Huiskes 2011 - Eeuwige Rust Op de Donderberg_ebook

7/23/2019 Huiskes 2011 - Eeuwige Rust Op de Donderberg_ebook

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Hho frggt vrghfak``hchhuws frmevhc` lkj \bhoho

hhuwkfh rust gp `h

`go`hrlhrf



Yk`hstgoh ^rhss M ohw fho hrmtk go ge ^ulc ks bkof

[gu mrh rhm`kof m eucc vhrskgo ge tbks lggd, egr erhh!

Pbks lggd ks pmrt ge tbh Yk`hstgoh h-cklrmry wbhrh agst ge gur

pulckimtkgos mrh euccy miihssklch egr erhh. Egr miihss tg agrh

erhh lggds vkskt: www.sk`hstgoh.iga/cklrmry

@gwocgm` Eucc ^@E

Ukskt tbh Yk`hstgoh h-cklrmry tg lrgwsh gur h-lggds. Egr m akokamc

ehh ygu imo puribmsh m euccy euoitkgomc ^@E mo` ly `gkof sg, ygu

bhcp tg dhhp gur cklrmry ruookof.

www.sk`hstgoh.iga/cklrmry



Hho frggt vrghfak``hchhuws

frmevhc` lkj \bhoho

hhuwkfh rust gp `h

`go`hrlhrf

]um`rmot og. 9

Lhrt Buksdhs

aht ah`hwhrdkof vmo

Jmo vmo @ghslurf, Kohdh

Jggstho & Moohh Vmfohr

go`hr rh`mitkh vmo

Moohamrkhdh Vkcchasho



IGCGEGO

© <>==

KYLO ;62-;>-22;>->2<-<

Xktfhfhvho ̀ ggr Yk`hstgoh ̂ rhss, Chk`ho www.sk`hstgoh.igaYk`hstgoh lhsthcouaahr: YY^200;>>><

Gascmfgotwhrp: Dmrstho Vhotkod, Yk`hstgoh ^rhssCmy-gut: Igroë vmo Vghr`hdga, Yk`hstgoh ^rhss

@h ]um`rmot-rhhds ks hho koktkmtkhe vmo Yk`hstgoh ̂ rhss ho PFU thdstho &prhshotmtkh. Ahhr koegramtkh: www.sk`hstgoh.iga/qum`rmot

Yk`hstgoh ^rhss



Kobgu`sgpfmvh

Uggrwggr` 8

= Hho cmofh fhsibkh`hoks ;

< Got`hddkof ho gpfrmvkof =;

9 Bht frmevhc` ho zkjo dm`hrs <;

0 Frme ho kobgu` 0=

8 Umo `g`ho ho chvho`ho 56

5 Lhscukt 26

Omwggr` ;8

Uhr`hr chzho ;;

Kccustrmtkhvhrmotwggr`kof =>=



8

Uggrwggr`

@h rgha vmo \bhoho. Ahokfhho zmc mmo `h Iuohrm-

tgrho `hodho, mmo `h amrthcmrhs `kh bmmr omma mmo `h

dhrd fme, zgvhhc lh`hvmmrtfmofhrs ommr \bhoho trgd

ho bht stm`jh tgt lcghk lrmibt. Bht ckft ako`hr vggr `h

bmo` th `hodho mmo bht vrghfak``hchhuwsh frmevhc`gp `h @go`hrlhrf cmofs `h Xtrhibtshstrmmtwhf. @mt ks

okht fhbhhc thrhibt, ammr whc th vhrdcmrho. Bht frmevhc`

wms hhuwhocmof okht zkibtlmmr. Pgho bht ko `hihalhr

=;8> whr` got`hdt, vgcf`h hho gpfrmvkof ko bggf tha-

pg. @h cmo`hckjdh phrs dwma mmofhsohc` ommr \bhoho,

sibrhhe, egtgfrmehhr`h ho ekca`h. Drmotho ho tkj`sibrke-

tho ammdtho ahc`kof vmo hho zhhr frggt ho lkjzgo`hrrkjd frmevhc`. Lkgsiggpfmofhrs drhfho hho ktha gvhr

`h gpfrmvkof vggrfhsibgthc` ko bht ^gcyfggojgurommc.

@h rhsuctmtho vmo `h gpfrmvkof vhr`whoho ko bhtzhce-

`h thapg ommr `h mribhgcgfho ko Mahrseggrt. Pgho `h

vgo`stho vggr bht hhrst mmo bht pulckhd whr`ho fh-

tggo`, wms `mt vhr luktho \bhoho, `h twhh`h ho `hr`h

dhhr ggd. Hr gotstgo` hokfh gpbhe go`hr `h \bhohosho

ho ko `h pcmmtshckjdh phrs, ammr `h rust `mmc`h whhr sohc

ohhr gvhr `h @go`hrlhrf. Okht ko `h vmdckthrmtuur. @h

\GL ko Mahrseggrt pulckihhr`h ko bht @ukts ho Ermos.

Lukthocmo`sh sphikmckstho vhrwhzho ommr \bhoho ko buo

whthosibmpphck jdh whrd. \bhoho cmf ko bht lrmo`puot

vmo `h mmo`mibt ho wms kothromtkgommc lhrgha`, ammr

okht ko \bhoho.



5

Akjo whrd mcs lurfhahhsthr lrhoft ah rhfhcamtkf

vhr luktho bht fhahhothbuks. Kd gotaght `h igcchfm‛s

lkooho Egg`Umcchy, kd gvhrchf aht fh`hputhhr`ho ko bht^rgvkoikhbuks ho kd ammd akjo gpwmibtkof lkj `hpmrth-

ahotho ko @ho Bmmf. \bhoho ks ko `kh fhsprhddho okht

mctkj` lrmo`puot, ammr lckjdt gp mcchrchk amokhrho gpfh-

ogaho ko hho frgthrh whrhc`.

Vkh vhr`hr ko `kt lghdjh chhst, zmc ahrdho `mt tus-

sho 968 ho 68> om Ibr. ’ `h fcglmch `mthrkof vmo bht

frmevhc` ’ `mt okht vhhc mo`hrs wms. Ggd `h frmvho vmo

\bhoho dhooho hho igothxt ho whhrspkhfhcho gotwkd-

dhckofho ko ammtsibmppkj, amibtsvhrbgu`kofho ho

ag`h. Ommst `kt lghdjh vhrsibkjot hho `kddh imtmcgfus

vmo ahhr `mo ==>> frmvho ho `ukzho`ho vgo`stho,

vggrzkho vmo kochk`ho`h bgge`studdho. Mcch mribhgcg-

fksibh koegramtkh wgr`t `kfktmmc gotscgtho. Lgvho`kho

wkj`t fhahhothaushua Bht \go`hhc ko smahowhrdkof

aht bht \kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho ukt Chk`ho hho

hxpgsktkh mmo bht frmevhc`. @mmr wgr`t fhtggo` wmmrmmo

\bhoho ah`h bmmr rgha `modt. Hxpgsktkh ho lghdjh zkjo

okht smahofhsthc` vggr `h vmdsphikmckstho, ammr vggr u

ho akj. Zg ks bht frmevhc` vmo `h @go`hrlhrf om zhstkf

jmmr whhr vgcgp thruf ko \bhoho. Kd lho thvrh`ho ho

trgts `mt bht G`ysshh-prgjhit \hvkvkof \bhoho gp `hzh

wkjzh ks mefhrgo`.

@rs. J.B.M. vmo Ggstrua

Lurfhahhsthr vmo \bhoho



;

Bgge`stud =

Hho cmofh fhsibkh`hoks

Cmmr, 6 ogvhalhr 288

Egcdhr twkjehct okht cmofhr. Bkj ks hho rkjd ho amib-

tkf amo, vggrmc `ggr zkjo frggtfrgo`lhzkt. Ammr bkj

wgr`t gu` ho bht lhsth vggr bha ks ko th trh`ho ko hho

dcggsthr. Ko zkjo tkj` ks hr whkokf dhuzh ko dcggsthrgr-

`ho. Egcdhr trhh`t ko lkj `h Lhoh`kitkjoho vmo Vhr`ho

mmo `h \ubr lkj Hssho. @mt dcggsthr sibhodt bkj mc zkjo

lhzkttkofho. Vmt bkj vmo zkjo vm`hrs dmot ho vmo zkjo

agh`hrs dmot hre`h, ckft vhrsprhk` gvhr bhhc bht tgho-

amckf lhwggolmrh oggr`ho ho ak``ho vmo bht cmo` ho

ggd ko Dhoohahrcmo`. Mcs zkjo fmst ’ hho agookd ukt

Vhr`ho ’ `h cmmtsth cmo`hrkjho, bghvho ho phrsgohhc

bhhet fhogthhr`, ks bkj aht zkjo dchkoh, prhikhzh fmozho-

vhhrchtthrtjhs mmofhdgaho gp `h mibthrdmot vmo bht `hr-

`h frgth vhc phrdmahot. Egcdhr dkjdt vgc`mmo tgh.

