1

lkjka’k %&

lkfgR; gs lektkr] lektklkBh] o lektkrhy O;Drh}kjk fuekZ.k gksrs- ̂lfgrL; Hkko% ̂bfr lkfgR;* ;k O;k[;sizek.ks lektkP;k lg tk.kkjs] lektkP;k laxrhus tk.kkjs vls lkfgR;kps Lo#i vlrs- Eg.ktsp lkfgR; gs lektlkis{k vlrs- ,dk n`"Vhus lkfgR; lektkph lkaLd`frd xjt Hkkxfo.kkjh fufeZrh vlrs- ekDlZoknh dYiusizek.ks lektkP;k vkfFkZd ik;koj dyklkfgR;kph vf/klajpuk mHkh vlrs Eg.kwup lektkP;k LFkhrhxrhpk ifj.kke lkfgR;fufeZrhoj gksr vlrks- lektkph T;k izdkjph fLFkrhxrh vlsy] T;k izdkjps dkykps vkOgku vlsy] T;k izdkjP;k thoufo"k;d ewY;dYiuk vlrhy R;koj lkfgR; o lekt ;kaps ijLijlaca/k voyacwu vlrkr-

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh

fnyhi vyks.ks-

o.kh rk-o.kh ft-;orekG-

2

izLrkouk %&

lkfgR;fufeZrh dj.kkjk ys[kd dkgh ,d lektkpkp ?kVd vlrks- rks lektkrp tUerks] txrks o ejrks] R;keqGs tUekiklwu rks ,dk v[kaM lkekftdhdj.kkP;k izfØ;sus laLdkfjr gksr vlrks- R;kaP;k ykSfdd ft.;kps {ks= lektkrp vlrs- o ys[kd Eg.kwu rks djhr vlysyh okM~e%;hu fufeZrh gh ns[khy lektkrp gksrs- rh lektklkBh vlrs- o lektkrwu R;kus ?ksrysY;k vuqHkokps vUo;k;Z yko.kkjh vlrs- ek.kwl T;k lektkr tUerks] R;k lektkph lxGh iwoZijaijk] #<h ;kapk okjlk R;kyk udGr izkIr gksr vlrks- ys[kd vkiY;k vewrZ v'kk izfrHkk'kDrhyk lkdkj djrks] lewrZ djrks] rks lkekftd laLdkjkP;k vuqHkokaP;k dYiukaP;k ek/;ekrwup lkekftdrk o ltZu'kDrh ;kaP;k fo/kk;d feJ.kkrwup lkfgfR;dkph lkfgfR;drk fl/n gksrs-

okM~%e; izdkjkrhy ^dknacjh* ;k izdkjkpk vkokdk vkf.k R;kaph O;kidrk y{kkr ?ksryh] Eg.kts dknacjh gk okM~%e;izdkj lkekftd nLrk,sot Eg.kwu iq<s ;srks- dFkk] dkO;] ukVd] yfyr ys[k] oSpkfjd ys[ku] vkRepfj+= ;k loZ izdkjkais{kk dknacjhr vktwcktwps okLro vf/kd izek.kkr izfrfcachr gksr vlrs- R;k R;k dkGkrhy lkekftd ifjorZukP;k uksanh ledkyhu dknac&;krwu n`f"Vxkspj gksr vlrkr- R;keqGsp ns'kkrhy fLFkrh] xrh izxrh vkf.k eqY;&gkl ̂ dknacjh * gkp okM~%e;izdkj vf/kd izHkkfoi.ks fVir vlrks- lkekftd fLFkR;arjkpk izHkko dGrudGr dknacjh ;k okM~%e;izdkjkr xMni.ks mtkxj gksrkuk tk.korks-

1857 e/khy ckck ineuth ;kaph ̂ ^ ;equki;ZVu ** gh ejkBhrhy ifgyh lkekftd okLrooknh o leL;kiz/kku dknacjh ekuY;k tkrs- ;k ifgY;kp dknacjhus ledkyhu lkekftd okLrokps lanHkZ v/kksjsf[kr dsys vkgsr-

rr~dkyhu fganw /kekZrhy fo/kokaps nq%[k R;kr izdV >kys vkgs- gjh ukjk;.k vkiVs] ;kauk vk/kqfud dknacjhps tud ekuY;k tkrs- R;kauh 1886 lkyh jsukWWYMl~P;k ^^feLVjht vkWQ vksYM yaMu** P;k /krhZoj ^e/kyh fLFkrh* gh ifgyh dknacjh fygyh o R;kuarj dje.kwd lkIrkfgdkrwu ̂ i.k y{kkr dks.k ?ksrks* gh dknacjh 1893 e/;s Øe'k% izfl/n >kyh- gfjHkkÅapk fiaM /;s;oknh lq/kkjdkpk gksrk- R;kaP;k lkekftd dknac&;krhy tx e/;eoxhZ;kaps vkgs- R;k dkGkrhy R;k oxkZrhy L=h&iq#"kkaP;k] fo'ks"kRokus fL=;kaP;k leL;k R;kauh eq[;Ros ekaMY;k- y{e.k eksjs'oj gGcs ;kaP;k ̂eqDrkekyk* ¼1861½ o ̂jRuizHkk* ;k nksu dkanc&;k R;k dkGkr vkY;k rr~dkyhu lkekftd vfHk#ph y{kkr ?ksÅu rs ys[ku gksrs- R;k vn~Hkwrjl iz/kku gksR;k-

