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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION INSOFT GROUND/ NEW DELHI/ INDIA/ 3 JANUARY 1994

nderground Construction1n S oft GroundEdited byKEIICHI FU .TITA

Science University of Tokyo, Japan

OSAMU KUSAKABEHiroshima University Japan

A.A. BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/ 1995

Organized by: Intemational Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Technical Committee TC-28 on Underground Construction in SoftGround

Sponsored by: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Under the auspices of: The Indian Geotechnical Society

The texts ofthe various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each ofthe authors concerned.

Authorization to photocopy items for intemal or personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specihc clients, is granted by A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, provided that thebase fee of US$l.50 per copy, plus US$0.10 per page is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For thoseorganizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional ReportingService is: 90 5410 536 4/95 US$1.50 + US$0.10.

Published byA.A.Balkema, PO.Box 1675, 3000 BR Rotterdam, Netherlands (Fax: +3l.l0.413.5947)A.A.Ba1kema Publishers, Old Post Road, Brookfield, VT 05036, USA (Fax: 802.276.3B37)

ISBN 90 5410 536 4

© 1995 A.A.Balkema, RotterdamPrinted in the Netherlands

Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Fujita & Kusakabe (eds) © 1995 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 536 4

Table of contents

Foreword IXList of JSSMFE Committee/ Subcoirunittee Members XIGeneral reportsGeneral report on braced cuts 3N Som

Geotechnical aspects of tunnelling in soft ground 13R. 1 Mair

National reports on braced excavations in soft ground

Canadian national report on ‘braced excavation in soft ground’ 25K Y Lo, S Gonsalves & A Wightman

French national report on braced walls in soft ground 29A. Guilloux & R. Kastrier

German national report on ‘braced excavation in soft ground’ 33A Weissenbach & H-G Kempfert

Italian national report on braced walls 37C Mascardi, G Gotti, G Pugliese, U Castellotti, M Mauro, A. Paviani & FTambara

Earth retaining system for excavation in Japan 41S Kazama, YfMiyazaki & I`SugimotoBraced walls in Korea 45C K Lee & H M Kim

Norwegian practice related to design of braced excavations 49K Karlsrud & GAas

Braced excavation in soft ground - Southeast Asia 53Z C Moh & CTChin

United Kingdom national report on braced excavations in soft ground 57B Simpson

Excavations in soft ground in the United States - National report 61B Schmidt

National report on codes of practice, regulations and authoritative reports on braced excavations in soft ground - South Africa: 65Southem Africa regionR WDay & IC Schwartz

Indian national report on codes, regulations and practices of ‘braced excavations in soft ground’ 69DJ Ketkar & G H Varadarajulu

V

National reports on braced excavations/ tunnelling in soft ground

Design of underground structures in Brazil- National report on tunnelling and braced wall excavation in soft groundA Negro Jr & R. L L Leite

Design of excavation and tunnelling in soft ground in ChinaX Hou & MXia

National reports on tunnelling in soft grounds

Canadian national report on ‘tunnelling in soft ground’K YLo & R. RBenson

French national report on tunnelling in soft groundA. Guilloux

German national report- on tunnelling in soft groundWWittke

Tunnelling through soft grounds in IndiaVM Sharma

Report on current shield tunneling methods in Japan _K Kurihara

National report for tunnelling in KoreaH S Chung

Tunneling in soft ground in the United States - National reportB Schmidt

Tunnelling in soft ground in the UKR. N Taylor

Tunnels in soft ground - The Belgian experiencesRJ Huergo

Braced excavations in soft ground

Earth pressure on braced flexible walls #Model tests and field investigationsFMasrouri & R Kastner

Long-term field measurement of earth pressures acting on braced wallsA Uchida, A Kashiwagi & TAoyagi

Time effect on ground settlement due to braced excavation in soft clayN NSom & A KGupta

Field observations on large excavation in reclaimed land in Tokyo BayH Inoguchi, N Kubota, H Ueki, IYaoyama & S Sakajo

Ground movement, earth and water pressures due to shaft excavationsS Goto, M Muramatsu, I`Sue0ka, ESaka, H Yabe, H Watanabe & K Shimbo

A device developed for measuring earth pressureTlshida, Tfatsui, M Sato & lfNakagawa

A case study on piping during excavation for bridge abutmentsTTanaka, E Toyokuni & E Ozaki

