Index

AAagjuuk, 1027Abacus, 1–3, 4595. See also YupanaAl-˓Abbās al-Jawharī, 2067˓Abd ar-Raḥmān II, 2837Abdul-Hameed, 430Abelomschus diversifolius, 4Abe Motoaki, 2610Abenaki people, 855Abe Rakuho, 2610Al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn, 278Abhāva, 3415Ablaq

cladding and inlay, 364joggled stone, 363–364monochrome, 364muqarnas vaulting over portals, 364polychrome geometric interlace, 364sculpture, 364

Aboriginal art, 2747Aboriginal Australians traditions

comet and meteorite, 1388–1391knowledge, 2444–2445, 2448

Aboriginal health workers (AHWs), 3074, 3075Aboriginal people

ecology in, 1688–1691environment and nature in, 1663–1667, 1681–1688firestick farming, 1665

Abortifacients, 4Abortion, 3–6Abraham bar Ḥiyya, 6Abraham Ibn Ezra, 7Abreh, 968Abū al-Barakāt, 8–9Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, 2067Abū Ja˓far al-Khāzin, 9Abū Kāmil, 10–11, 3411Abu’l Abbas al-Ma’mūn ibn Muhammad II, 169Abū’l-Barakāt, 3533Abū’l-Faraj, 3220Abū’l-Fidā˒, 13Abū’l-Ḥāshim al-Jubbā, 2067 (I arrow should come)Abul Qāsim, 2077

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016H. Selin (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, TechDOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7

Abū’l‐Qāsim al‐Ka ʿbī, 2067Abū’l-Ṣalt, 14Abū’l-Wafā˒, 14–16, 4327Abū Ma˓shar, 11–12Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, 3218Abu Qoreh, 4348Abu Sari gold mining site, Sudan, 3257Abyssinian loom, 4430Acacia spp., 3498Acano, 2737Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Corea and

the Great Loo-Choo Island (Hall), 4274Acharis, 3294Acheulian stone beads from Bedford, England, 866Achillea millefolium, 1733Acidity, 2193Acllas, 2474–2475Acumoxology. See AcupunctureAcupuncture, 2979, 4611, 4617–4618

biomedicalization, 27–28and Chinese herbal medicine, 27historical development of, 25–26internationalization, 26–27limitations of therapy, 28and moxibustion, 27sociohistorical evolution of, 24–25terminology, 24treatment, 28vs. Western conventional medicine, 27

Acyuta Piṣāraṭi, 29–30Adab, 2910Adab al-ṭabīb (Practical Ethics of the Physician), 2901,

2991Adam’s Peak (Sri Pada), 1977Addition on yupana, 4596Adhatoda vasica Nees, 3501Adhika masa, 3489The Admonitions of Ipuwer, 4545Advaita philosophy, 3417Adze, woodworkers, 4302, 4305, 4307, 4308, 4310Afar depression, 1711Afarnu, 971Afrasiab, water supply, 2378–2380

nology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,4631

4632 Index

Africa. See also Northern Africa; West Africaagriculture, 30–33, 1620, 1623, 1624agroforestry, 126–127architecture, indigenous Akan building construction,

379–383Asian Green Revolution in, 31basketry, 819–824bone technology, 954–960bread-baking technologies, 963–966brewing in, 974–977building construction in, 998–1005calendars of, 1622ceramics

clay extraction, 1076–1077clay processing, 1077–1079decoration, 1081–1083drying, 1083firing, 1083–1086manufacturing process, 1075–1087postfiring, 1086–1087preforming, 1080–1081roughing out, 1079–1080shaping, 1079social background, 1075

colonialism and science, 1358–1359culture, 1559–1561East and West, 1559–1562environment and nature in, 1619–1625food crops, 1562food production, 1623–1624food technology, 1920–1924gender relations in, 1622geometry, 2035–2036horn, 968–970indigenous knowledge, 2501–2503

and critics, 2503–2504ecosystem, 2506–2507philosophy, 2504–2506social organization, 2507–2508

maps and mapmaking in, 2625–2628material culture in, 4488–4490mathematics in, 2751–2755, 2755–2759medicine in, 2937–2954metallurgy in, 3098–3103navigation in, 3331–3335number theory in, 3404–3407rainfall in, 1620–1622rainforest crop production, 4158, 4173rice

consumption variation, 3741future, 3745history, 3741, 3743–3745introduction, 3745Oryza glaberrima Steud., 3741Oryza sativa L., 3741production rate in 1961, CAGR, 3741research, 3745

rice cultivation, 1562

salt in, 3824textiles in, 4211–4213time in, 4240–4242weights and measures in, 4432–4435

African Copper Plc, 3572African medical thinking, paradigms in, 2947–2950African San People, cosmologies, 1450–1457African Societies, medical ethics, 2902Against Method, 3712, 4172Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, 1743Agaṇita-grahacāra, 2426, 2591Aganthuka in Āyurveda, 3035Aggabodhi I, 4380Al-Aghdhīyyah (On Dietetics), 2337Al-Aghdiyyah, 2337Agnives´atantra, 295Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, 1360Agricultural encyclopedia, 1678Agricultural revolution, 4025Agricultural technology, 4186–4188Agricultural time keeping, by astronomy, 756–761Agriculture

Africa, 1620, 1623, 1624America, 66–85ancient methods

construction of cities, 114–115continental transfer of crops, 116–117evidence for, 112–113food production terminology, 112origins of, 113–114recent developments, 118–119rise and development, 114soil fertility management, 118terracing, 118water management, 117–118

Ancient Near Eastcomplex systems, 92–96emerging, 86–89established societies, 89–92perspectives, 96–97

Andes, 1660–1661Brazil, 120–124China, 33–45Egypt

bread and wine, 3469–3471, 3473crop plants, 3461–3463cultivation technology, 3464–3466gardens and ornamental horticulture, 3473–3477harvest and post harvest technology, 3465–3468,

3470irrigation and drainage technology, 3463–3465pest control, 3469plant exploration, 3471–3474ripening induction, 3467–3469viticulture, 3467

India, 47–48Indonesia, 49–52Islamic World, 98–101

Index 4633

Japanclimate, 53–54development of farming system in ancient, 55–58influential trends of geography, 53–54medieval ages, 55–58modernization, 60–62paddy rice, delayed start, 54–55premodern age, 58–60remarkable growth from very beginning, 54–55transfiguration, 62–65

origins, Indian subcontinent, 3543Pacific Islands

origin and evolution, 102–104traditional, 104–105

Southwest Asia, rise and development, 114Agri-silviculture, 131–136Agri-silvipasture, 153Agroforestry

Africa, 126–127agri-silviculture, 131–136agri-silvipasture, 153api-silviculture, 151–152aqua-silviculture, 150–151field-and-grove systems, 137–141field-and-interstitial support trees

spatially interstitial trees, 142–144temporally interstitial trees, 144

harmonic swiddens, 145–150Pacific Islands, 128–130silvipasture, 152–153

Agroforestry rotation, 137Aguardiente, 66Aguja, 4129, 4130, 4133Ahargaṇa (number of days elapsed in an era), 4342Ah Balam yal Na Chan (Sir Jaguar is the child of Lady

Sky), 4573Ahballū’lû and bughmalu’lû, 2404Ahiṃsā, 2900Ahindr-yobwê (proverb stone), 4432Aḥmad ibn Mājid, 3352, 3353, 3354Ahmes papyrus, 2017, 2745Ahur Hamar Dafira, for accounts of stables and horses,

4347Aida yasuaki, 153–154Ain-i-Akbari, 3341Air-blast apparatus, 2897Aïr Region of Niger (West Africa), 1074Aitareya Brāhmana, 1993‘Ajā’ib al-buldān (The Wonders of the Lands or

Geography), 2003`Ajā’ib al-makhlūqāt (The Wonders of Creation or

Cosmology), 2003Ajanta caves, 154–166, 1065–1068

architecture

cells, 162–163door fittings, 163frontcourts, 162gates and doorways, 162

halls, 162pillars, 163–164porches, 162porticoes, 162prākāras, 162rock-cut, 156–161shrines, 164staircases, 161–162

geology, 164paintings, 164–166

Ajima Naonobu, 166–167Ajoujos, 3363Akan building construction, 379–383Akan gold weights, 4432–4435Akan timber framework construction elements, 1004Akemashite Omedetou Gozaimasu, 705–706Akhet, 3400Akhmim Wooden Tablet, 2779Akira Yoshizawa, 3458Akkadians, 3222Akranda, 2424Akrandasara, 2424Akṣa sūkta, 3587Akuttujuuk, 1027Al-āla al-jāmi ˒a (the universal instrument), 2301Al-A’lāq al-nafīsah (The Book of Precious Things), 2003Alaska

ethnobotany of, 1778–1793food plants, 1784–1785medicinal plant, 1786–1788

Al-Barq al-Yamānī fī’l-fatḥ al-˓U ṭmānī (The YemeniteLightning on the Ottoman Conquest), 2315

Albategni, 2124Alchemy, 1571

China, 177–180, 1567Islam, 180–182

Alcohol fermentationkambuda, 187–190mangaitch, 186–187way-a-linah, 184–186

Alcoholic rice beverages, 191–196Al-Dābid, 3482Alexander Wylie, 2555Alfonso X, 199–200Al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya (The Meccan Openings), 2284Algebra, 10. See also Abū Kāmil

Abū Kāmil, 3411with arithmetic, 1019China, 200–204India, 204–206in Islam, 2786Islamic mathematics, 207–211Malay World, 211–215surveyors, 215–220

Algebraic barbarism, 3870Algorithms, 204Al-Ḥajar, 2389Al Hāwī, 2192

4634 Index

Alhazen’s problem, 3522Aligarh Scientific Society, 1361Al-Kulliyāt (The Collection), 2337Al-urashī , 4455–4460Allium cepa L., 3501Allographs, 4572–4573Alloys

Mesopotamia, 3188–3190techniques of, 3131

Al-madqal (place of entry), 2315Almagest, 255–256, 1019, 1576, 1600, 2143, 2171, 2387,

2397, 2399, 2578, 2783, 2785, 3322, 3540Al Majusi, 2994–2995Almanac, 2333Almanach Perpetuum, 4600Al-Masālik al-Mamālik (Roads and Kingdoms),

2313–2314Almonds (Prunus dulcis), 326Al-Muhadhdhab fi `l-Kuḥl al-Mujarrab (The Polished

Book on Experimental Ophthalmology), 2296Al-mustanba ṭ, 2389Al-Naasi, 1045Alnus nepalensis, 132Alphabet, 265–269

Middle East, 4567–4569Al-Risāla al-muḥi ṭiyya, 2066Al-Shukūk ˓alā Baṭlamyūs (Doubts on Ptolemy), 2293Alstonia constricta, 3072Al-Taysīr fī al-Mudāwāt wa al-Tadbīr (On Preventive

Regimen and Treatment), 2337Altepetl, 2676Alternative Forestlike Structures (AFS), 147, 149Al-Tiryāq al-Sa˓bīnī , 2337Alto Ramirez textiles, 4229Alum production, 4179, 4180Alun-alun (town square), 415. See also Architecture; JavaAlvarez, Francisco, 4211Al-zī j al-ḥakimī (Tables of Wisdom), 2004Al-Zī j Mālikshāhī (Malikshah Astronomical Tables), 4331Amarakosa, 2095Amaranthus sp., 1718Amazon

biological ecology, 1653–1654colonial ecology, 1656–1657crop domestication, 1469–1473environment and nature in, 1653–1657ethnobotany of, 1795–1798farming technology, 1852–1861food production systems, 1907–1918indigenous cultures, 1654–1656navigation in, 3360–3365

AmazonianCanoe design, 3362Peri-Amazonian Savannas, wetland agriculture,

1856–1861Ambeng dua kali, 923Ambrosia, 2188, 4374–4375Amenemhet I, 4544, 4545Amenemhet III, 3389

Amenhotep III, 897, 2146Amennakhte, 2632America

agriculture, 66–85colonialism and science, 1363–1379eclipses in, 1591–1594geometry

archaeoastronomy, 2024–2025building technology, 2024–2025ceremonial centers of Mesoamerica, 2025–2034ceremonial centers of Peru, 2022–2023pre-Euclidean geometry, 2024–2025

knowledge systemsexperience and imagination, 2455–2456first words, 2452–2453inherency of, 2453–2454international resolutions and declarations,

2462–2468Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 2461Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461relatedness, 2453–2454resistance and recovery, 2456–2458sovereignty, responsibility, and respect, 2454–2455transmission, 2458–2462varieties of, 2458written knowledge, 2458–2460

salt in, 3824science in

agriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909cultural forms, 3905early cultures, 3906–3907ethnomathematics, 3905ethnosciences, 3905occupation, 3904

sugar in, 4076–4078American Indian medicine, 3062American Indigenous Societies, metallurgy in Northern

South, 3139–3141American Mathematical Society, 2750Americans

native north, medicine of, 3061–3068religion and science

astrology, 3734–3735supernatural powers, 3734temperament, 3732world tree, 3733

Amerigo Vespucci, 3904Ammei, Aida. See Aida YasuakiAmmisaduqa, 614Aṃpalavāsi, 29Amphora, 4495Amun-Ra, great temple of, 3402Anacardium occidentale, 1751, 1752Analects, 1677, 3641Analemma method, 15Anatolia

mausoleums of, 2864–2865wine in, 4494–4496

Ancestral Cañari Taptana, 2512

Index 4635

Anchylostomiasis, 2932Ancient Berbers

astronomy, calendars, and social organization, 2731–2734Canarian evidence, 2734–2741mathematics and astronomies of, 2729–2742numeral systems, 2730–2731

Ancient Greece, from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times(Martin), 2803

Ancient Hebrew calendars, 1024–1025Ancient Indian square roots

Bakhshālī manuscript, 306–307Bakhshālī square root, 307–308controversies, 309discovery of positional arithmetic, 305–306Ārayabha ṭa square root and cube roots, 306

Ancient Peru, water management in, 4389–4399Andalusian School of Aristotelian philosophers, 176Andean civilization, 1055Andeans, 3563Andean societies

sustainable agriculture of, 4391, 4397–4399water management, 4389–4391, 4397–4399

Andesagriculture in, 1660–1661architecture, 464–470environment and nature in, 1659–1663gold, 2129–2132military technology in, 3236–3239water technology in, 4409–4425

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis), 1797Andrianov, B. V., 2380Andronovo, 3105, 3106Anekāntavāda, 2565Anemone canadensis, 1734Angami Naga shifting cultivators, 132Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), 4280Angkor

discovery of, 4386–4387water management at, 4386–4388

Anglo-Mysore war rockets, 4365, 4366Angola, mining, 3264–3270Anicut (weir) technique, 2364Animal disease diagnoses, 4354–4355Animal domestication

geography, 325–327sequencing, 327–328settled cultivators, 327–329

Animal dyes, 4223Animal health care

practices, Nepal, 4355–4356systems, 4352–4354

Animal mummies, 332–334. See also MummiesAnimal-shaped weights of Burma, 4478–4481Anīs al-Aḥbāb fī Bayān Masā’il Aṣturlāb, 2077Aṅka-pāsa, 2563Anklets (khalkhal), 2404Ankor Wat temple, 4Antediluvian hypothesis, 3875Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE), 1854

Anthropology, 2595Antinous obelisk, 3430, 3431Antitoxins, 1771Anumāna, 2567, 4608Anwā,, 2577Apavaraka, 162Aphorisms, 3298Apis Bull, 3307Api-silviculture, 151–152Apollonius’s theory, 207Appolonius of Perga, 607Approximation formulae, in Chinese mathematics, 335–337Aqa wasis, 875Aql-i-kalām, 2568Aqua-silviculture, 150–151Aquillaria malaccensis, 1720Arabesque, 357Arabesque motifs, 4508Arabia

dams in, 1483–1485and Gulf areas, glass, 2109–2110irrigation in, 1483–1485metallurgy in, 3116–3128paper making in, 3494stones in

late prehistory, 4035–4037Paleolithic sites, 4034–4035prehistoric research, 4033–4034

Arabian numeral system, 2732Arabic alchemical writings. See Islam, alchemyArabic mathematics, 2785Arabic script, 4558–4559Al-˓Arabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn. See Ibn al-˓ArabArab navigation, 3349Arab starlore, 768–769Aramaic script, 4556Aranmula mirror, 3294–3296Arapaho, 3094Arata Sakai, 2612Archaeoastronomy

mound builders, 3301–3302North Africa, 347–355temples in Ancient Egypt and, 4191–4201

Archaeobotany, 3551Archaeology, 3551Archaeometry, 3159Archaic period, 2129Archaic Sumerian, 4554Archimedes, 4189Archipelago, 3345Architectural decoration in Islam, history and technique

Ablaq, 363–364bricks, 364–367glazed tiles, 367–372history and techniques, 357–360by media, 362–363purpose and transmission, 360–362stone, 363stucco, 372–373

4636 Index

ArchitectureAfrica, 379–383Andes, 464–470Cherokee, 500–504El Morro of Puerto Rico, 547–548Fiji, 471–499French West Africa, 383–392Hanoi, 393–402India, 374–378Inner Asia, 550–580Java, 403–415La Citadel of Haiti, 549Malay, 4501–4512Maori People, 507–510Maya, 511–523

domestic architecture, 524–527public architecture, 527–540

Mesoamerica, 416–426Moluccas, 540–547Palestine, 427–442South Africa, 443–450Suakin, 451–456Sumba, 457–463

Ardha Kumbha (half Kumbha), 4374Area measurement

in Egypt, 4439of Hebrews, 4477in Indus valley, 4473in Islam, 4450–4451in Japan, 4461in Peru, 4470–4471

Areca nut palm (Areca catechu), 877Aretas IV, 2237Argentina

basketry productions, 836–839quinoa, 3668–3680

Argentinian Chaco, astronomy, 752–755Aristophanes, 4189Aristotelianism, 3523Aristotelian theory of motion, 3532Aristotle, 3515, 3521, 3524, 3529–3531, 4189

optics, 3451Arithmetic (rāśigaṇita)

in China (see Algebra)in India, 581–582 (see also Pāṭīgaṇita)in Islam, 2786in islamic mathematics, 583–586minor traditions, 2764–2765system, 4466, 4469

Arithmetica, 10Arithmetica (Diophantus), 10, 3411Armenia, 2634Armillary sphere

in China, 586, 2140in India, 587–588

Armor, Japan and Korea, 589–601Arogyapacha, 1721Arracacia esculenta, 1762Arrichantira Puranam, 3296

Arrobas, 4468Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, 1370Arteriosclerosis, 2958Arthasāstra, 1994, 2128, 2422–2425Artifacts, worked glass technologies, 4519–4522Artificial bofedal, 4417, 4420–4421Artisanal gold miners, 2134Artisanal mining

Law, 2134in Lunda Sul, 3268

Artocarpus heterophyllus, 4510Arundinaria. See BambooAl-Arwani, 2754Āryabhaṭa, 603–605, 1011, 1021, 2126, 2426, 2442,

2519, 2880, 2884Āryabhaṭīya, 2018, 2046–2047, 2126, 2426, 3409,

3410, 3495, 3539, 3541Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, 2428, 2429Aryan invasion, myth of, 4367–4369Aryans, 3180Asada Goryu, 606Aṣaf-ud-Daulah, 3693Asana (neutrality), 2424Asanna, 2749Asante architecture, 380Ascent of Man (Bronowski), 4168Ashio Copper Mine in Tochigi Prefecture, 1679Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 368Ashtamangalyam set, 3294Ashurbanipal, 615Asia

celestial maps, 2635cosmological maps, 2635–2636maps and mapmaking in, 2633–2636Mongol empire in, 1552picture maps, 2634plan maps, 2634–2635rock art, 2636

Asian disease, 2965Asian rice (Oryza sativa), 49Askarov, K. K., 2374Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 948Assyrian Chronicle, 1587Aṣṭādhyāyī, 2441, 3490. See also PaṇiniAṣṭāṅgah ṛdayasaṃhitā, 2907, 4333Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha, 4333Aṣṭa Vasu, 1699Astrolab (astrolabe), 606–609, 649–650, 2004, 2068,

3354in Islamic world, 654–655makers, in India, 723–724

AstrologyBabylonia, 609–623China, 627–630, 1568development of, 614–617, 4626India, 630–633, 4625–4627Islam, 633–636Paramesvara, 3495–3496

Index 4637

Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata, 29Astronomical clocks, 648, 4250, 4254–4255

China, 647–649, 1324–1325tower, 2897

Astronomical instrumentsIndia, 636–641Islamic world, 653–656Japan, 641–645Korea, 646–653

The Astronomical Instruments of the Emperor’sCatalogue, 4141

Astronomical maps, 2630Astronomical monuments, Polynesia and Micronesia,

657–665Astronomy, 670–677, 2663

Ancient Berbers, 2729–2742Argentinian Chaco, 752–755Australian Aboriginal People, 784–790China, 677–680, 1568, 1597–1598Egypt, 682–684Hawai’i, 684–692Ibn al-Haytham, 2293India, in Kerala School, 2428–2429Indian astronomy in China, 791–794Indian knowledge systems and, 2442Indian, mean motions in, 2880–2884Indo-Malay Archipelago, 755–767Islamic World, 767–778, 4622Japan, 693–707Mainland Southeast Asia, 708–715and mathematics, 2425–2428, 2788–2789Medieval India, 717–725Mesoamerica, 726–736Mesopotamian, 1596Native North America, 737–742Sub-Saharan Africa, 742–750temples in Ancient egypt, 4195–4196Tibet, 779–783upapattis in mathematics and, 3590–3591Vietnam, 711–715

Asur kudi (demon hut), 2490Asvāyurvedasiddhānta (Complete System of

Āyurveda for Horses), 4343Aswan High Dam, 2360Aswan Nilometer, 3388Atacama desert, 3308Atharvaveda, 1571, 1700, 1702, 2442, 2906, 3339, 4371Atlatl, 1897, 3300Ātman, 3492, 3527Atomism, 3523

in islamic thought, 794–797Ātreya, 798at-Talkhīṣ fī shzarh at-Talkhīṣ, 2321Australia

knowledge systems, 2444–2451worked glass artefacts in, 4519–4522

Australian aboriginal peoplealcohol fermentation

kambuda, 187–190

mangaitch, 186–187way-a-linah, 184–186

astronomy, 784–790environment and nature in, 1663–1667maps and mapmaking of, 2685–2687medicine of, 3068–3076

Australian Academy of Sciences, 2744Australian National University (ANU), 951Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation

(ANSTO), 951Aveni, Anthony, 4258Aventurine glass, 2085Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 3521Awaine Boshi (Millet and Rice Stars), 699Awamori, 4274, 4275, 4278

tofuyo and, 4272Awqaf, 2049Axis mundi, 1251Axixpatli. See Ethnobotany, AztecAyahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi), 1705–1706, 3019, 3021Ayanaaṃsa (degrees of precession), 3564Ayanacalana, 3564Ayllu, 2453Ayllus, 2474Aymara culture, 2473Aymara textile, 4230Ayubia Ethnobotany Project, 1742Āyurveda, 2442, 2443, 2900, 2923

diagnosis and prognosis, 2986–2987diseases and pathology, 2986drugs of natural origin, 2988–2989Pancakarma therapy, 2988philanthropy and, 3511philosophical foundations of, 2983–2984preventive medicine, 2987–2988psychological conceptions, 2985source texts, 2982–2983view of body, 2984–2985vital functions, 2985

Ayutthayaan architectural example, 2536–2537landscape and temples, 2534–2539Mount Sumeru World, 2534–2539

Azadirachta indica (Neem tree), 1722, 3501Al-Aziz, Umar ibn, 212Aztec, 3016

botanical gardens, 1800–1801city planning

historical development, 1289–1293urban architecture, 1293–1300

coanenepilli, 1806–1807ethnobotany of, 1800–1807iztauhyatl, 1807maize, 1804–1805maps, 2676mathematics, 2852–2856medicinal plants, 1802metl, 1805number system, 2723

4638 Index

Aztec, 3016 (cont.)picietl, 1805religion and medicine, 1802–1804science, 798–804tzoalli, 1803ulli, 1805–1806

BBaarlam and Josephat, 1554Babalao, 3848Babesakundiba, 2809Babylonia. See also Mesopotamia

astrology, 609–623astronomers in, 2803Code of Hammurabi, 2901geometry, 2017numeration, 2779and Ptolemy, 2881, 2883surveying in, 4108Talmud, 3054

Bacairi, 2804Baccoba monneri, 2177Bacillus pumilus, 4276Bacillus thuringiensis var kenyae, 3502Backstrap loom, 4230

structure of, 4225, 4226Bacon, Francis, 1563, 4337Bacon, Roger, 4189Badami caves, 1070Badoh negro, 1725–1726Badr al-Dīn, 260Baghala, 3335Baharkandy treatment, 3828Bahv ṛcaprayascitta, 3608Baidurya dkar po, 3910. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya

mtshoBaidurya sngon po, 3910. See also Sde srid sangs rgyas

rgya mtshoBaidurya sngon po, 2913Baien, Miura, 1678Bai Hu Tong, 1901Baijini, 3336Bai Juyi, 4145Bakewell, Robert, 1572Bakhshālī manuscript, 807–809, 4602Bakhshālī square root, 307

convergence, 308modern notation, 307–308

Baktun, 1033, 2570Bakufu Temmongata. See ObservatoriesBālabodha, 2620Balāghāt, 719Balam (jaguar), in Maya writing, 4572, 4574Balance of Wisdom. See Kitāb mīzān al-ḥikmaBalangay Shrine, 949Balanghai/Balangay. See Butuan boatsBalankanche, Mexico, 4210Balkhī School of Arab Geographers, 810–811

Ball-courts, in Mesoamerica, 424–425Bamboo, 21–22, 811–813

armillary sphere, 2140well, 4486

Banach-Tarski paradox, 4608Banana (Musa paradisiaca), 1767Bandages, 4526–4527Band-i-Amir, 4182Bangles, colored glass, 2110–2112Banisteriopsis, 3019Bankes, William John, 3423Bansho shirabesho, 2792Bantu Philosophy, 2505Banū Mūsā, 813, 2338, 3521Banzan, Kumazawa, 1678Baopuzi, 2394Baopuzi alchemical work, 1971–1972Baopuzi waipian, 1971Bao Qishou, 2599Bapoing Kou (Cornucopia Channel), 2552Baqgoq of Mandar, 921Baqt agreement, 4429Barbarian customs, 1566Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 87Barraclough, Geoffrey, 4169Barro Amarillo Veteado, 1549Barrow in China, 814–819Bartold, V. V., 2372, 2373, 2378Baruya numbers, 2746Barzu, Tali, 2373Basalt, 164Base and height, 2411Basin irrigation, Egypt, 4181Basin of Mexico sites, 1188Basketry

in Africa, 819–824in Ancient Egypt, 825–827Argentina, 836–839Brazil, 855–861Egypt, 825–827Japan, 828–834South America, 835–853Wabanaki Indians, 854–862

Baskets, plaited, 821Al-Battānī, 6, 167–168Battle of Sekigahara, 58Bat Trang village, 394Baudhāyana, 862–864Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtras, 862–864, 3535Bauhinia root (Lysiphyllum cunninghamii), 3072Bā-yīn, 22Ba Yuan Shu, 2564Ba Yuan Shu, 2564Beach almond (Terminalia catappa), 1771Beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), 1776Beads, 864–870, 4023–4025Beasts (shinjū), 2434Bedja, 966Bedouin tribes, 3261

Index 4639

Beehive Dwelling (iQhugwane), 444–445Beer production in Peru, 871–876Bei Fen Quan Shu (The Bei Wind and SpringWater), 4321Beijing, imperial, 287–291Bekhain Hills, 3654–3656Bekhen-stone, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2658Bell of King Seongdeok, 4248, 4249Belzoni, Giovanni, 3423Benben, 3421Bencao, 2559Ben Cao Gang Mu, 876–877. See also Medical texts, in

ChinaBencao gangmu, 1709Bencao jing jizhu, 4140Bench terraces, 4412–4413Bengal

indigo in, 2342–2348jute, 2415–3419salt in

boiling process, 3826drying process, 3826–3829filtration process, 3825–3826during Mughal period, 3824processing of raw materials, 3825production places, 3824

ship building inconstruction methods, 3984raw materials, 3983–3984ship types, 3980–3982

silk incocoon rearing, 3994cocoon spinning, 3995–3997silk weaving, 3997–3999

Bengal Iron Company, 3186Bengali script, in Indian writing, 4558Bengal Steamship Company, 3342Beni Hassan, 826Bentinck, Lord, 4219Bent Pyramid of Egypt, 3609Benu-bird, 3421Berbères:Aux Marges de l’Histoire, 2729–2730Bernardino de Sahagún, Fray, 3782Bernouilli’s numbers, 2794Best, Elsdon, 3356Beta Delphini, 1041Betel nuts, 877–881Betel vine (Piper betle), 878Bezels of Wisdom, 2284. See also Ibn al-˓ArabīBezoar Stones in Peru, 882–884Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), 4372Bhādīpikā, 3495Bhadra-gaṇita, 2602Bhāgahāra (divisor or division), 808Bhagola, 588Bhagwatī Sūtra, 3586Bhājita (divided), 808Bhakti Yoga, 4589–4590Bhangau or Bhangalu. See Cannabis sativaBhaṅgị-vibhaṅgị, 2422

Bharata, 1384Bhart ṛhari, 3493Bhāṣā, 2427Bhāskara, 2426, 3410Bhāskara I, 885–887, 1019

Mahābhāskarīya, 3495Bhāskara II, 888–890, 1017, 2019, 2784, 3587,

4325–4326Lilavati, 3495

Bhasmas, 2178Bhāṣya. See GovindasvāminBhāvacakra (wheel of life), 2681Bhāvanā, 1018–1019, 2402Bheda (dissension), 2424Bhishagratna, K. K., 1414Bhunri ghar (boiling house), 3826Bhūta’s, 1702–1703Bian Que, 890–891Bian Que Nei Jing, 890Biaoying Shenshu (The Divine Art of Protecting Infants),

4617Biaoyou Fu (Ode to the Streamer out of the Dark), 4617Bible, 3340Biface technology, Mesoamerican, 4045–4046Bighorn Medicine Wheel, 3094Bihar Scientific Society, 1361Bija (equations), 886Bī jagaṇita, 204–206, 888, 2426, 2561, 3410Bī jagaṇitāvataṃsa, 3320Billard, 2880, 2881, 2883Bill of Quantities, 4182Bīmāristān, 2992Binaishanfang ji, 2599Binford, Lewis Roberts, 4294Binh Nam Do (Map of the Conquest of the

South), 2684Binhu Maixue (Pulse Studies of Master Binhu), 2916Bin, Zhang, 4362Biodiversity, 2468Biological ecology, Amazon, 1653–1654Biological pest suppression, 3502–3503Biomolecular markers, 3242Biomorphs, 3380–3383Birth charts. See AstrologyBir Umm Fawakhir, 2655Al-Bīrūnī, 15, 168–174, 1564, 1973, 2066, 2068, 2128,

3218, 3522, 4185, 4327, 4342and geography, 175–176

Bisharin tribes, 3260Bismar, 4471, 4472Al-Bi ṭrūjī, 176–177, 2551Bitter Bark (Alstonia constricta), 3072Biṭṭul ʿIqqarey ha-Noṣrim, 2169Bitumen in China, 891–893Bixa orellana, 1761Black ash (Fraxinus nigra), 855Black Elk, 1685Black-glazed porcelains, 1110Black Mummies, 3308

4640 Index

Blade, Clovis manufacture, 1333–1340Blaise Pascal, 2766Block printing, 1553Bloodletting (ḥijāma), 2988, 3051Blyden, Edward, 4490Board Games in Antiquity, 893–900Boatbuilding

bending process, 904boat types and building techniques, 908–918caulking, 906–908planking, 904raw materials, 902seasoning, 903–904timber, cutting, 903timber selection, 902–903

Boatsin Cambodia

carpenter of village, 3328–3329construction, 3325–3326types, 3329–3330

construction, 918in Goa, 901–918in Indonesia, 919–925of precolonial Philippines, 948–953in Vietnam, 926–947

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 2730Bodhisattva, 1629Boehmeria rugulosa (Genthi), 1719Boethius, 2797Bofedal, 4417, 4420–4421Bofedales, 1662Boilat, Abbi, 4488Bojador Cape, 1370Bone, Ishango, 2383–2385Bone technology in Africa, 954–960Book of Coming Forth by Day, 4290Book of Mathematical Procedures, 2412Book of Negarakertagama, 920Book of Number, 2834Book of the Dead, 4445Book on Horary Instruments Called Sundials, 4327Bootis, 4221Border Cave, 2774Bosha Jutsu, 2071Bot (node), 2711Botany, Western science, 1557Botswana

copper mining in, 3565–3576mining in, 3271–3275

Bourne, William, 4189Box-bellows, 2898Boyar pisanitsas, 2634Bracelets (siwar, bilazik), 2404Brachiaria ramosa, 3544, 3545Brahe, Tycho, 4141, 4142Brahmagupta, 961–962, 1576, 2128, 3409Brahmajāla Sutta, 2565Brahmans, 1988Brāhmasphu ṭasiddhānta, 961, 2047, 2127, 3541, 3589

Brāhmī script, 2177, 4556–4557Braidwood, Robert, 3549Brassica alba, 2165Brassica nigra, 2165Bray, Francesca, 4159Brazil

agriculture, 120–124basketry productions, 855–861mining in, 3275–3278

Breadin Africa, 963–972in Egypt, 3469–3471

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), 1766Brewing in Africa, 974–977Bṛhajjātaka (Large Horoscopy), 4341Bṛhat-Pāṭi. See PāṭīgaṇitaBṛhatsaṃhitā, 2095, 2600, 3499, 4341Bṛhat-trayee, 2442Bricks

glazed bricks, 366–367Hazārbāf and Bann˓āī, 365–366in Nineveh, 978–980

Bridges, Islamic world, 4184British East India Company in Bengal, 4364British India Corporation, 4519British Museum (BM), lattice stool, 4514, 4515British Museum Quarterly, 2779British Raj, European colonization, 2926–2927Broad-field terraces, 4413Bronowski, Jacob, 4168Bronze

chariots and horses, 2891mirrors, 3290tools, 2888wine table, 2889

Bronze Agecivilization, 3104Israel

Ancient Israel, 1207–1213water systems in, 4403–4407

Brooklyn Herpetological Papyrus, 4528Broomcorn millet, 3240–3243Brotherhood/Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-ṣafā), 2003Brown glaze, 2119–2120Brucea antidysenterica, 1712–1713Bruce, James, 4211Buckingham Pi-Theorem, 2521Buddha

life, 1627teachings of, 1627–1629

Buddhism, 2596, 3715belief, 1676conservation, 1643–1647ecology, 1630environment and nature in, 1627–1635forest development, 1642–1643Nāgarasarvasva, 3313Phrakhru Pitak, 1644, 1645, 1647and science, 981–982