1927 e/khy ^^ xksaMoukrhy fiz;oank ** ;klg ^ijkxank*] ^vk'kkoknh*] ^xkolklw*] ^foy{k.kk]* ^HkVD;k* o 1930 e/khy ̂ czkEg.kdU;k* v';k lkr dknac&;k MkW-Jh/kj O;adVs'k dsrdjkauh fygY;k- fofo/k lektlewgkaph vfHkuo ekfgrh] ekuoh eukP;k vaxkph eeZxzkgh mdy o lekt lq/kkj.kslaca/kh vlysys Økafrdkjd fopkj R;krwu O;Dr gksrkr-

vOoy baxzthrhy izcks/kukP;k izfØ;seqGs lektkr oSpkjhd [kGcG lq# >kyh gksrh- tqU;kuO;kapk la?k"kZ ok<wu jktdh;] lkekftd] iz'ukauk gkr ?kky.;kr ;sr gksrk- L=hf'k{k.kkaP;k >kysY;k izkjaHkkus e/;oxhZ; ?kjkr eRljkps okrkoj.k fuekZ.k >kys gksrs- okeu eYgkj tks'khuh izFkep ,dk 'kq/n vkf.k Lora= rRoftíklsus ftoukdMs ikfgY;kps R;kaP;k dknac&;kao#u y{kkr ;srs- R;kdkGkr mPp f'k{k.k ?ksrysY;k fL=;kaP;k leksj mH;k jkg.kk&;k iz'ukauk R;kauh gkr ?kkryk- egkjk"Vªh; ftoukps vf/kd ewyxkeh rRo'kks/ku R;kauh dsys- fo-l-[kkaMsdjkauh ftoukrhy fofo/k leL;kaph ppkZ djhr euq"; Loizkaoj txr ulwu rks /;s;koj txrks vlk ftouoknh n`"Vhdks.k dknac&;karwu O;Dr dsyk- xa-«;-ekM[kksydjkauhgh ̂ ^ panuokMh ** ;k dknacjhP;k fufeR;kus ukxiwjkrhy ̂ ^ maVjokuk ** oLrhP;k ek/;ekrwup vLi`'; oLrhps okLoooknh fp=.k dsys-

1850 uarj ifgyh ejkBh dknacjh tUekl vkyh- rsOgk baxzth f'k{k.k] baxztkaps dk;ns] f[kzLrh /kekZpk fe'ku&;kaekQZr gks.kkjk izpkj] izlkj bR;knh dkj.kkauh mn~Hkoysys lkekftd laØe.k] fo/kokfookg] fL=;kaps f'k{k.k] o/kwojkaP;k laerhus fookg ;k fo"k;kauh lekteu <oGwu fu?kr gksrs- 1914 rs 1918 ;k pkj o"kkZrhy ifgY;k tkxfrd egk;q/nkus egkjk"Vªkrhy dkjdquh is'kkP;k e/;eoxkZps egRo ok<hyk ykxys-

R;kaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh FkksM;kQkj izek.kkr lq/kkjyh o okM~e;hu vfHk#phgh cnyyh- ;k dkGkr lkekftdfLFkR;arjkpk izHkko dknac&;kr [kwukow ykxrk gksrk-

Hkkjrkr iqu#Tthoukph ikoys izFke caxky vkf.k uarj egkjk"Vªkrp izkeq[;kus meVyh- tkx`r >kysY;k lektkP;k var%izsj.ksus vkf.k cnyR;k ifjfLFkrhP;k izHkkokus lkekftd fLFkR;arjs ?kMw ykxyh- baxzth lRrsus ;k ns'kkr vkiys ik; ?kê jksoys rsOgk ,dk izpaM funzsrwu Hkkjrh; lekt tkx`r gksÅ ykxyk- baxztkaP;k vkØe.kkus Hkkjrh;kaP;k thoukrhy fdrhrjh {ks=kr gLr{ksi dsyk- vKku] nkfjnz; vkf.k /keZHkksGsi.kk ;keqGs Hkkjrh; eus fu%lRo >kyh gksrh- ;kps iMlkn ys[kukrgh meVw ykxys gksrs-

egkjk"Vªkr ,dks.kfolkO;k 'krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr izcks/kudkjkaP;k pGoGheqGs lekttkx`rh /kMw ykxyh- lq/kkj.kkoknh vk/kqfud fopkjkus fganq fopkjlj.kh nwj lkjhr pkrqoZ.;Z] vLi`';rk] L=hiq#"kHksn] fo"kerk] mPp&fuprk ;k ijaijkxr fopkjkauk R;kT; Bjfoys- ;k lq/kkj.kkoknh iqjksxkeh fopkjkauk ejkBh dknacjhr ek= gok rlk izos'k >kyk ukgh-

1865 rs 1875 ;k dkGkr baxzth laLdkjkeqGs lkoZtfud lHkk] iq.ks&eqacbZ oDr`RoksRrstd lHkk] izkFkZuklekt bR;knh vusd laLFkkpk ik;k ?kkryk xsyk- ;kp dkGkr fuac/kekysyk izkjaHk >kyk- ledkyhu thoukfo"k;h n`f"Vdksu cnyw

