny Iod,we deny the responsibility that originates from Iod@ and thereby we redeem the world.

2. C'RISTI"NITY UST )IRECTS T'E $L"E ""Y FRO OUR SELFE UST "CCE!TT'E !RO$LES "N) CONFRONT !"IN IT'OUT T'E SOKESCREEN.

Nietzsche 1$$+ (Fie<ichD Twili'ht o& the -<ols p. 6%#

The ps!cholo'ic3l e8pl3n3tion2 to e8t3ct so4ethin' &34ili3 &o4 so4ethin' unnown elie/esD co4&otsD 3n< s3tis&ies usD ;esi<es 'i/in' us 3 &eelin' o&

powe. ith the /-? /e is c/,/te6 -ith 65e,? 6isc//,t? 56 c5,e the i,st istictis t/ 5D/ish these 5i st5tes. Fi,st ,icie& 5 eJ55ti/ is Dette, th5 /e. $ec5se itis 65et5 Bst /, 6esi,e t/ De ,i6 / 5 e5s5t ce,t5it? -e 5,e /t +e,

5,tic5, 5D/t h/- -e et ,i6 / it2 the &ist intepet3tion th3t e8pl3ins the unnown in &34ili3 te4s &eels so 'oo< th3t one3ccepts it 3s tue. @e use the &eelin' o& ple3sue (o& sten'th# 3s ou citeion &o tuth. c3us3l e8pl3n3tion is thus contin'ent on (3n< 3ouse< ;!# 3&eelin' o& &e3. The wh!G sh3llD i& 3t 3ll possi;leD esult not in i<enti&!in' the c3use &o its own s3eD ;ut in i<enti&!in' 3 c3use th3t is co4&otin'Dli;e3tin'D 3n< elie/in'. secon< conse?uence o& this nee< is th3t we i<enti&! 3s 3 c3use so4ethin' 3le3<! &34ili3 o e8peience<D so4ethin' 3le3<!

insci;e< in 4e4o!. @h3te/e is no/el o st3n'e o ne/e ;e&oe e8peience< is e8clu<e<. Ths /e se5,ches /t Bst /, 5eJ55ti/ t/ se,+e 5s 5 c5se? Dt /, 5 seciic 56 ,ee,,e6 te / eJ55ti/& th5t -hichh5s /st Mic 56 /st ,eMet 5D/ishe6 the eei / the st,5e? e-? 56 hithe,t/eJe,iece6 i the 5st B ou 4ost h3;itu3l e8pl3n3tions. Result2 one t!pe o& c3us3l e8pl3n3tion pe<o4in3tes 4oe 3n< 4oeD isconcent3te< into 3 s!ste4 3n< &in3ll! e4e'es 3s <o4in3nt B th3t isD 3s si4pl! peclu<in' othe c3uses 3n< e8pl3n3tions. The ;3ne i44e<i3tel!thins o& ;usinessD the Chisti3n o& sinD 3n< the 'il o& he lo/e



"T& Y/ Li

1. THTAS NOT TR,E.)ELEU@E 83 M#Nietzsche and Philosophy”, pg" E]

CR-T-V,E -S NOT RECT-ON OF RESENT->ENT 9,T THE ERESS-ON OF N CT-"E >O)E OFE-STENCE TTCK N) NOT RE"ENE , T;C NAT9BA: AIIBC336N 64 A 2A5 64 GCNI,T;C /NC 2F"CNC33 2T;69T 2;F; PCB4CFT6N F69: N6T GC $AINC (eh 16B7#. This w3! o& ;ein' is th3t o& the philosophe pecisel! ;ec3use he inten<s to wiel< the <i&&eenti3l ele4ent 3s citic 3n< ce3to 3n< thee&oe 3s 3

h344e. Nietzsche s3!s th3t his 3</es3ies thin ;3sel!. Nietzsche h3s hi'h e8pect3tions o& this conception o& 'ene3lo'!2 3 new o'3nis3tion o& thesciencesD 3 new o'3nis3tion o& philosoph!D 3 <ete4in3tion o& the /3lues o& the &utue.

2. The c,iticis 6/es /t -/, i the s5e -5 / the 1"C= c/st,cti i 56 i5ct. e6/ /t c5i t/ s/+e /, the eti,et / 5 eD,5ce t/ ie? -e e,e 5,e th5t the i6set

/ se is D56= i -e -i the ,eise / /, 5,et the -e -i.



"T& Uti G//61. E>TEN) T'E FR"EORK )E$"TE 'ERE E;ERY RE"SON OUR ET'IC"LORIENT"TION FR"EORK IS GOO) IS " RE"SON UTIL IS $")

2. UTILIT"RI"NIS IS SL";E OR"LITYIT SU$OR)IN"TES OY TO T'E CONST"NTSE"RC' FOR !"IN "N) SUFFERING TO "LLE;I"TE

onn!

"/5 D Tul3ne ,ni/esit!D in %

>KNietzscheAs Citi?ue o& ,tilit3i3nis4D The oun3l o& Nietzsche Stu<ies %+ (%5# pp.115W-n intepetin' NietzscheJs 3tt3cs on utilit3i3nis4D it is cuci3l to un<est3n< the (o&ten tenuous# connection Nietzsche 43es ;etween utilit3i3nis4

3n< Chisti3nit!. 9ec3use Nietzsche consi<es utilit3i3nis4 3 secul3 o&&spin' o& Chisti3n 4o3lit!D 43n! o& his 'lo;3l 5tt5cs /tiit5,i5is ,eseDe his /,e 5ii5, c,itiMe / Ch,isti5 Ps5+e /,5itPBthe 4o3lit! o& the he<.

-n p3ticul3D Nietzsche conten<s th3t tiit5,i5is ihe,ite6 Ch,isti5its c/itet t/ the eM5 -/,th/ e5ch e,s/? 56 e,et5te6 its e,,/e/s 5ssti/ th5t 5 tieess? i+e,s5 c,ite,i//, /,5it is te5De. NietzscheJs peli4in3! 3ccount o& the <i&&eence ;etween 43ste 4o3lit! 3n< sl3/e 4o3lit! in (eond ood and )vil cul4in3tes with the conclusion

th3t Ps5+e /,5it is esseti5 5 /,5it / tiit (%6#. lthou'h Nietzsche <e/elops the notoious <istinction ;etween 43ste 3n< sl3/e 4o3lit! 4ost &ull! in the enealogD he 3ticul3tes the sense in which he consi<es utilit3i3nis4 3 &o4 o& sl3/e 4o3lit! in 3e/e3lin' p3ss3'e in (eond ood and )vil . Hee he specul3tes th3t the no;leD 3istoc3tic 43n &ist i<enti&ies hi4sel& 3n< those lie hi4 (powe&ulDpou<D <istin'uishe< 4en# 3s 'oo<D 3n< then cont3sts hi4sel& with those he conte4ptuousl! e'3<s 3s the cow3<l!D the ti4i<D the pett! 3n<D 3;o/e3llD those who thin onl! o& n3ow utilit! ( () %6#. The no;leJs powe consists not onl! in his 3;ilit! to e8ploit othes with his supeio 3cu4en oph!sic3l sten'th ;ut 3lso in e8ecisin' powe o/e hi4sel&D ;! e&3inin' &o4 3ctin' on the inclin3tion o& pit! th3t ch33cteizes those who4 he

<espises. The sl3/eD con/esel!D i<enti&ies hi4sel& ne'3ti/el! he is p3t o& the 'oup th3t esents those who un3;3she<l! e8ecise thei powe.Nietzsche sc/,s s5+e /,5it Dec5se its ,//ets ee ,esi these+es t/ -h5te+e,5ste, /,5it is /t? 56 et c/si6e, thei, /- /,5 ,icies i+e,s5 Di6i 3the th3n

3cnowle<'in' the4 3s n3owl! use&ul &o 4e4;es o& thei own 'oup. -n the Chisti3n t3<itionD it? the i6 56 hei h56D

the w34 he3tD p3tienceD in<ustiousnessD hu4ilit!D &ien<liness c/e it/ h//,/, these 5,e the /st seM5ities /, the s5+eW ( () %6#. lthou'h Nietzsche thins utilit3i3ns sh3e these /3luesD he <oes not consi<e thei /3lues coe8tensi/e with Chisti3n 4o3lit!D since he<onisticutilit3i3nis4 is concene< with 438i4izin' the /e! sens3tion th3t Chisti3n 4o3lit! 3i4s to suppess2 ple3sue (W0 5#.5 The p3ti3l coinci<ence ;etween Chisti3n 3n< utilit3i3n /3lues esults in p3tD Nietzsche thinsD &o4 the &3ct th3t utilit3i3ns constue utilit! in e8cee<in'l! &34ili3 te4s.The ple3sue the! see is not th3t o& the /oluptu3! o con?ueoD ;ut th3t o& the he< 3ni43lBthe ;oin' 3n< 4e<ioce eno!4ent o& people whoh3/e !et to 3w3en &o4 the sopoi&ic spell o& sl3/e 4o3lit! ( () %%$#.6

h5t 6/es it e5 t/ es/se the +5es / 5 he,6 5i5G e h5+e 5,e56 ec/te,e6 s/e/ the +5es Nietzsche 5ss/ci5tes -ith s5+e /,5it Bhu4ilit!D in<ustiousnessD it D ;ut in wh3t sense 3e the!he< /3luesG -& the &un<34ent3l 'o3l o& 3n 3ni43l within 3 he< is its own pese/3tionD 3n< i& its own pese/3tion <epen<s upon the he3lth o& the he<

o& which it is 3 4e4;eD thenD Nietzsche supposesD the 4o3l pinciples o& th3t 'oup will ten< to e&lect the in< o& e'3lit3i3nis4 e4;o<ie< in9enth34Js <ictu4D E/e!;o<! counts &o oneD 3n< no;o<! &o 4oe th3n one.7 Nietzsche consi<es this the essence o& he< 4ent3lit!2 -Wt is theinstinct o& the he< th3t &in<s its &o4ul3 in this uleBone is e?u3lD one t3es onesel& &o e?u3l (W0 +%5#. cco<in' to NietzscheD this e'3lit3i3n&o4ul3 oi'in3tes &o4 the ;ene&it th3t co4es &o4 ecipoc3l coope3tion 34on' e?u3ls in 3 'oupD ;ut h3s ;een e8ten<e< ;! Chisti3n 4o3lit! to3ppl! to 3ll peopleBinclu<in' une?u3ls. Nietzsche thus constues the 'ol<en ule 3s 3 pecept o& pu<ence o 4utu3l 3</3nt3'eD o;se/in' th3t ohnStu3t >ill ;elie/es in it3s the ;3sis o& 4o3lit!D ;ut th3t he &3ils to '3sp its pu<enti3l oi'in (W0 +%5#.$

