Itr Finals Handouts

8/13/2019 Itr Finals Handouts

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DRUG

an agent intendedfor use in thediagnosis,mitigation,treatment, cure, orprevention of

disease in humans,or in animals.
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One of the most astounding qualitiesof drugs is the diversity of their

actions and effects on the body.
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This quality enables their selectiveuse in the treatment of a range ofcommon and rare conditionsinvolving virtually every body

organ, tissue, and cell.


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The following is the classification of

pharmaceutical dosage forms according

to the method of administration:

1. Oral dosage forms2. Parenteral dosage forms

3. Rectal dosage forms

4. Dosage forms for inhalation

5. Dosage forms for topical application


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Oral dosage forms

preparations intended to be taken bymouth.
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Parenteral dosage forms

preparations introduced into the

body by injection through the skin,the mucous, or the serousmembranes.
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Rectal dosage forms

are preparations employed forsystemic effect or for a local action

through the rectum.
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Dosage forms for inhalation

are preparations intended to be finally dispensed orvaporized to the mucous membranes of the lowerpart of the respiratory tract.
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Dosage forms for topical application

are preparations intended to beapplied on the skin or instilled into

the eyes, nose, or ears.
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Classification of Pharmaceutical

Dosage Forms according to

Physical Nature


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I. LiquidsA. Solution

B. EmulsionsC. Suspensions


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A.Solution

liquidpreparations that

contain one ormore chemicalsubstances

dissolved in asuitable solvent ormixture of

mutually miscible
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A.Solution1. Aqueous solutions

2. Sweet or other viscid aqueous solution

3. Non

aqueous solutions


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A.1 Aqueous solutionsWater is used as the solvent.1. Aromatic water

2. Aqueous acids3. Diluted acids

4. Douches

5. Enemas6. Gargles


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Aqueous solutions7.Mouthwashes

8.Juices

9.Nasal solutions10.Otic solutions

11.Irrigation solutions


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1.Aromatic water

are clear, aqueoussolutions

saturated withvolatile oils orother aromatic or

volatilesubstances. Alsocalled as

medicated
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Daromatic%2Bwaters%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt&w=226&h=254&imgurl=www.naturshop.fr%2Fimages%2Fcorps%2F04010l.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturshop.fr%2Fhuiles_gb.html&size=12kB&name=04010l.jpg&p=aromatic+waters&type=jpeg&no=4&tt=76&oid=eb0854efdff16bec&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5xctX.FGjxQBmyGJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpY2Y5NXNiBHBvcwM2BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1etrlukfb/EXP=1189261485/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Daromatic%252Bwaters%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526x%253Dwrt%26w=105%26h=273%26imgurl=www.naturshop.fr%252Fimages%252Fcorps%252Fmonoil.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.naturshop.fr%252Fhuiles_gb.html%26size=7.4kB%26name=monoil.jpg%26p=aromatic%2Bwaters%26type=jpeg%26no=6%26tt=76%26oid=2c91d13c86744156%26ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Daromatic%2Bwaters%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt&w=148&h=204&imgurl=www.naturshop.fr%2Fimages%2Fcorps%2F04036l.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturshop.fr%2Fhuiles_gb.html&size=6.2kB&name=04036l.jpg&p=aromatic+waters&type=jpeg&no=15&tt=76&oid=e6aa5f7eb68d95aa&ei=UTF-8