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh

3

ykxyk- v'kk osGsl ejkBhe/;s ,sfrgkfld dknacjh fuekZ.k >kyh- dkj.k ys[kdkyk] iwoZtkaps bfrgkl ikg.ks egRokps okVys- iwoZtkaps thou R;kaP;k vk'kk&vkdka{kk] R;kaP;koj vkysY;k vkiRrh] vkiRrhauk R;kauh fnysyh >aqt] R;kpizek.ks R;kdkGps lektdkj.k vkf.k jktdkj.k tk.kwu ?ks.;kP;k n`"Vhus ,sfrgkfld dkna&;kaps ys[ku >kys-

lq/kkj.kkoknh fopkj vkf.k fL= f'k{k.k] fo/kokfookg] lRkhph pky ;k iz'ukalkscr egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys vkf.k vkxjdj ;kauh gkrkGysY;k cgqtukaP;k iz'ukeqGs gfjHkkÅ vkiVsP;k dknaca&;ke/;s ;k fopkjkapk izHkko Mksdkorks- [kkaMsdjkaP;k fopkjkaoj lq/kkj.kkokn] xka/khokn] lektokn ;kpk izHkko fnlrks- ek= R;kaph dknacjh e/;eoxkZiqjrhp e;kZfnr jkg;yh-

ifgY;k egk;q/nkph >G brj ns'kkizek.ks dkgh izek.kkr Hkkjrns'kkykgh ikspyh gksrh- R;kizek.ks yksdkaP;k ftoutk.khokrgh cny >kyk gksrk- Lokra«;kP;k pGoGhps fopkj loZ= ns'kHkj iljfoys tkr gksrs-

xka/khoknh fopkjlj.khus yksd Hkkjkowu xsys gksrs- dknacjhr dkgh izek.kkr fnl.kkjs fo'odqVawc fdaok vkarjtkrh; fookg gs R;kpsp izR;; gks;- ek= xka/khthpk gfjtuks/nkj dknac&;kr nqyZf{krp jkgyk- egkjk"Vªh; ftoukr lektoknkpk izHkko xka/kh;qxkrp iMyk- lektokn vkf.k xka/khokn ,dkposGsyk dknacjhr Mksdkorkuk fnlrks- ekM[kksydjkaP;k dknac&;krwup rks tk.kor vlyk rjh rksgh e/;e oxkZiwjrkp e;kZfnr vkgs-

1947 uarj ejkBh dknacjh uO;k vodk'kkP;k 'kks/kkr fu/kkyh- Lora«;ksRrj dkGkr ,dw.kp lektthoukdMs c?k.;kph n`"Vh cnyyh rOnr ejkBh okM~%e;kdMs c?k.;kphgh n`"Vh ikyVyh- 'kS{kf.kd okrkj.kkP;k vfHklj.kkeqGs vktojP;k oafpr vkf.k misf{kr lektkP;k ewG Hkkouk 'kCn 'kks/kw ykxys- ejkBh dknacjhus ;kiwfoZ Li'kZ u dsysY;k thoukps fp=.k] lkekU;] 'kksf"kr] vkf.k rGkxkGkrhy ekulkP;k HkkoHkkouk] tkf.kok] O;Fkk osnuk dknac&;krwu O;Dr gksÅ ykxY;k-

1950 rs 1960 gs Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkrhy ifgys n'kd- ;kp dky[kaMkr dknac&;kaps foiwy izek.kkr ys[kugh >kys- ;k dky[kaMkrhy dknacjhys[kukoj Hkkjrh; Lokra=;q/n] Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy ifjfLFkrh] Hkkjrh; Lokra«;izkIrh] xka/khthapk o/k] iksyhl vWD'ku] futkeh jktoVhph Øqjrk] vLi`';rk fueZqyukps iz;Ru] izknsf'kdokn] deky tehu /kkj.kk dk;nk] fQjaX;kapk vR;kpkj] jktdh; O;Drhaph lRrk o lairhykylk] la;ekps ?kVrs egRo] ns'kkrhy nkfjnz;] QkMps rRoKku] ukR;k&ukR;krhy lair pkyysys ikfo«;] j>kdkjkapk vR;kpkj] ns'kkrhy va/kJ/nk] vkfFkZd eanhph ykV] yksdkaph 'kgjkdMs gks.kkjh /kko] L=h f'k{k.kkojhy Hkj] dkexkj pGoGh ;k fofo/k lkekftd ?kVukaP;k fLFkR;arjkps izfrfcac dknac&;karwu meVw ykxys-