Behavior of braced walls subjected to unequal lateral pressureslf Miyazaki, Ylshii, .Z Murata & S Kazama

Evaluation of lateral pressure on braced walls in diluvial sandy soilE Sato, MAoki & M Maruoka

VI

Behavior of cantilever T-shaped diaphragm walls during excavationsMAoki, E Sato, M Maruoka & S Kazama

In-situ monitoring and feed-back analysis of braced excavation systemH S Chung, C Slang & KC Hwang

Earth and water pressures acting on braced walls in diluvial or older depositHlwamoto, M Maruoka, TSumoto, YNakao, M Okahara & Y Kimura

Behavior of a 3-wall retaining system during excavationS Kazama

Behavior of walls and ground surface settlement during braced excavationTHoriuchi, M Shimizu & M Oyake

Behavior of anchored walls during wide and deep excavationsH Sogabe, K Suzuki, K Tanaka & S Tomita

Monitoring of base heave due to deep excavationsTSugimoro, S Sasaki & M Yoshida

Long-tenn measurements of lateral pressures acting on braced walls in soft clayS Fukui, TTamano & H Suzuki

Tunnelling in soft' ground

Interaction of round section assembled lining with soft groundN S Bulychev & Y E Shamrin

Design of tunnel linings being constructed in soft watered groundN N Fotievaf& A S Sammal

Back analysis of state of stress in underground constructionFNazari, VGlisn{kova & K Weiglova

A method for estimating squeezing earth pressures acting on a deep tunnelR. Nakano, H Shimizu & S Nishimura

Earth pressure acting on shield driven tunnels in soft groundA. Inokuma & Tlshimura 1Factors affecting settlements above shield driven tunnelsH Komine, YTanaka & K Nishi

Ground movements associated with subway tunneling in KoreaS Wljlong & G .I Bae

Performance of remedial treatment for cave-in collapse of a subway tunnelH S Chung, .l I Sohn, .l B Kim, YS Paik, .Z B Choi & C Slang

Deformation of ground during tunnelling within highly weathered weak rockHS Chung, SHLee & D YKim

Observational control of shield tunneling adjacent to bridge piersN Moroto, M Ohno & A. F ujimoto

Measurements on open-type shield-driven tunnel in soft cohesive soilH Kawata, YKoyama & H Tarumi

Ten-year field measurement of forces acting on lining of shield driven tunnelsMShimizu & TNiibori

Behavior of subway tunnel driven by large slurry shieldl{Matsushita, Ylwasaki, THashimoto & H Imanishi

Reducing ground settlement caused by shield tunneling in soft clayT'Kishi0, HOhra, N Nakai, TfHashimoto & K Hayakawa

VII

A study on face stability during sluny-type shield tunnellingA. Mori, K Kurihara & H Mori

Stability of excavation face in earth pressure balanced shieldS Kanayasu, Y Yamamoto & Y Kita/tara

Behavior of cohesive soil ground during shield tunnellingS Katano

Modeling of loads acting on shieldM Sugimoto

Additional papers

Literature survey on deep excavations - A survey on Japanese literatureM Okahara & S Takagi

Lateral pressures acting on earth retaining systems - A survey on Japanese literatureY Ishii, X Miyazaki, .l Murata & S Kazama

Design and analysis of Walls for deep excavations - A survey on Japanese literatureK Kato & M Ikeda IMonitoring of field data and its application to excavations - A survey on Japanese literatureMAoki

Movements of adjacent ground during deep excavations - A survey on Japanese literatureTSugimoto & HTana/ca

External forces acting on walls during deep excavations - A survey on Japanese codesK Katsura, N Kohsaka & K Ishizuka

Simpliiied design method of walls for deep excavations - A survey on Japanese codesK Ishizuka & N Horiba

Rational design method of walls for deep excavations - A survey on Japanese codesH Tsuge & M Tanaka

Design of support systems for braced excavations - A survey on Japanese codesN Horiba & K Ishizuka

Design method of cantilever vvalls for deep excavations - A survey on Japanese codesM Hanko & S Nakagawa

Stability of bottom during deep excavations - A survey on Japanese codesN Kohsaka & K Ishizuka

Current practice ofshield tunneling methods - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingK Kurihara, H Kawata & .I Konishi

