Kevin Rustagi MIT Thesis 2011

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    Z`l Trnglww nc Zekami Ajlew amzn _lefazq&Em Lp Tnwz Cegzn Crehlynrk

    Oq

    Klsam Ew`nk _|wzeia

    W|ohazzlj zn z`lJlterzhlmz nc Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami

    Am Terzaef C|fcaffhlmz nc z`l _lu|arlhlmzw cnr z`l Jlirll nc

    Oeg`lfnr nc Wgalmgl

    Ez z`l

    Hewweg`|wlzzw Amwzaz|zl nc Zlg`mnfniq

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    ?455 Hewweg`|wlzzw Amwzaz|zl nc Zlg`mnfniq- Eff rai`zw rlwlrslj

    Waimez|rl nc E|z`nrJlterzhlmz nc Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami

    Heq 5

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    Z`l Trnglww nc Zekami em Ajle amzn _lefazq& em Lp Tnwz Cegzn Crehlynrk

    Oq

    Klsam E- _|wzeia

    W|ohazzlj zn z`lJlterzhlmz nc Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami nm Heq 5

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    Egkmnyfljilhlmzw

    A yn|fj fakl zn z`emk emj egkmnyfljil z`l hemq tlntfl z`ez `lftlj yaz` z`aw z`lwaw emj z`ltrnblgzw hlmzanmlj-

    Nm z`l z`lwaw& A yn|fj fakl zn z`emk Trnclwwnr Herae Qemi cnr `lr zarlflww `lft emj hnwz nc eff&`lr zahl emj gnmzam|n|w rlwtnmwaslmlww- A yn|fj efwn fakl zn z`emk Zaemqa Pam emj Hlrafll_|wzeia cnr z`lar `lft am ljazami z`aw jng|hlmz emj clljoegk am jlslfntami z`l hezlraef- Amejjazanm& A nyl hemq z`emkw zn hq amzlrsalyllw2 Wlz` Injam& Bn`m @erz`nrml& Mezl Oeff& emj BahFe|i`fam cnr z`lar sef|eofl zahl emj lccnrzw am wlfcflwwfq `lftami zn trnsajl gnmzlmz cnr z`aw z`lwaw-A yn|fj efwn fakl zn z`emk z`l HAZ Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami Jlterzhlmz cnr z`lar cflpaoafazq ameffnyami hl zn t|rw|l z`aw trnblgz-

    Cnr z`l FHG2 Znh Glrsemzlw& Eflbemjrn Ereho|fe emj eff lfwl y`n ewwawzlj yaz` z`eznriemaezanm; Te|f Wtemifl& G`raw Meqflr& T`af Yefw`& Mez`em Hnmrnl& Oraem Jbebe& HelslG|ffameml& emj eff nc z`l rlwz nc z`l FHG zleh emj ejsawnrw-

    Cnr z`l Gfngkw2 Trnclwwnr Qemi& Trnclwwnr Jesaj H- Terkw& hq egejlhag ejsawnr& Hr- _eq@erjam cnr `aw ejsagl emj innj g`llr& Klm Wznml& @eqeha Erekeye& emj Oraem G`em nc z`l HAZ@nooq W`nt& hq \mgfl Bn`m T|rsaw cnr `aw kmnyfljil nm ej`lwaslw emj lmgn|reilhlmz& BnmHaem nc Fn|aw Haem Zafl Gn-& z`l GCE (W|wem Gn`lm emj Weh Heill!& Trnclwwnr Herq Onqglemj Trnclwwnr Ierlz` HgKamflq cnr gnmwajlrami emj trnsajami c|mjami& Hw- Bnem @|zg`amw emjGernfaml Bn`mwznm& Oremjq Oeklr& hq ZEw Te|fe Zl emj Te`rqw Metalr& emj nc gn|rwl z`lwz|jlmzw2 Oraem Geww& Memgq N|qemi& Lfame @|& Fe|rlm Fn& Blrlhq _nwwhem& Mlj O|rmlff& emjTe|fame H|wzece- Am ejjazanm& A yn|fj fakl zn z`emk hq \mgfl Blccrlq T|rsaw& cnr amzrnj|gami hlzn trnj|gz jlwaim emj hq carwz znnfw-

    Cnr FewlrKerj2 Jr- HgAmzqrl& _nolrz HgAmzqrl& hq Terlmzw& Mag`nfew @nmi& Ofejl Knzlffq&Teofn Saffliew& Herk Lffaw AA& Trnclwwnr Wembeq Werhe& _nq _|wwlf emj _noam G`ewl& z`l KearnwWngalzq& JehnmGn- emj eff lfwl y`n `lftlj lwtn|wl emj |mjlrwzemj z`l trnj|gz-

    Emj fewzfq& ac qn|sl rlej z`aw cer& A yn|fj fakl zn z`emk y`nlslr rlejw z`aw z`lwaw cnr zekami z`lzahl zn gnmwajlr z`lwl gewl wz|jalw& ew oralc ew z`lq heq ol-

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    Zeofl nc GnmzlmzwEowzregz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

    Egkmnyfljilhlmzw ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?Trnblgz Oegkirn|mjw ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

    Iacz nc Jlwaim2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

    FewlrKerj& FFG2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

    Z`l Fasl H|wag Gnmmlgzanm (FHG!2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0

    Crehlynrk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

    Amj|wzrq Amzlrsalyll Oaniret`alw ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

    Mez`em (Mezl! Oeff2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

    Bah Fe|i`fam2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 545- Amgltzanm- Z`l ajle aw onrm- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

    5-?- FewlrKerj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5?