1950 ;kyh izdkf'kr >kysY;k foHkkojh f'k#jdjkaP;k ̂ ^ cGh ** ;k dknacjhrwu Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy xqUgsxkj tkrhaoj baxztkapk gks.kkjk vU;k;] vR;kpkj] Lora«;kuarjgh rlkp gksr jkfgyk vkgs- R;kaP;k thouekukr dks.krkp cny >kyk ukgh- ,o<sp uOgs rj iksVklkBh pksjh djrkuk baxzt dkGkr R;kaP;k dikGh vl.kkjk xqUgsxkjhpk f'kDdk Lokar«;ksRrj yksd'kkgh dkGkrgh rlkp jkghyk vlY;kps fp= js[kkVys vkgs- Lokra«;izkIrhuarj [ksM;kikM;krhy yksdkaP;k gkrh yksd'kkghph lRrk vkyh- R;kpk fod`r okij [ksM;krhy yksdkauh dlk dsyk o 'kS{k.khd fodklkyk d'kh f[kG ?kkryh ;kps fp=.k Jh-uk-isMals ;kaP;k ̂ gíikj* ;k dknacjhr dsys vkgs- ;k n'kdkrhy ck-Hk-cksjdjkaP;k ̂ Hkkoh.k* e/;s nsonklhpk iz'u] O;adVs'k ekMxwGdjkaP;k ^iq<p ikÅy* e/;s MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k f'kdo.kheqGs vkf.k izcks/kukeqGs nfyr lektkr fuekZ.k >kysys pSrU; vkf.k nfyrkaP;k osnuk] fjDr vkØks'k ;kph tkxk izfrdkjkus d'kh ?ksryh ;kps fp=.k vkys vkgs- 'kkark 'ksGds ¼vks<½] ekyrhckbZ nkaMsdj ¼fgjk vk.kh xkjxksVh½ HkkÅ ik/;s ¼Mksack;kpk [ksG½ olar dkusVdj ¼?kj½ bR;knh dknac&;kae/kwu baxzth lRrspk vR;kpkj] nsonklhaps iz'u] nfyrkae/kyh tkx`rh] [ksM;krhy yksdkaph 'kgjkdMs /kkao] cky laxksiu egRo] tjB dqekjh fookg] dkexkj pGoGhps Lo#i vls fofo/k lkekftd iz'u ;k dknac&;kauh v/kksjsf[kr dsys vkgsr- fyyk ns'keq[k ¼eh ,dVhp tk.kkj½] xks-fu-nkaMsdj ¼f'krw½ nqxkZ Hkkxor ¼egkunhP;k frjkoj½] 'kjpanz eqfDrcks/k ¼f{kizk½ fo-l-[kkaMsdj] ¼vJw½ xks-fu-nkaMsdj ¼tSr js tSr] iM/koyh] ioukdkBpk /kksaMh½ O;adVs'k ekMxwGdj ¼cuxjokMh½ xaxk/kj xkMxhG ¼fyfyps Qqy½] j-ok-fn/ks ¼vkbZ vkgs 'ksrkr½ uk-x-xksjs] ¼'kaa[k vkf.k f'kaiys½ xks-uh-nkaMsdj ¼ekphojyk cq/kk] iw.kkZek;ph ysdja½ j.kthr nslkbZ ¼ckjh½ v..kkHkkÅ lkBs ¼oSj]Qfdjk½ fo-l-[kkaMsdj ¼;;kfr½ m/no 'ksGds ¼/kx&1960½ bR;knh dknac&;k ;k n'kdkar izdkf'kr >kY;k- okM~%e;koj rRdkyhu ?kVukPkk ifj.kke riklwu ikgrkauk 26 tkusokjh 1950 iklwu Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusph veayctko.kh >kyh- R;kr lekurk rRokuqlkj ?kVusrhy 15 O;k dyekuqlkj /keZ] tkr] oa'k] fyax dkj.kkus HksnHkko djrk ;s.kkj ukgh gs Li"V >kys] 1955 lkyps xksok eqDrh vkanksyu] 1956 lkyPkk deky tehu /kkj.k dk;nk]1956 e/khy jktxksikypkjh ;kaph Lora= i{k LFkkiuk] gSnjkckn laLFkkups fofyuhdj.k] gSnjkckn eqfDrklaxzke] 30 tkusokjh 1948 jksth >kysyh jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/khph gR;k] xzkelHkk LFkkiU;kps ca/ku] L=hf'k{k.k lferh] jkT; iquZjpuk vk;ksx] dkexkj pGoGh vls rr~dkyhu lkekftd ?kVukaps lanHkZ dknac&;karwu fp=hr >kys vkgsr-

1960 uarj ejkBh lkfgR;kr nfyr] xzkeh.k vkf.k L=hoknh lkfgR;kps izokg fuekZ.k gksÅ ykxys- ns'kkyk Lokra«; feGwugh lkekftd jktdh;] 'kS{kf.kd izxrhph ikoys nhu&nfyrkaP;k fL=;kaP;k vkf.k 'ksrd&;kaP;k thoukdMs oGyh ukgh- gh laosnu tkx`rh fofo/k izokgkaP;k ek/;ekrwu dknacjhr vf/kd rhozi.ks vkf.k O;kid n`"Vhus íXxkspkj gksÅ ykxyh-

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh

4

xks-uh-nkaMsdj ¼vkuanHkqou½ Jh-uk-isaMls ¼jFkpؽ j.kftr nslkbZ ¼Lokeh½ 'kjPpanz eqDrhcks/k ¼ljgí½ vP;qr cosZ ¼ekrhpk okl½ v..kkHkkÅ lkBs ¼la?k"kZ½ x-y-BksdG ¼fBxxh½ iq-f'k-jsxs ¼lkfo=h½ euksgj rYgkj ¼ek.kwl½ fp-«;a-[kkuksydj ¼jk= dkGh ?kkxj dkGh½ Hkkypanz usekMs ¼dkslyk&1963½ uk-l-bukenkj ¼>si½ t;oar nGoh ¼>si½ O;adVs'k ekMxwGdj ¼okoVG½ gehn gyokbZ ¼ba/ku½ j-ok-fn/ks ¼dkfrZdh½ fp-«;a-[kkuksydj ¼dksaMwjk½ Jh-uk-isaMls ¼yOgkGh½ fo-l-[kkaMsdj ¼ve`rosy½ f'kokth lkoar ¼e`R;wat;½ e`.kkfyuh nslkbZ ¼iq= ekuokpk½ t;oar nGoh ¼egkuank½ e/kw eaxs'k df.kZd ¼ekfgeph [kkMh½ y{ehdkar rkacksGh ¼nwj xsysys ?kj½ ckiqjko ckxwy ¼lwM½ in~ekdj xksobZdj ¼eqaxh mMkyh vkdk'kh½ vkf.k brj dknac&;k izdkf'kr >kY;k-

1960 e/khy vkpk;Z fouksckaph nsonklh eqDrh pGoG] fL=;kaph vikj d"Ve;rk] dq"Bjksx] O;lukf/kurk] 1962 e/khy Hkkjr phu la?k"kkZph ukanh] oxhZ; Lrj] HkVD;k foeqDrkps varjax] 1960&62 lkyh [ksM;krhy eqykalkBh vlysys dkWystps thou n'kZu] >ksiMiêh okfl;kaps iz'u] dqGdk;nk o tfeunkj] [ksM;krhy jktdkj.kkpk lRrkla?k"kZ] fganw&eqLyhe eukeukr vlysyk tkrh; rk.kr.kko] 1956 e/khy /kekZarj] vkarjk"Vªh; leqgkpk ifj.kke] lkrk&;krhy izfrljdkj vkanksyu] fL= f'k{k.k ] v';k fofo/k lkekftd ifjfLFkrhpk os/k ;k n'kdkrhy dknac&;kauh ?ksryk vkgs-