@h ggrdgo`h whr` go`hrthdho` gp twhh vhrsibkc-cho`h `mtm ho ko twhh vhrsibkccho`h pcmmtsho. Hhrst gp

6 ogvhalhr 288 ko Bcmrm. Lkj `h go`hrthdhokof zkjo

vhrsibkccho`h fhtukfho mmowhzkf, wmmrvmo `h omaho

gpfhsibrhvho zkjo: Bkc`krki, G`g, Brg`fhr, Hofkcrm`,

G`miimr, Pbkmtrki, Vucebhca, Mtbmcwmc`, Vmctbmlmo,

Pbkm`rm`, Mllg, Xokfhr ho Ymbsfhr. Gp => ogvhalhr

wgr`t ko Bchfkcg bht twhh`h `hhc go`hrthdho`. Ugcfhos

@h ggrdgo`h vmo Egcdhr wmmrkozkjo lhzkt ko ‒brmrm‛ (Cmmr),‒brhok‛ (\bhoho, gaikrdhc`)ho ‒rkalrmbtk‛ (\haahr`ho)wgr`t gpfhsga`, lhvko`tzkib ko bht mribkhe vmoOgr`rbhko-Vhstemcho.



=>

`h sibhodkofsmdth ckft Bchfkcg ko `h Lhtuwh. Vh duo-

oho okht ahhr omfmmo wmmr prhikhs. Bcmrm ks bht luurt-

sibmp Cmmr mmo `h vght vmo `h Cmmrsholhrf lkj \bhoho.

\bhoho zhce ho \haahr`ho wgr`ho `krhit om Cmmr ko `h

ggrdgo`h gpfhsga`.

Bht `giuahot vmo Egcdhr ks vggr bkstgrkik ho mribhg-

cgfho bht tgpjh vmo hho kjslhrf. Hho sibrkethckjd tgpjh: `h

rhst vmo `h kjslhrf mmo mribhgcgfksib amthrkmmc cmf go`hr

`h mmr`gpphrvcmdth. Bht ahhst gpahrdhckjdh `hhc vmo `h

lhrf ks whc bht rkjhofrmevhc` vmo `h @go`hrlhrf, ammr

rgo`ga ho ko `h `khpth ks hr vhhc ahhr. Bht ckjdt whc ge

@h @go`hrlhrf ckft gp `h oggr`ghvhrvmo `h \kjo, cmofs `h whf `kh vmo-ukt \haahr`ho rkibtkof `h dga vmo\bhoho cggpt. Pho oggr`ggstho vmo

`h @go`hrlhrf ckft `h Dghrbhuvhc.



==

`h gafhvkof vmo \bhoho hhuwhocmof hho ihotrua vmo

rkjd`ga ho amibt ks fhwhhst. Vh `mcho `h lhrf ako ge

ahhr ibrgogcgfksib me.

Umo bht hko` vmo `h vkhr`h tgt bht ak``ho vmo `h

mibtsth hhuw om Ibr. vgrat `h `grpsfhahhosibmp vmo

vrghfak``hchhuws \bhoho fhohrmtkh om fhohrmtkh hho

lhfrmmepcmmts. @kt frmevhc` bhhet hho gu`h dhro vmo rkjd

fhvuc`h frmvho ho thct ko tgtmmc ruka ==>> lkjzhttkofho:uroho aht irhamtkhrhstho ge lhfrmvkofho ko bgutho dks-

tho ge dmahrs. Bht ks ko =;8= gpfhfrmvho ho fhc`t ogf

sthh`s mcs bht frggtsth ho cmofst fhlrukdth frmevhc` ukt `h

Urghfh Ak``hchhuwho ko gos cmo`. Gvhr `h lkjzgo`hrh

vgo`stho ho spgrho ukt `mt frmevhc` ho gvhr wmt mribhg-

cgfho `mmr ukt duooho mechk`ho gvhr bht chvho vmo tgho

fmmo `h dgaho`h bgge`studdho.

@h stuwwmc wms lckjdlmmrggd hho fgh`h pchd vggr bhtvhrlhrfho vmo sibmho. Mmo `h frgth auotsibmt vmo\haahr`ho ckjdt om hho fhoh-rmtkh hho twhh`h zmd auothoth zkjo tghfhvghf`.



=<

Hho dwmrtkhr cgpho vmo bht frmevhc` vmo`mmo cmf hho

sibmt vhrlgrfho. @h auotsibmt vmo \haahr`ho lhstmmt

ko tgtmmc ukt ahhr `mo <0> vrghfak``hchhuwsh auo-tho, wmmrgo`hr ;2 fgu`ho trhaksshs, hho zkcvhrho `hom-

rkus ho =0= zkcvhrho sihmttm‛s, `mthrho` ukt `h zhs`h tgt

mibtsth hhuw. @h Ermodksibh trhaksshs vmo \haahr`ho

zkjo fhscmfho tussho 826 ho 56> om Ibr. Gpvmccho` ks

`mt gofhvhhr zhstkf prgihot vmo `h fgu`ho auotho ko

@grhstm` (bht buk`kfh Vkjd lkj @uursth`h) ks fhscmfho

ge omlggtskofho vmo @grhstm`-auotho zkjo. @h sihmt-

tm‛s zkjo ko Erkhscmo` fhauot ho wmrho ko gacggp tgtgastrhhds 68>. Bht fhahof`h dmrmdthr vmo `h vgo`st

(fgu`-zkcvhr, erkhs-ermodksib) ks uokhd, ammr ammdt bht

ggd aghkckjd ga `h sibmt fgh` th lhfrkjpho.

\ghrkfh tkj`ho vgraho vmmd mmochk`kof ga dgstlmmr

lhzkt th vhrlhrfho ho ga `h gafhvkof wmmr jh wggot

ho whrdt th vhr`h`kfho. Umo `mt cmmtsth fhtukft `h wmc-

lurf gp `h Bhkaholhrf, hho bmce uur wmo`hcho vmo bht



=9

frmevhc`. Ko <>>> whr` `h vhrsthrdkof vggr bht hhrst

fgh` go`hrzgibt. Zh lchhd smahofhsthc` ukt wmccho ho

frmibtho. @mt wms aht bht lcgth ggf whc zkibtlmmr, ammr`htmkcs ho hho vgcfgr`h vmo mmochf wmrho ogf okht lh-

dho`. Bht gu`sth amthrkmmc ukt `h gu`sth frmibt rgo` `h

luribt dgo fh`mthhr` wgr`ho gp 58>-6=> om Ibr. Ko ̀ kh

phrkg`h strh`ho Erkhsh ho Ermodksibh hckths ko `kt fhlkh`

ga `h amibt. @h kovcgh`ssehrho ko `h rhfkg wksshc`ho

bhrbmmc`hckjd. Bht ks aghkckjd vmst th sthccho ge `h mmo-

chf vmo `h luribt hho Erkhs ge hho Ermodksib k`hh wms,

ge akssibkho dwma vmo hho cgdmch lhvgcdkof `kh bhibt-th mmo gomebmodhckjdbhk` ho zkib thfho lhk`h vgcdhrho

wkc`h lhsibhraho. Uhrbmcho lrhofho `h Erkhsh dgokof

\m`lg` ho `h chfho`mrksibh rhus Bhkag (vm`hr vmo `h

Ukhr Bhhasdko`hrho) ko vhrlmo` aht `h luribt. @kh

vhrbmcho zkjo hibthr vhr`kibtkofho ukt cmthr hhuwho. Bht

^mogrmam vmome `h vrghf-ak``hchhuwsh wmclurf gp`h Bhkaholhrf rkibtkof bhtzuk`ho. Bht uktkzibt gvhr bhtrkvkhrhocmo` tggot `h ukthr-wmmr`ho, `h \kjo ho `h Lhtuwhmmo `h gvhrdmot vmo `h strgga.



=0

vhrbmmc vmo Bhkag fmmt whc thruf gp `h tkj` ho `h ga-

fhvkof vmo `h Dmrgckofksibh lhvhcbhllhr Dmrhc Amrthc,

`h sibrkd vmo `h Erkhzho. Amrthc chhe`h twhh ahoshofh-

ohrmtkhs cmthr `mo `h mmochf vmo `h \bhohosh wmclurf.

Uhrsthrdkofho vmo `h \gahkoho dhooho wh okht ukt

\bhoho. Zkj lchvho mmo gvhrdmot vmo `h \kjo, ammr zhsthc`ho whc prkjs gp fgh`h rhcmtkhs aht `h lurho gp `h

oggr`ghvhr. Mcs ko `h vkhr`h hhuw om Ibr. bht \gahkosh

rkjd lhfkot me th lrgddhcho ho `h rkjdsfrhozho go`hr `rud

dgaho th stmmo, ks bht vmo lhcmof th duooho rhdhoho

gp lgo`fhogtho mmo `h frhos ge thoakosth gp vrkho`-

sibmpphckjd fhzko`h lurho. Ko `kh vhrbgu`kofho aghtho

@h wmclurf gp `h Bhkaholhrfckft gp hho strmthfksib bggf puot gp bht hko`h vmo `h stuw-wmc. Umome `h luribt dgo jhbht bhch gackffho`h thrrhkogvhrzkho ho gvhr `h vmcchk bhho

dkjdho.



=8

wh akssibkho `h fgu`sibmt vmo Mibthrlhrf vmo rgo`

0>> om Ibr. gpvmttho. @kh sibmt ’ ge bht fgu` wmmrvmobkj fhammdt ks ’ dmo hho \gahkos rhcmtkhfhsibhod zkjo,

wmmrahh hho bgge`amo whr` fhpmmk` ge whr` lhcggo`

vggr vhrchho`h `khostho. @h sibmt whr` ko =;99 lkj bht

frmvho vmo frhpphcs got`hdt `ggr twhh cmo`mrlhk`hrs.

