Karl Marx - Manifestul Comunist

8/2/2019 Karl Marx - Manifestul Comunist

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Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} ?

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv}

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksgFbasdgv}Eoxk Aox| g Nxgcmxgfl Cdickv

Ozxs} d ?


2/26

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} 8

Mox zgcckc vc daskcos nx dfc}oxc+ fcxcxco fxc}co dcfbd}cdg}$ Aodsnof}sxo o mc~cdg} g co dcdmcv}sk}boxc$

O}sdfg ohsxsk g aogdo os xc~bksgbdo} zxbmsfgo gdmsv}xgok$ Aoxco gdmsv}xgc abmcxd o kso} kbfsk aodsnof}sxgg+

kbfsk v}xgg mc ag`kbf gdmsv}xgokc k!os kso} gdmsv}xgogg agkgbdoxg+ cng og sdbx d}xcig oxao}c gdmsv}xgokc+ hsxilcpgg

abmcxdg$

Aoxco gdmsv}xgc o fxco} zgoo abdmgok+ zc foxc o zxci}g}!b mcvfbzcxgxco Oacxgfgg$ Zgoo abdmgok o msv ko b

mcp~bk}oxc gacdv o fbacxsksg+ do~giogcg g fbasdgfogkbx zc svfo}$ Ofcov} mcp~bk}oxc o gdnkscdo}+ ko xdmsk cg+ovszxo c|}gdmcxgg gdmsv}xgcg+ g+ d ofccog avsx d foxc vc c|}gdmcos gdmsv}xgo+ fbacxsk+ do~giogo+ fgkc ncxo}c+ vc

mcp~bk}o g hsxilcpgo+ axgdms!g fozg}oksxgkc g azgdidm zc zkodsk ok mbgkco }bo}c fkovckc xaovc mgd c~sk acmgs$

^cmca mcfg f hsxilcpgo abmcxd cv}c co dvg zxbmsvsk sdsg dmcksdio} zxbfcv mc mcp~bk}oxc+ ok sdsg gx mc

xc~bksgg d abmsk mc zxbmsfgc g mc vflgah$

Ngcfoxc mgd ofcv}c }xcz}c mc mcp~bk}oxc o hsxilcpgcg o nbv} dvbg} mc sd zxbixcv zbkg}gf fbxcvzsdp}bx$ V}oxc ovszxg}

vsh mbadgo ncsmokgkbx+ ovbfgogc doxao} fc vc omagdgv}xo vgdisx d fbasd+ gfg xczshkgf asdgfgzok gdmczcdmcd}+

mgdfbkb v}oxc o }xcgo+ mo}boxc v zk}covf hgxsxg abdoxlgcg5 ozbg+ zc ~xcaco aodsnof}sxgg+ fbd}xozbdmcxc azb}xg~o

dbhgkgagg d abdoxlgo hopo} zc v}xg vos ohvbks}+ }cackgc zxgdfgzok o aoxgkbx abdoxlgg d icdcxc+ hsxilcpgo o

fsfcxg}+ d vnxg}+ mc ko fxcoxco aoxgg gdmsv}xgg g o zgccg abdmgokc+ zs}cxco zbkg}gf c|fksvg~ d v}o}sk xczxcpcd}o}g~

abmcxd$ Zs}cxco mc v}o} abmcxd ds cv}c mcf} sd fbag}c} foxc omagdgv}xcop }xchsxgkc bh}c}g okc d}xcigg fkovchsxilcpc$

Hsxilcpgo o o~s} d gv}bxgc sd xbk f} vc zbo}c mc xc~bksgbdox$

Hsxilcpgo o mcvnggdo}+ zxc}s}gdmcdg sdmc o o`sdv ko zs}cxc+ }bo}c xckoggkc ncsmokc+ zo}xgoxlokc+ gmgkgfc$ Co o xsz} nx

agk zcv}xgckc kci}sxg ncsmokc foxc!k kcios zc ba mc vszcxgbxsk vs ngxcvf g ds o kvo} ok} kci}sx d}xc ba g ba

mcf} gd}cxcvsk ibk+ mcf} dcdmsx}boxco zko} d hodg zcgd$ Co o dcfo} ngbxsk vnd} ok c|}opsksg zgbv+ ok

cd}spgovasksg fo~okcxcvf+ ok vcd}gacd}okgvasksg agfsksg hsxilcp d ozo dilco} o fokfsksksg cibgv}$ Co o nfs} mgd

mcadg}o}co zcxvbdok b ~okboxc mc vflgah g d kbfsk dcdsaxo}ckbx kghcx}g mbhdmg}c g flcpsg}c mc lxgvbo~c co o

zsv sdgfo kghcx}o}c+ kgzvg} mc vfxszskc+ o fbacxsksg$ d}x!sd fs~d}+ co o zsv+ d kbfsk c|zkbo}xgg ~boko}c mc gkspgg

xckgigbovc g zbkg}gfc+ c|zkbo}oxco mcvflgv+ dcxsgdo}+ mgxcf} g hxs}ok$Hsxilcpgo o mcvzsgo} mc osxcbko kbx }bo}c of}g~g}gkc zd o}sdfg ~cdcxohgkc g zxg~g}c fs vacxcdgc$ Co o }xodvnbxao}

zc acmgf+ `sxgv}+ zxcb}+ zbc}+ ba mc }ggd d asdfg}bxgg cg vokoxgog$

Hsxilcpgo o vaskv ~ksk msgbv!vcd}gacd}ok fc ofbzcxco xckoggkc noagkgokc g kc!o xcmsv ko b vgazk xckogc hdcovf$

Hsxilcpgo o ox}o} f aodgncv}oxco hxs}ok o nbxcg+ zc foxc xcofgsdco b omagx o}} mc ask} ko c~sk acmgs+ g!o ivg}

fbazkc}oxco zb}xg~g} d fco aog fxov }xdm~gc$ Ohgo hsxilcpgo o ox}o} fc cv}c d v}oxc v xcokgpcpc of}g~g}o}co

bacdcovf$ Co o xcokgpo} bzcxc agdsdo}c mox mc fs }b}sk ok} do}sx mcf} zgxoagmckc cigz}cdc+ ozcmsf}ckc xbaodc+

fo}cmxokckc ib}gfc5 co o d}xczxgdv fs }b}sk ok}c c|zcmggg mcf} agixogsdco zbzboxckbx g fxsfgomckc$

Hsxilcpgo ds zbo}c v c|gv}c nx o xc~bksgbdo dcgdfc}o} sdck}ckc mc zxbmsfgc+ mcfg xckoggkc mc zxbmsfgc g zxgd

sxaoxc }bo}c xckoggkc vbfgokc$ Zcd}xs }bo}c fkovckc gdmsv}xgokc od}cxgboxc+ mgazb}xg~+ zxgao fbdmggc mc c|gv}cd cxoacdgdcxco dcvflgaho} o ~cflgsksg abm mc zxbmsfgc$ Xc~bksgbdoxco dcdfc}o} o zxbmsfgcg+ pmxsdfgdoxco

dcd}xcxsz} o }s}sxbx xckoggkbx vbfgokc+ ~cdgfo dcvgisxod g oig}ogc mcbvchcvf czbfo hsxilcp mc }bo}c czbfgkc

od}cxgboxc$ ]bo}c xckoggkc dczcdg}c+ xsigdg}c+ fs fbx}cigsk kbx mc xczxcpcd}xg g fbdfczgg+ ~cdcxo}c mgd

abg!v}xabg+ vc mcv}xoa+ gox fckc dbs fxco}c vc d~cflcvf dogd}c mc o o~co }gazsk v vc bvgngfc$ ]b} fc c ncsmok g

v}o}gf vc xgvgzc}c fo nsask+ }b} fc c vnd} cv}c zxbnodo}+ g boacdgg vd} d vnxg} vgkgg v zxg~covf fs ksfgmg}o}c zbpggo

kbx d ~go+ xckoggkc kbx xcfgzxbfc$

Dc~bgo sdcg mcvnofcxg }b} aog koxig o zxbmsvckbx cg ibdc}c hsxilcpgo zc }b} d}gdvsk ikbhsksg zad}cvf$ Co }xchsgc v

vc fsghxcovf zxc}s}gdmcdg+ v vc gdv}okcpc zxc}s}gdmcdg+ v v}ohgkcovf kci}sxg zxc}s}gdmcdg$