Index 4641

spirit beliefs, 1641–1642spirit/spiritual in

Buddha, 3855–3856sati (mindfulness), 3856self-reliance, 3856Vipassanā technique, 3856

spirituality, 1643–1647and traditional medicine, 3043

Buddhist cosmology, 1640, 1676Buddhist culture, India, 2900–2901Bughma, 2404–2405Bughyat al-fāriḍ min al-ḥisāb wa l-farā’id, 2321Building construction, 983–998

in Africa, 998–1005Bukhtishu family of physicians, 2993–2994Bulu, 49–50Bundokeing (BG), 2711Bundokerik (BK), 2711Bunsho (Written Prosperity), 2434Bure Levu, 492Bure ni Kalou, 480, 482Bure ni Sa/bure ni cauravou, 480, 482Bure/Vale, 480Burma

animal-shaped weights of, 4478–4481astronomy, 709–710ceramics

historic earthenware and glaze ware, 1093–1101prehistoric earthen wares, 1090–1191protohistoric and transition period earthenware,

1191–1093

Burmese secular maps, 2679Burn’s method, yupana, 4594, 4595Bush food program, 3075–3076Bushman shear zone, 3566

copper mines in, 3572Bushmen, San, 959Butea frondosa, 1717But toán chỉ nam, 2822Buttons (azrar or duyme), 2405Butuan boats, 948–953Buzhong Yiqi, 2555Byodai meichi no ho, 2794Byzantine times, gold production in, 3261

CCabezas colasales, 4062Cable drilling techniques, 4486Cadera, 425Caesalpinia echinata, 1538Caesareum, 3427, 3433Caesar, Julius, 4189Cahal Pech, Belize, 535Cai Lun, 3494Cai Yuanding, 2599Cakravāla method, 888, 1017–1020, 2402

Brahmagupta’s investigation, 1018–1019kuttaka method, 1007–1010

mountains, 2536Pell’s equation, 1008, 1018, 1020

Cakra-yantra, 637Calculus, 1010–1015, 1020–1025

India, 1018transmission, 1016–1021

Calcutta Medical and Physical Society, 1360Calendars

Africa, 1622Ancient Hebrew, 1024–1025Ancient India, 1029–1031Chinese, 1031–1032, 4629East Asia, 1035–1038, 2040Egyptian, 1023–1024, 1039–1040Greek, 1027Hawaiian, 1026Incan Sidereal year, 1028–1029India, 1041–1044Inuit, 1027Islamic, 1025–1026, 1044–1047makers, 3489Maya, 1032–1033Mesoamerica, 1047–1054, 4466Mesopotamian, 1023origin, 1022–1023Roman, 1027–1028round, 1027–1035South America, 1055–1057Turkey, 1058–1062Zuni, 1026–1027

Calico, 4219California, Nilometer, 3389Calligraphy, 4538–4539

art, 4538motif, 4508

Callophyllum inophyllum, 1773, 1774–1775Camasca, 2903Camatchia-Camagico mine, 3270Cambodia

astronomy, 709–710boat construction, 3325–3326boat types, 3329–3330carpenter of forest, 3326–3327carpenter of village, 3328–3329ceramics, 1143–1144cities and town

Angkor, city planning, 1259under French, 1261–1262Sihanouk and beyond, 1262–1268

nautical technology in, 3324–3330Camel (Camellus bactrianus). See Animal

domesticationCamelid fibers, 4228–4229Camellia sinensis, 4146, 4156Camera obscura, 2551, 3516, 3522Canaanite Linear Alphabet, 4567–4569Canals

Afrasiab, 2378–2380irrigation, 4413–4415

4642 Index

Canals (cont.)navigation, 3343slab-lined, 4414, 4415types of, 4414

Canarian numerals, 2731Cañari Counter, 2511Canary islands

Grand Canary Island, 2734–2737La Gomera Island, 2739–2741Tenerife Island, 2737–2739

Candracchāyāgaṇita. See Nīlakaṇ ṭha SomayājiCandracchāyā-gaṇita, 2427Candra-Vākyāni (Moon Sentences), 2590Candravākyas, 2426Cannabis sativa, 1720Canning, 1932Cannon (huopao), 2139Ca no, 929Canoe design

Amazonian, 3362Polynesia, 3346

Canoes of Lata, 3918Canoes of Oceania, 920Canonical system, 2076Canon of Medicine, 2296. See Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)Canopic jars, 1605–1607Canopus, 2733, 2739Cantong qi, 4431Cao Yuanfang, 2975Capac hucha, 2474Capacity measurement

of Hebrews, 4477–4478in Islam, 4451–4454in Mesoamerica, 4469

Capacocha, 2132Capac Raymi, 1057Capitoline obelisk, 3429Capsicum frutescens L., 3501Captain Bligh, 128Captain Cook, 128Caracas, 1365Caraka, 1063, 2907, 2983Caraka Samḥitā, 2177, 2349, 2443, 2900, 2901, 2907,

2909, 2983, 3032, 3035Caribbean water procurement, 4401–4403Cartography, 1977–1978

Tibet, 2681Western, 2668

Cashewnut processing, Malabar coast, 1064Casma Valley, 4393–4394Cassava (Manihot esculenta), 1769Castello, 3432Castillo, Chichen Itza (Mexico), 4206Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs (Thompson), 4570Cataplasms, 1754, 1757Catholic community, 2673Catoca, 3269Catoptrics, 3522, 4190

Cats (Felis sylvestris catus) domestication. See Animaldomestication

Cattle reproduction, 4241Caturacintāmaṇi, 2605Causeways, Olmec earth structures, 1547–1549Cauterisations, 3052, 4344Cavalieri’s principle, 2040Cave architecture, India, 1065–1071Caveats, Native American, 1680–1681Caves, 436Celestial globe, 2124Celestial mapping, 2431–2434

in East Asia, 2692–2697Islamic, 2698–2700

Celestial maps. See Maps and mapmakingCelestial vault and sphere, 1072–1074Celiang quanyi, 2043Cementation, 3191Cemmatl, 2676Centella asiatica, 2177Central Africa, astronomy in, 748–750Central America

agriculture in, 66–85Maya culture, 4158

Central Asia, glass, 2108–2109Central hall house, 439Central Inspection Institute ofWeights andMeasures, 4464Ceques, 2500Ceramics

Africa, 1074–1087

clay extraction, 1076–1077clay processing, 1077–1079decoration, 1081–1083drying, 1083firing, 1083–1086manufacturing process, 1075–1087postfiring, 1086–1087preforming, 1080–1081roughing out, 1079–1080shaping, 1079social background, 1075

Burmahistoric earthenware and glaze ware, 1093–1101prehistoric earthen wares, 1090–1191protohistoric and transition period earthenware,

1191–1093China

fifth milestones, 1109–1111, 1103–1106fourth milestones, 1108–1109second milestones, 1106third milestones, 1107–1108

Korea, 1117–1133Maya pottery, 1168–1177Mimbres pottery, 1180–1186Pre-Hispanic North America, 1134–1141Olmec pottery, 1187–1193Southeast Asia

Cambodia, 1143–1144

Index 4643

Laos, 1144–1145Myanmar (Burma), 1145–1147Thailand, 1147–1153Vietnam, 1153–1154

West Africadefinitions and characteristics, 1163–1165origins and ceramic traditions, 1165production organization, 1165–1166

West Indies, 1156–1162Cerrahiyet€u, 2196Cerrahiyet€u`l-Haniyye, 2200Ceruana pratensis, 827Cervus unicolor, 2490Césaire, Aimé, 4491Ceyuan haijing, 2560Chaco region, astronomy in, 752Chakravartin, 2423Chalkous, 3395, 3396Chamico (Datura stramonium), 1811, 1812Chandas (prosody and metrics), 862Chandra Bose, Jagdish, 3529Chang’s seismograph, 2893Chantilly, Chichen Itza vs., 18–20Chao Yuanfang, 1195Chariots, 2888, 2891

military technology in Ancient Egypt,3228–3230

Charles Felix (King), 2650Chavin cult, 2131Chavín de Huantár, 2023Chāyā-vyavahāra, 2562Chayyalat, 2405Cheda (divisor), 808Chemical pulp, 3494Chemistry, China, 1195–1198Cheng Dawei, 2764Chen Yan, 1198Chen Ziming, 2917Chen Zuo, 2693Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunya ji Do, 2434, 2436Cherokee

architecture, 500–504syllabary, 4534, 4535

Chert thin bifaces, 2874Cheyanto, 3328Cheyenne, 3094Chhandogya Upanishad, 4370Chhāyā, 30Chibong yusol, 2797Chicha, 871, 1810Chichén Itzá, 2031, 3621, 3622

vs. chantilly, 18–20El Castillo pyramid, 17gliding repetition pitch, 18repetition pitch theory, 17–18

Chicherías, 875Chieng prei (carpenter of the forest), 3326–3327Chieng srok, 3328

Chilam Balam, 4259–4260Childbirth, 1199–1203

India, 1203–1206

Medieval Ages and later, 1205modern obstetrics, 1205–1206obstetrics, 1203–1204populace, 1204–1205

Child health, women and, 3509–3510Chiljeongsan-based timekeeping system, 4250Chỉ minh lập thành toán pháp, 2822Chimu ciudadelas, 2132Chimu culture, 2473China, 2432

agriculture, 33–45alchemy, 177–180algebra, 200–204altars

and Confucian rituals, 285–287definition, 285imperial in Beijing, 287–291

armillary spheres in, 586, 2140astrology, 627–630astronomy in, 677–680, 1597–1598barrows, 814–819bitumen in, 891–893block printing, 1553Buddhism, 3715–3716calendars, 1031–1032, 4248, 4329calligraphy, 4538–4539ceramics

fifth milestones, 1103–1106, 1109–1111fourth milestones, 1108–1109second milestones, 1106third milestones, 1107–1108

civil disturbances in, 4460clock making, 3518computation, 1396–1397Confucianism, 3716–3719, 3717–3719construction, 321–323cosmological beliefs, 3716–3717culture

acoustics, 21–22agriculture, debate, 41–45astronomy, lunar lodges, 2573–2577magnetism in, 2613–2616physical nature of sound, 23

Daoism, 3716, 3719–3720East and West, 1562–1569embroidered textiles in, 1609–1615environment and nature in, 1667–1669ethnobotany in, 1707–1710fertility in historical, 1870–1872food technology, 1925–1927foreign influence in, 2765–2767forensic medicine in, 2980–2982geography, 1985–1986, 2645geomancy, 1566–1567, 2012–2014geomantic maps, 2701

4644 Index

China, 2432 (cont.)geometry, 2020glass

contemporary glassmaking, 2085–2086glass workshops at Boshan, 2082–2084imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085initial stage, 2081–2082new methods of décor, 2085regional glass workshops, 2085

glazescolor and texture, 2121–2124crystalline phase-separated, 2115high-fired/low-fired, 2113–2114high-iron, 2115–2118phase-separated, 2114–2115physicochemical basis, 2114transparent vitreous, 2118–2121

Gou-Gu theorem, 2135–2137ideologies, 3715infanticide, 1871Jesuits in, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648knowledge systems, 2438–2440language of maps, 2643lifeboat station, 3378lowland areas and dense waterways in, 3366lunisolar calendar, 4245magic squares in, 2598–2599maps and mapmaking in, 2636–2648mass measurement, 4462–4464mathematics, 2037–2044, 2759–2767, 4621

approximation formulae, 335–337Pi in, 3533–3534

mathematics education systems in, 2796mechanical technology and instruments of,

2887–2899medicine, 2974–2980, 4611

ethics, 2899–2900, 2904–2906texts, 2915–2918

metallurgy in, 3130–3132meteorology in, 3213–3215millet in, 3239–3244natural gas, 1968–1970Naturalist School, 1668navigation in, 3336–3339, 4615optics in, 3444–3447physics, 3516–3519, 3523–3526publishing and printing in, 3596–3602religions or philosophies, 3714–3715rice

dispersal routes, 3750–3751increasing productivity, 3747–3750origins and early developments,

3746–3747salt, 3823

production techniques, 3830salt types, 3830by solar evaporation (shai yan), 3831successive basin solar evaporation, 3832well salt production, 3832–3833

science, 3715bencao (pharmacopoeia), 3887Chinese numerals, 3881Chunqiu and Zhouli, 3882Needham demonstration, 3881principle of control, 3883principle of masking, 3883Shennong bencaojing pharmacopoeia,

3885Shujing and Shijing, 3882shuxue, 3882Suanshushu manuscript, 3884Tiangong kaiwu, 3881wuxing (Five Elements), 3883wuyi (shamans and doctors), 3885yaofu, 3887Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi),

3884Shaanxi to Sichuan, road map from, 2644silk

loom types, 3992loom weaving, 3991prerequisites, 3990

steam powercotton weaving and spinning mills, 4021steam mechanism, 4019treadmill mechanism, 4019

steering technologies, 3368, 3370Suanxue, 4137sundials in, 4084–4086surveying in, 4109–4110tattoos in, 4142–4146technology in, 4161textiles in, 4213–4216time in, 4242–4245urban water system design

drainage system, 322draining river, 323logic of, 323moat (Fosse), 322–323Nan-Bai Dynasties, 321oldest capital city, 320–321paradigm of, 323ponds and lakes, 322urban river, 322water supply system, 323–325

weather forecasting in, 3213–3214weights and measures in, 4436–4437wells in, 4482–4486windmill in, 4493wood-block printing, 1553, 3596–3597writing in, 4537–4539zinc production in, 4623–4625

Chinampa agriculture, 1859Chinchorro mummies, 3309Chinese Buddhist texts, Indian astronomy in China,

792–793Chinese celestial mapping, 2693Chinese Hippocratic Oath, 2899

Index 4645

Chinese medicinein Korea, 3005–3308in Thailand, 3046

Chinese medieval technique, 2790–2791Chinese remainder problem, 2041Chirtrakut, 376Chisels, stoneworkers using, 4302Ch’oe Han-gi, 2797–2798Cholula pyramid, 419Chomsungdae, 646Chong-cha, 2020Chŏng Sanggi, 2672Chongzhen lishu, 2791Ch’ŏ nhado, 2669–2671Ch’onsang yolch’a punyajido, 2695Chordeleg yupana, 4593Chosun dynasty, 2796Christian Topography, 2633Chullavagga, 2095Chum Teav Haira, 3328Chum Teav Mao (Black Lady), 3328Chumwan ti ahawel Ah Balam (Sir Jaguar was seated in the

Lordship), 4574Chungin class, 2796–2797Chunqiu, 1589Chuxing, 2574Cilbanus, 971Cinci hoca, 3059Circular pyramids, 1295–1296Circus Maximus, 3420, 3427, 3428, 3432Cire perdue, 3136, 3137Cisterns, 4404, 4406Cities and town

Ancient India, 1257–1258Ancient Israel

Iron Age town planning, 1210–1213urbanization, 1207–1210

Aztec city planninghistorical development, 1289–1293urban architecture, 1293–1300

CambodiaAngkor, city planning, 1259under French, 1261–1262Sihanouk and beyond, 1262–1268

East AfricaSwahili towns, 1216–1220

Inca city planning, 1306–1310India

ancient town planning, 1268–1270colonial town planning, 1273–1275early modern town planning, 1270–1273modern town planning, 1275–1277

Lao/ThaiLao variant, 1284–1286modern city planning, 1286–1289Northern and Central Thailand, 1281–1284prinicples, 1279–1280

Mayaastronomy and creation, 1251–1252

city planning, 1310–1313establishment, 1250–1251planning of, 1250–1255political ideology, 1252–1253

OlmecLa Venta, 1244–1248San Lorenzo, 1248–1250

West Africaconstruction, 1235–1242urban development, 1230–1235urbanisation, 1225–1230urban trends, 1230–1232

Yorừbá city planning, 1314–1320Citi-vyavahāra, 2562Citrabhānu, 2427Classic acumoxology

biomedicalization, 27–28theory, 26

Classic Maya (Mesoamerican civilization). See MayaClassic of Questioning. See NanjingClaudius Ptolemy, 2633, 2698–2699, 2714, 2715Clay griddles (doka), 972Clay tablets, fishing, 1885Clepsydra, 3518, 4249–4254Clergy, 1630–1631Clerical script (lishu), 4538Climate change, 2468

India, 1702–1703Climate variation, Andean societies, 4397–4399Climatic zones, in Palestine, 432Clocks, 1321–1324

astronomical (see Astronomical clocks, China)and watches, 2040

Cloth making, Chichen Itza, 1325–1332Clovis blade manufacture, 1333–1340Coanenepilli, 1806–1807Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca), 1755Coccoloba uvifera, 1755Cochas, 2226Cochineal dyes, 1538Coconut (Cocos nucifera), 1766, 1769Codex Badianus, 3013Coffea arabica, 1712Coiled baskets, 820Coiling, 820, 823, 825Coins (sikkadhahab), 2407Coir in India, 1341–1345Colchicum luteum, 4345Colonial ecology, Amazon, 1656–1657Colonialism

Africa, 972and medicine, Malay Peninsula, 1346–1350and science

Africa, 1358–1359America, 1363–1379India, 1359–1362Malay world, 1379–1383

Colonial state’s disengagement, philanthropy, 3511–3512Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India, 2924

4646 Index

Colossal Heads (cabezas colosales), 1543Colubrina asiatica, 1771Column Nilometer, 3390, 3393–3396Combinatorics

Indian mathematics, 1383–1385Islam, 1385–1388

Comet and meteoriteaboriginal Australians, traditions, 1388–1391Islamic world, 1391–1394

Commentary on the Almagest. See Ibn al-HaythamCommunal disease, 3064Communication

and mathematics, 2743–2750vessels, 3387without written language, 2745–2748

Compass, 1394–1396Comprehensive Astronomical Table, 2509Computation

Ancient India, 1398–1400China, 1396–1397

Concave mirrors, 3517Concave shaped Ptolemaic gold mill, 3260Configuration of the World, 2171Confucianism, 1677–1678, 3518, 3717–3719, 4361Confucius, 3336, 3641, 3717Congo, mining, 3279–3284Congreve, William, 4366Conics, 1401–1402Consciousness (human intention), 3553

Ancient India, 1403–1406Consensus, 3558–3559Constantius II, 3420Contador Canari, 2511Continuous time, 4268–4269Contradiction, proof by, 3592Cooke, Michael, 2747Cooking, 1921

oil, 1922Copaiba (Copaifera reticulata), 1797Copan, Honduras, 536, 537, 2030Copan’s Hieroglyphic Stairway, temples, 4203, 4205Copernicus, 2439Copper

Mesopotamia, 3188–3190Mexico, 1408–1413tools, 4306Zimbabwe, 1406–1408

Copper-bearing drift, 3286Copper mines and Copper mining

Ancient Egypt, 3245–3248Botswana, 3565–3576Bushman shear zone, 3572geology, 3565–3566Great Lakes (USA), 3284–3289location, 3566Matsitama, 3566, 3572

Coracles, 908–910Coracores, 3334Coral (marjan), 2405

Corbicula fluminea, 4484Corchorus capsularis, 2416Corchorus olitorious, 2416Cordia subcordata, 1768Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 2689Corridor Nilometer, 3390, 3391Corrosion resistance, iron pillar, 2355–2357Cosmetic surgery, Ancient India, 1414–1415Cosmic Cross, 2022, 2027, 2030, 2032, 2033Cosmic Egg, 2021–2022Cosmic Monster, 2030Cosmic motif, 4503, 4508Cosmic tree, 2733Cosmography, 1943

Korea, 2669–2671Cosmologies

African San People, 1450–1457Buddhist, 1640, 1676of India, 1416–1428Mesoamerica, 1429–1449

Costumes, traditional Indian, 4220–4221Cotton

evolution, England, 4219India, 1458–1461Indonesia, 1461–1465quantity of, 4429weaving (see Weaving cotton)

Coursed clay construction, 380Court house, 439Couscous, 1465–1469Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, 3504Cretaceous period, Tunisian stones, 3662Cretan writing, 4566Crop

domestication, Amazon, 1469–1473plants of Ancient Egypt, 3461–3463Pre-Columbian America, 1475–1477

Cuatro Puertas cave, 2734–2737Cubbon, Mark, 4516Cubic capacity measurement, 4477–4478Cueva de la Arana, 2187Cultivation technology, Egypt, 3464–3466Cultural diversity, Islamic world, 4449Cultural Palace of Labour, Hanoi, 401Culture

Africa, 1559–1561Christian, 4488and mathematics, 2797technology and, 4164–4172with written language, 2748–2749

Cuneiform, 1477–1482, 4554, 4564–4565Curacas, 2474Curcuma amada, 4345Curcuma longa (turmeric), 1722, 2178Cửu chuơng lập thành tính pháp, 2822–2823Cuzco’s ceque system, 1844–1846Cycad (Cycas circinalis), 1771Cycas circinalis, 1767Cyclic time, 4263–4265

Index 4647

Cylinder sealsfish offering, 1888impressions, fishing, 1887

Cypriot syllabary, 4566Cytotec, 4

DDà, 22D˓a at al-A ṭibbā (The Physician’s Banquet), 2307Da-Dai Liji (Record of Rites by the Elder Dai), 2599Dad Dafira, for writing justice rules, 4347Dae-Sin-Gi-Jeon (large magical machine arrow) in Korea,

3798–3799da Gama, Vasco, 1554, 4167Daghbag gold mine, 3260Daigaku wakumon (Dialogues on the Great Learning),

1678Daijutsu bengi no ho, 2793–2794Dai minority people, 138Dai Nam Toan Do (Complete Map of Dai Nam), 2684Dai-Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu, 2666Đại thành toán hoc chỉ minh, 2823–2824Đại thành toán pháp, 2824Daji-jing, 792–793Dakar, Senegal, 387, 390, 391Dakṣinottara Bhitti yantra, 3438–3439Dalai Lama, 2912–2913, 2912–2914, 3078.

See also Medical paintings of TibetDalem, 407Daming calendar, 4629Damingli, 2140Al-Damīrī, 197–198Dampier, William, 3217Dams

Arabia, 1483–1485Muslim, 4182–4183purpose, 4182silt, 4421–4422, 4423water, 4418–4419

Danda (open attack orwar), 2424Dangdai Yixue yu shidai jingshen, 1524Dao, 3716Dào Dé Jīng (Laozi), 22, 1668Daoism, 3523, 3716, 3719–3720

in China, 3523–3524philosophy, 1668religion, 3714

Daoist philosophy, 26Dao Jia (the School of Dao), 3719Daozang (Daoist Canon), 177, 2204Daphne, 3494Daphro, 3654–3656, 3659Daphro hills, quarries of Harappa, 3658–3659Dar al-shifa, 2195Daroji reservoir (Karnataka), 4382–4384Darsana, 4588Da-Tang Kaiyuan zhanjing, 680Date palm leaf (Phoenix dactylifera), 827

Datong, 714Datura arborea, 3019Daud al-Fatani, 213Dau rái, 931David, Henry, 1632da Vinci, Leonardo, 4446Dayaks, 2678Dayan suoyin (Ding Yidong), 2599Da Yuan da yitongzhi, 892Dazhuan, 4537De anatomicis administrationibus, 2208De aspectibus, 3448, 3451De Caelo, 2170Deccan Chalcolithic period, 3498–3499Decimal metric system, 4468Decimal notation, 1487–1489

alphabetical, 1499inscriptions, 1499transmission, 1501–1503

Decimal systemEast Asia, 1489–1491India, 1487–1489, 1492–1503and measurement, 1489–1491

Decoration techniques, 2541–2543De crsbus, 2208De febrium differentiis, 2208Defense maps (kwanbangdo), 2675Defenses, South India, 4357–4359Defensive barricades, Maya, 1504–1511Dehydrated products, 1931–1932Dehydrated tofu preparation, 4275–4276Deir al-Medina, 2632Deir el-Bahari, tombs, 4286Deir el-Medina, 2660, 2661Deity, 4370–4371Delhi, iron pillar, 2350–2357Della descrittione dell’Africa, 2551Dellak/K€ulkhani, 2199Deloria, Vine, 1684–1686, 1688, 1692de Landa, Diego, 1253De Materia Medica, 2191Demotic mathematical texts, 2720Dendrocalamus giganteus, 3338Denglonggu, 2694Deng steelyard, 4437Deng Xiaoping, 2767Dengzhen yinjue (Concealed Instructions on the Ascent to

Perfection, only partially preserved), 4140De numeris harmonicis, 2551De ordine librorum suorum, 2208De partibus artis medicativae, 2208Department of Science and Technology (DOST), 949Depletion gilding, 3191De re metallica, 3276De revolutionibus, 2388Derris elliptica, 1778Desāntara, 1512Description de l’Égypte (Description of Egypt), 2633De sectis ad eos, qui introducuntur, 2208

4648 Index

De Sphaera of Theodosius, 2080Desuckering, 3677, 3680De triangulis (On Triangles), 2388De triangulis omni modis (On All Classes of Triangles),

2783De tribus notis, 2387De Utilitatibus Astrolabii, 608Devācārya, 1512–1513Devanāgarī script, 4557–4558Devourer of Souls, 4445Dharma, 863D’hera, 2417Dhī jagannūpura, 2168Dhirā ˓, 4450Dholavira. See HarappaDhows (daus), 3335Dhruva-bhramayantra, 639Dhuwa, 2448Diadems (istifan), 2405Dialogues on the Great Learning. See Daigaku wakumonDiamond

digging, 3266locations and government control, 3267mining, Angola, 3264–3266

Diamond-point engraving, 2085Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. See Watt,

GeorgeDictionary of the Economic Products of India, 1717Digges, Thomas, 4189Dīgha Nikāya, 2565Digitaria millet in West Africa, 32Dimocarpus species, 951Ding (fixed differences), 2553Ding shuo method. See Wang XiaotongDing Yidong, 2599Diodorus, 3387Diophantus, 2725, 3411Dioptrics, 3522Dioscorea bulbifera, 1719Dioscorea melanophyma, 1719Dipterocarpus, 931Dirham, 2406Dirham al-fiḍḍa (Silver dirham), 4454Dirham al-kayl (Weight dirham), 4454–4455Discrete time, 4268–4269Disease demons, 2961Disputes Between Animals and Man, 1674Diversified scripts, 4557–4559Divination, traditional China, 1513–1524Division on yupana, 4596–4597Djaret, 303–304Djarīb, 4450Dja-yobwê (dja stone), 4432Doam palm leaf (Hyphaene thebaica), 827Dog (Canis lupus familaris). See Animal domesticationDogon cosmology, 745Doi Moi program, 401–402Doka/sadj, 968Dolerite hand-tool, 3424, 3425

Dolmens, 3095, 3097Dominicus Gundisalvi, 1581Domitian obelisk, 3432Dongjing, 2574Dong Qichang, 1613Donkeys (Equus asinus). See Animal domesticationDorset Culture, 4157, 4173Doryu, Rankei, 1954Doshin, 2172Douala, Cameroon, 391Doubling, 2771Doucai porcelains, 1111Drainage technology, Egypt, 3463–3464Dravidian languages, 4555, 4558The Dreaming, 2448Dreaming tracks, 2686–2687Drebbel, Cornelius, 4189Dresden Codex, 2859–2860Dṛggaṇita, 2428, 2884, 3495. See also ParameśvaraDrug therapy, in Ancient Egypt, 2962Drying, meat preservation, 2885Dry water technology, 4410–4417

irrigation canals, 4413–4415pond fields, 4415–4417puquios, 4413–4415sloping field, 4411–4412sunken gardens, 4415–4417terraces, 4410–4413

Dualism, 3523Duan Chengshi, 4145Du Fu, 2643Dugouts (logboats), 903, 910–911Duhamel, Georges, 4490Duishu jiantui bianfa shi, 2557Duishu tanyuan, 2556Dukwe mines project, 3566, 3572–3576

culture-historical context, 3576dates, 3576mining, 3572–3574smelting and smithing, 3574–3576

Duliyusijing, 629Duns, John Scotus, 4270Duoji bilei, 2556–2557Duret, Noel, 3484Durham, Jimmie, 1682Durkheim, Émile, 4238Du Shi Zhuan (Biography of Du Shi), 2890Dutch East India Company, 52Duxing Zazhi, 4084Dvaidhibhava (double policy), 2424Dwellings and settlements, 1527–1533Dyāvā-prthivī, 1700Dyeing. See also TextilesDyes

animals, 1538, 4223cochineal, 1538insects, 1538kermes, 1538natural, 1537

Index 4649

plant, 4223Sierra Leone, 1534–1536

Dynastic periods, 3225–3227

EEanes, Gil, 1370Early dynastic times, gold production in, 3248–3249Early Horizon, 2131Early Intermediate period, 2131Early Medieval period, 2904Early Neolithic Age, China pottery, 1103–1106Ears, 2487Earspools

in Mexico, 1541–1543ring-shaped, 1541, 1542

Earth structuresBarro Amarillo Veteado, 1549of Olmec, 1543–1550Preclassic Mesoamerica, 1543–1545San Lorenzo Plateau, 1543–1544

East Africaastronomy in, 746–748Swahili towns, 1216–1220

Eastern Eurasia, metallurgy, 3103–3113East and West, 1551–1558

Africa, 1559–1562China, 1562–1569India, 1569–1574Islam, 1575–1584

East Asiacalendars, 1035–1038, 2040celestial mapping in, 2692–2697decimal system in, 1489–1491

Eastern Eurasia, metallurgy in ancient, 3103–3113Eastern Han Dynasty, 2890–2894East India Company, 2925–2926, 4146, 4167

European colonization, 2925–2926East Semitic Akkadian language, 4564Ebers papyrus, 2968, 3443, 4525, 4528, 4530Eccentrics, 2875–2876Ecentric model, 3540Eclipses

Americas, 1591–1594calculation, 1594–1598Korea, 1591observation, 1586–1591prediction, 1594–1598

EcoBuddhism, 1633École Française d’Extr˓eme Orient (EFEO), 4386–4387Ecological niches, 3544Ecology

in Aboriginal people, 1688–1691in Amazon, 1653–1657in India, 1692–1695, 1701

Economic botany, 1380Economic law of diminishing returns, 2522Edwin Smith papyrus, 3968, 4523–4528

surgical, 301–302

Egyptancient techniques, 300–304, 2155–2163astronomy, 682–684bandages, 4526–4527basin irrigation in, 4181basketry, 825–827bread and wine, 3469–3471, 3473calendars, 1023–1024, 1039–1040copper mining in, 3245–3248crop plants, 3461–3463cultivation technology, 3464–3466drug therapy, 4525–4526embalming in, 1602–1608fishing, 1873–1881fractures treatment, 4527fruit crops in, 3463gardens, 1944–1950

and ornamental horticulture, 3473–3477geometry, 2016–2017, 2074–2076glass

earliest evidence, 2087–2088glass industry, 2090–2091invention, 2086–2087perception, 2090technology, 2088–2090

gold mining in ancient, 3248harvest and postharvest technology, 3465–3468, 3470hieroglyphic writing, 4534, 4565–4566history of colonization, 967irrigation and drainage technology, 3463–3465irrigation in, 2358–2360joints treatment, 4526later pyramids, 4285leather work

importance of skin products, 2544–2546technology, 2540–2544

maps and mapmaking in, 2649–2661mathematics

and African predecessors, 2255, 2773–2777mathematical leather roll, 2256, 2778–2780mathematical texts, 2257, 2770–2771numbers, 2258, 2770tables and fractions, 2771–2772texts in, 2718–2720

mausoleums of, 2865–2866meat preservation in, 2885–2886medical treatment in, 4524–4525medicine in, 2957–2969metallurgy, 3099mining in, 3245–3263military technology in ancient, 3225–3235mummies in, 3305–3307mummification process, 1603–1604, 1606–1608ophthalmology in, 3443Osiris, god of the dead, 1605papyrus and lotus symbols, 3462perfume and cosmetics, 3464pest control, 3469of Pharaohs, 2774–2777

4650 Index

Egypt (cont.)plant exploration, 3471–3474pyramids in, 1617

construction techniques, 3610–3612history, 3609–3610workforce, 3612–3613

ripening induction, 3467–3469settlements

Blue and White Niles, 3934civilization without cities, 3935discrete functions, Amarna, 3937nomes, 3935Nubia valley, 3934settlement archaeology, 3935turtlebacks, 3936twin towered pylon, 3937

ship-and boatbuildingFirst Dynasty, 3968–3970Middle Kingdom, 3975–3977New Kingdom, 3977–3979Old Kingdom vessels, 3970–3974sailboats, 3968sickle-shaped boats, 3967technology changes, 3974–3975

skull repair, 4528stones in

bekhen to basalt, 4032gemstones, 4031limestone and sandstone, 4028metagraywacke, 4032ornamental stones, 4029–4031rock varieties and sources, 4026–4028utilitarian stones, 4031

surgery inburns, 4096case study, 4091circumcision, 4096dental surgery, 4097pathological extensions, 4095–4096plastic and prosthetic surgery, 4094–4095skull surgery and trepanation, 4093–4094snake bites, 4096–4097sources, 4090–4091surgeons, 4098surgical devices, 4097–4098, 4529trauma, 4092–4093wound repairing methods, 4091–4092

surveying in, 4107–4108, 4112–4116temples in, 4191–4201textiles in, 4217–4218tombs in, 4282–4291tool construction in, 4300–4312viticulture, 3467, 4497–4500weights and measures in, 4438–4447winemaking in, 4497–4500woodworking in, 4512–4515wound healing in, 4523–4531writing in, 4539–4553, 4565–4566

Egyptian Calendar and Nilometer, 3398–3402

Egyptian mathematical leather roll (EMLR), 2778–2780Egyptian Reckoner, 10Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, 4192Einstein, Albert, 1353Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 3556Ekken, Kaibara, 1678El Castillo pyramid, 17El-Cevher el-Ferid, 3485Elean eats, 2043Electro-luminescence, 3519Elementa, book of Euclid, 1018Elements, 2399Elements de géometrie, 2043Elements of Algebra, 2555Elements of Analytical Geometry, 2555Elements of Geometry, 2397Elephantine Nilometer, 3388–3389Eleusine coracana (ragi), 48El Khubtha Mountain, 2235Ellora caves, 1070El Morro of Puerto Rico architecture, 547–548Elsine-i selāse, 3480El vermek, 3058Elwin, Mark, 4169Embalming

in Egypt, 1602–1608process, 3307

Embelia ribes, 3499Embroidered textiles

in China, 1609–1615Han period, 1609–1610Han Ximeng, 1613, 1614Ming period, 1611–1612pre-Qin period, 1609Qing period, 1611–1612Qin period, 1609–1610Shen Shou, 1614, 1615Song period, 1610–1611Sui period, 1610Tang period, 1610Yuan period, 1610–1611