Nietzsche 3lso pot3!s e'3lit3i3n /3lues 3s 4!opicD <3n'eousD 3n< potenti3ll! sel&su;/etin'. This is ;ec3useD Nietzsche this? the//site / these +5es5i? se,i? ieM5it i sh/,t? Pe+iPis eM5 i6ises5De/, the s,+i+5 56 h5iess / the +e, he,6 th5t sees t/ e,56ic5te it. cco<in'l!D Nietzsche sh3pl!citicizes 9enth34Js he<onic c3lculus (which coel3tes h3ppiness 438i4iz3tion with p3in 4ini4iz3tion# 3s inconsistent with utilit3i3n 'o3ls. -n its

pl3ceD Nietzsche st,esses the ecessit / hsic5 se,i 56 iteect5 st,e /, the se=i,/+eet / e5ch 56? D eJtesi/? the +it5it 56 h5iess / the ,/. ;e accordinglyrebu&es the proponent of any morality that ma&es the reduction of suffering its fundamental goal2 -W& !oue8peience su&&ein' 3n< <isple3sue 3s e/ilD woth! o& 3nnihil3tion 3n< 3s 3 <e&ect o& e8istenceD then it is cle3 th3t ;esi<es !ou eli'ion o& pit! !ou 3lso

h3;o 3nothe eli'ion in !ou he3t th3t is peh3ps the 4othe o& the eli'ion o& pit!2 the religion of comfortableness (% $#. This eli'ionBoD 4oespeci&ic3ll!D moralitBo& co4&ot thw3ts its own 'o3ls ;! 3tte4ptin' to eli4in3te all su&&ein' ( () 00#.+ -n 3 p3ss3'e th3t 3nticip3tes wh3t we now c3llthe he<onic p33<o8D 3cco<in' to which ple3sue is <i4inishe< when we pusue it <iectl!D Nietzsche i<icules those whoD lie 9enth34D see to438i4ize in<i/i<u3l o collecti/e h3ppiness ;! 4ini4izin' p3in2 HWow little !ou now o& hu43n h3ppinessD !ou co4&ot3;le 3n< ;ene/olent peopleD &oh3ppiness 3n< unh3ppiness 3e sistes 3n< e/en twins th3t eithe 'ow up to'ethe oD 3s in !ou c3seD remain small to'ethe (% $#.1 He 'oes on toun<eline the i<ios!nc3tic n3tue o& su&&ein' 3n< the si4ple4in<e<ness o& those who hee<lessl! sti/e to elie/e the su&&ein' o& othes. -t ne/e occusto the4D Nietzsche 3<<sD th3t ... the p3th to oneJs own he3/en 3lw3!s le3<s thou'h the /oluptuousness o& oneJs own hell (% $#.

3. Utiit5,i5is 6est,/s the 5i,5ti/ / ie? 56 5/-s /, the /,5ti/ / it? theti5te /,5 ihiis "3n Hoo&t +$ L o&. o& hilosoph! 3t )e3en ,ni/esit! (St3nD The >e3nin' o& Su&&ein'D Vuesti3D S!<no#

Nietzsche praises suffering as the means whereby a higher order of humanity will e%ol%e . Nietzsche ston'l!

<isp33'e< ple3sue 3n< co4&ot 3s 'o3ls o& hu43n li&e. 'e hated utilitarianism, thin&ing it a doctrine that ga%e moralworth to the satisfaction of desire for its own sa&e . R3theD he 3<4ie< wh3t he s3w 3s the o/eco4in' o& ou hu43n n3tues ;!

http://muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy1.lib.ou.edu/journals/journal_of_nietzsche_studies/v029/29.1anomaly.html#FOOT5%23FOOT5























w3! o& e&&ot 3n< sti/in'. 'e 56i,e6 c/itet 56 6e6ic5ti/ 56 the -iiess t/ t -ithh5,6shi 56 5i i the ,sit / 5 /De /5 56 i 5,tic5,? i the iet / /,eJisteti5 Mest /, se=5i,5ti/ 3n< sel&3ssetion. He s3w this ?uest 3s le3<in' to 3 newe 3n< ;ette in< o& hu43n ;ein'.

9ut this Dei -h/ -/6 /+e,c/e e,e h5it -/6 /t ee,e i -e /cse6 / /c//,t 56 the 5+/i65ce / se,i. The a%oidance of pain and amelioration of suffering wereforces of decadence that led to the softening of the human spirit and a loss of focus upon the tas& of self1o%ercoming, which was essential to human ad%ancement. 3uffering was the crucible in which a higher

form of humanity could be forge d. NietzscheJs /iew is 3tt3cti/e. -t is i4plicitl! 3ccepte< ;! n3tions th3t <e&ine thei i<entit! thou'h thesu&&ein' 3n<s3ci&ice o& thei &oun<in' &3thes o w3 heoesD1W 3s ust3li3 <oes with its 3nnu3l cele;3tion o& 3 43o 4ilit3! <e&e3t on nz3c )3!. -n 3t le3st oneespectD tooD NietzscheJs /iew is si4il3 to the /iew o& so4e Chisti3nsD since it e4;3ces su&&ein' 3s 3 s3ci&ice &o 3 hi'he 'o3l. -n<ee<D NietzscheJs /iew

4i'ht see4 no;le wee it not &o his &uthe /iew 3;out pit!. Nietzsche th/ht th5t it Deittes the e,s/ -h/ eesit 5s -e 5s the e,s/ -h/ is its /DBect. -t ;elittles the peson who &eels it ;ec3use it sh/-s th5t the e,s/ 5ist/ 5,eci5te the /siti+e /-e, / se,i? 56 it Deittes the /DBect / it because itrepresents that person as failing to bear suffering courageously. Pity goes hand in hand with the desirefor comfortD



"T& !it G//6

!it 6est,/s 5 +5e t/ ie 56 e56s t/ se=eJticti/. The c/st5t i6etiic5ti/ 56,es/se t/ se,i ties it 56 s/the,s ie -ith c/tet.

Nietzsche? 9( (Fie<ichD the ntiChistD http2::www.&ns.o'.u:3c.ht4#

Chisti3nit! is c3lle< the eli'ion o& pit. !it st56s i //siti/ t/ 5 the t/ic 5ssi/s th5t 5et theee, / the eei / 5i+eess& it is 5 6e,ess5t. 43n loses powe when he pities. Thou'h pit! th3t <3inupon sten'th which su&&ein' wos is 4ultiplie< 3 thous3n<&ol<. Su&&ein' is 43<e cont3'ious ;! pit! un<ecet3in cicu4st3nces it 43! le3< to 3 tot3l s3ci&ice o& li&e 3n< li/in' ene'!3 loss out o& 3ll popotion to the43'nitu<e o& the c3use (the c3se o& the <e3th o& the N3z3ene#. This is the &ist /iew o& it thee isD howe/eD 3 still 4oe i4pot3nt one. -& one