Zh lhstgo` ukt twhh fgu`ho bmcsrkofho ho hho frggt

fgu`ho hchahot, `mt lhzht wms aht h`hcsthhokaktmtkhs,

Fgu`ho bmcsrkofho wmrhoko `h vkhr`h-zhs`h hhuw bhtrhcmtkhfhsibhod lkj uktsthd vmochk`hrs mmo vhrtrguwhckofho howhr`ho zg hho stmtussyalggc.Zh whr`ho vmmd `ggr amooho fh`rmfho.



=5

ggd go`hr`hhc vmo hho bmcsdhttkof. Bht ks okht zhdhr `mt

`h skhrm`ho ëëo fhbhhc vgraho: bht geehrho ge vhrlhr-

fho dmo bkhr ggd mitkh zkjo fhwhhst vmo hodhch ahosho

smaho. Hho fgu`ho bmcsrkof wms ko `hzh tkj` hho `uur

fhsibhod, `mt `h `rmfhrs hrvmo vhhc mmozkho vhrsibmeth.

Hho amo vmo bggf mmozkho ks ggd lhfrmvho gp `h

Dghrbhuvhc, fhsktuhhr` tho oggr`ho vmo \bhoho ho

ou gpfhogaho ko hho okhuwlguwwkjd. Bkhr aght hho

frgth frmebhuvhc bhllho fhchfho, `kh ks vhr`whoho `ggr

hhuwhocmof pcghfho ho cmthr `ggr `h lguw vmo hho wm-

thrtgrho gp `kt k`hmch, bgfh puot. @h dhro vmo `h bhuvhc

Ko =2;5 whr` hho lrgozhozwmmr` vmo 6< ia cmof gpfhlmffhr` ukt `h \kjo thrbggfth vmo `h Frhllh. @kt typh‒Fóo`ckofhozwmmr`‛ `mthhrt

ukt `h mibtsth-zhvho`h hhuwvggr Ibr.

@h lrgozho haahrs ko hck-tmkrh frmvho ukt `h KJzhrtkj`dgaho ukt Zuk`-@uktscmo` hoGgsthorkjd. Bht wmrho hkfho-ckjd ahofvmtho vggr wkjo, `kh

ko bht oggr`ho hho euoitkh mcs frmeuro drhfho.



=6

aht bht frme cmf oht luktho `h aurho vmo `h wmthrtgrho.

@h wmthrtgrho whr` vhrlguw` tgt hho mppmrthahotho-

igapchx. Uggr `h fhwhosth pmrdhhrpcmmtsho aghst ko

=;;9 hho lgga pmc lkj `h tgrho wkjdho. Bht wgrthcfmtfme `h rhstmotho vmo go`hr ahhr hho frgth lrgozho ha-

ahr (sktucm ) prkjs. @kh haahr `kho`h lkj bht chvho vmo

`h hkfhommr wmmrsibkjockjd ga `h wkjo ko th cmtho rgo`-

fmmo. Vkjo ho lrgozho haahrs wmrho rgo` 6>> vggr

Ibr. stmtussyalgcho vmo `h lgvhosth pcmod. Haahrs

vmo `kt egrammt dhooho wh ko Oh`hrcmo` schibts `rkh:

`h lhdho`sth ukt bht hhrsth vgrsthofrme vmo Gss ho hhomo`hrh zgo`hr `uk`hckjdh igothxt ukt bht Ckalurfsh

Lmmrcg. Xkt bhtzhce`h frme gp `h Dghrbhuvhc dwmaho

go`hr`hcho vmo hho wmfho ho hho lrgozho lkjc: ggd hx-

icuskhvh stmtussyalgcho. Khts gu`hr `mo `h haahr ks

bht lkj \haahr`ho ukt `h \kjo gpfhlmffhr`h lrgozho

zwmmr`, `mt hvhohhos hho rkjd ho amibtkf hkfhommr fhbm`

zmc bhllho.

@h whhc`h mmo skhrm`ho ho wmphos `kh whr` mmofh-trgeeho ko bht rkjhofrmevhc` gp `h @go`hrlhrf stmmt `us

okht gp zkibzhce. Zh vgrat `h cmmtsth kccustrmtkh ko hho

cmofhr vhrbmmc gvhr whcvmmrt, amibt, stmtus ho prhstkfh

ko `h gafhvkof vmo \bhoho. Bht cmmtsth bgge`stud ukt

`mt =0>> jmmr cmofh vhrbmmc wgr`t bkhrgo`hr vhrthc`.



=;

Bgge`stud <

Got`hddkof ho gpfrmvkof

Jgbmo `h Drggo lmmct. @h whfholguwhr bm` hho aggkh

dcus mmofhogaho: bht vhrlrh`ho vmo `h rkjdswhf, wmmr`kh vmoukt bht whstho \bhoho lkoohodgat. \uka hho

jmmr fhch`ho wms `h trma`khost vmo Zhkst vkm \bhoho

ommr Mrobha gpfhbhvho. @h rmkcs mmo `h zuk`dmot vmo

`h whf dgo`ho hr ou ukt ho `h schue zgu fhvuc` wgr-

`ho aht zmo` vmo `h bgfh bhcckof mmo `h oggr`dmot.

Zg gotstgo` hr vgc`gho`h lrhh`th vggr hho ag`hroh,

vhkckfh mutgwhf. @mt zgu `h lhrhkdlmmrbhk` vmo \bhohoho bht oht mmofhchf`h lh`rkjvhothrrhko gp \haahr`ho

vhrlhthrho. Gp `kh amokhr dgo akssibkho `h higogakh

vmo bht ko `h ggrcgf zwmmr fhthksthr`h \bhoho ah`h

ukt bht scgp fhbmmc` wgr`ho. Pgib lmmct @h Drggo. Gp

`h hhrsth `mf vmo bht frmmewhrd ko `h bgfh lhra bhhet

zkjo amibkokst gpvmccho`h pgtsibhrvho ukt `h lmd vmo `h

frmmeamibkoh fhbmmc`. @h Drggo ks hho pckibtsfhtrguw

amo ho ahc`t `h vgo`st mmo `h \kjds`khost vggr bht

Gu`bhk`duo`kf Lg`hago`hrzghd (\GL). Zkjo amibk-

okst wggot ommst Vka Zmoho ’ fhahhothgotvmofhr ho

lhbhhr`hr vmo `h pcmmtshckjdh gu`bhk`dmahr ’ ho cmmt

bha ggd wmt sibhrvho zkho. Zmoho ks `h amo `kh vùùr

`h ggrcgf twhh frgo`whrdhrs hcd hho wkothrjms fme vggr

`h bmcsskhrm`ho `kh `h fgu`sibmt vmo Mibthrlhrf vgr-

Gp < ehlrumrk =;8= dwmabht Mcfhahho Oh`hrcmo`s^hrslurhmu egtg‛s amdho vmo`h gpfrmvkof. Zkibt ommr bhtggstho aht `h htsho vmo `hmrlhk`hrs mmo `h rmo` vmo bhtvcmd.



<>

Zkibt ommr bht ggstho, aht `hogf fhbmvho`h tgrho vmo `hIuohrm-dhrd ko \bhoho gp`h mibthrfrgo`. \hibtsmibthrstmmt `h frmmeamibkoh vmo ram @h Drggo, ckods hho vmo

`h tmlmdssiburho.

@h bhcckof vmo `h@go`hrlhrf whr` mefhfrmvho ga `h whf (ckods)th duooho vhrlrh`ho. @h frmvho cmfho `kibt go-`hr bht ammkvhc` ho mc lkj`h hhrsth ‒bmppho‛ zmo`rgc`ho hr sibhrvho ommrlhoh`ho.



<=

aho. Bkj go`hrdhot ggd bht lhcmof vmo `h vgo`st vmo

zkjo luurjgofho. @h Drggo lmmct, wmot zkjo aggkh dcus

ckft stkc. Bht zgu ukthko`hckjd zhces hho bmce jmmr fmmo

`urho.

Om `h ahc`kof vrmmft \GL-`krhithur ^.J. Fcmzham

ko hho lrkhe gp 6 `hihalhr =;8> mrlhk`sdrmibtho lkj

`h @khost Xktvghrkof Vhrdho ga bht thrrhko th go`hr-

zghdho. Mcs `h egramckthktho zkjo mefhwkddhc`, trhh`t gp

=8 jmoumrk =;8= zg‛o <8 amo vmo `h Vhrdvhrsibmeekof

mmo. Zh wgr`ho fhchk` `ggr vhc`thibokius Ihhs vmo

@uyo ho gpzkibthr \glhrt Pb. vmo `hr Fmr`ho vmo `h\GL. Zgmcs th zkho ks gp `h gpfrmvkofsegtg‛s, whr` aht

`h sibgp fhfrmvho ho bht zmo` aht drukwmfhos whffh-

vghr`. Hho vhrscmffhvhr vmo `h \gtthr`mash Ammslg`h

zmf bgh hr ckjoho fhspmooho whr`ho ga `h frmvho me th

thdhoho, `kh mmo `h dchur vmo bht zmo` th bhrdhooho

wmrho, om`mt hho fh`hhcth vmo bht thrrhko hhrst tgt hho

bmcvh ahthr go`hr bht ammkvhc` ‒fcm`‛ wms mefhfrmvho.

Gpzkibthrs Ihhs vmo @uyo(ckods) ho \glhrt vmo `hrFmr`ho (rhibts) pgshrho vggr`h phrsegtgfrmeho, thrwkjc zh kobht vhc` hho gpfhfrmvho lgcch pgt `giuahothrho.