EMLR. See Egyptian mathematical leather roll(EMLR)

EMP. See Eurasian metallurgical province(EMP)

Empedocles, 3524Emperor Augustus, 3425, 3427Emperor Constantine, 3419Enameled glass, 2085Encomienda system, 66Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1572Encyclopedia Iranica, 2056Endan-jutsu, 4137Endiama (Empresa Nacional de Diamantes de Angola,

E.P.), 3266Engineering, 1615–1619

military technology, 1616–1617Engineering-centered technology, 4158–4159,

4173–4176

Index 4651

Engi shiki (Religious Regulations of the Engi Period,927), 1676

England, cotton evolution, 4219Ensete, 970Entomotoxin gene, 3504Enuma Anu Enlil, 615, 617–619Enuma Elish. See also AstrologyEnvironment and nature

Africa, 1619–1625Amazon, 1653–1657Ancient India, 1698–1703Andes, 1659–1663Australian Aboriginal people, 1663–1667Buddhism, 1627–1635China, 1667–1669dispossession, 1666economic use of, 1664–1665Hebrew thought, 1647–1652India, 1670–1672Islam, 1672–1674Japan, 1675–1679modification, 1665Native American thought, 1680–1695Thailand, 1638–1647

Eocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662Epistemology, mathematics, 3593–3594Equal arm balance, evolution, 4441–4442Equinoxes, precession, 3564–3565Equity, 4266–4267Eragrostis tef, 1714–1715Eratosthenes, 2632–2633Ertijiao (double-bang firecracker) rocket in China, 3805Esarhaddon, 616Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture, 4293Estwick, Samuel, 4488Etak concept, 2813Etaye purvam, 1042Ethiopia

alphabets of, 4568ethnobotany in, 1711–1715weaving cotton in, 4429–4430

Ethnoarchaeological studies. See also CeramicsEthnoastronomy, 756, 3905Ethnobotany, 1704–1706

Alaska, 1778–1793Amazonia, 1795–1798Aztec, 1800–1807China, 1707–1710Ethiopia, 1711–1715Incas, 1808–1816India, 1716–1722magic plants, 1814–1816Malaysia, 1817–1829medicinal plants, 1809–1814Mesoamerica, 1724–1729native North America, 1729–1736Pacific, 1764–1778Pakistan, 1736–1746South America, 1748–1762

Ethnography, 2594–2595Ethnomathematics

beginnings, 1831case studies and pedagogy, 1831–1832collaborations and resources, 1832–1833culture-free/culture-neutral, 1830–1831of Inkas, 1834–1847

Ethnoveterinary medicine, 4352, 4355Euclidean algorithm, 3591Euclidean theory, 254, 2787Euclid’s Elements, 2019–2020, 2038, 2042–2044, 2067,

2069, 2851, 4266, 4331algorithm, 4138Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2291Islamic World, 1599–1601

Eudoxos-Archimedes axiom, 237Euler’s method, 1016Eurasia, metallurgy in ancient eastern, 3103–3113Eurasian metallurgical province (EMP), 3108Eurocentric approach, 2728Europe

block printing, 1553gunpowder in, 1565

European colonizationBritish, 2924–2926Portuguese, 2924women, 2927–2929

European Gothic architecture, 4184European Renaissance and Scientific Revolution, 1571European Scientific Revolution, 3515Eusideroxylon zwageri, 949Evans, Arthur, 266Evans, Damian, 4387Evliya, 3060Evolutionary theory of writing. See also WritingExodus, 4475Exotic skins, 2544Exploitation forestry, 1937–1938Extended dugouts, 911–914Eyes, 2486

FFabian, Johannes, 4239Fabrication techniques, 3101Fabric, Indigo dyeing in Sierra Leone, 1535–1536Al-Faḍl al-Nayrīzī, 2067Fagopyrum esculentum, 1718Fagopyrum tataricum, 1718Faience, Ancient South Asia, 1849–1851Fakhr al-Dawla, 2283Fakir-ul-Tejar, 3824Falajes or aflaj, 2256False position method, 2771Fanegas, 4468Fang cheng method, 201, 203, 4612Fang Yizhi, 3446Fangyuan chanyou, 2556Fang Zhongtong, 2599

4652 Index

Fan wheel, 2893Faqih Wan Musa al-Fatani, 213Al-Fārābī, 2066, 2329Al-Farghānī, 6, 198Farīduddin Munajjim, 720Farming technology, Amazon, 1852–1861Farriss, Nancy, 4258Fathul Mujahidin (The Triumphs of Holy Warriors), 4366Fatih Complex (k€ulliye), 3479Fat, meat preservation, 2886Al-Fazārī, 199Feathered serpent pyramid, 3617, 3618Fedchenko, A. P., 2370Fedorov, M. H., 2378Fei huojiang (flying fire-lance) rocket in China, 3805Fencai porcelains, 1111Fengshui (Geomancy), 1566, 1669, 1864–1869, 2012Fengtian nephrite, 2395–2396Fenn-i hikmet or ulum-i akliye, 2195Fermentation, African foods, 1922Fermented tofu. See TofuyoFertility, in historical China, 1870–1872Ferula narthex Boiss, 3499Fesca, Max, 62Festivals, water, 4374–4375Fetia, 2418Fī Alāt al-aẓlāl (On Instruments of Shadows), 2339Fī al-ḥarrāqāt (On Burning Instruments), 2326Fiber/rope/cordage sources, 383–384Fibonacci, Leonardo, 2750Ficus benghalensis, 2490, 2493Ficus glomerata, 2493Ficus religiosa, 1722Field-and-forest relationship, 137–138Field-and-grove systems, 137–141Field-and-interstitial support trees

spatially interstitial trees, 142–144temporally interstitial trees, 144

Field-and-mixed home garden, agroforestry,140–141

Field-and-sacred grove, agroforestry, 138–139Field-and-woodlot, agroforestry, 139–140Fihrist, 12Fiji architecture, 471–499Filāḥat al-Naba ṭiyyah (Nabataean Agriculture, by Ibn

Waḥshiyyah), 2368Filosofie bantoue, 2505Fincas, 70, 3838Fine bronze mirrors, 3290Finger rings (khatim and yûzuk), 2404Finite geometric series, 1012Finney, Ben, 3358Finzi, Mordekhai, 10Fiqh al-ḥisāb (Science of Calculation), 1387, 2318, 2319,

2320, 2838Firdaws al-ḥikmah (Paradise of Wisdom), 284Fire arrows in Ancient Korea, 3796Fire-emitting lance (tuhuoqiang), 2138Firelance (huoqiang), 2138

Firestick farming model, 1665Fire well (huojing), 1968Firmament, 1072Firmin, Anetor, 4490Fīsanat al-sams (On the Solar Year), 2304Fishing

Ancient Egypt, 1873–1881aquatic environments, 338–340hooks, 1875Indus Valley, 1889–1893Mesopotamia, 1881–1888Mohenjodaro, 1889spearing, 1877Stone Age, 1893–1899vessels, 1879wicker baskets, 1877

Fishing netIndus Valley, 1891knots, 1896, 1898repairing and drying, 1878

Fish preservation, Stone Age, 1898Fish processing, 1880Fī Ṣūrat al-kusūf, 2292. See also Ibn al-HaythamFive daily prayers, in Islamic, 655, 747, 2336, 3642,

3722–3723“Five limbs,” 4334Five Phases (Wuxing), 1899–1901, 3523. See also

YinyangFlaked stone tools in Mesoamerica, 4038–4057

biface flaking techniques, 4045–4047bow and arrow, 4056technology, 4041–4045

Flaminian obelisk, 3422Flinders Petrie, 2774Flood

damage controls, 2228–2229diversion channels, 2222–2224prone, 3753

Floodplains, 1547Floral motif, 4503–4506, 4508, 4509Florence chariot, 3229Florentine Codex, 4223Flour milling techniques, 3251Flying fire-lance (feihuoqiang), 2139Fodder and fuel wood management,

1742, 1743Fofo, 3028Folk and classical traditions in Indian knowledge

systems, 2443Foma’i samoa, 3028Fontana, Domenico, 3420Food and Maori, 1901–1907Food plants, medicinal, 2918–2923Food production systems

Amazon, 1907–1918contemporary (postcontact) systems,

1913–1918Paleo Systems (Pre-Agriculture), 1908–1910traditional (precontact) systems, 1910–1913

Index 4653

Food technologyAfrica, 1920–1924China, 1925–1927Latin America, 1927–1929Pacific Islands, 1930–1934preservation (see Preservation techniques)

Food/victual mummies. See also Animal mummiesForeign technology, 2344–2348Forensic medicine, China, 2980–2982Forest farming. See AgroforestryForest interculture. See AgroforestryForest Products Research and Development Institute

(FPRDI), 949Forestry

exploitation, 1937–1938India, 1934–1936industrial-age, 1939–1942Japan, 1936–1942regenerative, 1938–1939

Forest swiddens, 145. See also Swiddenagriculture

Forge-welding method, 3185Formal mining, 3269Formative Period, 3236, 3237Fortifications/siege, 425–426

military technology in Ancient Egypt,3230–3234

Forum Julium, 3426, 3429Founder crops

of Near Eastern agriculture, 3550of Neolithic agriculture, 114

Four Noble Truths, 1676Foxtail millet, 3240–3242, 3244Fractions, 2771–2772Fractures, 4527Franklin, Benjamin, 1353, 1558Franz Tichy’s hypothesis, 3606Freeze-drying techniques, 1661Freezing, 1932–1933French colonial villas, Hanoi, 399French Guinea, 388French-style, in Hanoi, 397–399Freud, Sigmund, 4490Freyle, Juan Diaz, 1370, 3906Friedman, Susan, 3556Fry drying, 1933Fryer, John, 1197Fūdo, 1679. See also Watsuji, TetsuroFujita Sadasuke, 153, 166Fukyu Tetsu-jutsu (Inductive Methods), 4138Fuller, Thomas, 2754Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut, 4547Furen Da Quan Liang Fang, 2917Fu Renjun, 4362. See also Wang XiaotongFusayfisa, 2106Fustat, Quseir el-Qadim, 2107Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (The Bezels of Wisdom),

2284Futsudankai tojutsu, 2793

GGaaaka (mathematician), 885Gabagaba, 542Gaitian, 1943, 4619Galen

Al-Rāzī, 274–275humoral theory, 2948Hunayn and, 2208–2209visual-ray hypothesis, 3449

Galileo, 3515, 4189Gallery (Riwaq) house, 439Gama settlements, 1977Game of 58 holes, 898–899Game of patolli, 900Game of 20 squares, 895–898Gan De, 1944Gandhi, Mohandas, 4491Ganeuidae, 647Ganeui, in Yeoju, 647Ganga, steamers, 3343Gangue, 3188, 3197Gaṇita (mathematics), 809Gaṇita Kaumudī , 582, 1018, 1385, 2047, 3319, 3320,

3410Ganitapāda, 2749Gaṇitasārakaumudī , 2601, 2602Gaṇitasārasaṃgraha, 2620, 3409, 3587Gaṇitatilaka, 4012. See also ŚrīpatiGaṇita-Yuktibhāṣā, 2427Ganpyongilgui, 651Ganza (Tamil kamsa), 4480Gao zhuan tong che, 2894Gara industry, 1535–1536Garamantian ashlar masonry temple at Germa, 353Garamantian pyramidal tombs at El Hatir, 351Garbha g ṛha, 1416, 1425Garbha Upanishad, 2488Garcilaso, 1809Garden of Eden, 102, 1651, 1963Garden of Iztapalapa, 1801Gardens

Ancient Egypt, 1944–1950Egypt, 3473–3477Islamic World, 1963–1968Japan

early centuries, 1950–1951Edo Period (1603-1867), 1957–1958Heian Period (794-1185), 1952–1954Kamakura Period (1185-1334), 1954–1955Later Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,

1958–1961Momoyama Period (1573-1603), 1956–1957Muromachi Period (1334-1573), 1955–1956Nara Period (710-784), 1951–1952

Gargasaṃhitā, 2601Gargilla, 1719, 1720Garimpo (illegal artisanal mining), 3266, 3268Garua, 2229Gautama, Siddhārtha, 629, 680, 1676, 3414, 3415

4654 Index

Geertz, Clifford, 4238, 4239Ge Hong, 1970–1972Gemstones, 4025, 4028, 4031Gemu (Pattern Catalog), 2981General History of Things of New Spain, 1591Genetic modification, crop development and, 119Genetics, geobotany and, 3551Genkei, Nakane, 4139Gentelle, P., 2380Geobotany and genetics, 3551Geodesy, 1972–1973Geoglyphs, 3380Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology, 2691Geographical knowledge

Ancient Sri Lanka

cartography, 1977–1978geography, 1975–1976island information, 1976–1977land surveying and design of irrigation systems,

1978–1980Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975

in non-western culturesmythic creation of the world, 1981–1982nature and humanity, 1982–1983sense of place, 1983–1984sustaining natural and human place, 1984–1985

Geography (di li), 1985Al-Bīrūnī and, 175–176China, 1985–1986India, 1987–1995Islamic world, 2002–2005Mesoamerica, 1996–2001native North Americans

contemporary, 2010–2011creation stories, 2007cultural conflict and emergent identities,

2009–2010location, territoriality, and cultural boundaries,

2007–2008resource adaptation, 2008–2009traditional native geography, 2006–2007

of plant domestication, 3551Geology, Ajanta, 164Geomancy

China, 1566–1567, 2012–2014, 3519Islamic world, 2014–2016and Maya city planning, 1312

Geomantia, 2014Geometria Indivisibilibus, 2040Geometric motif, 4508Geometry

Africa, 2035–2036America

archaeoastronomy, 2024–2025building technology, 2024–2025ceremonial centers of Mesoamerica, 2025–2034ceremonial centers of Peru, 2022–2023pre-Euclidean geometry, 2024–2025

Ancient India, 2017–2019

Arabic mathematics, 2787–2788Babylonia, 2017China and far East, 2020Chinese mathematics, 2037–2044Egypt, 2016–2017, 2074–2076India, 2045–2048Islamic art

cultural expression, 2060–2061forms and patterns, circle divisions,

2050–2055girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060patterns in plane, 2049–2050periodic and quasiperiodic patterns, 2057–2058service of religion, 2049

Islamic mathematics, 2065–2070Japanese mathematics, 2070–2072Mesopotamia, 2073–2074pre-Columbian America, 2021

Geranium, 1735–1736Geranium maculatum, 1734Gerard of Cremona, 198, 217, 1582, 1600, 4013Gerdes, Paulus, 2727, 2752Gereh-sāzī , 2056Gersonides, 2551–2552. See also Levi ben GersonGerson, Levi ben, 4619Geshu Bu (Supplement to Geometric Optics), 3446Gesture numeration, Africa, 3405Ge-Xiang Xin-Shu, 3445Gezer calendar, 267Gharā ˒ib al-ḥisāb wa ˓ajā ˒ib al-ḥussāb, 3324Ghaṫī -yantra, 638Ghāyat al-hakīm

astronomy and calendar, 4331pilgrimage to Mecca, 4330Qaul ˓alā ajnās allatị bi’l-arb˓aa, 4331quadrangle, 4331Rubàīyāt, 4331treatises for mathematics history, 4330–4331

Ghayl irrigation, 2248Al-Ghazāli, 1579, 1580, 2568, 4270Ghe bāu, 936Ghe cau, 936Ghe cà vom, 944Ghe chāi, 944Ghe giā, 936Ghe gió lūon, 929Ghe nang, 936Ghe noc, 942Ghe not, 942Ghosh, Aurobindo, 4491Ghulām Ḥusain Jaunpūrī, 2077–2080Ghurghuria, 2418Gia Long, 926Gill, Sam, 1683Girasandesaya, 1974Girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057Girituṅga, 2168Glasenapp, Helmut von, 1572

Index 4655

GlassChina

contemporary glassmaking, 2085–2086glass workshops at Boshan, 2082–2084imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085initial stage, 2081–2082new methods of décor, 2085regional glass workshops, 2085

Egyptearliest evidence, 2087–2088glass industry, 2090–2091invention, 2086–2087perception, 2090technology, 2088–2090

India, 2095–2103Ancient Indian glass, 2093–2095Ancient literature, 2095beads, 2096–2103faience, 2093glazes, 2092–2093Indian glass, 2092

Middle EastArabia and Gulf areas, 2109–2110Ayyubid Times (1171-1250), 2106–2107colored glass bangles, 2110–2112Crusader Times (1094-1187), 2106Fatimid Caliphates (1069-1171), 2106Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia, 2108–2109Near-East, 2106Ottoman Times (14th-19th), 2107–2108

origin of, 4190Zhou dynasty and, 3517

Glazed tiles, 367–372Glazes in China

color and texture, 2121–2124crystalline phase-separated, 2115high-fired/low-fired, 2113–2114high-iron, 2115–2118phase-separated, 2114–2115physicochemical basis, 2114transparent vitreous, 2118–2121

Gliding repetition pitch, 18Globalization, Africa, 972Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, 1455Globes, 2124–2126Glucose, 4280Glycine max, 1719Glycoalkaloids, 3563Glyph-block in Maya writing, 4570–4573Gnammas, 4377Gnomons, 2889

India

cardinal directions, 2126–2127noon shadow, 2127–2128

Goa, boats in, 901–918Gobineau, Comte de, 4350God Hapi, 3399–3400Godin Tepe (Iran), wine, 4498God Nile, 3389, 3390

Gofukujaku, 4461Golādhyāya, 2519, 2561Goladīpikā, 2426Goladīpikā I, 3495Golasāra, 2427Golavid (Master of Spherics), 2426, 2590, 2591Gola-yantra, 638. See also Armillary sphereGold

in Andes, 2129–2132dhahab, altûn, 2406in Mesopotamia, 3190–3191nuggets (habb), 2407

Golden Bowl of Djehuty, 4550Golden Elixir, 178Gold mining

ancient Egypt, 3248Mongolia, 2133–2135sites in Eastern Desert, 3252

Gold productionArab Times, 3261–3263New Kingdom times, 3250–3258Old And Middle Kingdom times, 3249–3250Predynastic and Early dynastic times, 3248–3249Roman and Byzantine times, 3261

Gold weights, Akan, 4432–4435Golius, Jacob, 198Gonbad-e Qabus, 2052Gonbad-e Sorkh, 2054Gong Qingxuan, 2975Goodman-Martínez-Thompson, 2571Goodman, Ronald, 1685Gorasaṃ rasavarya, 2167Gossypium spp., 4222Go-Tenjiku Zu (Map of the Five Indies), 2665Gotu kola (Centella asiatica), 1772Gou-Gu theorem, 2135–2137Gou-square, 2136Govindasvāmin, 3495Grahacāranibandhana, 2167, 2426Grahādhyayā, 2519Grahagaṇitādhyāya, 2561Grahaṇamaṇḍana, 3495Grahaṇanyāyadīpikā, 3495Grahaṇāṣ ṭaka, 3495Grahasiddhi, 2619Grand Canal map, 2642Grand Canary Island, 2734–2737Grand Music Masters, 22Grano salis, 2556Grantha script in Indian writing, 4558Graph theory, 2723Grass caryopses, 3241Grass script (caoshu), 4538–4539Great Conjunctions, 2717Greater Syria, mausoleums of, 2865–2866Great Kumbha, 4374Great Lakes (USA), 3325

copper mining in, 3284–3289Great Mosque of Cordoba, 2050

4656 Index

Great Mosque of Devriği, 364, 365Great Mosque of Jogjakarta, 413Great Mosque of Qayrawan, 369Great Pyramid, 4438

Cholula, 3614, 3619, 3620Gizeh, 4549

Great seal script, of Chinese writing, 4537Great Temple, in Mesoamerica, 3624Greco-Egyptian papyrus, 219Greco-Indian calendar, 1041, 1043Greco-Roman classification, of musical instruments, 22Greco-Syriac medicine, 2991Greek

astronomy, 3541calendars, 1027cosmological theory, 4015Fire, 2138geometry, 2727mathematics, 2787, 2803planetary models, 3539, 3540

Greek Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 3349Green-glazed porcelain (celadon), 1107–1108Green revolution, 3499, 3504Green tea. See also Tea

Japanese market, 4156powdered, 4154–4155production of, 4156Uji-method, 4156

Gregorian calendar, 2732, 4244, 4245Gregory, James, 4189Grenet, F., 2380Grewia tiliaefolia, 2490Grigorev, G. V., 2373Grishma (summer), 1992Groslier, Bernard-Philippe, 4386–4388Group writing, 4566Guachimontón precinct, 422Guanahani, 1364Guanche necklace, 2738Guanding jing, 1518Guang yutu, 2639, 2642Guan yin zi, 4164Guan Zi, 23, 1901, 2613Guatemala, 514–518Gudur glass factory, 2092Guide for the Perplexed, 2169, 2834Guizotia abyssinca, 1713–1714Gujin Yitong Daquan (Medical Tradition of the Past and of

the Present), 2905Gulyamov, Ya. G., 2373, 2376, 2378Gun, 2417Gunaka (prakrti), 1018Guṇas, 2907Gunpowder, 1552, 1553, 2138–2139. See also Military

technologyempires, 4159in Europe, 1565technology, 3223, 3224

Gunshi (Army Town), 2434

Gunungan, 4508Guo Shoujing, 2140–2141, 4189, 4255, 4620Guó Yū, 21Gupta script, 808Gurruṯu, 2842–2847Gurumukhī script, 4558Gurutva, 2562Gurvitch, Georges, 4238Gu-square, 2136Gutenberg, Johannes, 1553Gyoki-type maps, 2665Gypsum plaster, 4300

HHaab, 1032Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib, 2124, 2344Habshis, 3333Hadā’iq al-Nujūm (Gardens of Astronomy), 3691–3694Hadib, 968Ḥadīth, 224, 1058, 2990Hadrian obelisk, 3430, 3431Hagenia abyssinica, 1713Ha-ḥibbur ha-gadol (The Great Composition), 4659Haidao suanjing, 2020, 2037–2038Haider, Gulzar, 1674Hainan island map, 2641Hair in Egypt, 2148–2154, 2344–2148Hairstyling technology, 2155–2163Al-Ḥajjāj, 220Hajji Firuz Tepe (Iran), wine, 4498Hamam, 2199Al-Hamdānī

astronomer, 225background and life, 221–222economist, 225–226faqīh, 223–224geographer, 222–223historian, 224man, 227metallurgist, 226philologist, 223philosopher, 224–225physician, 226–227poet, 223

Hampicamayoc, 1809Hampicamayok, 1809Han bronze clepsydra, 2890Han-Chinese medical system, 2974Handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060Hand-cranked drills, stoneworkers, 4305, 4306Han Dynasty (China), 3517, 3525, 3596

Eastern, 2890–2894Hanh, Thich Nhat, 1631–1632Hanoi

architecture, 393–402Opera House, 398Red River North, 402

Han Qi, 2819

Index 4657

Han shi san lun. See Huangfu MiHanshu, 891Han Ximeng, embroidery, 1613, 1614Hanyu Pinyin system, 4538Han Zou Li, 3519Happo ryakuketsu, 2794Harappa

civilization (see also Indus River Valley)numeration system, 2782pest control in, 3498quarries in, 3647–3659

Hardaliye, 2164–2166Hardy, G. H., 3695Haridatta, 2167–2168Harmonices Mundi, 2058Harmonic swiddens, agroforestry, 145–150Harpoon, 956Harrapan city culture, 2906Harriot, Thomas, 4189Harris Papyrus, 4445Harvest technology, Egypt, 3465–3468, 3470Ḥasdai Crescas, 2167–2168Al-Hāshimī, 230Hastyāyurveda (The Āyurveda of Elephants), 4343Hatshepsut, 3422Hatsubi sampo (Mathematical Methods for Finding

Details, 1674), 2793, 4137Hatsubi sampo endan genkai, 2794–2795Ḥa ṭ ṭ an-niqāb ˒an wujūh ˒ amāl al-ḥisāb, 2321Hawaii

astronomy, 684–692calendars, 1026

Hawai’iloa, 3345Hay’a, 2170–2171, 2171Hay’at al-ālam, 2170Haytham’s synthesis, 3522Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, 2333–2334Hazama Shigetomi, 2172–2173Hazārbāf, 365–366Head, 2486Healers, 2966–2967Healing

songs, Yawulyu ceremonies and, 3071traditions in Africa, 2938–2940

Health Sciences in India, 2173–2180Hearst Papyrus, 2968Heavenly element (tian yuan), 2763Hebei Province, 2637Hebrew

Bible, 1650–1652handwriting, 4568People, mathematics, 2833–2836thoughts, environment and nature in, 1647–1652weights and measures of, 4474–4478

Heb sed, 2147Heiau, 659Heliocentric system, 3693Hellenistic astrology. See also AstrologyHemudu culture, wells, 4483–4484

Hengxing (fixed stars), 4016Henkei Jutsu, 2072Herbalism, 3018Herbal medicine, Australian Aboriginal people,

3071–3072Herbal pesticides, in India, 3501Herbolarios, 1759, 1760Heritiera littoralis, 950Herodotus, 1551, 1560, 3399, 3400, 3401Heron of Alexandria, 4189Hetepheres’ furniture, 4513Heumgyeonggaknu (water clock). See also Clocks and

watchesHeumgyonggaknu, 648Heyerdahl, Thor, 3357Heywoods

pot-lined water holes, 4402–4403wood-lined water hole, 4402

Hezekiah’s tunnel, 4406, 4407Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥa we ha-Tishboret, 2833–2834Hibiscus mutabilis, 3494Hidden in Plain View, Jacqueline Tobin (1999), 2746Hidetosi Fukagawa, 3457Hieroglyphic Alphabet, 4565Hieroglyphic stairway, of temple, 533Hijra, 1025Hijrī year, 4246Hindu-Arabic system, 2786Hindu astronomers, 3540, 3565Hindu-Buddhist legacy, in Javanese architecture, 411–413Hindu-Buddhist maps, 2678Hinduism, 212, 403, 411, 412, 1556, 1573, 1627, 1819,

1935, 2537, 2596, 2619, 2678, 2900, 2985,4221

Hindu model, 3540Hippocratic medicine, 3056Hippology, 4347–4348Ḥisāb al-jabr w’al-muqābala, 2726Historiography, mathematical texts, 2720The History of Cartography, 2431A History of Western Technology (Klemm), 4164Ho Chi Minh Museum, 401Hoernle, Rudolph, 2907Hogendijk, Jan, 2707Hojin no ho, ensan no ho, 2794Hokutoshichisei (Seven Stars of the Northern Ladle), 2434Holocene dune line, 3662Holography, 2180–2187Homo communicationis, 2505Homo erectus, 954Homo faber, 4164–4166, 4171Homo sapiens, 956Homo socialis, 2505Honduras, 515, 516Honey

meat preservation, 2886and medicine, 2187–2194

Hongaeilgui, 651Hong Duc Ban Do (Maps of the Hongduc Era), 2683–2684

4658 Index

Hong-Key Yoon, 1984Hong Tae-yong, 2798Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chi to, 2668, 2669Hooks, fishing, 1875Hookworm disease, prevalence, 2932–2933Hopea species, 950Horāsāroccaya, 30Horn Book for the Law of Storms, 3217Horn Book of Storms for the India and China Seas, 3217Horner-Ruffini method, 2726Horn of Africa, 1620Horologium, 3428Horoscopes, 2663Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), 3544Horticultural ethnobotany, 1704Horus-cippi, 2969Horus-eye notation, 4440Horus-eye numeration system, 2779Horus in Edfu, 4192Hospitals and medical schools, Ottoman Empire,

2193–2203Hou Han Shu (History of the Eastern Han Dynasty), 2574,

2575, 2890, 2892House

building tools, 489Java, 403–410Palestine, 434–442

Huacas, 2025, 3309Hua Hengfang, 2767Huai Nan Wan Bi Shu, 3446, 3519Huai Nan Zi, 2037, 3517, 3518Huangchao zhi sheng fu ting zhou xian quantu, 2646Huangdi jiuding shendan jing, 2204–2205Huangdi Jiuzhang Suanjing Xicao, 2409Huangdi Neijing, 26, 2205, 2904, 2915, 2916, 2918, 4293,

4587, 4618Taisu (Great Simplicity), 2205

Huangfu Mi, 2915, 2916, 2975, 4618, 4619Huanghe tu, 2647Huang Sheng, 4215Huanucopampa, 2473Huari shirts, 4229–4230Huayara, 3160Hua yi tu, 2639, 2640Huayna Picchu, 2581, 2582Hugo Pereyra Sánchez, 4593Huia Nan Zi (Book of Huai-Nan), 4189Hujjat, 2198Ḥullin, 3054Human

embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489fetus, 2479–2480gestation and 260-day calendar, 2480infant, 2480

Human intention (consciousness), 3553Humayun’s tomb, 377Humoral theory, 3051Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, 2207–2209, 2994, 3522Hun hun ran, 2209

Huntian (continuous heaven), 1567, 1943, 2209–2210,2210, 2439

HuntingAmazonia, 2210–2214aquatic environments, 340–341

Hunyi (armillary spheres), 2553Huolong Jing (Book of Fire Dragon), 2139, 2898Huolong Shenqi Zhenfa (Array of Magic Instruments of

Fire Dragon), 2898Huoqi zhenjue, 2557Huoshaogou, 3106Hushi qimi, 2556Huygens, Christiaan, 4191Hyangyak Gugeupbang, 3004Hyangyak Jipseongbang (Great Collection of Native

Korean Prescriptions), 3005Hydraulic civilization theory, 1616Hydraulic engineering, 1616, 1617, 1619, 4181

Ancient Peru, 2210–2232Angkor, 2215–2219and Bolivia, 2210–2232Petra, 2233–2243

Hydraulic mining, 2133Hydraulic sluicing, 2133Hydraulic systems, in Middle East, 2244–2260Hydraulic technology, in Egypt, 2264–2266Hydrogen peroxide, 2193Hydrologic engineering, Tiwanaku, 2267–2280Hyksos, 3228Hymn To All Magic And Medicinal

Plants, 2190Hypericum hypericoides, 1732Hypericum perforatum, 1733

IIban calendar, 761–762Iberian peninsula, 1561Ibn ˓Abbād, 2283–2284Ibn Abī Manṣūr, Yaḥyā, 4583Ibn al-˓Alam, 2286–2287Ibn al-˓Arabī, 2284–2286Ibn al-Bannā ˒, 2287–2288, 2839–2840Ibn al-Bayṭār, 2288–2289Ibn al-Hā˒im, 2289Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2067, 2289–2293, 3219, 3448,

3449, 3450, 3451, 3521, 3522, 4190astronomy, 2293mathematics, 2290–2292optics, 2292–2293

Ibn al-Kammād, 2289, 2294Ibn al-Majūsī, 2294–2295Ibn al-Nafīs, 2295–2297Ibn al-Quff (al-Karakī), 2297–2298Ibn al-Raqqām, 2299Ibn al-Shāṭir, 2299–2301Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 2302–2304

mathematical writings, 2302–2303Ibn al-Zarqāllu, 14, 2304–2305

Index 4659

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, 2305–2306, 3341Ibn Buṭlān, 2306–2307Ibn Ghaleb, Muhammad ibn Suleyman. See also Iran,

veterinary medicine inIbn Hawqal, 2308

maps of, 2702Ibn Hubal, 2309Ibn Isḥāq al-Tūnisī, 2310Ibn Juljul, 2310–2311Ibn Jumay ˒, 2311–2312Ibn Khaldūn, 2312–2313, 4128, 4131Ibn Khurdādhbih, 2313–2314Ibn Mājid, 2314–2315Ibn Māsawayh, 2315–2317Ibn Mu˓ādh, 2317–2318, 3219Ibn Mun˓im, 2318–2320Ibn Qunfudh, 2320–2321Ibn Qutayba, 2322Ibn Riḍwān, 2322–2324Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 2324–2325, 2568, 3220Ibn Sahl, 2292, 2325–2327Ibn Sarabi (Serapion), 2327–2328Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 2328–2330, 2975, 3220, 3522

medicine, 2329–2330psychology, 2330

Ibn Ṭāriq, Y˓aqūb, 4584–4585Ibn Ṭāwūs, 2331–2332Ibn Tibbon, 2332–2333Ibn Ṭufayl, 2333–2334Ibn Wāfid, 2334–2335Ibn Yūnus, 2335–2336Ibn Zḥuhr, 2336–2337Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān, 2338–2339Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān Ibn Thābit, 2066Ice lens experiment, 3447ICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute for

the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Idai (bequeathed questions) mechanism, 3890Al-Idrīsī, 231–232

world map, 2702Igba, 2724Igbo Ukwu, 3101Ikhwān al-Ṣafā ˒, 2340–2341Ikkan-bari, 644˓Ilm al-hay’a, 2170˓Ilm al-hiyal, 3521˓Ilm al-isāb (arithmetic), 2754˓Ilm al-manāẓir, 3448–3449ʿIlm al-raml (the science of sand), 2014Immanence, 4266–4267Imperial court, tea drinking, 4154–4155Imperial glassmaking, 2084–2085In The Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Thoughts, 4141, 4142Inca city planning, cities and town, 1306–1310Inca Cueva (Inca Cave), 836–837Inca Empire, 2581–2590Incan Sidereal year calendars, 1028–1029Incas

calendar (see also Calendars)

ethnobotany of, 1808–1816knowledge systems, 2471–2476herbalist-physician, 1809mathematics

astronomy, 1844climatic aspects, 1834–1836counting, 1838–1840, 1844cultural groups, 1836–1837design patterns, 1840, 1841, 1842environmental aspects, 1834–1836even numbers, 1844gender and, 1840–1844geographic aspects, 1834–1836pairs, 1844Quechua number words, 1837–1838symmetry patterns, 1838–1840weaving patterns, 1838–1840, 1843yupana, 1844–1847

medicine, 1754–1755in South America, 1591textile, 4230

Incendiary arrow(huojian), 2138. See also RocketsIncense burner, 2895Indeterminate equations, Islamic number theory,