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2.Aqueous acids

inorganic acids and certain organic acids,although of minor significance as

therapeutic agents, are of greatimportance in pharmaceuticalmanufacturing and analysis.
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DAqueous%2Bacid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26b%3D81&w=266&h=200&imgurl=www.fch.vutbr.cz%2Fangl2%2Flessons%2F05%2Fchemicals.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fch.vutbr.cz%2Fangl2%2Fmaker.php%3Fprint%3Don%26amp%3Blesson%3Dlessons%2F05%2Flesson.txt&size=13.3kB&name=chemicals.jpg&p=Aqueous+acid&type=jpeg&no=99&tt=447&oid=317a1393bd38a86c&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DAqueous%2Bacid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26b%3D81&w=288&h=215&imgurl=www.unitechscientific.com%2Fimages%2FLMA-F%25202Sizes.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitechscientific.com%2Fproddesc.htm&size=31.2kB&name=LMA-F+2Sizes.jpg&p=Aqueous+acid&type=jpeg&no=100&tt=447&oid=6f5642e91e79edfa&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mipYOFGcJgAUhKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqaDY3ZXQ2BHBvcwM4NgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1e9l5bv0f/EXP=1189261865/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253DAqueous%252Bacid%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526b%253D81%26w=95%26h=160%26imgurl=www.weitaichem.com%252Fimages%252Fcp10.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.weitaichem.com%252Fprod9.htm%26size=10.2kB%26name=cp10.jpg%26p=Aqueous%2Bacid%26type=jpeg%26no=86%26tt=447%26oid=5385093f673f9020%26ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DAqueous%2Bacid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26b%3D81&w=266&h=200&imgurl=www.fch.vutbr.cz%2Fangl2%2Flessons%2F05%2Fchemicals.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fch.vutbr.cz%2Fangl2%2Fmaker.php%3Fprint%3Don%26amp%3Blesson%3Dlessons%2F05%2Flesson.txt&size=13.3kB&name=chemicals.jpg&p=Aqueous+acid&type=jpeg&no=99&tt=447&oid=317a1393bd38a86c&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DAqueous%2Bacid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26b%3D81&w=288&h=215&imgurl=www.unitechscientific.com%2Fimages%2FLMA-F%25202Sizes.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitechscientific.com%2Fproddesc.htm&size=31.2kB&name=LMA-F+2Sizes.jpg&p=Aqueous+acid&type=jpeg&no=100&tt=447&oid=6f5642e91e79edfa&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mipYOFGcJgAUhKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqaDY3ZXQ2BHBvcwM4NgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1e9l5bv0f/EXP=1189261865/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253DAqueous%252Bacid%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526b%253D81%26w=95%26h=160%26imgurl=www.weitaichem.com%252Fimages%252Fcp10.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.weitaichem.com%252Fprod9.htm%26size=10.2kB%26name=cp10.jpg%26p=Aqueous%2Bacid%26type=jpeg%26no=86%26tt=447%26oid=5385093f673f9020%26ei=UTF-8


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3.Diluted acids

aqueous solutions prepared bydiluting corresponding

concentrated acids with purifiedwater.

Diluted acids are generally

expressed in 10% concentration.Except for diluted acetic acidwhich has 6% concentration.


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4. Douches an aqueous solution directed

against a part or into a cavity inthe body.


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5.Enemas

rectal injectionsemployed to

evacuate thebowel,influence the

general systemby absorption,or to affect a

local disease.
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6.Gargles

aqueous solutions frequently containing antiseptics,antibiotics and/or anesthetics used for treating thepharynx and the nasopharynx by forcing air from thelungs through the gargle that is held in the throat;subsequently, the gargle is expectorated.
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7.Mouthwashes

aqueous solutions,which are most oftenused for their

deodorant, refreshing,or antiseptic effect.

They are used byswishing the liquid in

the oral cavity
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mf3ZuFG4bQAQ1yJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqajVmOWNxBHBvcwM4OQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1fp67qco5/EXP=1189263479/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dgargles%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526b%253D81%26w=125%26h=125%26imgurl=www.pharmacydirect.co.nz%252Fproductimages%252F4150sml.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.pharmacydirect.co.nz%252Fdefault.aspx%253FG%253D310%2526amp%253BT%253D358%26size=3.8kB%26name=4150sml.jpg%26p=gargles%26type=jpeg%26no=89%26tt=192%26oid=a7db7db102dfe380%26ei=UTF-8