<<

Ko ëëo ammo` wmrho zg mc <5> frmvho gphofhchf`. Hr

whr`ho ko `h phrkg`h vmo jmoumrk tgt ahk =;8= zg‛o tkho

frmvho phr `mf lcggtfhchf`, kofhthdho` gp `h pcmtth-

frgo` ho zgrfvuc`kf chhffhbmmc`. Ko ahk whr` `h gpfrm-

vkof mefhscgtho, ammr ko juok vgcf`h ogf `h gpfrmvkof

vmo hho dchko, mpmrt ckffho` `hhc mmo `h whstdmot vmo

bht frmevhc`.

Mc ko `h hhrsth whhd vmo `h gpfrmvkof vhrsibkjoho `h

hhrsth lhrkibtho ko `h rhfkgomch phrs. @h Xtrhibtsh h`ktkh

vmo Prguw ahc`t gp <> jmoumrk `mt bgfh euoitkgomrkssho

vmo \kjdswmthrstmmt ho `h lurfhahhsthr vmo \bhoho `hgpfrmvkof bhllho lhzgibt. Gp < ehlrumrk =;8= ammdth

bht MO^ egtg‛s ho ̀ mmrom vhrsibkjoho ggd ko ̀ h cmo`hckjdh

`mflcm`ho ho tkj`sibrketho mrtkdhcho gvhr `h gpfrmvkof.

Zh ahc`ho mcch ko gofhvhhr `hzhce`h lhwggr`kofho `mt

bht fmmt ga `h ‒frggtsth Ermodksibh lhfrmmepcmmts, `kh

tgt ogf tgh ko gos cmo` ks fhvgo`ho‛, ‒`h rkjdsth tgt ou

Ckods: Gp == ahk =;8= ammdthhho frggt fhzhcsibmp vmoukt`h \GL hho uktstmpjh ommr `hgpfrmvkof, wmmr oât `kh `mfhho frme aht hho lrgozho rkha-lhscmf wms gphofhchf` (gp `h

vggrfrgo`).

\hibts: Igoshrvmtgr V.I.Lrmmt vmo bht \kjdsaushuavmo Gu`bh`ho (ckods) ho bggf-chrmmr \. Cmur-Lhcmrt ukt Lmshc(rhibts) lukfho zkib tkj`hos `hhxiurskh gvhr bht zgjukst got-`hdth wmphofrme.



<9

tgh ko Oh`hrcmo` mmo bht ckibt fhdgaho Ermodksibh oh-

irgpggc‛, ge zhces ‒bht frggtsth Ermodksibh frmevhc` ggkt

ko `h fhsibkh`hoks lcggtfhchf`‛. Lkj `h phrsmmo`mibt ko

ehlrumrk zkho wh sthh`s `hzhce`h gpfrmvkofsegtg‛s. Ko `h

dgaho`h ammo`ho cmmt `krhithur Fcmzham hho shrkh eg-

tg‛s amdho vmo `h hhrsth sibggofhammdth vggrwhrpho.

@kh wgr`ho `modlmmr fhlrukdt ko `h vhr`hrh pulckik-thkt, `kh vggrt`uurt om`mt `h gpfrmvkof ko juok wgr`t

mefhscgtho. @h mrtkdhcho lhsibrkjvho mcch `mt hr amo-

ohofrmvho aht wmphos zkjo fhvgo`ho ho vrguwhofrm-

vho aht skhrm`ho ho fcmswhrd. Mcs lkjzgo`hrh vgo`stho

vhrahc`ho zh: hho <0 ia cmofh ‒rkjd fhgromahothhr`h

vhrfuc` zkcvhrho bmmrpho‛, hho ‒\ósshclhibhr‛ (scurelh-

dhr) `kh okht hhr`hr ko gos cmo` fhvgo`ho ks, hho `rkhtmc

Lkj `h gpfrmvkof whr`ho sibkc`dogppho vmmd lgvhokobht frme mmofhtrgho. @mt fhhet mmo `mt bht sibkc`, wmmr`h dogp gp zmt, gp `h `kibth dkst wms fhchf`. Bht bgutvmo `h sibkc`ho wms vhrfmmo.



<0

Bggfthpuot vmo `hkothromtkgomch mmo-`mibt vggr \bhoho wmshho egtgrhpgrtmfh ko `hKccustrmth` Cgo`goOhws vmo =; ehlru-mrk =;88. @h thdst ksvmo `h bmo` vmo MoomUgcfrm-\ghs.



<8



<5

bgutho, aht lrgos lhscmfho haahrs, hho fgu`ho auot

vmo `h \gahkosh dhkzhr Frmtkmous, ëëo vmo Momstmskus

ho twmmce pmmr`hofrmvho. Om `h gpfrmvkof vmo bht whs-

thckjdh `hhc aht `h ‒Cmmt-\gahkosh‛ frmvho dgat `mmr

sthhvmst `h vhrahc`kof lkj vmo hho lrhh` lrgozho rkha-

lhscmf, ogf mmowhzkf gp bht chhr. Om `h mescuktkof vmo

`h gpfrmvkof lhrkibt `h cmo`hckjdh phrs ogf hho mmotmc

dhhr ommr mmochk`kof vmo chzkofho `kh ko `h vgcfho`h

jmrho gvhr \bhoho wgr`ho fhfhvho. @kh dgpkj whhrspkh-

fhct bht ‒vggrtsibrkj`ho` kozkibt‛: `h frggtth vmo bht

frmevhc` ohhat ko `h dgcgaaho tgh vmo =9> x => ommr=5> x 0> ahthr, bht mmotmc frmvho vmo <5> ko `h hhrsth

ammo` ommr ‒205 gofhsibgo`ho frmvho‛ ho bht mmotmc

vgo`stho vmo =>>> ho =8>> ommr <>>> ho ukthko`hckjd

ahhr `mo 9>>>.

Om`mt `h puttho zkjo `kibtfhfggk` ho hho cmoffh-

rhdt stud frgo` rkjp ks fhammdt vggr `h mmochf vmo `h

vhrlrh`h \kjdsstrmmtwhf, ckft hho gvhrsthcpho`h bghvhhc-bhk` vgo`stho ho `giuahotmtkh ko `h `hpgts vmo `h

\GL ko Mahrseggrt. @h `khost ks maphr vkhr jmmr hhr-

`hr gpfhrkibt ho stmmt ogf ko bmmr dko`hrsibghoho. Bht

frmevhc` vmo \bhoho lckjdt lkooho Oh`hrcmo` gogvhr-

trgeeho frggt vmo gavmof, `h frmvho gogvhrtrgeeho tmc-

rkjd, `h fhlrukds`uur vmo bht vhc` gogvhrtrgeeho cmof

ho `h vgo`stho vmo lkjzgo`hr bgfh dwmckthkt. @h \GLzkt aht hho impmikthktsprglchha `mt aht vhhc hkfho ko-

spmookofho, aht omah `kh vmo Jmmp [phy, wgr`t mmo-

fhpmdt. [phy pulckihhrt ko `h jmrho ‛6> hodhch mrtkdh-

cho aht vggrcgpkfh rhsuctmtho ho pcmtthfrgo`ho. Ko `h

jmrho ‒;> bgu`t Moohtth Vmfohr zkib gvhr hho cmofhrh

phrkg`h aht go`hrlrhdkofho lhzkf aht bht amthrkmmc.

Phoscgtth ks bht sthh`s whhr gp`ukdho`h impmikthkts-



<6

prglchha `modzkj fhc` ukt bht G`ysshh-prgjhit vmo bht

akoksthrkh vmo GIV ho `h kozht vmo `h Oh`hrcmo`sh

Grfmoksmtkh vggr Vhthosibmpphckjd Go`hrzghd (OVG)

ho hho frghp igoshrvmtgrho ho go`hrzghdhrs zhstkf jmmr

cmthr gpfhcgst.

@h rhsuctmtho vmo bht go`hrzghd ho vmo `kvhrsh am-

thrkmmcmomcyshs zkjo ou hko`hckjd kothfrmmc fhpulckihhr`

ko hho `kddh imtmcgfus ho wgr`ho `kfktmmc gotscgtho.

Ggd `kt lghdjh ammdt `hhc ukt vmo bht prgjhit. Bht prg-

lhhrt ommr mmochk`kof vmo `mt go`hrzghd hhrst bht frme-

vhc` vmo \bhoho th pcmmtsho ko dm`hrs vmo rukath, iuc-tuur ho whrhc`lhsibguwkof ho thoscgtth amibt. @mmrom

prhshothhrt bht hodhch rhprhshotmtkhvh ho lkjzgo`hrh frm-

vho ukt `h imtmcgfus ho lrhoft `kh ko vhrlmo` aht `h

ahosho `kh ko bht vrghfak``hchhuwsh \bhoho chhe`ho.

Jmmp [phy (rhibts) bkhc` zkib jmrhocmof lhzkf aht `h ahtmmc-

vgo`stho vmo \bhoho. Bkhr fhhet bkj uktchf mmo dgokofko Juckmom lkj bmmr lhzghd mmo `h\GL ko =;88 (ckods `krhithurFcmzham).



<;

Bgge`stud 9

Bht frmevhc` ho zkjo dm`hrs

\ukath

Zhstkf jmmr ckft tussho `h gpfrmvkof ho `hzh pulckimtkh,

ammr wmt `h \GL bm` fhvgo`ho ko \bhoho stgo` whc

lkooho hho pmmr `mfho vmst: hho frmevhc` ukt `h Urghfh

Ak``hchhuwho.