3411–3412India

agriculture, 32, 47–48algebra, 204–206 see (Bī jagaṇita)alum production, 4180ancient

calendars, 1029–1031cities and town, 1257–1258computation, 1398–1400consciousness, 1403–1406cosmetic surgery, 1414–1415environment and nature in, 1698–1703glasses of, 2093–2095obstetrics, 1203–1204surgery in, trepanation, 4102surveying in, 4108–4109

architecture and landscape, 374–378arithmetic, 581–582 (see also Pāṭīgaṇita)armillary spheres in, 587–588astrology, 630–633, 4625–4627astronomy, 3564

instruments, 636–641mean motions in, 2880–2884

Buddhist art in, 4478Buddhist culture, 2900–2901calendars, 1041–1044cave architecture, 1065–1071childbirth, 1203–1206

Medieval Ages and later, 1205modern obstetrics, 1205–1206obstetrics, 1203–1204populace, 1204–1205

chronological development, 4367cities and town

ancient town planning, 1268–1270

4660 Index

India (cont.)

colonial town planning, 1273–1275early modern town planning, 1270–1273modern town planning, 1275–1277

climate change, 1702–1703coir, 1341–1345colonialism and science, 1359–1362combinatorics, mathematics, 1383–1385cosmologies, 1416–1428cotton, 1458–1461decimal system, 1487–1489, 1492–1503East and West, 1569–1574ecology in, 1692–1695, 1701environment and nature in, 1670–1672ethnobotany in, 1716–1722European science, 4338food plants, 1718–1720forestry, 1934–1936geography, 1987–1995geometry, 2017–2019, 2045–2048glass, 2095–2103

Ancient Indian glass, 2093–2095Ancient literature, 2095beads, 2096–2103faience, 2093glazes, 2092–2093Indian glass, 2092

gnomoncardinal directions, 2126–2127noon shadow, 2127–2128

historic period, 293–299Indian astronomy in China, 791–794iron

death of, 3186metallurgy of ancient, 3180–3186

irrigation in, 2361–2365Kerala School, 2428–2429knowledge systems, 2440–2443

astronomy and mathematics, 2442folk and classical traditions in, 2443linguistics, 2441–2442

liquor producing plants, 1721looms in, 4219, 4220magic squares in, 2600–2607maps and mapmaking in, 2662–2664Marco Polo, 3340mathematics, 1553, 2781–2784

PI in, 3535–3536trigonometry in, 4322–4326

medical ethics in, 2900, 2906–2909medicinal plants, 1721medicine (see Āyurveda)medicine and colonialism in, 2923–2929metal mirrors from, 3290–3296number theory in, 3407–3410observatories in, 3435–3440paddy grain storage

government level, 3772producer level, 3773

seed containers, 3773–3775underground storage, 3775

physics, 3519–3521, 3527–3529Ancient India (2000 BCE-AD 800), 3527–3529atomic theory, 3520doctrine of five elements (panñcamahabhūtas), 3520Medieval India (AD 800-1800), 3529Modern India (AD 1800-Present), 3529

planetary models in, 3538–3542plant domestication in, 3542–3546prehistoric period, 293protohistoric period, 293rangoli in, 3705–3706reservoirs in, 4376–4384rice

alcoholic beverages, 3754by-products, 3754climatic factors affecting, 3753diverse ecological situations, 3753festivals and ceremonies, 3755fields reclamation, 3738–3740flooding, 3753forms, 3756–3757goddesses, 3756in Indian folklore, 3755irrigated ecosystem, 3753medicinal values, 3755rainfed lowland, 3753and religion, 3755in Rites de Passages (Sanskara), 3756specialty rices, 3754upland rice fields, 3753weeding and harvesting, 3753–3754

Ṛigveda, 4368, 4371river basins of, 4373–4374rockets in, 3806–3816salt in, 3824, 3834–3835sea and inland navigation, 3339–3344ship building (Wadia Shipbuilders)

coastal boats, 3986racism, 3986–3987steam navigation, 3987–3988to textile industry, 3988

socio-religious and socio-cultural plants, 1721–1722spirit/spiritual in, 3853surgery in Ancient India, trepanation, 4102

Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104history, 4100magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102for medical reasons, 4101pseudo-trephinations, 4102

surveying in, 4108–4109tea in, 4146–4153technology in, 4162–4163textiles, 4162, 4178, 4219–4222

history, 4219industry, 4518–4519production, 3577

Index 4661

tool recycling in, 4293–4299traditional costumes, 4220–4221trepanation in, 4102Vedic thoughts, 1702–1703veterinary medicine in, 4342–4345war rockets in, 4364–4366water in, 4367–4375water management in, 4376–4384weights and measures in, 4466–4467wool in, 4516–4519writing in, 4554–4561zinc production in, 4623zodiac in, 4625–4627

Indian circle, 2128Indian Independence Act (1947), 3577Indian Ocean navigation, 3349–3354Indian philanthropy and western medicine, 3506–3508Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century

(Dharampal), 4167, 4170Indian Tea Association (ITA), 4148, 4150Indian Tea Market Expansion Board (ITMEB), 4148,

4149, 4150Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), 4354Indigenous ecology, Amazon, 1654–1656Indigenous health systems, traditional, 3069–3070Indigenous knowledge. See Knowledge systems

Africa, 2501–2503

and critics, 2503–2504ecosystem, 2506–2507philosophy, 2504–2506social organization, 2507–2508

Indigenous Ottoman medicine, 3048Indigenous plants, 1782–1783Indigenous technology, 2343–2344Indigo

beating vat, 2345–2346in Bengal, 2342–2348dyeing, Sierra Leone, 1534–1536manufacturing, 2344planting of, 2342–2343press and cake cutting machine, 2347pumping up, 2345, 2346table, 2346

Indo-Malay Archipelago astronomy, 755–767Indonesia

agriculture, 49–52boats in, 919–925cotton, 1461–1465

Indo-Tibetan astronomy, 779–782Indus Civilization, 3659Indus River Valley, 3187Indus script, 4554–4555Industrial-age forestry, 1939–1942Industrial mining, Angola, 3268–3270Indus Valley

fishing, 1889–1893script, 3535weights and measures in, 4473–4474

Inequity, 4267

Inevatkina, O. N., 2379Infanticide, China, 1871Injera, 965, 969Inkas. See IncasInland navigation

Amazonia, 3360–3365China, 3336–3339India, 3339–3344

Inland Niger Delta (IND), 3744Inner Asia architecture, 550–580Inoculation, 2349–2350Ino Tadataka, 2348Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), 4356The Instruction of Merikare, 4544Integrated pest management (IPM), 3501Intellectual property, 2451Internal base diameter (IBD), 3166International Campaign for Tibet, 1633International Council for Science (ICSU)), 2463International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid

Tropics (ICRISAT), 3503International Monetary Fund (IMF), 3282International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 4533International Rice Research Institute, 50Interpolator (kṣepa), 2402Interpretation of Cultures, 2498. See also Geertz,

CliffordIn The Nabk Tree of the Extremity of Thoughts,

4141, 4142Intromission theory, 3522Inuit

calendars, 1027clothing, 4157, 4173

Ionian astronomer, 2803Ipeca (Carapichea ipecacuanha), 1797IPM. See Integrated pest management (IPM)Ipomea mauritiana, 2178iQhugwane, 444–445Iran

astronomy, 2785glass, 2108–2109Godin Tepe, 4498Hajji Firuz Tepe, 4498veterinary medicine in, 4346–4350

Iraq glass, 2108–2109Iron Age

Ancient Israel, 1207–1213Israel, water systems, 4377–4379, 4403–4407Jerusalem’s water systems, 4406–4407town planning, 1210–1213

Iron and steel, metallurgy of ancient Indian, 3180–3186classification, 3182–3184death of iron, 3186metal extraction, 3180–3182microstructures, 3184–3186

Iron lamellar armor, 596–598Iron pillar

composition analyses, 2354corrosion resistance, 2355–2357

4662 Index

Iron pillar (cont.)Delhi, 2350–2357engineering design, 2351–2352manufacturing methodology, 2353–2355

Iron production, 3098Ironware, 2888Irrigation

Arabian, 1483–1485canals, 4413–4415Egypt, 2358–2360, 3463–3465historical development of, 2364–2365India, 2361–2365Islamic world, 2367–2369modern times, 2370and Nilometer, 3398–3402religious sanction, 2365Samarkand, 2370–2381social arrangements, 2365social-political implications, 2380–2381South America, 2365–2367Sri Lanka, 2361–2365technologies, 2362–2363water conveyance, 2363–2364water intake, 2370–2373

Ir-sheeny, 2150Isa Tarjaman, 2383Isatis tinctoria, 2144Isfahan world maps, 2708Ishango Bone, 2383–2385, 2722, 2774, 2775Isḥāq Ibn Ḥunayn, 2385–2386Islaḥ al-Majis ṭī (The Perfection of the Almagest), 2387,

4327Iṣlāḥ li-kitāb al-Uṣūl, 2067Islam, 2596

alchemy, 180–182architectural decoration

Ablaq, 363–364bricks, 364–367glazed tiles, 367–372history and techniques, 357–360by media, 362–363purpose and transmission, 360–362stone, 363stucco, 372–373

astrology, 633–636celestial mapping, 2698–2700combinatorics, 1385–1388daily prayers

aṣr (afternoon prayer), 3722astronomical tables, 3723determination of times, 3722–3723fajr (dawn prayer), 3722ishā ˒ (evening prayer), 3722maghrib (sunset prayer), 3722prayer direction, 3723–3726Ẓuhr (noon prayer), 3722

East and West, 1575–1584environment and nature in, 1672–1674Euclid’s Elements in, 1599–1601

knowledge transmission, 1576–1580laws of inheritance, 3726Lunar Calendar, 3721–3722lunar mansions, 2577–2578maps centered on Mecca, 2707–2709mathematics, 583–586, 2065–2070, 2785–2789

algebra, 207–211magic squares in, 2607–2610number theory in, 3411–3412trigonometry in, 4326–4328

mathematics in, 2785–2789medical ethics in, 2910–2911medicine in, 2990–2997Metric systems, 4449nature in, 4337physics, 3521–3522qibla (direction to Mecca), 3730religious life and science, 3727sign-verses, 3729sundials in, 4086–4090Sunna principle, 3731surveying in, 4110–4111Tafakkur method, 3730technology of, 1618, 1619time in, 4245–4247weights and measures in, 4447–4460zodiac in, 4627–4628

Islamic artcultural expression, 2060–2061forms and patterns, circle divisions,

2050–2055girih (grid-based patterns), 2055–2057handasa/muhandis, 2058–2060patterns in plane, 2049–2050periodic and quasiperiodic patterns, 2057–2058service of religion, 2049

Islamic calendars, 1025–1026, 1044–1047Islamic celestial globes, 2125Islamic fasting, 3643Islamic legacy, in Javanese architecture, 413–414Islamic prayer times, qibla and, 3642–3645Islamic square, 2600Islamic terrestrial maps

Al-Idrīsī’s world map, 2702Ibn Hawqal’s map, 2702Istanbul map, 2706map use, 2706plan of fortress of Van, 2704plan of Turkish bath, 2705practice, 2702–2705sacred geography, 2703theory, 2705–2706Yāqūt’s climate map, 2703

Islamic worldagriculture, 98–101astronomical instruments, 653–656astronomy, 767–778comet and meteorite, 1391–1394gardens, 1963–1968

Index 4663

geography, 2002–2005geomancy, 2014–2016geometry, 2019–2020irrigation in, 2367–2369mausoleums of, 2863–2866observatories in, 3440–3442optics in, 3447–3452physics in, 3530–3533

dynamics, 3532–3533mechanics, 3531–3532nature of matter and causal laws, 3530–3531

reception and transmission, 255–256technology in, 4181–4185

IsraelBronze Ages, 1207–1213cities and town, 1207–1213

Iron Age town planning, 1210–1213urbanization, 1207–1210

Iron Ages, 1207–1213Al-Iṣ ṭakhrī, 810Istanbul observatory, 3441, 3483Iṣtilāhāt-ī Taqwīm, 2080I svara-pranidhāna, 4588ITA. See Indian Tea Association (ITA)ITMEB. See Indian Tea Market Expansion Board

(ITMEB)Ivanitzkiy, I. D., 2379Ivory, 868Iztauhyatl, 1807

JAl-Jabarti, 232–236Jābir Ibn Aflaḥ, 2387–2388Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān, 2388–2389Jabr wa’l-muqābala (Algebra), 10Jacob Staff, 2551Jade, 2389Jadeitite, 2389Jade Mirror of Four Elements (1303), 2763Jaferiyye, 3537Jagannātha Samrā ṭ, 2397Jaina theory, 3559Jains

cosmic cycle and, 1992syādavāda and, 2565

Jain, S. K., 1717–1718Jai Singh. See Sawai Jai SinghJamaica, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1364, 1592, 4077Jamāl al-Dīn al-Baghdādī, 15Jambūdvīpa-prajñapt, 308Jāmdāni, 4221Jāmi` Bahādurkhānī , 2078Jamshīd al-Kāshī, 4329Jamu, 4, 2400–2402Jamu gendong, 2401Jamyeongjong (Self-Ringing Bell), 4254Janapada, 1994Jansen, Zacharias, 4189

Japanagriculture

climate, 53–54development of farming system in ancient, 55–58influential trends of geography, 53–54medieval ages, 55–58modernization, 60–62paddy rice, delayed start, 54–55premodern age, 58–60remarkable growth from very beginning, 54–55transfiguration, 62–65

area measurement, 4461armor, 589–601astronomical instruments, 641–645astronomy, 693–707basketry, 828–834environment and nature in, 1675–1679forestry, 1936–1942gardens

early centuries, 1950–1951Edo Period (1603-1867), 1957–1958Heian Period (794-1185), 1952–1954Kamakura Period (1185-1334), 1954–1955Later Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,

1958–1961Momoyama Period (1573-1603), 1956–1957Muromachi Period (1334-1573), 1955–1956Nara Period (710-784), 1951–1952

length measurement, 4460–4461maps and mapmaking in, 2664–2666, 2696–2697mass measurement, 4462–4464mathematics (wasan), 2070–2072, 2557, 2789–2795,

4621education systems in, 2796magic squares in, 2610–2613

medicine in, 2997–3002sawmill technology, 4236–4237science in

astronomers and interpreters, 3893independent scholars and physicians, 3893–3894samurai, 3894–3896traditional period, 3888–3893

timber-handling technology in, 4233–4237tofuyo in, 4271–4280volume measurement, 4461–4462weights and measures in, 4460–4465writing in, 4561–4564

Japanese Archipelagohorizontal plate armor, 591–596lamellar armor, 600organic armor, 590–591

Japanese Temple Geometry Problems (HidetosiFukagawa), 3457

Japonica rice, 3771Jarrige, Jean-Francois, 4368Jātaka, 633, 1629Jātakābharaṇapaddhati, 30Jatakakarmapaddhati, 3495Jatakapaddhati (A Course of Horoscopical Science), 3495

4664 Index

Jātaka tales, 1988, 1990, 1992Jat salt and telinea salt, 3829Java, architecture, 403–415Javanese house, 403–410Javanica, 49Jawāmi˓ ˓ilm al-nujūm wa’l-ḥarakāt alsamāwiyya, 198Al-Jawharī, 237–238Jayadeva algebra, 2402–2403Jaya Prakāsa, 3439Al-Jazarī, 239Al-Jazna’ī, 1322Jebel el Khubtha mountain, 2235Jefferson, Thomas, 33Jenne-Jeno, 3099Jerib, unit of measure, 99Jerusalem’s water systems, 4406–4407Jesuit letterbooks, 1555Jesuits in China, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2648Jewelry

function, 2407–2408head to foot, 2403–2406inheritance, 2403, 2408materials, 2406–2407Ottoman Empire, 2403source, 2403women, men, 2407

Jewish Encyclopedia, 2716Jewish laws, 1650–1652, 4476Jhimpir, 3656, 3658Jhunjhunwala, Ashok, 1573Ji, 23Jia Dan, 2637Jia lianghu, 3533Jian (water mirrors), 3444, 3445Jiang Nan Tong Zhi (Huang Zhijun), 4273Jiangxi method, 1867Jian kiln, 2117–2122Jianniu, 2575Jian yan fa (Method for Examination), 2981Jia Xian, 2409Jiddu Krishnamurti, 3856–3858Jie an shi (Pattern for Winding Up a Case), 2981Jigu Suanjing, 2761, 4362Jihe yuanben, 2042Jin Dynasty, 2894Ji-nen, 1982Jingjing Lingchi (Treatise on Optics by an Untalented

Scholar), 3446Jing Luo, 24, 27Jingshi (History of Optick Glasses), 4191Jingui yaofang (Prescriptions in the Treasury of Medicine),

1971Jingui Yaolue Fang Lun, 2915Jingxing (warp stars), 4016Jinno shotoki (The Legitimate Succession of Divine

Emperors, ca. 1340), 1676Jinshu (History of the Jin Dynasty), 1971, 2553Jin-Yuan Dynasties, 2976Jishu huiqiu, 2557

Jiskairumoko, 2130Jiudan jing. See Huangdi jiuding shendan jingJiu Fang, 24Jiu Tang Shu, 4083Jiuzhang, 2020Jiuzhang suanjing. See also Li ChunfengJiuzhang Suanshu (Nine Chapters in Mathematical Art),

2037–2040, 2409–2413, 2439, 2761–2764,3533, 4362, 4612. See also Mathematics inChina

Jiuzhi-li, 793Jñānarāja’s Bījādhyāya, 205Jnāna Yoga, 4589–4590Joffe, Alexander, 4495Jogjakarta, Great Mosque, 413Jogjakarta Kraton, 415Joglo, 404, 406, 407Joints treatment, 4526Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)

medicine in Korea, 3004–3005Joseph Edkins, 2555Josephus, Flavius, 1588, 4478Joyo kanjihyo (List of General Use Chinese Characters),

4563Juji hatsumei, 2794Jujireki Bimmo, 166Juji rekikei rissei, 2794Junk, 2414–2415Junzi, 3718Jupiter, 619Jurassic period, Tunisian stones, 3662Jurassic stones, 3662Jurinea dolominaea, 1720Jur in okme (JO), 2711Al-Jurjānī, 240Jute

Bengal, 2415–3419retting and stripping, 2416–2417spinning, 2417–2418weaving, 2418–2419

Jyeś ṭhadevan, 29Jyeṣ ṭhadeva, Yuktibhāṣā of, 4590–4591Jyeṣ ṭha mūlam, 2402Jyopatti, 889Jyotīrmīmāmsā, 2427, 2428Jyotisa (astronomy), 862Jyotiṣapa ṭala, 2620Jyotisaratnakosa, 2518

KKaaba, 2049Kaambara, 3774Kabylian numeral system, 2732Kacchapu ṭa, 2600–2601Kachakara, 2095Kadangas, 4358kadi, 2198Kaelib, 2711

Index 4665

Kahun papyrus, 2967Kaibao Canon, 3601Kaifuku dai no ho, 2071, 2793Kaihendai no ho, 2793Kaiho honhen no ho, 2793Kaiho sanshiki, 2794Kaindai no ho, 2793Kaitai shinsho, 3001Kaiyuan Zhanjing (Kaiyuan Treatise on Astrology), 1944,

2693, 3533–3534Kalahari desert, 1620, 2752, 3317Kalām, 794–795Kalam fi mahd al-khair (Discourse on the Pure Good),

1576–1577Kalamkāri, 4221–4222

printing, 3582Kalangiyam, 3774Kaleva expression. See also Oceania, mathematics inKaliyuga, 603, 605, 1043Kalpa, 1029Kalpa Sūtras, 862Kamakura period, 2999Kamāl, 3353–3354Kamalākara, 2421–2422Kamāl al-Dīn, 208, 3220Kāmasūtra, 2441Kambuda, 187–190Kamilaroi counting system, 2746Kaminaljuyu technique, 2873Kami no michi (the way of Kami), 2901Kammic effects, 3035Kampung, 403–404Kaṇāda, 3527Kan and chan, 2026Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka in 1815, 2930–2931Kanejaku, 4460–4461Kangnido, 2668–2669Kangxi Emperor, 2672Kaniṣ ṭha mūlam, 2402Kanjanam, 3296Kannadi bimba, 3294Kansei calendar, 2172Kan-shinko Sanhen, 2071Kantalai reservoirs, 4380Kantong Khiev, 3328Kaogong Ji, 2888, 2889Kao Gong J�i (The Artificer’s Record), 23, 4322Kapha, 3035Al-Karābīsī Aḥmed, 220Al-Karajī, 208, 241Karaṇa (astronomical manual), 630, 2590, 2591, 4334Karaṇāmrta. See CitrabhānuKaraṇapaddhati (Methodology for Astronomical

Manuals), 3607, 3608Karaṇaratna, 3565Karaṇas, 3435Karanī (square number and the square root), 809Karaṇottama, 30. See also Acyuta PiṣāraṭiKaraṇratna, 3564

Karma, 2908Al-Kāshī, 242–243, 2066Kashypiyakrishisukti, 3773Ka statue of Mereruka, 4544Katakana/katagana, 4564Katanda, 956Ka ṭapayādi system, 1013, 2167Kathāvatthu, 3561Kaṭpayādi Nyāya, 2591Katsushika Hokusai, 4144Katsuyo sampo, 2794Kātyāyana Śulbasūtras, 2045Kauhanga, space, 510Kauman, 415Kāuru, 1902, 1904Kauṭilya, 1994, 2422–2425Kava plant (Piper methysticum), 1768Kayanas, 3674Kebrä Nägäst (The Glory of Kings), 2626Kedāra, 1384Keicho map, 2665Kengyuu, 703–704Kenki Sampo (Studies for Mathematical

Methods), 4137Kepler, Johannes, 3522, 4189Kerala school

Bhāskara I, 2426Bhāskara II, 2426heliocentric planetary model, 2428Jyeś ṭhadeva, 2427Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji, 2426–2427Parameśara, 2426Āryabhaṭa, 2426Sadratnamālā, 2427Śaṇkara Vārier, 2427Śaṇkara Varma, 2427Yuktibhāṣā, 2427

Kermes dye, 1538Kesi tapestry technique, 4216Kesra, 971Ketsugisho tojutsu, 2793Kew Bulletin, 1383Key, Francis Scott, 4366Khagola, 588Khaguṇa, 2561Khahara, 2561Khalādātta, 2421Al-Khālid, 181Al-Khalīlī, 243–244khāllāri (saltworks), 3824Khaṇḍakādhyaka, 961, 2519Al-Kharaqī, 245Kharif, 48Kharoṣ ṭhī script, 4556, 4559Khasatriyas, 1988Khātavyavahāra, 2562Al-Kha ṭ ṭāb, Umar ibn, 4491Khayyām, 2068Al-Khayyām, Abū’l-Fath Umar Ibn, 207, 245–248

4666 Index

Al-Khāzinī, 248–249Khennui, 3399Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 1837, 1844–1846,

2461. See also QuipuKhirbat Hamra Ifdan, 3198Khirbat Ṣāliḥ, 3696Khsatriyas, 1988Khufu’s pyramid, 2777Al-Khujandī, 249–250, 250, 653Khu pho Phap, 397Khu tap the (KTT), 399Khuttee (drying house), 3826–3829Al-Khwārizmī, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, 10, 11, 251–252,

1487, 4327Kiku yomei sampo, 2793Kilns, Sawankhalok, 1148Kimberley Process Certificate Scheme (KPCS), 3267,

3268Kimberlite diamond mining, 3266Kim Chŏngho, 2668, 2672–2673Al-Kindī, 12, 252–254, 2329, 3218

Ibn Sīnā, 248intricate system used by, 12works of, 241, 3521, 3522

King David, 9King Djoser, 2776Kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392)

medicine in Korea, 3003–3004King Hammurapi, 4499King Indravarman I, 1143King Jayavarman II, 4386King Jungjong, 4252King Nissankamalla, 1977King Njoya, 2627King Ptolemy III, 1024King Ramesses IV, 2658King Sejo, 2671King Sejong, 2671, 4249, 4252, 4256King Sukjong, 4254, 4256King Suryavarman II, 4Kiore, 1905Kirgiz trellis tents, 558Al-Kirmānī, 258Kissra, 968Kitāb aḥsan altaqāsim fi ma’ rifat al-aqālīm (The Best

Climatic Divisions), 2002Kitāb al-adwiya al-mufrada, 14, 2328Kitāb al-ajrām wa-l-ab ˓ad, 2143Kitāb al-ʿllal (Book of Reasons), 4585Kitāb al-˓amal bi’l-ṣafīḥa al-zī jiyya (Treatise on the Plate

for the Seven Planets), 2305Kitāb al-asrār (The Book of Secrets), 4184Kitāb al-A˓yād wa-faḍā’il al-Nowrūz, 2284Kitāb al-bayān wat-tadhkār, 2838Kitāb al-buldān (The Book of Countries), 2003Kitāb al-Fihrist, 12Kitāb-al-Filāḥat (Books of Agriculture), 2368Kitāb al-hiyal (Book of Ingenious Devices), 813Kitāb al-Kāmil (Perfect Book), 4327

Kitāb-al-manāẓir (Book of Optics), 3522Kitāb al-masālik wa’l-mamālik (Book on the Routes and

Kingdoms), 2308Kitābal-Mughī th, 2334Kitāb al-Muḥī ṭbi-˓l-lugha, 2283Kitāb al-Mu˓tabar, 3533Kitāb al-rashshād fi’ l-ṭibb (Guide to Medicine), 2334Kitāb al-shakl al-mudawwar al-musta ṭī l, 2066Kitāb al-shakl al-qa ṭ ṭ˓ā (Book on the Secant Figure), 4327Kitāb al-shifā (Book of Healing), 2065Kitāb al-ṭair, 10Kitāb al-wisād fī `l-ṭibb (Book of the Pillow on Medicine),

2334Kitāb al-Wuzarā ˒, 2284Kitāb at-tashrīḥ (Book of Anatomy), 2316Kitāb Dīwān rasā’ilihi, 2283Kitāb Dīwān Shi˓r(ihi), 2284Kitāb fī ifrād al-maqāl fī umr al-ẓilā, 2128Kitāb fi-l-adwiya al-mufrada (Book on the Simple

Medicines), 2334Kitāb fī misāḥa al-ashkāl al-musaṭṭaḥa wa ‘l-mujassama,

2065Kitāb fī misāḥa qaṭ ʿal-makhrūṭ alladhī yusammā

al-mukāfi, 2065–2066Kitāb fī uṣūl ḥisāb al-hind (Book on the Principles of

Hindu Reckoning), 2509Kitāb gushāyish wa rahāyish, 3324Kitāb-i Bahriye, 3537–3538Kitāb jām˓i al-ḥikmatayan, 3324Kitāb mīzān al-hikma, 4331Kitāb ṣan ʿa alaṣturlāb, 2068Kitāb ṣūra al-arḍ, 2069Kitāb zād al-musāfirīn, 3324Kitcher, Philip, 3557Kitora burial mound

celestial map, 2431–2434Korean provenance, 2436murals, 2434–2436and tomb, 2431

Kitora Kofun, 701–703Kiwicha, 3675–3677Klemm, Friedrich, 4164Knots

cords and, 2461diviner’s interpretation, 2812in khipus, 1837, 1839lake-dweller, 1896magical objects, 2964mnemonics and decoration in, 4074reef, 1891

Knowledge systems, 3713America

experience and imagination, 2455–2456first words, 2452–2453inherency of, 2453–2454international resolutions and declarations,

2462–2468Khipu (Quipu) knowledge transmission, 2461Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461

Index 4667

relatedness, 2453–2454resistance and recovery, 2456–2458sovereignty, responsibility, and respect, 2454–2455transmission, 2458–2462varieties of, 2458written knowledge, 2458–2460

Australia, 2444–2451China, 2438–2440Incas, 2471–2476India, 2440–2443local knowledge, 2495–2501Olmec, 2477–2478

human embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489human fetus, 2479–2480human gestation and 260-day calendar, 2480human infant, 2480medical illustration art, 2480–2481spiritual potential of adult body, explore,

2481–2484trees and forests, 2489

ecological classification, 2491–2492evolutionary myth, 2490–2491Lanjia Saora, classification, 2492–2493relevance in present context of Odisha, 2493–2494

Knowledge transmission, 2467–2468Islam, 1576–1580in Latin West, 1580–1584

Kochers method, 4526Kodambae, 3775Kohunlich, Mexico, 4207Koindol, 3095Koji

during cultivation, 4277processes for making, 4276–4278red, 4277

Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), 4562Kokon Sankan, 2071Kolb, Peter, 1451Kom Ombo, temple, 4529Kompong Phluk, 3325Komtino Mordekhai, 2835Kongo therapy, 2942Konko kyo (Sutra of the Golden Light), 1676–1677Kopenawa, Davi, 1656Kora-kora, 919Korea

armor, 589–601artifactual record, 2667astronomical instruments, 646–653ceramics, 1117–1133city maps, 2674–2675cosmography, 2669–2671defense maps, 2675district map, 2673–2674geomancy, 2667–2668horary systems, 4257Kangnido, 2668–2669Kim Chŏngho, 2668, 2672–2673knowledge of Western cartography, 2668

maps and mapmaking in, 2666–2675, 2695–2696mathematics education systems in, 2796mathematics in, 2795–2798, 4621medicine in, 3002–3011megalithic monuments in, 3095–3097national maps, 2671–2672rice

bap stage, 3762byeo stage, 3764–3767entities and meanings, 3761–3763farming schedules, 3761geography, 3758green revolution, 3760–3761history, 3758–3760industrialization, 3761mo stage, 3763–3764ssal stage, 3767

science inbronze type printing system, 3898casting technology, 3897ceramic type printing, 3898–3899Ch’omsongdae observatory, 3897–3898Koryo celadon, 3900Wood block printing, 3898

star chart, 2697time in, 4248–4257

Korean PeninsulaIron lamellar armor, 598–600organic armor, 590vertical-plate armor, 592

Koryŏ dynasty, 1120–1125Kosso, 1713Kothi, 3774Koti zigi game, 3406Kotlai Khurumba, 3775Kouffas, 930Kpelle (Liberia), 2753Kraft, Kenneth, 1634Krākacikavyavahāra, 2562Kraton, 414Krishnamurti, 3856–3858Kṛita (Winning Age), 1992Kriyākramakarī, 2427, 3586Kriyā Yoga, 4588Krṣṇạ Daivajña, 3310, 3591Kṛṣṇa pakṣa, 3489Ksepa (additive), 1018Kṣetragaṇita (geometry), 886Kṣetra-vyavahāra, 2562Kubololo, 480Kudhir, 3775Al-Kūhī. See al-QūhīKui Tan Lu (Records Ashamed of Tan), 2892Kungkarungkara, 787Kunitzsch, Paul, 2716Kurkutch salts, 3829Kursuncu, 3057, 3058Kursun dokme, 3057, 3058Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bāshahrīal-Jīilī, 2509

4668 Index

Kusūf. See EclipsesKusuryak, 2797Kuṭaka procedure, 3591Kutayudda (concealed war), 2424Kuṭṭaka gaṇitā, 2563, 2783Kuttaka (pulveriser) method, 1017–1018Kutub al-aẓlāl (Books on Shadows), 3449Kwai (areca nuts), 878Kwŏn Kǔn, 2668Kyokkei Jutsu, 2071–2072Kyoku Dai (special questions), 2072Kyûketsu henkei so, 2794Kyûseki, 2794

LLach, Donald, 4167La Citadel of Haiti architecture, 549La Cité Hydraulique Angkorienne (Groslier), 4386LaDuke, Winona, 1683La Fortaleza of Chipude, 2740La Galigo boat, 920Laghubhāskarīya, 885, 2402, 2426Laghujātaka (Shorter Horoscopy), 4341Lagna, 2428, 2519Lagnaprakaraṇa, 2591La Gomera Island, 2739–2741Lahma mahfooz, 2886Lahoh, 970Laity, 1631–1632Lake Manasarovar, 1631Lake Titicaca, 1661, 2473, 4393Lakota

Deloria, 1684–1686, 1688Standing Bear, 1682, 1685

Lalla, 2518–2519Lalla, K., 2881Lamiral, Dominique, 4488Lamphun (Haripunjaya) ware, 1153Lampshade (liaosi deng), 2085Language, 2744Lao/Thai

astronomy, 709–710ceramics, 1144–1145cities and town

Lao variant, 1284–1286modern city planning, 1286–1289Northern and Central Thailand, 1281–1284prinicples, 1279–1280

La philosophie bantoue, 2505Lập thành toán pháp, 2824Large Horoscopy. See B ṛhajjātakaLarge Kunnāsh, 2327. See also Ibn Sarabi (Serapion)Large Scale Structure of Spacetime

(Hawking), 4268Lashing holes, 952Las Toscas del Guirre cave, 2739–2740La Taptana, 2511–2518Late Neolithic Age, China pottery, 1106–1107

Latin America. See also South America and CentralAmerica

sugar

cane-processing technology, 4078cultivation, 4076harvesting, 4076plantation, 4076vacuum pan, 4078

Latin West knowledge transmission, 1580–1584Latour, Bruno, 2499Lau group, houses of, 480La Venta, 2025–2026

cities and town, 1244–1248Lawsonia alba, 2144Lawsonia inermis, 2144Laya Yoga, 4590Leach, Edmund, 4238Lead isotope analysis (LIA), 3150Leather work, Egypt

importance of skin products, 2544–2546technology, 2540–2544

Lebedeva, T., 2374Legacy of Mesopotamian Metallurgy,

3198–3199Legalism, 3523, 3524Leibniz series, 1013, 4607Lei gong pao zhi lun. See also Lei XiaoLei Jing, 2917Lei Xiao, 2975Length measurement

Egypt, 4438–4439Hebrews, 4477Indus valley, 4473Islam, 4450Japan, 4460–4461Mesoamerica, 4466, 4469Peru, 4470

Leo de Balneolis, 2551–2552. See Levi Ben GersonLeo the African, 2550–2551Leti-leti of Madura, 920Levees, 1547Level soil, 2888Leviathan and The Air Pump. See also Latour, BrunoLeviathan and The Air Pump, 2499Levi Ben Gerson, 2551–2552Levi-Strauss, Claude, 4166Lewis, David, 3357Lexicon, o vocabulario de la lengua general de Peru,