4e3sues the e&&ects o& pit! ;! the '3/it! o& the e3ctions it sets upD its ch33cte 3s 3 4en3ce to li&e 3ppe3s in 3 4uch cle3e li'ht. !it thw3ts the

whole l3w o& e/olutionD which is the l3w o& n3tu3l selection. -t pese/es wh3te/e is ipe &o <estuction it ihts / the si6e / th/se6isihe,ite6 56 c/6ee6 D ie ;! 43int3inin' li&e in so 43n! o& the ;otche< o& 3ll in<sD it 'i/es li&e itsel& 3 'loo4!3n< <u;ious 3spect. >3nin< h3s /entue< to c3ll pit! 3 /itue (in e/e! superior 4o3l s!ste4 it 3ppe3s 3s 3 we3ness# 'oin' still &utheD

it h3s ;een c3lle< the /itueD the souce 3n< &oun<3tion o& 3ll othe /itues ;ut let us 3lw3!s ;e3 in 4in< th3tthis w3s &o4 the st3n<point o& 3 philosoph! th3t w3s nihilisticD 3n< upon whose shiel< the <eni3l o& li&e w3sinsci;e<. Schopenh3ue w3s i'ht in this2 th3t ;! 4e3ns o& pit! li&e is <enie<D 3n< 43<e woth! o& <eni3lpit! is thetechnic o& nihilis4. =et 4e epe3t2 this <epessin' 3n< cont3'ious instinct st3n<s 3'3inst 3ll those instincts which

wo &o the pese/3tion 3n< enh3nce4ent o& li&e2 in the ole o& protector o& the 4ise3;leD it is 3 pi4e 3'ent in the po4otion o&

decadence--pit! pesu3<es to e8tinction....O& couseD one <oesnJt s3! e8tinction2 one s3!s the othe wol<D o o<D

o the tue li&eD o Ni/3n3D s3l/3tionD ;lesse<ness.... This i/cet ,het/,icD &o4 the e3l4 o& eli'iousethic3l ;3l<e<3shD5e5,s 5 //6 6e5 ess i/cet -he /e ,eects / the te6ec th5t it c/ce5s Dee5thsDie -/,6s& the te6ec t/ 6est,/ ie . Schopenh3ue w3s hostile to li&e2 th3t is wh! pit! 3ppe3e< to hi4 3s 3 /itue. . . . istotleD 3s e/e! one nowsD s3w in pit! 3 sicl! 3n< <3n'eous st3te o& 4in<D the e4e<! &o which w3s 3n occ3sion3l pu'3ti/e2 he e'3<e< t3'e<! 3s

th3t pu'3ti/e. The instinct o& li&e shoul< po4pt us to see so4e 4e3ns o& punctuin' 3n! such p3tholo'ic3l 3n<<3n'eous 3ccu4ul3tion o& pit! 3s th3t 3ppe3in' in Schopenh3ueJs c3se (3n< 3lsoD 3l3cD in th3t o& ou whole lite3! decadence, &o4 St.

etes;u' to 3isD &o4 Tolstoi to @3'ne#D th3t it 43! ;ust 3n< ;e <isch3'e<. . . Nothin' is 4oe unhe3lth!D 34i< 3ll ou unhe3lth!

4o<enis4D th3n Chisti3n pit! . To ;e the <octos here, to ;e un4eci&ul here, to wiel< the ni&e hee3ll this is our ;usinessD 3ll this is our sot o&hu43nit!D ;! this si'n we 3e philosophesD we H!pe;oe3ns QB



"T& Se,i N/t Ie+it5De

1. E>TEN) OUR S"URETTE A9% E;I)ENCE OUR "RGUENT IS T'"T T'E "FFIR"TI;EIS CONSTRUCTING " RE"L ORL) T'"T C"N CONTROL T'E INE;IT"$LE )ISOR)ER INLIFE T'E "!!"RENT ORL)? OUR ORL)? IS )ISCRE)ITE) "S UNFIT? SUFFERING IS)E;"LUE) T'IS EST"$LIS'ES " ILL TO T'E F"KE=TRUE ORL)? 'IC' ONLYINCRE"SES )ISS"TISF"CTION IT' LIFE

SUFFERING "N) TR"GE)Y "RE INE;IT"$LE "N) NOT TO $E ";OI)E) TO ";OI)E"NINGLESS SUFFERING IS TO 'OL) " CONTE!T FOR LIFE. T'ERE IS NO ORE)EE"NING "CT IN T'IS ORL) T'"N T'"T OF !ITY.

K5i 07 (hilip .D po&esso o& philosoph! 3t ,ni/esit! o& S3nt3 Cl33D NietzscheD Eten3l RecuenceD 3n< the Hoo o& E8istenceD the oun3l o&Nietzsche Stu<iesD 4useD S!<no#

@e h3/e seen th3t in NietzscheJs opinion -e c5/t De5, e5iess se,i 3n< s/ -e i+e it 5 e5i.

Chisti3nit!D &o e834pleD e8pl3ins it 3s punish4ent &o sin. Ete,5 ,ec,,eceD howe/eD -/6 ce,t5i see t/ es D5c it/ e5iess se,i (@ 55#. -t i4plies th3t se,i Bst h5es? it ,ee5ts ete,5? itis 5te6. The,e is / 5? / ,/se? / ,e5s/ /, it . Eten3l ecuence woul< see4 to u; ou noses in 4e3nin'less

su&&ein'. -n one sense this is pe&ectl! coect. n< Nietzsche 6/es -5t t/ 5ccet 5s ch e5iessess 56

se,i 5s he c5 De5, (9E +D %%5 @ 5$53#. Ne/ethelessD we 4ust see th3t the,e is e5i he,eit is Bstth5t it ies ,ecise i the e5iessess. ED,5ci ete,5 ,ec,,ece e5s i/sise,i / /ese D 4e3nin'less su&&ein'D se,i th5t Bst h5esD su&&ein' /, / ,e5s/ 5t 5. 9ut 3t the

/e! s34e ti4eD this c,e5tes the i/cece / eJistece. The 4e3nin'lessness o& su&&ein' 4e3ns the innocence o& su&&ein'.

Th5t is the e- e5i th5t se,i is i+e. Se,i / /e, h5s its /6 e5i . Su&&ein'no lon'e h3s the 4e3nin' Chisti3nit! '3/e to it. Su&&ein' c3n no lon'e ;e seen 3s punish4ent. Thee is no lon'e 3n! 'uilt. Thee is no lon'e 3n! sin.

Oe is / /e, 5cc/t5De (T- Eos $ HH ++#. -& su&&ein' ust etuns eten3ll!D i& e/en the sli'htest ch3n'e is i4possi;leD how

c3n one ;e to ;l34e &o itG How c3n one ;e esponsi;leG -t c3n ;e none o& ou <oin'. @e 3e innocent. This itse c/6 eJ5i -h/e -/6 De 5De t/ eD,5ce ete,5 ,ec,,ece? /+e e+e, 6et5i / /es ie? /t -ish t/ch5e 5 sie /et / se,i. Oe -/6 De eD,5ci /es /- i/cece. Oe -/6

De /+i /es /- ,e6eti/ ,/ it. Eten3l ecuence ;in's the I;e4ensch 3s close 3s possi;le to the tuthD4e3nin'lessnessD the /oi<D ;ut it <oes not 'o 3ll the w3! o it woul< cush e/en the I;e4ensch. Eten3l ecuence 'i/es the I;e4ensch 4e3nin'. -teli4in3tes e4ptiness. -t &ills the /oi<. @ith wh3tG -t &ills it with so4ethin' tot3ll! &34ili3 3n< co4pletel! nown with so4ethin' th3t is in no w3! newD

<i&&eentD o st3n'e with so4ethin' th3t is not 3t 3ll &i'htenin'. It is the +/i6 -ith /es /- ie,ee5te6 ete,5.It is t,e th5t this ie is 5 ie / se,i? Dt :i+e the h/,,/, / eJistece< se,i c5/t De 5+/i6e6 5-5 D 3n< 3t le3st su&&ein' h3s ;een stippe< o& 3n! suplus su&&ein' ;ou'ht 3;out ;! concepts o& sinD punish4entD o 'uilt. -th3s ;een e<uce< to 3 li&e o& innocence. >oeo/eD 3s Nietzsche h3s s3i<D it is onl! 4e3nin'less su&&ein' th3t is the po;le4. -& 'i/en 3 4e3nin'D e/en

se,i Dec/es s/ethi -e c5 see (> ---2%$#. Eten3l ecuenceD the &3te<ness o& su&&ein'D its 4e3nin'lessepetitionD 43es ou su&&ein' innocent. Th3t 4i'ht well ;e e3son enou'h to e4;3ce it. OD 3lthou'h we 43! not ;e 3;le to e4;3ce it ousel/esD -thin we c3n 3t le3st see wh! Nietzsche 4i'htB3n< e/en wh! it 4i'ht 43e sense &o hi4 to <o so. En< 3'e 5+W Eten3l ecuence 3lso 'i/es su&&ein'

3nothe 4e3nin'. I /e is 5De t/ eD,5ce ete,5 ,ec,,eceD i& one is 3;le to tun 3ll it w3s into 3 thus - wille< itD then

one not onl! e<uces su&&ein' to ph!sic3l su&&ein'D ;e3s its ps!cholo'ic3l st3n'lehol<D 3n< eli4in3tes suplus su&&ein' el3te< to 'uiltD ;ut /e5 e/en in 3 sense ,e6ce se,i De/- the e+e / hsic5 se,i. Oe 6/es /t 6/ this 5s theiDe,5? s/ci5ist? /, Ch,isti5 -/6? D ch5i the -/,6 t/ ,e6ce se,i. -n NietzscheJs opinion

th5t is i/ssiDeD 3n<D in<ee<D eten3l ecuence o& the s34e ules it outB3t le3st 3s 3n! sot o& &in3l 3chie/e4ent.% R3theD hsic5se,i is ,e6ce6 D t,e5ti it 5s 5 test? 5 6isciie? 5 t,5ii? -hich D,is /e ,e5te,

/-e,. One 4i'ht thin o& 3n 3thlete who en'3'es in 4oe 3n< 4oe stenuous 3cti/it!D 3ccepts 'e3te 3n< 'e3te p3inD h3n<les it ;ette 3n< ;ette3n< sees this 3s 3 si'n o& 'e3te sten'thD 3s 3 si'n o& ince3se< 3;ilit!. !5i 56 se,i 5,e t,e6 it/ e/-e,et.