1971 rs 1980 ;k dky[kaMkrhy dknac&;kae/;s jktdh;] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] dkSVqafcd ?kVukaph fLFkR;arj izdV gksrkuk fnlrkr- 1970 P;k n'kdkr [ksM;kauk 'kgjhdj.kkps os/k ykxys- 'kgjkr tkÅu uksdjh dj.kkjh eqys o R;kaph [ksM;kdMsp jkg.kkjh ckdh ukrslaca/kkrhy eaMGh] vkbZ&oMhy ;kaps laca/k rqVd gksÅ ykxys- Hkkofud laca/k vkf.k laosnukauk xaqxh ;sÅ ykxyh gksrh- d`"kh{ks=kr ;kaf=dhj.kkpk izkjaHk >kyk gksrk- jktdh; O;Drhaph ekufldrk cnyw ykxyh gksrh- ckaxykns'kkph fufeZrh] 1972 pk nq"dkG] f'k{k.k{ks=kph vogsyuk] ckckaph Hkksanwfxjh] v';k vusd ?kVukaps lkniMlkn lekteukoj vkaØnr gksrs- ;k cnykauh dknac&;kae/kwu R;k fLFkrhxrhps fp=.k dsY;kps fnlrs- ;k dky[kaMkr lq/kk lkBs ¼Åu ;sbZuk ekgsjk½ e`.kkfyuh tks'kh ¼eqDrkbZ½ fnyhi fp=s ¼R;kaph O;kyh v'kh iksjs½ izHkkdj isa<kjdj ¼vjs lalkj lalkj½ vkuan ;kno ¼xksrkoGk½ T;ksRLuk nso/kj ¼dqoWj.kh½ jk-j-cksjkMs ¼ikpksGk½ xaxk/kj xkMxhG ¼nqnZE;½ g-eks-ejkBs ¼fu"i.kZ o`{kkoj Hkj nqikjh½ Jh-uk-isaMls ¼vkWDVksil½ ds'ko esJke ¼gfddr vkf.k tVk;w½ v#.k lk/kw ¼eaqcbZ fnukad½ uk-/kks-egkuksj ¼xka/kkjh½ fn-ck-eksdk'kh ¼vkuanvksojh½ xkSjh ns'kikaMs ¼dkjkoklkrhy i=s½ fdj.k uxjdj ¼lkr lda =sP;kGhl½ dey nslkbZ ¼dkGk lq;Z½ olar vkckth Mgkds ¼v/kksyksd½ vfuy cosZ ¼FkWD;w feLVj XykM½ HkkÅ ik/;s ¼jkMk½ Hkkypanz usekMs ¼fc<kj½ egknso eksjs ¼izokg½ v#.k lk/kw ¼flagklu½ Hkkypanz usekMs ¼tjhyk½ lqHkk"k lkojdj ¼Ogk;jl½ lqHkk"k HksaMs ¼va/kkjokVk½ ckck HkkaM ¼tjaxk½ vkuan ;kno ¼ekÅyh½ fo'okl ikVhy ¼vkach½ vkuan ;kno ¼uVjax½ vkuan ikVhy ¼dkxwn vkf.k lkoyh½ xkSjh ns'kikaMs ¼,dsd iku xGko;k½ ;k y{;os/kh dkanc&;kapk mYys[k djkok ykxsy-

ejkBh dknacjhr lkekftd] jktdh;] lkaLd`frd 'kS{kf.kd v';k loZp ?kVuk ?kMkeksMheqGs gks.kk&;k lkekftd myFkkikyFkhps izfrchac deh vf/kd izek.kkr vk<Gwu ;srs- 1980 lkyh nsgw ;sFks >kysY;k lar rqdkjke egksRlokrwu xks-uh-nkaMsdjkaph ̂ ^ rqdk vkdk'kk ,o<k ** gh dknacjh okpdkaiq<s vkyh rj 1962 P;k phu ;q/nkr jLR;kvHkkoh Hkkjrkyk iRdjkoh ykxysyh gkj ̂ ^ jkjax<kax ** ;k dknacjhrwu O;Dr >kyh- 1975 lkykrhy vk.khck.khrhy iMlkn 1982 e/;s jaxukFk iBkjs ;kaP;k ^^ fnos xsysys fnol ** ;k dknacjhrwu meVys- vkarjk"Vªh; ikrGhoj okujkoj >kysys la'kks/ku ¼O;adVs'k ekMxwGdj&lRrkarj½ 1980 lkyh vjc jk"Vªkr >kysyh ijkjk"Vª ea«;kaph ifj"kn 1983 e/;s ¼fodkl lkjax & ,UdksP;k jkT;kr½ rj 1983 lkyh egkjk"Vª 'kklukus QDr rhu viR;s vl.kk&;kauk lksbZ lqfo/kk ns.;klaca/khps /kksj.k ̂ gs bZ'ojjko gs iq#"kksRrejko*] ;k dknacjhr meVys vkgs- uklkpk ijxzgkjhy euq"; oLrhpk 'kks/k t;ar ukjGhdjkaP;k ^izsf"kr* e/;s Mksdkorks rj fo|kihBkP;k ijh{ksrwu dkWihizdkj ukghls dj.;kps /kksj.k o R;kpk QVdk fot; cosZZP;k ̂ ^ ldkG ** ;k dknacjhrwu izfrfcachr gksrks- 1960 iklwu lq# >kysyh xzkeh.k pGoG nknkfxjh dj.kk&;kaP;k gkrkr d'kh xsyh ;kaph oLrqfLFkrh jaxukFk iBkjs ;kaP;k ̂ ^ jFk ** e/kwu O;Dr gksrs-