2514LIA. See Lead isotope analysis (LIA)Liangxiang, 2905. See also Medical ethics, ChinaLianhualou (lotus clepsydra), 2140Liao qi, 2085Liber Abaci (Book of Computation), 2750, 2782Liber embadorum. See Ḥibbur ha-Meshiḥa we

ha-TishboretLiber embadorum, 6Liber mahameleth, 10Liber Novem Iudicum (Book of the Nine Judges), 2718

Index 4669

Li Bing, 2552–2553Lichtheim, Miriam, 4543–4544Li Chunfeng, 2553–2554, 2767, 3213, 4579Lienzos, 2676Li Gao, 2554–2555Light-penetrating mirrors, 3517Lignified cellulose, 2416Li Ji (Book of Rites), 1669, 2980–2981Li Jie, 4482Lī lāvatī (The Beautiful), 888, 2019, 2560–2563, 3586Lilāvati Bhāsya, 2047Limasan, 404–406Limbé, Cameroon, 392Limbs, 2487–2488Linde shu jie, 2557Linear cutting technique, 4101Linear interpolation, 1017Linear time, 4263–4265, 4267Linen, 4217Lingga, 411Lingling-o, 2392, 2394Linguistics, Indian knowledge systems and, 2441–2442Lippershey, Hans, 4189Li-recording drum carriage model, 2892Lishang Suduan Mifang, 2916Li Shanlan, 2555–2558, 2766Li Shizhen, 2558–2559, 2917, 2976

Bencao Gangmu, 3519Lisitsyna, G. N., 2380Li Ting, 2900, 2905Liu Chenggui, 4437Liu Hong, 2563–2564, 4580Liu Hui, 2137Liu Xin, 3533Liuzhu Zhiwei Fu (Ode to Intricacies in the Circulating

Flow), 4617Livestock population, 4352–4353Livingstone, David, 4488, 4600, 4602Li Zhi (Li Ye), 2559–2560, 4584, 4620Llewellyn, Othman, 1674Lobo, Jerome, 4211Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS)

program, 2466–2467Local knowledge. See also Knowledge systemsLodovico Varthema, 3351Logic, 2564–2569Logographic scripts, 4533–4534Logosyllabic scripts, 4554–4555Loha-gola-khaṇḍana, 2422Loha-gola-samarthana, 2422London-Leiden Magical Papyrus, 2969London Medical Papyrus, 2968Long Count, 1996, 2001, 2569–2573Looms

Abyssinian, 4430backstrap, 4225, 4226, 4230in India, 4219, 4220in Mesoamerica, 4222type, 4220

warp-weighted, 4430Lorojonggrang of Prambanan, 412Los Pilares cave, 2735, 2736Lost-wax process (shi la fa), 2888Lost-wax technique, 3133, 3136, 4481Loti, 2417Loudness, 3525Lugs, 941, 952Luḥot, 6Luis Montaluisa, 2512Lukasa, 2746Lunar accuracy, 2884Lunar Calendar, 212, 657, 698, 700, 703, 705, 744, 747,

761, 766, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1039, 1044, 1045,1046, 1651, 2722, 2734, 2737, 2858, 3400,3644, 3721–3722

Lunar mansion, 628, 636, 677, 678, 768, 773, 780, 781,792, 794, 1031, 1568, 1066, 2315, 2577, 2733,3735, 4014, 4627

in islam, 2577–2578Lunar month, 1044Lunheng (Balanced Discussions), 4361,. See also Wang

ChongLunisolar calendar, 4245Luo Hongxian, 2639Lương Thế Vinh, 2830–2831Luoshu chart, 2599Luoxia Hong, 2578–2579Lure, P., 2373Lusona (singular), 2035–2036Lustrous woods, 4511L€ushi Chun Qiu (Master L€u’s Spring and Autumn Annals),

2981Luwian language, 4566Luxor Temple, 2630, 2631, 2632Luxuan Gonglun, 2900Lycoperdon mixtecorum, 1727Lynch, Mark, 3315

MM˓āaseh Hoshev, 2551Mabād’ as-sālkin fī sharh rajz, 2321Mabiki (infanticide), 3737Macaçar Island, 921Macchu, 3774Machir, Jacob Ben, 2332Machu Picchu

agriculture, 2586–2587city planning, 2582–2584Condor Temple, 2589construction, 2588engineering infrastructure, 2584features of, 2583foundations, 2588fountains, 2585–2586Main Gate, 2588road building, 2587–2588site selection, 2581

4670 Index

Machu Picchu (cont.)technology transfer, 2588Temple of the Three Windows, 2589urban drainage, 2586water delivery, 2584–2585water supply, 2582

Madagascar, astronomy in, 746–748Madder dyeing, 4162, 4179Madengqie-jing, 792Mādhava, 2426, 2591, 3410Mādhavanidāna, 2983Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma, 2590–2591Madhava’s sine values, 1014Madhyama, 2424Madhyamānayanaprakāra (Method for Computing Mean

Positions), 2591Madrasa (school), 4329

Samarqand, 4329Madrid Codex, 4225Mafa coiled baskets, 823Mager sari, 414Maghreb, mathematics of, 2836–2840Maghrib, qasba in, 3628–3638Magic and science, 4489–4490

non-Western societies, 2595–2597Western intellectual tradition, 2592–2595

Magic squaresin China, 2598–2599in India, 2600–2607in Islamic mathematics, 2607–2610in Japanese mathematics, 2610–2613

Magnetic compass, 1552Magnetic needle, 2896Magnetism

in Chinese culture, 2613–2616in Mesoamerica, 2616–2618

Magogaphate Shear Zone, 3566Mahabalipuram, 1071Māhābhārata, 1993, 1995, 2095, 3339

war, 3588Mahābhāskarīya, 2426, 3495Mahābhāskarīya-Bhāṣya, 3495Mahābhāṣya, 2426, 3493. See also PatañjaliMahādeva, 2619Mahājyānayana-prakāra (Method for the Computation of

the Great Sines), 2591Mahājyās (Great Sines), 2591Mahā Kumbha (Great Kumbha), 4374Mahamaes, 2224, 2225Mahāmārganibandhana, 2167Mahameru, 415Al-Māhānī, 9, 257Māhāpurāṇa, 1991Maharas kundy salts, 3828Mahasiddhānta, 2881Mahavamsa, 3032, 3033Mahāvīra, 2018, 2619–2621, 3409Mahāyuga, 1029Mahdī, Muḥammad, 2699

Mahendra Sūri, 2621–2622Maidah (filter), 3825–3826Maidan, village defenses, 4357–4358Mai Jing (Pulse Classic, ca. 300), 2916Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de, 1557Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance, 857Mainland Southeast Asia, astronomy, 708–715Maize, 1804–1805, 1810, 4411Al-Majisṭī, 14Majno, Guido, 4319, 4320Al-Majrīṭī, 258Majumdar, R., 2361Makahiki, 1026Makalati-Tibbiye, 2203Makara, 4508Makaranda, 2622–2623Makla, 971Malabar coast, cashewnut processing, 1064Malachite, 3566Malaria, 2941Malayāam script, in Indian writing, 4558Malay architecture. See also Architecture

carved components, 4508–4509components, 4503–4507grave marker, 4502kris hilt, 4502motif types, 4507–4508timber selection, 4509–4512woodcarving in, 4501–4512

Malay ethnobotany. See also Ethnobotanybotanical materials, 1820–1822botanical richness, 1817–1818concepts and philosophy, 1819–1820criminal tree, 1828forest species and vernacular names, 1821geographical and historical components, 1818–1819plants on day in village, 1822, 1828sarawak tree, 1828–1829species in villages, 1823–1827Tongkat Ali, 1828

Malay Peninsula, colonialism and medicine, 1346–1350Malay world

algebra, 211–215colonialism and science, 1379–1383

Malerisches Reise in Brasilien, 3276Malfatti’s problem, 2792Mali, (French Sudan), 389Malnad, village defenses, 4358Malouf, David, 2744, 2748Maltese Cross, 4193Malthusian predictions, 2523Malungu process, 3165Malyavanta Hill, at Vijayanagara, 376Māmānākam (mahāmāgha), 2167Mamiso (Bidens pilosa L.), 2941Al-Ma˒mūn, 12, 259, 774, 813Manase Dosan, 3000Mānasollāsa, 878, 4221Mānava Śulba Sūtra, 3535

Index 4671

Mancala, 2623–2624Maṇḍalas, 411–412, 2423, 2424, 2680–2681Mangaitch, 186–187Mangifera indica, 2493Manihot esculenta, 1765Manimekalai, 2095Mantellini, S., 2380Man’yoshū (Collection of Myriad Leaves), 1675Maori architecture, 507–510. See also ArchitectureMapanpa, 3071Maps and mapmaking

in Africa, 2625–2628in Ancient Egypt, 2629–2633in Asia, 2633–2636of Australian Aboriginal People, 2685–2687celestial East Asian maps, 2692–2697celestial Islamic maps, 2698–2700in China, 2636–2648Chinese geomantic maps, 2701in Egypt, 2649–2661in India, 2662–2664Islamic terrestrial maps, 2702–2706Islamic world maps centered on Mecca,

2707–2709in Japan, 2664–2666, 2696–2697in Korea, 2666–2675, 2695–2696Marshall Islands, 2709–2712in Mesoamerica, 2675–2677Nahua maps, 2676of Native North Americans, 2688–2691in Southeast Asia, 2678–2680in Tibet, 2680–2682in Vietnam, 2682–2685

Maqma (vessel for soaking), 873Marāgha, 2712–2715Maran, René, 4491Marapu house, 458Marco Polo, 3337, 3340

at Kublai Khan’s court, 1552Al-Māridīnī, Jamāl al-Dīn, 260Mariner’s compass, 3337Market places, in Mesoamerica, 424Mars, 619Marsa, 972Marshack, Alexander, 3516Marshall Islands, 3358–3359

stick charts of, 2709–2712Martini, Martino, 1557Martin, Thomas, 2803Maruwhenua, 1984Marv, 4331The Marvels of India, 3333, 3351Marw, 4330. See also MarvMasa, 972Māshā˒allāh ibn Atharī, 2716–2718Mashroo, 4221Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), 1813, 3335Maslow, Arthur, 1573Masonry blocks (cadenas), 4135

Mass measurementin Indus valley, 4473–4474in Japan, 4462–4464in Peru, 4471–4472

Masson, M. E., 2373Mastaba (tomb) of Mereruka, 4543Mastabas, 2775Masters of the Art of Trepanning, 4320Al-Mas˓ūdī, 260–261Masudic Canon, 2066Mata, 1904Mataihi, faciality, 508–509Material culture, in Africa, 4488–4490Materia medica, 1708, 1709, 2559

applications in Africa, 2940–2942Materia Medica of Classifed Syndromes, 4139Mathematical Canon of the Sea Island, 2412Mathematical canons, 2410, 2760. See also Nine

ChaptersMathematical leather roll, 2778–2780Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi, 1943Mathematical texts

Demotic, 2720in Egypt, 2718–2720, 2770–2771hieratic, 2718–2719historiography, 2720

Mathematics, 2721–2729in Africa, 2751–2755, 2755–2759of Ancient Berbers, 2729–2742and astronomy, 1566, 1568, 2788–2789Aztec mathematics, 2852–2856in China, 1568–1569, 2759–2767, 2796, 4621classification, 2747communicating across culture and time, 2743–2750cowrie shells, 2747culture and, 2797in Egypt

and African predecessors, 2773–2777mathematical leather roll, 2778–2780mathematical texts, 2770–2771numbers, 2770tables and fractions, 2771–2772

epistemology for, 3593–3594finger reckoning, 2747foreign influence in, 2765–2767games with, 2753of Hebrew People, 2833–2836hexagonal weaving pattern, 2753Hindu-Arabic, 1553Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2290–2292in India, 1553, 2781–2784in India, in Kerala School, 2429Indian knowledge systems and, 2442in Islam, 2785–2789in Japan, 2789–2795, 2796, 4621knotting, 2747in Korea, 2795–2798, 2796, 4621of Maghreb, 2836–2840Maya mathematics, 2857–2862

4672 Index

Mathematics, 2721–2729 (cont.)in Mesopotamia, 2799–2803in Native North America, 2804–2810in Oceania, 2811–2817patterns, 2747practical, 2847–2852recreational, 2802–2803, 2847–2852sorcerer, 2755–2756transmission, 2789in Vietnam, 2818–2831weaving, 2747writings, Ibn al-Yāsamīn, 2302–2303of Yolngu Aboriginal Australians, 2840–2847

Mathematike Syntaxis (The Mathematical Composition),255. See also Ptolemy

Mathematische Keilschrifttexte, 2800Mathesiz, 2567Mati, 2563Matilal, Bimal, 3415Matsitama copper mines, 3566, 3572Matsitama Metasedimentary Group of rocks, 3566Matsyanyaya, 2423Matsya-Purāṇa, 1990Mattang chart, 2711, 2712Matteo Ricci, 2765Matthiessen, Peter, 1684Mausoleum

of Augustus, 3432of Islamic World, 2863–2866

Maya, 511–523agriculture, 105–111

forms of, 107–108lowland intensive, 109–111upland and terrace systems, 108–109

calendars, 1032–1033cities and town

astronomy and creation, 1251–1252city planning, 1310–1313establishment, 1250–1251planning of, 1250–1255political ideology, 1252–1253

culturetextiles, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226time, 4258–4260

defensive barricades, 1504–1511domestic architecture, 524–527lithic production, 2870–2876mapping, 2677mathematics, 2857–2862pottery, 1168–1177 (see also Ceramics)public architecture, 527–540pyramid, 3615region, writing of, 4569–4577Sak Na goddess, 4223, 4224seaports

characteristics, 3927independent or autonomous seaport, 3929–3930regional capital, 3927–3929trans-shipment ports, 3929

temples of, 4202–4210writing (see Writing)

Maya Blue, 2866–2870Maya-Indrajala (deceit and pretense), 2424Mayan ball courts, 2030Mayang of Sunda Strait, 921Mayangzi, 3369Mayan Hieroglyphic writing, 2460–2461McKertcher, William, 4150Meals, 1922Mean motions, in Indian astronomy, 2880–2884Measurement Law, 4465Measures in Square, 2411Meat preservation, in Ancient Egypt, 2885–2886

drying, 2885fat, 2886honey, 2886salt, 2886smoking, 2886

Mecca, 13, 15, 170, 197, 213, 214, 244, 248, 263, 270,281, 389, 413, 607, 656, 717, 1045, 2245, 2305,2707, 3723, 3725

Mecca-centered world maps, 2707–2709Mechanical clocks, 4250–4257Mechanical engineering, 1617–1618. See also EngineeringMechanical technology, and instruments of China,

2887–2899Meddo chart, 2711Medical ethics

African Societies, 2902China, 2899–2900, 2904–2906India, 2900, 2906–2909Islam, 2910–2911near Eastern culture, 2901–2902pre-Columbian Western hemisphere, 2902–2903

Medical Paintings of Tibet (Sman thang), 2912–2914Medical papyri, 300, 2957, 2958, 2961, 4529, 4550.

See also Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)Medical research, philanthropy and, 3510–3511Medical texts, in China, 2915–2918Medical treatment in Ancient Egypt, 4524–4525Medicinal food plants, 2918–2923Medicine

in Africa, 2937–2954

divination, 2942–2945healing traditions, 2938–2940health in social fabric, 2950–2952materia medica applications, 2940–2942new health crises and relegitimization of, 2952–2954paradigms in African medical thinking, 2947–2950scholarly debates about etiology, 2945–2947shrine communities and cults of affliction,

2950–2952in Ancient Egypt

anatomy and physiology, 2959–2961complementary therapies, 2962diseases, 2965drug therapy, 2962healers, 2966–2967

Index 4673

healing papyri and ostraca, 2957–2958human remains: mummies and skeletons, 2958–2959instruments, 2964magical instruments, 2964–2965magical practices, 2962–2963materia medica, 2964medical devices, 2964medical papyri, 2967–2968medical practice, 2961–2963mixed and pure iatromagical texts, 2968–2969pathology, 2961sources, 2957surgery, 2962theoretical background, 2959–2961

in Ancient Mesopotamia, 2970–2973of Australian Aboriginal people, 3068–3076

aboriginal health workers, 3075bicultural medicine, 3074Bush food program, 3075–3076herbal medicine, 3071–3072Ngangkari, 3070–3071place of western medicine, 3073–3074practice in health services to aboriginal people,

3074–3076preventing sickness, 3072–3073traditional healers/Ngangkari, 3074–3075traditional health system of Warlpiri Aborigines,

3070–3073traditional indigenous health systems, 3069–3070Warlpiri health system, 3072, 3073Yawulyu ceremonies and healing songs, 3071

in China, 4611acupuncture, 2979artemisinin, 2975diagnostic methods, 2978eight rubrics method, 2978ethics, 2899–2900, 2904–2906forensic medicine, 2980Jin-Yuan Dynasties, 2976Ming-Qing Dynasty, 2976pharmacy, 2975Sui-Tang Dynasties, 2975texts, 2915–2918traditional medicine, 2974

ethnoveterinary, 4352, 4355Ibn Sīnā, 2329–2330in Islam, 2990–2997

Al Majusi, 2994–2995Al-Rāzī, 2994Al-Zahrawi, 2995Bukhtishu family of physicians, 2993–2994early era, 2991–2992ethics of, 2991great physicians, 2993–2996history, 2991hospitals during Islamic era, 2992–2993Hunayn ibn Isḥāq, 2994Ibn Nafis, 2995–2996Ibn Sina, 2995

Masawayh, 2994pharmacy, pharmacognosy, materia medica and

therapeutics, 2996–2997physician and the patient, 2991resources for the development, 2992

in Japan, 2997–3002early modern medicine, 3001–3002medieval medicine, 2999–3001prehistoric and ancient medicine, 2998–2999

in Korea, 3002–3011Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), 3004–3005Kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392), 3003–3004localized Chinese medicine, 3005–3008oriental medicine in twentieth-century, 3008–3011

in Meso and South America, 3012–3016botanical knowledge, 3013–3014medical specialists and personnel, 3014–3015surgical practices, 3015–3016

of Native North Americans, 3061–3068in Native North and South America, 3017–3022in Oceania, 3023–3031in Ottoman Empire, 3048–3053

mechanistic medicine, 3048modernization and westernization, 3053Ottoman clinical reality, 3050–3052Ottoman hospitals, 3052Ottoman medical thinking, 3048–3049popular medicine, 3048

philanthropic, 2933–2934in Sri Lanka, 3032–3036

colonial period to modern times, 3033–3034differing worldviews, 3034–3035future, 3036medical history framework, 3032philosophical note, 3034from proto-histories to civilizational periods,

3032–3033on validation, 3036

in Talmud, 3054–3056in Thailand, 3037–3046

Buddhism and traditional medicine, 3043Chinese medicine, 3046court medical tradition, 3041–3042current developments, 3044–3045etiology, 3040–3041heterogeneity, 3041traditional and cosmopolitan medicine, 3044traditional pharmacy, 3039–3040transmission, 3039village tradition, 3037–3038

of Tibet, 3078–3093anatomy and physiology, 3078–3080Bad-kan constitution, 3086–3087clinical diagnosis, 3080–3082constitution analysis and treatment methods,

3082–3083constitution and conditions in, 3083–3087diagnosis by observation, 3080–3081diagnosis by palpation, 3081–3082

4674 Index

Medicine (cont.)

diagnosis by questioning, 3080mKhris-pa constitution, 3084–3086pharmacology, 3087–3093pulse diagnosis, 3081–3082Rlung constitution, 3083–3084urine and tongue diagnosis, 3081–3082

in Turkey, 3057–3060veterinary (see Veterinary medicine)

Medicine and colonialism in IndiaAncient India, 2923European colonization

British, 2924–2926Portuguese, 2924women, 2927–2929

muslim invasion, 2923–2924Medicine and colonialism in Sri Lanka, 2929–2936

historical background, 2930–2931organization of the project, 2934–2936philanthropic medicine, 2933–2934prevalence of hookworm disease, 2932–2933

Medicine wheels, 3094–3095Medieval India, astronomy, 717–725Medieval Japanese medicine, 2999–3001Medieval technique, China, 2790–2791Megalithic monuments, in Korea, 3095–3097Meghadūtam, 1995Mehen, 984–985Mehmed Efendi, 3484Mehmed II, 3482Meiji Restoration of 1868, 1679Meillacan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159Mei Ren Fu, 2894. See also Sima XiangruMeji Restoration, 3458Mekong River, 3324, 3325Melanesia. See also Mathematics in OceaniaMemoir of Respectful Veneration Pavilion

Heumgyeonggak-gi (Don), 4253Memphis Nilometer, 3388Mencius, 3518Mendis, D. L. O., 2363Menelaus’ Sphaerica. See also Levi Ben GersonMenelaus’ theorem, 4326Meng Qi Bi Tan (Dream Pool Essays), 1552Meng Xi Bi Tan. See also Shen GuoMengxi Bitan (Meng Xi Essays), 3444Menzies, Gavin, 4616Mercier, Raymond, 2881Mercury, 620Mereruka

Ka statue of, 4544Mastaba (tomb) of, 4543wall scene, 4545

Mersenne, Marin, 4189Mescal bean, 1725Mesoamerica

aquatic environments, 337–346architecture, 416–426astronomy, 726–736

calendars, 1047–1054cosmologies, 1429–1449ethnobotany in, 1724–1729geography, 1996–2001looms in, 4222magnetism in, 2616–2618maps and mapmaking in, 2675–2677medicine in, 3012–3016metallurgy in, 3135–3138pyramids of, 3613–3624salt in

archaeological markers, 3836basin of Mexico, 3837and cloth dyers, 3835coastal Guerrero, 3839–3840Cuyutlán, Colima, 3837Lake Cuitzeo, 3837–3839Maya area, 3840salt sources, 3836Veracruz, 3840–3841

stones inancient blade-making craftsmen, 4054–4055bow and arrow, 4056early prehistory, 4038–4041Mesoamerican biface technology, 4045–4046Mesoamerican blade technology, 4041–4045obsidian, 4047–4052origin of blade technology, 4052–4054pecked and ground platform, 4055–4056

textiles in, 4222–4227weights and measures in, 4466–4469

Mesoamerican Long Count, 2570Mesopotamia

astrology, 610calendars, 1023fishing, 1881–1888geometry, 2073–2074mathematics in, 2799–2803medicine in, 2970–2973metallurgy in, 3187–3199

Metad (Amhara), 968Metallurgy

in Africa, 3098–3103in Ancient Eastern Eurasia, 3103–3113

background, 3103–3104data from Northern Zone of China, 3111–3112data from Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,

and Altai, 3107–3111general observations, 3112–3113problem, 3104–3107

Ancient Egyptian, 3099of Ancient Indian iron and steel, 3180–3186

classification, 3182–3184metal extraction, 3180–3182microstructures, 3184–3186

in Arabia, 3116–3128Bronze ageBronze age: early, 3118–3121Bronze age: middle and late, 3121–3122

Index 4675

chalcolithic, 3117–3118copper production, 3128geology, 3116–3117iron age, 3122–3124Islamic periodearly, 3124–3126middle and late, 3126–3128

in China, 3130–3132in Egypt, 3132–3135in Meso and North America, 3135–3138in Mesopotamia, 3187–3199

advent of iron, 3197–3198copper and alloys, 3188–3190gold and silver, 3190–3191Head of a Ruler, 3199legacy of, 3198–3199metalworking techniques, 3191–3197nature of metals, 3187–3188

in Near East, 3171–3179comparison with other sources of data, 3177–3179data, 3174–3175method, 3172–3174raw material by geographical region, 3176–3177raw material by taxon, 3177results, 3175temporal distribution of butchered remains,

3175–3176in Northern South American Indigenous Societies,

3139–3141in Pre-Columbian South America, 3142–3143provinces, 3108in Southeast Asia, 3144–3155

bronze age, 3144–3148iron age, 3148–3154islands, gold and silver, 3154–3155

in Southern South America, 3159–3163bronze alloys, 3161–3162precious metals, 3162–3163smelting, 3159–3161

in Tanzania, 3164–3170furnaces, 3166iron production process, 3165–3166origin and chronology, 3165rituals, symbolism, and taboos, 3167–3170Tuyéres and Tuyére Ports, 3166–3167

Metal mirrors, from India, 3290–3296Metal tools, 4306–4311Metalworking techniques, in Mesopotamia,

3191–3197Meteorite. See Comet and meteoriteMeteorology

in China, 3213–3215

achievements in phenology, 3215atmospheric temperature and pressure, 3215humidity and the surveying method, 3214meteorological phenomena, 3213precipitation and Chinese precipitation gauge, 3214weather forecasting, 3213–3214wind and surveying instruments, 3214

in India, 3215–3217in Islamic World, 3218–3221

Metius, Jacob, 4189Metl, 1805Métraux, 3018Metric system, 4449, 4450

decimal, 4468transition to, 4464–4465

Metrology, 4436Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA)

bed frame, 4513cosmetic box, 4514table with cavetto cornice edge, 4514

Metrosophy, 4436Metroxylon sagu, 49Metu, 302Mexica science, 804Mexico

architecture in, 416–417, 520–523Balankanche, 4210Castillo, Chichen Itza, 4206Chicanna, 4208copper, 1408–1413earspools in, 1541–1543Kohunlich, 4207temples, 4206, 4207, 4208, 4209, 4210Yaxchilan, 4207, 4208, 4209

Micos, 3774Microfossil, 3680Micronesia, stone money in, 4312–4317Middle East

alphabet, 4567–4569glass

Arabia and Gulf Areas, 2109–2110Ayyubid Times (1171-1250), 2106–2107colored glass bangles, 2110–2112Crusader Times (1094-1187), 2106Fatimid Caliphates (1069-1171), 2106Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia, 2108–2109Near-East, 2106Ottoman Times (14th-19th), 2107–2108

writing in, 4564–4569Middle Horizon, 2132Middle Kingdom (Egypt), weights and measures, 4442Middle Stone Age (MSA), 2773Midéwewin, 2809–2810Miftāḥ al-ḥisāb (Key of Arithmetic), 2065Miftāḥ al-Riyāḍī , 2080Mihrab, 2049Mikami Yoshio, 2818Milḥamot Adonai (Wars of the Lord), 2551Military tattoos, 4144Military technology, 1616, 1617, 2138–2139,

3221–3225in Ancient Egypt, 3225–3235

chariots, 3228–3230fortifications/siege, 3230–3234navy, 3234–3235weapons, 3225–3228

4676 Index

Military technology, 1616, 1617, 2138–2139,3221–3225 (cont.)

in Andes, 3236–3239engineering, 1616–1617European, 1554, 1558

Milkweed/butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), 1731Milky Way, 2694, 3220Millet and husked grains, 2411Millet in China, 3239–3244

distribution expands, 3243–3244millet botany, 3241millet domestication, 3241–3242millet noodles, 3242–3243modern production, 3240–3249

Mīmāṃsā, 3493Mimbres pottery, 1180–1186. See also CeramicsMindoro jade, 2392, 2394Mineral Policy, 3273Ming dynasty, 2139, 2695, 2898

in China, 1552Mining. See also Metallurgy

in Ancient Egypt and Nubia, 3245–3263

copper mining, 3245–3248gold mining, 3248gold productionin Arab Times, 3261–3263in new kingdom times, 3250–3258in old and middle kingdom times, 3249–3250in predynastic and earlydynastic times,

3248–3249in ptolemaic (Greek) times, 3258–3260in Roman and Byzantine times, 3261

in Angola, 3264–3270colonial launching, 3266extent of diamond mining, 3264–3266postwar primacy of industrial mining,

3268–3270wartime scramble, 3266–3268

in Botswana, 3271–3275contribution of mineral sector to national income,

3273–3274economy, 3272mining sector history, 3272–3273role of mining in national development,

3274–3275in Brazil, 3275–3278in Congo, 3279–3284in Great Lakes (USA), 3284–3289

Minneriya reservoir, 4379, 4380Minobimaatisiiwin, 2455Minsheng yanchang quantu, 2643Miocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662Miquel de Estete, 4472Mirrors, metal (India), 3290–3296Mishnah, 3054, 3055Mishnat ha-middot (Treatise on Measuring), 2065Misraka-vyavahāra, 2562Mitakuye oyasin, 2453Mithqal, 2406

mKhris-pa, 3079constitution, 3084–3086

Moche archaeological culture, 2131Moche textiles, 4229Moche Valley Chimu, 2533Mocoví, 753Modern-style Vietnamese boat, 927–928Mofa, 968Mogogo (Tigrinya), 968Mohenjodaro

glass, 2092faience, 1849fishing, 1889–1892water, 4368

Mohism in China, 3523, 3524Mohist Canon (Mozi), 2020Mo Jing, 3444, 3446

Chinese physics, 3516, 3518, 3525Molle berries, 871Moluccas, architecture, 540–547Molunghee (processing of raw materials), 3825Momaday, N. Scott, 1684, 1685Mongol empire, in Asia, 1552Mongolia, gold mining, 2133–2135Mongolian ger, 562–566Mongolian periods, veterinary medicine, 4349Monochromatic woodblock printing, 3597Monochrome-glazed porcelain, 1109–1112Montaria, 3361–3365Monte Albán, 3615, 3616, 3619Montecitorio obelisk, 3423Monumental architecture, 3613Monumental mosaics, 2106Moon, 619

Candra-Vākyāni (Moon Sentences), 2590eclipse, 263god, 291path, 586Sphu ṭacandrāpti (Computation of True Moon),

2426, 2590Mori Koan, 2666Morinda citrifolia, 1772Mortuary chapel, 4282, 4283, 4285, 4286,

4288, 4289Moscow Papyrus, 2017, 2075, 2727Moses Maimonides, 3297–3299Mosques, 413–414Motif

arabesque, 4508calligraphic, 4508cosmic, 4503, 4508floral, 4503–4506, 4508, 4509geometric, 4508swastika, 4508types, 4507–4508woodcarving, 4502

Motion, Aristotelian theory of, 3532Mouhot, Henri, 4386Mound builders, 3299–3302

Index 4677

archaeoastronomy, 3301–3302mound construction, 3300pottery, 3301tool manufacture, 3300–3301

Mount Kailas, 2681Mount Meru, 2681Mount Paektu, 2667Mount Sumeru World, Ayutthaya, 2534–2539Mouth, 2486–2487Movable-type printing, 3601Moxa. See also AcupunctureMoxibustion, 2974, 2979, 3304–3305, 4611, 4617–4618Mpapa-dan structure, 382Mrak, 3328Mu’ayyid al-Dawla, 2283M€ucerrebnậme, 2196Mud-brick manufacturing, 4309, 4311M€uderris, 2197Mudhākarāt, 11–12Mudkhal, 635Mueller, Max, 4368Mughal rockets, 4364Muhafaza, 456Muḥammad, 2910, 2938Muḥammad, ˓Abd al-Raḥīm ibn, 2707Muḥammad al-Khwārizmī, 2069Muhtasib, 2551Muhūrtaratna, 3495Muhyī al-Dīn Pirī, 3536Mu’ jam al-buldān (Dictionary of Geography), 2002Mūjiz al-Qānūn fi ‘l-Ṭibb (Abstract of Ibn Sīnā ‘s Canon of

Medicine), 2296Mukhamedjanov, A. R., 2373, 2376, 2378Mūla (square root), 808Al-mulakhkhas fīal-hay‘aal-basīṭa, 2171Mulla Chānd, 720Mumford, Lewis, 4159, 4169, 4176Mummies

in Egypt, 3305–3307in South America, 3308–3310

Mummification, 3305–3307Munda, 3183Mung bean (Vigna radiata), 3544Munīśvara, 3310Muñjāla, 3495, 3540Al-Muqaddasī, 261–262, 810Muromachi period, 3000Mushroom, 1727–1729

in Pakistan, 1745–1746Muska, 3059Muslim. See also Islam

astronomers, 3643–3644civilization, 2910dams, 4182–4183

Al-Muʾtaman ibn Hūd, 262–263Mu ʿtazila and mutakallimūn, 2067Myanmar (Burma), ceramics, 1145–1147Mysore war rocket, 4365, 4366The Myth of the Eternal Return (Eliade), 4268

NNabta Playa, 3314Nādhadwāra pichwāis, 4222Nāḍīvalaya, 3439Nāgarasarvasva, 3313Nāgarī script, 4558Naga, ritual enclosure, 486, 488–491Nāgārjuna, 1414, 1676, 2565, 2566, 2569, 3417, 4118,

4333Nagasaki Hanga, 2414Nagasaki kokon shūran, 2415Nagatada Shi-raishi, 2071Nahrawān canal, 4181Náhuatl, 1752, 4468Nakanishi-ryu school, 153, 166Nakṣatras, 631, 1029, 2577Nala, 3588Nam Nhat Thong Du Do, 2684Namoratunga, 3314–3317Nampūtiri, 3607Nam Pyong-gil, 2798Nam Thien, 2682, 2684Nanahuapatli, 1802Nanchoc, Rio, 4389Nanfang caomuzhuang, 1971Nanjing, 3318Nanjing Benyi, 3318Nan Qi Shu (History of the Qi Dynasty), 2892Napier, John, 585Nārāyaṇa, 3410

squares, 2602–2607Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita, 3319–3320Nārāyaṇīyam, 29Narcotics, 3051Nardostachys jatamansi, 1720, 4345Narhan culture, 1850Narmada river project, 4383Nasca pottery, 3383Naṣīr al-Dīnal-Ṭūsī, 2020, 2068, 3321–3323Nāṣir-I Khusraw, 3323–3324Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 1674Nassurius kraussianus, 957National Convention Centre by GMP, 401Nationalism, 3508–3509National Palace Museum Taipei, 4539National Treasury, 2409National Water Policy, 4374Native America. See also America

science in

agriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909cultural forms, 3905early cultures, 3906–3907ethnomathematics, 3905ethnosciences, 3905occupation, 3904

thought, environment and nature in, 1680–1695Native North America

astronomy, 737–742drugs, 1730–1732

4678 Index

Native North America (cont.)ethnobotany in, 1729–1736health and disease, 1730maps and mapmaking of, 2688–2691mathematics in, 2804–2810medicinal plants, 1732–1736medicine in, 3017–3022medicine of, 3061–3068psychological drugs, 1732time in, 4261–4263

Natron, 332, 1603. See also MummiesNatural building materials, in Palestine, 430–432Natural disasters, 1557Natural gas in Premodern China, 1968–1970Naturalis Historia, 2092Naturalism, 3523Naturalist School, 1668Nature, 31Natuurkunde (study of nature), 3893Nautical technology, in Cambodia, 3324–3330Navagraha (nine planets), 2601Navagrāha calendar, 629, 680Navajo, 672, 739Navala village, houses, 479–480Navigation

