Kuiper Belt

8/2/2019 Kuiper Belt

1/20

, 2010


2/20

UIPER (UIPER BELT).

Kuiper

(30 ) ~ 25

,

(20 ) 20-

200 .

CH4,

NH4

~ 100 .

(scattered disc).

80 Kuiper

.

( 50.000 . Gerard Kuiper,

-

,

1951.

,

.

Edgeworth

(

1943 ).

:

)

,

, ,

,

17o

.

.

) , ,

(23)

.

( 2700 ,),

( 2300 ,)

Kuiper Voyager 2.

( 1989).

(

CH4-CO).

)

(2060) 132-152 ..

(e =0382) .

,

,

.

.

( 60558

( 70 ), 10199 -

259 , 8405 ( 72 ), 7066

, 2060 5145 ).

Ch. Kowal

1977 9/1/1992

D.Rabinowitz.

( 220 ),

( 12.952.000 )

.

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitz


3/20

Cassini

( 2004). (IAU)

.

(albedo ~5%) , .

-

(1).

(

.

,

).

)

.

, .

, . Halley

(76-200 ).

.

3 M.Duncan, T. Quinn S. Tremaine

.

. Jewitt

J. Luu

1987

(1)

1.1999 XS35 e=0.947

(0.94 AU), >34 AU

2. 2005 VB123. e


4/20

(3) 160 , e=0,0654,

46.5925 AU. 40.8754 AU(4) .

20-30 ..

4

-

( ~ 15 .). ,

.

Kuiper .

, >50.000 . ( Oort),

( Kuiper)

, 3/2, 2/1 ..

Kuiper reasonant

1993, 1.100

, 18

. ~500.000

> 35 .

,

,

.

- (-

).

. (5)

Kuiper

Oort.

(5) Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey

Telescope And Rapid Response System) 1,8

3 !- 1,4 .pixels/,

100.000 , ( 1800 ), 20.000

Kuiper, -

-,

Kuiper

Oort.

,

. Kuiper

30-55 . (

)

. T

-ploutinos-

, (90482 Orcus

28978 Ixion, ) ,

.

1 ().

ploutinos ( 1).

( )

39,5-48 . ,

cubewanos

(= "Q-B-1-os",

1992(QB1). 1,86

,

( 10).

,

( 40-42 , )

Kirkwood

50 . .

O

cubewanos , 2 .

) ,

.

,

,

42-48 .

( 7 ., e 10o

4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90482_Orcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28978_Ixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28978_Ixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_QB1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90482_Orcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28978_Ixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_QB1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanos


5/20

),.

.,

.

,

- - . (2)

) . .

i> 30 ,

,

.(3). cubewanos

2().

(Collisional families).

,

(

),

.

>1660 ~2.0g/cm. cubewano (

) 136108 2003 L61 2 -

( 2()).

Collisional family

4 (*).

L61 20% ,

.

(Resonances).

Kuiper

3/2, 2/1

.

. 2 ,

3 . 3/2 2/3 200 ~39,5 .

. 2/1

~ 47,7

., .

twotinos. 3( ).

2/5 (6), 3/4 (7), 3/5(8), 4/7 (9),3/7(10).

.

2007 6

60

,

Langrange L4 L5 (11). (>25)

. Kuiper

(1/1).

> 30%

Kuiper .

,

.

.

.

, Kuiper

( CH4, NH4) ,

.

,

,

.