-n<ee<D it is possi;le to lo/e such su&&ein' 3s 3 si'n o& ince3se< powe. One c3/es p3inB4oe p3inQ 4oe p3inQ (> ---2%#. n< the /,ese,i /e c5 De5,? the st,/e, /e Dec/es. -& su&&ein' is sel&i4pose<D i& the point is to ;e3 the ps!cholo'ic3l

st3n'lehol< it h3s o/e usD i& the point is to tun su&&ein' into e4powe4entD use it 3s 3 <iscipline to '3in 'e3te sten'thD then it -/6 Deeti,e i5,/,i5te /, s t/ ee s/,, /, the se,e,. T/ t5e it / the se,e, eithe,

-/6 6e/st,5te 5 i/,5ce / the ,/cess the se,e, is e5e6 i? -h5t the se,e, is5tteti t/ 5cc/ish th,/h se,i? /, -/6 sh/- 5 5c / ,esect /, the se,e,sse,i (S $ ) 15#. T/ it the su&&eeD to wish the su&&ee <i< not h3/e to 'o thou'h such su&&ein'D -/6 6ee5 these,e, 56 the -h/e ,/cess / 5tteti t/ 5i ,e5te, st,eth th,/h sch se,i.

=et us t! 3'3in to put ousel/es in NietzscheJs pl3ce. He h3s su&&ee< &o !e3s. He h3s su&&ee< intensel! &o !e3s. He h3s co4e to e3lize th3t he

c5/t e6 this se,i. 'e c5/t e+e ,e6ce it siiic5t. $t he h5s i5 Dee 5De t/



D,e5 the sch//ic5 st,5eh/6 it h5s h56 /+e, hi. He is 3;le t/ 5ccet it. 'e -is it. 'e -/6 /t ch5e the sihtest 6et5i. 'e is 5De t/ /+e it. "6 this ic,e5ses his st,eth. '/- DthenD -/6 he ,es/6 t/ /, it4 "e! liel!D he -/6 De /e6e6. He woul< thin -e -e,e 5t,/izihi. He woul< not w3nt us 3oun<. He woul< e,cei+e s 5s t,i t/ ,/D hi / the st,eth he h56 5chie+e6?sDB5te hi 55i t/ his se,i? st,i hi / his 6iit. 'e -/6 De 6isste6 -ith /,5ttet t/ De 6/=//6e,s? /, 5ttet t/ i/se /, /- e5i / his se,i (te3tin' it 3s

so4ethin' to pit! 3n< to lessen# i //siti/ t/ the e5i he h5s sccee6e6 i i/si / it .

3. EJte6 )e, )e,i5 A93 ce,t5it 56 ,is 5,e 5 5,t / h5 ie 5tteti t/ 6ethei, ,iss th,/h sec,it 5iests itse 5s 5 t,c5te6 ie. The 5i,5ti+e e5,s thece,t5it / the -/,6? hi6i it -ith thei, ,5ti/5it this 6eies the 65et5 h5c/6iti/ th5t ie is 5 c/seMece / -5,? 56 s/ciet itse is 5 e5s t/ -5,.



"T& T,e5ts Re5

1. EJte6 S5,ette 56 )e, )e,i5 the i6ic5te /, sc5e/5ti c5is. The 5 is6iss5tisie6 -ith ie? -hich 5es the D5e /the,s th5t ,/6ces thei, 5th/,s -,iti ithe i,st 5ce? 5es thei, c5is ssect.

2. EJte6 )e, )e,i5 the 5 5iests its e5, / the /- i h5t,e6 / the eihD/,. E+eth/h the ,//t c5ses / the e5, 5,e / /e? thei, h5t,e6 ec/,5es +i/ece? -hich

e,et5tes the cce.

3. C,/ss 5 ie+it5Diit ,/ the /+e,+ie- theA e+e, e,56ic5te 5 c/ict? itAs 5 5,t /s? e5s e+e i the -i th5t th,e5ts 5,e ,e5? /,iet5ti/ t/-5,6 th,e5ts sti c/es i,st.

#. The iiite 56 /=ie5, c5ses / +i/ece 5,e t// D,/56 56 +5st t/ De ,e6icte6 56,es/6e6 t/ eecti+e=5ttets t/ ,e+et 6is5ste,s ti5te e56 t/ D,e5c,5ticish56i -hich 5iies the ,/De)e, )e,i5D )i o& Secuit! Stu<ies 3t 9owD 2(34es N3tion3l Secuit!D n cci<ent @3itin' to H3ppenD 0redicting the 0resent 6ol *7 !8

It /te t5es 5 c5t5st,/he t/ ,e+e5 the is/, Deies -e c/tie t/ h5,D/, in n3tion3l 3n<ho4el3n< secuit!J. To eep us s3&eD we pl3ce ou &3ith in n3tion3l ;o<es 3n< 'u3<sD ;ue3uc3cies 3n< e8petsD technolo'ies

3n< 34ies. These 3n< othe instu4ents o& n3tion3l secuit! 3e e4powee< 3n< le'iti43te< ;! the 3ssu4ption th3t it &3llsupon the so/eei'n count! to potect us &o4 the tu;ulent st3te o& n3tue 3n< 3n3ch! th3t pe43nentl! liesin w3it o&&shoe 3n< o/e the hoizon &o the unpep3e< 3n< in3<e?u3tel! <e&en<e<. 9ut this p3ochi3l &e3D posin' 3s 3 e3listic

wol</iewD h3s ecentl! t3en so4e /e! h3< nocs. io to Septe4;e 11D %1D n3tion3l ;o<es wee thou'ht to ;enecess3! 3n< su&&icient to eep ou ene4ies 3t ;3! upon ent! to 93'h<3<D 3 /ituous tiu4ph3lis4 3n< 3e/olution in 4ilit3! 3&&3is wee toute< 3s the ;est 4e3ns to ;in' pe3ce 3n< <e4oc3c! to the >i<<le E3st3n< ;e&oe Huic3ne K3tin3D e4e'enc! pep3e<ness 3n< 3n intic3te s!ste4 o& le/ees wee suppose< toeep New Ole3ns s3&e 3n< <!. The it,5ct5Diit / 6is5ste,? eseci5 its eJecte6? 5e6?,ece6ete6 5t,e? eo<es not onl! the /e! <istinction o& the loc3lD n3tion3lD 3n< 'lo;3lD ;utD 3ssiste<3n< 34pli&ie< ;! 3n un;linin' 'lo;3l 4e<i3D ,e+e5s the c/tiet 56 hih ite,c/ecte6ch5,5cte, / ie i ee,5. et when it co4es to <e3lin' with n3tu3l 3n< unn3tu3l <is3stesD we continue to e8pect (3n<D in the

3;sence o& 3 ce<i;le 3lten3ti/eD un<est3n<3;l! soD i& not cet3int! 3n< tot3l s3&et! 3t le3st 3 hi'h le/el o& po;3;ilit! 3n< co4petence

&o4 ou n3tion3l 3n< ho4el3n<

secuit! e8pets Howe/eD ;etween the 4i8e< 4et3phos 3n< ;ehin< the 4et3ph!sic3l concepts 'i/en /oice

;! ,S Ho4el3n< Secuit! )iecto >ich3el Cheto&& e3l! into the K3tin3 cisisD thee lus 3n une3s! eco'nition th3t this 3<4inist3tion

B 3n< peh3ps no n3tion3l 'o/en4entBis up to the t3s o& 43n3'in' inci<ents th3t so 3pi<l! c3sc3<e into 'lo;3le/ents. -n<ee<D the! su''est th3t ou n3tion3l pl3ns 3n< pep33tions &o the ;i' oneB3 &oce&i/e huic3neD teoist 3tt3cD p3n<e4ic <ise3seB

h3/e ;eco4e p3t o& the po;le4D not the solution. His use o& h!;e;olic te4s lie ult3c3t3stophe 3n< &3llout is tellin'2 such e/ents e8cee<not onl! loc3l 3n< n3tion3l c3p3;ilitiesD ;ut the c3p3cit! o& con/ention3l l3n'u3'e itsel&. n e3s! <e&lection woul< ;e tol3! the ;l34e on the neoconse/3ti/e &3ith&ul o& the &ist te4 o& ,S esi<ent eo'e @. 9ushD whoD /iewin' thou'h 3n in/ete< @ilsoni3n pis4 the wol< 3s the! woul< wish it to ;eD h3/e now ;een &oce< ;! n3tu3l 3n< unn3tu3l <is3stes to &3ce the wol< 3s it e3ll! isB3n< not e/en the 4ost

sophistic3te< pu;lic 3&&3is 43chine o& <issi4ul3tionsD <istotionsD 3n< lies c3n close this '3p. Howe/eD the <iscouse o& the secon< 9ushte4 h3s ince3sin'l! etune< to the <o4in3nt wol</iew o& n3tion3l secuit!D e3lis4D 3n< i& l3n'u3'e isD 3sNietzsche cl3i4e<. 3 pisonhouseD e3lis4 is its supe438 penitenti3!. $5se6 / ie5, /ti/s /c5s5it? 5 c/,,es/6ece the/, / t,th? 56 the 5te,i5it / /-e,? h/- c5 ,e5is/ssiD 5cc/t Blet 3lone pep3e o po/i<e e4e<iesB/, c/eJ c5t5st,/hes D lie the topplin'

o& the @ol< T3<e Cente 3n< 3tt3c on the ent3'on ;! 3 h3n<&ul o& ih3<ists 34e< with ;o8cuttes 3n< 3&ew 4onths o& &li'htt3inin'G " /,ce=i+e h,,ic5e th5t iht -e h5+e De -ith the 5i/ 5 Dtte,s -is4 " /,the5st eect,ic5 D5c/t th5t st5,te6 -ith 5 5i t,ee iD iOhi/ G possi;le p3n<e4ic ti''ee< ;! the 4ut3tion o& 3n 3/i3n /iusG HowD &o inst3nceD 3e we to 4e3suethe i443tei3l powe o& the CNNe&&ect on the &ist ul& @3D the l3zee3 e&&ect on the -3? "_J3D o theNoi3e&&ect on the =on<on teoist ;o4;in'sG Fo e/ents o& such co4ple8D nonline3 oi'ins 3n< with suchti'htl!couple<D ?u3ntu4 e&&ectsD the n3tion3l secuit!J <iscouse o& e3lis4 is si4pl! not up to the t3s. @oseD

wh3t i& the &3ilue o& i43'in3tion i<enti&ie< ;! the +:11 Co44ission is ;uilt into ou n3tion3l 3n< ho4el3n< secuit!s!ste4sG @h3t i& the eli3nce on pl3nnin' &o the c3t3stophe th3t ne/e c34e e<uce< ou c3p3;ilit! to &le8i;l!espon< 3n< i4po/ise &o the ult3c3t3stophe th3t <i<G @h3t i& wosec3se scen3iosD si4ul3tion t3inin'D3n< <is3ste e8ecisesB3s well 3s ;o<e 'u3<sD concete h3ies 3n< e3then le/eesBnot onl! po/ein3<e?u3te ;ut 4i'ht well 3ct 3s &oce4ultipliesBwh3t o'3niz3tion3l theoists i<enti&! 3s ne'3ti/e s!ne'! 3n<



c3sc3<in' e&&ects Bth3t po<uce the 3uto43te< ;un'lin' ̀ thin Fe<e3l E4e'enc! >3n3'e4ent 'enc!# th3t t3ns&o4isol3te< e/ents 3n< sin'ul3 3tt3cs into 'lo;3l <is3stesG ust 3s no43l 3cci<ents 3e ;uilt into new technolo'iesB&o4 the

Tit3nic sinin' to the Cheno;!l 4elt<own to the Ch3llen'e e8plosionB we 4ust 3s whethe ult3c3t3stophes 3e no lon'ethe e8ception ;ut now p3t 3n< p3cel o& <ensel! netwoe< s!ste4s th3t <e&! n3tion3l 43n3'e4ent in othe

wo<sD pl3nne< <is3stes. @h3tD thenD is to ;e <oneG &ist step is to 4o/e ;e!on< the wheelspinnin' <e;3tes th3tpeenni3ll! eep secuit! <iscouse 3lw3!s one step ;ehin< the 'lo;3l e/ent. -t 4i'ht well ;e uniD ;iD o 4ultipol3D ;ut it is ti4e to eco'nize th3t the powe con&i'u3tion o& the st3tess!ste4 is 3pi<l! ;ein' su;su4e< ;!3 heteopol3 43ti8D in which 3 wi<e 3n'e o& <i&&eent 3ctos 3n< technolo'ic3l <i/es 3c po<ucin' po&oun< 'lo;3l e&&ects thou'h

inteconnecti/it!. "3!in' in i<entit!D inteestsD 3n< sten'thD these new 3ctos 3n< <i/es '3in 3</3nt3'e thou'h the ;o3< ;3n<wi<th o& in&o43tion technolo'!JD &o netwoe< co44unic3tion s!ste4s po/i<e the 4e3ns to t3/ese politic3lD econo4icD eli'iousD3n< cultu3l ;oun<3iesD ch3n'in' not onl! how we intepet e/entsD ;ut 43in' it e/e 4oe <i&&icult to 43int3in the /e! <istinction o& inten<e< &o4

3cci<ent3l e/ents. cco<in' to the le'3l philosophe o& N3zi e43n!D C3l Sch4ittD when the st3te is un3;le to <eli/e on itst3<ition3l po4isso! notes o& s3&et!D secuit!D 3ntiwell;ein' thou'h le'3lD <e4oc3tic 4e3nsD it willnecess3il! e8ecise the so/eei'n e8ception2 <ecl3in' 3 st3te o& e4e'enc!D <e&inin' &ien< &o4 &oeD 3n<D i&necess3!D e3<ic3tin' the the3t to the st3te. 9ut wh3t i& the st3te. F3cin' the 'lo;3l e/entD c3nnot <iscen the3cci<ent3l &o4 the intention3lG n e8ten3l 3tt3c &o4 3n inten3l 3utoi44une esponseG The n3tu3l 3soppose< to the pl3nne< <is3steG The ene4! within &o4 the ene4! withoutG @e c3n D 3s the ,nite< St3tes h3s <one

since Septe4;e 11D continue to te3t c3t3stophic the3ts 3s issues o& n3tion3l 3the th3n 'lo;3l secuit!JD 3n< 'o it3lone. Howe/eD once <ecl3e<D ;ue3uc3tic3ll! inst3lle<D 3n< epetiti/el! '34e<D n3tion3l st3tes o& e4e'enc!'ow ec3lcit3nt 3n< ;eco4e pone to e/en wose <is3stes. s 3ul "iilioD 43ste theoist o& the w3 43chine 3n< the inte'3l

3cci<ent once tol< 4e2 The &ullsc3le 3cci<ent is now the polon'3tion o& tot3l w3 ;! othe 4e3ns.

***"T& S!ECIFIC "UT'ORS



"T& C/he

This e+i6ece 5sses 5 /,t,5it / eJistece 5s ihe,et 5i,i the 6i5ectic / 5sceticis Dt it isAt 5De t/ 5e 5 -5,,5te6 6eese / this 6i5ectic 6e,st56i / ie /, e+i6eceis Dette, 56 /,e ,es/si+e t/ the Mesti/ / eJistece Dec5se /,s is the / th5t c55i, Dei i its t/t5it -hich /, s5,ette e+i6ece i6ic5tes is the / esc5e / sici65ihiis.

"6? it +ie-s the hsic5 eJistece 5s 5 t,/Des/e D,6e /, ietzsche i 73 e+i6ece t,sthis Dec5se c/cei+i / 5 te / eJistece 5s ihe,et e5ti+e ,ec6es s ,/ e+ee5i /itic5 -hich e5s th5t eithe,? this e+ is t,e 56 the 5 6/esAt 5tte, Dec5sethe hsic5 is 5 D,6e -e sh/6 De iDe,5te6 ,/ 56 / +/te e / ,esti/ /, -eA,ec/,,ect 56 / +/te /, the 5t.



"T& ;5 Ce5+e

This e+i6ece 6/esAt 5e 5 / the c5is the -5t it t/& it Bst i6ic5tes th5t -e st c/et/ ,esect ie Dt 6/esAt 5e 5 ,esc,iti+e c5is 5s t/ h/- t/ / 5D/t c/t,5sti the/=s5ti5 eJistece / the si,it t/ th5t / the D/6. The 5t isAt 5 6is5+/-5 / ie Dt ,5the,5 5i,5ti/ / the /st 5te,i5istic 5s -e 5s the i5i5, /,ces / 6esi,e th5t ,isihiis. The 5t 5/-s s t/ esc5e the 5c / +5e i the 5i,5ti+eAs ,5e-/, / the 15c.

O, 5t s/+es the ite,5 t/ this e+i6eceAs +5e t/ ie c5i.



"T& C//

N/ i -e 6/At s5 th5t the De,esche 5/e h5s 5ccess t/ the ete,5 ,ec,,ece / the6iceth,/- this isAt /, 5t? ths / /ese Dec5se e+e i -e 6e+i5te ,/ ietzscheAs i,e/ the De,esche th5tAs / Dec5se /, 6eeze e+i6ece c5 ,/+i6e 5 56eM5te 6eese /the 5t.



"T& Schtte

This e+i6ece is /,e t/ the 5i,5ti+e the ,e6e, Dei 5s /t //6 e/h 56 ths/,5ize the /siti/ / /, D5/t this is the sec/6 iece / 6eeze e+i6ece ,/ the 1c.Thei, 15c 5ttets t/ c/t,/ the sch//ic5 ch/ice / /, D5/t D ,eseti these+es5s the / /,5 ch/ice 56 ths the /D+i/s ,es/se t/ 65e, Dt the h5+e / 6eese /the -5 the e,cei+e Dei? this is 5D/+e.

"s/? e+e i ietzscheAs ,i5, teJts c5/t esc5e the 6i5ectic / 5i,5ti/Ve5ti/? the6/At h5+e 5 seciic /ese t/ /, 5te,5ti+e.



"T& Kettes

This e+i6ece Bst 5es 5 56 h/ie 5tt5c / ietzscheAs 6ei5 / 5 /DBecti+e t,th. TheMesti/ / the ,e5it / /DBecti+e t,th h/-e+e, is i,,ee+et t/ /, c,iticis. O, 5,ets6esc,iDes ,e5it 5s 5 5 / ite,,et5ti/s -hich sh/6 De 55ze6 5s seciic D/6ies //-e6e -hich c/t,iDte t/ 5 /6e, 6e,st56i. The 5ct th5t e/e 5e //sit,th c5is -hich c5 / De ,e6ce6 t/ 5 5,tic5, /it is /t test5et t/ the

ie,ecti/ / /-e6e? Dt ,5the, t/ the sDBecti+it / the -i t/ t,th 56 / its 6esi,e t/,/6ce 5 6/estic5te6 ie? ,iie6 / c/ict. "Ds/te t,th seee,s 5,e 5//ists /, the/st ,56ic5 tes / +i/ece thei, e+i6ece t5s 5D/t D sec,i /, eJe,iece / Dei

-ithi seciic c5te/,ies / eJistece 56 5 6esi,e t/ 5chie+e 5 /// / t,th? ths Bstii the 6est,cti/ / 5 th/se -h/ i+e i/,5 i 5 -/,6 / 5sit. This is /, 6e,6e,i5 e+i6ece ,/ the 1c



"T& Sch-5,tz

1. This 5,et is eti,e /=,es/si+e. I -e -i the ,eise / /, 5,et= th5t the5i,5ti+e c/st,cts these sce5,i/s t/ Bsti thei, /- =eD,5ce / ie= the the,e is /,e5s/ t/ sec,e it. The 5,e e,e 56e sce5,i/s s/ the 6/At h5+e t/ c/,/t ie& 6/Atet the et 5-5 this che5 sh/t.