Stability of face during shield tunneling - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingS Kanayasu, I Kubota & N Shikibu

Overview on ground movements during shield tunneling - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingTNomoto, H Mori & M Matsumoto

Analysis on ground movements during shield tunneling - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingA F ujimoto, lf Takahashi, H Iwashita & Y Yamaguchi

Design of linings for shield driven tunnels - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingl/fKoyama, I`Kishio & IKobayashi

Perfomiance of linings for shield driven tunnels - A survey on Japanese shield tunnelingH Ohta, TTakeuchi & l{Nishiwaki

Author index

Vl I I

Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Fujita & Kusakabe (eds) © 1995 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 54 10 536 4

Foreword

The Proceedings on ‘Underground Construction in Soft Ground’ is published with the intention of collecting national reports and recentstudies related to braced excavation and shield tunnelling on the occasion of the Intemational Symposium on ‘UndergroundConstruction in Soft Ground’ held at New Delhi, India on January 3, 1994. The Symposium was organized by the Intemational Societyfor Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE), Technical Committee on ‘Underground Construction in Soft Ground’(TC-28) and sponsored by the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (JSSMFE) under the auspices of theIndian Geotechnical Society (IGS). \`

The objectives of the Symposium were to present interesting case histories and to discuss the following topics:1. Braced wall excavation: a) Code of practice; b) Case records on earth and water pressures acting on braced walls; and c) Case

records on ground movements associated with braced wall construction and excavation.2. Tunnelling: a) Code of practice; b) Case records on earth and water pressures acting on tunnel linings; and c) Case records on

ground movements associated with tunnel construction.Submitted national reports and technical papers were 22 and 35, respectively, all of which are included in this Proceedings together

with the general reports, technical papers submitted after the Symposium and additional papers.The ISSMFE TC-28 was formed by Professor N.R.Morgenstem, the past President of ISSMFE elected at the Rio de Janeiro

Conference in 1989. The terms of references and members for the TC-28 given by the President are as follows:1. To collect codes of practice, regulations or authoritative reports on braced walls and tunnels, and to produce a general report on the

following topics: a)'Earth and water pressures acting on braced walls, and tunnel linings; b) Ground movements associated withunderground construction. 2 `2. To organize an intemational symposium on the topics above in 1993.3. To participate as invited in the programme to be organized for the 13th ICSMFE, New Delhi.

Committee Members:

K. Fujita (Japan) - ChairmanO. Kusakabe (Japan) - Secretary

GW Clough (USA) R.J. Mair (UK)H. Duddeck (Germany) 1 A. Negro Jr (Brazil)A.Guilloux (France) S. K. Shen (USA)K. Kahn (Pakistan) M. I.Smorodinov (Russia)K. Karlsrud (Norway) N. Som (India)J. Kruizinga (Netherlands)

During the activities of the ISSMFE TC-28 between 1989 and 1993, it was revealed that the codes of practice and other documentsrelated to braced wall excavation and shield tunnelling were established in a limited number of countries, which cover only provisionsin general temrs, while the Japanese codes of practice have been prepared by more than eighteen academic societies or govemmentalorganizations and they provide detailed provisions.

A domestic technical committee was set up within the J SSMFE on ‘Underground Construction in Soft Ground’ (called ‘JSSMFETC-28’ hereafter) in 1989, in connection with the activities of the ISSMFE TC-28. The J SSMFE TC-28 consisting of twosub-committees and three working groups carried out three surveys as follows:

1. A survey on Japanese literature related to earth retaining systems for deep excavations, 827 papers in total appeared in the Japanesepublications over the period of between 1965 and 1991.

2. A survey on Japanese codes of practice for deep excavations, summarizing 9 major codes.3. A survey on current practice of shield tunnelling in Japan.The results of three surveys were divided into 17 categories and summarized in a form of a paper prepared by the members of

IX

ISSMFE TC-28. These papers deal with the same subjects of the ISSMFE TC-28 activities, while the contributions are limitedmostlyto cover the aspects in Japan. However, it could be regarded as a mile stone for producing a general report on the topics given by thePresident to the ISSMFE TC-28. These papers are also included in this Proceedings as the additional papers. '

On behalf of the ISSMFE TC-28, I would like to express my gratitude to those who have made contributions to the Proceedings andcooperated to hold the Symposium, especially Prof Morgenstem, Dr Parry, Secretary General of ISSMFE, Prof Ishihara, pastVice-President of ISSMFE for Asia; and Dr Saxena, Dr Rao, Mr Verma and Dr Kuberan of IGS, also Prof Gulhahti who arranged theconference room for the Symposium. I would like to extend my thanks to all the members of the ISSMFE TC-28 and the ISSMFETC-28 who supported the activities of the committee as well as the authors of the general reports, nati_onal reports and technicalpapers.