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8.Juices

is prepared fromfresh ripe fruits,

aqueouscharacter, and isused in making

syrups that areemployed asvehicles.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mWAZ.FGJgoBhTKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpcWpidGtpBHBvcwM4BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1en125hdc/EXP=1189263616/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Djuices%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526x%253Dwrt%26w=346%26h=284%26imgurl=www.mmexport.it%252Fimages%252Fspremute%252Ffotospremute.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.mmexport.it%252Feng%252Fjuices%26size=14.7kB%26name=fotospremute.jpg%26p=juices%26type=jpeg%26no=8%26tt=64,559%26oid=42a2ba80203af366%26ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mWAZ.FGJgoBljKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqaWRlZWhnBHBvcwMxOQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1fl4kmptf/EXP=1189263616/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Djuices%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526x%253Dwrt%26w=400%26h=299%26imgurl=www.ejanes.com%252Fimages%252FJuicesVariousSmallish.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.ejanes.com%252FFruitJuice%252FConcentrates%252FJuices.htm%26size=14kB%26name=JuicesVariousSmallish.jpg%26p=juices%26type=jpeg%26no=19%26tt=64,559%26oid=086744068731c462%26ei=UTF-8


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9.Nasal solutions

are usuallyaqueous

solutionsdesigned to beadministered to

the nasalpassages indrops or sprays.
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5xf5Z.FGnSIBUiGJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpdnJhMHUzBHBvcwMxBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1l9ih3al8/EXP=1189263737/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dnasal%252Bsolution%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526x%253Dwrt%26w=160%26h=160%26imgurl=www.health-care-beauty.com%252Fimages%252FZicam-Allergy-Relief-Homeopathic-Nasal-Solution-Pump-5-fl-oz-B0000537MV-M.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.health-care-beauty.com%252FZicam-Allergy-Relief-Homeopathic-Nasal-Solution-Pump-5-fl-oz-B0000537MV.htm%26size=7.5kB%26name=Zicam-Allergy-Relief-Homeopathic-Nasal-Solution-Pump-5-fl-oz-B0000537MV-M.jpg%26p=nasal%2Bsolution%26type=jpeg%26no=1%26tt=230%26oid=37f8ff259c3738fe%26ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dnasal%2Bsolution%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt&w=75&h=194&imgurl=www.vitaminwomen.com%2Fproduct_images%2F456.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2000vitamins.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch.cgi%3Faction%3Ddisplay%26amp%3BID%3D456&size=6.5kB&name=456.jpg&p=nasal+solution&type=jpeg&no=6&tt=230&oid=abe554049da0e78e&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dnasal%2Bsolution%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt&w=500&h=507&imgurl=www.emediawire.com%2Fprfiles%2F2005%2F09%2F25%2F289853%2FXlear-Nasal-Spray-Bottle-%26amp%3B-%28web%29.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emediawire.com%2Freleases%2F2005%2F11%2Fprweb313602.php&size=105.6kB&name=Xlear-Nasal-Spray-Bottle-+-%28web%29.jpg&p=nasal+solution&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=230&oid=3942048bd9d9392e&ei=UTF-8


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10.Otic solutions

referred to as ear or aural preparations.
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dotic%2Bsolution%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt&w=120&h=433&imgurl=bullwrinklerx.com%2Fimages%2Fepi-otic.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fbullwrinklerx.com%2Fdetail.aspx%3FID%3D85&size=14.1kB&name=epi-otic.jpg&p=otic+solution&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=52&oid=d3164f92ad7744f0&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5xaBaOFG06UACl2JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpdnJhMHUzBHBvcwMxBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1h62banpb/EXP=1189263873/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dotic%252Bsolution%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526x%253Dwrt%26w=357%26h=357%26imgurl=www.petrx.com%252FProductImages%252Fdermapet%252FMalecetic_OticSolution.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.petrx.com%252Fbrowseproducts%252FMalAcetic-Otic-Solution-16-oz..HTML%26size=12.4kB%26name=Malecetic_OticSolution.jpg%26p=otic%2Bsolution%26type=jpeg%26no=1%26tt=52%26oid=8eb060236bcc274c%26ei=UTF-8