Africa, 3331–3335Amazonia, 3360–3365China, 3336–3339, 3365–3379, 4615India, 3339–3344Indian Ocean and Red Sea, 3349–3354Pacific, 3355–3359Polynesia, 3344–3348

Navy, military technology in Ancient Egypt, 3234–3235Nawāb Naṣīruddīn Ḥaidar, 3693Naxi Dongba writing of China, 4535Nayic, 753–754Al-Nayrīzī, 263–264Nazca Lines, 3379–3384, 3383, 3384Nderit potsherds, 3317Near East

agriculture

complex systems, 92–96emerging, 86–89established societies, 89–92perspectives, 96–97

medical ethics, 2901–2902metallurgy in, 3171–3179plant domestication in, 3549–3554viticulture, 4497–4500winemaking in, 4497–4500

Necef, 4475Necho II, 3331Necropolis of Gizeh, 4548Needham, Joseph, 1563, 3516, 3518, 3524, 3557, 4169,

4580Neem tree. See Azadirachta indicaNeferhotep, 2776Negev, cisterns, 4406Negev Desert of Israel, 112, 117

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 3529Neidan (internal alchemy), 177, 179, 180Neipian (Esoteric Chapters), 1971Nei shu lu (Record of Forgiveness), 2981Nemtsev, N. B., 2378Neo-confucianism, 1677–1678, 3000Neolithic artifacts, 2887Neolithic deposits, 3544Neolithic faunal resources, 3544Neolithic period, 3226, 3227Neolithic revolution. See Agricultural revolutionNeolithic transition, 3542Neolithization, 3549Nepal

animal disease diagnoses, 4354–4355animal health care practices, 4355–4356animal health care systems, 4352–4354ecological zones of, 4352veterinary practice in, 4351–4356

Nephrite, 2389Neugebauer, Otto, 2800Nevsal-i Afiyet, 2202New Hanoi Museum, 401New Kingdom (Egypt), weights and measures, 4442–4444New Mexico, metals and metallurgy, 3209–3210Newton, Isaac

binomial formula, 4331in physics development, 3517–3518

Newton-Raphson iterative method, 1019New World, technology in, 4186–4188Ngá, 929, 934, 938Ngangkari, 3070–3071, 3073–3074Ngurra, 1983Ngwa-yobwê (game stone), 4432Nha chong diem, 396Nha Hat Lon, 397Nhcyrpt (master of the hunt), 4346Niaochuan (Bird junk), 2414Nigama settlements, 1977Niger-Congo, 2938Nigerian Hausa, 2920Nightshade (Solanum americanum), 1731Nihon Bun’ iki Shisho Zu, 2666Nihon Bunkei Zu (Map of Japan Divided into Parts), 2665Nihon Bun’ya Zu, 2666Nihon Kiryaku, 1591Nihon Shoki, 2664Niḥsreya, 3416Nikina, 2514Nīlakaṇ ṭha Somayāji, 2881, 3384–3386Nile Valley, Ancient Egyptian temples orientation,

4193–4194Nilometer, 3386, 4450

and irrigation, 3398–3402metrology and inundation, 3387–3389types, 3389–3398

Nimrud wine lists, 4500The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures, 2136,

2409, 2850

Index 4679

Nine-Patterned Dragon, 4144Nineveh, bricks in, 978–980Ninjas, 2134Niruddha, 2620Niruzi, 3334Nit in kot (NK), 2711Niyoga, 2908Njock, Georges, 2752Njoya (King), 2627–2628Noble Eightfold Path, 1629, 1633, 1634Nobuhiro, Sato, 1678Nobumasa, Tsugaru, 1678Nohoanga te matangi system, 3925Noko Mine, 3566Nomuraea rileyii, 3502Non-Archimedean arithmetic, 1011Nong Qi Pu (Book of Faming Implements), 2895Nong Qi Tu Pu (Illustrations of Faming Implements), 2895Nong Shu (Treatise on Agriculture), 37, 2890, 4162Nongzheng quanshu, 38Nonperoxide antibacterial factors, 2193Non-western cultures, probability in, 3585–3589Non-Western views of time, 4263–4270Noon shadow, 2127–2128Nordenskiold, Erland, 3136North Africa, archaeoastronomy, 347–355North Americans

geography

contemporary, 2010–2011creation stories, 2007cultural conflict and emergent identities,

2009–2010location, territoriality, and cultural boundaries,

2007–2008resource adaptation, 2008–2009traditional native geography, 2006–2007

medicine of native, 3061–3068metallurgy in, 3135–3138time in, 4261–4263

Northern Africabread in, 970–971rice in, 3743

Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP). See also Ceramicsculture, 1850phase, 2096

Northern Thai ware, 1152–1153Nose, 2486–2487The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero

(Kaplan), 2801–2802Notia koko (savanna/forest ochrosols), 381Notia tumtum (black soil), 381Notitie, 921Notre rencontre, 2505Nsangan-yobwê (stone of a fine), 4432Ntwuma, 381, 382. See also ArchitectureNubia

history of colonization, 967mining in, 3245–3263weaving cotton in, 4429–4430

Nujūmīs, 2399Numbering system, 4466Number sequence

in Brazil, 2804in Coahuiltecan of Texas, 2806of Eastern Pomo, 2808, 2809of Yuk, 2806

Number theory, 2786–2787in Africa, 3404–3407in India, 3407–3410in Islamic mathematics, 3411–3412

Number words, 2804–2807Numerals

Hindu-Arabic, 200, 584, 1553, 2786Roman, 2–3

Nūoc mām (a condiment fish sauce), 935Nushizumi Yamaji, 2071Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi˒˒khtirāq al-āfāq,

2703–2704Nya-Uganda, 2507Nyāya, 2568, 2569, 3412–3417Nyāyaratna, 3608Nyāyāsūtra, 3414N’yāya-Vaiseṣika, 1699, 3527, 3528

school of physics in India, 3527

OOasis theory, 113Oaxaca valleys, 1193Obelisks in Ancient Egypt

history, 3420–3424manufacture and installation, 3424–3425middle ages to modern times, 3431–3433Rome and First afterlife, 3425–3431

Objectivity, 3710–3711Observation, eclipses, 1586–1591Observatories, 4329–4331

˓Abbāsid Caliph al-Ma˒mūn, 3440Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, 3441in India, 3435–3440in Islamic World, 3440–3442Marāgha, 3441Mount Qāsīyūn, 3440Shammāsiyya, 3440Zī j-i Jurjānā, 3441Zī j Ilkhānī , 3441

Obsidian prismatic blade production, 2873Obstetrics, Ancient India, 1203–1204Ocakli, 3058Oceania

mathematics in, 2811–2817medicine in, 3023–3031

Oceanic navigation, Polynesia, 3346Ocimum sanctum, 2177Octants, 644–645Octli. See Pulque (alcoholic drink)Oculate Being, 3383Oculi, 936

4680 Index

Oilcooking, 1922spot glaze, 2121–2122

Ojé (Ficus insipida), 1797Ojibway, 2006, 2690, 2808Ojuyon mun-jangjon san’go, 2797Okar (root), 2711, 2712Okinawa

geographic location, 4273tofuyo in, 4273–4275

Old Copper culture, 3136Old World, 2033Olive oil, 4452Oliver, Paul, 1528Ollas/mankas (vessel for boiling), 873Olmec

ceremonial sites, 2026–2027cities and town

La Venta, 1244–1248San Lorenzo, 1248–1250

earth structures of, 1543–1550heartland, 3614knowledge systems, 2477–2478

human embryo, 2478–2479, 2484–2489human fetus, 2479–2480human gestation and 260-day calendar,

2480human infant, 2480medical illustration art, 2480–2481spiritual potential of adult body, explore,

2481–2484pottery, ceramics, 1187–1193

Ololiuqui, 1725–1726Omah, 407, 408Omiero, 3849. See also SanteríaOngar, 3654–3656On Stomach Ailments, 2209On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians, 2899.

See also Sun SimiaoOn the Configuration of the Universe, 2293. See also Ibn

al-HaythamOn Triangle, 2388, 4000. See also ArchimedesOogun, 2723Open-tube periscope, 3446Opet, 3402Ophthalmology, in Egypt, 3443Opium, 3051Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

method, 3317Optics

in China, 3444–3447Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 2292–2293in Islamic World, 3447–3452

Oquetlupuc, 1809Oracle bones, 3453–3456Or Adonay, 2169. See also Crescas, ḤasdaiOraimono, 2790Orang asli, 1819Origami, 3457–3460

Orihime, 703–704Ornamental horticulture, Egypt, 3473–3475Ornamentation, 936, 957–958Orthodox Jews, 1652Oryza, 3744Oryza barthii, 3744Oryza glaberrima, 32, 3744Oryza nivara, 3545Oryza sativa, 3545, 3744Oryza sativa var. japonica, 3746Osiris, god of the dead, 1605Osler, William, 27Osmotic effect, 2193Ostionan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159Ostraca, 4539–4540Ostrich eggshell bead, 866Ottoman Empire, 2058

Hospitals and Medical Schools, 2193–2203Jewelry, 2403–2408medicine in, 3048–3053

Ottoman science, 3478–3487, 4141Ottoman Turkish, science in

astronomy and astrology, 3902geography and cartography, 3902–3903medicine and natural history, 3903

Our Lady of Candelaria, 2739Out-in method, Gou-Gu theorem, 2136–2137Outlines of Astronomy, 2555Overall proportions, 2485Oyama, 1983Oyaninai Boshi, 697–698

PPātạgaṇita, 3586Paan, 877Pachacuti Inca, 2472–2473Pacific islands. See also Oceania

agriculture

origin and evolution, 102–104traditional, 104–105

agroforestry, 128–130ethnobotany in, 1764–1778navigation in, 3355–3359worked glass artefacts in, 4519–4522

Padārthas, 3413, 3414Padmaśrī (Nāgarasarvasva), 3313–3314Painted Cave of Gáldar, 2738Paintings

Ajanta, 164–166tomb, 4499

Paishachas, 1992Paitāmahasiddhānta, 3539, 3541Pajala, 920Pakal (shield), in Maya writing, 4572–4574Pakal u bak Ah Balam (Pakal was captured. Pakal

was the captive of Sir Balam), 4574Pakistan

Ayubia Ethnobotany Project, 1742

Index 4681

Ayubia National Park, 1744–1745capacity building, 1744conservation practices, 1746conservation priorities, 1743developmental issues in, 1743ethnobotany in, 1736–1746medicinal plants in, 1737–1743

Pakṣa, 3489–3490Palaces

in Java, 414–415in Mesoamerica, 422–424

Palans, 3334Palari pinisi, 923Palari-type schooner, 923Paleolithic artifacts, 2887Paleolithic period, 3226Palermo Stone, 3387, 3388Palingu, 2095Palmettan Ostinoid, ceramics, 1159Palm fibers (Arenga pinnata), 950Palm leaves, 4560–4561Pamphilian obelisk, 3430Panacas, 2474Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 1729Panamacani, 3015Pancakarma therapy, 2988Pancamahābhūta, 1698–1699, 3034Pancasiddhāntikā, 2126–2127, 2884, 3409, 3496,

4341. See also Varāhamihiraof Varāhamihira, 1596–1597

Panchakroshi route, 375Pangajavas, 921Paniceae starch grains, 3241Panicle, 3680Paṇini, 2441, 3490–3493. See also NyāyaPānnā hazāra, 4221Paper

availability, 4538development, 3494history, 3494invention, 3494

Papermaking, 3494–3495, 4161, 4177industrial revolution, 3494preparing pulp for, 1618

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), 1776Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), 827, 2650, 4539

of Hunefer, 4540padiamenet, 4541

Papyrus Chester Beatty IV, 4548Paqdewakang, 922Paqtaripang, 922Parabou, 3334Paracas textiles, 4229Parahita-gaṇita, 2426Pāramārthika Satya, 4590Parameśvara. See also Astronomy in Medieval India

commentaris, 3495works, 3495writings, 3495

Parikarmāṣ ṭaka, 2561Pariṇāmavāda, 4590Paris Observatory, 3441Parshnigraha, 2424Parshnigrahasara, 2424Parts Weighted According to Degree,

2411Pascal triangle, 2409Pashan bhed, 2177Patañjali, 3493

yoga, 4588–4589Paṭi, 2563Paticca samuppāda, 4270Pāṭīgaṇita, 581–582, 2561Patio hundido, 422Patios de Indios, 3135Patorani, 920Patun Gama settlements, 1977Paturi, Felix, 4169Pauliśa, 3496–3497Paulus-ul-Yunani, 3496Paush mela, 1029Paying Taxes in a Fair Way According to

Transportation, 2411Pediculus humanus capitis, 2145Pei Xiu, 2637, 2638Pelayaran rakyat, 924Pell’s equation, 1018, 1020Pencalang of Java, 921Pendants, 854Peng Long Ye Hua (Li Rihua), 4273Peniche, 923Penis title sign in Maya writing, 4577Pennisetum (bajra), 48People’s Republic of China, 4539Pepeha, 1984Peret, 3400Peri-Amazonian Savannas, wetland agriculture,

1856–1861Periplus, 2096, 3216Periplus of Hanno, 3331The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 3333Peru. See also South America

beer production in, 871–876bezoar stones in, 882–884map of, 4390water management in, 4389–4399weights and measures in, 4470–4472

Peruvian linear measurements, 4470Pervomayskaya plotina (lit. May 1st Dam), 2370Pest control

Egypt, 3469era, 3499, 3501eradication era, 3499in India, 3497–3505

biological, 3502–3503biotechnological, 3503–3504crop pests, 3497–3498herbal pesticides, 3501

4682 Index

Pest control (cont.)

history of entomological science, 3499–3501indigenous knowledge, 3499, 3501metamorphosis, 3497–3499pesticides, 3501pheromones, 3503

management era, 3501metamorphosis, 3497–3499

Deccan Chalcolithic period, 3498–3499Harappan period, 3498Protohistoric period, 3498Vedic period, 3499

Petersianthus quadrialatus, 949Pet mummies, 332. See also Animal mummiesPetrie, W. M. F., 4440, 4443, 4476Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 1724–1725, 3019Phalaka-yantra, 639Phaṇīndra yantra (the serpentine instrument), 2622Pharaoh, 3399, 3400

Egypt of, 2774–2777Psamtek II, 3423Rameses II, 3422–3423Senusret I, 3421Seti I, 3422Thutmose I, 3421–3422

Pharaonic period, 3226Pheromones, in pest control, 3503Philanthropic medicine, 2933–2934Philanthropy

and Ayurveda, 3511colonial state’s disengagement with, 3511–3512and medical research, 3510–3511role and contribution of, 3505–3506and western medicine, 3506–3508

Philippinesboats of, 948–953jade ornaments, 2392–2393

Philoponus, John, 3532Phimeanakas temple, 3326Phitsanulok and Nakorn Thai Ware, 1151–1152Phoenician alphabet, 266, 267. See also AlphabetPhonetic scripts, 4533–4535Phonology rules, of Paṇini, 3490–3491Phung Nguyen Cultural Phase, 2394Phu Thu village, 395Phyllanthus emblica, 2178Physical Geography of the Seas (Maury), 3217Physicians writing, veterinary medicine, 4349Physics

China, 3516–3519, 3523–3526historical research, 3516, 3519India

Ancient India (2000 BCE-AD 800), 3527–3529elements, 3527Medieval India (AD 800-1800), 3529Modern India (AD 1800-Present), 3529

Islam, 3521–3522in Islamic world, 3530–3533

dynamics, 3532–3533

mechanics, 3531–3532nature of matter and causal laws, 3530–3531

originChina, 3516–3519India, 3519–3521

Piin Chinese mathematics, 3533–3534in Indian mathematics, 3535–3536Yuktibhāa proofs of infinite series for, 3591

Piãgala’s Chandahsūtra, 3585Picietl, 1805Picking cotton, 44Pictographs, 2689Piddington, Henry, 3217Piezo-luminescence, 3519Pig (Sus scrofa), 104, 114. See also Animal domesticationPig iron, 2615, 3131, 3185. See also MetallurgyPigments, 165

mineral, 4223Pile fabrics, 4216Pinas, 923Pinax, 2208Ping (floating differences), 2553Pinghunyi, 650Pinglin prehistoric jade 2390Pingree, David, 2884Pinhole image, 3445Pinisi, 923Pinnace, 923Pinyin, 4538Piper longum, 2178Piper methysticum, 1767Pirī Reis, 3536–3538

first world map (1513), 3536–3537second world map (1528), 3537

Pisaek celadon, 1131–1133Pistacia chinensis, 951Piston-bellows, 2897. See also Box-bellowsPiwei Lun, 2917Pizzarro, Francisco, 3562Placer gold, 2133Place-value numeration system, 2800–2801Plaiting, 820Plane trigonometry, 1017, 4323Planets, 618

planetary accuracy, 2884planetary hypotheses, 2170, 2171, 3540, 3541planetary models, in India, 3538–3542

Plank-built boats, 914–915Plant

dyes, 4223exploration, Egypt, 3471–3474medicinal food, 2918–2923

Plant domesticationgeography of, 3551in India, 3542–3546in Near East, 3549–3554scope, 3553time frame and pace of, 3551–3553

Index 4683

Plaster, 165–166Plateau basket, 837Plato, 1570, 1571, 1577, 2714, 4605Platonic idealism, 3523Playfair, John, 4168Pledang of Lamalera, 921Pleistocene seafaring, 3912Pliocene period, Tunisian stones, 3662Plumb bob, 4301–4302Pluto Brasiliensis, 3276Pocock, Edward, 2334Poincaré recurrence theorem, 4264Pokok, 1820Polar Star, 628Political dominance, 4165, 4167Polo, Marco, 1552Polycentered history of science, 3556–3562Polychrome-painted porcelain, 1109–1112Polynesia, 484. See also Oceania

navigation in, 3344–3348Polynesian outliers, seafaring. See also Seafaring

Canoe Construction and Design, 3918–3923changes, 3925–3926navigation, 3924–3925sailing techniques, 3924social relations, 3925

Pomegranate, 3088Pometia pinnata, 950Pomo number words, 2807–2809Poncet, Charles, 4211Pond fields, 4415–4417Pope Gregory XIII, 1028, 1054Pope Sixtus V, 3420Pope Sylvester II, 608Poppy (Papaver somniferum), 1731Porcelain City, 1111, 1553–1555Porosphaera globularis beads, 865Porta, Giambattista della, 4189Portolano, 3537Portuguese, European colonization, 2924Postharvest technology, Egypt, 3465–3468Poston, T., 3292Post-Renaissance cartography, 2688Potato

in Andes, 3562–3564genetic diversity, origins and conservation of,

3562–3564Potgarland wheel, 4183Pot-lined water holes, at Heywoods, 4402–4403Potter’s wheel, 1115, 4176Pottery. See also Ceramics

decorating vessels, 1139–1140Early Neolithic Age, China, 1103–1106finishing vessels, 1138–1139firing, 1140–1141Late Neolithic Age, China, 1106–1107Maya, 1168–1177Mimbres, 1180–1186mound builders, 3301

potter’s wheel, 1115production techniques, 1136raw materials preparation, 1136–1137rethinking Olmec, 1187–1193shaping, 1137–1138Zisha, 1111

Pottier, Christophe, 4387Pounding meat, 2885Practical mathematics, 2785Pradārtha dharma sa _mgraha, 3521Prahu, 919Prajāpati, 1991Prakashayudda (open war), 2424Praka ṭārthadī pikā, 2167Prakīrṇaka, 2561–2562Prakṛti, 1700, 2173, 2423Pramāṇa, 2567, 3412Praśastapāda, 3521Praśna-atapañcāśikā, 3495Pratodayantra, 639Pratyakṣa, 2567, 4608Pravesaka, 29Preah Pisnokar, 3327Preceramic cotton textiles, 4228Precession of equinoxes, 4626, 4629Precipitation gauge, 3214. See also RainwaterPre-colonial metal, use in Southwest, 3208–3209Pre-Columbian America

crop domestication, 1475–1477geometry, 2021salt in, 3824surveying in, 4111

Pre-Columbian green revolution, 1859Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, 3613Pre-Columbian South America, metallurgy in, 3142–3143Pre-Columbian Western hemisphere, medical ethics,

2902–2903Predynastic Narmer Palette, 2629Predynastic periods, 3225, 3226Predynastic times, gold production in, 3248–3249Preformation theory, 2913Pre-Hispanic North America, ceramics, 1134–1141Pre-Hispanic-style maps, 2676Pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 4329Preservation techniques

canning, 1932dehydrated products, 1931–1932freezing, 1932–1933fry drying, 1933

Pressures creating and spatial planning, in South Africa,446–450

Prevailing winds, 4314Pṛhuyaśas, 3495Priepriggie, 786Principia Mathematica, 3518The Principles and Practice of Medicine, 27Printing

in Europe, 1565movable-type, 3601

4684 Index

Printing (cont.)in Tang dynasty, 4538woodblock, 3596–3597and dyeing in India, 3577–3585

centers of block printing and dyeing, 3580–3582craft revival, 3580domestic market, 3578–3580dyestuffs and printing blocks, 3583–3584hereditary occupation, 3582–3583international trade, 3578textile production, 3577

Probability, in non-western cultures, 3585–3589Proctor test, 4133Production-centred technology, 4178Project Directorate of Biological Control, 3502Proofs in Indian mathematics, 3589–3594

alleged absence of, 3589–3590The Prophecies of Neferti, 4545Prophetic medicine, 2938, 3049Proto-Canaanitic alphabet, 267. See also AlphabetProto-dynastic writing system of Egypt, 4540.

See also WritingProto-Elamite script of India, 4554. See also WritingProtohistoric period, 3498Proyet, 3400Pseudocereals, 3680Pseudo-hieroglyphs, of Middle East, 4566.

See also HieroglyphsPsychology, 253, 793, 981, 1403, 1404, 1520, 1572, 1573,

1584, 1830, 2284, 2285, 2292, 2329, 2330,3063, 3280, 3855

Pterocarpus indicus, 950, 951Ptolemaic cartography, 2645Ptolemaic planetary theory, 2300Ptolemaic (Greek) times, gold production in, 3258–3260Ptolemy, 3322, 3540

Almagest, 2783, 2785Claudius, 4189equant theory, 3442

Public health, 3508–3509Rockefeller philanthropy and (1920-1947), 3512–3513

Publishing and printing in China, 3596–3602Pueblo Indian, adaptations of Spanish Metallurgy,

3201–3210Pueraria thunbergiana, 4214Puerto Rico tower, 3603–3607Puffballs species, 1726–1727. See also MushroomsPulque (alcoholic drink), 4045Pulverizer (ku ṭ ṭaka), 2563Pundits, 2399Punga salts, 3829Puquina, 2473Puquios, 4413–4415Purāṇa, 1988Pura/Nagara settlements, 1977Pūrṇimānta system, 3489Putra-am, 3492Putumana Somayāji, 3607–3609Puzzles, 2753–2755

Pym (Petrie: peyem), 4475Pyramid

circular, 1295–1296in Egypt, 1617

construction techniques, 3610–3612history, 3609–3610pyramid workforce, 3612–3613

feathered serpent, 3617, 3618in Mesoamerica, 417–422of Mesoamerica, 3613–3624Sahure, 4285single-temple, 1295step, 4283, 4284texts, 4289, 4290twin-temple, 1294–1295

Pyramidion, 3419Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum spp.), field, 81, 83Pythagoras, 1570, 2067Pythagoreanism, 3523Pythagorean theorem, 2135, 2727, 3409Pythagorean triplets, 2803Pyu period, 1093–1101

QQāḍīzāde al-Rūmī, 3481, 3625–3626Al-Qalaṣādī, 269–271Qalmas, 1045Qalonymos, 2834Qanat, 1616, 1674, 2248, 3626–3627, 4182

tunnels, 4175Qantir, 2089Qānūn (Canon), 2004Qasba

of Agadir, 3629of Algiers, 3638in Central and Eastern Maghrib, 3630of Debdou, 3637dichotomy, 3631distribution of, 3637and heritage issues, 3636–3638indiscriminate use, 3631Mashwar of Tlemcen, 3635origins of, 3631–3633patterns, 3633–3636as spatiotemporally hybrid concept, 3629–3631urbanization, 3628in Western Maghrib, 3630

Qemi, 2146Qi, 1668, 2555, 3640–3641Qianjin Bao Yao (The Thousand Golden Remedies), 2904Qianjin fang, 4081. See also Sun SimoQianjin Yao Fang, 2899, 3642Qian Xiang Li, 2564Qian Yuanguan, 2694Qibla (direction to Mecca), 2049, 2143, 3730

and Islamic prayer times, 3642–3645Qi concept, 3720Qigong, 3720

Index 4685

Qi Guo Feng Qiehushi Tu, 2894Qimin yaoshu, 36–37, 39Qīng, 21, 23Qing dynasty (1644-1911), 2695, 2896

glass, 2084Qingfang, 2136Qing Jesuit maps, 2647Qing map culture, 2646–2648Qin Jiushao, 3645–3646, 4584. See also Wang XiaotongQin Shihuang, 4537Qipiri (vessel for transporting), 874Qi Yao Shu, 2564Qochas, 2272, 2278, 4415–4416Qora aqa (maize beer), 871Q sustainability equation, water management, 4395–4397Qu, 1925. See also FermentationQuadrant, 3646–3647

in Islamic world, 655Quahuitl, 2676Quan You Six Jiao (Directions for Those Working in

Pediatrics), 2917Quarries

excavation of mine RH862, 3652–3654, 3657, 3658in Harappa, 3647–3659Rohri Hills, 3647–3653in Tunisia, 3661–3668

Quarters and shophouses, in Hanoi, 395–397Quasi-cyclic time, 4265–4268Quaternary period, Tunisian stones, 3662Qubilai Qan, 2140Quechua number words, 1837–1838Al-Qūhī, 272–273, 2066Quichua, 2512Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), 1811, 3668–3680

ancient uses of, 3678–3679cultivation, 3677–3678

Quipu, 2471, 2500, 2722, 3682–3687Quipucamayus (quipu-keepers), 2722Qurān, 1672–1673, 2910, 2911Qusṭā ibn Lūqā, 2124, 3687–3688

RRadicati di Primeglio’s model, yupana, 4594Radiocarbon dates, 2739Raghuva _mmsa, 1995Rahman, Abdur, 4169Rainfall, in Africa, 1620–1622Rainforest crop production, Africa, 4158, 4173Raised fields, wet water technology, 4418, 4419Rajanyas, 1988Raja Ratan Singh

biography, 3690–3691European astronomy, 3691–3692Hadā’iq al-Nujūm, 3691–3694Mi’yār al-Azmān, 3691

Rajasthan, alum production, 4179, 4180Rāja Yoga, 4590Rakshasas, 1992

Raman, C. V., 3529Ramasubban, Radhika, 2930Ramat Raḥel site

architectural features, 3700area map, 3697Christianization process, 3703construction and development phases

palace units and courtyards,3699–3700

sturdy building, 3700–3701western tower, 3698–3699

destruction and desolation, 3702excavation project, 3698Hellenistic period changes, 3702location, 3696reconstruction, 3698stamp impression types, 3702

Rāmayaṇa, 1993, 2095, 2536, 3339Rāma yantra, 3439–3440Ramesses II, 4286Ramesses III, 3462Ramesses IV (King), 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661Ramesseum papyri, 2967Ramesside period, 3258Raml, 2015Rangaku, 2791Raṅganātha, 3310

temple at Srirangam, 375Rangoli

history, 3705patterns, 3705women’s art, 3704–3705

Rangrez, 3582Rasa, 2443Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya, 3183Rasāyana (elixirs of long life), 1572, 4344Rasendrashar Samgraha, 3183Rashīd al Dīn, 2748Rāsis, 631Rāsivyavahāra, 2562Rationale in Indian mathematics, 3706–3707Rationality, 3708–3710Ratio studiorum, 2042Rawashin, 456Raychaudhuri, H. C., 2361Al-Rāzī, 9, 274–276, 2910, 2994, 4184Rebbelith chart, 2711Reckoning time, 3490Reclamation

in India

drainage operations, 3740dykes, 3739networking, 3739rice cultivation, 3739sowing, 3740Vembanad backwater system, 3738

Recreational mathematics, 2802–2803Rectangular field, 2410Rectangular traditional house, 438

4686 Index

Red bean (coral bean), 1725. See also Sophorasecundiflora

Red koji, 4277, 4279Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), 1773Red Mummies, 3309Red Sea, navigation in, 3349–3354Red-sufu, 4271Reductio ad absurdum, 2564Reductionism, 3524Reed, 826Reed baskets (pi ṭaka), 4560Regenerative forestry, 1938–1939Regula falsi (rule of inversion), 808Regular/standard script (kaishu), 4538Reisner, G. A., 4442, 4513Reiyaku-jutsu (continual division method), 4137, 4138Rekhāgaṇita, 2397Rekiho Shinsho, 2172Relativity, 3515, 3518, 3526Religion and Science

Americas, 3732–3735in China

Buddhism, 3715Confucianism, 3717–3719cosmological beliefs, 3716–3717Daoism, 3716scientific subjects, 3715

Islam I, 3721–3726Islam II, 3727–3731

Renze Shuji, 2701Repetition pitch theory, 17–18Repetitive Initial Units, 437–442Reproduction in Japan

fertility and mortality, 3736infanticide, 3737M and m parameter, 3737marital reproduction, 3736–3737marriage, 3736

ReservoirsDaroji, 4384in India, 4376–4384Middle Period, 4379–4383runoff-fed, 4383silt, 4422–4424, 4425in Sri Lanka, 4376–4384Vijayanagara period, 4381–4382water, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422

Retting, 1921Reversed shadow, 2128Reza Hatami, 2749Ṛgveda, 1703, 1987–1988, 1990–1992, 3339–3340, 3490,

3493, 3520, 3527, 3535, 3587, 4368, 4370,4371, 4372, 4555

Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, 3493Ṛgvedic period, 3216Rhetorical algebra, 2725Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP), 2770, 2771, 2777,

2778Rhododendron, 3088

Rhus succedanea L., 931Ricci, Matteo, 1566Rice

in Africa, 1562, 3741–3745

consumption variation, 3741future, 3745history, 3741, 3743–3745introduction, 3745Oryza glaberrima Steud., 3741Oryza sativa L., 3741production rate in 1961, CAGR, 3741research, 3745

in Chinadispersal routes, 3750–3751increasing productivity, 3747–3750origins and early developments, 3746–3747

in India, 3738–3740alcoholic beverages, 3754by-products, 3754climatic factors affecting, 3753diverse ecological situations, 3753festivals and ceremonies, 3755flooding, 3753forms, 3756–3757goddesses, 3756in Indian folklore, 3755irrigated ecosystem, 3753medicinal values, 3755rainfed lowland, 3753reclamation, 3738–3740and religion, 3755in Rites de Passages (Sanskara), 3756specialty rices, 3754upland rice fields, 3753weeding and harvesting, 3753–3754

in Koreabap stage, 3762byeo stage, 3764–3767entities and meanings, 3761–3763farming schedules, 3761geography, 3758green revolution, 3760–3761history, 3758–3760industrialization, 3761mo stage, 3763–3764ssal stage, 3767

Taiwanafter World War II, 3771in ancient times, 3770characters and habitat, 3770cropping season, 3770cultivation and utilization, 3771–3772in earlier times, 3770during Japanese colonization, 3770–3771and life, 3772

Rice alcoholic beverages (RAB)India fermenting drinks, 192ingredients, 192–196taboos and safety rite, 196

Index 4687

Rice bran, 3754Rice fields reclamation, in India, 3738–3740Richard Lepsius, 2777Riddles, 2753–2755Rigby, Peter, 4239Riḥla, 2414Rilib, 2711Rings (khatim), 2407Ripening induction, Egypt, 3467–3469Ripening period

red koji, 4279tofuyo, 4278–4280

Risāla (Epistle), 12Risāla fī ˓Ilm al-Ẓilāl (Treatise on the Science of Shadows),

2299Risāla fī istikhrāj jayb daraja wāḥida (Treatise on the

Determination of Sine of One Degree), 4329Risāla fī ’ l-barāhīn ˓ala masā’il al-jabr wa’l-muqābala

(Treatise of Demonstrations of Problems ofAlgebra), 4330

Risāla fī tas ṭiḥ al-ṣuwar wa tab ṭiḥ al-kuwar, 2068Risālat al-jayb, 3625Risale-ye Mi’mariyya, 2058Rites of Zhou, 2410Ritsuryo, 56Ritual calendar, 617–618River

Sarasvatī River, 4371–4372Siem Reap, 4387–4388

River basins of India, 4373–4374River navigation, 3343Riyong suanfa (Everyday Mathematics), 4584Rl€ung constitution, 3083–3084Roasting, 1921Roba ˓Yisrael (Quadrant of Israel), 2332Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 4219Rockefeller philanthropy, and public health 1920-1947,

3512–3513Rockets. See also War rockets

in India, 4364–4366Mughal, 4364tactical use of, 4364

Roda Nilometer, 3389, 3390, 3396–3398Rogers, Carl, 1573Roghan, 3579Rohri Hills, 3647–3653Rojas Rabiela, Teresa, 4467Rolok, 2711Roman alphabet, 4559Roman-Byzantine gold production sites, 3259Roman calendars, 1027–1028Roman numerals, 2–3Roman quern technology, 3261Roman times, gold production in, 3261Rondawel structure, 445–446Rondelli, B., 2380Roppong, 920Rosaleen Howard’s study, 2462Rotuma island, houses of, 480

Roys, Ralph, 4468Rtikāvati, 809Ṛtuparṇa, 3588Ruba (quadrant), 2004Rubbing stones

stoneworkers using, 4303woodworkers using, 4304, 4305

Rudder, 3338–3339Al-Ruhāwi, 2910Ru Jia (the School of Scholars), 3717Rules for Medical Studies, 2905Rumah gantong, 540, 543, 546Rumah tanah, 540–543Runoff Ratio, water management, 4392–4393Rural areas, tea in, 4156Russel, John, 4167Rutherford, Lord, 4335Ruxiudu, 2574Ryots, 2416