Keiichi FujitaChairman of the ISSMFE TC-28 on Underground Construction in Soft Ground

X

Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Fujita & Kusakabe (eds) © 1.995 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 54 10 536 4

List of J SSMFE Committee/ Subcommittee Members

List of JSSMFE Committee Members

Keiichi Fujita (Science University of Tokyo) - ChairmanOsamu Kusakabe (Hiroshima University) - Secretary

Michio Okahara (Ministry of Construction)Kazuo Kurihara (Nishimatsu Construction Co. Ltd)Takao Sugimoto (Tokyo Metropolitan Govemment)Yasuki Yamaguchi(Hazama Corporation)

List of JSSMFE Subcommittee Members

Braced Wall Excavations

Yusuke Miyazaki (Obayashi Corporation) - ChairmanTa1<ao Sugimoto (Tokyo Metropolitan Govemment) - SecretaryMasaki Ikeda (Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd)Michio Okahara (Ministry of Construction)Satoru Kazama (Waseda University)Yutaka Katsura (Shimizu Corporation)Hiroyuki Tanaka (Ministry of Transport)Mikihiko Tanaka (Maeda Corporation)Seishi Nakagawa (Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation)Nobuhisa Horiba (Marufuji Sheetpiling Co., Ltd)Masamichi Aoki (Takenaka Corporation)*Yusuke Ishii (Obayashi Corporation)*Kunio Ishizuka (Marufuji Sheetpiling Co., Ltd)*Kazuhiro Kato (Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd)*Nobuaki Kohsal<a (Shimizu Corporation)*Shigeru Takagi (Ministry of Const1'uction)*Hiroshi Tsuge (Maeda Corporation)*Michinori Hanko (Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation)*J unya Murata (Waseda University)*

* Associate Member

XI

Hiroyuki Kawata (Railway Technical Research Institute)Tatsuo Kobayashi (Maeda Corporation)Yusuke Miyaza.l<i (Obayashi Corporation)lkuo Sugiyama (Nikken Sekkei)

Shield Tunnelling

Hiroyuki Kawata (Railway Technical Research Institute)Chairman (~l992)Kazuo Kurihara (Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd)Chaimian (1993-)Hisao Iwashita (Tokyo Metropolitan Govemment)Toshishige Kisio (Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau)Joji Konishi (Teito Rapid Transit Authority)Tatsuo Kobayashi (Maeda Corporation)Yoshifumi Nishiwaki (Tokyo Electric Power Company)Masatoshi Matsumoto (Tokyo Metropolitan Govemment)Yasuki Yamaguchi (Hazama Corporation)Hiromu Ohta (Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau)*Susumu Kanayasu (Tokyo Metropolitan Subway ConstructionCorporation)*Isoichi Kubota (Maeda Corporation)*Yukinori Koyama (Railway Technical Research Institute)*Noboru Shikibu (Teito Rapid Transit Authority)*Yoshifumi Takahashi (Tokyo Metropolitan Govemment)*Tomoaki Takeuchi (Tokyo Electric Power Company)*Toshi Nomoto (Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd)*Akio Fujimoto (Hazama Corporation)*Hitoshi Mori (N ishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd)*

Author index

Aas, G. 49Aoki, M. 167, 171, 295Aoyagi, 'II 139

Bae, G.J. 229Benson, R.R 95Bulychewg N. S. 205

Castellotti, U. 37

Chin, CTI 53Choi, J. B. 233Chung, H.S. 115, 175, 233, 237

Day, RW 65

Fotieva, N. N. 209 _Fujimoto, A. 241, 353Fukui, S. 199

Gatti, G. 37Glisnikova, V 213Gonsalves, S. 25Goto, S. 151Guilloux, A. 29, 97Gupta, A.K. 143