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11.Irrigation solutions

sterile, non-pyrogenic

solutions used towash or bathesurgical incisions,

wounds or bodytissues.
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A.2 Sweet or other viscid aqueous

solution1. Syrups

2. Honey3. Mucilages

4. Jellies


31/167

1.Syrups

concentrated,viscous aqueous

solutions of sugaror a sugarsubstitute with or

without flavorsand medicinalsubstances.
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/%20http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dpharmaceutical%2Bsyrups%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26b%3D21&w=125&h=156&imgurl=www.mercuryhealthcare.net%2Fmy_images%2Fdamavite_syrup.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercuryhealthcare.net%2Fproducts_liquids.php&size=7.7kB&name=damavite_syrup.jpg&p=pharmaceutical+syrups&type=jpeg&no=32&tt=182&oid=cc500ffc3cade7fc&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5mm9auFG3t0AwlqJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqbjZwOGU3BHBvcwMzNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1gjuaisf3/EXP=1189264445/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dpharmaceutical%252Bsyrups%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526b%253D21%26w=125%26h=158%26imgurl=www.mercuryhealthcare.net%252Fmy_images%252Fflowmet_suspension.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.mercuryhealthcare.net%252Fproducts_liquids.php%26size=7.5kB%26name=flowmet_suspension.jpg%26p=pharmaceutical%2Bsyrups%26type=jpeg%26no=36%26tt=182%26oid=da6bac846c7c633a%26ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0Je5xdEauFGKqoAWk6JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBpaWhqZmNtBHBvcwMzBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1fptde4tc/EXP=1189264324/**http%3A/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dpharmaceutical%252Bsyrups%2526rs%253D0%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%2526vf%253D%26w=155%26h=220%26imgurl=www.laborate.com%252Fimages%252Fdry_syrups1.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.laborate.com%252Fexport-drysyrups.htm%26size=6kB%26name=dry_syrups1.jpg%26p=pharmaceutical%2Bsyrups%26type=jpeg%26no=3%26tt=180%26oid=ed610f6027457590%26ei=UTF-8


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2.Honey

thick liquidpreparations

somewhat alliedto the syrups,differing in that

honey, insteadof syrup is usedas a base.
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3.Mucilagesthick, viscid, adhesive liquids,

produced by dispersing gum inwater, or by extracting themucilaginous principles from

vegetable substances with water.


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4.Jellies are a class of gels in which the

structural coherent matrixcontains a high portion of liquid,usually water.


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A.3 Non

aqueous solutions1. Collodion2. Elixirs

3. Glycerin or glycerites

4. Inhalations and inhalants

5. Liniments

6. Oleovitamins

7. Spirits8. Toothache drops


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1.Collodionliquid preparations containing

pyroxilin, a partially nitratedcellulose, in a mixture of ethylether and ethanol.


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2.Elixirsclear, pleasantly flavored,

sweetened hydroalcoholic liquidsintended for oral use.


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3.Glycerin or glycerites solutions or mixtures of

medicinal substances in not lessthan 50% by weight of glycerin.


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5.Linimentsalcoholic or oil-based solutions or

emulsions containing therapeuticagents intended for externalapplication.


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6.Oleovitaminsfish liver oils diluted with ediblevegetable oil or solutions of volatile

substances of the indicated vitamins orvitamin concentrates (usually Vit. A &D) in fish liver oil.


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7.Spiritssometimes known as essences, are

alcoholic or hydroalcoholicsolutions of volatile substances.


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8.Toothache dropspreparations used for temporary

relief of toothache by applicationof cotton saturated with theproduct into the tooth cavity.


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B.Emulsionsa two-phase system prepared by

combining two immiscible liquids,in which small globules of oneliquid are dispersed uniformly

throughout the other liquid.