Hsxilcpgo o mo}+ zxgd c|zkbo}oxco zgccg abdmgokc+ sd foxof}cx fbvabzbkg} zxbmsfgcg g fbdvsasksg mgd }bo}c xgkc$

Vzxc aoxco aldgxc o xcofgbdoxgkbx+ co g!o vaskv gdmsv}xgcg mc vsh zgfgboxc }cxcdsk dogbdok$ V}x~cflgkc gdmsv}xggdogbdokc os nbv} mgv}xsvc g fbd}gds v ngc mgv}xsvc zc pg fc }xcfc$ Ckc vd} dk}sxo}c mc gdmsv}xgg dbg+ o fxbx


3/26


gd}xbmsfcxc mc~gdc b flcv}gsdc ~g}ok zcd}xs }bo}c dogsdgkc fg~gkgpo}c+ mc gdmsv}xgg foxc ds aog zxcksfxcop ao}cxgg

zxgac gdmgicdc+ fg ao}cxgg zxgac zxb~cdgdm mgd xcigsdgkc fckc aog dmczx}o}c g okc fxbx zxbmsvc ds vd} fbdvsao}c

dsaog d zxbzxgo ox+ fg d }bo}c fbd}gdcd}ckc$ Kbfsk ~cflgkbx dcfcvg}g+ vo}gvnfs}c zxgd zxbmsvckc xgg xcvzcf}g~c+ k

gos dcfcvg}g dbg+ zcd}xs vo}gvnofcxco fxbxo c dc~bgc mc zxbmsvc okc xgkbx fckbx aog dmczx}o}c g okc fkgao}ckbx aog

~oxgo}c$ d kbfsk ~cflgg gpbkxg kbfokc g dogbdokc g ok vo}gvnofcxgg dcfcvg}gkbx fs zxbmsvc zxbzxgg vc mcp~bk}

vflgahsk ask}gko}cxok+ gd}cxmczcdmcdo ask}gko}cxok o dogsdgkbx$ g ofcv} ksfxs c ~okohgk o}} zcd}xs zxbmsfgo

ao}cxgok+ f} g zcd}xs fco vzgxg}sok$ Zxbmsvckc vzgxg}sokc okc mgncxg}ckbx dogsdg mc~gd hsdsxg fbasdc$

Sdgko}cxokg}o}co g axigdgxco dogbdok mc~gd mgd fc d fc aog fs dczs}gd g mgd dsacxbovckc kg}cxo}sxg dogbdokc g

kbfokc go do}cxc b kg}cxo}sx sdg~cxvok$

Hsxilcpgo+ zxgd xozgmo zcxncfgbdoxc o }s}sxbx sdck}ckbx mc zxbmsfgc+ zxgd fbasdgfoggkc gdngdg} dkcvdg}c+ od}xcdcop

d fg~gkgpogc }bo}c dogsdgkc+ zd g zc fckc aog hoxhoxc$ Zxcsxgkc gcn}gdc okc axnsxgkbx cg vd} ox}gkcxgo ixco+ fs foxc

mbhbox }bo}c pgmsxgkc flgdcpc}g+ fs foxc vgkc}c v fozg}skcpc flgox fco aog dmx`g} sx o hoxhoxgkbx no mc v}xgdg$

Co vgkc}c }bo}c dogsdgkc v!g dvscovf abmsk mc zxbmsfgc ok hsxilcpgcg mof ds ~bx v zgox5 co kc vgkc}c v

gd}xbmsf ko ckc dvckc oo!pgv fg~gkgpogc+ omgf v mc~gd hsxilcpc$ d}x!sd fs~d}+ co g fxccop b ksac msz flgzsk

g ovcadoxco cg$

Hsxilcpgo o vszsv vo}sk v}zdgxgg bxosksg$ Co o fxco} bxoc cdbxac+ o nfs} v fxcovf fbdvgmcxohgk zbzskogobxcdcovf no mc fco v}covf+ vaskidm ov}nck b zox}c dvcado} o zbzskogcg mgd gmgbgo ~gcgg mc ko ox$ ]b} oo

fsa o omsv vo}sk d}x!b v}oxc mc mczcdmcd no mc xo+ co o nfs} mczcdmcd}c xgkc hoxhoxc g vcaghoxhoxc mc fckc

fg~gkgpo}c+ zbzboxckc mc xodg mc zbzboxckc mc hsxilcpg+ Bxgcd}sk mc Bffgmcd}$

Hsxilcpgo vszxga mgd fc d fc aog ask} nxagoxco ag`kbofckbx mc zxbmsfgc+ o zxbzxgc}gg g o zbzskogcg$ Co o

oikbacxo} zbzskogo+ o fcd}xokgpo} ag`kbofckc mc zxbmsfgc g o fbdfcd}xo} zxbzxgc}o}co d agdg zsgdc$ Sxaoxco

gdc~g}ohgk o ofcv}bx vflgahxg o nbv} fcd}xokgpoxco zbkg}gf$ Zxb~gdfgg gdmczcdmcd}c+ ozxbozc dsaog fbdncmcxo}c+

o~dm gd}cxcvc+ kcig+ is~cxdc g ~ag mgncxg}c+ os nbv} dikbho}c d}x!b vgdisx dogsdc+ fs sd vgdisx is~cxd+ b vgdisx

kcic+ sd vgdisx gd}cxcv dogbdok mc fkov+ b vgdisx nxbd}gcx ~oaok$

Hsxilcpgo o fxco}+ d fsxvsk mbagdogcg cg mc fkov+ foxc mo}cop ohgo mc b vs} mc odg+ ask} aog ask}c g aog sxgoc

nbxc mc zxbmsfgc mcf} }bo}c icdcxoggkc }xcfs}c kobkok}$ Vsh`sioxco nbxckbx do}sxgg+ aogdgvask+ ozkgfoxco flgagcg d

gdmsv}xgc g oixgfsk}sx+ do~giogo fs ohsxg+ fgkc ncxo}c+ }ckcixonsk ckcf}xgf+ mcvckcdgxco sdbx d}xcig fbd}gdcd}c+ nks~gg

nfs}c do~giohgkc+ zbzskogg d}xcig gcg}c fo mgd zad} ! foxc mgd}xc vcfbkckc }xcfs}c ox ng zs}s} v hdsgovf f d

vdsk asdfgg vbfgokc mbxag}os ov}nck mc nbxc mc zxbmsfgc/

Oa ~ps} mcfg0 ag`kbofckc mc zxbmsfgc g mc vflgah zc hopo fxbxo v!o nbxao} hsxilcpgo os nbv} fxco}c d vbfgc}o}co

ncsmok$ Zc b odsag} }xcoz} mc mcp~bk}oxc o ofcv}bx ag`kbofc mc zxbmsfgc g mc vflgah+ xckoggkc d foxc vbfgc}o}co

ncsmok zxbmsfco g nfco vflgah+ bxiodgpoxco ncsmok o oixgfsk}sxgg g aodsnof}sxgg+ d}x!sd fs~d} xckoggkc ncsmokc mc

zxbzxgc}o}c ds aog fbxcvzsdmcos nbxckbx mc zxbmsfgc foxc vc mcp~bk}ovcx$ Ckc nxdos zxbmsfgo d kbf v!b v}gaskcpc$