(6) (84522) 2002 TC302, (26375) 1999 DE9(38084) 1999 HB12(60621) 2000 FE8 (69988) 1998 WA31 (119068) 2001 KC77

(7 ) (15836) 1995 DA2 (8) (126154) 2001 YH140 (9)(119070) 2001 KP77 , (118698) 2000 OY51 (10 ) (95625)

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twotinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(26375)_1999_DE9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(26375)_1999_DE9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(26375)_1999_DE9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(38084)_1999_HB12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(38084)_1999_HB12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(69988)_1998_WA31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(69988)_1998_WA31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(69988)_1998_WA31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119068)_2001_KC77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119068)_2001_KC77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119070)_2001_KP77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119070)_2001_KP77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubewanoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twotinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(26375)_1999_DE9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(38084)_1999_HB12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(69988)_1998_WA31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119068)_2001_KC77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(119070)_2001_KP77


6/20

2002 GX32 (11) 2001 QR322 2004 UP10 2005

TN532005 TO742006 RJ1032007 RW10

1996TO66,

2000EB173 2000WR106.

50000 Quaoar,

.

.

Kuiper ,

,

1/10 ,

~30 .

>99% ;

,

>100 ( .

).

,

.

(Scattered disc ) .

~100 .

.

KBOs SDOs

,

,

(KBOs),

,

( 5(#),

.

Sedna ( 6 )

(>900 .) Oort (87269)

2000 OO67 ( >1020 .). ( )

SDOs

5(#).

,

SDOs

( & ) .

SDOs Scattered-Extended objects.

,

(Sedna)

Extended scattered disc E-SDO

(+). )

)

)

.

() KUIPER .

(2006)

Kuiper 9 .

~ 50 . ( ) 20-

30 .. .

Hubble

()

(HD139664, HD53143).

( NEW

HORIZONS ). NASA

.

( ) SDOs

1999 TD10 (~0.9),

.

2002 XU93 i (~78)

2004 XR190 , .

(+).

2000 CR105 ( 393.8 .- 44,1 .) ,

2004 VN112 ( 61,783 .- 52,316 .)

() =

.

6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_QR322http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_QR322http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_QR322http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UP10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UP10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UP10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TN53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TN53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TN53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TO74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TO74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TO74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_RJ103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_RJ103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_RJ103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_RW10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_RW10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_RW10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50000_Quaoarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_CR105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_CR105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_VN112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_VN112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_QR322http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UP10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TN53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TN53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_TO74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_RJ103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_RW10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50000_Quaoarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_disc_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(87269)_2000_OO67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_CR105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_VN112


7/20

& voyager 1 , 1980 (12/11) , . Pluto express

NEW HORIZONS . 19/1/2006 (19,00,000 UTC) 14/6/2015. , 2-3 ( ) 2020. ( Atlas V551 59,7 ) 575 kgr

21 /. (47.000/) - 9 ! 405 ( 2007) 4 / gravity assist 2,27 .. (

). 893 , 9,22 . . !

1. ^Dutch requests. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.2. ^S. ALAN STERN (1997). Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30

50 AU Kuiper Gap. Geophysical, Astrophysical, and Planetary Sciences, Space Science Department, SouthwestResearch Institute. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.

3. ^abcdefgAudrey Delsanti and David Jewitt. The Solar System Beyond The Planets. Institute for Astronomy,University of Hawaii. Retrieved on 2007-03-09.

4. ^David Jewitt. Kuiper Belt Page. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.5. ^abcdeHarold F. Levison, Luke Donnes (2007). "Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics", in Lucy Ann Adams

McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams, Paul Robert Weissman, Torrence V. Johnson: Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd,

Academic Press, 575588.ISBN 0120885891.

6. ^Craig B. Agnor & Douglas P. Hamilton (2006). Neptunes capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planetgravitational encounter. Nature. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.

7. ^Grard FAURE (2004). DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ASTEROIDS AS OF MAY 20, 2004. Retrieved on2007-06-01.

8. ^What is improper about the term "Kuiper belt"? (or, Why name a thing after a man who didn't believe its existence?).Retrieved on 2007-06-20.

9. ^John Davies (2001). Beyond Pluto: Exploring the outer limits of the solar system. Cambridge University Press, xii.