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C. Suspensions1. Gels

2. Lotions3. Magmas and milk

4. Mixtures


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C.1 Gelssemi-solid systems of either

suspension made up of smallinorganic particles or large organicmolecules interpenetrated by a

liquid.


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C.2 Lotionsliquid or semi-liquid preparations

that contain one or more activeingredients in an appropriate

vehicle.


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II. Extracts These are solutions of the active constituents of a

crude drug obtained by maceration or percolationready for use as a medicinal agent or may be further

processed to produce solid or semisolid extracts.


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II. ExtractsA. Tinctures

B. FluidextractsC. Extracts


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Tincturesalcoholic or hydroalcoholic

solutions prepared from vegetablematerials or chemical substances


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Fluidextractsliquid preparations of vegetable

drugs containing alcohol as asolvent or as a preservative or both,so made that each mL contains the

therapeutic constituents of 1g ofthe standard drug that itrepresents.


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Extractsconcentrated preparations of vegetable

or animal drugs obtained by removal of

the active constituents of the respectivedrugs with suitable menstrual,evaporation of all or nearly all of the

solvent and adjustment of the residualmasses or powders to the prescribedstandard.


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III. Parenteral Preparations
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III. Parenteral Preparationssterile liquid preparations intended

to be administered by injection

under or through one or morelayers of skin or mucous

membranes.They are usually packed in ampules

or vials.


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III. Parenteral Preparations Solutions ready for injection

Dry, soluble products ready to be combined with asolvent just prior to the use

Suspensions ready for injection

Dry, insoluble products ready to be combined with avehicle just prior to use

Emulsions


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IV. Intravenous admixturemixture of intravenous fluids and drugs

to be administered by injection.


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IV. Intravenous admixtureA. Intravenous fluids

B. Intravenous admixture

C. Total parenteral nutrition


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B. Intravenous admixture a combination of one ormore sterile products

added to an IV fluid for

administration. They are mixed in a

suitable environment

using aseptic technique. .


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C. Total parenteral nutrition preparation containing

calories, nitrogens, andother nutrients insufficient quantities toachieve tissue synthesisand anabolism given byintravenousadministration.

The preferred source of

calories is dextrose, proteinhydrolysate for nitrogen,and electrolyte and

vitamins for the nutrients.
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V. Ophthalmic Preparationssterile preparation to be used on

the eyes.


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V. Ophthalmic PreparationsA. Solutions

B. Suspensions

C. Ointments

D. Lens care products


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A. Solutionsintended for the eye ; clear, sterile

solution to be instilled into the eyes by

the use of a dropper.


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B. Suspensionsdispersion of finally divided

relatively insoluble drug substances

in an aqueous vehicle containingsuitable suspending and dispersing

agent.


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C. Ointments intended for the eyes; contain medicinal agents

added to the ointment base of white petrolatum andmineral oil either as a solution or as a micronized

powder. They are limited to bedtime installations.


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D. Lens care productssterile preparations intended to

protect the lens.


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D. Lens care products D.1 Wetting solutions

D.2 Cleaning solutions

D.3 Disinfection solutions

D.4 Soaking solutions

D.5Artificial tears


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D.1 Wetting solutionspreparations designed to furnish

hydrophilic coating over the

characteristically hydrophilic surface ofhard contact lens surfaces.


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D.2 Cleaning solutionsused to remove surface

contaminants, lipids, protein, and

the like


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D.3 Disinfection solutionsisotonic; in an acceptable pH range

nonreactive with lens material and

sterile solution which exhibitsdisinfecting activity.


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D.4 Soaking solutions used to store and hydrate hard

lenses and to disinfect such

lenses.


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VI. Medicated applicationsapplied to the skin or inserted into

body orifices in liquid, semi-solid,

or solid forms.