    5-7- FHG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

    5-:- Amj|wzrq Tlrwtlgzaslw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5:

    5-

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    :-7- FHG ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :5

    :-:- Amj|wzrq Tlrwtlgzaslw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :

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    Yl gem gnmmlgz z`l h|wagaemw nm geht|w- A`ej mn ajle y`q `l clfz z`ez yl ylrl u|efacalj zn jn wn& o|z z`lrl yew wnhl kamj nc heiag am `awmnzagami e trnoflh emj oreamwznrhami amwzemzfq em ejlu|ezl wnf|zanm- A eirllj z`ez az yewwnhlz`ami z`ez w`n|fj ol ejjrlwwlj emj yl oliem z`amkami nc yeqw zn efflsaezl z`aw aww|l-

    Znh `ej ollm ntlmhamjlj lmn|i` zn mnz nmfq mnzagl z`ez z`lrl yew e trnoflh am z`l wqwzlh&o|z `l efwn rlefalj z`ez az yew e trnoflh z`ez gn|fj ol wnfslj yaz` z`l rai`z ettrneg`- Az yn|fjzekl hemq hnmz`w nc zraef emj lrrnr zn camj z`ez wnf|zanm emj yl erl wzaff camjami az& o|z mnml ncz`ez gn|fj `esl zeklm tfegl `ej `l mnz |mjlrwznnj z`ez z`l amazaef trnoflh lpawzlj emj yewwnfseofl-

    Cai|rl 32 Hq oemj& Z`l I|azer Kmaslw& GnCn|mjlrw nc z`l FHG- Grljaz2 Blwwage Fam& HAZ 55&erremilhlmz2 Eflbemjrn Ereho|fe& HAZ 5?-

    5-:- Amj|wzrq Tlrwtlgzaslw

    Bn`m @erz`nrml2

    Nm z`l wterk z`ez olgehl HewwG`efflmil& wzerzlj am z`l tlek nc z`l rlglmz ifnoef lgnmnhag

    grawaw am ?440-

    Hq tfem j|rami hq HOE ez Wfnem yew zn bnam nml nc z`l nriemaami zlehw nc z`l 544k(HAZ lmzrltrlml|rw`at gnhtlzazanm! zn wll `ny z`l trnglww ynrkw am qler 5- Emj amqler ?& yam z`l 544k-

    J|rami z`l w|hhlr& A yn|fj amzlrm ez Oeam nr OGI (gnmw|fzami carhw! o|z z`lm irej|ezl

    emj `ntlc|ffq fe|mg` e oaffanm jnffer zlg` gnhtemq gnmw|fzami yew e oegk|t tfem- Aefwn cn|mj z`l zleh jnami z`l HAZ Ifnoef Wzerz|t Ynrkw`nt- A bnamlj z`ez emj lmjlj |tflejami azw wtfaz crnh z`l 544K ew e wlterezl lmzazq& nmfq cnr fniawzagef rlewnmw-

    Wn am hq ?mj qler nc o|wamlww wg`nnf& A lmzlrlj emj ynm z`l 544k- Yl ylrl jnami_nontwq e rlhnzl hljagef oantwq jlsagl- Emj yl jlwlrslj zn yam- Yl `ej SGwgnmzegzami |w& o|z A jajmz yemz zn r|m [_nontwqX hljagef jlsaglw |mjlrin e slrq fnmitrnglww- A `ej mn amzlmzanm zn r|m az inami am-

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    5 O|z A `ej mn tewwanm ol`amj z nwl Noehe `ej b|wz tewwlj044HH wzah|f|w-

    Z`l fewz tnamz z`ez A ej yew `ajjlm ewwlzw- Z`l ajle ol`amj gnhtemalw z`ez lptfnrl`ajjlm ewwlzw aw z`ez z`lq in amzn e oai gnhtemq& emj camj sef|l z`lq `ej ollm o|afjamiyaz`n|z kmnyami az- Zekl Slranm y`ez ac z`lqj ollm o|afjami |t jezeoewlw eon|z `nynczlm tlntfl |wl z`lar t`nmlw ez glrzeam zahlw nc z`l jeq& nr mnmtlrwnm wtlgacagamcnrhezanm fakl z`ez- Fnzw nc gnrtnrezanmw `esl sef|eofl ewwlzw z`ez z`lq jnmz z amkeon|z-

    Wn A z`n|i`z jn A nym jacclrlmz z`amiw>

    A znfj hq cehafq z ez A mlljlj wnhl zahl efnml- Z`lrl A yew ofemk y`azlonerj wzeramiyaz` e tlm- A wtlmz wap `n|rw eczlrmnnm& emj A jajmz gnhl |t yaz` emqz`ami- Ew A yewceffami ewfllt& az `az hl z`l ynrfj mlljw bnow-

    Z`lqrl t|zzami hnmlq amzn bnow- Emj cnr z`ez A eh nml nc z`l hnwz grljaofl tlrwnm amz`l ynrfj- Cnr z`l lflgzrnmagw& A yew jlcamazlfq mnz& o|z cnr z`aw Ah ez flewz ehnmi z`lolwz ?4- A `esl e irlez mlzynrk& yaz` e kamj nc grazagef heww& emj crnh z`l 544K& A kmnyeff z`l olwz feyqlrw& SGw (Slmz|rl Getazefawzw!& lzg--

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    Emj zn `lft yaz` z`aw yl yn|fj mllj slrq fazzfl n|z nc z`l hnmlq inami amzn bnow-Nraiameffq& z`l ajle yew zn grlezl e *

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    Ettfalj Aheiamezanm5- Z`aw hlz`nj lwwlmzaeffq `ew terzagatemzw grlezl ew hemq ajlew ew tnwwaoflemj yaz``nfj b|jihlmz& wesami z`l wnrzami trnglww cnr fezlr- Nmgl hemq ajlew erl ilmlrezlj(lht`ewaw nm u|emzazq emj wtllj!& z`l fawz aw z`lm ewwlwwlj emj wlflgzlj cnr oq azlrezami z`rn|i`herklz emj g|wznhlr rlwlerg`-