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://homepage.mac.com/schuffelen/dureq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/304912http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/304912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-0%23cite_ref-beyond_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-0%23cite_ref-beyond_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-1%23cite_ref-beyond_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-1%23cite_ref-beyond_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-2%23cite_ref-beyond_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-2%23cite_ref-beyond_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-2%23cite_ref-beyond_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-3%23cite_ref-beyond_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-4%23cite_ref-beyond_2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-4%23cite_ref-beyond_2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-4%23cite_ref-beyond_2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-5%23cite_ref-beyond_2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-5%23cite_ref-beyond_2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-6%23cite_ref-beyond_2-6http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-4%23cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-4%23cite_ref-4http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-0%23cite_ref-book_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-0%23cite_ref-book_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-1%23cite_ref-book_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-1%23cite_ref-book_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-2%23cite_ref-book_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-2%23cite_ref-book_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-2%23cite_ref-book_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-3%23cite_ref-book_5-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-4%23cite_ref-book_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-4%23cite_ref-book_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-4%23cite_ref-book_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120885891http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdfhttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.astrosurf.com/aude/map/us/AstFamilies2004-05-20.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/icq/kb.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://homepage.mac.com/schuffelen/dureq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/304912http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/304912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-0%23cite_ref-beyond_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-1%23cite_ref-beyond_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-2%23cite_ref-beyond_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-3%23cite_ref-beyond_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-4%23cite_ref-beyond_2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-5%23cite_ref-beyond_2-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-beyond_2-6%23cite_ref-beyond_2-6http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-4%23cite_ref-4http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-0%23cite_ref-book_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-1%23cite_ref-book_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-2%23cite_ref-book_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-3%23cite_ref-book_5-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-book_5-4%23cite_ref-book_5-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120885891http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdfhttp://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.astrosurf.com/aude/map/us/AstFamilies2004-05-20.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/icq/kb.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9


8/20

() 1 PLUTINOS (3:2)

90482 Orcus(1) 38628 Huya(2) 28978 Ixion(3) 38083

(4)

. 17/2/04 10/3/00 22/5/01 17/4/1999 48.31 AU 50.986 AU 49.269 45.105 30.53 28.538 30.091 33.205

39.419 39.762 39.680 39.155

0.22552 0.282 0.242 0.152

247.492 250.73 249.95 245.01

. 4.68 km/s 4.63 km/s 4.66 km/s 4.73 km/s

79.561 348.506 268.546 84.451

20.55233 15.463 19.584 12.731

. 268.586 169.296 71.028 10.001

argument 73.8325 67.637 298.779 81.785

. 1 (92-432 km) 946.3+74.1- 48050 km


9/20

() 2 CUBEWANOS

(15760) 1992QB1 (136472)2005FY9

2003EL61

20000 Varuna

. 30/8/1992 31/3/2005 28/12/04 28/11/200 46.5925 AU 53.0736 51.526 45.335 AU

40.8754 AU 38.508 AU 35.164 40.915 AU

43.7339 AU 45.791 43.335 43.129 AU

0.0654 0.159 0.18874 0.051

289.225 309.868 285.4 283.20

. 4.4990 km/s 4.419 km/s 4.484 km/s 4.53 km/s

14.5829 85.14653 198.07 89.673

2.1927 28.963 28.19 17.2

. 359.4575 79.3816 121.90 97.296

argument 2.1541 298.407 239.51 271.631. 2 160 km 1300 1900 km ~19601518996 874 km

~ 41021 (4.20.1)1021 kg ~5.91020 kg

~2 g/cm 2.63.3 g/cm 0.992 g/cm

3.91540.0002 h 3.17 h

07 0.8 0.2 0.70.1 0.037-0.21

17

(15760) 1992QB1 David C. Jewitt Jane X. Luu Mauna Kea Observatory, .

(136472)2005FY9 Michael E. Brown,Chad Trujillo,David Rabinowitz. (m=+17). CH4.

.

2003EL61 J. Ortiz M.Brown Sierra

Nevada Observatory, . , 2. . .