2. The Mest /, tiit D5se6 / s/se6 scietiic t,th 5D/t the -/,6 is tte, ihiistic -e ee6 t/ -,este -ith -h -e 5,e / sch 5 Mest& -e 5sse Sch-5,tzA 5,et.S5,ette 9% (J- >istust 3ll S!ste43tizes 3n< /oi< The4J2 NietzscheD en<t 3n< the Cisis o& the @ill to O<e in -nten3tion3l Rel3tionsTheo!D >illenniu42 oun3l o& -nten3tion3l Stu<iesD "ol. %5 i. 1D >3ch 1++6 3ul#The /e! lo'ic o& the @ill to O<eD JChisti3n 4o3lit! itsel&D the concept o& tuth&ulness t3en 4oe 3n< 4oe stictl!J D56 le3<s to the <3wn o& its sel&

o/eco4in'. Science is one o& the l3test ph3ses o& its @ill to TuthW e/olutionD one o& its te4in3l &o4s 3n< inne conse?uences

it is the 3weinspiin' c3t3stophe o& two thous3n< !e3s o& t3inin' in tuth&ulness th3t &in3ll! &o;i<s itsel& the lie in/ol/e< in ;elie& in o<Q 57 9!ch3llen'in' the tuth&ulness o& o<D the scienti&ic @ill to Tuth un<e4ines the /e! <ichoto4! ;etween theRe3l @ol< 3n< the pp3ent @ol<. ScienceD howe/eD is not 3n o/eco4in' o& the @ill to TuthD ;ut 4eel! the 4ostco4pleteD e4pt!D 3n< nihilistic 3scetic i<e3l. -t e&utes J&3ithJ ;ut et3ins 3n un?uestione< ;elie& in itsel&. lthou'hscience cl3i4s to &ollow no 3uthoit!D its Juncon<ition3l will to tuth is &3ith in the 3scetic i<e3l itsel&D e/en i& 3s 3n unconscious i4pe3ti/e... it is the &3ith

in 3 4et3ph!sic3l /3lueD the 3;solute /3lue o& tuthJ .5$ The scienti&ic @ill to Tuth is ;oth the 4ost 3</3nce< 3n< the 4ost<3n'eous 43ni&est3tion o& the @ill to O<e:TuthD ;ec3use in spite o& its <is3/ow3l o& the Chisti3n <ichoto4ise< wol<D it

et3ins 3 ;elie& in Tuth without 3tt3chin' 3n! /3lue o 4e3nin' to e8istence.5+ @ith the ise o& scienceD thenD the sole /itueo& the Chisti3n @ill to Tuth:O<eD theJ &3ith in the <i'nit! 3n< uni?ueness o& 43nD in his iepl3ce3;ilit! in the 'e3t ch3in o& ;ein'D ;eco4esW 3 thin'o& the p3st. >3n h3s ;eco4e 3n 3ni43lD lite3ll! 3n< without ese/3tion o ?u3li&ic3tionJ.6O The 3<ic3l scepticis4 o& science is the Jsuici<3l nihilis4J o&the l3te4o<en 3'eD J3&&i4in' 3s little 3s it <eniesJ. -t is the pocess ;! which 3ll such Jt3nscen<entJ 'oun<s 3e <issol/e< in 3 coosi/e scepticis42the tue wol< ;eco4es 3 &3;le. The cent3l /3lue o& ou cultuetuth<i/es us tow3<s ce3seless un43sin'. The ion!D 3s T3c! Ston' o;se/esD is th3t

this <isco/e! <oes not li;e3te us &o4 the sense th3t we 4ust h3/e tuth in o<e to h3/e 4e3nin'D th3t 4e3nin'

is so4ehow ine8tic3;l! tie< to tuth o the uni/es3l. @e continue to se3ch &o wh3t we now <oes not e8istD con&i4in' ou'owin' sense o& 4e3nin'lessness woseD we co4e to ;e 3t ho4e in this e8h3ustion o& 4e3nin'.6% -onic3ll!D thenD Nietzsche su''ests th3t it is pecisel! the nihilis4 o& scienti&ic &3ith which pushes 43n Jonto 3n incline< pl3ne now he is slippin' &3ste3n< &3ste 3w3! &o4 the cente into wh3tG into nothin'nessG into 3 penet3tin' sense o& nothin'nessJ .6 The <3n'e o& the l3te4o<en nihilistic @ill to Tuth is th3t this e3cti/e Jwill to ne'3tionJD while !e3nin' &o 3 tuth&ul &oun<3tionDc3n onl! <esto! 3n< ne'3te. E/en 3nthopocentic ece3tions o& 3uthoit3ti/e TuthD such 3s &3ith in po'essD utilit3i3nh3ppiness&oe/e!oneD soci3list utopi3sD o K3ntJs secul3ise< teleolo'iesD c3nnot su/i/e the scutin! o& this

nihilistic @ill to Tuth. s >ich3el H33 notesD 3W&te h3/in' ille< o<i.e. 3&te h3/in' eco'nize< the nothin'ness o& theJtue wol<J3n< 3&te h3/in' pl3ce< hi4sel& whee o< once w3sD >3n continues to ;e h3unte< ;! hisiconocl3stic 3ct2 he c3nnot /ene3te hi4sel&D 3n< soon en<s up ;! tunin' his i4piet! 3'3inst hi4sel& 3n<s43shin' this new i<ol.60 The 3<ic3l 3n< unte4pee< scepticis4 o& scienti&ic @ill to Tuth un<e4ines the&oun<3tion3l 4e3nin's o& the 4o<en wol< 3n< thus the3tens 4o<en li&e with the pospect o& uncon<ition3lnihilis4.

3. This c5,6 is t5e c/ete /t / c/teJt= it is t5i 5D/t e6ic5 ethics i te,s /5tietsA ,ihts? /t 5D/t the 5Diit /, s/e/e t/ 6ete,ie thei, /- +5e t/ ie /, 5sec,itiz5ti/ the,e /.



"T& T Lis

1. e5s D/th te5s i? e,, e / ,esti/.2. )/esAt i? T is Bst 5 6eiiti/ / 5 -/,6 56 -h it 5tte,s.3. )/esAt i? / /,6e,s the ,es/ti/ 56 6/esAt 5e 5ttets t/ /,6e, i+es.#. Ne5ti/ the/,? -e Bst h5+e t/ sh/- the 5i,5ti+e 5 is 5 D56 i6e5.



"T& The/, Lis

1. e5s D/th te5s i? e,, e / ,esti/.2. )/esAt i? Bst 6ete,ies -h5t 6isc/,se c5 /ic5 De e,itte6.3. )/esAt i? / /,6e,s the 6eD5te 56 6/esAt 5e 5ttets t/ /,6e, i+es.#. Ne5ti/ the/,? -e Bst h5+e t/ sh/- the 5i,5ti+e 5 is 5 D56 i6e5



C/6/ G//6

CVI& Ne ets /e c/6iti/5 56+/c5c

1. Ne5ti/ the/,? Bst h5+e t/ sh/- the 5 is 5 D56 i6e5.2. Ic,e5ses c,itic5 thii? /,ces 25c st,5teic ch/ices.3. Ic,e5ses e6c5ti/.#. N/t iiite ,e,essi+e? c/6iti/5it //6 is 6istict ,/ iiite c/6iti/5 56+/c5cies5,e /.(. N/ 5Dse i ,/6.%. N/ /teti5 5Dse? / i tie c/6iti/5 56+/c5cies.7. Se-s ie+it5De8. ReBect the 5,et /t the te5. OR CVI& Ne ets / ,iti5 56 /e /ic c/6iti/5 56+/c5c. 1. Ne5ti/ the/,? Bst h5+e t/ sh/- the 5 is 5 D56 i6e5.

2. Ic,e5ses c,itic5 thii? /,ces 25c st,5teic ch/ices.3. $est /, 56 /ic e6c5ti/.#. N/t iiite ,e,essi+e? /e i e5ch -/,6 is //6? tie is /t.(. N/ i ,/6 5Dse.%. Se-s ie+it5De.7. ReBect the 5,et /t the te5.



!e,s $561. The e, is /t et Deeici5D ou lins still 3ppl!. Onl! 3n uncon<ition3l <e&ense o& ps!cho3n3l!sis c3n sol/e. llowin' e8ceptionsopens the <oo to ince3sin' st3tist inte/ention which snow;3lls 3n< co4pletel! un<e4ines pe4 sol/enc!