    Y`ez A ettrlgaezl eon|z z`aw cnrh nc oreamwznrhami ew e zlg`mau|l aw z`l ajle nc gnhtflzlfqyaz``nfjami b|jihlmz emj ntlmfq g`efflmiami eww|htzanmw- Az aw yaz` z`aw hamjwlz z`ez A eslollm eofl zn z`amk nttnrz|mawzageffq- Hemq zahlw A `esl nowlrslj z`ez z`l trnoflhw emjg`efflmilw z`lhwlfslw erl wnfseofl- \mjlrwzemjami y`ez z`l trnoflhw erl nr lslm z`ez z`lq lpawzam z`l carwz tfegl wllhw zn ol z`l klq-

    5Nwonrml& Eflp-Ettfalj Aheiamezanm2 Tramgatflw emj Trnglj|rlw nc Grlezasl Trnoflh Wnfsami- Mly Qnrk&MQ2 G`erflw Wgraomlrw Wnmw& 51

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    ?- Yny Cegznr- @ermlwwami mnslfzq zn ieam amazaef zregzanm-

    Am z`l lmzrltrlml|rw`at gnhh|mazq& z`l ahtnrzemgl nc em ajle aw wnhlz`ami A `esl nczlm wllmamj|wzrq flejlrw geff amzn u|lwzanm- Hnwz nczlm& az aw eri|lj z`ez ajlew erl e jahl e jnlm z`ezz`l zleh aw y`ez gn|mzw- Emj y`afl A jn mnz trlw|hl zn ol em lptlrz nm z`l m|holr nc wzerz|tw

    nr gnhh|mazq slmz|rlw z`ez hekl az oewlj wnflfq nm z`lar amazaef ajle& A jn kmny `ny tasnzef z`lajle `ew ollm am z`l lerfalwz wzeilw nc hq trnblgzw-

    Z`l ajle aw e glmzrefaami znnf& emj e tnylrc|f lmiaml am jrasami lpgazlhlmz y`lm z`lrl aw mnz`amilfwl zn jn wn- Tlr`etw oewag flslf trnznzqtlw lpawz emj tlntfl `esl lptrlwwlj amzlrlwz am ynrkaminm z`l zleh& qlw o|z ez wnhl flslf nml rlefalw z`ez z`l trnblgz aw rajami wnflfq nm z`l ehn|mzemj kamj nc o| z`l ajle gem grlezl- Z`l u|lwzanm z`ez A ahtfagazfq ewk hqwlfc `lrl aw Jnlwz`l ajle getz|rl tlntflw aheiamezanmw> Y`q nr y`q mnz>

    Z`l Yny cegznr aw ahtnrzemz olge|wl az jraslw tlntfl zn z`l ajle- Az trnhnzlw w`erami nc z`l ajleegzaslfq- Yny gem gnhl crnh em ewtlgz z`ez egzasezlw z`l wlmwlw& nczlm saw|ef& e gfler olmlcaz nr

    sef|l trntnwazanm& nr lslm wnhlz`ami nc t|ofag nr gnhh|mazq amzlrlwz- Z`l cnffnyami trnblgzwaff|wzrezl z`l yny cegznr am leg` nc z`lwl gnmzlpzw-

    ?-5- Iacz nc Jlwaim

    Cnr z`l gfngkw z`lhwlfslw& z`l Yny Cegznr jlcamazlfq rlwajlj am z`l trnglww emj hezlraefw |wlj-Cremkfq& z`l hlg`emagw nc z`l egz|ef trnblgz ewajl crnh kmnyami eon|z hn|mzami& ej`lwaslw&emj z`l orazzfl mez|rl nc z`l hezlraefw ylrl cearfq oewag- Hq trntnwef yew wahtfl lmn|i`- Ayew |wami e yezlrblz heg`aml zn grlezl gfngk ceglw (emj ezzeg`hlmzw! nc mnslf hezlraefw2 e hapnc ef|ham|h& Tflpaifew& wzllf& herofl& emj iremazl- Z`l gfngk olfny jlhnmwzrezlw z`l flslf ncgnhtflpazq ezzeameofl-

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    Cai|rl 92 E gfngk oq Lfame @|& )57 jlhnmwzrezami z`l elwz`lzag ole|zq emj yny cegznr nc z`l hezalref ameff azw jaslrwazq- Grljaz2 Lfame @|& )57-

    Z`l Gfngk Ynrkw`nt ew e ynrkw`nt `lfj sef|l ew ylff am z`l ajle z`ez az ze|i`z wz|jlmzw(traherafq am z`l Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami Jlterzhlmz! zn jlwaim yaz` e wtlgacag amzlmz am hamj hekami |mau|l iaczw- Z`ez `lfj onz` e jlwaim sef|l (nml gn|fj hekl efhnwz emq ?J w`etl yaz`z`l yezlrblz z`l ajle nc z`l gfngk ew e iacz cng|wlj qn|r jlwaim! emj e wlmzahlmzef sef|l (z`lgfngkw ylrl iaczw cnr fnslj nmlw nr tlntfl y`n `ej e trncn|mj ahtegz nm z`l wz|jlmzw-! Amejjazanm& hemq wz|jlmzw am z`lar wnt`nhnrl qler (z`l traherq zerilz cnr z`l gfeww! jaj mnz qlz`esl `emjwnm lptlralmgl yaz` z`l yezlrblz-

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    ?4

    Cai|rl 02 Te|fame H|wzece)w& 57& gfngk& e hewu|lrejl hewk nslr ? cllz zeff- Z`aw lpehtfl aff|wzrezlw z`lYny Cegznr ahtfagaz am z`l gnmgltz-

    Z`l Yny z`lrlcnrl& gehl yaz` z`l lmzarl ajle nc |wami e yezlrblz zn hekl e gfngk em lflhlmznc elwz`lzag jlwaim am em lmsarnmhlmz z`ez jaj mnz traherafq cng|w nm elwz`lzag jlwaim& emj z`l

    ajle z`ez wz|jlmzw yn|fj flerm zn hekl z`lh& jnami wn zn lptrlww irezaz|jl zn nz`lrw- Z`lrlwllhlj zn ol amzramwag sef|l emj mnslfzq am z`l jacclrlmz ceglzw nc z`aw gnmgltz-

    ?-?- FewlrKerj

    Z`l Yny am z`l o|wamlww gerjw lpawzlj lerfq nm efhnwz wnflfq am z`l saw|ef rlefh& lwtlgaeffq yaz`rlierjw zn z`l cf|nrlwglmz egrqfag trnznzqtlw- Z`n|i` az tnwwlwwlj wlslref aww|lw (gnwz& z`agkmlww&wgrezg`ami! z`l wefalmz tnamz cnr nowlrslrw emj lerfq rlgatalmzw yew z`l iferami jacclrlmgl amsaw|ef g`eregzlr- Aw az ifnyami> Qn| hejl e o|wamlww gerj n|z nc e harrnr> (nml nc z`l lerfqtrnznzqtlw yew hejl crnh harrnrlj Tflpaifew!

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    ?5

    Z`l nz`lr rlherkeofl tnamz z`ez ernwl yew z`ez z`l o|wamlww gerjw ylrl lzg`lj yaz` e fewlr-Y`afl fewlr g|zzlrw erl mny rlfezaslfq gnhhnmtfegl am z`l ynrfj nc retajtrnznzqtami& zn hnwz ncz`l ilmlref tnt|fegl& lslm amgf|jami nz`lr hebnrw ez HAZ& fewlrw erl nczlm `lfj ew wnhlz`ami n|znc wgalmgl cagzanm- E wehtfl wal nc nslr 744 tlntfl am z`l erle am emj ern|mj HAZ& `lfj cnr hl

    z`l mnzanm z`ez tlntfl kmly z`ez fewlrw lpawzlj& o|z z`ez z`lq ylrl ferilfq |mcehafaer yaz` z`l cegzz`ez fewlrw erl |wlj am grlezami nr g|wznhaami gnmw|hlr trnj|gzw- Z`l lpgltzanmw zn z`aw r|flylrl z`nwl y`n kmly z`ez z`l aTnj gem gnhl yaz` em ntzanm zn fewlrlzg` qn|r mehl nr ehlwweil amzn z`l oegk-

    _lierjflww nc kmnyami eon|z fewlrw nr mnz& tlntfl wllhlj zn ol lmzremglj oq z`l ajle azwlfc emjlwtlgaeffq z`l cf|nrlwglmz irllm trnznzqtl- \tnm c|rz`lr amslwzaiezanm& A cn|mj z`ez z`l `|hemlql aw wtlgaeffq z|mlj zn cng|w nm z`l gnfnr irllm- O|z z`ez az rlcregzlj fai`z yaz`am azw w|rcegl emjlhazzlj az z`rn|i` z`l ljilw yew e `|il zefkami tnamz-

    Z`l o|ynrz`amlww nc z`l o|wamlww gerjw yew u|amzlwwlmzaeffq getz|rlj am z`l amazaef amzlregzanmw

    z`ez A `ej yaz` gnhtemq rltrlwlmzezaslw ez z`l mlzynrkami wlwwanm rlclrlmglj am Wlgzanm 5- Cn|rzn wlslm wz|jlmzw yn|fj ol efrlejq iez`lrlj ern|mj z`l rlt- emj A yn|fj gnhl cnryerj emj ewk acA hai`z w`erl hq o|wamlww gerj- Amwzemzfq& A yn|fj `esl z`l gnmslrwezanmef oeff cnr wlslrefham|zlw amu|arami y`lrl A inz z`l gerj& emj |tnm w`erami z`ez& `ny A hejl az-

    E cralmj nc haml ewklj zn |wl z`l gerjw ez e w|owlu|lmz gerllr cear emj ornkl hq eww|htzanm z`ezhq hekami z`l gerjw yew terz nc z`l Yny- Z`lq ynrklj cnr ah znn- Cnffnyami trnj|gz zlwzwamjagezlj z`l wehl flslf nc ynycegznr-

    Cai|rl 12 Z`l ?mj Azlrezanm Cf|nrlwglmz Irllm Egrqfag Gerj-

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    ?-7- FHG

    Z`l o| tnylr nc z`l FHG (Fasl H|wag Gnmmlgzanm! oliem ez z`l amazaef azlrezanm- Z`l Ewwz-

    Jarlgznr nc Wz|jlmz Egzasazalw& Te|f Wtemifl& rlgnhhlmjlj zn Znh emj hl z`ez yl ynrk znlwzeofaw` z`ez e fasl h|wag gnhh|mazq lpawzlj oq t|zzami nm e crll gnmglrz wlralw clez|ramiwz|jlmz oemjw- Z`aw mnz nmfq effnylj |w zn lsnfsl z`l ajle z`rn|i` e zraef r|m& o|z az efwn effnylj|w zn wll y`ez z`l ajlew eoafazq zn ezzregz ezzlmzanm rleffq yew-

    Yl eirllj emj z`aw ajle wllhlj zn irny fliw oewlj nm e cly jacclrlmz talglw nc Yny- Z`l oewagajle nc z`l gnmglrzw olami crll emj ntlm zn geht|w yew gnnf- Wz|jlmzw gn|fj wahtfq gnhl emjrlfep eczlr e fnmi yllk emj yezg` z lar cralmjw tfeq- Oq rlhnsami z`l camemgaef oerralr zn lmzrq&az lmeoflj |w zn lwzeofaw e c|m g|fz|rl nc crll- Z`aw ntlmmlww yew ynrz` zefkami eon|z-

    O| yew wnhlz`ami yaz` y`ag` yl ylrl slrq h|g` gnmglrmlj ew yl yemzlj zn onnwz gnmglrzezzlmjemgl emj trnsl zn n|rwlfslw emj nz`lrw z ez z`l ajle `ej hlraz- Yl egzaslfq amc|wlj o|oq lmgn|reiami z`l oemjw zn orami z`lar cralmjw- Yl iesl oemjw onm|w azlhw fakl crll e|janrlgnrjamiw& t`nzniret`w (oq fngef t`nzniret`lrw crnh z`l mlywtetlr z`ez yl ewklj zn gnhl emjfezlr hlholrw nc z`l gf|o lplg|zasl onerj!& emj crll sajln rlgnrjamiw- Z`l zleh emj A ferilfqonnzwzrettlj z`aw o|& emj az wllhlj zn efhnwz `esl e wmnyoeff lcclgz-

    Cai|rl 542 Z`l fai`zw crnh ?455 FHG Oezzfl nc z`l Oemjw- FLJ wzratw grlezlj oq Eflbemjrn Ereho|fe&5? lmfaslmlj z`l grnyj- Grljaz2 G`raw Ylfg`& 57-

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    Cai|rl 552 Hq oemj& P # z`l Qw ez z`l ?455 Oezzfl nc z`l Oemjw& Grljaz2 G`raw Ylfg`& 57- (Z`l w`nywylrl terz nc z`l o|-!

    Aff jlfsl hnrl amzn z`l yeqw z`ez w`erami ecclgzlj o| am cnffnyami wlgzanmw- O|z z`l ahtnrzemz

    z`ami zn mnzl `lrl aw z`ez z`l ajle azwlfc emj azw hemaclwzezanmw ylrl ynrz`q nc z`l o| emjw`erami z`ez yl rlglaslj fezlr nm-

    ?-:- Amj|wzrq Tlrwtlgzaslw

    Wlz` Injam2

    Z`n|i`zw ew ylff ew e ofni lmzrq zn ol tnwzlj nm `zzt2..wlz`injam-gnh oewlj nm n|r

    gnmslrwezanm-

    Z`lrl `ew zn ol e flslf nc mnslfzq cnr wnhlnml zn zlff wnhlnml lfwl-

    Tlntfl jnmz o| eon|z wnhlz`ami z`ezw mnrhef-

    Mnslfzq h|wz ol trlwlmz-

    Erl qn| yny jaweoflj>

    Klsam ewklj hl2 Jn irlez ajlew tnwwlww |maslrweffq wnhl wnrz nc Yny Cegznr>

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    ?:

    Z`l trnoflhw yaz` z`aw u|lwzanm2 Y`ez jnlw )irlez) hlem> Emj y`n jlgajlw y`ez )yny)

    aw>

    Z`l g`efflmil aw z`aw2 fnzw nc tlntfl z`amk z`lq kmny y`ez onz` ynrjw hlem am z`lar erle

    nc lmjlesnr& emj hnwz nc z`lh erl yrnmi-

    Gnmwajlr z`l gewl nc ylo ?-4 gnhtemalw- Tlntfl fakl Orej Clfj emj Crlj Yafwnm erloraffaemz ez |mjlrwzemjami y`ez yny hlemw ac qn|)rl amslwzami- Z`lq `esl irlez zewzl-

    Z`lq `esl e wlmwl cnr y`ag` zlehw emj y`ag` ajlew yaff egz|effq z|rm amzn irlez

    o|wamlwwlw-

    Z`l tlem|z iefflrq ez wazlw fakl @egklr Mlyw& z`n|i`& jnm)z `esl w|g` irlez eoafazalw (ac

    z`lq jaj& z`lq)j ol Orej& mnz emnmqhn|w snzlrw!- Ew e rlw|fz& z`lq hawzekl gnmw|hlr yny

    cnr amslwznr yny& emj nczlm cng|w nm z`l yrnmi ezzrao|zlw-

    Z`aw aw lmjlhag am z`l onnk o|wamlww& y`ag` rlwnf|zlfq rlc|wlw zn |mjlrwzemj z`l egz|ef

    T#F nc hnwz nc z`l onnkw az t|ofaw`lw- Ew e rlw|fz& z`lrl erl tflmzq nc ljaznrw y`ngnmzam|l zn nslrteq cnr z`l yrnmi onnkw& olge|wl z`lar yny awm)z z`l herklz)w yny-

    Am `aw onnkHnmlq Oeff& Hag`elf Flyaw yrnzl eon|z `ny sarz|effq lslrq wamifl wgn|z emj

    hemeilr am oewloeff yew yrnmi eon|z y`ez heklw e irlez oewloeff tfeqlr- Z`lq `ej z`lyrnmi rejer& z`l yrnmi yny- Y`lm wzezawzagw ze|i`z e cly zlehw y`ez z`l rlef yny yew&

    z`l oefemgl nc tnylr w`aczlj-

    A z`amk z`ez lslrq irlez ajle rlwnmezlw lerfq yaz` z`nwl z`ez `esl olzzlr rejer z`em z`nwl

    z`ez jnm)z- Z`l wkaff& z`lm& aw zn lptnwl qn|rwlfc nczlm lmn|i`& flerm lmn|i` emj ceaf

    lmn|i` z`ez qn| ilz zn weq yny olcnrl z`l gnhtlzazanm jnlw-

    Hq z`n|i`zw emj rlwtnmwl2

    Z`aw yew em amzlrlwzami talgl nm ynycegznr am zlrhw nc y`ez az hlemw zn wtlgacag tlntfl- Am hqtrnblgzw& A wllhlj zn iermlr z`ez wnhl trnblgzw ylrl n|zfemjaw` am e tnwazasl yeq olge|wl nc klqu|efazalw2 z`l hem|cegz|rami trnglww emj elwz`lzag yaz` z`l gerjw& z`l FHGw gnhh|mazq ewtlgzemj ncclramiw& z`l gfngkw hezlraef- Wlz`w ofni lmzrq& `nylslr& `ai`fai`zw z`l ajle z`ez ynycegznr aw e|jalmgljltlmjlmz& onz` am `ny z`lq amzlrtrlz y`lz`lr nr mnz wnhlz`ami aw mnslf emjac z`ez hlemw wnhlz`ami am terzag|fer zn z`l tnzlmzaef w|gglww nc z`l ajle-

    Mezl Oeff2

    Nm z`l ahtfagezanmw nc o| am z`l hljae emj o|ynrz`amlww-

    Cnr o|& z`lrl erl wylffw nslr zahl& y`ag` erl innj zn |wl ac qn| gem- Azw ahtnrzemz znkllt qn|rwlfc nm z`l rejer- Nc gn|rwl& azw slrq magl zn `esl z`l trlww rlcflgzamitnwazaslfq z`ez yaff `lft qn| am ezzregzami mly g|wznhlrw& emj ezzregzami amslwznrw-

    Emj ac z`l o| aw z`lrl olge|wl qn|rl fliaz& mnz b|wz wllhamifq lpgazami& z`ezw lslmolzzlr- Z`lrl yew jlcamazlfq e gnnf cegznr cnr n|r Oezhem jlsagl (z`l tnylrlj ewglmjlr-!\mcnrz|mezlfq& yl gn|fjmz zekl ejsemzeil nc eff nc z`l trlww wylffw am e yeq z`ez wnhl

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    ? Olqnmj z`ez& z`l ahtfagezanmw nc mnz olami eofl znc|ffq `ermlww z`l nslry`lfhami mnslfzq nc z`l ajle trnsajlj wllhw jaccag|fz-

    Az jnlw wllh& z`n|i`& z`ez z`lrl erl hemq tnwazaslw zn `esami z ez wnrz nc |mgnmzeameofl o|- A`ej mnz trlsan|wfq z`n|i`z nc z`l zleh hlholr lcclgz& y`lrloq zeflmzlj amjasaj|efw yemz zn bnamnm yaz` gnnf trnblgzw- Fnnkami oegk ez z`l jrehezag m|holr nc hq gfewwhezlw z`ez amzlrsalyljefnmiwajl hl cnr Hlg`emagef Lmiamllrami amzlrmw`atw ez Ettfl& z`n|i`& az heklw wlmwl- Ettfl`ew eri|eofq nml nc z`l oaiilwz mehlw am gnmw|hlr trnj|gzw ew nc z`aw yrazami-

    ?-

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    7- Lpgazlhlmz- Olami tlrwnmeffq lpgazlj effnyw nz`lrw zn cllf z`l wehl yeq-

    Lpgazlhlmz aw e klq jraslr am zekami em ajle crnh gnmgltz zn ahtflhlmzezanm- Am z`l trnblgzw amy`ag` A `esl ollm amsnfslj& lpgazlhlmz aw z`l klq jraslr- Am @nmlwz Waimefw?& Eflp Tlmzfemjjlwgraolw `ny `|hem olamiw lg`n leg` nz`lr am gnhh|magezanm lpg`emilw& rai`z jnym zn z`lar

    cegaef lptrlwwanmw- \wami z`ez gnmgltz fnnkami oegk ez seran|w trnblgzw& A wll `ny lpgazlhlmzazwlfc tfeqlj e klq rnfl-

    Y`lm A zlff wnhlnml eon|z em ajle& A eh znfj z`ez z`lrl wllhw zn ol em lmzarl ifny eon|z hl&lqlw faz |t emj flemami cnryerj- Azw ew ac A gemz kllt crnh whafami olge|wl y`ez Ah eon|z znzlff qn| aw wn lpgazami- Emj ew A gnhh|magezl z`ez (zn e yaffami e|jalmgl!& A gem wll z`lar ceglwemj lqlw fai`z |t ew ylff& harrnrami hq ewtlgz- Eieam& z`aw aw e t|rlfq w|oblgzasl amzlrtrlzezanm&o|z az aw irn|mjlj am wgalmzacag lptlrahlmzezanm- @nmlwz Waimefw jlwgraolw amjltz` rlwlerg`yaz` gehlrelu|attlj gnht|zlrw z`ez egz|effq ie|il z`l flslf nc eirllhlmz am z`l ceglw nc zynmlinzaezami terzalw-

    _ez`lr z`em lptfeamami `ny lpgazlhlmz cnr leg` ajle hemaclwzw azwlfc (z`ez aw jnml lpzlmwaslfq amz`l mlpz wlgzanm!& A yaff `lrl in amzn y`q A& tlrwnmeffq& ew ylff ew z`l zleh inz lpgazlj eon|z leg`trnblgz- Tlr`etw qn| ew z`l rlejlr yaff ol eofl zn ieam e wlmwl nc hq lpgazlhlmz- Z`lwl erl mnzhq cnrhef tazg`lw& y`ag` erl lmzeaflj am z`l Wlgzanm :-

    "Mnzl2 Z`l w|owlgzanmw olfny erl zn ol rlej ew ac z`lq ngg|rrlj emj ylrl `lerj am gnmslrwezanm-

    7-5- Iacz nc Jlwaim

    Z`l gfngk ynrkw`nt yew lpgazami zn hl ew az ncclrlj e yeq zn w`erl kmnyfljil emj e hlz`nj ncgrlezanm z`ez wz|jlmzw ez HAZ jnmz nczlm `esl zahl effnzzlj cnr- Elwz`lzag jlwaim aw wnhlz`amiz`ez rleffq ezzregzw hl zn jacclrlmz trnj|gzw- Z`l gfngkw effny lmiamllrw zn lptfnrl z`lar erzawzagwajl- Hq wawzlr aw e teamzlr& g|rrlmzfq ezzlmjami z`l Wesemme` Gnfflil nc Erz emj Jlwaim emjy`afl az `ew ollm cewgamezami zn yezg` `lr irny ew em erzawz& A `esl efyeqw zralj zn z`amk eon|zy`lrl hq erz falw- Cnr hl& fnnkami ez z`l gfngkw& A weq zn hqwlfc Z`aw aw hq erz- Olami eofl znw`erl z`ez yaz` nz`lrw am e wahafer waz|ezanm rleffq ilzw hl inami-

    Emj z`l hlja|h aw eheami- Ilzzami zn |wl hezlraefw fakl herofl emj iremazl aw e gnhtflzlfqmly ewtlgz nc retaj trnznzqtami z`ez jaj mnz lpawz wlslref jlgejlw ein olcnrl wgalmzawzw faklHn`ehlj @ew`aw` jlsawlj e yeq zn ejj eorewaslw zn e `ai`trlww|rl wzrleh nc yezlr

    7-

    Oewageffq& qn| ilz zn hekl y`ezlslr qn| yemz am e ?J tfeml (nr 7J ac qn| |wl feqlrw!-

    ? Tlmzfemj& Eflp (Wemjq!-@nmlwz Waimefw2 @ny Z`lq W`etl N|r Ynrfj- Gehorajil& HE2 OrejcnrjOnnkw& ?454- Tetlroegk-

    7\mkmnym-Hn`ehlj @ew`aw` Trncafl- Cnrolw-gnh- \mkmnym- Ylo- 5? Her- ?455-

    6`zzt2..tlntfl-cnrolw-gnh.trncafl.hn`ehlj`ew`aw`.5:9?0: =

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    Cai|rl 5?2 Wzemjami yaz` Fe|rlm Fn& )57& yaz` lr gfngk gnhhlhnrezami HAZ ynhlmw wyahhami- W`l)w

    `nfjami `lr wyah gfngk- Em lpgazami jlwaim ewtlgz cnr `lr gfngk aw jacclrami hezlraefw harrnr egrqfag&

    ofegk emnjalj ef|ham|h& emj rlj emnjalj ef|ham|h-

    7-?- FewlrKerj

    Z`l o|wamlww gerjw ylrl lpgazami olge|wl z`lq `lfj yaz` z`lh z`l trnwtlgz nc grlezami egnmw|hlr trnj|gz nc n|r nym- Hq terzmlr& _nolrz& emj A ylrl eofl zn wll eff nc z`l ewtlgzw nc z`ljlwaim trnglww2 crnh hem|cegz|rami& zn trnj|gz jlwaim& zn wlffami z`l trnj|gz nmfaml- Az yew hqcarwz rlef lptnw|rl zn lmzrltrlml|rw`at emj z`l ajle z`ez yl gn|fj hekl& nr ez flewz amcf|lmgl z`lr|flw yew lp`aferezami-

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    Cai|rl 572 Nml nc z`l lerfq t`nznw z`ez yew zn ol |wlj nm z`l FewlrKerj ylowazl- Z`aw yew e trnznzqtlz`ez yl hem|cegz|rlj crnh 4-434 egrqfag-

    7-7- FHG

    Z`l FHG `ej glrzeam gnhtnmlmzw z`ez hejl az lpgazami emj amgrlewlj z`l nslreff flslf nclpgazlhlmz& o|z A z`amk z`l heam tnamz yew wahtfq z`ez yl ylrl cfqami oq z`l wlez nc n|r temzw-Z`l jr|hwlz emj h|wag lu|athlmz yl |wlj zn t|z nm z`l amazaef gnmglrz wlralw yew eff onrrnylj-Z`l oemjw yl kmly z`lh& o|z ew e mly wz|jlmz irn|t& yl tnwwlwwlj fazzfl amcf|lmgl- Yl rlfaljheamfq nm f|gk emj e fnz nc wylez-

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    Cai|rl 5:2 Z`l nraiamef FHG zleh- Z`l 9 nc |w t|z nm z`l ?454 Emm|ef Oezzfl nc z`l Oemjw (n|r 5wz! yaz`

    clylr z`em : yllkw nc tfemmami zahl Z`l tranr tfemmlrw |w|effq wtlmz nslr : hnmz`w- Yl rem nmejrlmefaml emj lpgazlhlmz-

    A z`amk z`l terz z`ez yew hnwz lpgazami yew z`l mnzanm z`ez yl ylrl z`l traherq jraslrw nc z`lnriemaezanmw grlezanm- Z`l 7 nc |w am hq oemj ylrl rlwtnmwaofl& efnmi yaz` `|il ehn|mzw nc`lft crnh z`l tlntfl ez z`l Wz|jlmz Egzasazalw Nccagl& emj nc gn|rwl z`l wz|jlmz oemjw& cnr t|zzaminm z`l w`nyw am z`l lmj- Z`l FHG yew am slrq hemq yeqw e wzerz|t& emj z`l lpgazlhlmz emjlmz`|waewh z`ez oramiami fasl h|wag oegk zn HAZ aho|lj am |w hejl |w cllf ew ac yl ylrl em|mwzntteofl cnrgl e tlrtlz|ef hnzanm heg`aml-

    7-:- Gnmgf|wanm

    Lpgazlhlmz `ew ollm jlwgraolj am z`l fewz cly qlerw oq hemq ew jacclrlmz o|ynrjw fakltewwanm emj carl& emj `nylslr az aw kmnym& A olfalsl az aw em lwwlmzaef gnhtnmlmz- Z`l gflerlwz

    olmlcaz aw z`ez az jraslw egzanm nslr emj nslr eieam- Cnr z`l gfngkw az yew lpgazlhlmz emj e `erjiremz jlejfaml z`ez t|w`lj hl zn wzeq |t eff mai`z grlezami e trnblgz tnrzcnfan (hq zlehhezlwzeqlj |t |mzaf ? eh-! Am gnmzrewz& y`lm zleh hlholrw ceaflj zn ol lpgazlj& z`l trnblgz cegljjlfeqw emj jawnriemaezanm-

    Yaz` z`l o|wamlww gerjw& lpgazlhlmz yew z`l rlewnm z`ez A jajmz hamj tazg`ami z`l ajle nslr 544zahlw am nml jeq ez e gnmclrlmgl emj A yn|fj lwzahezl hnrl z`em 5&

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    Hq trnblgzw `esl flj hl zn olfalsl z`ez lpgazlhlmz aw fakl e kamj nc c|lf z`ez hnzasezlw tlntfl znynrk fnmi `n|rw yaz` fazzfl teq nr hezlraef amglmzasl- A `esl cn|mj az zn ol lwwlmzaef- A olfalslz`ez z`l flejlrw emj lerfq w|ttnrzlrw nc e trnblgz h|wz ol tlrwnmeffq lmz`|waewzag am nrjlr zn olamzramwageffq hnzasezlj zn gerrq n|z g`emil-

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    :- W`erami- Em amzlmwlfq crllcnrh w`erami lwtn|wami z`l ajle zn emqnml&emqy`lrl& ez emq zahl-

    W`erami aw e klq talgl nc em ajlew lsnf|zanm- Az effnyw z`l ajle zn jaslril ez nmgl am hemq yeqw&n|z crnh e wami|fer tlrwnm nr zleh emj slrq u|agkfq rlz|rm- Z`l lpgazlhlmz ejjrlwwlj am Wlgzanm

    7 jraslw h|g` nc z`l w`erami z`ez A `esl yazmlwwlj ngg|rrami& emj z`aw am z|rm& jraslw h|g` nc z`lclljoegk z`ez `lftw zn w`etl em ajle-

    Z`l hlz`njw cnr w`erami `esl olgnhl hnrl zlg`mnfniagef- Y`lm A yew 9 nr 0 qlerw nfj& hqcez`lr yn|fj amu|arl ac A `ej znfj eff hq cralmjw eon|z wnhlz`ami |mau|l z`ez yew `ettlmami oqewkami ac A yew ornejgewzami- Arnmageffq& yaz` z`l ejslmz nc Ylo ?-4& ofniw& tlrwnmef ylowazlw&trnblgz ylowazlw& Ceglonnk emj Innifl G`ez wzez|w oerw A eh fazlreffq ornejgewzami zn e glrzeamlpzlmz mny-

    Am z`lwl trnblgzw emj am nz lrw& A `esl zralj zn ol ew grlezasl ew A gem am w`erami- A zekl e mn`nfjwoerrlj ettrneg` z`ez amsnfslw e seralzq nc zlg`mau|lw yaz` z`l amzlmz nc w`erami z`l ajle

    yaz` hemq tlntfl am e hlemamic|f yeq- A `esl |wlj lheaf& wtfew` teilw (ylowazlw yaz` ehamah|h ehn|mz nc gnmzlmz& tagz|rlw& emj amcnrhezanm!& t`qwagef t`nzn tnrzcnfanw& hq aT`nml ewe hnoafl jawtfeq jlsagl& emj t`qwagef trnznzqtlw z`ez A hejl e tnamz zn gerrq ez eff zahlw-

    Ew wnhlnml y`n aw trnml zn w`erami& gnhh|magezanm hlz`njw erl wnhlz`ami z`ez A eh am`lrlmzfqjreym zn& emj ew nc fezl esl oli|m zn lpehaml emj ahtflhlmz wzrezliageffq- Z`l t|rtnwl nc z`awwlgzanm aw zn lf|gajezl z`l hlemw emj hlz`njw nc w`erami ew ylff ew wnhl nc z`l olmlcaz z`ez aztrnsajlw trnblgzw crnh gnmgltzanm zn ahtflhlmzezanm- Nc gn|rwl& nml gem mlslr kmny z`l zr|lahtegz nc w`erami emj eff nc z`l wlgnmj emj z`arjnrjlr amzlregzanmw z`ez az heq amwtarl-

    :-5- Iacz nc Jlwaim

    Z`l heam g`efflmil cnr z`l gfngk ynrkw`nt yew lptfeamami lpegzfq y`ez e yezlrblz gfngk yew amz`l carwz tfegl- Z`l w`erami nc z`aw ajle znnk tfegl heamfq am ? hlja|hw- Nml yew em amtlrwnmtazg` emj lptfemezanm- Eieam& z`l t|rtnwl nc w`nyami z`l ajle yew e oaz gnmsnf|zlj- Am z`l carwztfegl& A yew wahtfq lpgazlj emj yemzlj zn w`erl az yaz` emq cralmjw nr tlntfl z`ez A z`n|i`zyn|fj z`amk az yew gnnf-

    Z`l wlgnmj emj tlr`etw hnrl waimacagemz cnrh nc w`erami yew jarlgzlj znyerj emq emj efftnzlmzaef wzekl`nfjlrw- Z`l sef|l nc wzekl`nfjlrw kmnyami eon|z z`l ajle aw z`ez z`lq gem z`lm|mjlrwzemj yeqw zn `lft& tnzlmzaeffq bnam z`l ge|wl& nr wahtfq `lft zn w`erl emj wtrlej z`l ajlez`lhwlfslw- Z`l klq `lrl zn rlhlholr aw z ez hq wzrezliq aw zn w`erl yaz` emqnml y`n hai`z

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    Z`l amazaef w|ttnrz iermlrlj wllhw zn w|rlfq effny c|rz`lr lmjnrwlhlmz-

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    Z`lwaw Gnmgf|wanm

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    A `esl rlheamlj cearfq wgalmzacag am hq hemmlr z`rn|i`n|z z`aw ynrk& o|z A yaff zekl mny zn snaglhq |mclzzlrlj mnmegejlhag ntamanm yaz` rlierj zn lmzrltrlml|rw`at emj z`aw crehlynrk-

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