Hanko, M. 319Hashimoto, '11 253, 257Hayakawa, K. 257Hong, S.W 229Horiba, N. 311, 317Horiuchi, '11 187Hou, X. 85Huergo, RJ. 127Hwang, YC. 175

Ikeda, M. 291Imanishi, H. 253Inoguchi, H. 147Inokuma, A. 221Ishida, "II 155Ishii, Y 163, 283Ishimura, 'II 221Ishizuka, K. 305, 311, 317, 323

Underground Construction in Soft Ground Fujita & Kusakabe (eds) 1995 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 536 4

Iwamoto, H. 179Iwasaki, Y 253Iwashita, H. 353

Jang, C.S. 175, 233

Kanayasu, S. 265, 337Karlsrud, K. 49Kashiwagi, A. 139Kastnei; R. 29, 135Katano, S. 269Kato, K. 291Katsura, Y 305Kawata, H. 245, 329Kazama, S. 41, 163,17Kempfert, H.-G. 33Ketkaig D. J. 69Kim, D.Y 237Kim, H.M. 45Kim, J. B. 233Kimura, Y 179Kishio, 'II 257, 359Kitahara,_ Y 265Kobayashi, '11 359Kohsaka, N. 305, 323Komine, H. 225Konisl1i, J. 329Koyama, Y 245, 359Kubota, I. 337Kubota., N. 147

1, 183, 283

Kurihara, K. 111, 261, 329

Lee, C.K. 45Lee, S.H. 237Leite, R. L.L. 77Lo, K.Y 25, 95

Mair, R. J. 13Maruoka, M. 167, 171,Mascardi, C. 37Masrouri, E 135Matsumoto, M. 345Matsushita, Y 253Mauro, M. 37

375

1 79

Miyazaki, Y 41, 163,283Moh, Z.C. 53Mo1i,A. 261Mori, H. 261, 345Moroto, N. 241Muramatsu, M. 151Murata, J. 163,283

Nakagawa, S. 319Nakagawa, Y 155Nakai, N. 257Nakano, R. 217Nakao, Y 179Nazari, E 213Negro Jr, A. 77Niibori, T 249Nishi, K. 225Nishimura, S. 217Nishiwaki, Y 367Nomoto, 'II 345

ohno, M. 241ohm, H. 257, 367Okahara, M. 179, 279oyake, M. 187ozaki, E. 159

Paik, YS. 233Paviani, A. 37Pugliese, G. 37

Saka, E 151Sakajo, S. 147Sammal, A.S. 209Sasaki, S. 195Sato, E. 167, 171Sato, M. 155Schmidt, B. 61, 119Schwartz, K 65Shamrin, Y E. 205Sharma, VM. 107Shikibu, N. 337Shimbo, K. 151Shimizu, H. 217

Shimizu, M. 187, 249Simpson, B. 57Sogabe, H. 191Sohn, J.I. 233Som, N.N. 3, 143Sueoka, T 151Sugimoto, M. 273Sugimoto, T 41, 195, 301Sumoto, T 179Suzuki, H. 199Suzuki, K. 191

Takagi, S. 279Takahashi, Y 353Takeuchi, T 367Tamano, T 199

Tambara, E 37Tanaka, H. 301Tanaka, K. 191Tanaka, M. 313Tanaka, T 159Tanaka, Y 225Tarumi, H. 245Tatsui, T 155Taylor, R.N. 123Tomita, S. 191Toyokuni, E. 159Tsuge, H. 313

Uchida, A. 139Ueki, H. 147

376

Varadarajulu, G. H. 69

Watanabe, H. 151Weiglova, K. 213Weissenbach, A. 33Wightman, A. 25Wittke, W 101

Xia, M. 85

Yabe, H. 151Yamaguchi, Y 353Yamamoto, Y 265Yaoyama, T 147Yoshida, M. 195

This volume contains a collection of 77 papers presented at the international Symposium onUnderground Construction in Soft Ground held at New Delhi in 1994, organized by theTechnical Committee 28 of the international Society for Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering. The papers have been contributed by research workers and engineers all overthe world who are engaged in the design and construction of underground structures in softground, in particular, braced wall excavations and shield tunnelling. lt provides a useful sourceof reference for information on the current practice of design and construction of braced wallexcavation and shield tunnelling at various parts ofthe world, including 23 national reports onbraced wall and/ or shield driven tunnel.

Photograph of the cover by courtesy of Hazama Corporation.