%. !e,s 5,e D56Bthe! <onAt h3/e to choose which wol< the! 3e 3</oc3tin' until the %RD which the %NR c3nAt e&&ecti/el! pee4ptBeectin'the 3'u4ent <oesnAt sol/eD we 3le3<! 43<e <ecisions ;3se< on the pe4

. !e,t5ti/s 5,e Bst tests / c/etiti/Bthe u<'e c3n /ote &o the pe4 3s 3 w3! o& showin' th3t the K <oes not po/i<e3n oppotunit! cost. llowin' the4 to 3</oc3te the pe4 43es the4 3 4o/in' t3'etD illin' ne' 'oun<. This is wose ;ec3use the pe4 <oesnAt h3/enet;ene&its th3t we c3ns st3i'ht tun.

0. The e, is 5 +/ti isse!e, )/ D/thV!e, Les&

The 3lten3ti/e te8t e8plicitl! eects the 3&& L this is se/e3nce L which is 3 /otin' issue21. Kills Ne' oun< 3ll ou lins 3e pe<ic3te< o&& o& thei 3&& 3n< the <iect esults o& the pl3n%. Kills topic e<uc3tion pe4s t3e the &ocus o& the <e;3te 3w3! &o4 the 3&& L the pupose o& <e;3te is to test whethe the 3&&is 3 'oo< i<e3 o not. >o/in' t3'et L 3llows the 3&&i43ti/e to 3lte thei 3'u4ents 3s 4uch 3s the! w3nt thou'hout the 'oun< L <esto!s&3iness0. F3iness is e! to e<uc3tion L without 3 ;3seline &o 'oo< <e;3tesD we c3nAt &ocus on the topic 3n< le3n

!e, Othe, Ist5cesThe pe4 &i3ts eection o& othe initi3ti/es L this is not in the C te8ts L 4e3ns it is intinsic L this is 3 /otin' issue2

1. llows the 3&& to 3<< 3n in&inite nu4;e o& pl3ns%. St3t sew L the! c3n co4pletel! ch3n'e thei 3'u4ents in the 4i<<le o& the <e;3te. Topic e<uc3tion the! c3n 3<< untopic3l pl3nsD o 3n! pl3nD whethe o not it is el3te<0. %R econo4izin' 3<<in' pl3ns 3llows the4 to h3/e 3 shi&tin' 3</oc3c! L eeps the %R &o4 <e/elopin' citic3lthinin' sillsD 3n< picin' 3 coheent st3t

Sset !e,3 nnihil3tes 3&& 'oun<B the! esult in <oin' 1f o& the pl3nBwhich uins the <e;3te 3n< ;i3ses it tow3<s the ne' ;ec3use it&oces us to 'ene3te o&&ense ;! s3!in' ou 3&& is 3 ;3< i<e3 in !e3s which is i4possi;le inste3< o& e3<in' <e&enses o& the pl3n. The!'et to chose when to e<eci<e i& the 3&& is 'oo< o not whee the lite3tue is on thei si<eBth3t <esto!s pe<ict3;ilit!.

; Kills e<uc3tion sunsets 'i/es ne'3ti/es 3n incenti/e to 3/oi< topic ese3ch ;ec3use the! c3n 3lw3!s ust s3! letAs <o it3n< then e<eci<e in !e3sBle3nin' the <epth o& 3 speci&ic polic! 3n< i'oous e834in3tion o& the lite3tue inste3< o& 'eneiccon<itions <e;3tes is citic3l to ;ette polic! 3</oc3c! sills 3n< e/e! othe ;ene&it to <e;3te.

!e, )/ the !5VLes3. This pe4ut3tion is i<iculousl! un&3iBwe i4p3ct tune< !ou 3&&. Se/ein' 4ost o& the 1C is the e?ui/3lent o& 3 %C st3i'ht tunin'3 ) 3n< the ;loc 3sin' to se/e out o& the 1NC e3<in' the ). ;. The pe4 is 3 e3son to /ote ne'Bi& the onl! thin' th3t the! c3n show &o the pl3n is th3t it is o/ewhel4e< ;! the KD then the! h3/e notpo/i<e< 3 e3son to /ote 3&&. "ote ne' on pesu4ption.



Ut/i5 Fi5t G//6

1. E6c5ti/= The /5 / D/th te5s is t/ i6 the Dest /ti/ 5+5i5De= the 5 sh/6At Bsth5+e t/ De //6? it sh/6 h5+e t/ De Dette, th5 5 5te,5ti+e. The 5i,5ti+e c5At ,/+e 5thei, si/+e, c5is eithe, 5s / 5s -e h5+e s/+ec e+i6ece? itAs ,eci,/c5. "6? theeJc6e 5 eti,e D/6 / ite,5t,e 5D/t KAs.

2. G,/6 56 Reci,/cit= The et 5 ,//s5 /, ch5e 56 s/ 6/es the e5ti+e. This is D5seie /, s-itch=si6e 6eD5te= e5ch st,5teic Deeit sh/6 ic, 5 st,5teic c/st.

#. Necess5, t/ test //,tit c/st= the te,i5 i5ct t/ 6eD5te is t/ c,e5te //6 6ecisi/5e,s -h/ c5 6ete,ie -h5t is /, isAt 5 c/st 56 e+55te 5 5sects / /icies=c/te,5s c,e5te ,5ti/5 6ecisi/ 5i 56 ic,e5se c/st=Deeit 55sis "N) the st5tsM/ is D56 56 h5s 5/st / 56+/c5tes? -hich /,ces s t/ 6ee6 /,5 ,e5t5,ets ie ,5e /, ,5cis.



" Fi5t $561. $est /ti/& eA,e 6eD5ti i 5 i5i5, -/,6? -e sh/6 -eih the i5ct / the5i,5ti+e i=,/6 +s. th5t / the e5ti+e.2. Reci,/cit-e -i 6ee6 the ,e,eset5ti/s / 5 /siti/s -e ,e56.3. e 6/At i t/ thei, /ese-e -i i+e the thei, 5 5s / 5s the ,/+i6e Bstiic5ti/.The Bst h5+e t/ ,e56 e+i6ece 5D/t thei, /t//.#. C5,6e6 ite,,et5ti/s 5,e the Dest-e -i De the / /es t/ ,/+i6e ite,5t,e / this

Mesti/. ItAs the /st ,ei5De s/,ce 56 i+es s e6c5ti/ 5D/t the cti/ / 6eD5tethisis e t/ //6 /ic=5i sis.NOT'ING '"!!ENS 'EN YOU ;OTE "FFIR"TI;E INSTE") ;OTE NEG"TI;E "S " E"NS OF EST"$LIS'ING "N ET'IC"L REL"TIONS'I! IT' SUFFERING. IF E IN T'E "LTERN"TI;E IS GOO) IN T'E "$STR"CT? YOU S'OUL) ;OTENEG"TI;E.Iain )

(hilip D o&esso o& philosoph! 3t ,ni/esit! o& S3nt3 Cl33D NietzscheD Eten3l RecuenceD 3n< theHoo o& E8istenceD the oun3l o& Nietzsche Stu<iesD 4useD )2 7:6:+# l

To 3ppeci3te how co44itte< he isD suppose we are incoi'i;le do1goodersBli;e3lsD soci3listsD oChisti3ns. 2e ust cannot bear to see anyone suffer. 3uppose we find a researcher who is wor&ingon a cure for Nietzsche=s disease. This ese3che thins th3t within 3 &ew !e3s 3 <u' c3n ;e po<uce<

to eli4in3te the <ise3se. 3uppose the researcher is right. And suppose th3t ust as Nietzsche hassolidly committed to eternal recurrenceD ust 3s he is 3;le to lo/e his &3teD ust 3s he h3s <eci<e< he woul< not ch3n'e the sli'htest <et3il o& his li&eD we tell him about this cure.How woul< Nietzsche espon<G @oul< he 3ccept the cueG 2ould he gi%e up his hard1won attitude ofaccepting his migraines, nausea, and %omiting, of refusing to desire any change G @oul< he e/et tohis ol< 3ttitu<e o& hopin' to e<uce his su&&ein'D t!in' out wh3te/e 4i'ht 3cco4plish thisG 2ould hegi%e his illness a chance to reassert its psychological stranglehold( @e 4ust e4e4;e th3t ousupposition is th3t he woul< 3ctu3ll! ;e cue< in 3 &ew !e3s. 9ut he woul< 3lso &o'o the <isciplineD thesten'thenin'D the e4powe4ent th3t 3 co44it4ent to eten3l ecuence 3n< 34o &3ti woul< h3/e43<e possi;le. Although his illness would be cured, he would not ha%e de%eloped the wherewithal todeal with any other suffering-in a world characterized by the horror of existence. @e c3nnot now

whethe Nietzsche woul< <eci<e to t3e the cue o not. @h3t we c3n ;e sue o& is th3t i& he <i<D he woul<not ;e the Nietzsche we now.Kiee'33< etells the sto! o& ;3h34 3n< -s33c. o< co443n<s ;3h34 to t3e his onl! son to>ount >oi3h 3n< to s3ci&ice hi4 thee 3s 3 ;unt o&&ein'. F3ith&ul ;3h34 sets o&& to o;e! o<Js will.9ut ust 3s he 3i/esD ust 3s he h3s <3wn his ni&eD ust 3s he is 3;out to o&&e his sonD he is tol< inste3<to s3ci&ice the 34 th3t o< h3s pep3e<. Kiee'33< su''ests th3t i& he h3< ;een in ;3h34JspositionD i& he h3< su&&icient &3ith in o< 3n< h3< o;e!e< hi4 3s ;3h34 <i<D i& he h3< ;een 3;le tosu44on the s34e cou3'eD thenD when he 'ot -s33c ;3c 3'3in he woul< h3/e ;een e4;33sse<.