Ckc vc zxcnfsvcx d }b} o}}co f}sc$ Ckc }xchsgos vnxao}c+ g os nbv} vnxao}c$

Kbfsk kbx k!o kso} kghcxo fbdfsxcd+ fs bxiodgpoxco vbfgok g zbkg}gf omcfso} cg+ fs mbagdogo cfbdbagf g zbkg}gfo fkovcg hsxilcpc$

Vsh bflgg db}xg vc mcvnbox b agfoxc ovcad}boxc$ Xckoggkc hsxilcpc mc zxbmsfgc g mc vflgah+ xckoggkc

hsxilcpc mc zxbzxgc}o}c+ vbfgc}o}co hsxilcp abmcxd+ foxc o zxbmsv+ fo zxgd noxacf+ ag`kbofc mc zxbmsfgc g mc

vflgah o}} mc sxgoc+ vcoad fs ~x`g}bxsk foxc ds aog zbo}c v}zdg zs}cxgkc d}sdcxgfsksg zc foxc kc!o mcpkdsg}$

Mc mcfcdgg gv}bxgo gdmsv}xgcg g fbacxsksg ds cv}c ok}fc~o mcf} gv}bxgo xp~x}gxgg nbxckbx mc zxbmsfgc abmcxdc

azb}xg~o xckoggkbx mc zxbmsfgc abmcxdc+ azb}xg~o xckoggkbx mc zxbzxgc}o}c foxc vd} fbdmgggkc mc c|gv}cd okc

hsxilcpgcg g okc mbagdogcg cg$ Cv}c mc o`sdv v zbacdga fxgpckc fbacxfgokc+ foxc+ zxgd xczc}oxco kbx zcxgbmgf+ zsd

}b} aog oacdgd}bx vsh vcadsk d}xchxgg c|gv}cdo d}xcigg vbfgc}g hsxilcpc$ d }gazsk fxgpckbx fbacxfgokc cv}c

mgv}xsv xcisko} b aoxc zox}c ds dsaog o zxbmsvckbx fxco}c+ fg g o nbxckbx mc zxbmsfgc c|gv}cd}c$ d }gazsk fxgpckbx

gphsfdc}c b czgmcagc vbfgok+ foxc ox ng zxs} b ohvsxmg}o}c d }bo}c czbfgkc od}cxgboxc+ ! czgmcago vszxozxbmsfgcg$

Vbfgc}o}co vc ~cmc hxsvf oxsdfo} dozbg+ d}x!b v}oxc mc hoxhoxgc abacd}od+ fo g fsa b nboac}c+ sd xphbg icdcxok


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Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} =

mc dgagfgxc ox ng kgzvg}!b mc }bo}c ag`kbofckc mc }xog5 gdmsv}xgo+ fbacxsk zox mgv}xsvc$ g zcd}xs fc2 Zcd}xs f vbfgc}o}co

zbvcm zxco ask} fg~gkgpogc+ zxco ask}c ag`kbofc mc }xog+ zxco ask} gdmsv}xgc+ zxco ask} fbacx$ Nbxckc mc

zxbmsfgc mc foxc mgvzsdc ds aog vcx~cvf ko mcp~bk}oxco fg~gkgpogcg hsxilcpc g o xckoggkbx mc zxbzxgc}o}c hsxilcpc5

mgazb}xg~+ ckc os mc~cdg} zxco sxgoc zcd}xs ofcv}c xckogg+ foxc nxdcop mcp~bk}oxco kbx5 g mc dmo} fc d~gdi

ofcov} zgcmgf+ ckc zxb~bof zcx}sxhxg d d}xcoio vbfgc}o}c hsxilcp+ zxgac`msgcvf c|gv}cdo zxbzxgc}gg hsxilcpc$

Xckoggkc hsxilcpc os mc~cdg} zxco v}xa}c zcd}xs o fszxgdmc o~sgo zxbmsv mc ckc$ Fsa d~gdic hsxilcpgo fxgpckc2

Zc mc b zox}c+ zxgd mgv}xsicxco nbxo} o sdcg aovc mc nbxc mc zxbmsfgc+ zc mc ok} zox}c zxgd fsfcxgxco mc dbg zgcc g

zxgd c|zkbo}oxco aog gd}cdv o zgcckbx ~cflg$ Zxgd fc+ mcfg2 Zxgd zxci}gxco sdbx fxgpc g aog icdcxokc+ g aog

nbxagmohgkc g zxgd xcmsfcxco ag`kbofckbx mc o kc zxc~cdg$

Oxackc fs foxc hsxilcpgo o mbhbx} ncsmokgvask vc dmxcoz} ov}pg azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg dvg$

Mox hsxilcpgo ds o nsxg} dsaog oxackc foxc g omsf abox}co0 co o fxco} g boacdgg foxc ~bx adsg ofcv}c oxac+ !

asdfg}bxgg abmcxdg+ zxbkc}oxgg$

d ofccog avsx d foxc vc mcp~bk} hsxilcpgo+ fs ok}c fs~gd}c fozg}oksk+ vc mcp~bk} g zxbkc}oxgo}sk+ fkovo

asdfg}bxgkbx abmcxdg+ foxc ds }xgcvf mcf} o}}o ~xcac f} asdfo kbx vzbxc}c fozg}oksk$ Ofc}g asdfg}bxg+ foxc vd}

vgkgg v vc ~dm fs hsfo}+ vd} b aoxn fo bxgfoxc ok} ox}gfbk mgd fbacx g zxgd sxaoxc vd} vszsg mcbzb}xg~ }s}sxbx

~gfgvg}smgdgkbx fbdfsxcdcg+ }s}sxbx bvfgkoggkbx zgccg$

Asdfo zxbkc}oxgkbx o zgcxms}+ zxgd c|}gdmcxco aogdgvasksg g zxgd mg~gpgsdco asdfgg+ bxgfc foxof}cx mc vgdc v}}}bx+

g+ b mo} fs ofcov}o+ bxgfc o}xofgc zcd}xs asdfg}bx$ Ofcv}o mc~gdc b vgazk odc| o aogdgg+ odc| mc ko foxc vc

zxc}gdmc dsaog bzcxogo fco aog vgazk+ fco aog abdb}bd+ fco aog kcvdc mc d~o}$ Mc ofcco flck}sgckgkc zc foxc

asdfg}bxsk kc zxgfgdsgc}c vc axigdcvf ozxbozc dsaog ko ag`kbofckc mc }xog dcfcvoxc zcd}xs d}xcgdcxco vo g zcd}xs

xczxbmsfcxco vzcfgcg vokc$ Zxcsk sdcg axng+ mcfg g ok asdfgg+ cv}c dv ciok fs flck}sgckgkc cg mc zxbmsfgc$ Mc ofcco+

d avsxo d foxc asdfo mc~gdc aog dcvsncxg}+ vfomc g vokoxgsk$ Aog ask} df+ d ofccog avsx d foxc vc

daskcvf aogdgkc g fxc}c mg~gpgsdco asdfgg+ fxc}c g fod}g}o}co mc asdf+ ngc zxgd daskgcxo bxckbx mc asdf+ ngc

zxgd gd}cdvgngfoxco asdfgg fcxs}c d}x!sd }gaz odsag}+ zxgd offckcxoxco acxvsksg aogdgkbx c}f$