SSacbeob, 539Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4495Sacred animals, 332. See also Animal mummiesSadācāreṇaiva narāṇā _mm āryatvam, 4368Ṣadr al-Sharịah al-Thanị, 3821–3822Sadratnamālā, 2429Safavid Era, veterinary medicine in, 4349–4350Al-Ṣāghānī, 276–277Sahagún, Bernardino, 1541, 1542, 1591Sahara

astronomy in, 743bread, 971

Ṣā ˒id al-Andalusī, 4012–4013Said, Edward, 4165Saint-Louis, Senegal, 387Sāiya, 4183Śakābdha saṃskāra, 2168Śakas, 1042Sakiattiak, 1027Sakwala (earth or universe), 1974Saladoid period

ceramics, 1157Ṣalāt, 2049, 3642–3645Salt

in Africa, 3824in America, 3824artificial boiling, 3822–3823in Bengal

boiling process, 3826drying process, 3826–3829filtration process, 3825–3826during Mughal period, 3824processing of raw materials, 3825production places, 3824

chien, 3822, 3823in China, 3823

production techniques, 3830

4688 Index

Salt (cont.)

salt types, 3830by solar evaporation (shai yan), 3831successive basin solar evaporation, 3832well salt production, 3832–3833

in India, 3824, 3834–3835meat preservation, 2886in Mesoamerica

archaeological markers, 3836basin of Mexico, 3837and cloth dyers, 3835coastal Guerrero, 3839–3840Cuyutlán, Colima, 3837Lake Cuitzeo, 3837–3839Maya area, 3840salt sources, 3836Veracruz, 3840–3841

natural evaporation, 3823potential salt, 3822in pre-Columbian America, 3824shai, 3822, 3823in sub-Saharan Africa, 3824

Salt, Henry, 4211Salt-producing units. See FincasSama (conciliation), 2424Samādhi, 4589Sāmanta Candraśekhara, 3841–3843Samarāṅganasūtradhāra (SSD), 3843–3845Samarāṭ-yantra, 640Samarkand, irrigation in, 2370–2381Samarqand, 4329, 4330Al-Samarqandī, 277–278Sāṃba, 2518Saṃkhyāsthānanirnaya, 2561Samoa, 3024Sampo Endan Genkai (Commentaries for Japanese

Algebra System), 4137Sampo Henkei, 2071Sampo kyojo, 2794Sampo Kyokkei Shinan, 2071Sampo Nyumon (Introduction to Mathematical Methods,

1680), 4137Sampo Ruiju, 2071Samrāṭ yantra, 3436–3438Samshraya (seeking alliance or shelter), 2424Samūīlibn Abbās (Al-Maghribī), 3845–3846Samvatsar, 1722Sandatsu no ho, Kempu no ho, 2794Sandeq, 920Sandeq pangoli, 920Sandeq paroppong, 920Sandeq potanga, 920Sandesa Kavya (Message Poems), 1977Sandhi (peace), 2424Ṣandūq al-yawāqī t (jewel box), 2301Sangaku (mathematical tablet), 2071, 3457–3458, 3891Sangaku Keimo Genkai Taisei (Complete Works of

Commentaries on Suan Xue Qi Meng), 4137

Sangre de Grado (Croton lechleri), 1798San Guo Zhi (History of the Three Kingdoms), 2890, 2891Śaṅkara’s Advaita philosophy, 3417Śaṅkara Vāriyar, 3846–3847Sankey, R. H., 2363Śaṅku, 637San Lorenzo

cities and town, 1248–1250earth structures, 1543–1544soil in, 1546–1547

San Macuto obelisk, 3429San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi), 1816Sanskrit language (dhātupatha), 2441Santería

for illness, 3848–3849orishas, 3847rebirth, 3849–3850santos, 3847

Saptāpurī (seven cities), 376Saqiya, 2265Sarasvatī River, 4371–4372Sarawak tree, 1828–1829Śārṇgadhara, 2983Śārngadharasaṃhitā, 2983, 2984Sarpagandha, 1721Sarvajnāna, 3417Ṣaṣ ṭhā _mmsa yantra, 3438Ṣāstras, 2441Śatānanda, 3851–3852Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 2046, 2095Satin weave (duanwen), 4215–4216Satire of the Trades, 2544Sattva, 2907Saturn, 619Satvāda, 4590Saudagiri ("trade goods" in Persian) textiles, 3581Saumya-yantra (northern instrument), 2622Śaunaka, 3493Savasorda, 6, 2833Sawah, 49Sawai Jai Singh (Jaya SiṃhaSavā’ī), 2397, 2398–2400,

3435–3438, 3441Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai Ware, 1147–1150Sawmill technology, 4236–4237Saw, woodworkers, 4306, 4308Sayl and ghayl, 2249Scaphe sundials, 4250, 4255–4257Schall von Bell, Adam, 1566Schick, Conrad, 4407Schoty, 1, 2Schweinfurth, Georg, 379Science

in China

bencao (pharmacopoeia), 3887Chinese numerals, 3881Chunqiu and Zhouli, 3882civilisation, 3516Needham demonstration, 3881

Index 4689

principle of control, 3883principle of masking, 3883Shennong bencaojing pharmacopoeia, 3885Shujing and Shijing, 3882shuxue, 3882Suanshushu manuscript, 3884Tiangong kaiwu, 3881wuxing (Five Elements), 3883wuyi (shamans and doctors), 3885yaofu, 3887Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi),

3884East and West

algebraic barbarism, 3870Bailly’s thesis, 3875British Indology, 3868Colebrooke translations, 3876European tradition, 3868French missionaries, 3869Indian astronomy, 3869Jesuit missionaries, 3869John Playfair’s Program, 3875–3879modes of analysis, 3877

in Japanastronomers and interpreters, 3893independent scholars and physicians, 3893–3894samurai, 3894–3896traditional period, 3888–3893

in Koreabronze type printing system, 3898casting technology, 3897ceramic type printing, 3898–3899Ch’omsongdae observatory, 3897–3898Koryo celadon, 3900Wood block printing, 3898

of Native Americansagriculture and urbanization, 3907–3909cultural forms, 3905early cultures, 3906–3907ethnomathematics, 3905ethnosciences, 3905occupation, 3904

in Ottoman Turkishastronomy and astrology, 3902geography and cartography, 3902–3903medicine and natural history, 3903

polycentered history of, 3556–3562well-ordered, 3557–3558as western phenomenon

aging doctrine, 3866–3867algebra, 3862–3864Arabic science, 3860classical science, 3859, 3860European science, 3860experimentation, 3864–3866Greek science, 3859Renan’s interpretation, 3861Western science, 3860

Science agenda-framework, 2465–2466Science and Civilisation in China (Needham),

4164Science of Life, 2442Scientific method, 3711–3712Scientific Revolution, 1572, 2594

European, 3515Scindia Steam Navigation Company, 3343Scorpion Pharaoh, 3401–3402Scraping-cum-incision technique, 4101Screwpine (Pandanus tectorius), 1770Scribe of the Tomb, 2658, 2659Sculpted porcelain, 1109–1112Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, 3909–3911Seafaring

elephants, 3913Homo erectus, 3913Pleistocene seafaring, 3912in Polynesian outliers

Canoe Construction and Design, 3918–3923changes, 3925–3926navigation, 3924–3925sailing techniques, 3924social relations, 3925

prototype rafts, 3916stone tool knapping, 3915Weaiwe Formation, 3914

Sea navigation, in India, 3339–3344Season-Granting calendar, 4248, 4249, 4250, 4257Second Law of Thermodynamics, 4337Sefer ha-’Ibbur, 6Sefer ha-Mispar, 2834Sefer Tekhunah (Book of Astronomy), 2551, 2552.

See also Levi Ben GersonSeiki teisho, 2794Seima-Turbino, 3106Seki Kowa, 2560, 3931–3933, 4136, 4137Seki Soko, 2666Seki Takakazu, 2560, 2791, 2793–2795Self-sounding clock, 4254Selibe Phikwe, 3272Selibe Phikwe Regional Development Programme

(SPRDP), 3272Selkirk Mine, 3566Semi-cursive script (xingshu), 4538–4539Senegambian megaliths, 3744Senet, 985–986Senghor, L. S., 4491Senthong (rooms), 407Serotong, 403–404Śeṣāvasanā, 2421Setaria, 3242Setaria italica ssp. italica, 3240The 17 Rules of Enjuin, 2901Sexagesimal system, 3938–3939Sextants, 644–645Al-Ṣfī, 2124Shachuan (Sand junk), 2414

4690 Index

Shadgunya, 2424Shādūf, 2264, 4183Shaku, 4461Shaku-kan system, 4461, 4464, 4465Shalako, 1027Shaman, 3020Shamanism, in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, 3940–3942Shang Dynasty, 2887, 2888, 3131Shanghan Lun (Discussion on Cold-Induced Disorders),

2915, 3943–3944, 4611Shang shu, 2642Shangyu, 4361, 4431. See also ZhejiangShang-Zhou bronze culture, 3131Shapes-and-forces map (hyŏngsedo), 2667Sharaf al-Dawla, 3440–3441Sharaf al-Dīn al-ṭūsī, 3944–3945Sharḥ mā ashkala min muṣādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis, 2068,

4331Sharḥ Tashrīḥ Kitāb al-Qānūm `l-Ṭibb li-Ibn Sīnā

(Commentary onAnatomy in Avicenna’s Canonof Medicine), 2296

Shaṭṭal-˓Arab, 4181Shaykh al-Ra ˒īs (Master of the Wise), 2328Sheep (Ovis aries), 114, 326. See also Animal

domesticationShekel, 4474–4476Shell Middens of the Coast of Balochistan

considerations, 3955–3964Daun, 3947–3950Gadani and Phuari Headlands, 3950–3954Lake Siranda, 3954–3955location, 3946Sonari, 3955

Shemu, 3401Shen, 2576Sheng jí, 23Shengji Zonglu (Imperial Encyclopedia of

Medicine), 2916Shengqi, 1865Sheng shū, 23Shen Gua, 1552, 2615, 3337, 3517, 3518Shen Guo, 3965–3966Shengyang Yiwei, 2555Shennong Bencao (Shennong’s Herbal), 2915, 4140Shennong’s Classic of Herbology, 2975Shen Shou, 1614, 1615Shibukawa Harumi, 3967Shi Huangdi, 3223Shi Ji (Book of Records), 2641–2642, 4242Shiji (Historical Memoirs), 627Shiji (Records of the Historian), 2693Shijing, 2573Shijing (Book of Odes), 2692, 4321Shingen Sampo, 2071Shingen Takeda, 2071Shintoism, 2596Ship building

in Bengal

construction methods, 3984

raw materials, 3983–3984ship types, 3980–3982

in EgyptFirst Dynasty, 3968–3970Middle Kingdom, 3975–3977New Kingdom, 3977–3979Old Kingdom vessels, 3970–3974sailboats, 3968sickle-shaped boats, 3967technology changes, 3974–3975

in India, Wadia Shipbuilderscoastal boats, 3986racism, 3986–3987steam navigation, 3987–3988to textile industry, 3988

Al-Shīrāzī, 278–279, 2068, 3220, 3522Shi Shen, 2692–2693Shishkina, G. V., 2374, 2378, 2380Shi Xian Hong Mi (Zhu Yizun), 4273Shi-zen, 1982–1983Shizuki Tadao, 3989Shophouses, 395, 396Shorea robusta, 2490, 2491, 2493Shorea species, 949Shoushili, 2140Shū, 23Shuduyan (Fang Zhongtong), 2599Shu embroidery, 1613Shui pai, 2890, 2891, 2892Shuiyunyixiangtai, 647Shukuyo sampo, 2794Shuli jingyun, 2043, 2765–2766Shumo, 3401Shushu Jiuzhang, 3989–3990Shushu jiyi (Memoir on Some Traditions of

Mathematical Art), 2599, 4580Shuxue, 2599Siddham script, 4557Siddhāntadarpaṇa, 2427Siddhānta/gaṇita, 633Siddhāntas, 637Siddhānta-samrāṭ, 2397Siddhāntasārakaustubha, 2397Siddhāntasekhara, 3410Siddhāntasiromanī , 2421, 2561, 3310Siddhānta-Tattvaviveka, 2421. See also Bhāskara II;

KamalākaraSiddhayoga, 2601Siem Reap, 3326, 3329Siem Reap River, 4387–4388Sierra Leone, 32

dyeing, 1534–1536Sifa ayetler, 3058Sifr (Zero), 584. See also ZeroAl-Sijzī, 280–281Sika-yobwê (stone of gold) money, 4432Sikisa, 3775Siku ya mwaka, 3334Si Lian Shi, 4004. See also Song Yingxing

Index 4691

Silkin Bengal

cocoon rearing, 3994cocoon spinning, 3995–3997silk weaving, 3997–3999

in Chinaloom types, 3992loom weaving, 3991prerequisites, 3990

technology, 1553Śilpasāstras, 2662Silt dams, 4421–4422, 4423Silt reservoirs, 4422–4424, 4425Silver, in Mesopotamia, 3190–3191Silvipasture, agroforestry, 152–153Sima Qian, 890, 2635, 3213Simuwu Ding, 2888Si nan, 2890Sinān ibn Thābit, 3999–4000Sinclair, John, 4601Sine, 1019Sing Buri/Maenam Noi ware, 1153Single-temple pyramids, 1295Sinhala script, 4558Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975Sinicae historiae decas prima (Martini), 1557Sinjǔng Tongguk yŏji Sǔngnam, 2671Sino-Tibetan astronomy, 782–783Sinus Totus (Total Sine/radius), 2591Sioux, 3094Sirak, 2797–2798Si Sheng Zhi Shu, 3750Śiṣyadhīv ṛddhida, 2518–2519Sivin, Nathan, 3524Sivullik, 1027Six Lectures on Light, 3446Six Nations of the Iroquois, 3063Six Warps (liujing) system, 4611Siyo sampo, 2794Siyuan jie, 2557Siyuan yujian, 4000–4002Skin boats (coracle), 908–909Skin processing, 2540–2541Skull repair, 4528Slab-lined canals, 4414, 4415Slash-and-burn agriculture, 112, 118. See also SwiddensSloping field terraces, 4411–4412Smallpox, 2941Small Tools Manufacturing Company, 4150Sman thang (Medical Paintings of Tibet), 2912–2914Smith, Eliot, 4529Smith, Percy, 3355–3356Smoking, 1921

meat preservation, 2886Sm ṛtitattva, 2605Smudging, 1141. See also CeramicsSnakebite, 4526, 4528–4529Social service organizations, 3508–3509Sociedade de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM), 3270

Soda ash, 3272–3273SODIAM, 3268Soifua māloloina, 3024Soil

features, 1547physical properties, 1545–1546San Lorenzo area, 1546–1547types, 1544

Soko, Yamaga, 1678Solanum, 3562Solanum indicum, 3499Solanum tuberosum, 3563Solar eclipses, 628. See also EclipsesSolar gnomons, 757. See also GnomonsSolarium, 3427Solar model, 3540Somasutvan, 2426, 3591Sona (plural), 2035–2036Soncoyoc, 2903Song Ci, 4002–4003Song Dynasty, 3132

Southern, 2892Song I-yeong clock, 4254, 4255The Song of the Harper, 4546Song’s astronomical clock tower, 2897Songshi (History of the Song dynasty), 4144Songshi (Official History of the Song Dynasty), 2138Song Yingxing, 1970, 4003Song Yuan period, 2762–2764Son Yingxing, 4003Sorghum bread products, 965Soroban. See AbacusSoroban, 1, 2South Africa, architecture, 443–450South America

advances in technology, 2524–2527agriculture in, 66–85basketry, 835–853calendars, 1055–1057ethnobotany in, 1748–1762herbal drugs, 1757Inka strategies, 2531–2532irrigation in, 2365–2367measuring engineering creativity, 2519–2524medicinal plants, 1757–1759medicine in, 3012–3016, 3017–3022mummies in, 3308–3310optimal agricultural strategies, 2527–2531textiles in, 4228–4231

South Asian, faience varies, 1849–1851Southeast Asia

ceramics

Cambodia, 1143–1144Laos, 1144–1145Myanmar (Burma), 1145–1147Thailand, 1147–1150, 1147–1153Vietnam, 1153–1154

Jade, 2389–2396maps and mapmaking in, 2678–2680

4692 Index

Southeast Asia (cont.)metallurgy in, 3144–3155

Southern Africa, astronomy in, 748–750Southern Song Dynasty, 2892Southern South America, metallurgy in, 3159–3163South India

rice fields reclamation, 3738–3740village defenses in, 4357–4359water management in, 4376–4384

South-pointing carriage model, 2892Southwest Asia, agriculture

early outside, 115–116rise and development, 114

Southwest, pre-colonial metal use in, 3208–3209Soviet-Style, in Hanoi, 399–401Soy sauce

benefits and risks, 4007categories, 4005chemistry and biochemistry, 4006–4007history, 4005modern industrial production, 4006traditional production, 4005–4006types, 4005

Spain, weights and measures in, 4467–4468Spanish Metallurgy, Pueblo Indian adaptations of,

3201–3210. See also MetallurgySpatially interstitial trees, 142–144Spearing, fishing, 1877Sphaerica, 2551Sphatika, 2095Spherical astronomy and trigonometry, 773Sphujidhvaja, 2128, 4009–4010Sphu ṭacandrāpti (Computation of True Moon), 2426,

2590Spider Grandmother, 2026, 2028Spider Mother, 2022Spiral Pandanus, 187–188Spirits (shijin), 1923, 2434Spirit/spiritual

advaita and science, 3854–3855Bhagavad Gītā (BG), 3855buddhism

Buddha, 3855–3856sati (mindfulness), 3856self-reliance, 3856Vipaśśanā technique, 3856

definition, 3852–3853in India, 3853karma-yoga, 3855Krishnamurti, 3856–3858scientific approach, 3854seer/knower, 3853–3854ultimate reality, 3854Vedānta

Atharva Veda, 3853ṛg-Veda, 3853Upaniṣads, 3853Yajur Veda, 3853

Spiritual geography, 1639–1641

SPRDP. See Selibe Phikwe Regional DevelopmentProgramme (SPRDP)

Spu ṭanirṇaya, 29Śreḍhī (on series), 808Śreḍhī -vyavahāra, 2562Śrīdhara, 4010–4011Sri Lanka

geographical knowledge

cartography, 1977–1978geography, 1975–1976island information, 1976–1977land surveying and design of irrigation systems,

1978–1980Sinhalese cosmology, 1974–1975

irrigation in, 2361–2365medicine and colonialism in, 2929–2936reservoirs in, 4376–4384water management in, 4376–4384

Srinivasa Ramanujanchildhood, 3694death, 3695employment, 3695hepatic amoebiasis, 3695lost notebook, 3695mathematical talent, 3694number theory and analysis, 3695at nursing homes, 3695working, 3695worldwide fame, 3695

Śrīpati, 3409–3410, 3495, 4012Stadion, 1027Staircase Nilometer, 3393Standing Bear, 1682, 1685Staphylococcus aureus, 2193Starch grains, 3241Star chart, Korean, 2697Stars

in Arabic-Islamic science, 4013–4015In Chinese astronomy, 4016–4018

State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (China), 2646Stavrianos, Leon, 4169STCDA. See Stone Town Conservation and Development

Authority (STCDA)Steam power in China

cotton weaving and spinning mills, 4021steam mechanism, 4019treadmill mechanism, 4019

Steamships, 3342Steelyard, 4472Steeped leaf tea, 4156Stele of Nefertiabet, 4547Stele of Rahotep, 4548Step pyramid, 4283, 4284Step Pyramid of Third Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser, 3609Stirling’s formula, 1017Stone Age

fishing, 1893–1899tool recycling, 4293, 4295, 4297

Stone-lined canal, 4414, 4415

Index 4693

Stonemasonry of the Incasantecedents, 4071assembling, 4070cutting and dressing, 4068–4069fitting, 4069–4070quarrying, 4068transporting, 4070–4071

Stonesin Ancient Egypt

bekhen to basalt, 4032gemstones, 4031limestone and sandstone, 4028metagraywacke, 4032ornamental stones, 4029–4031rock varieties and sources, 4026–4028utilitarian stones, 4031

in Arabialate prehistory, 4035–4037Paleolithic sites, 4034–4035prehistoric research, 4033–4034

beads, 4023–4025of Inca construction

antecedents, 4071assembling, 4070cutting and dressing, 4068–4069fitting, 4069–4070quarrying, 4068transporting, 4070–4071

mauls, stoneworkers using, 4303in Mesoamerica

ancient blade-making craftsmen, 4054–4055bow and arrow, 4056early prehistory, 4038–4041Mesoamerican biface technology, 4045–4046Mesoamerican blade technology, 4041–4045obsidian, 4047–4052origin of blade technology, 4052–4054pecked and ground platform, 4055–4056

money in Micronesia, 4312–4317needles (bian shi), 24 (see also Acupuncture)Olmec stone transport

cabezas colasales, 4062challenges, 4063INEGI, 4064sled or using rollers, 4066soil strength calculations, 4066

Stone tools, 821, 4306–4311Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority

(STCDA), 4601Stone Town, Zanzibar, 4600–4602Stoneworkers

chisels, 4302hand-cranked drills, 4305, 4306rubbing stones, 4303stone mauls, 4303

Strabo, 2632Streambeds. See WadisStride, S., 2380Striking Heavenly Clepsydra, 4249, 4253–4254

Striking Palace Clepsydra, 4249–4253String and stories, 4072–4074Stucco, 372–373Studies in Ancient Technology (Forbes), 4164Styrofoam blocks, 945Suakin, architecture, 451–456Suanfa tongzong (Systematic Treatise on Arithmetic),

2599, 2764, 2765, 2790Suanfa Xuegu Ji, 2409Suanjing shishu (The Ten Computational Canons),

2037–2038, 2040, 2760, 2790Suan Pan, 1, 2Suan Quan Shu, 2172Suanshu shu (Book of arithmetic), 2039Suanxue Qimeng, 4075–4076, 4137Suazan Troumassoid, ceramics, 1160Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 3556Sub-Saharan Africa

astronomy, 742–750salt in, 3824

Sub-Saharan African Healing, 2947sūcī -kṣetra, 2562Sucuúba (Himatanthus sucuuba), 1798Śūdras, 1988Su embroidery, 1612Al-Ṣūfī, 282Sufism, 2911Sugaku Jojo Orai (Textbook of Mathematical

Multiplication and Division, 1672), 4137Sugar

in Latin America

cane-processing technology, 4078cultivation, 4076harvesting, 4076plantation, 4076vacuum pan, 4078

Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), 872, 1767Suishu (History of the Sui Dynasty), 2553, 4437Sui-Tang Dynasties, 2975Suixing (the year-star), 1944Suixing Jing (Treatise on Jupiter), 1944Sui Yuan Shi Dan (Yuan Mei), 4273Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra (Discourse on Paradise), 1676Sukhothai ware, 1150–1151Śukla pakṣa, 3489Sukur houses, 823Sulba rule, 3535Śulbasūtra, 2018, 2045–2046, 2127, 2442, 2662, 2727,

2781, 2783, 3535, 4079–4080Sumatra tobacco, 51Sumba, architecture, 457–463Sumerian writing, 4541Sun Dance of the Plains cultures, 1683Sundararāja, 3385Sundararāja-prasnottara, 2427Sundarī, 2402, 2426Sundials, 650–653. See also Gnomons

in China, 4084–4086in Islam, 4086–4090

4694 Index

Sundials, 650–653 (cont.)in Islamic world, 655

Sundiata, 2596Sundrying, 1921Sǔngnam, 2671–2672Sung Neo-Confucianism, 3523Sunken gardens, 4415–4417Sun Simiao, 2899, 2916, 3305Sun Simo, 4080–4081. See also Sun SimiaoSun Tzu, 4082–4083Śūnyavāda, 4604–4605Sun Zi, 4083–4084Sun Zi suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi),

4612Suphan Buri ware, 1151Supwunumen, 2811Surgery

in Ancient Egypt

burns, 4096case study, 4091circumcision, 4096dental surgery, 4097pathological extensions, 4095–4096plastic and prosthetic surgery, 4094–4095skull surgery and trepanation, 4093–4094snake bites, 4096–4097sources, 4090–4091surgeons, 4098surgical devices, 4097–4098trauma, 4092–4093wound repairing methods, 4091–4092

in Ancient India, trepanation, 4102Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104history, 4100magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102for medical reasons, 4101pseudo-trephinations, 4102

Suri Mujinzo, 2071Surveying

in Ancient Egypt, 4112–4116in Ancient India, 4108–4109in Babylonia, 4108in China, 4109–4110in Egypt, 4107–4108in Islam, 4110–4111in pre-Columbian America, 4111rope stretchers, 4107

Sūryasiddhānta, 1974, 2421, 2884, 3495, 3541, 3565,3873, 4116–4117

Su Song, 2694–2695Su Song’s Xin Yixiang Fayao, 2897Suśruta, 1571, 1574, 2907, 2983, 4117–4118Susruta Saṃhitā, 2349, 2443, 2900, 2907, 2908, 3033Sustainable agriculture, 4393, 4395, 4396

of Andean Societies, 4391, 4397–4399Sūtras, 3490Al-Suyūṭī, 282–283Suzhou star chart, 2696

Svādhyāya, 4588Swadeshi Shipping Company, 3342Swahili towns

cultural aspects, 1221–1223growth, 1216–1220origin, 1220–1221ruins, 1223–1224

Swidden agriculture, 4121backward and deleterious effects, 4123Manioc planting, 4121mixed planting, 4122

Swnws, Ancient Egypt, 300–301Syādavāda, 2565Syahi begar, 3581Syllabic orthography, 4566Syllabic scripts, 4533–4535Symbol for zero, 2801–2802Symbolic reasoning, 957–958Syncretistic symbolism, 2767Synodic month, 3489Synopsis of Golden Chamber, 2975. See also Jin gui

yao l€ueSyrian irrigation technology, 4181Syrian ships, 4444Syro-Palestine area, wine in, 4498–4499Système Internationale d’Unités, 4465Syzygium cumini, 2493

TAl-Ṭabarī, 283–284Ṭābiya, 4127

ergonomics, 4128–4133formwork, 4128–4133materials, 4133–4135plain clayey earth, 4135preparation, 4133–4135reinforced, 4135stabilized homogeneous block, 4135terminology, 4127–4128varieties of, 4135–4136work flow, 4128–4133

Taboos, 196Tabṣirah al-Muhandis, 2080Tabulae Astronomicae, 2399Tābūt, 4128Tadhkira fi ʿilm al-hay’a, 2171Tadhkirat al-ahbāb fi bayān al-tuhābb, 208Tadqīq al-naẓar fi ilal Ḥāssat al-baṣar, 2334Taedong yŏjido, 2673, 2674Tafakkur method, 3730Tafsīr kitāb Diyusqūrīdis, 2288Tagore, Rabindranath, 4491Taguella, 971Tahāfut al-falāsifah (Inconsistency of the Philosophers) ,

3482, 3531, 4246Taḥdīd nihāyāt alamākin (The Determination of the

Coordinates of Cities), 2004Tahir Jalaluddin, Syeikh, 213–214

Index 4695

Taḥrīr Uqlīdis (Exposition of Euclid), 2066Taibien (Big Faint Fence), 2434Tai Chu Li (Tai Chu Calendar), 2579Taiji practice, 1869Taika Reform, 56Tailored skin clothing, 4157, 4173Taiping armillary spheres, 2895Taiping Yulan, 1395Taiqing danjing yaojue, 4081Taisei Sankyo (Complete Mathematical Manual), 4137Taittiriya Brāhmańa, 2095Taiwan

Beinan Culture, 2391green jade tools and ornaments, 2391–2392rice

after World War II, 3771in ancient times, 3770characters and habitat, 3770cropping season, 3770cultivation and utilization, 3771–3772in earlier times, 3770during Japanese colonization, 3770–3771and life, 3772

Taiweiyuan, 628Taixuan jing (Classic of Supreme Mystery), 1518Tajul Mulu (Medical Book of Malayan

Medicine), 1820Takagi Teigi, 2792–2793Takakazu. See Seki KowaTakakazu Seki, 2071Takamatsu Zuka Kofun, 701–703Takebe Kataaki, 4136Takebe Katahiro, 2791–2792, 4136–4139Takien tree, 1643T’ảkku, 2417–2418The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 4549The Tale of the Two Brothers, 4549Ta˓liq al-arṣād (Comments on Observations), 2300Talkhīṣ ˓amāl al-ḥisāb (Summary of Arithmetical

Operations), 2288Talla, 1923Tally devices, Africa, 3406Tally records, 2807–2810Talud-tablero technique, 418Talun-kebun agroforest of the Sundanese, 132Tamarindus indica, 2493Tamarisk, 4128Tamas, 2097. See also Theory of guṇasTambula (betel leaf), 878Tamhonso, 2798Tamil scripts, in Indian writing, 4558Tamra luang, 3042Tamra phaetsaat songkhro, 3042Tanabata festival, 703–704Tanbīhāt al-Munkirīn, 2080Tang dynasty (China), 3131, 3494

armillary spheres, 586astronomy, 679Indian astronomy during, 793–794

Korean and Japanese students, 26Ministry of Health, 25texts in, 794waidan tradition during, 179

Tang L€u (Law of the Tang Dynasty), 2981Tang Shenwei, 4139–4140Tang Xinxiu Bencao (Tang Newly Compiled Materia

Medica), 2916Tanks. See ReservoirsTano chariot, 2546Tan Tian, 4004. See also Song YingxingTantra, 2428Tantra, K., 2882Tantrasaṇgraha, 2426, 2427, 2428, 3385, 3591.

See also SomasutvanTanzania, metallurgy in, 3164–3170Tanzimāt, 3486Tanzimat period, 429–430Tanzimat Reform Era, 1059Tao Hong Jing, 3519, 4140Tāpas, 4588, 4589Tapeite process, 3839Tapenkeng, 2390Tapesco process, 3840Taphonomy, 955Taptana Montaluisa Quichua, 2513, 2516Taptana Nikichik, 2513TaqĪ al-DĪn, 3483, 4141–4142

Istanbul Observatory, 4141Uranienborg Observatory, 4141

Tarbī ˓al-dā ˒ira (On the Quadrature of a Circle), 2291Tare-dan structure, 382Tārih-i Hind-i Garbi, 3484Tārīkh al-A ṭ ṭibā ˒(History of Physicians), 2386Tarka, in Indian mathematics, 3592–3593Tarkīb al-Aflāk (Composition of the Heavenly Spheres),

4585Taro (Colocasia esculenta), 1765Tartaric acid, 4495Tasmanian Aboriginal

art, 2747rock carvings, 2747, 2748

Tasmanian cider gum, 184–186Tat, 2418Tattoos

in China, 4142–4146military, 4144types, 4143, 4144

Tattvavivekodāharaṇa, 2421Taul-ā-aitu-vavalo-ma-fai-tu‘i, 3025Taula ole aitu, 3025Tau tai mau kaavenga (expert at finding star paths), 3925Tavernier, Jean-Baptist, 2699Taveuni island, 481, 483Tawḥīd (unity), 1674Taxation and Nilometer, 3398–3402TCM. See Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)Tea, 39

black, 4147, 4148

4696 Index

Tea, 39 (cont.)Camellia sinensis, 4146, 4156CTC process, 4150–4152drinking, 4154

at imperial court, 4154–4155Zen Buddhist practices, 4154–4155

gathering practice, 4155–4156hand-rolling process, 4148historical developments, 4154–4156in India, 4146–4153in Japan, 4154–4156in modern period, 4156powdered green tea, 4154–4155in rural areas, 4156steeped leaf tea, 4156waste, 4151, 4152West Bengal, 4147, 4149

The Teaching of Duaf’s Son Khety, 4545Technology, 4157–4163

agriculture, 4186–4188alum production, 4179, 4180in China, 4161, 4162and culture, 4164–4172documentation, 4170engineering-centered, 4158–4159, 4173–4176and environment, 4173–4180environment-centred techniques, 4174European science, 4491human species, 4171in India, 4162–4163Indian textile, 4220Inuit clothing, 4157, 4173in Islamic world, 1618, 1619, 4181–4185migration of, 1552in New World, 4186–4188nonhuman species, 4171non-Western science, 4164, 4172potter’s wheels, 4176production-centred, 4178tailored skin clothing, 4157, 4173water, 4394–4395, 4409–4425water-raising wheel, 4177Western science, 4489, 4490

Tecoani, 422, 423, 3015Tedlock, Barbara, 4260Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, 2134Teff in Ethiopia, 32Tekoula, 971Telescope, 644, 3517, 4188–4191Telia, 4221Tellico Dam, 1682Telok Manok mosque, 4503Temmon sûgaku zatcho, 2794Temples

in Ancient Egypt, 4191–4201of Angkor (Cambodia), 1616Balankanche, Mexico, 4210Canopus family, 4198Castillo, Chichen Itza (Mexico), 4206

Chicanna, Mexico, 4208Classical Greece, 4202Copan’s Hieroglyphic Stairway, 4203, 4205Inscriptions, Palenque (Mexico), 4208, 4209Kohunlich, Mexico, 4207Kom Ombo, 4529of Kulkulcan, 2031–2032of Maya, 4202–4210Meridian family, 4199–4200quarter-cardinal directions family, 4200of Quetzalcóatl, 2032–2034of Ramesses II, 4286seasonal sun family, 4196–4198solstitial family, 4195–4196Sopdet family, 4198Sun, Palenque, 4203temple II of Tikal, Guatemala, 531Tikal, Guatemala, 4203, 4204Yaxchilan, Mexico, 4207, 4208, 4209

Temple of the Niches, 2031–2033Temporally interstitial trees, 144Temporal Model Calendar, 4250, 4257Tenerife Island, 2737–2739Tengenjitsu, 2560Ten Mathematical Classics, 4579. See also Xiahou YangTen Mathematical Manuals (Suanjing shishu), 2037Ten Maxims for Patients, 2900Ten Maxims for Physicians, 2900Tenochitlan, pyramids at, 418Tents, Inner Asia, 550–561Tenzan-jutsu (inductive) method, 4137, 4138Teotihuacan innovations, 1291–1292Teotihuacan, pyramids at, 418Terceme-i Akrabadin, 2196Terminalia tomentosa, 2491Terminology (paribhāṣā), 2561Terraces

in Andes, 4410–4413bench, 4412–4413broad-field, 4413types of, 4412

Terracing, 4186–4187. See also AgricultureTerra firme soils, 1854Terras mulata soils, 1856Terras pretas soils, 1856Tetrabiblos, 629, 2509Textiles, 4430

in Africa, 4211–4213Alto Ramirez, 4229calico craze, 4219in China, 4213–4216colors in, 4221designs in, 4221in Egypt, 4217–4218embroidered, 1609–1615in India, 3577, 4219–4222, 4518–4519

colors and designs, 4221technology, 4220textile varieties, 4221–4222

Index 4697

traditional Indian costumes, 4220–4221in Maya culture, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226in Mesoamerica, 4222–4227Moche, 4229Paracas, 4229Preceramic cotton, 4228in South America, 4228–4231varieties, 4221–4222

Thābit Ibn Qurra, 2019, 2067, 3521, 4231–4232, 4583amicable numbers theory, 242, 262, 585Ibn Al-Haytham, 1401law of the lever, 3521number theory, 3411sundial theory, 655

Thailandastronomy, 709–711Buddhism and spirit beliefs, 1641–1642

(see also Buddhism)ceramics, 1147–1153environment and nature in, 1638–1647Lamphun (Haripunjaya) ware, 1153medicine in, 3037–3046Northern Thai ware, 1152–1153Phitsanulok and Nakorn Thai Ware, 1151–1152Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai Ware, 1147–1150Sing Buri/Maenam Noi ware, 1153Sukhothai ware, 1150–1151Suphan Buri ware, 1151

Thakadu Mine, 3566, 3571Thakadu Shear System, 3566Ṭhakkura Pherū, 2601–2605Thales of Miletus, 2803Thammachaat, 1639Thangkha, 2912. See also Medical paintings, of TibetThatch/plaster sources, 384Theology of Aristotle, 1576, 2568Theoretical mathematics, 2785Theory

of gnomon, 2128numbers (see Number theory)

Thesaurus, 240. See also al-JurjānīThich Nhat Hanh, 1631Thick bifaces, 2873–2874Thien Nam Tu Chi Lo Do Thu, 2684Thinning, 3680Thomson, Donald, 2685Thống tong toán pháp, 2824–2825Three Tales of Wonder (from the Papyrus Westcar in the

Egyptian Museum of Berlin), 4543Three-wall system, in Chinese astronomy, 4017Three Worlds According to King Ruang, 1640Thutmose III and IV, 3419, 3420Tian Gong Kaiwu (Exploitation of the Works of Nature) ,

817, 2898, 4003–4004, 4322Tian-Mu Xiansheng (Mr Eye-of-Heaven), 4580.

