Navigation i i

8/10/2019 Navigation i i

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VHF Omnidirectional Range

(VOR)Ground station oriented to magnetic

north, transmitting directional informationto aircraft

BenefitsMore accurate, precise flyingReliable

Not susceptible to interference

Voice Capable

Errors/NegativesCostly to maintain

Line-of-sight


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VOR

Omnidirectional

reference signal

Directional signal from

antenna rotating @1800 rpm

Receiver uses phase

discrimination

Navigation in polar

coordinates (rho-theta)

Distance Measuring

Equipment (DME) & often

Tacan are colocated with

VOR


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VOR Capabilities

VHF108.0-117.95mhz

Line of sight

1 LOP at a time

2 receivers give 2 LOPs (fix)

VOR + DME = LOP & Arc (fix)

Not sensitive to aircraft heading

Fly toor f roma VOR or intercept a radialRadialcourses oriented FROM the station


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VOR Types

High 1,00014,500; 40NM

14,50018,000; 100NM

18,00045,000; 130NM

45,00060,000; 100NM

Low 1,00018,000; 40NM

Terminal 1,00012,000; 25NM

* All altitudes AGL


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VOR Types


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090

045

135

180

225

270

315

360

VOR receiver gives 1 LOP called a Radial

The Principle of the VOR

Magnetic

North

135


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Parts of a VOR system

Receiver

Course

Deviation

Indicator

(CDI)

To/From ind.

Omni

bearing

selector


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VHF Omnirange


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VHF Omnirange


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VHF Omnirange


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Flying the VOR

Initial Tracking

Tune, Identify, Twist

Turn OBS to center needle and figure

out position (use FROM)

Note heading on top of card

If flying FROM station (radial), then turn to

that headingIf flying TO station, put reciprocal heading

on top and center, then turn to that heading


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Flying the VOR

Wind Correction

Further away, more correction is

needed to get back on track

At 60NM from station, 1= 1NM

Generally, when within 20NM, 20-30in

direction of needle works

Once needle centers, turn back towardsoriginal heading, but add wind

correction of 5


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Flying the VOR

Station Passage

CDI will become very sensitive, and

then begin to oscillate

Flag will switch from TO/OFF/FROM

Switching Radials

During station passage, turn OBS to

new course to fly


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Flying the VOR

Intercepting If needle is alive, then turn towards it as if you

were tracking it

If full deflection, first center needle to find what

radial you are on Twist OBS back to desired course

Parallel that course

Turn 30-60 in direction of needle, dependingon distance from station

Once needle is alive, turn back in direction ofdesired course

Follow tracking procedures


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Distance Measuring Equipment

(DME)Radio signal sent out from aircraft to ground

station. Ground station interprets this signal andsends back. Equipment in aircraft measures timeand converts to nautical miles.

Errors Diagonal (slant-line) distance from station to aircraft

not lateralBecomes greater the closer you get to the station

Greatest when directly over station at high altitudes

Limited number of queries

UsesIntersections/FixesIAP

Groundspeed


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Types of Navigation Systems

PilotageDead Reckoning

Radio Navigation

ADF

VOR/DME/RNAV

Electronic Navigat ion

Loran

GPS Inertial

Celestial


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Area Navigation (RNAV)

Generic name for a system that

permits point-to-point flight

Onboard computer that computes a

position, track, and groundspeed

VOR/DME

Loran

GPS

Inertial


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LOng RAnge Navigation

(LORAN)

Collection of antennas throughout

the United States transmit signals

Aircraft receiver calculates position

based on intersection of multiple

signals


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Global Positioning System

(GPS)

GPS = Global Positioning System

A space based, all-weather, jam

resistant, continuous operation,

worldwide radio navigation system.

Provides extremely accurate 3D

location data as well as velocity and

time.


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GPS

System of 24 satellites, 4/5 of which are in

view at all times

Receiver uses 4 of these to determine

position of aircraftEach satellite transmits code, which

contains satellite position and GPS time

Receiver, knowing how fast signal wassent and at what time, calculates position


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GPS Glossary

RAIMReceiver Autonomous IntegrityMonitoring Determines if satellites are providing correct data

WAASWide Area Augmentation System

Collection of ground receivers take satellite data andcorrect it for atmospheric conditions

Works based on known position of ground stations

LAASLocal Area Augmentation System Same as WAAS, but on a smaller, more precise scale

For terminal area around airport


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LOP1 Sphere

Single

range can

lie anywhere

on a sphere

R1

Courtesy of Leica Geosystems


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LOP2 Spheres

Two rangeswill intersect

on a line,

defined by the

intersection oftwo spheres



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LOP3 Spheres

Three spheresintersect at a

point

Three ranges

needed to

resolve

lat/long/altitude



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GPS Uses

Civilian Uses

Marine Navigation

Air Navigation

Surveying

Search and Rescue

Collision avoidance

Agriculture

Military Uses

Marine Navigation

Air Navigation

Rendezvous

Close Air Support

Mine Warfare

Unmanned Aerial

Vehicles (UAVs)


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Inertial Navigation System

Dead-Reckoning

Self-contained source of:

Position, groundspeed, & heading

Does not even need a receiver

Cannot be jammed

Gets better with useApplies a calibration correction

after each flight

Primitive Accelerometer


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Primitive Accelerometer

F = kx = ma a = kx/m

M

M

0No Acceleration

Acceleration from the right0 X

Acceleration


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Inertial Navigation Principles

Acceleration is vectorially summed in x, y, & z.

Output is compensated movement of the platform

& for curvature & rotation of the earth.

2)()( dttats


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Inertial Navigation Systems

Early systems required precise

mechanical parts

Bigger is more accurate

Modern systems can be:Mechanical (platform)

Simple gyros

Accurate

Electronic (strapdown)Few moving parts

Smaller

Cheaper


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Inertial Navigation SystemsAircraft systems use

Pendulum accelerometers or MEMSMicro-electromechanical sensors

Ring laser gyros

To measure angular changeINS complements GPS

Mechanical

Ring Laser Gyro


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Types of Navigation Systems

PilotageDead Reckoning

Radio Navigation

ADF

VOR/DME/RNAV

Electronic Navigation

Loran

GPS Inertial

Celestial


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Celestial Navigation

Advantages

No power required

Self contained

Cannot be jammed

Available everywhere

Disadvantages

Dusk & dawn only

Clear weather only

Slow for aircraft

Needs the art of nav.

Navigators skill

Requires computationAt least data entry


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Circle of Equal

Altitude

DeRemer & McLean Global Navigation


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Types of Errors

Error increases with distanceVOR/DME, ADF

Error increases with time

DR, InertialReliability ConcernsGPS, Loran, Celestial

Human error

Whi h T f N i ti


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Which Types of Navigation are

Important to a Student Pilot?

1. Pilotage

2. Dead Reckoning

3. Radio Navigation

ADF

VOR/DME/RNAV

4. Celestial

5. Electronic NavigationLoran

GPS

Inertial


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If Something Seems Wrong,

it Probably is!

Be suspicious.

Check and recheck.If you cannot tell your passengers

your ETA at the destination, you are

not navigating.


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What can you do if youre lost?

Assume youre near your DR position

Do not assume a huge wind just came up

Use your VOR/DME or 2 VORs

Look on the chart for landmarksEspecially those that are shown small

If you miss a checkpoint, hold your

heading & look for the next oneDo no t guess where you are! If al l else

fails , CALL ATC (after all, YOU are

paying for i t )


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