Gdmsv}xgo abmcxd o }xodvnbxao} agfsk o}ckgcx ok ac}cxsksg zo}xgoxlok d aoxco nohxgf o fozg}okgv}sksg gdmsv}xgok$Aovc mc asdfg}bxg dixamg}c d nohxgf vd} bxiodgpo}c agkg}xc}c$ d fokg}o}c mc vgazkg vbkmog gdmsv}xgokg+ cg vd}

vszsg vszxo~cilcxgg sdcg gcxoxlgg d}xcig mc vshbngcxg g bngcxg$ Cg ds vsd} dsaog xbhgg fkovcg hsxilcpc+ og v}o}sksg

hsxilcp+ fg vd}+ pg fs pg g fcov fs fcov+ xbhgg mc aogd+ mc vszxo~cilc}bxg g+ aog okcv+ mc ngcfoxc hsxilcp nohxgfod}

d zox}c$ g fs f} ofcv} mcvzb}gva zxbfkoa aog ng f}gisk fo vfbz ngdok+ fs o}} cv}c aog acvflgd+ aog msadbv+

aog ozxgi$

Fs f} asdfo aodsok fcxc aog zsgd dmcadoxc g aog zsgd flck}sgok mc nbx+ omgf fs f} vc mcp~bk} aog ask}

gdmsv}xgo abmcxd+ fs o}} asdfo hoxhogkbx cv}c dkbfsg} zc vfox aog aoxc fs ofcco o ncacgkbx g o fbzggkbx$

Mcbvchgxgkc mc vc| g ~xv} g zgcxm ~okohgkg}o}co vbfgok fdm c ~bxho mc fkovo asdfg}boxc$ Ds aog c|gv} mcf}

gdv}xsacd}c mc asdf+ foxc zxgfgdsgcvf flck}sgckg mgncxg}c+ msz ~xv} g vc|$

Fdm asdfg}bxsk g zxgac}c vokoxgsk d hodg zcgd+ msz fc o nbv} c|zkbo}o} mc f}xc nohxgfod}+ }ohx ovszxo ksgfckckok}c zxg okc hsxilcpgcg ! zxbzxgc}oxsk+ hfodsk+ fa}oxsk c}f$

Z}sxgkc gdncxgboxc okc v}xgg mc ag`kbf0 agfgg gdmsv}xgog+ agfgg dcisv}bxg g xcd}gcxg+ acvcxgogg g xodgg+ }bo}c ofcv}c

fkovc dixbo xdmsxgkc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg+ zox}c mgd fosp f agfsk kbx fozg}ok+ nggdm gdvsngfgcd} zcd}xs aoxg d}xczxgdmcxg

gdmsv}xgokc+ cv}c dnxd} mc fbdfsxcdo fozg}okg}gkbx aog aoxg+ zox}c mgd fosp f dmcadoxco kbx zxbncvgbdok ds aog

oxc ofccog ~okboxc fo sxaoxc o dbgkbx ac}bmc mc zxbmsfgc$ Ov}nck zxbkc}oxgo}sk vc xcfxs}cop mgd }bo}c fkovckc

zbzskogcg$

Zxbkc}oxgo}sk }xcfc zxgd mgncxg}c }xcz}c mc mcp~bk}oxc$ Ksz}o vo azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg dfczc b mo} fs c|gv}cdo vo$

Ko dfczs} ksz} asdfg}bxg xpkcg+ ozbg asdfg}bxgg sdcg nohxgfg+ zc sxa asdfg}bxgg sdcg xasxg mc asdf mgd}x!b

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5/26


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6/26

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7/26


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8/26

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12/26

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fbdv} }bfaog d ofcco f vsh mbagdogo cg vc mcp~bk} b fkov foxc ~o nofc v vox d ocx d}xcoio bxmgdc vbfgok

~cflc$

Cg d~gdsgcvf hsxilcpgo ds o}} f o fxco} sd zxbkc}oxgo} d icdcxc+ f} f o fxco} sd zxbkc}oxgo} xc~bksgbdox$

Mc ofcco+ d zxof}gfo zbkg}gf+ cg zox}gfgz ko }bo}c avsxgkc ~gbkcd}c azb}xg~o fkovcg asdfg}boxc+ gox d ~goo mc }bo}cpgkckc vd} io}o+ d fgsmo nxopcbkbigcg kbx sanko}c+ v fskcoi acxckc mc osx g v xcdsdc ko fxcmgd+ gshgxc g bdboxc d

vflgahsk dcibsksg fs kd+ vncfk g xoflgs$

Msz fsa zbzo acxico }b}mcosdo ad d ad fs ncsmoksk+ }b} ov}nck g vbfgokgvask zbzcvf acxic ok}sxg mc

vbfgokgvask ncsmok$

Dgagf aog sbx mcf} o mo b vzbgok vbfgokgv} ovfc}gvasksg fxc}gd$ Boxc fxc}gdgvask d!o }sdo} g nskicxo} g ck

azb}xg~o zxbzxgc}gg zxg~o}c+ o fv}bxgcg g o v}o}sksg2 Boxc d!o zxbzb~msg} ck d kbfsk ofcv}bxo foxg}o}co g

fcxc}bxgo+ fckgho}sk g ddhsgxco zo}gagkbx }xszc}g+ ~goo mc flgkgc g hgvcxgfo2 Vbfgokgvask fxc}gd ds!g mcf}

oilgovao fs foxc zbzo vnggdc}c dcfopsk oxgv}bfxo}sksg$

Vbfgokgvask agf!hsxilcp

Oxgv}bfxogo ncsmok ds cv}c vgdisxo fkov foxc o nbv} xv}sxdo} mc hsxilcpgc g okc fxcg fbdmggg mc ~go v!os

dxs}g} g os mgvzxs} fs dfc}sk d vbfgc}o}co hsxilcp abmcxd$ ]xib~cgg mgd c~sk acmgs g agfo xdgac os nbv}

zxcfsxvbxgg hsxilcpgcg abmcxdc$ d xgkc aog zsgd mcp~bk}o}c mgd zsdf} mc ~cmcxc gdmsv}xgok g fbacxfgok+ ofcov}

fkov fbd}gds v ~cic}cpc ok}sxg mc hsxilcpgo d ovfcdvgsdc$

d xgkc d foxc v!o mcp~bk}o} fg~gkgpogo abmcxd v!o nbxao} b dbs agf hsxilcpgc+ foxc+ nksf}sdm d}xc zxbkc}oxgo} g

hsxilcpgc fo zox}c d}xcig}boxc o vbfgc}gg hsxilcpc+ vc nbxacop acxcs mgd dbs g og fxcg acahxg vd} dv acxcs

op~xkgg mc fbdfsxcd d xdmsxgkc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg5 aog ask}+ zc avsx fc vc mcp~bk} aoxco gdmsv}xgc+ cg ~m

ozxbzggdms!vc abacd}sk fdm ~bx mgvzxco fs mcv~xgxc fo zox}c gdmczcdmcd} o vbfgc}gg abmcxdc g ~bx ng

dkbfsgg+ d fbacx+ d gdmsv}xgc g d oixgfsk}sx+ fs vszxo~cilc}bxg g vcx~g}bxg$d xg fo Nxodo+ d foxc fkovo xdcovf okf}sgc}c aog ask} mc `sa}o}c mgd zbzskogc+ cxo ngxcvf fo fxg}gfo zc foxc b

nfcos xcigasksg hsxilcp vfxgg}bxg foxc ksos o}g}smgdc zcd}xs zxbkc}oxgo} g azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg v ngc zc avsxo

agfsksg hsxilcp g o agfsksg xod g v ozcxc fospo asdfg}bxgkbx mgd zsdf}sk mc ~cmcxc ok agfgg hsxilcpgg$ d ncksk

ofcv}o o kso} do}cxc vbfgokgvask agf!hsxilcp$ Vgvabdmg c cnsk ofcv}cg kg}cxo}sxg ds dsaog cd}xs Nxodo+ mox g zcd}xs