Cmmr ’ `h vhragh`hckjdh wggopcmmts vmo Egcdhr ’

bm` hho frmevhc` ukt `hzhce`h tkj`, `mt lkj gotfkookofho

ko =2;9 ks gpfhruka`. Ko bht omlurkfh Vmfhokofho, hc-`hrs gp `h Uhcuwh (Hrahcg, Fmr`hrho, ^uttho), ko `h

Mibthrbghd (Ckhvhc`h) ho ahhr strggagpwmmrts cmofs

`h \kjo (Drhehc`-Fhcchp) ho whsthckjd gp `h Xtrhibtsh

Bhuvhcruf zhce (Chhrsua) wmrho vrghfak``hchhuwsh

frmevhc`ho mc lhdho` `ggr gpfrmvkofho ukt `h jmrho ‛<>

ho ‛9>. Ggd ko bht oggr`ho ho whstho vmo Oh`hrcmo`

wmrho mmo bht lhfko vmo `h twkotkfsth hhuw `kt sggrt

frmevhc`ho vhrstggr` ho gotfrmvho. @hzh dhooks ammdth

`h bhrdhookof vmo \bhoho vcgt ho aghkthcggs.

Mcs `h gpfrmvkof vmo \bhoho ks mefhcgpho, fmmt `h

Vh`hrgplguw vmo Oh`hrcmo` fhwggo vggrt. Vhfho

wgr`ho mmofhpmst mmo bht tghohaho` mutgvhrdhhr, sth-

`ho lrhk`ho ukt, okhuwh frmevhc`ho dgaho mmo bht ckibt.

Gp `h dmmrt vmo Jmigl vmo@hvhothr ukt =886-=869 ks`h @go`hrlhrf zkibtlmmrtho oggr`ho vmo `h whf.Ckodslgvho stmmo fmcfho fhthdho`: bkhr whr`ho thrhibt-

sthcckofho uktfhvghr`.



9>

Bht dmmrtlhhc` ko `h gafhvkof vmo \bhoho rmmdt ggd

fhvuc`hr: Ko Hcst (=;2>), ko \haahr`ho (=;22) ho ko

Mibthrlhrf (=;8< ho =;;5) wgr`ho vrghfak``hchhuwsh

frmevhc`jhs got`hdt. @mt vmo Hcst-‛t Vgu` ks vmo fhak`-

`hc`h gavmof. @h frggtth vmo `h mo`hrh ks okht lhdho`,

ga`mt `kh okht igapchht zkjo gpfhfrmvho. @hzh vgo`-

stho wkjzho hrgp `mt hcd `grp ho luurtsibmp cmofs `h

ecmodho vmo `h Xtrhibtsh Bhuvhcruf hho vrghfak``hc-

hhuws frmevhc` aght bhllho fhbm`.

Bht wms okht vggr bht hhrst `mt `h @go`hrlhrf lkj

\bhoho whr` uktfhdgzho vggr lhfrmvkofho. Pkj`hos bht

go`hrzghd lchhd `mt ko `h vrghfh Lrgostkj` (rgo` =2>>

vggr Ibr.) hho `g`h aht hho zgfhbhtho wkddhc`rmm`pgt

Bht Mituhhc Bggfthlhstmo`Oh`hrcmo` tggot `h stuw-wmccho vmo \bhoho hoVmfhokofho, aht `h Fhc`hrshUmcchk hrtussho. Bht frmevhc`gp `h @go`hrlhrf ks fhamr-dhhr` aht hho rg`h stkp.



9=

ko hho frmebhuvhc ks lkjfhzht. Hodhch vrghfak``hchhuwsh

frmvho ckffho dhurkf ak``ho ko drkoffrhpphcs `kh bgrho

lkj hho urohovhc` vmo rgo` =>>> vggr Ibr. Khts vmo `mt

urohovhc` aght rgo` 8>> om Ibr. `us ogf zkibtlmmr

fhwhhst zkjo. Ggd zkjo hr tussho `h frmvho akosthos vkhr

aht prhbkstgrksib mmr`hwhrd.

Iuctuur ho whrhc`lhsibguwkof

Pkj`hos buo vhrgvhrkofho ho vggrlkj ̀ h frhozho vmo buo

rkjd rmdho `h \gahkoho ko igotmit aht hho vhhcbhk` mmo

lhvgcdkofsfrghpho, `kh `ggr bho mcfhahho ‒Fhramoho‛

wgr`ho fhogha`. \gahkosh fhsibkh`sibrkjvhrs amdho

ahc`kof vmo tmc vmo dchkohrh frghphrkofho ’ wmmrgo-

`hr `h Erkhzho ’ ho sthccho om vhrcggp vmo tkj` ggd vmst

Frme 5=0 ks ëëo vmo thoakosthvkhr frmvho ukt `h KJzhrtkj`, thbhrdhooho mmo bht mmr`hwhrd.@hzh pgho wmrho ahhstmc mcsuroho fhlrukdt ho zkjo cmthr kobht vrghfak``hchhuwsh frme-vhc` kofhscgtho.



9<

@h trm`ktkh vmo vrghfak``hchhuwsh

frmevhc`ho cmofs \kjo ho Amms lguwt

vggrt gp `h \gahkosh trm`ktkh, ammr

vhrsibkct hr ggd `uk`hck jd vmo. Ggd `h

\gahkoho lhstha`ho studdho frgo`

luktho `h oh`hrzhttkof tgt lhfrmme-pcmmts, `kh aht `h fhohrmtkhs sthh`s

vhr`hr ukt`kj`ho. Mmo `h rmo` vmo

bht \gahkosh \kjd `rmfho \gahkosh

frmevhc`ho hho sthrd akcktmkr stha-

phc: zhdhr ko chfkghopcmmtsho gvhr-

bhhrsho amoohofrmvho. Ggd lckjdho

\gahkoho gp bht puot vmo frmefketho

wmt lhsibhk`hohr `mo `h fhckjdtkj-

`kfh Lmtmvho ge cmthrh Ermodho. Mmo

`kh frmefketho bhrdhooho wh ggd vhr-

sibkccho, ga`mt aho ou hhoammc mo-

`hr vmmtwhrd, fcms ho skhrm`ho bm`.

Lgvho`kho: \gahkoho zmtho okht gp

`h Oggr`ghvhr vmo `h \kjo ho hho

\gahkosh wmphorustkof wms rkjdshk-

fho`ga ho whr` ko `h rhfhc okht aht`h `g`h ahhfhfhvho. Lkj Ermodho,

Erkhzho ho Ymdsho wms `h wmphorus-

tkof phrsggockjd hkfho`ga ho fkof

vmmd ahh ko bht frme. @kh vhrsibkccho

ko bht frmerktuhhc ho `h frmekovhotm-

rks wmrho ukt hhr`hrh gpfrmvkofho ko

Oh`hrcmo`, Lhcfkä ho @uktscmo` lh-

dho` ho bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho

dgo `krhit bhrdho` wgr`ho mcs hho

‒Ermodksib‛ frmevhc`.

Bht fhlrukd vmo `h ahhsth vrghfak`-

`hchhuwsh frmevhc`ho hko`kft rgo`

6>> ge ko ̀ h cggp vmo ̀ h mibtsth hhuw.

@mt bhhet wmmrsibkjockjd th amdho aht

`h ammtsibmpphckjdh miihptmtkh vmo

bht ibrkstho`ga ko `h phrkg`h 6>>-=>>>. @mmrlkj bggrt hho vhrmo`hrkof

ko lhfrmmerktuhcho ’ fhho vggrwhrpho

ahhr ko bht frme ’ ho okhuwh whosho

aht lhtrhddkof tgt `h pchd wmmr whr`

lhfrmvho. @h rkjhofrmevhc`ho wgr`ho

vhrcmtho ho hr dgaho igoihotrmtkhs

vmo frmvho rgo`ga hho dhrd ge dm-

phc, `kh wh dhrdbgvho oghaho. Gp

`h @go`hrlhrf bhhet zgvhr wh whtho

oggkt hho dhrd ge dmphc fhstmmo.

\gahkos frmevhc` - vrghfak``hchhuws frmevhc` ’ ibrksthckjd dhrdbge



99

`mt `kh stmaaho zkib vhrhokfho tgt frgthrh vhrlmo`ho,

zgmcs ’ wmt `h \gahkoho oghaho ’ `h Ermodho. Mc `kh

htkdhttho sibhppho hho zhdhrh gr`hokof. @kh gr`hokof

ho lhfrhozkof suffhrhhrt hho zhdhrh k`hotkthkt, ammr ge`mt k`hotkthktsfhvghc lkj kh`hrhho ko `h smahochvkof tus-

sho `h grho zmt, lckjet `h vrmmf. Bht dhoohckjdh fhamd

wmmrahh stmavhrlmo`ho wgr`ho fhsahh`, `ght vhr-

agh`ho `mt `h go`hrckofh vhrsibkccho okht bhhc frggt

wmrho. Mribhgcgfksib amthrkmmc ukt oh`hrzhttkofho ho

frmevhc`ho vmo `kh phrkg`h ks gotghrhkdho` ga vrmfho

ommr k`hotkthkt lhvrh`kfho` th lhmotwggr`ho. Vhc ks hrvhrsibkc wmmrohhalmmr tussho ‒Ermodksibh‛ ho ‒Erkhsh‛

bukspcmtthfrgo`ho.