1980 rs 1984 ;k pkj o"kkZr ejkBokM;krhy fookfgr fL=;kaP;k vkRegR;spk vkdMk ngk gtkjkoj ikspyk ;kaph dkj.kehekalk dj.kkjh x.ks'k vkiVs ;kaph ̂ ^ x.kxksr ** gh dknacjh 1984 lkyh izdkf'kr >kyh- nsonklhauk oxGwu 1975 lkyh vkarjk"Vªh; efgyk o"kkZP;k fufeR;kus fL=;kaP;k leL;kapk fopkj iq<s vkyk- cGoar dkacGs ;kaP;k ̂ ^ ukir ** dknacjhrwu gk fopkj O;Dr >kyk- 1975 lkykrhy chM ftYg;krhy xsojkbZ rkyqD;krhy fuikuh xkokph nfyr >ksiMiêh lo.kkZuh tkGyh- o R;kaP;koj cfg"dkj Vkdyk ;k ?kVusps izfrfcac ukxukFk dksrkiYys ;kaP;k ̂ myV pkfyyk izokgks* ;k dknacjhr ikgko;kl feGrs- eaqcbZrhy psacqjph >ksiMiêh mBo.;klkBh izLFkkfirkauh dsysys iz;Ru ¼g-eks-ejkBs & izkLrkfod½ lgdkj {ks=kpk lexz os/k ¼lgdkj lezkV½ jktdkj.kh yksdkaph LokFkhZ izo`Rrh o Øqjrk ¼xka/kkjh½ ;k dknac&;kph cyLFkkus vkgsr- nsonklh fL=;kaoj ykSfxad lDrh djrk ;s.kkj ukgh vlk dk;nk gksÅugh ;k fL=;k xkonkL;krwu eqDr >kY;k ukghr- ;k ?kVusps izR;arj jktu xol ;kaP;k ^^pkSMad** ;k dknacjhr ikgo;kl feGrs- ckckjko eqlGs ;kauh R;kaP;k ^gkY;kgkY;k nw/k ns** ;k dknacjhrwu xzkeh.k thoukph O;Fkk rhozr.ks v/kksjsf[kr dsyh- vk/kqfud ;qx lq# >kys vlys- rjh v|ki xzkeh.k lekt cnyyk ulY;kps jk-j-cksjkMs- ;kaP;k ̂ lkoV* ;k dknacjhr O;Dr >kys vkgs- rj Lokra«;ksrj dkGkrhy pkGhl o"kkZr xzkeh.k thoukph tM.k ?kM.k d'kh >kyh vkgs- gs iq#"kksRre cksjdjkauh ̂esM bu bafM;k* ;k dknacjhr ekaMys vkgs-

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh

5

jktu xol ;kaP;k ^HkaMkjHkksx* ;k dknacjhrwu nsonklhP;k iq.kZolukps iz'u v/kksjsf[kr gksrkr- 1985 lkykiklwu L=heqDrh vkanksyukus xrh ?ksryh- R;keqGs fL=;kauk jktdkj.kkr rhl VDds vkj{k.k ns.;kpk Bjko >kyk- dkgh va'kh fL=;kauh jktdkj.kkr Hkkxgh ?ksryk- ijarw ;k fL=;kaph gsGlkaM o iq#"kh izo`Rrhps izR;arj jk-j-cksjkMs ;kaph ̂vkenkj lkSHkkX;orh* gh dknacjh nsÅu tkrs- laiw.kZ i`Foh tye; gks.;kph vQok ¼js[kk cSty vXuhiq"i] nq"dkGkps FkSeku o lDrhph dtZolqyh½ ¼oklqnso eqykVs&fo"ko`{kP;k eqG;k½ ySfxad LoSjkpkj ¼nqLrj gk ?kkV½ ;k ?kVukalkscrp 1990 lkyh- 'kjn tks'khaP;k usrqRokr 'ksrd&;kauh NsMysY;k dkank vkanksyukpk os/k fo'okl ikVykaP;k ̂ikafxjk* ;k 1990 lkyh izdkf'kr >kysY;k dknacjhus ?ksryk vkgs- dkgh dknac&;kr vktwcktwP;k ?kVukaps iMlkn Li"V ulys rjh vLi"V Lo#ikr lkekftd] jktdh;] /kkfeZd] dkSVwafcd thoukrhy cny vkf.k ?kVukaps izfrfcac dknacjhdkjkauh vkiY;k dknac&;karwu js[kkVys vkgs- lqjs'k Onkn'khoj ;kauh ^gkdweh* ;k dknacjhrwu panziwj] xMfpjksyh ;k Hkkxkrhy u{kyoknh pGoGhph ekfgrh o vkfnoklhaps thou ;koj izdk'k Vkdyk vkgs-

1990 iklwu tkxfrdhdj.k vkf.k lax.kd ;qxkus tksj /kjyk- izlkj ek/;ekaph xrh ek.klkP;k cqf/nP;k ckgsj xsyh- [ksM;kikM;ki;Zr nwjn'kZu lap xsys- vkf.k fnYyh rs xYyhi;Zr /kM.kk&;k loZp ygkueksB;k ?kVuk lokZuk ekfgr gksÅ ykxY;k- txk'kh laidZ lqdj >kyk- izxrhpk osx vQkV osxkus /kkow ykxyk- ,dhdMs vQkV laiUurk rj nqjkjhdMs nkfjnz;kus xktysyh foiUukoLFkk ;kewGs xzkfe.k ftou ewGkrp <oGwu fu?kkys- ;s.kkjs uos tx tqU;kyk xkMwu Vkdhr] m/oLr djhr ;sr gksrs- ;k laØe.kkeqGs rGkiklwu gknjysys xzkeh.k Hkkofo'o] R;kapk rk.k] >kysyh myFkk&ikyFk uOonksRrjh dknac&;ke/kwu O;Dr gksÅ ykxyh-