See also Xu YueTianshiyuan, 628Tiansuan huowen, 2557Tianwentu (Astronomical Chart), 2694

Tianwen Xingzhan (Astrological Prognostications), 1944Tian Wen Zhi, 2890, 2894Tian yuan method, 2763–2764Tianyuan shu. See also Seki KowaTianyuan shu, 2556, 2560, 2797. See also Seki kowaTibb-i jadid, 2196Tibburin ussegwass (doors of the year), 2733Tibet

astronomy, 779–783cartography, 2681maps and mapmaking in, 2680–2682medicine of, 3078–3093

Tierra de grava, 1547Tierra de primera, 1546–1547Tikal Temple I, Guatemala, 4203, 4204Tikkun Olam (healing everything), 1652Tikshna, 3183Ti-li, 2012Timber

availability, 4510–4511durability, 4511frame construction, 380for Malay architecture, 4509–4512physical characteristics, 4511

Timber-handling technologyindustrial-age, 4234–4237in Japan, 4233–4237preindustrial, 4233–4234

Time, 1573–1574, 4237–4239. See also Calendarsin Africa, 4240–4242atomically structured, 4269–4270in China, 4242–4245cultural studies of, 4238–4239discrete vs. continuous, 4268–4269in Islam, 4245–4247in Korea, 4248–4257linear vs. cyclic, 4263–4265in Maya culture, 4258–4260measurement in Egypt, 4439measurement of, 4246–4247as moral dimension, 4247in native North America, 4261–4263non-Western views, 4263–4270ontically broken, 4270quasi-cyclic, 4265–4268supplementary material, 4257

Timekeeping, 4248–4250origin, 1022–1023

Times City Development by Vingroup, 402Tīmūr, 4329Timurid periods, veterinary medicine, 4349Tinbergen, Niko, 4169Tin production in Africa, 3098. See also

MetallurgyTinsel printing, 3579Tir-a-Hawai or AgniBana (fire arrows), 4364Tirumala mountain, 376Tiruvannamalai, 376Tithi, 631, 1041, 3489, 3490

4698 Index

Tiwanaku shirts, 4229–4230Tjappanongo, 2685Tlachihualtepetl, 3619Toán điến trù cừu pháp, 2825Toán hoc cách trí, 2825Toán hoc để uẩn, 2825Toán hoc tam pháp, 2825–2826Toán pháp, 2826Toán pháp đại thành, 2826–2827, 2828–2830Toán pháp đề cuơng, 2827Toán pháp ký diệu, 2827Toán pháp quyển, 2827Toba, of Western Formosa, 753Tocochimpu, 3160Tofu, preparation, 4275–4276Tofuyo

and awamori, 4272characterization, 4278–4280history of, 4272–4273in Japan, 4271–4280in Okinawa, 4273–4275origin of, 4273preparation, 4271, 4275ripening, 4278–4280soaking, 4278

Togi, 1117–1119Tokai, 2432Tokugawa era, 3736Tokugawa Yoshimune, 4138Toledan Tables, 2305Toloache, 1726Tolstov, S. P., 2380Toltec Module, 3302Toltec Mound State Park (Toltec Mound), 3302Tombs, 2431

in Ancient Egypt, 4282–4291burial chamber, 4282, 4283, 4287–4291Deir el-Bahari, 4286Kawab, Giza, 4290in Nile Delta, 4282paintings, 4499plans of tombs, 4288, 4289, 4291royal tombs of the New Kingdom,

4287, 4289of Samanids, 2052–2053substructure, 4287–4288textiles in China, 4215Valley of the Kings, 4289

Tomb tower of Demavend, 2053Tomb tower of Kharraqan, 2053–2054Tomb tower of Mo’mine Khatun, 2055Tomos, 2220Tonalpohualli, 2853Tongguk chido (Map of the Eastern Country), 2671Tongkat Ali, 1828Tongren Zhenjiu Shuxue Tujing, 2916, 4292–4293Tong shen cun, 2913Tổng tuchư gia toán pháp đại toàn, 2827–2828Tonle Sap Lake, 3324–3325

Tooladze, 4302, 4305, 4307, 4308, 4310in Ancient Egypt construction, 4300–4312building materials, 4300–4301chisels, 4302cubit, 4301Greco-Roman period, 4301measuring, 4301–4306moving, 4311–4312mud-brick manufacturing, 4311plumb bob, 4301–4302rubbing stones, 4303, 4304, 4305stone mauls, 4303stone vs. metal, 4306–4311wood roller, 4312

Tool recyclingantiquity of, 4293–4294in fresh knapping, 4298implications in prehistory, 4295–4299in India, 4293–4299in prehistoric india, 4294–4295reuses, 4299

Topkapiin Versailles, 2405Torquetums, equatorial, 647Torres Strait (TSI), 187–188TOSHAT, sign in Maya writing, 4576–4577Total marital fertility rates (TMFR), in Japan,

3736–3737Totemism, 1664, 1666Totman, Conrad, 1679Tou-guang jian, 3444Touk kamrol, 3327Touk loeuk kdar, 3329Touk ngor, 3329Touk pilan, 3329Touk prasat kdar, 3329Touk Thnaot, 3329Tourism, 4356Townshend, Lord, 1572Traditional Aboriginal medicine, 3069Traditional Chinese medicine, 2974Traditional indigenous health systems, 3069–3070Traditional medicine, Buddhism and, 3043Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM), 3078, 3079,

3089–3093Trail of Tears, 2010Trai Phum, 2679Trairāsika (rule of three), 808Trang Kenh, 2396Transition boat

bamboo sailing rafts, 944–945basket boats, 931–936characteristics, 929–930fleets of modern, 930Mekong region, 943–944Quang Nam, to Binh Thuan Province, 937–939southern border, of China to Quang Binh Province,

936–937stitched boats, 939–943

Index 4699

Transportation, stone money in Micronesia, 4312–4317Traveling disease, 3064A Treasury of Eastern Medicine, 3006Treatise on Cylinders and Cones, 2834–2835Treatise on the Motion of the Fixed Stars, 2304Trees and forests, knowledge systems, 2489

ecological classification, 2491–2492evolutionary myth, 2490–2491Lanjia Saora, classification, 2492–2493relevance in present context of Odisha, 2493–2494

Trellis tent, 551–552Trepanation

Burzahom trepanation, 4104–4106Harappan trepanation, 4103–4104history, 4100in India, 4102magico-religious trepanations, 4101–4102for medical reasons, 4101pseudo-trephinations, 4102

Trepangers (the paqtaripang, a specific type ofpaqdewakang), 922

Trephination, 4319–4321Tribal maps, 2678Tribology, 4321–4322Tri-doṣa (three troubles), 3035, 4343Trigonometry, 1019, 4363

Bhāskara II, 4325–4326functions, 3591in Indian mathematics, 4322–4326in Islamic mathematics, 4326–4328plane, 4323sine table, 4323–4325

Triple jiao Method, 2978Triśatikā (eighth century), 808Triskandavidyākusalaikamalla, 2519Triticum turgidum, 3461Tropical rain forest

Amazon region, 1653Peninsular Malaysia, 4510

Troumassan Troumassoid, ceramics, 1160Trùng dính Toán hoc chỉ nam tan biên, 2828Tsubo, 4461TTM. See Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM)Tuareg numeral system, 2732Tuatua, 1905Tuba, 189Tube houses, 395Tubo Dynasty, 2912Tucapus, 2472Tucci, G., 2912Tucricuc, 2474Tula innovations, 1292–1293Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) (holy basil), 3501Tumbaga, 2131, 3138Tumi knife, 4320Tumpang Sari, 404, 409, 410Tun, 1032Tuna, 1904Tunisian quarries

extraction techniques, 3665–3668geological map of, 3664location of, 3662–3666Tunisian stones, 3661–3663

Tunnels, Iron Age water systems, 4405Tuoyuan shiyi, 2557Tuoyuan xinshu, 2557Tuoyuan zhengshu jie, 2557Turin papyrus map

Amennakhte, son of Ipuy, 2658, 2659, 2660, 2661author and purpose, 2658–2661discovery and reconstruction, 2649–2651eastern, 2655, 2656hieratic texts and drawings, 2653hieratic text translations, 2652reconstruction, 2654topographic and geologic content, 2651–2658topographic and geologic maps, 2657western, 2655, 2656

Turkeyancient jewelry

early evidence, 310historical periods, 314–319neolithic advances, 310–311technological breakthroughs, 311–314

calendars, 1058–1062medicine in, 3057–3060

Turkic yurts, 561Ṭūsī Couple, 2715Al-Ṭūsī, Naṣir al-Dīn, 2067–2068, 2713–2715Tusniyudda (silent war), 2424Tutankhamun, 1949, 2544, 3228Tutoring and mutual engagement, 3560–3561Tuyères, 3188Twelve Earthly Branches, 4244Twining technique, 826Twinquaes, 943Twin-temple pyramids, 1294–1295Tylophora asthemetica, 1717Tyrian shekel, 4476Tyrrhenian dune line, 3662Tzoalli, 1803Tzolkin, 1032

UUbá, 3361–3365Udasina, 2424Ugaritic writing, 4567Uibang Yuchwi (Classified Collection of Medical

Prescriptions), 3005Uinal, 1032Uji-method green tea, 4156Ukhedu, 302–303Ulemā, 3479Ulli, 1805–1806Ulugh Beg

Muslim lunar calendar, 4329pre-Islamic Persian solar calendar, 4329

4700 Index

Uma mbatangu (bald, bare house), 459–460Umar al-Khayyām, 4330–4331Umbrella [-like] heaven, 1943UNESCO, 2463–2465UNESCO LINKS Programme, 24662468Unit fraction, 2772Upaniṣads, 1570, 1572, 1699Upapattis, Indian mathematics, 3589

for Kuṭṭaka Process, 3590–3591mathematical results, 3590in mathematics and astronomy, 3590–3591and "proof," 3593Raison D’étre Of, 3591–3592

Uparāgakriyākrama, 30Upavedas, 2440Upayas, 2424Al-Uqlīdisī, 291–292Uranography, 772Urbanization, Ancient Israel, 1207–1213Urban water system design

drainage system, 322draining river, 323logic of, 323moat (Fosse), 322–323paradigm of, 323ponds and lakes, 322urban river, 322water supply system, 323–325

Urd (Vigna mungo), 3544Urphänomen, 3859Urpu (vessel for fermenting), 873Urtica magellanica, 4Ushabtis, 2147Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 4144Uttara, 962Utu. See SunUxat, 970Uzbekistan, 4329, 4330

VVaasara, 1029Vacuum aspiration abortion, 5Vādayutti, 3561Vāgbha ṭa, 2900, 2907, 2983, 4333Vague year, 1032Vaidika, 4588Vaidya, 2909Vaillant, George C., 1541Vaiseṣika, 1699, 3412–3414, 3520Vaisyas, 1988Vaiyākaraṇa, 3490Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, 4371Vakraprakṣa-syena, 2045–2046Vākyadīpikā, 3495. See also ParameśvaraVākyakaraṇa, 3565, 4334–4335. See also ParameśvaraVākyapadīya, 3493Vale leka, 478–480

Vale ni Kuro, 491, 493Vale ni Moce, 493–494Valery, Paul, 4490Values and science, 4335–4339Vamana, 2988Van Phuc village, 395Varāhamihira, 2126, 2600, 3409, 3496, 3499,

4340–4341, 4622Vāras, 631Varela, Francisco, 1573Vargaprakrti (square nature), 962, 1019, 2402, 2426Vasanta (spring), 1992Vasco da Gama, 3341Vasemasema, 478Vāstuśāstras, 374Vaṭeśvara Siddhānta, 1017, 4341–4342Vatican obelisk, 3426, 3432Vaticanus, 3431Vatica species, 949Vāyakaraṇa, 3495Vayu-Purāṇa, 1990Vedāṅga, 636Vedāṇgajyotiṣa, 3490Vedāṇgas, 2440–2441, 3535Vedas, 862, 1698, 2188, 2440

Atharvaveda, 1571, 1700, 1702, 4371and chronology, 4367concepts, 1671knowledge, 4367Ṛgveda, 1703, 4368, 4370, 4371, 4555Sāma Veda, 862theories on different planes, 1701Yajur Veda, 4370

Vedic corpus, 3490Vedic orthodoxy (sruti), 3412Vedic period (Indian), 3499Vegetable tanning, 2540Vegetarianism, 1631, 1632, 1652Venus, 620Veṇvāaroha (Bamboo Climbing), 2426, 2590Verbal numeration, Africa, 3404–3405Veterinary medicine

in India, 4342–4345in Iran, 4346–4350Mongolian periods, 4349in Qajars periods, 4350in Safavid Era, 4349–4350Timurid periods, 4349

Veterinary practice in Nepal, 4351–4356Vietnam

astronomy in, 711–715boats in, 926–947ceramics, 1153–1154jade ornaments, 2393–2394maps and mapmaking in, 2682–2685mathematics in, 2818–2831

Vigraha (war), 2424Vijayaba Pirivena, 1974

Index 4701

Vijigishu, 2423, 2424Vikalpa-ganita, 3586Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina), 1815Village defenses

East coast, 4358–4359maidan, 4357–4358malnad, 4358in South India, 4357–4359West coast, 4359

Villagesin Fiji, 473–475in Hanoi, 393–395

Villa rustica, 3702Vingroup, 402Vintengwe process, 3165Violent inclination, 3532Vipaśśanā technique, 3856Vīrya, 2443Visual-ray theorists, 3450Viśveśvara, 3310Vitex negundo L., 3501Vitex parviflora, 951Vithala temple, at Vijayanagara, 375Viticulture

in Anatolia, 4495in Ancient Egypt, 4497–4500in Ancient Near East, 4497–4500Egypt, 3467

Viti Levu, 475–478Vivaraṇa, 3590. See also Bhāskarācārya IIVizinho, José, 4659–4600Volcanic glass, 4519Volume measurement

in Egypt, 4439–4440in Indus valley, 4473in Japan, 4461–4462in Mesoamerica, 4467in Peru, 4471

Voyages of discovery, 4166Vṛksha Āyurveda, 3499Vulnerability Index, water management, 4393–4394Vyaktagaṇita, 581. See also PāṭīgaṇitaVyasoyogi Charita, 2095Vyatīpāta, 30, 4591Vyatkin, V. L., 2373, 2378Vyavahāras, 3319Vyāvahārika Satya, 4590Vyktagaṇitādhyāya, 4012. See also Śrīpati

WWabanaki basketry

cultural dimension, 860–861economic dimension, 860–861environmental dimension, 860–861future of, 861–862history, 855–858procuring and preparing materials, 858–859

social dimension, 860–861weaving baskets, 859–860

Wachaques, 2224, 2225Wadis, 2233

Wadi Hammamat, 2626, 2632, 2651, 2654, 2655,2657, 2658, 2659

Wadi Mousa (Petra), 2235, 2236Wadi Samad, 3119Wadi Siyagh, 2233, 2235

Waipian (Exoteric Chapters), 1971Wai tai mi yao, 2975. See also Wang TaoWakfiya, 2196Wangarr, 2841. See also DreamingWang Chong, 2614, 3213, 4361Wang Mang, 4437Wang Xiaotong, 2761–2762, 4362–4363Wang Xichan, 4363–4364Wang Zhen, 4162Warapo, 872Warizansho, 3931. See also Seki KowaWarlpiri Aborigines, traditional health system of,

3070–3073Warlpiri health system, 3072, 3073Warping grove, 4220Warp-weighted loom, 4430Warren Shaft system, 4405, 4407Warring States (Zhanguo) Period, 2888, 2904, 3000, 3517War rockets

Anglo-Mysore war, 4365, 4366in India, 4364–4366

Wasan, 2070–2071, 2791, 2797mathematics, 3890

Wat Chaiwatthanaram, 2534–2539Watches, 1321–1324. See also ClocksWatching towers (Mantarah), 436Water

clocks, 3518, 4250–4257conveyance, 2363–2364festivals, 4374–4375in India, 4367–4375medicinal powers, 4371nature’s forces as deities, 4370–4371payers of, 4370spiritual aspects, 4367–4375stagnant, 4370technical aspects, 4367–4375

Water dams, 4418–4419Water-driven chain pump, 40Water intake

at Ravatkhodja, 2370–2373at Varaghsar, 2370–2373

Water managementin Ancient Peru, 4389–4399Andean societies, 4389–4391, 4397–4399at Angkor, 4386–4388Bolivian Tiwanaku society, 4390Hire Benakal, 4378–4379in India, 4376–4384

4702 Index

Water management (cont.)large settlements, 4404–4406Q sustainability equation, 4395–4397Runoff Ratio, 4392–4393in Sri Lanka, 4376–4384technology, 4394–4395Vulnerability Index, 4393–4394

Water mill, 1618Water mirrors (Jian), 3444, 3445Water procurement, in prehistoric Caribbean, 4401–4403Water-raising wheel, 4177Water reservoirs, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422Water retention techniques, 4378–4379Water supply, Afrasiab, 2378–2380Water systems

in Bronze Age (Israel), 4403–4407in Iron Age (Israel), 4403–4407

Water tank smelting site, 3566Water technology, in Andes, 4409–4425Water wheels, 4184Wat Mahathat, 2538Wat Phra Ram, 2538Wat Ratburana, 2538Watson, Andrew, 3626Watsuji, Tetsuro, 1679Watt, George, 1717Way-a-linah, 184–186Waywaka, 2130Weapons, military technology in Ancient Egypt,

3225–3228Weather forecasting, in China, 3213–3214Weaving, 4214

Aymara tradition, 4230in Ethiopia, 4429–4430in Maya, 4223in Mesoamerican, 4222, 4223, 4224, 4225, 4226in Nubia, 4429–4430

Weft-faced patterning method, 4215Wei Boyang, 4431Weighing the Soul, 4445–4447Weights and measures

in Africa, 4432–4435of Burma, 4478–4481in China, 4436–4437in Egypt, 4438–4447figurative elements, 4434geometric elements, 4434graphic designs, 4434of Hebrews, 4474–4478in India, 4466–4467in Indus valley, 4473–4474in Islam, 4447–4460in Japan, 4460–4465in Mesoamerica, 4466–4469Middle Kingdom, 4442New Kingdom, 4442–4444in Peru, 4470–4472in Spain, 4467–4468

Weil, André, 1017

Weiner, J. S., 4173Weixing (web stars), 4016Wellesley, Arthur, 4365Well Nilometer, 3390–3393Well-ordered science, 3557–3558Wells, 4404

bamboo, 4486in China, 4482–4486at Hemudu site, 4483–4484in Yangtze River plain, 4483–4484in Yellow River plain, 4484–4485

Were Rausina, 477West Africa

astronomy in, 743–746bread, 972ceramics

definitions and characteristics, 1163–1165origins and ceramic traditions, 1165production organization, 1165–1166

cities and townconstruction, 1235–1242urban development, 1230–1235urbanisation, 1225–1230urban trends, 1230–1232

West Bengal, tea, 4147, 4149Western Australia, fermented drink from, 187–188Western cartography, Korea knowledge of, 2668Western dominance, 4487–4491Western Formosa, Toba of, 753Western Han bronze clepsydra, 2890Western mathematics, 2803Western Zhou Dynasty, 2887West Indies, ceramics, 1156–1162West Semitic language, 4567Wet water technology, 4417–4424

artificial bofedales, 4420–4421raised fields, 4418, 4419silt dams, 4421–4422, 4423silt reservoirs, 4422–4424, 4425types of, 4417water dams, 4418–4419water reservoirs, 4419–4420, 4421, 4422

Whakairo, 509–510Wharenui, 507Wheaten bread (aish baladi), 966Whewell, William, 4164White-glazed porcelain, 1108–1109, 1108–1110White, John, 935White nephrite adzes, 2392Wicker baskets, fishing, 1877William M. Lee, 26Willson, Roland, 1682Windmill, 4492–4494

in China, 4493Windpower, 4492–4494Wine

in Anatolia, 4494–4496in Chalcolithic period, 4498cleansing nature, 4496

Index 4703

Egypt, 3469–3471, 3473in Late Uruk type, 4498in Neolithic period, 4498in Syro-Palestine area, 4498–4499

Winemakingin Ancient Egypt, 4497–4500in Ancient Near East, 4497–4500

Wing end, 949Winter, F. H., 4364Wisdom Literature, 4543Wise Collection in London’s India Office Library, 2682Wittfogel, K. A., 1616, 2380Women, and child health, 3509–3510Women make bread (gerasa and sensana), 968Woodblock printing, 1553, 3598–3601

bookbinding, 3601, 3602in China, 3596–3597cutting, 3599–3600ink, 3599making impressions, 3600materials and tools used in, 3598–3601monochromatic, 3597paper, 3598

Wood carvingdurability, 4511in Malay architecture, 4501–4512physical characteristics, 4511

Wooden well, 4483in Baiyin ruin, 4485at Hemudu site, 4484

Wood-lined water hole, at Heywoods, 4402Woodworkers

using adze, 4307using rubbing stones, 4304, 4305using saw, 4306, 4308

Woodworkingin Egypt, 4512–4515Hetepheres’ furniture, 4513Middle Kingdom furniture, 4513

Woolin India, 4516–4519production, 4516–4518textile industry, 4518–4519

Wootz steel, 3182Worked glass artefacts

in Australia, 4519–4522in Pacific Islands, 4519–4522

World Health Organization (WHO), 27World War II, 65–65World-termite extraction tools, 955–956World War II, 65–65Wound healing

in Ancient Egypt, 4523–4531bandages, 4526–4527drug therapy, 4525–4526fractures treatment, 4527joints treatment, 4526medical protocol, 4524–4525mythological background, 4529–4531

skull repair, 4528snakebite, 4528–4529surgical devices, 4529surgical processes, 4527–4528treatment, 4524

Wound types, 4523–4524Writing, 4532–4536

in China, 4537–4539cuneiform, 4554in Egypt, 4539–4553, 4565–4566evolutionary theory of, 4532–4533in India, 4554–4561Indus Civilization, 4554–4555in Indus valley, 4473in Japan, 4561–4564logographic scripts, 4533–4534manuscripts, 4559–4561of Maya region, 4569–4577in Middle East, 4564–4569palm leaves, 4560–4561Persian Empire, 4556phonetic scripts, 4533–4535physicians, veterinary medicine, 4349seal stamp, 4555Sumerian, 4541syllabic scripts, 4533–4535uses of, 4559–4561Vedic times, 4555

Written languagecommunication without, 2745–2748cultures with, 2748–2749

Wucai porcelains, 1111Wucao suanjing, 335, 2554, 2821, 4579. See also Li

ChunfengWu Hanyue, 2694Wujing suanshu, 2554. See also Li ChunfengWujing zongyao (Collection of Military Techniques),

2139, 2895, 4162Wuli Xiaozhi, 3446. See also Fang YizhiWu Qian, 2917Wuxing, 26. See also Five phases (Wuxing)Wu Xing Xing Du Jie (On the Angular Motion of the Five

Planets, completed in 1673), 4363Wuzi Yebing (Wuzi casting), 4322

XXelhá, 3929X�i, 22Xiahou Yang Suanjing (Xiahou Yang’s Mathematical

Classic), 4579Xiang embroidery, 1612–1613Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa,

2409, 4584Xiangjie suanfa (Mathematical Methods with Detailed

Explanations), 4584Xiangshan Yelu, 3519Xian-square, 2136Xiao’an, 4363. See also Wang Xichan

4704 Index

Xiao An Xin Fa (New Method of Xiao’an, completed in1633), 4363

Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue, 2917Xi Jing Za Ji, 2894Xingxing (movable stars) , 2575, 4016Xing Yuan Lu (Li Shi-Ting), 4273Xin Tang Shu, 2894, 4083. See also Tian Wen ZhiXin Yixiang Fayao (New Design for an Astronomical

Clock) , 2694, 2897. See also Su SongXinzhai zazu (Miscellanea of Zhang Xinzhai), 2599Xiu (lunar lodges), 2573Xiuhmolpilli, 2853Xiuyaojing, 629Xi Yang Xin Fa Lin Shu (Astronomical Treatises of the New

Methods of the West, 1646), 4363.See also Wang Xichan

Xi yuan ji lu (Collected Records of Washing Awaythe Wrong Cases), 2981

Xu Chunfu, 2905Xugu zheqi suanfa (Continuation of Ancient Mathematical

Methods for Elucidating the Strange),2598–2599

Xunu, 2574–2575Xu Xiage Yuji (Dairy of The Travels of Hsu), 1986Xu Youzhen, 2906Xu Yue, 4580

YYácatas, 422, 423Yagwoia numbers, 2746Yajnas(sacrifices), 1702, 4372, 4373Yajur Veda, 4370Yamato honzo, 1678. See also Ekken, KaibaraYāmya-yantra (southern instrument), 2622Yana (march), 2424Yanantin, 2581Yang, 26Yangbans, 2797Yang Hui, 2763, 4584, 4621

Xugu zheqi suanfa, 2598–2599Yanglao Fengjin Shu, 2916Yangshao culture, 3107Yang Sŏngji, 2671Yangtze River plain, wells in, 4483–4484Yanshi xian he tu, 2644Yantra, 637Yantraprakāra, 2397Yantrarāja, 2622Yaolu, 3371–3372Yāqūt’s climate map, 2703Yarda, 3071Yarta Yarta, 1983Yaṣṭi-yantra, 637Yāva, 809Yavanajātaka (the Ionian Horoscopy), 2128, 4585, 4586Yavaneśvara, 4585–4586Yavu (house platform), 491Yawulyu ceremonies and healing songs, 3071

Yaxchilan, Mexico, 1312–1313, 4207, 4208, 4209Year of confusion, 1028Yé Gonan, 2757–2759Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon, 2205. See also Huangdi

NeijingYellow River plain, wells in, 4484–4485Yelu Chu Zai, 4493Yeong-sil, Jang, 4253Yesodey ha-Tevunau-Migdal ha-Emuna, 6, 2833Yew, 1735. See TaxolYe Yi, 4004. See also Song YingxingYichnal sign, in Maya writing, 4573, 4575Yigu yanduan, 2560Yijing (Book of Changes), 1669Yinhai Jingwei, 2916. See also Medical texts, in ChinaYinjí, 23Yīn-liàng. See LoudnessYīnshū, 23Yinyang, 26, 1668, 2439, 4586–4587Yin-yang energy, 2013Yin-yang theory, 2795Yirritja, 2448Yi Sang-hyok, 2798Yisizhan, 2553Yixing, 793–794Yizhuan, 4586Yizong Jinjian (Golden Mirror of Medicine, 1749), 2917Yoco (Paullinia yoco), 1705Yoda Ela (Giant’s Canal), 1978Yoga, 4588–4590Yogaja-pratyakṣa, 3416Yoga Sūtra, 4589Yogatārā, 2577Yogye kwanbang chido, 2675Yokote (Japan), basketry in, 828–834Yolngu Aboriginal Australians, mathematics of, 2747,

2840–2847Yongle dadian, 2037, 2409Yongyi, 2905Yoni, 411Yonit Bousany, 2516Yorừbá city planning, cities and town, 1314–1320Yoruba system, 2723–2724Ý Trai toán pháp nhất đắc luc, 2828Yuan Dynasty, 2893, 2894, 2898Yuan Jing Shuo (Telescopium), 3446, 4191Yuanxi Qiqi Tushuo Luzui (Illustrated Books of Western

Magic Instruments), 2898Yudhishthira, 3588Yue embroidery, 1613Yueling, 2574Yu Fu Zhi (Records of Carriages and Dresses), 2892Yugas, 3539Yu Gong (The Tribute of Yu), 1986, 2642Yugui, 2576Yu Huan Zhen Wen, 3519Yu ji tu, 2637–2639, 2642, 2645Yuki number sequence, 2806–2807Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 1780–1782

Index 4705

Yuktibhāṣā, 2427, 2428, 2429, 3591. See also Jyeṣ ṭhadevaof Jyeṣ ṭhadeva, 4590–4591proofs, of infinite series, 3591

Yuktikalpatru, 3339Yuktikarata, 2095Yunnan, astronomy, 709–710Yupana, 4592–4598

addition on, 4596archaeological artifacts, 4592–4593Burn’s method, 4594, 4595colonial descriptions, 4592division on, 4596–4597final reflections, 4598Guaman Poma de Ayala illustration, 4593operation simplification, 4598performing operations on, 4595–4598Radicati di Primeglio’s model, 4594

Yu Shū, 21Yuta (increased), 808Yuzui (Fish Snout), 2552

ZZacut, Abraham, 4659–4600Al-Zahrawi, 2995Zang-shu, 2013Zang Xiang, 27Zanzibar Stone Town, 4600–4602Zeguxi zhai suanxue, 2556, 2557Zengchang Kaifang (Method of Multiplying and Adding

for Root Extractions), 2409. See also Jia XianZeng Gongliang, 4162Zen Hodoji, 2071Zenon Archive, 2632Zero, 1553, 4602–4604

appearance, 1496Bakhshālī Manuscript, 807–809, 4602and decimal place value notation, 1496divisor, 3409as integer, 1498in Jaina Texts, 1497as metaphors, 1500significance, 1495symbol, 4604

Zeroism, 4604–4609Zhang Heng, 2638, 2890, 2892, 3336, 4610Zhang Ji (Zhang Zhongjing), 4611Zhang Qiujian suanjing (The Mathematical Classic of

Zhang Qiujian), 2762, 4579, 4612–4613.See also Li Chunfeng

Zhang Yong, 2818–2819Zhang Zhongjing, 2915Zhangzi, 3641Zhaocha, 2553Zhao Youqin, 3445Zhejiang, 3495Zhenduo, Wang, 2893Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected), 4140Zheng Fuguang, 3446

Zheng He hanghai tu (Zheng He’s navigation map), 3351,4613–4616

Zheng Heng, 4189Zhen Jing, 2205Zhen Jiu. See AcupunctureZhenjiu dacheng, 3304Zhenjiu Dacheng, 4617–4618Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (A-Z of Acupuncture andMoxibustion),

2915, 3304, 4618–4619Zhenjiu juying, 3304Zhen Luan, 4580Zhenyuan miaodao yaolue, 2138Zhong sheng, 21Zhongshu, Dong, 3518Zhoubi suanjing (Mathematical Manual of Zhoubi), 1943,

2020, 2136, 2760, 2761, 3533, 4619. See alsoLiZhou dynasty, 3517Zhouhou jiuzufang (Handbook of Medicine for

Emergencies), 1971Zhou Li, 3518Zhouyi cantong qi (Agreement of the Three According to

the Book of Changes), 4431Zhou Yu, 4216Zhuangzhou, 2041Zhuāng Z�i, 23Zhu bing yuan hou lun, 2975. See also Cao YuanfangZhu fang, 2136Zhuishu, 2554. See also Li ChunfengZhuó, 21, 23Zhu Shijie, 2763, 2764, 4137, 4584, 4620–4621Zhu Xi, 1557, 4431Zhu Yuanzhang, 2139Zhu Zaiyu, 2765Zī j (Astronomical Handbook with Tables), 14, 771–772,

1588, 2143, 2286–2287, 2289, 4585, 4622Zī j alṣafā ˒iḥ, 9Zīj-i Bahādurkhānī (ZBKh), 722, 2078Zī j-i Ilkhānī , 2004, 2713Zī j-i jadīd-i Guragānī , 4329Zíj-i `Mahmūd Shāh Khiljī (ZJ), 719Zíj-i Maźhari (ZM), 723Zíj-i Muhạmmad Shāhī (ZMS), 721–722, 2400Zíj-i Nāṣirī (ZN), 718–719Zíj-i Sáīdī by Muhammad Amīn (ZS), 723Zíj-i Shāhjahānī (ZShJ), 721Zij-i Sul ṭānī , 2400Zī j-i Ulugh Beg, 4329Zīj Raḥīmī, 721Zīj-Ulugh Bég (ZUB), 719–720Zimbabwe, copper, 1406–1408Zinc production

in China, 4623–4625in India, 4623

Ziping method, 629Zisha pottery, 1111Ziwei doushu, 630Zodiac

development, 620–622 (see also Astrology)in Indian astronomy, 4625–4627

4706 Index

Zodiac (cont.)in Islam, 4627–4628signs, 4626

Zoroastrianism, 2901Zou Boqi, 3446Zou hou bei ji fang, 2975. See also Gong QingxuanZou Yan, 3523, 4628

Zoyaku-jutsu (extra divisionmethod), 4137

Zu Chongzhi, 3534, 4138, 4628–4629, 4629Zuixi, 2574, 2576Zujāj, 2105Zulu people’s architecture, 443–444Zuni calendars, 1026–1027