;3h34D he thinsD w3s not e4;33sse<. He w3s not e4;33sse< ;ec3use he ;elie/e< 3ll 3lon'D ;! /itue o& the 3;su<D th3t o< woul< not e?uie -s33c.%0 @h3t 3;out NietzscheG :et us assume that Nietzsche h3s &ull! co44itte< to eten3l ecuence 3n<34o &3tiD th3t he has come to lo%e his fate, that he has decided he would not change the slightest

detail. >oeo/eD he h3s 3nnounce< this to the wol< in his witin's. =et us 3ssu4e th3t o/e the !e3s

this co44it4ent h3s e4powee< hi4D 'i/en hi4 'e3te sten'th. 2e do1gooders now inform him thatwe can cure his disease and eliminate his suffering. E/en &utheD suppose we were able to pro%e tohim that eternal recurrence is impossible. @oul< Nietzsche ;e e4;33sse<G>3!;e. 9ut it is not 3;solutel! cle3 th3t he woul< ;e. He 4i'ht espon< th3t belie%ing in eternalrecurrenceBpeh3ps e/en ;! /itue o& the 3;su<Ballowed him to face the horror of existence. He4i'ht espon< th3t it <oes not e3ll! 43tte whethe his li&e will 3ctu3ll! etun. The only thing thatmatters is the attitude he En< 3'e 61W was able to de%elop toward his present life. He 4i'ht espon<th3t it <oes not e3ll! 43tte th3t it h3s ;eco4e possi;le to cue his p3ticul3 illness thee is still plent!o& othe su&&ein' to ;e &3ce< 'i/en the hoo o& e8istence. He 4i'ht espon< th3t wh3t 43ttes is the





sten'th he w3s 3;le to '3in &o4 ;elie/in' in eten3l ecuence 3n< lo/in' his &3teD not whethe eten3lecuence is 3ctu3ll! tue.



F/5ti !IKs G//6

1. eA,e cti/5 c/etiti+e th5tAs Dest&5< Re5=-/,6 6eD5tes i C/,ess 5,e D5se6 / the eects / /icies? /t the -5 theA,e

-/,6e6 D< T/ic e6c5ti/ the,eAs seciic ite,5t,e 5D/t c/eti cti/s 56 ech5iss /t,// -ith6,5-5? the,e isAt 5D/t 6ie,et -/,6s

c< Ec/,5es D56 5,ets teJt5 c/etiti/ ec/,5es ,i this ie E=,ie56 5,cse

2. Re,eset5ti/s 5tte, the 5 sh/6 De /,ce6 t/ 6ee6 the eti,et / thei, 1"C 5/-i the t/ / 6ee6 the 5 e5s -e c5At et 5 ,itis? -hich 5,e 5 e t// /,the e

3. )OU$LE=$IN) EIT'ER "< T'EY '";E OFFENSE $EC"USE T'EY '") " USTIFIC"TION FOR T'EIRRE!RESENT"TIONS? OR$< YOU ;OTE NEG $EC"USE E FOUN) T'E $EST !OLICY O!TION "N) T'E "FFCOUL)NAT )EFEN) T'EIR C"SE

#. C/te,=ite,,et5ti/ -e c5 / et !IKs th5t h5+e 5 s/+ec 56+/c5te s/+es D5cthei, iiite ,e,essi/ 56 iits 5,ets

(. Ne5ti/ the/, Bstiies -e h5+e t/ ,/+e the 5 is D56 i 5 e5s i -e ,/+e th5t/, 56+/c5c is Dette, -e ,/+e the 5 isAt 5 //6 i6e5

%. N/t 5 +/te, 5t -/,st / ,eBect the 5,ts / the 5te,5ti+e th5t 56+/c5te the 5i,5ti+e



;5e "t G//6

1. Kis the K /, 5t 5cti/ c5At De se6 i /e setece th5tAs -h -e ,e56 5s/+ec 56+/c5te. e ,/+i6e / -ith the e+i6ece th5t eJ5is 56 /ties /, 5te,5ti+e.

Y/, 5,ets / 5 i -e 6i6At ,e56 5 s/+ec 56+/c5te.

2. C,/ss=J checs i the h56 5 Mesti/s 5D/t the 5t 5cti/ the c/6 h5+e 5se6 i

c,/ss=J3. N/ shiti -e h5+e 5 st5De 56+/c5c? /, 5t s/+ec e+i6ece i6ic5tes -h5t /,5te,5ti+e 6/es -eA,e /t 5 /+i t5,et

#. $ette, /, ,/6 i -e h5+e 5 /,e eD/s 5te,5ti+e the c5 s5 /,e 55ist it

(. F,5e-/, checs +/ti e5ti+e is the 5te,5ti+e 5cti/? /, ,5e-/, Bstiies it? 56e+e -ith/t the 5te,5ti+e? 5 i5cts / the K 5,e Bst 6is56s t/ the 5i,5ti+e.

%. N/t 5 +/ti isse 5t -/,st / ,eBect the 5te,5ti+e



F/5ti !IK

Re5izi 5 c,e is 5 ,e=,eMisite t/ the /siti+e -i t/ /-e, -e st ,eBect the c,e t/ the6ise5se t/ es,e ete,5 ,ec,,ece the K is 5 ,e,eMisite t/ the 5? 56 the e, c5Ats/+eK5i? 07 (hilip D o&esso o& philosoph! 3t ,ni/esit! o& S3nt3 Cl33D NietzscheD Eten3l RecuenceD 3n< the Hoo o& E8istenceD the oun3l o&Nietzsche Stu<iesD 4useD )2 7:6:+

To 3ppeci3te how co44itte< he isD s/se -e 5,e incoi'i;le 6/=//6e,sBli;e3lsD soci3listsD o Chisti3ns. e Bst c5/t

De5, t/ see 5/e se,. S/se -e i6 5 ,ese5,che, -h/ is -/,i / 5 c,e /,Nietzsches 6ise5se. This ese3che thins th3t within 3 &ew !e3s 3 <u' c3n ;e po<uce< to eli4in3te the <ise3se. S/se the,ese5,che, is ,iht. "6 suppose th3t Bst 5s Nietzsche h5s s/i6 c/itte6 t/ ete,5 ,ec,,eceD

ust 3s he is 3;le to lo/e his &3teD ust 3s he h3s <eci<e< he woul< not ch3n'e the sli'htest <et3il o& his li&eD -e te hi 5D/t this c,e.

How woul< Nietzsche espon<G @oul< he 3ccept the cueG /6 he i+e his h5,6=-/ 5ttit6e / 5cceti hisi,5ies? 5se5? 56 +/iti? / ,esi t/ 6esi,e 5 ch5eG @oul< he e/et to his ol< 3ttitu<e o& hopin'

to e<uce his su&&ein'D t!in' out wh3te/e 4i'ht 3cco4plish thisG /6 he i+e his iess 5 ch5ce t/ ,e5sse,t itssch//ic5 st,5eh/64 @e 4ust e4e4;e th3t ou supposition is th3t he woul< 3ctu3ll! ;e cue< in 3 &ew !e3s. 9ut he woul<3lso &o'o the <isciplineD the sten'thenin'D the e4powe4ent th3t 3 co44it4ent to eten3l ecuence 3n< 34o &3ti woul< h3/e 43<e possi;le.

"th/h his iess -/6 De c,e6? he -/6 /t h5+e 6e+e/e6 the -he,e-ith5 t/ 6e5 -ith5 /the, se,ii 5 -/,6 ch5,5cte,ize6 D the h/,,/, / eJistece. @e c3nnot now whethe Nietzsche woul< <eci<e to t3e the cue o not. @h3t we c3n ;e sue o& is th3t i& he <i<D he woul< not ;e the Nietzsche we now. Kiee'33< etells the sto! o& ;3h34 3n< -s33c. o< co443n<s ;3h34 to t3e his onl! son to >ount >oi3h 3n< to s3ci&ice hi4 thee 3s 3 ;unt o&&ein'. F3ith&ul ;3h34 sets

o&& to o;e! o<Js will. 9ut ust 3s he 3i/esD ust 3s he h3s <3wn his ni&eD ust 3s he is 3;out to o&&e his sonD he is tol< inste3< to s3ci&ice the 34 th3to< h3s pep3e<. Kiee'33< su''ests th3t i& he h3< ;een in ;3h34Js positionD i& he h3< su&&icient &3ith in o< 3n< h3< o;e!e< hi4 3s ;3h34 <i<Di& he h3< ;een 3;le to su44on the s34e cou3'eD thenD when he 'ot -s33c ;3c 3'3in he woul< h3/e ;een e4;33sse<. ;3h34D he thinsD w3s note4;33sse<. He w3s not e4;33sse< ;ec3use he ;elie/e< 3ll 3lon'D ;! /itue o& the 3;su<D th3t o< woul< not e?uie -s33c.%0 @h3t 3;out NietzscheG

Let s 5sse th5t Nietzsche h3s &ull! co44itte< to eten3l ecuence 3n< 34o &3tiD th3t he h5s c/e t/ /+e his 5te?th5t he h5s 6eci6e6 he -/6 /t ch5e the sihtest 6et5i. >oeo/eD he h3s 3nnounce< this to the wol< in his

witin's. =et us 3ssu4e th3t o/e the !e3s this co44it4ent h3s e4powee< hi4D 'i/en hi4 'e3te sten'th. e 6/=//6e,s /-



Nietzche K

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