20000 Varuna . R. McMillan(Spacewatch).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Jewitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_X._Luuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rabinowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._McMillanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Jewitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_X._Luuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rabinowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._McMillanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatch


10/20

() 3 TWOTINOS (2:1) 1996TR66 1998 SM165 2002 WC19 2000 JG81

. 8/10/1996 16/9/1998 16/11/2002 6/5/2000 66.906 AU 65.154 60.093 61.546 AU 28.656 29.902 AU 35.222 34.172 AU

47.781 47.528 AU 47.657 AU) 47.859 AU

0.400 0.371 0.261 0.286

330.28 327.67 329.01 331.15

. 4.13 km/s 4.17 km/s 4.24 km/s

43.591 35.495 305.041 11.3

12.432 13.515 9.191 23.4

. 343.070 183.158 109.692 45.9

argument 308.898 130.468 45.322 170.1

. 1 (127 km) 139 km 238 km 400 km 67 km

2.81018? kg 1.41019? kg 7.81019? kg

2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm

0.10? 0.10? 0.10? 0.09

( * ) 4 KBOs

2002 TX300 1995 SM55 1996 TO66 2003 OP32. 15/10/2002 19/9/1995 12/10/1996 26/7/2003 48.481 AU 45.905 AU 48.471 47.963

37.798 AU 37.400 AU 37.952 38.602

43.139 AU 41.653 AU 43.212 43.282

0.124 0.102 0.122 0.108

283.35 268.83 284.06 284.76

. 4.52 km/s 4.60 km/s 4.51 km/s 4.51 km/s

62.175 315.427 124.299 57.925

25.856 27.092 27.460 27.189

.324.575 21.067 355.236 182.940

argument 338.907 72.287 240.207 69.449

.

709 km 702 km 330-750 km 666 km

1.63.71020 3.61020 3.8-441019? kg 3.11020

2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm

6.250 h

>0.19 0.10 >0.04 0.10?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetre


11/20

(#) 5 SDOs

( ) M. E. Brown(Palomar obs), C. A. Trujillo, D. L. Rabinowitz. , . 4-8% (2397 ) 27 . CH4 . .

2005 (10/9, Keck obs-

Hawai).

2004 XR190 Lynne Jones (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope ). i=47

, .1996 TL66 DavidJewitt,JaneLuu, Jun Chen.1995 TL8 A. Gleason (Spacewatch). 5/10/2005 (HST) 10% .

( ) 6 SEDNA

2004 XR190 1996 TL66 1995 TL8

. 21/10/2003 11/12/2004 9/10/1996 15/10/1995 97.56 61.783 130.774 64.462 37.77 52.316 35.029 40.016

67.6681 57.050 82.901 52.239

0.44177 0.083 0.577 0.234

557 years 430.91 754.83 377.57

. 3.436 km/s 3.94 km/s 2.98 km/s 4.06 km/s

197.63427 259.042 1.971 33.6

44.187 46.746 24.018 0.2

. 35.8696 252.369 217.798 260.7

argument 151.4305 289.910 184.699 83.4

. 1 1 2400-2500 km 425850 km ~575 115 km ~350 and ~160 km

(1.67 0.02)1022 kg 0.64.81020 kg 2.6?1020 ~4.5 and ~0.4 1019

kg 1.5? g/cm 2.0? g/cm 2.0? g/cm

> 8 h?

0.86 0.07 0.2?