Hho ako`hrbhk` vmo ‒`h Ermodho‛ ko Fmcckä lhdhhrt

zkib sibggrvghtho` tgt bht Ibrkstho`ga. Gvhrkfhos

igoihotrhhrt bht fhcgge ko Ibrkstus zkib vggrmc ko `h

sth`ho vmo Fmcckä ho `kh stm`slhvgcdkof ohhat me ko `h

om`mfho vmo bht \gahkosh \kjd. Bht ibrkstho`ga drkjftlkj `h Ermodksibh vgcdhrho mcchslhbmcvh vmsth vght mmo `h

frgo`, ammr bht wgr`t hr whc pgpucmkr`hr `mo bht ggkt

lkj ‒`h Erkhzho‛ zmc wgr`ho.

Amibt

Ermodho `rkofho fhchk`hckjd `h \gahkosh prgvkoikhs

Fhramokä ho Fmcckä lkooho. Ko hhrsth kostmotkh vhstkfhozkj zkib ko bht \kvkhrhofhlkh` ho wgr`ho `mmr `ggr `h

\gahkoho fh`ggf`. Cmthr trhddho zh vhr`hr ommr bht

zuk`ho. Lhdho` zkjo `h pgfkofho vmo `h \gahkoho ga

bho lgo`fhoggt ho `mmrahh lhcmstkofpckibtkf th amdho.

Erkhzho zhttho `h bmddho ko `h dchk. Zh bhcpho ko `h

@rkhbghdkfh vhrskhrkof aht fhzkibt vmo `h haahr ukt frme659.



90



98

Kaprhsskh vmo bht frmevhc` gp `h @go`hrlhrfko `h zhvho`h hhuw om Ibr., fhzkho vmoukt bht

ggstho. @h lhfrmmepcmmts lhscghf hho cmoffh-rhdt thrrhko ho `h frmukcho wmrho ko ggst-whsthckjdh rkjho gvhr `h bhcckof vhrsprhk`. Ggdrhstho vmo gu`hrh frmvho, zgmcs `h drkoffrhpphcs rhibts, aghtho ogf zkibtlmmr zkjo fh-whhst. Bht frmevhc` ks cmof ko fhlrukd fhwhhstho rmmdth ukthko`hckjd `kibtlhzht. Pgib bghetbht okht ahhr `mo hho tkhotmc lkjzhkofho phr jmmr th bhllho fhdho`. Xkt hxphrkahothhc go-

`hrzghd whtho wh `mt dukcho aht lhfrmvkofho jmrhocmof zkibtlmmr lckjvho, ggd mcs hr mcwhhr frms gvhrbhho frghkt. Lgvho`kho zmc hho `hhcvmo `h frmvho fhahrdt zkjo fhwhhst, aht hhobgutho ge sthoho amrdhrkof. @h lhfrmmepcmmtsaght `us hho zhhr bhrdholmmr thrrhko zkjo fh-whhst, wmmr hho frggt mmotmc frmvho zkibtlmmrwms, sgaakfh lhthr `mo mo`hrh. Ahosho ukt

`h gafhvkof zuccho hrommr tgh fhfmmo zkjo,okht mcchho ga th lhfrmvho, ammr ggd ga th fh-`hodho. Ge bht thrrhko golhfrghk` wms, whthowh okht zhdhr, ammr tkj`hos `h gpfrmvkof zkjohr fhho lgaho mmofhtrgho tussho `h frmvho.Fhlmshhr` gp mc `kt sggrt fhfhvhos cmmt `hzhrhigostruitkh, fhthdho` `ggr Amrtko Umcdbg,zkho bgh jh jh `h @go`hrlhrf duot vggrsthcchotgho bht frmevhc` vgcgp ko fhlrukd wms.

LE‛hrs (hho Ermod ho hho Erkhs) @hzhce`h LE‛hr ohhat hhoIb k ckjd k



95

@h Ermodksibh chk`hr Icgvks cmmt zk jo vm`hr

Ibkc`hrkd ogf gp trm`ktkgohch wkjzh lhfrm-

vho ko bht Lhcfksibh @ggrokd, aht tmcrkj-

dh cuxuhuzh lkjfketho ho lkjzhttkofho vmo

pmmr`ho. Icgvks zhce wgr`t aht ako`hrprmibt ho prmmc ko `khos okhuwh bgge`stm`

^mrkjs thr rusth fhchf`. Bkj buw`h hho lh-

dhhr`h prkoshs ho ckht zkjo dko`hrho `gpho,

ammr ckjdt zhce th mmrzhcho mcs `kh dko`hrho

jgof sthrvho. Xkthko`hckjd lhdhhrt bkj zkib

ho cmmt zkib `gpho, mc ks okht hxmit lhdho`

ko whcd jmmr. Bht dmo ukthrckjd ko 8>2 fh-

whhst zkjo.

\uka twhh hhuwho cmthr trhdt `h Erkhsh

chk`hr \m`lg` zkjo vght sibkhckjd thruf ukt

`h `ggpvgot mcs tgt bha `ggr`rkoft `mt

bkj zkib, `ggr zkjo `ggp, ko bht bkhrom-

ammcs okht dmo bhrhokfho aht zkjo vggrgu-

`hrs. @kh lckjvho kaahrs ko `h bhc, bgu`t

`h prkhsthr bha vggr, thrwkjc bkj `ggr zkjo`ggp ommr `h ibrksthckjdh bhahc zmc fmmo.

\m`lg` lh`modt.

Ibrksthckjdh prkoshs ahh ommr\bhoho

@h gvhrvmc vmo `h Erkhzho gp Dhucho ks

aht hokfh fgh`h wkc thruf th vko`ho ko `h

chfho`h vmo `h Bhkckfh Iuohrm, mc tggot`mmr ’ vgcfhos hho hhuwho cmthr gpfhsibrh-

vho vhrbmmc ’ rgvhrbgge`amo \m`lg` zkjo

lmrabmrtkfh dmot. Zkjo fhvgcf jmmft wkc-

chdhurkfh kowgohrs vmo Dhucho gvhr `h

dckof ho ggd tghvmcckfh vggrlkjfmofhrs mcs

`h Hofhcsh prkoshs Xrsucm ho bmmr ==.>>>

ammf`ho. Ammr bkj gotehrat zkib gvhr ëëo

vmo bho ’ Iuohrm ’ ga bmmr ahh th ohaho

ommr zkjo dmsthhc gp ….. `h Bhkaholhrf

lkj \bhoho. @h wmclurf stmmt hr ko 6=5

ogf okhuw lkj. \ghrkfh tkj`ho, vmfh lhhc-

`ho, ‒emotmstksibh‛ vhrlmo`ho.

@h vgo`stho ukt bht frme vmo Ibkc`hrki,zgmcs `hzh kofhchf`h vhrfuc`h zwmmr`- frhhp, lhvko`ho zkib ko bht Imlkoht `hs

Motkquktës vmo `h Omtkgomch Lkckgtbhhdvmo Ermodrkjd ko ^mrkjs.

@h lhdhrkof vmo dgokof Icgvks wgr`t fhzkho mcs bht lhfko vmo bht ibrkstho-`ga vmo `h Ermodho. Zkjo `ggp ks mefh-

lhhc` gp hho kvgrho pcmodjh ukt `h oh- fho`h hhuw ko bht aushua vmo Makhos.



96

hhrsth `hihookm vmo gozh jmmrthcckof vhrbko`hrho `mt `h

\gahkoho buo rkjdsfrhos vhrchffho vmo `h \kjo ommr `h

Hclh ho go`hrohaho cmthr rggetgibtho gp `h Fmccksibh

(Lhcfksibh) dust.

Ommramth bht \gahkos fhzmf tmmot, amokehsthrho

Ermodho zkib `uk`hckjdhr ko Fmcckä ho ohaho ko `hcho hr-

vmo `h amibt vmo `h \gahkoho gvhr. Ggd rgo` Dhuchogotstmmt hho lhcmofrkjd Ermodksib ihotrua. Ko `hzhce-

`h phrkg`h lrhk`ho Erkhzho buo kovcgh`ssehhr cmofs `h

Oggr`zhhdust ukt. Ko `h zhvho`h hhuw ckjdho ‒Ermodho‛

ho ‒Erkhzho‛ th lgtsho mcs zh hcdmmr ko Ak``ho-Oh`hrcmo`

@h <; lkjcho vmo \bhoho bhl-lho `kvhrsh vgraho, vmo hibthwhrplkjcho tgt lrhh` uktcgpho`hhxhapcmrho vggr bgutlhwhr-dkof. Lkj ogg` dgo jh zh om-tuurckjd mcchammc mcs wmpho fhlrukdho.



92

bhrbmmc`hckjd thfhodgaho. @h fhfhvhos zkjo sibmmrs ho

bkstgrkik drkjfho schibts hho ermfahotmrksib lhhc` vmo `h

fhlhurthokssho ko `hzh phrkg`h.

Mmo bht hko` vmo `h zhs`h hhuw dgat bht vggramckfh\gahkosh imsthccua Prmkhitua ’ fhchfho go`hr bht buk-

`kfh @gapchko ko Xtrhibt ’ agfhckjd ko bmo`ho vmo

Ahrgvkofho, zgmcs Ermodksibh omzmtho vmo buo chk`hr

Ahrgvhib fhogha` wgr`ho. Hr vhrrkjst gp `hzh pchd

rgo` 59> hho dhrdjh. Bht ks `h lh`ghckof vmo `h stkibthr

vmo `h dhrd, dgokof @mfglhrt, ga vmoukt `kt dhrdjh `h

dhrsthokof vmo `h Erkhzho th cmtho lhfkooho. Phvhrfhhes:ko 58> scmmo Erkhzho `h Ermodksibh bhhrshrs thruf ho

vhrwghstho bht dhrdjh. Umome `mt agahot ks Xtrhibt



9;

vggr cmofhrh tkj` ko bmo`ho vmo `h Erkhsh dgokof Mc`fksc

ho cmthr vmo zkjo gpvgcfhr \m`lg`. Mc`sfksc rhsk`hhrt ko

Xtrhibt ho gotvmoft `mmr Vkcerkh`, lkssibgp vmo [grd

ko zkjo pmchks. Uhragh`hckjd vhrgvhrho `h Erkhzho ggd`h Xtrhibtsh Bhuvhcruf ho `hcho vmo bht mmoscuktho-

`h rkvkhrhofhlkh`. Ko `mt fhvmc `khot `h wmclurf gp `h

Bhkaholhrf ’ mmofhchf` ho ahhrammcs vhrlguw` tus-

sho 58> ho 6=> ’ ga Ermodksibh thfhoammtrhfhcho me

th scmmo. Ko 5;8 vko`t hr lkj @grhstm` hho egrsh sibhr-

autshckof pcmmts tussho Ermodho ho Erkhzho. @h Erkhzho

wgr`ho vhrscmfho. Zh ckddho buo wgo`ho ho trhddhozkib thruf, ammr fhvho zkib ogf okht fhwgooho. Pgt `h

`gg` vmo dgokof \m`lg` ko 6=; lckjvho `h Erkhzho `h

Ermodho `wmrszkttho ho vghrho sgas wmrh buzmrhostud-

jhs ukt, zgmcs \m`lg`s vcggtmmovmc gp Dhucho ko bht bmrt

vmo bht Ermodksibh mibthrcmo` ko 6=5.



0=

Bgge`stud 0

Frme ho kobgu`

Bht ckjdt whc ge bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho zkib hho dchkoh

vkhr hhuwho cmof thak``ho vmo `hzh lhwhfkofho ko bht

ggf vmo `h stgra lhvko`t. Bht m`hat vmozhcesprhdho`h

rust ukt, fhchk`hckjdbhk` ho igotkouçthkt, go`hr hho zg th

ggr`hcho whcvmrho`h lhvgcdkof. Zgu`ho `kh fhsibkh`-

vhrbmcho vmo dgokofho, chfhrs ho vhc`scmfho hho vhrth-

dho` lhhc` fhvho vmo bht chvho vmo mcch`mf7 Yphhc`h bht

igoihpt vmo Erkhsh ge Ermodksibh k`hotkthkt whc zg‛o lh-

cmofrkjdh rgc ko `h `grpho gp `h Bhuvhcruf7 Bht ks ukt

`h frmvho okht ahhr me th chzho. Vmt zkho wh `mo whc ko bht mribhgcgfksibh amthrkmmc

vmo `h @go`hrlhrf7

Emshs ko bht frmevhc`

Om hho gpfrmvkof ks bht mmo mribhgcgfho ga `h vhr-

zmahc`h fhfhvhos th gr`hoho ho bht fhvgo`hoh th ko-thrprhthrho. @h ruka ==>> frmvho vmo `h @go`hrlhrf

aghtho wgr`ho fhimtmcgfkshhr` ho kofh`hhc` ko typh ho

phrkg`h. Bgh fmmt `mt ko zk jo whrd ho gvhr whcdh ahtbg-

`hs lhsibkdt hho mribhgcggf (a/v)7

@h dokdpgt ukt frme 5>.



0<

Mcs lkj bht `hcvho vmo hho frmedukc hho gu`hr frme

fhrmmdt wgr`t, duo jh `mt cmthr mribhgcgfksib vmststhc-

cho. Jh zkht tkj`hos `h gpfrmvkof `h fmvh rhibtbghd vmo

ëëo frmedukc ho `h go`hrlrgdho rhibtbghd vmo `h mo-`hrh dukc. @h jgofhrh dukc gvhrsokj`t `h gu`hrh. @h fmvh

dukc ks jgofhr `mo `h lhsibm`kf`h, ammr bghvëëc jgofhr

dmo okht mctkj` wgr`ho lhpmmc`. Lgvho`kho zkjo okht mcch

frmedukcho gvhrsoh`ho, zg`mt okht vmo bht bhch frmevhc`

`h rhcmtkhe gu`hrh vmo `h jgofhrh frmvho th sibhk`ho vmc-

cho. Ga `h gotwkddhckof vmo bht frmevhc` om th fmmo,

aght `us ommr mo`hrh `kofho wgr`ho fhdhdho.@h frmekovhotmrks lkh`t ggd mmodogpkofspuotho vggr

hho `mthrkof vmo bht frme wmmrko `h lkjfketho wgr`ho

mmofhtrgeeho. Ko frmvho ahhfhfhvho auotho zgu`ho

hho lrukdlmrh `mthrkof duooho fhvho. @h \gahkoho

lrmibtho gvhr bhhc Hurgpm `hzhce`h auotho ko ga-

cggp aht `mmrgp `h lhhcthoks vmo `h bhhrsho`h dhkzhr ge

@kvhrsh \gahkosh ho ggd cm-thrh auotho zkjo fh`rmfho mcsbmofhrtjhs ge hrfhos gp vmst- fhommk`. @mmrvggr whr` hho fmmtjh fhscmfho, okht ogg`zmdh-ckjdhrwkjs ko `h ‒lgvhodmot‛.

Fgu`ho auotho dgaho ko

`h Ahrgvkofksibh whrhc`vmmd mcs (hokfh) frmefket vggr.@hzh fgu`ho sgck`us vmo `hLyzmotkjosh dhkzhr Momstmskus(0;=-8=2 om Ibr.) cmf ko frme9=8.



09

vmo zkjo vrguw. @h auot ks ko `h rhfhc fhscmfho tkj`hos

bht lhwko` vmo `h mefhlhhc`h dhkzhr. Ggd ko cmthr hhu-

who amdho `h omaho vmo dgokofho, auotahhsthrs ho

auotpcmmtsho ho `h fhlrukdth syalgckhd gp fhc`stud-dho `uk`hckjd wmoohhr `hzh prhikhs zkjo fhscmfho. Ammr

auotho `kh fhho whttkf lhtmmcak``hc ahhr wmrho, lch-

vho vmmd ogf hhuwhocmof lhwmmr` ho (bhr)fhlrukdt. Ko

`h Urghfh Ak``hchhuwho zkjo \gahkosh auotho buo

fhwkibt ko fgu` ge zkcvhr ogf sthh`s wmmr`. Lgvho`kho

drhfho zh sgas `h euoitkh vmo tmcksamo, zgmcs ko \bhoho

`h tkhotmccho vhrschtho hxhapcmrho wmmrvmo bmofhrtjhszkjo fhammdt `ggr hr hho fmmtjh ko th scmmo. @h rkjdh ko-

vhotmrks vmo frme 0=9 (`h ouaahrkof ks vmo `h mribhg-

cgfho) chvhr`h vkhr \gahkosh auotho gp. @h tkj`s`khpth

tussho `h gu`sth ho `h jgofsth auot lh`rmmft hho dchkoh

8>> jmmr ho bht frme aght jgofhr zkjo `mo `h jgofsth

auot. @hzh vgo`st lhom`rudt `mt ko \bhoho auotho

omuwhckjds mcs `mthrkofak``hc lhout duooho wgr`ho.@h ahhsth auotho `kh ko bht frmevhc` zkjo fhvgo`ho,

lckjdho gu` ho/ge hxgtksib. Hho vggrlhhc` vmo gu` ks

hho `ggrlggr`h zkcvhrho auot vmo `h \gahkosh sgc`m-

thodhkzhr Motgokokmous Fgr`kmous KKK ukt <92-<00 (frme

9=). Hxgtksib ks lkjvggrlhhc` hho `ggrlggr`h zkcvhrho

auot vmo `h Ggst-\gahkosh dhkzhr Justkokmous ukt 888-

858 (frme 90=). Bht frgs vmo `h auotho ko `h frmvho

`mthhrt ukt `h twhh`h ho `hr`h hhuw om Ibr. ho wms `us

gu`, ammr ggd auotho ukt `h ‒hkfho‛ zhs`h ho zhvho`h

hhuw dgaho vggr.

Ummtwhrd ks hho vhhcfhlrukdt bucpak``hc lkj bht lh-

pmcho vmo `h gu`hr`ga vmo hho frme. @kt fhc`t zgwhc

vggr vmmtwhrd vmo mmr`hwhrd mcs vggr `mt vmo fcms. Lhk`h

Zkcvhrho bmcvh styim vmo `hLyzmotkjosh dhkzhr Justkokmous(888-858 om Ibr.), fhscmfhoko \mvhoom, ukt frme 90=. @hGgst-\gahkosh auot ks `ggr-lggr` ga fh`rmfho th duoohowgr`ho.

Zkcvhrho `homrkus vmo Motgokous ^kus, \gahkos

dhkzhr ko =8>-=8= om Ibr.@h auot ks fhvgo`ho ko frme292, `mt zhdhr <>> jmmr cmthrks mmofhchf`: bht lhvmh ggdhho cmmt-vkhr`h-hhuwsh fcmzho`hudlhdhr.