1990 lkyh va/kJ/nk fuewZyu lferhus egkjk"Vªkrhy cqokckth fo#/n vkokt vqBoyk- mRre caMw rwis] ;kaP;k ^[kqGh* ;k dknacjhus ;k pGoGhpk os/k ?ksryk- 1991 lkyh Hkkjrh; jktdkj.kkr c&;kp eksB;k izek.kkr nfyr usrs jktdkj.kkr ;'kLoh >kys ijarw nfyr lekt ek= oafprp jkg;yk- ;k ifjfLFkrhus nfyr usR;kauk MkW-ckcklkgsckaps o jekbZps Lej.k Ogkos ;klkBh ;'koar euksgjkaph ^jekbZ* dknacjh ?kVukapk os/k ?ksrs- fo'okl ikVykaP;k ^>kMk>Mrh* ;k dknacjhrwu /kj.kxzLrkaps iz'u R;kaP;k iq.kZolukph leL;k] jktdh; iq<kjh] vf/kdkjh ;kaP;k ,dq.k orZukpk ekxksok ?ksrs- foykl euksgjkaP;k ^u{kyok|kapk tUe* ;k dknacjhrwu u{kyoknh pGoGhps izfrfcac meVrs- iq#"k vkf.k fL=;kaizek.ks r`rh;iaFkhs;kaukgh thou tx.;kpk vf/kdkj vkgs- gh ckc Hkkjr ljdkjus ekU; dsY;kuarj ;k ?kVusps fp=.k ̂ f'kjoaMh* dknacjhrwu iq<s ;srs-

1991 e/;s jktho xka/kh ;kaph gR;k >kyh ;k ?kVusps iMlkn lat; lksuo.kh ;kaP;k ^e`R;wjs[kk* ;k dknacjhr vk<Grkr- tksxrh.kh] eqjGh ;kaps iquZolu ¼cGoar dkacGs&tksx.;kps fnol½] vfrjsdh] xaqM ;kaP;k'kh vlysys flusdykoarkaps laca/k ¼panzdkar dkdksMdj&pkSdVph jk.kh½ ;klg Hkkjrh; jktdkj.k] lektdkj.k o vFkZdkj.k mRrjksRrj Hkz"Vkpkj vkf.k LokFkkZP;k ekxkZus pkyyh vlwu vkn'kkZph ik;eYyh djhr fufreqY;kph yDrjs d'kh os'khoj VkaxY;k tkr vkgsr- ;kps fp=.k jaxukFk iBkjs ;kauh ^rkeziV* ;k dknacjhr dsys vkgs- ckcjh efLtn m/oLr >kY;kuarj ckaxyk ns'kkrhy eqlyekukauh ;sFkhy fganwpk tks vufUor NG dsyk- R;kps fp= 1994 e/;s rLyhek uljhu ;kaP;k ̂ yTtk* ;k dknacjhr ikgko;kl feGrs- mlrksM dkexkjkaph gR;k vkf.k vkRegR;k 'ks"kjko eksfgR;kaP;k ^val tx.ka rksykpa* ;k dknacjhr Mksdkorkr-

f'k{k.klaL;ke/kwu laLFkkpkyd f'k{kd izk/;kidkapk dlk NG djrkr ;kps fp=.k ̂ nq%[kkps 'okin* ̂ dksaM.kkrhy th.ka* vkf.k ^dq#{ks=* ;k dknacjhrwu v/kksjsf[kr gksrs- ckcqjko xk;dokM ;kaph ^vkxa* gh dknacjh ejkBk fo|kihB ukekarjklkBh mn~HkoysY;k naxyh vkf.k tkGiksGh ;kapk os/k ?ksrs- ^igkV* ;k dknacjhus efgyk l{kehdj.k vkf.k lcyhdj.kkps fp= js[kkVys vkgs- ek/ko dksaMfoydjkauh 'ksrd&;kaP;k vkRegR;sps l= ̂Mkoa* ;k dknacjhrwu íXxkspj dsys vkgs- lax.kdkrhy Ogk;jl ̂ Ogk;jl* ;k dknacjhrwu iq<s vkyk vkgs-

1991 rs 1997 ;k dkGkrhy vfrjsD;kaph vfrjsdh d`R;s ¼lMsdj&lSfud½ nyhr usR;kaps foHkktu ¼iwoZla/;k½ czkÅu 'kqxjps ok<rs izek.k ¼dkes#½ ;k ?kVukauhgh dknacjhyk fo"k; fnys- Lokra«;kiqoZ dkGkiklwu 2000 i;Zrpk ejkBh dknacjhpk dkyiV riklwu ikgrkuk lektkrhy ckjhd lkjhd ?kVuk] ns'kkrhy] ijjk"Vªkrhy o jkT;krhy lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd] jktfd;] vkfFkZd] lkekftd fLFkR;arjs R;k R;k dkGkrhy dknacjhys[kdkauk vk'k;lq=s iqjfo.;kps dk;Z djhr vlrs- R;k ?kVuk ?kMkeksMhas rif'ky d/kh foLrkj#ikus rj d/kh ?kVuk&izlaxkrwu rj d/kh O;Drhjs[kkaP;k ekufld vkanksyukrwu mtkxj gksr vlrkr-