20.4 (Perihelic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Jewitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_X._Luuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arianna_E._Gleason&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Trujillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_XR190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Jewitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_X._Luuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Chenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(48639)_1995_TL8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arianna_E._Gleason&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion


12/20

2008

Date RA Dec. Vis Diam Tilt Dist Elong Con

12 Jan 01 36.2 -05 06 18.8 96. 79 96.79 089 Cet26 Jan 01 36.2 -05 03 18.8 97. 03 96.78 076 Cet09 Feb 01 36.4 -04 59 18.8 97. 24 96.78 062 Cet23 Feb 01 36.7 -04 55 18.8 97. 43 96.78 048 Cet08 Mar 01 37.1 -04 51 18.8 97. 59 96.78 035 Cet22 Mar 01 37.6 -04 46 18.8 97. 69 96.78 024 Cet05 Apr 01 38.1 -04 42 18.8 97.74 96.77 015 Cet19 Apr 01 38.6 -04 39 18.8 97.74 96.77 016 Cet03 May 01 39.2 -04 35 18.8 97.68 96.77 025 Cet17 May 01 39.7 -04 33 18.8 97.57 96.77 037 Cet31 May 01 40.1 -04 31 18.8 97. 42 96.77 050 Cet14 Jun 01 40.5 -04 30 18.8 97. 23 96.76 063 Cet

28 Jun 01 40.7 -04 30 18.8 97. 01 96.76 075 Cet12 Jul 01 40.9 -04 31 18.8 96. 79 96.76 088 Cet26 Jul 01 40.9 -04 33 18.8 96. 56 96.76 101 Cet09 Aug 01 40.8 -04 35 18.8 96. 34 96.76 114 Cet23 Aug 01 40.6 -04 38 18.8 96 .14 96.75 127 Cet06 Sep 01 40.2 -04 41 18.8 95. 98 96.75 140 Cet20 Sep 01 39.8 -04 44 18.7 95. 86 96.75 152 Cet04 Oct 01 39.3 -04 47 18.7 95. 79 96.75 163 Cet18 Oct 01 38.8 -04 50 18.7 95. 78 96.75 165 Cet01 Nov 01 38.3 -04 52 18.7 95. 83 96.74 157 Cet

15 Nov 01 37.8 -04 53 18.7 95. 93 96.74 145 Cet29 Nov 01 37.4 -04 54 18.8 96. 08 96.74 132 Cet13 Dec 01 37.1 -04 54 18.8 96. 27 96.74 118 Cet27 Dec 01 36.8 -04 52 18.8 96. 48 96.74 105 Cet

; ;

; ~100 , 100-1000 . Kuiper. (1/16 ) CO, CH4 N+

50-500 kgr/sec. . 2015

M. Brown (Samuel Oschin telescope). Sedna . Sedna Kuiper , 1/10 Oort, . Oort . . Sedna .

. , .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescopehttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_Oorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescopehttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_Oort


13/20

. (;) . >30 . ,

. 50 kgr/sec 2 1027 /sec, . , .. , , .

2 , SWAP (Solar WindAround Pluto ), PEPSSI (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation). .

.

().

. . ~160 .() . Roche(1) . . - (2). ,

.

>40.000/. (3). ,

,

(termination shock). . 1 (heliopause), , Voyager 1 2 32 (4) . Voyager 1 2004 (), 1,6 . (~ 94 ) . Voyager 2

3 (30/8/2007),


14/20

Pioneers 10&11 . ( ) .

, (heliosheath).

(1) Roche ( Rochelobe)

.(2) ,

. (~27 ),

. (3 /2005) SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)

.

. (bow shock) . , . 230 . . . (Mira), (130 /) GALEX NASA. . 2 (~125000 .). , . Sedna,

Kuiper belt

Oort cloud .

(3) , (

) .

(4) .

& , 2010.

OORT.

, .. 1932 Ernst pik (1893- 1985)

. 1950 Jan Hendrik Oort (1900- 1992) (~4,5 ), , , . . Oort . , , ( ) ( ). (~10.) . ( .), . Oort >20000 .

().. Oort . 2000-5000 . . 100000-200000. (~1 ). 20000-50000 .- ( Halley)

Pioneer

10

Pioneer

11

Voyager

2

Voyager

1

(AU)

100.374 80.497 91.651 112.887

(km/s)

12.080 11.442 15.485 17.076

(AU/year) 2.548 2.414 3.267 3.602

3.0 14.4 -33,0 34.9

(J2000) 25.82 -8.68 -54.51 12.17

(J2000)

5.064 hrs18.744

hrs19.873 hrs 17.173 hrs

Tau Sct Tel Oph

(AU)

100.511 80.753 91.978 112.735

13.93 11.19 12.75 15.63

m

-16.7 -17.2 -16,9 -16.4

.

Mar 3,1972

Apr 6,1973

Aug 20,1977

Sep 5,1977
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Oorthttp://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=5860http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=5860http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=6421http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=6421http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10271http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10271http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10321http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10321http://www.heavens-above.com/glossary.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&term=astronomical+unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatoryhttp://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=5860http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=5860http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=6421http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=6421http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10271http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10271http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10321http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=10321http://www.heavens-above.com/glossary.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&term=astronomical+unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Oort


15/20

2000-20000 .. Hills (5). 10-100 (6).

(5) J. G. Hills 1981. Jack G. Hills (November 1981).

"Comet showers and the steady-state infall of comets from the Oort cloud". The Astronomical Journal 86: 17301740.

doi:10.1086/113058

(6). Harold F. Levison, Luke Dones, Martin J. Duncan (April2001). "The Origin of Halley-Type Comets: Probing the InnerOort Cloud

Hills .

Oort . (7). & . Oort ~1,3 (8), ~ 500 >10,9. Oort . 5 3x1025 kgr, Hills . CH4,C2H6 , CO HCN. ,

1996 PW (9) . Oort (10) . Oort. Oort . 4,5 . . 800 .

. J . Fern ndez (11) Oort (scattered disc), 1/2 , . 2,5 . . . Oort

.

(7) Julio A. Fernndez (1997-04-07). "The Formation of the OortCloud and the Primitive Galactic Environment

(8) Alessandro Morbidelli (2008-02-03). "Origin and dynamicalevolution of comets and their reservoirs

(9) .

(10)Tempel 1(11) Julio A. Fernndez, Tabar Gallardo and Adrin Brunini(December 2004). "The scattered disc population as a source ofOort cloud comets: evaluation of its current and past role in

populating the Oort cloud".
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1981AJ.....86.1730H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369025824http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1981AJ.....86.1730H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369025824http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F113058http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....121.2253Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....121.2253Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_dischttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/oort.pdfhttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/oort.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaeehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaeehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaeehttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1981AJ.....86.1730H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369025824http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1981AJ.....86.1730H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369025824http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F113058http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....121.2253Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....121.2253Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_dischttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/oort.pdfhttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/oort.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaeehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaeehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4DGW3Y9-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=43509a25b71b753a2046b1928019aaee


16/20

Hills . . . (


17/20

(. Sedna

.)

1

OORT
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412030v1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sednahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna


18/20

(21) 2006

SQ372 ( ) , 180 . .(22) (104) 2008 KV42 Oort. Halley Oort. ( ) (21) . (*)

(*) Halley .

C /2001 OG108 ( LONEOS) , C /2002CE10 ( LINEAR), C /2002 VQ94 ( LINEAR ), C /2004 HV60( Spacewatch) . . 2007 36 ( 12

), >

. 5335 .1996 PW .

(21) . ,

,

.

. ,

, . (). ' ,

(148209) 2000

CR105

2006 SQ372(21)

2008 KV42(Dracula) (22)

Sedna

. 6/2/2000 27/9/2006 31/3/2008 393.8 AU 2005.38 AU 70.595 AU

44.1 AU 24.17 AU 20.330 AU 218.9 AU 1014.777 AU 45.462

0.798 0.976 0.553

3240.91 32326.21 306.54

. 1.63 km/s 4.06 km/s

4.73 0.01969 329.635

22.776 19.46 103.503

. 128.3 197.36 261.024

argument 316.7 122.34

.

253 km 50100 km 58.9 km 1.31019? kg

MarcW. Buie, LowellObservatory.

Andrew Becker,

Nathan Kaib, SDSS

BrettJ. Gladman, John J.

Kavelaars, Jean-MarcPetit, Canada-France-

Hawaii Telescope

0.10?

18/2/1991 R. McNaught. 1,58. 22,10 . (e=0.87 ,i=61,95)

10000 .

( ).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2001_OG108_(LONEOS)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2001_OG108_(LONEOS)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2001_OG108_(LONEOS)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2001_OG108_(LONEOS)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_VQ94_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_VQ94_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_VQ94_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_PW&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.livepedia.gr/index.php?title=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sednahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_W._Buiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_W._Buiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_J._Gladmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_J._Gladmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Kavelaarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Kavelaarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marc_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marc_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._McNaughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._McNaughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sednahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_W._Buiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_W._Buiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_J._Gladmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_J._Gladmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Kavelaarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Kavelaarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marc_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marc_Petit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._McNaughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2001_OG108_(LONEOS)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_CE10_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2002_VQ94_(LINEAR)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2004_HV60_(Spacewatch)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_PW&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.livepedia.gr/index.php?title=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&action=edit


19/20

.

.

Eris 2010

*********************************************************

0h UT (J2000) Mag r El. Con

DATE R.A. Decl. V A.U. A.U. o

hh mm.m o '

*********************************************************

09 Jan 01 37.2 -04 35 18.8 96.64 96.68 092 Cet

23 Jan 01 37.2 -04 32 18.8 96.87 96.68 078 Cet

06 Feb 01 37.4 -04 29 18.8 97.09 96.68 065 Cet

20 Feb 01 37.6 -04 25 18.8 97.29 96.67 051 Cet06 Mar 01 38.0 -04 21 18.8 97.45 96.67 038 Cet

20 Mar 01 38.5 -04 17 18.8 97.57 96.67 026 Cet

03 Apr 01 39.0 -04 13 18.8 97.63 96.67 016 Cet

17 Apr 01 39.5 -04 09 18.7 97.64 96.67 014 Cet

01 May 01 40.1 -04 05 18.8 97.59 96.66 023 Cet

15 May 01 40.6 -04 03 18.8 97.49 96.66 035 Cet

29 May 01 41.0 -04 01 18.8 97.35 96.66 047 Cet

12 Jun 01 41.4 -03 60 18.8 97.16 96.66 060 Cet

26 Jun 01 41.7 -03 60 18.8 96.95 96.65 073 Cet

10 Jul 01 41.9 -04 00 18.8 96.73 96.65 086 Cet

24 Jul 01 41.9 -04 02 18.8 96.49 96.65 099 Cet

07 Aug 01 41.8 -04 04 18.8 96.27 96.65 112 Cet

21 Aug 01 41.6 -04 06 18.8 96.07 96.65 125 Cet04 Sep 01 41.3 -04 09 18.7 95.90 96.64 137 Cet

18 Sep 01 40.9 -04 12 18.7 95.77 96.64 150 Cet

02 Oct 01 40.5 -04 15 18.7 95.69 96.64 161 Cet

16 Oct 01 39.9 -04 18 18.7 95.67 96.64 166 Cet

30 Oct 01 39.4 -04 20 18.7 95.70 96.63 160 Cet

13 Nov 01 38.9 -04 22 18.7 95.79 96.63 148 Cet

27 Nov 01 38.5 -04 23 18.7 95.93 96.63 135 Cet

11 Dec 01 38.1 -04 23 18.8 96.11 96.63 121 Cet

25 Dec 01 37.9 -04 22 18.8 96.32 96.63 108 Cet


20/20

; ;

; ~100 , 100-1000 . Kuiper. (1/16 ) CO, CH4 N+

50-500 kgr/sec. . 2015 . (;) . >30 . ,

.

50 kgr/sec 2 1027 /sec, . , .. , , . 2 , SWAP (Solar WindAround Pluto ), PEPSSI (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation).

.

.

Kuiper Belt

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