Odikgo$

Ofcv} vbfgokgva odokgpo fs ask} zcxvzgfofg}o}c fbd}xomgfggkc c|gv}cd}c d xckoggkc mc zxbmsfgc abmcxdc$ Ck mcaovfo

ozbkbigo noxdgf o cfbdbag}gkbx$ Ck mcabdv}xo+ nx zs}gd mc }iom+ cncf}ckc mgv}xsi}boxc okc aogdgvasksg g

okc mg~gpgsdgg asdfgg+ fbdfcd}xoxco fozg}oksxgkbx g o zxbzxgc}gg nsdfgoxc+ vszxozxbmsfgo+ fxgpckc+ zgcgxco gdc~g}ohgk o

agfgkbx hsxilcpg g xodg+ agpcxgo zxbkc}oxgo}sksg+ odoxlgo d zxbmsfgc+ v}xgi}boxckc mgvzxbzbxgg d xczox}ggo o~sgcg+

xphbgsk gdmsv}xgok dgagfg}bx mgd}xc dogsdg+ mcvfbazsdcxco ~cflgkbx abxo~sxg+ o ~cflgkbx xckogg noagkgokc+ o ~cflgkbx

dogbdokg}g$

Zb}xg~g} fbdgds}sksg vs zbpg}g~ dv+ ofcv} vbfgokgva ~xco vos v xcv}ohgkcovf ~cflgkc ag`kbofc mc zxbmsfgc g mc

vflgah+ g+ b mo} fs ckc+ ~cflgkc xckogg mc zxbzxgc}o}c g ~cflco vbfgc}o}c+ vos v ncxcfc mgd dbs+ fs nbx+ ag`kbofckc

abmcxdc mc zxbmsfgc g mc vflgah d f}sckc ~cflgkbx xckogg mc zxbzxgc}o}c+ foxc os nbv} vnxao}c mc ofcv}c

ag`kbofc$ d oahckc fopsxg ofcv} vbfgokgva cv}c xcofgbdox g }b}bmo} s}bzgf$ Fbxzbxoggkc d zcxgbomo aodsnof}sxgcx+

cfbdbago zo}xgoxlok ko ox ! go} sk}gask ksg fs~d}$

d mcp~bk}oxco vo sk}cxgbox+ ofcv} fsxcd} v!o azb}abkg} d}x!b dczs}gd ko$


13/26


Vbfgokgvask icxaod vos omc~xo}sk vbfgokgva

Kg}cxo}sxo vbfgokgv} g fbasdgv} mgd Nxodo+ foxc o kso} do}cxc vsh zxcvgsdco sdcg hsxilcpgg mbagdod}c g foxc cv}c

c|zxcvgo kg}cxox o ksz}cg azb}xg~o ofcv}cg mbagdogg+ o nbv} gd}xbmsv d Icxaodgo zc ~xcaco fdm hsxilcpgo }bfaog

dfczsvc ksz}o azb}xg~o ohvbks}gvasksg ncsmok$

Ngkbpbngg+ vcagngkbpbngg g }bg fcg fs zxc}cdgg kg}cxoxc mgd Icxaodgo vc oxsdfox fs kfbagc ovszxo ofcv}cg kg}cxo}sxg+

sg}dm dv f b mo} fs gd}xbmsfcxco ofcv}bx vfxgcxg mgd Nxodo ds nsvcvcx gd}xbmsvc d Icxaodgo g fbdmgggkc mc ~gomc ofbkb$ Mo} nggdm v}oxco mc ksfxsxg mgd Icxaodgo+ kg}cxo}sxo nxodfcp zgcxms bxgfc vcadgngfogc zxof}gf gacmgo} g

fz} sd ovzcf} zsx kg}cxox$ Co }xchsgo v ozox fo b vzcfskogc v}cxgk ovszxo omc~xo}cg vbfgc}g+ ovszxo xcokgpxgg

do}sxgg saodc$ Ov}nck+ xc~cdmgfxgkc zxgacg xc~bksgg nxodfcpc ds o~cos zcd}xs ngkbpbngg icxaodg og vcfbksksg ok

\^GGG!kco ok} dckcv mcf} ofcko mc mcpgmcxo}c okc xogsdgg zxof}gfc d icdcxok+ gox aodgncv}xgkc ~bgdcg hsxilcpgcg

xc~bksgbdoxc mgd Nxodo cxos+ d bflgg kbx+ dg}c kcig okc ~bgdcg zsxc+ okc ~bgdcg oo fsa ox }xchsg v ngc+ okc

omc~xo}cg ~bgdc bacdc}g$

Of}g~g}o}co kg}cxogkbx icxaodg fbdv}o c|fksvg~ d o zsdc mc ofbxm dbgkc gmcg nxodfcpc fs ~cflco kbx fbd}ggd

ngkbpbngf+ vos+ aog hgdc pgv+ d o!g dvsg mgd zsdf}sk kbx mc ~cmcxc ngkbpbngf gmcgkc nxodfcpc$

Cg g dvsgx ofcv}c gmcg d ofckog nck d foxc vc dvsc}c d icdcxc b kgah v}xgd0 zxgd }xomsfcxc$

Vc }gc f zcv}c aodsvfxgvckc bzcxckbx fkovgfc mgd ~cxasxgkc od}gflg}gg zidc+ fksixgg o}cxdcos zb~c}g vcoxhmc

mcvzxc vngdgg fo}bkgfg$ Kg}cxogg icxaodg zxbfcmox gd~cxv fs kg}cxo}sxo zxbnod nxodfcp$ Cg g vfxgvcx ohvsxmg}gkc

ngkbpbngfc zc ~cxvb!sk bxgigdoksksg nxodfcp$ Mc zgkm+ zc ~cxvb!sk fxg}gfgg nxodfcpc o xckoggkbx hdc}g cg os vfxgv

dv}xgdoxco do}sxgg saodc+ zc ~cxvb!sk fxg}gfgg nxodfcpc o v}o}sksg hsxilcp cg os vfxgv mcvnggdoxco v}zdgxgg

sdg~cxvoksksg ohv}xof} c}f$

Ofcov} nxopcbkbigc ngkbpbngf+ vshv}g}sg} }cbxggkbx nxodfcpc+ o nbv} hb}cpo} mc cg ngkbpbngo ofgsdgg+ omc~xo}sk

vbfgokgva+ }ggdo icxaod o vbfgokgvasksg+ nsdmoacd}oxco ngkbpbngf o vbfgokgvasksg c}f$

d ncksk ofcv}o kg}cxo}sxo vbfgokgv}!fbasdgv} nxodfcp o nbv} mc!o mxcz}sk caovfsko}$ g mcboxcfc d ado icxaodsksg

co dfc}o v c|zxgac ksz}o sdcg fkovc azb}xg~o ok}cgo+ ck cxo fbd~gdv f hgxsgvc sdgko}cxokg}o}co nxodfcp+ f ck ozxo+

d kbfsk sdbx dc~bg omc~xo}c+ dc~bgo mc omc~x+ gox d kbfsk gd}cxcvckbx zxbkc}oxgo}sksg+ gd}cxcvckc nggdcg saodc+ okcbasksg d icdcxok+ okc basksg foxc ds ozoxgdc dgfg sdcg fkovc+ foxc d icdcxc ds ozoxgdc xcokg}gg+ fg dcisxgkbx

nod}cpgcg ngkbpbngfc$

Ofcv} vbfgokgva icxaod+ foxc kso o}} mc vbkcad d vcxgbv v}diofckc vokc c|cxfggg vfbkxc}g g kc }xahgo o}} mc

pibab}bv+ g zgcxms dv zsgd f}c zsgd zcmod}o dc~gdb~gc$

Ksz}o hsxilcpgcg icxaodc+ aog fs vcoa o fckcg zxsvofc+ azb}xg~o ncsmokgkbx g o abdoxlgcg ohvbks}c+ d}x!sd fs~d}

agfoxco kghcxok+ mc~cdg aog vcxgbov$

Omc~xo}sksg vbfgokgva g vc g~g+ ov}nck+ zxgkc`sk mbxg} mc o bzsdc agfxgg zbkg}gfc xc~cdmgfxgkc vbfgokgv}c+ mc o

zxbncxo hkcv}cackc }xomggbdokc azb}xg~o kghcxokgvasksg+ azb}xg~o v}o}sksg xczxcpcd}o}g~+ azb}xg~o fbdfsxcdcg

hsxilcpc+ o kghcx}gg hsxilcpc o zxcvcg+ o mxcz}sksg hsxilcp+ o kghcx}gg g o ciokg}gg hsxilcpc g mc o zxbzb~msgaovckbx zbzskoxc f mgd ofcov} agfoxc hsxilcp ckc ds o~cos dgagf mc f}gio}+ fg+ mgazb}xg~+ }b}sk mc zgcxms}$

Vbfgokgvask icxaod sg} ko }gaz f fxg}gfo nxodfcp+ ok fxcg cfbs v}szgm cxo+ zxcvszsdc vbfgc}o}co abmcxd hsxilcp

fs fbdmgggkc ao}cxgokc mc ~go fbxcvzsdp}boxc g fs fbdv}g}sgo zbkg}gf omcf~o}+ omgf }bo}c ofckc zxcagvc foxc d

Icxaodgo }xchsgos ohgo fsfcxg}c zxgd ksz}$

Ofcv} vbfgokgva vcx~co is~cxdckbx ohvbks}gv}c icxaodc fs d}xcisk kbx fbx}cigs mc zbzg+ movfkg+ gsdflcxg g hgxbfxog

mxcz} vzcxgc}boxc hgdc~cdg} azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg fc vc xgmgfo oacdgd}boxc$

Ck okf}sgo fbazkc}oxco mskfcoi ko oaoxdgfckc kb~g}sxg mc hgfg g ko zkbogo mc ikbodc fs foxc ofckcog is~cxdc }xo}os

gdvsxcfggkc asdfg}bxgkbx icxaodg$

Mof omc~xo}sk vbfgokga mc~cdgvc ov}nck b oxa d agdgkc is~cxdckbx azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg icxaodc+ ck cxo+

}b}bmo}+ d abm dcag`kbfg} g c|zxcvgo gd}cxcvckbx xcofgbdoxc+ o gd}cxcvckbx }xib~cgkbx icxaodg$ d Icxaodgo+ agfo

hsxilcpgc+ zc foxc o kvo}!b ab}cdgxc vcfbksk ok \^G!kco g foxc mc o}sdfg xcozoxc ogfg d}x!sdo vsh mgncxg}c nbxac+


14/26

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} ?=

okf}sgc}c mc noz} }cackgo vbfgok o v}xgg mc ksfxsxg c|gv}cd}c$

Acdgdcxco cg dvcoad acdgdcxco v}xgg mc ksfxsxg c|gv}cd}c d Icxaodgo$ Co vc }cac mc mbagdogo gdmsv}xgok g

zbkg}gf o hsxilcpgcg+ foxc ~o msfc d abm gdc~g}ohgk ko zgcgxco cg+ zc mc b zox}c fo sxaoxc o fbdfcd}xxgg fozg}oksksg+

zc mc ok} zox}c fo sxaoxc o mcp~bk}xgg zxbkc}oxgo}sksg xc~bksgbdox$ Agfo hsxilcpgc g dflgzsgo f omc~xo}sk

vbfgokgva ~o babx mgd}x!b kb~g}sx mbs as}c$ Ck vc xvzdmg fo b czgmcagc$

cvs} mgd zgcd`cdg vzcfsko}g~+ hxbmo} fs nkbxg xc}bxgfc kg}cxoxc g ahgho} fs xbs vcd}gacd}ok+ ofcv} ~cad}zbazbv d foxc vbfgokg}gg icxaodg g d~ksgos fckc f}c~o omc~xsxg c}cxdc dfxcacdg}c o nfs} fo aoxno kbx v vc

mcvnof aog kcvdc d xdmsxgkc ofcv}sg zshkgf$

Ko xdmsk vs+ vbfgokgvask icxaod o dckcv mgd fc d fc aog ask} agvgsdco vo mc o ng xczxcpcd}od}sk ixodmgkbf~cd} ok

ofcv}cg agfg hsxilcpgg$

Ck zxbfkoa dogsdco icxaod fo zxb}b}gz ok dogsdgg+ gox zc ngkgv}gdsk icxaod fo zxb}b}gz ok basksg$ Ngcfxcg }gfkbgg

o ofcv}sgo ck g o}xghsgo sd vcdv ovfsdv+ sd vcdv vszcxgbx+ vbfgokgv}+ zxcnfdm!b d fbd}xoxgsk cg$ Fbdvcf~cd} zd ko

foz}+ ck v!o xgmgfo} ng azb}xg~o bxgcd}xgg hxs}ok mgv}xsf}g~c o fbasdgvasksg+ zxbfkoadm gazoxgokg}o}co vo

axco aog zxcvsv mc bxgfc ksz} mc fkov$ ]bo}c zxc}gdvckc zshkgfogg vbfgokgv}c g fbasdgv}c foxc fgxfsk d

Icxaodgo ozoxgd+ fs nbox}c zsgdc c|fczgg+ ofcv}cg kg}cxo}sxg asxmoxc g zoxokgpod}c$

Vbfgokgvask fbdvcx~o}bx vos hsxilcp

B zox}c mgd hsxilcpgc mbxc}c v }amsgovf xckckc vbfgokc zcd}xs o ovgisxo c|gv}cdo vbfgc}gg hsxilcpc$

Zxgd}xc ofcv}co ivga0 cfbdbag}g+ ngkod}xbzg+ saodg}oxg}g+ boacdg foxc vc dmckc}dgfcvf fs ahsd}gxco vg}sogcg

fkovcg asdfg}boxc+ fs bxiodgpoxco mc bzcxc ngkod}xbzgfc+ acahxg og vbfgc}gkbx mc zxb}cfgc o odgaokckbx+ nbdmo}bxg mc

vbfgc}g mc }cazcxod+ xcnbxao}bxg mc foncdco mc fckc aog mgncxg}c dsodc$ Ofcv} vbfgokgva hsxilcp o nbv} ckohbxo}

flgox vsh nbxa mc vgv}cac fbazkc}c$

Fo zgkm fg}a Zlgkbvbzlgc mc ko agvcxc o ksg Zxbsmlbd$

Hsxilcpgg vbfgokg}g ~bx fbdmgggkc mc ~go okc vbfgc}gg abmcxdc mox nx ksz}ckc g zxgac`mggkc foxc mcfsxi fs

dcfcvg}o}c mgd ckc$ Cg ~bx vbfgc}o}co of}sok nx ckcacd}ckc foxc b xc~bksgbdcop g b mcvfbazsd$ Cg ~bx hsxilcpgo

nx zxbkc}oxgo}$ Hsxilcpgo fbdvgmcx+ ngxc}c+ ksaco d foxc mbadc}c mxcz} fco aog hsd mgd}xc ksag$ Vbfgokgvask

hsxilcp ckohbxcop ofcov} fbdfczgc fbdvbko}boxc d}x!sd vgv}ca aog ask} vog aog zsgd fbazkc}$ O}sdfg fdm ck

gd~g} zxbkc}oxgo}sk v dnz}sgovf vgv}cackc vokc g v zcovf d dbsk Gcxsvokga+ ck ds!g fcxc mc noz} mcf} v xad

d fomxsk vbfgc}gg of}sokc+ mox v kczcmc fbdfczggkc vokc msadbovc mcvzxc ofcov} vbfgc}o}c$

B ok} nbxa+ aog zsgd vgv}cao}gf+ dv aog zxof}gf+ o ofcv}sg vbfgokgva fos} v nof dcvsncxg} fkovcg asdfg}boxc

bxgfc agfoxc xc~bksgbdox+ mcabdv}xdms!g f cg ds g!ox zs}co ng mc nbkbv fs}oxc vos fs}oxc vflgahoxc zbkg}gf+ fg

dsaog b vflgahoxc o fbdmgggkbx ao}cxgokc mc }xog+ o fbdmgggkbx cfbdbagfc$ Zxgd vflgahoxco fbdmgggkbx ao}cxgokc mc

}xog+ ofcv} vbfgokgva ds dckcic dv dgfgmcfsa mcvnggdoxco xckoggkbx mc zxbmsfgc hsxilcpc+ foxc ds zbo}c ng

dnz}sg} mcf} zc fokc xc~bksgbdox+ fg ahsd}gxg omagdgv}xo}g~c xcokgpo}c zc hopo ofcv}bx xckogg mc zxbmsfgc+omgf ahsd}gxg foxc ds vflgah d}xs dgagf xozbx}sk mgd}xc fozg}ok g asdfo vokoxgo}+ fg foxc+ d fopsk fck aog hsd+

agfbxcop flck}sgckgkc mc mbagdogc okc hsxilcpgcg g!g vgazkgngf hsic}sk$

Vbfgokgvask hsxilcp g ivc}c c|zxcvgo fbxcvzsdp}boxc ohgo o}sdfg fdm mc~gdc b vgazk ngisx xc}bxgf$

Fbacx kghcx/ d gd}cxcvsk fkovcg asdfg}boxc5 }o|c ~oaokc zxb}cfgbdgv}c/ d gd}cxcvsk fkovcg asdfg}boxc5 dflgvbxg fs

xciga fckskox/ d gd}cxcvsk fkovcg asdfg}boxc ! go} sk}gask g vgdisxsk fs~d} vgdfcx xbv}g} mc vbfgokgvask hsxilcp$

Vbfgokgvask hsxilcp fbdv} }bfaog d ongxaogo f hsxilcpgg vd} hsxilcpg ! d gd}cxcvsk fkovcg asdfg}boxc$


15/26


Vbfgokgvask g fbasdgvask fxg}gfb!s}bzgf

Ds ~bxhga ofg mc kg}cxo}sxo foxc o c|zxgao}+ d }bo}c aoxgkc xc~bksgg abmcxdc+ xc~cdmgfxgkc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg ,vfxgcxgkc

ksg Hohcsn c}f$'$

Zxgackc dfcxfxg okc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg mc o xcokgpo mgxcf} zxbzxgsk vs gd}cxcv mc fkov d}x!b czbf mc ngcxhcxc icdcxok+

d zcxgbom xv}sxdxgg vbfgc}gg ncsmokc+ os mo} gdc~g}ohgk ixc mgd fosp f zxbkc}oxgo}sk cxo ck dvsg dcmcp~bk}o} g

zcd}xs f kgzvcos fbdmgggkc ao}cxgokc zcd}xs ckghcxoxco vo+ ffg ofcv}c fbdmggg ds vd} mcf} zxbmsvsk czbfgg hsxilcpc$Kg}cxo}sxo xc~bksgbdox foxc o dvbg} ofcv}c zxgac agfxg okc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg cv}c d abm dcfcvox xcofgbdox zxgd

fbdgds}sk cg$ Co zxbzb~msgc}c sd ovfc}gva icdcxok g sd ciokg}oxgva zxgag}g~$

Vgv}cackc vbfgokgv}c g fbasdgv}c zxbzxgs!pgvc+ vgv}cackc ksg Vogd}!Vgabd+ Nbsxgcx+ Bycd c}f$+ ozox d zxgao zcxgbom+

df dcmcp~bk}o} o ksz}cg mgd}xc zxbkc}oxgo} g hsxilcpgc+ zc foxc oa mcvfxgv!b aog vsv ,~cpg Hsxilcpgc g

zxbkc}oxgo}'$

Gd~cd}o}bxgg ofcv}bx vgv}cac ~m+ fc!g mxcz}+ od}oibdgvask mgd}cx fkovc+ zxcfsa g ofgsdco ckcacd}ckbx mgpbk~od}c mgd

dvg vbfgc}o}co mbagdod}$ Mox mc zox}co zxbkc}oxgo}sksg cg ds pxcvf dgfg b of}g~g}o}c gv}bxgf zxbzxgc+ dgfg b agfoxc

zbkg}gf vzcfgngf ksg$

Mcboxcfc mcp~bk}oxco od}oibdgvasksg mc fkov acxic d zov fs mcp~bk}oxco gdmsv}xgcg+ cg ds ivcvf d vbfgc}o}c dgfgfbdmgggkc ao}cxgokc zcd}xs ckghcxoxco zxbkc}oxgo}sksg g fos} b }ggd vbfgok+ kcig vbfgokc+ zcd}xs o fxco ofcv}c

fbdmggg$

Kbfsk of}g~g}gg vbfgokc }xchsgc v!k go of}g~g}o}co kbx gd~cd}g~ zcxvbdok5 kbfsk fbdmgggkbx gv}bxgfc okc ckghcxxgg !

fbdmggg nod}cpgv}c5 kbfsk bxiodgpxgg }xcz}o}c o zxbkc}oxgo}sksg fo fkov ! b bxiodgpoxc odsac dvfbfg} o vbfgc}gg$

^gg}boxco gv}bxgc o ksagg vc xcmsfc zcd}xs cg ko zxbzoioxco g ko xcokgpoxco zxof}gf o zkodsxgkbx kbv vbfgokc$

Cg g mos vcoao+ fc!g mxcz}+ f zkodsxgkc kbx xczxcpgd}+ dogd}c mc }bo}c+ gd}cxcvckc fkovcg asdfg}boxc+ okc fckcg aog

dzv}sg}c fkovc$ Zxbkc}oxgo}sk c|gv} zcd}xs mdgg dsaog vsh ofcv} ovzcf}+ ok fkovcg fckcg aog dzv}sg}c$

Nbxao dcmcp~bk}o} o ksz}cg mc fkov+ fo g zxbzxgo kbx zbpggc d ~go+ g nofc dv v vc fxcom aog zxcvsv mc ofcv}

od}oibdgva mc fkov$ Cg ~bx v ahsd}covf vg}sogo }s}sxbx acahxgkbx vbfgc}gg+ flgox g zc o fckbx nbox}c hgdc

vg}sog$ Mc ofcco cg ozckcop dcfbd}cdg} ko d}xcoio vbfgc}o}c nx mcbvchgxc+ ho flgox mc zxcncxgd ko fkovo mbagdod}$

Msz zxcxco kbx o`sdic v kc dckcig vgv}cask zcd}xs o xcfsdbo}c f c fck aog hsd zkod fs zs}gd ok fckcg aog hsdc

vbfgc}g fs zs}gd$

Cg xcvzgdi mc ofcco bxgfc nck mc ofgsdc zbkg}gf g aog fs vcoa xc~bksgbdox5 cg ~bx v!g o}gdi cksk zc fokc

zodgf g dfcoxf zxgd agfg c|zcxgcdc+ vbx}g}c+ ngxc}c+ ccfsksg+ zxgd zs}cxco c|cazksksg v fxbgovf mxsa dbgg

c~odilckgg vbfgokc$

Ofcov} mcvfxgcxc nod}cpgv} o vbfgc}gg ~gg}boxc+ mo}dm mgd}x!b czbf d foxc zxbkc}oxgo}sk cv}c df nbox}c zsgd

mcp~bk}o}+ fdm ck dvsg fbdfczc df d flgz nod}cpgv} zxbzxgo vo zbpggc+ ! cv}c zxbmsvsk zxgackbx ovzgxogg zkgdc mc

zxcvgagxc okc zxbkc}oxgo}sksg f}xc b zxcnofcxc icdcxok o vbfgc}gg$

Vfxgcxgkc vbfgokgv}c g fbasdgv}c fbdgd dv g ckcacd}c fxg}gfc$ Ckc o}of d}xcoio }cackgc o vbfgc}gg c|gv}cd}c$ Ckc osbncxg} mcfg sd ao}cxgok nbox}c zxcgbv zcd}xs ksagdoxco asdfg}bxgkbx$ ]cpckc kbx zbpg}g~c fs zxg~gxc ko vbfgc}o}co

~gg}boxc+ fo+ mc zgkm+ mcvnggdoxco bzbpggcg mgd}xc bxo g vo}+ o noagkgcg+ o f}gisksg zxg~o}+ o asdfgg vokoxgo}c+

zxbfkoaoxco oxabdgcg vbfgokc+ }xodvnbxaoxco v}o}sksg d}x!b vgazk omagdgv}xoxc o zxbmsfgcg+ ! }bo}c ofcv}c }cpc okc

kbx ds c|zxga mcf} dcfcvg}o}co mgvzoxggcg od}oibdgvasksg mc fkov+ foxc dfczc ohgo v vc mcp~bk}c g zc foxc cg k

fsdbvf dsaog vsh zxgao vo nbxa+ ~oi g dcmcngdg}$ Mc ofcco dvcg ofcv}c }cpc aog os df sd vcdv zsx s}bzgf$

dvcad}o}co vbfgokgvasksg g o fbasdgvasksg fxg}gfb!s}bzgf vc onk d xozbx} gd~cxv fs mcp~bk}oxco gv}bxgf$ d

avsxo d foxc ksz}o mc fkov vc mcp~bk} g foz} nbxac hgdc fbd}sxo}c+ ofcov} }cdmgd nod}cpgv} mc o vc vg}so

mcovszxo ksz}cg mc fkov+ ofcov} fbaho}cxc nod}cpgv} o cg zgcxmc bxgfc ~okboxc zxof}gf+ bxgfc dmxcz}gxc }cbxc}gf$

Mc ofcco+ mof d ask}c zxg~gdc nbdmo}bxgg ofcv}bx vgv}cac os nbv} xc~bksgbdoxg+ ozbg mgvfgzbkgg kbx okf}sgcvf

d}b}mcosdo vcf}c xcofgbdoxc$ Cg zv}xcop dcfkgd}g}c ~cflgkc fbdfczgg okc movfkgkbx kbx nx o gdc vcoao mc

mcp~bk}oxco gv}bxgf o zxbkc}oxgo}sksg$ Mc ofcco cg fos} d abm fbdvcf~cd} v vkhcovf mgd dbs ksz}o mc fkov g v


16/26

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} ?>

azofc od}oibdgvackc$ Cg }b} aog ~gpcop xcokgpoxco+ fs }g}ksk mc c|zcxgcd+ o s}bzggkbx kbx vbfgokc+ d}cacgcxco sdbx

nokodv}cxc xpkcc+ nbdmoxco mc lbac!fbkbdgcv+ dngdoxco sdcg agfg Gfoxgg+ cmggc d nbxao} xcmsv o dbsksg Gcxsvokga5

gox zcd}xs fbdv}xsgxco }s}sxbx ofcv}bx fov}ckc d Vzodgo cg vd} dc~bgg v nof ozck ko ngkod}xbzgo gdgagkbx g zsdigkbx

hsxilcpc$ ]xcz}o}+ }xcz}o} cg fom d fo}cibxgo vbfgokg}gkbx xcofgbdoxg vos fbdvcx~o}bxg mcvfxgg aog vsv+ mcbvchgdms!vc

mc ofc}go dsaog zxgd}x!b zcmod}cxgc aog vgv}cao}gf+ zxgd}x!b fxcmgd vszcxv}ggbov g nodo}gf d cncf}sk agxofskbv

ok }ggdcg kbx vbfgokc$

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mgd}x!b }b}ok kgzv mc fxcmgd d c~odilckgo fco dbs$

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mc fox}g}gg mgd Odikgo g no mc omczgg xcnbxacg oixoxc mgd Oacxgfo mc Dbxm+ vc dckcic mc ko vgdc$

Fbasdg}gg ksz} zcd}xs dnz}sgxco vfbzsxgkbx g gd}cxcvckbx gacmgo}c okc fkovcg asdfg}boxc+ mox cg xczxcpgd} }b}bmo}

~gg}bxsk agfxgg d agfoxco zxcpcd}$ d Nxodo fbasdg}gg vc ok}sx zox}gmsksg vbfgokgv}!mcabfxo} azb}xg~ohsxilcpgcg fbdvcx~o}boxc g xomgfokc+ nx o xcdsdo dv zxgd ofcov}o ko mxcz}sk mc o o~co b o}g}smgdc fxg}gf no mc

noxpckc g gkspggkc foxc g os bhxgo d }xomggo xc~bksgbdox$

d Ck~cgo cg vzxg`gd zc xomgfokg+ nx o zgcxmc dv mgd ~cmcxc f ofcv} zox}gm vc fbazsdc mgd ckcacd}c fbd}xomgf}bxgg+

d zox}c vbfgokg}g mcabfxog+ d dckcvsk nxodfcp+ d zox}c hsxilcpg xomgfokg$

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abdoxlgcg ohvbks}c+ o zxbzxgc}gg nsdfgoxc ncsmokc g o vzgxg}sksg agf!hsxilcp$

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hsxilcpgcg+ ov}nck fo msz xv}sxdoxco fkovckbx xcofgbdoxc d Icxaodgo v dfcoz gacmgo} ksz}o azb}xg~o hsxilcpgcg

dvg$

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sd zxbkc}oxgo} ask} aog mcp~bk}o} mcf} Odikgo d vcfbksk ok \^GG!kco g Nxodo d vcfbksk ok \^GGG!kco+ g mcfg

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d}x!sd fs~d}+ fbasdg}gg vzxg`gd zxc}s}gdmcdg bxgfc agfoxc xc~bksgbdox azb}xg~o bxdmsgxgg vbfgokc g zbkg}gfc

c|gv}cd}c$

d }bo}c ofcv}c agfxg cg zsd zc zxgask zkod+ fo zxbhkca nsdmoacd}ok o agfxgg+ zxbhkcao zxbzxgc}gg+ gdmgncxcd}

mc nbxao aog ask} vos aog zsgd mcp~bk}o} zc foxc ofcov}o ox o~co!b$

d vnxg}+ fbasdg}gg agkg}cop zxc}s}gdmcdg zcd}xs sdgxc g dckcicxc d}xc zox}gmckc mcabfxo}c mgd }bo}c xgkc$

Fbasdg}gkbx kc xczsid v!g ovfsdm ~cmcxgkc g gd}cdggkc$ Cg mcfkox ng f cksxgkc kbx zb} ng o}gdvc dsaog zxgd

mbhbxxco ~gbkcd} o d}xcigg bxdmsgxg vbfgokc mc zd ofsa$ V }xcasxc fkovckc mbagdod}c d noo sdcg Xc~bksgg

Fbasdgv}c$ Zxbkc}oxgg d!os mc zgcxms} d ofcov} xc~bksgc mcf} kodsxgkc$ Cg os b ksac mc f}gio}$

ZXBKC]OXG MGD ]BO]C XGKC+ SDGG!^/


17/26


Zxcncc

Zxcno ko cmggo icxaod mgd ?


18/26

Aodgncv}sk Zox}gmsksg Fbasdgv} ?

Karl Marx - Manifestul Comunist

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