lkfgR; vdknehus 1990 uarj iqjLd`r dsysY;k fo'okl ikVhy ;kaph ^>kMk>Mrh* jaxukFk iBkjs ;kaph ^rkeziV*] ukenso dkacGs ;kaph ^jk/koosG*] jktuxol ;kaph ^r.kdV* vkf.k lnkuan ns'keq[k ;kaph ^ckjksekl* ;k dknac&;k lkekftd fLFkR;arjkpk vpwd os/k ?ksÅu lkekftd nLr,sot Eg.kwu vkiys LFkku ?kê djrkr-

fo'okl ikVhy ;kaph dknacjh /kj.kk[kkyh ncysY;k ek.klkaph O;Fkk O;Dr djrs- fodklkps LoIu nk[kfor 'kklu&iz'kklu vkf.k LokFkhZ jktdkj.kh xzkeh.kkaps] R;kaP;k d`"kh O;oLFksps dls 'kks"k.k djrs ;kapk ,d lexz iV vkiY;kleksj mHkk djrs- ̂ rkeziV* ;k dknacjhrwu jaxukFk iBkjs 1942 rs 1979 ;k dky[kaMkrhy laiw.kZ egkjk"VªkP;k jktdh; thoukps fo'ys"k.k d#u lRrkLi/kkZ] lgdkjh laLFkk] f'k{k.klaLFkk] nfyrkaps o loZlkekU;kaps iz'u] tkrh;rk] ljG vkf.k frjI;k ekulkaph ekufld vkanksyus O;kiwu dk<rs- xkokr jkgwu iksVkph Hkwd Hkkxfo.;klkBh ekax lektkpk

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh

5

pkyysyk la?k"kZ] f'k{k.kkus vkysys Qqys&vkacsMdjh fopkj iz.kkyhps Hkku vkf.k R;keqGs fuekZ.k >kysys fofo/k lkekftd iz'u ukenso dkacGs ;kaph ̂jk/koosG* gh dknacjh mtkxj djrs-

xsY;k nksurhu n'kdkrhy lektdkj.k vkf.k jktdkj.k ;krhy fn'kkghurk vkf.k ewY;Hkz"Vrk ;kps fonkjd fp=.k jktu xol ;kaP;k ̂r.kdV* dknacjhr ;srs- fofo/k tkrhrhy uof'kf{kr r#.kkauk grcy d#u Vkd.kkjs ledkyhu okLro ;kr fViY;k xsys vkgs- Toyr leL;k] vkn'kkZps foMacu] ewY;kapk &gkl vkf.k pGoGhP;k QksQko.;krwu tk.ko.kkjh miØef'kyrsph fujFkZdrk ;kaps lkoV ekuoh laca/kkrhy ekSfydrk d'kh xzklwu Vkdrs ;kaps izR;arj gh dknacjh nsrs-

lnkuan ns'keq[k ;kaP;k ^ckjksekl* ;k dknacjhyk 2004 pk lkfgR; vkdnehpk iqjLdkj izkIr >kyk- tkxfrdhdj.kkps ifj.kke v/kksjsf[kr djr ,dw.kp xzkeh.k d`"kh O;oLFkk d'kh mUeGwu iMrs vkgs- ;kps fp=.k ;k dknacjhr vkgs- tkxfrdhj.kkeqGs [ksM;kikM;krhy d`"khlektO;oLFksps fLFkR;arj vkf.k R;kpk gksr vlysyk ifj.kke ^ckjksekl* js[kkVrs-

2000 uarj vkysY;k dknac&;ke/kwugh ledkyhu lkekftd fLFkR;arjs v/kksjsf[kr gksrkuk tk.korkr- ;a=;qx] lax.kd ;qx] lkaLd`frd vkØe.ks] Jhear xjhc ;krhy ekufld OnaOns] csdkjh] lq[kyksywirk] paxGokn] Li/kkZ] frjLdkj] gjoysys ek.kwli.k] 'ksrh O;olk;krhy vk/kqfudhdj.k] [ksM;kaps Hkdkli.k] egklRrsph LoIus ;kauh dknacjhph O;kidrk vf/kd le`/n dsyh vkgs-

,M~l~ ;k egkHk;adj jksxkojhy jktu [kku ;kaph ^Fksac Fksac e`R;w* 'ksrd&;kaP;k vkRegR;sojhy 'ks"kjko eksghrs ;kaph ^/kwGisj.kh* orZeku jktdkj.kkpk os/k ?ks.kkjh lqjs'k }kn'khokj ;kaph ^orZeku* 2005 lkyh Rlqukeh ykVkauh fdukjiêhyk usLrukcwr dsY;kuarjps fp=.k dj.kkjh izHkkdj isa<kjdjkaph pØhoknG] fdYykjh ifjljkrhy Hkqdaikps n'kZu ?kMfo.kkjh ckck dne ;kaph ^nqHkax* ikj/kh lektkP;k y<;kps fp=.k dj.kkjh fxjh'k izeq.ks ;kaph ^ikj/kh* rj dsGh mRikndkaph O;Fkk ekaM.kkjh v'kksd dkSfrd dksGh ;kaph ̂ikMk* ;k dknac&;k uos iz'u ?ksÅu fygY;k tkr vkgs-

,dw.kp dknacjh okM~%e;kus lkekftd fLFkR;arjkpk os/k ?ksr uoh vk';lq=s fuekZ.k djhr loZ Lrjkrhy fofo/k ?kVuk ?kMkeksMhapk ijke'kZ dknacjh okM~%e;kr vf/kd leFkZi.ks ekaMY;k xsY;k vlwu ,d lkekftd nLr,sot Eg.kwu fopkj djk;yk yko.kkjk vkgs-

lkekftd fLFkR;arjs vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh