Metingen van luchtkwaliteit en grenslaagprocessen met een ... · Atmospheric chemistry in a...

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Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin Metingen van luchtkwaliteit en grenslaagprocessen met een Zeppelin boven Nederland: de PEGASOS 2012 veldcampagne Laurens Ganzeveld, Earth System Sciences Maarten Krol, Meteorology and Air Quality, WU Thomas Mentel, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Frans Rohrer Forschungszentrum Juelich, Ankie Pieters, KNMI et al. (TNO, UU, RIVM, ECN, BIRA, Leiden Universiteit)

Transcript of Metingen van luchtkwaliteit en grenslaagprocessen met een ... · Atmospheric chemistry in a...

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Metingen van luchtkwaliteit engrenslaagprocessen met een Zeppelin boven

Nederland: de PEGASOS 2012veldcampagne

Laurens Ganzeveld, Earth System SciencesMaarten Krol, Meteorology and Air Quality, WU

Thomas Mentel, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Frans RohrerForschungszentrum Juelich, Ankie Pieters, KNMI

et al. (TNO, UU, RIVM, ECN, BIRA, Leiden Universiteit)

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate

interaction Study)

Airborne Studies with Zeppelin

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Airborne Studies with Zeppelin

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EU-FP7 integrated project:

PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate

interaction Study)

• To quantify the magnitude of feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and a changing climate and to reduce the corresponding uncertainty of the major ones.

• To identify mitigation strategies and policies to improve air quality while limiting climate change.

Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting biomes. Airborne St udies

What is this whole project about?

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EU-FP7 integrated project:

PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate

interaction Study)

Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting (European)

biomes, Airborne Studies

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

depositionPhotosynthesis/

depositionemission

chemistry

NO NH3

NO2NO2

Turbulence

Biogenic aerosols

O3

OH

CO2Nr:Cr

CH4

Nr:Cr

Radiative forcing

BiogeochemistryBiogeochemistry

VOCVOC

Deposition impacts

Oxidizing capacity Aerosol effect

VOCVOC

Canopy-interactions

Atmospheric chemistry in a changing world

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

� Atmospheric chemistry controls lifetime of greenhouse gases such as CH4 and pollutants: oxidizing capacity

� Some reactive gases affect radiation, e.g, ozone

� and aerosols….

� Atmospheric chemistry controls lifetime of greenhouse gases such as CH4 and pollutants: oxidizing capacity

� Some reactive gases affect radiation, e.g, ozone

� and aerosols….

Atmospheric chemistry in a changing world

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

OH HO2

recyclingsource

sink NMHC

CO, CH4, CH2O

CO2, H2O

CH2Ohν

H2O2

HO2

NO2

NOhν

NO2

O3 + hvO(1D) + H2O

Primary OH Formation OH Recycling

Atmospheric chemistry : OH radical, the atmosphere’s detergent

The OH oxidizes CH 4, CO, CH2O and NMHC

Resulting in the formation of HO 2 and recycling of OH

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0

OH [1e6 molec. cm-3]

Alti

tude

[m]

17-20UTC

SCM, 3-10

SCM, 4-10

Lelieveld et al., Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature06870, 2008.

Observations of OH concentrations in the BL much hi gher than simulated in any state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry and transport model.

GABRIEL Campaign over South American rainforest: Surprisingly high atmospheric oxidizing capacity over tropical forest:

OH recycling in isoprene oxidation product reactions

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Introduction of OH recycling

Too large isoprene oxidation: Decrease in R OH-ISOP of 50%

Courtesy: Si-Wan Kim, NCARCourtesy: Si-Wan Kim, NCAR

Chemistry affected by boundary layerturbulence: does the mixing affect the efficiency of chemical interactions?

But

ler

et a

l., 2

008

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Simulated formaldehyde concentrations, tropical fores t

Nocturnal build-up of isoprene oxidation products relev ant to daytimechemistry?

How does nocturnal residual layer chemistry and removal c hange in response to changes in turbulent exchanges?

Diurnal cycle in BL dynamics – Atmospheric chemistry

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Importance of residual layer and FT in organic aero sol studies

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

AutomobilesIndustry

Biomass burning

SO2, NOx, Organics

Oxidation, Nucleation

Activation

soot, organics, soil dust, sea salt

CCN

Primary aerosol

Condensation, Growth,

Coagulation

CoagulationRemoval

© Ken Carslaw, School of Earth and Environment, Unive rsity of Leeds

Condensation

Cloud Condensation Nucleï

Secondary aerosol

Chemical composition of the aerosol also determines water uptake

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Atmospheric chemistry : deposition impacts

Transpiration

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Photosynthesis/Transpiration

qa Ta

qs Ts

H20

Ci

Cs

Ca CO2

PAR

Glucides

qsat

stomata

10µµ µµ

m

H2O CO2 O3, SO2, etc.

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Atmospheric chemistry : deposition impacts and carbon sequestration

Sitch et al., Nature 2007, Indirect radiative forcin g of climate change throughozone effects on the land-carbon sink

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

• To quantify the magnitude of feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and a changing climate and to reduce the corresponding uncertainty of the major ones.

• To identify mitigation strategies and policies to improve air quality while limiting climate change.

• Enhancement of carbon sequestration through reducing poll utants

• Reducing aerosol resulting in enhanced warming

• Impact of improved urban air quality on oxidizing capaci ty

• Climate change induced changes in hydrological cycle and i ts impacton wet and dry deposition

• Impact of reduced nutrient deposition on GHG emissions

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EU-FP7 integrated project:

PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate

interaction Study)

Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting biomes: Airborne St udies

• To address some of the remaining key open issues on therepresentation of atmospheric chemistry-climateinteractions in models to assess air quality or/and climat echange

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Mission Objectives :

• HOX recycling

• Explore spatial variability and the chemical regimes of HOXrecycling

• Detect key compounds for HO X recycling• Quantify related formation of photo-oxidants and air

pollutants

• Formation of new particles• Formation and chemical aging of secondary aerosols

• Boundary layer dynamics and atmospheric chemistry

• Spatial and vertical gradients of medium long-lived trace gases: dispersion of pollutants downward of main source regions

• Early morning transition in BL mixing in atmospheric chemistry

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EU-Project PEGASOS 2012 / 2013Overview of conducted/planned Campaign routes

Stockholm

Pallas

Kopenhagen

Friedrichshafen

Lyon

Cabauw Tower

Hyytiälä

Bologna

Supporting ground-site measurements:

- Stationary and long term measurements- Mobile lab measurements

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Main Tool:Zeppelin Airship

Top Platform:OH, HO2, τOH, j-values

Boom:T, rH, p, 3d-wind

Cabin:O3, NOx, CO, HCHO, HONO, VOC, Aerosols, Soot, HG, Natural Ions, Clusters, j-values

ZEPPELIN NT

Scientific payload 1 ton

Flight speed 0 – 115 km/h

Operating altitude 20 – 3000 m (ASL)

Max. flight endurance 20 hours

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Major advantage of Zeppelin Platform:

• Regional distribution of trace gases and related pr ocesses with high spatial resolution (slowly moving platfor m)

⇒ during transfer flights to stations⇒ transects near stations

• Vertical distributions of trace gases and related p rocesses

=> Detailed and low-altitude (~50m) vertical profilesnear stations

• Time evolution of air masses

⇒ Lagrangian type experiments near stations

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Major advantage of Zeppelin Platform:

• Regional distribution of trace gases and related pr ocesses with high spatial resolution (slowly moving platfor m)

⇒ during transfer flights to stations⇒ transects near stations

• Vertical distributions of trace gases and related p rocesses

=> Detailed and low-altitude vertical profiles near stations

• Time evolution of air masses

⇒ Lagrangian type experiments near stations

• Anticipated maximum flight altitude: ~1200m.

• During the campaign it turned out to be limited to a maximum of ~500m (also due to weather

conditions)

• Implying that you can only sample the lower part of a typical summer maximum BL of 1500m

• No daytime FT samples

• But early morning transition measurements

• Unfortunately only some of these also due to relati ve bad and windy conditions (no build up of

strong nocturnal inversions)

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Partners in Airborne Study WP of PEGASOS

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany

University of Helsinki, Finland

Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland

Fa. AIREL, Estland

University of Leicester, United Kingdom

CNRS, Nat. Res. France

NERC, Nat. Res. United Kingdom

Zeppelin LT, Germany

Complemented by a great Dutch team of partners!! KNMI, ECN, TNO, RIVM, Leiden University

and PEGASOS partner WUR to organize, to communicate with the press andmeasurements with the SkyArrow

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Weather balloon, with NO2 sonde

Zeppelin

NOx analysers

2 MAXDOAS instruments (NO2

columns)

FTIR (columns of CO, CH4, N2O)

along the tower: in-situ measurements NO, NO2, CO,

CH4, CO2, N2OTrace gas measurements during PEGASOS (KNMI,

RIVM, BIRA, ECN)

NO2 lidar (profiles of NO2) Ankie Pieters, KNMI

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Default:TOP PLATFORM: OH, HO 2, ττττOH, j-values ( ↑)

BOOM: T, rh, p, 3d wind

CABIN: Avionik, GPS

CO, NO, NO2, O3, j-values ( ↓)

Particles (#, d p: 1 nm – 5 µm)

Cabin Layouts; selection based on anticipated events andlimited payloads

CL8 – Photo-chemistry

VOC, OVOC

HONO

Formaldehyde

CL5 – SOA

VOC, OVOC

AMS - aerosol comp.

Soot

Hygroscopic growth

CL-9 NUC

Neutral and charged clusters

Natural ions

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EURAD-IM Model based mission planning

• Forecast Products (Datasets)Hourly 3D-fields

Gas-phase concentrationsO3, NOX, CO, Isoprene, HCHO, OH,...

Aerosol concentrations and integrated valuesPM10, PM2.5, PM0.75, organic PM1, PND (Particle Number Density), NO3

- ,...Reactivities and photolysis-rates

kOH (VOC[+CO] / SO2 / aromatics), J(O1D), J(NO2),...Chemical characterisation

kOH (VOC+CO) / NOX, Anthropogenic Enhancement, kOH (SO2) / VOC-Turnover (asnucleation indicator),...

Meteorological parametersTemperature, relative humidity, winds,...

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Daily 72 h forecast for nested grids

• Europe (EUR) 349x287 15 km

• Central Europe (CEN) 316x388 5 km

• Jumping Grid (J01) 1 km

Flexible grid to be placed on area of interest

EUR

CEN

J01

EURAD-IM Model based mission planning

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

EURAD-IM based mission planning: Chemical forecasting

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

The actual campaign: Transfer Flight to Cabauw

Mission 17.5. – 29.5.2012: 23 flight hours

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Mission 19.5. – 27.5.2012: 25 flight hours includingflights over Northsea and „Gelderwold“

Mission Cabauw

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin

Results: Aerosol Mass Spectrometry – Flight track