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VI. Medicated applicationsA. Ointments B. Cataplasma (poultice)

C. Pastes

D. Powders E. Dressings

F. Creams

G. Plasters

H. Suppositories


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B. Cataplasma (poultice)a soft moist mass of meals, herb,

seed etc. usually applied hot in

clothes. They are intended tolocalize infectious materials in the

body or to act as counter irritants.


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C. Pastesconcentrates of absorptive powders

dispersed in petrolatum or

hydrophilic petrolatum.

They are stiff to the point of

dryness and are often used in thetreatment of oozing lesions wherethey act to absorb serous

secretions


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D. Powders for external use are usually

described as dusting powders.

They usually contain starch, talc,and zinc stearate.


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E. Dressingsexternal applications resembling

ointment usually used as a covering

or protection.


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F. Creams viscous liquid or semi-solid

emulsions of either the oil or water or

water in oil type. Cream of the oil in water type

includes shaving creams, hand

creams, foundation creams, etc.

Water in oil creams include coldcreams and emollient creams.


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G. Plasterssubstances intended for external

application, made of such materials

and of such consistency as to adhere tothe skin and attach to a dressing.

They are intended to afford protection

and support to furnish an occlusive andmacerating action and to bringmedication into close contactwith the


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H. Suppositories solid dosage forms of various

weights and shapes usually

medicated for insertion into therectum, vagina, or the urethra.


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A. Oral powders generally supplied as finely divided powder or aseffervescent granules.

The finely divided powders are intended to be

suspended or dissolved in water or mixed with softfood prior to administration.

Effervescent powder in solution in water releasescarbon dioxide which makes for the taste of salty orbitter medication.


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B. Dentifrices may be prepared in the form of a

bulk powder generally containing

soap or detergent mild abrasiveand an anticarcinogenic agent.


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C. Douche powderssoluble powders intended to be

dissolved in water prior to use as

antiseptic or cleaning agents for a bodycavity.

They are most commonly intended for

vaginal use although they may beformulated for nasal, otic orophthalmic use.


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E. Insufflationsfinely divided powders introduced

cavities such as the ears, nose,

throat, tooth sockets, and vaginawith the use of an insufflator

(powder blower)


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F. Triturationsdilutions of potent powdered drugs

prepared by intimately mixing

them with a suitable diluent in 1:10dilutions.


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VIII. Oral Solid Dosage FormsA. Tablets

B. Capsules

C. Pills

D. Troches

E. Cachets

F. Pellets


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A. Tablets solid dosage form containing

drug substances with or without

suitable diluents and preparedeither by compression or molding

methods.


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A. Tablets 1. Compressed Tablets

2. Molded tablets or tablettriturates (TL)


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1. Compressed Tablets sugar coated tablet (SCT)

film coated tablet (FCT)

enteric coated tablet (ECT) multiple compressed tablet (MCT)

controlled release tablet (CRT)

effervescent tablet

compressed suppositories or inserts

buccal and sublingual tablets


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2. Molded tablets or tablet triturates (TL)dispensing tablets (DT)

hypodermic tablets (HT)


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B. Capsules

solid dosage forms in which thedrug substance is enclosed in

either a hard or soft solublecontainer or of a suitable form of

gelatin.


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C. Pills

small, round, solid dosage formscontaining medicinal agents and

intended for oral administration.


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D. Troches

also known as lozenges orpastilles; discoid shaped solid

containing the medicinal agent ina suitably flavored base.

They are placed in the mouthwhere they slowly dissolve,liberating the active ingredient.


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E. Cachets

related to capsules inasmuch asthey provide an edible container for

the oral administration of soliddrugs.

They vary in size from 3/4 to 1/8inchesin diameter and consist of 2concave pieces of wafer made of

flour and water


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IX. Aerosols used both orally and topically, contain therapeutically

active ingredients dissolved, suspended, or emulsifiedin a propellant or a mixture of solvent and propellant.


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IX. Aerosols

Oral aerosols have been used forthe symptomatic treatment of

asthma, as well as the treatment ofmigraine, headache, while topicalaerosols have been used to treat amultitude of dermatologicalmanifestations.


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X. Radiopharmaceuticals

radioisotopes used in medicinefor therapeutic and diagnosticpurposes.


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XI. Biological Products

A. Biologics for active immunity

B. Biologics for passiveimmunity


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A. Biologics for active immunity

Vaccine a suspension of attenuated(live) or inactivated (killed)

microorganisms or fraction thereofadministered to induce immunity andthus prevent infectious disease.

Toxoid a modified / antigen froman infectious organism used as avaccine.


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B. Biologics for passive immunity

1. Human immune sera

2. Animal immune serum


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1. Human immune sera Immune globulina solution containing antibodies

from the pooled plasmas of not less than 1,000normal individuals.


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1. Human immune sera

Hyperimmune serum a specialpreparation obtained from human

donor pools selected for highantibody titer against a specificdisease.


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2. Animal immune serum2.2 Antiviral serum a solution of antibodies derived

from the serum of animals immunized with specificviral vaccines.


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THANK YOU!


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Drugas defined in USP and NF, is an

article intended for use in the

diagnosis, cure, mitigation,prevention, or treatment ofdisease in man or other

animals.


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DrugIf the drug or medication is misusedthrough personal ignorance orinadequate information, it could cause

harm to the patient or ineffectivetreatment.


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PHARMACOLOGIC/THERAPEUTIC CATEGORIES


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PHARMACOLOGIC/THERAPEUTIC CATEGORIES

OF THE DRUG

DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM

DRUGS ACTING ON THE

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ANTI-INFECTIVES

IMMUNOLOGICALS

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS DIURETIC


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I. DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMAnalgesicLocal anesthetic

Anticonvulsant

Anti-goutAnti-migraine

Anti-parkinsonism

Antipyretic


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HypnoticAnxiolytic

Antidepressant

Anti-psychoticAntiemetic

Antivertigo

Anti- motion sickness


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Local anesthetic a drug that eliminates pain perception in a

limited body area by local action on sensorynerves.

Example:

Proparacaine HCl; Lidocaine HCl; BupivacaineHCl


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Anticonvulsant drug that arrests convulsion by inducing general

CNS depression.

Example:

Valproic acid; Carbamazepine; Phenobarbital


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Anti-gout

a drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid ingeneral gout or suppress the intenseinflammatory reaction of acute gout.

Example:

Allopurinol; Colchicine; Probenecid


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Anti-migraine a drug that reduces incidence or severity of

migraine vascular headache.

Example:

Ergotamine tartrate; Divalproex Na; Flunarizine

HCl


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Anti-parkinsonism a drug that suppresses the neurologic

disturbances and symptoms of parkinsonism.

Example:

Biperiden; Amantadine sulfate; Carbidopa and

Levodopa


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Antipyretic a drug that restores normal body temperature in

the presence of fever.

Example:

Paracetamol; Ibuprofen


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Hypnotic a central nervous system depressant used to

induce sleep.

Example:

Midazolam; Zolpidem; Nitrazepam


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Anxiolytic a drug that suppresses symptoms of anxiety. Example:

Diazepam; Alprazolam; Clorazepate dipotassium


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Antidepressant a centrally acting drug that induces mood

elevation, useful in treating mental depression.

Example:

Fluoxetine HCl; Clomipramine HCl; Imipramine

HCl


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Anti-psychotic a drug that suppresses symptoms of psychoses of

various diagnostic types.

Example:

Haloperidol; Chlorpromazine HCl; Thioridazine

HCl


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Antiemetic a drug that suppresses nausea and vomiting. Example:

Meclizine HCl; Metoclopramide; Domperidone


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Antivertigo a drug that suppresses dizziness. Example:

Metoclopramide HCl; Meclizine HCl


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Anti- motion sickness a drug that suppresses motion-induced nausea,

vomiting, and vertigo.

Example:

Meclizine HCl; Metoclopramide HCl;

Dimenhydrinate


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Non-steroidal anti-


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inflammatory an analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug that

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

Example:

Mefenamic acid; Naproxen, Meloxicam


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Muscle relaxant a drug that inhibits contraction of voluntary

muscles.

Example:

Vecuronium Br; Baclofen; Tizanidine HCl


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Neuromuscular blocker a drug that paralyzes skeletal muscles by

preventing transmission of neural impulses tothem.

Example:

Pancuronium; Atracurium besylate; VecuroniumBr


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Antiamebic a drug that kills or inhibits protozoan parasites

such as Entamoeba histolytics causatureorganism of amebaisis.

Example:

Metronidazole; Etofamide; Secnnidazole


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Antibacterial a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic bacteria. Example:

Penicillin; Amoxicillin; Cefalexin


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Antifilarial a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic filarial

worms.

Example:

Diethylcarbamazine


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Antihelmintic a drug that kills or inhibits helminth. Example:

Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate; Albendazole

l l


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Anti-malarials a drug that kills or inhibits mycobacterium

leprae, causative agent of leprosy.

Example:

Chloroquine phosphate; Mefloquine HCl;

Quinine sulfate


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i hi


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Anti- shistosoma

a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic flukes ofgenus schistosoma.

Example:

Praziquantel

A i i l


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Antiviral

a drug that kills or inhibits viral infections. Example:

Aciclovir, Zidovudine, Indinavir sulfate


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IV. IMMUNOLOGICALS

Vaccine Immune sera

V i


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Vaccine

an antigen containing drug used to induce activeimmunity against an infectious disease.

Example:

BCG Vaccine, Hepatitis B Vaccine, Rabies Vaccine

I


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Immune sera

serum of an animal or human containingantibodies against a specific disease, used toconfer passive immunity to that disease.

Example:

Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin; TetanusImmunoglobulin; Immunoglobulin Normal,Human


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V. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS

Adrenergic agentInotropic agent

Anti-angina

Anti- arrhythmic

Anti-lipidemic

Cholinergic agent

Ad i t


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Adrenergic agent

a drug that activates organs innervated by thesympathetic nervous system; asympathomeiometic agent.

Example:

Dobutamine; Dopamine; Epinephrine


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A ti i


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Anti-anginaa coronary vasodilator useful in

preventing or treating attacks of anginapectoris.

Example: Isosorbide diNitrate; Diltiazem;

Metoprolol

A ti h th i


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Anti- arrhythmica cardiac depressant useful in

suppressing rhythm irregularities of theheart.

Example: Lidocaine, Amiodarone, Atenolol


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Ch li i t


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Cholinergic agenta drug that activates organ

innervated by the parasympatheticnervous system; a parasympathetic

drug.Example:

Acetylcholine; Carbachol,Pilocarpine


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VI. DIURETIC

a drug that promotes renal excretion ofelectrolytes and water useful in treatinggeneralized.

Example

Furosemide

VII RESPIRATORY DRUG


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VII. RESPIRATORY DRUG

Anti-asthmatic

Antitussive

MucolyticNasal decongestant

Repiratory stimulant

ANTI ASTHMATIC


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ANTI-ASTHMATIC

A drug that relievesasthma symptoms.

Example:

Salbutamol;Terbutaline;Hydrocortisone

ANTITUSSIVE


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ANTITUSSIVE

A drug that suppresscoughing

Example:

Dextromethorphan;Butamirate

MUCOLYTIC


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MUCOLYTIC

A drug thathydrolyzesmucoprotein, usefulin reducing the

viscosity ofpulmonary mucos.

Example:

Bromhexine

NASAL DECONGESTANT


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NASAL DECONGESTANT

An adrenergic drugused orally ortopically to induce

vasoconstriction in

nasal passages. Example

Phenylpropanolamine

RESPIRATORY STIMULANT


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RESPIRATORY STIMULANT

A drug that selectively stimulatesrespiration.

Example:

Doxapram HCl

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