00

zkjo sthrd mmo ag`h go`hrbhvkf ho lrhhdlmmr, wmmr-

`ggr zh tghothrtkj` sohc vhrvmofho whr`ho. Lgvho`kho

ks mmr`hwhrd hho amssmprg`uit wmmrmmo ako`hr wmmr-

`h wgr`t fhbhibt `mo mmo h`hcahtmmc: bht wgr`t sohc-chr mefh`modt. Fcms whr` lhsibguw` mcs dgstlmmr`hr,

ammr fkof `ggr zkjo lrhhdlmmrbhk` oggkt zg cmof ahh mcs

vggrwhrpho vmo ahtmmc ho wms lgvho`kho omuwhckjds th

rhpmrhrho. Bht fcmswhrd ukt `h \bhohosh frmvho lhstmmt

frgtho`hhcs ukt `rkodfcmzho. @mmrommst dgaho hodhch

dgaahtjhs vggr. Uhrfhchdho aht mo`hrh frmevhc`ho wms

Bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho chvhr-`h hho gofhävhommr`h stmmc-dmmrt vmo mmr`hwhrd ko mcchvgraho ho amtho gp, `kh lkjomvkhr hhuwho gaspmot. @hzh frghpsegtg whr` ko `h jmrho ‛8>

fhammdt.



08

\bhoho rkjd mmo fcms. Uhr`hrgp ’ lkj `h lhbmo`hckof vmo

`h rhcmtkhvh rkjd`ga vmo `h frmvho ’ chhst u `mmrgvhr

ahhr.

Cmmt-\gahkos mmr`hwhrd zgmcs bht fckaaho`h rg`h

thrrm skfkccmtm ge bht `godhrh thrrm okfrm ks hho fgh`hko`kimtgr vggr `h gu`sth frmvho vmo bht frmevhc`. @h

frggtsth igcchitkh Ahrgvkofksib mmr`hwhrd ko Oh`hrcmo`

dgat ukt bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho: ahhr `mo 28> studs.

@h wmmrfhogaho gotwkddhckof vmo mmr`hwhrdvgraho

ammdt bht agfhckjd `h frmvho ibrgogcgfksib ko th `h-

cho ko phrkg`ho vmo ikrim 68 jmmr. Zgcmof bht mmr`hwhrd

Cmmt-\gahkos ks ge `uk`hckjd thruf fmmt gp vggrlhhc`houkt `kh phrkg`h, sprhdho wh vmo `h hhrsth emsh (968-08>)

ks. Phrrm skfkccmtm ks fhvgo`ho ko hho bmo`jhvgc frmvho.

Phrrm okfrm ge mmr`hwhrd `mt `mmrgp ckjdt ks lhthr vhr-

thfhowggr`kf` ho dgat ko ahhr `mo tkho frmvho vggr.

Phfhckjd aht bht thrrm okfrm dgaho `mo ggd frkjzh ho

rgg`mibtkfh dggdpgttho, dmooho, ggrpgttho, sibmcho

Ommst lhdhrfcmzho zkjo ko\bhoho rhcmtkhe vhhc cmfh lmdjhsvmo fcms fhvgo`ho. Zh wmrho

vhragh`hckjd auctkeuoitkgohhc: jh dgo hrukt `rkodho, ammr ggddchkoh hthoswmrho ko `gho.



05

ho pgtjhs aht ko`hudkofho vggr, fhlmddho ukt dchk `kh

aht vhhc zmo` ks vhrahof`. ^gttho aht hho sibhrph dokd

bmcvhrwhfh `h lukd vmo `h pgt ho `h hhrsth echsvgraho

trheeho wh mmo ko `h twhh`h emsh (08>-8<8). @hzh pgt-

tho wgr`ho dokdpgttho fhogha` ho zkjo vhhc mcs uro fh-

lrukdt. Lgcch dokdpgttho ho tuktpgttho (aht hho luksjh

mcs ago`) dmrmdthrkshrho `h `hr`h emsh (8<8-5>>). @kt ks

ggd `h emsh vmo `h fhgahtrksibh agtkhvho `kh ko lmoho

zkjo mmofhlrmibt aht hho rgcsthaphc, ge vhrskhrkof ko

`h vgra vmo sthaphc aht fhgahtrksibh agtkhvho, vhr-

sprhk` gvhr `h wmo` fhpcmmtst. Mcs wh dokdpgttho aht

hho scmodhr prgekhc ho ako`hr uktluo`kfh vhrskhrkofho

mmotrheeho, zkjo wh ko `h vkhr`h emsh lhcmo` (5>>-568).

Phoscgtth gvhrbhhrsho lgcvgrakfh pgttho bht sphitrua

ho vhr`wkjoho `h dokdpgttho ko `h cmmtsth emsh (568-

68>). Hho fhchk`hckjdh gvhrfmof ommr bht Dmrgckofksibh

mmr`hwhrd ’ `mt `h cmmtsth emsh vhrthfhowggr`kft ’ ks

`uk`hckjd wmmr th ohaho.

Hho mo`hrh amthrkmmcfrghp `kh fhsibkdt ks vggr bht

vhrdrkjfho vmo `mthrkofho vmo frmvho zkjo skhrm`ho. Ggd

`hzh zkjo sthrd mmo ag`h go`hrbhvkf, aht omah `h dch-

Hodhch vmo `h vkhr`h-vkje`h-hhuwsh frmvho ko bht whsthckjdh`hhc vmo bht frmevhc` lhvmt-tho bhrdholmmr Cmmt-\gahkosmmr`hwhrd, zgmcs `hzh dga vmothrrm skfkccmtm ko frme 299.

Bhhc lkjzgo`hr: hho zkcvhrdchu-rkfh lucm ko `h vgra vmo hhohho`jh, ukt vrguwhofrme 6;;.@mt lhvmh vhr`hr hho pmmrlrgozho lucmh, hho vhhcdchu-rkfh spkodrmmc ho ahhr `mo 9>>drmcho.



06

`kofsphc`ho (eklucmh), wmmrvmo hr ko \bhoho bgo`hr`ho

zkjo fhvgo`ho. @hzh cmtho hho `uk`hckjdh gotwkddhckof

ko vgra ho `higrmtkh zkho. @ggr `h ko \bhoho fhvgo`ho

hxhapcmrho go`hrckof th vhrfhckjdho ho ggd th spkhfhcho

mmo `kh ukt mo`hrh frmevhc`ho, dmo `h gu`hr`ga bkhrvmotgt gp gofhvhhr hho bmcvh hhuw wgr`ho lhpmmc`.

Hho igalkomtkh vmo `h `mthrkofho vmo mcch ko hho

frme mmowhzkfh vgo`stho, smaho aht `h gvhrsokj`kofho

ho wmt stmtkstksibh ahtbg`hs, fhhet hho k`hh vmo `h gu-

`hr`ga vmo hho frme. Mcs wh `kh k`hhäo prgjhithrho gp

bht frmevhc`, zkho wh `mt `h gotwkddhckof vmo bht frme-

Eklucmh vmo lrgos bhllho vmmd`hzhce`h vgraho mcs `kh vmo`uur`hrh ahtmcho. Ga`mt zhko mcch frmevhc`ho ho ggd ko oh-`hrzhkofho fhvgo`ho wgr`ho,

zkjo zh vrkj prhikhs th `mthrho.



02

vhc` zkib okht ko ëëo rkibtkof bhhet lhwgfho. Hr ks sprmdh

vmo vhrsibkccho`h dhroho ho gpho rukatho. @hzh dhroho

bhllho zkib ko `h cggp `hr tkj` uktfhlrhk` ho zg`gho`h

`h gpho rukatho kofhogaho. Gp sgaakfh pcmmtsho ks

lhfrmvho gp pcmmtsho wmmr mc hho frme cmf. @hzh gu`hrh

frmvho zkjo `mmrlkj vmmd `hhcs vhrfrmvho, ammr sgas ks

jukst rhdhokof fhbgu`ho aht lhstmmo`h struiturho. @h

suffhstkh `mt emakckhs ge `ggr buwhckjd vhrlgo`ho em-

akckhfrghpho hho hkfho `hhc vmo bht frmevhc` ko fhlrukd

bm``ho, dmo okht hibt bmr` wgr`ho fhammdt.

Jmmp [phy pulckihhr`h ko =;69 hho shrkh pcmhfrgo`ho vmo bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho.Gp `hzh bhhet bkj `h vhch amoohofrmvho

aht wmphos ho `h frghphrkofho vmo frmvhocmtho mmofhvho. Gp `h pcmhfrgo` ks ckodsbht frghpjh ‒`wmrsh‛ frmvho th zkho. Urkjwhcmcch dukcho ckffho hibthr ko whst-ggsthckjdhrkibtkof ckffho: `kt typh wgr`t hho ‒rkjhofrmevhc`‛ fhogha`.



0;

Lhfrmvho ge irhahrho

Bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho lhscmmt hho ako ge ahhr rhibt-bghdkf thrrhko aht hho frggtsth chofth vmo =5> ahthr ho

hho frggtsth lrhh`th vmo 98 ahthr, wmmrlkooho `h ruka

==>> frmvho zkjo fhvgo`ho. Bht mmotmc ko uroho lkjfh-

zhtth irhamtkhs lh`rghf ruka 9>>. Ckjdlhfrmvkof whr`

vmdhr tghfhpmst: gofhvhhr 2<> frmvho. Xroho whr`ho

mmozkhockjdhr ako`hr `khp lhfrmvho `mo dkstho aht `h



8>

stgeehckjdh rhstho vmo hho `g`h, zg`mt `h jgofhrh irh-

amtkhs vmmd lgvhoko hho rhh`s mmofhchf`h frmedukc zkjo

kofhfrmvho.

Ckjdvhrlrmo`kof wms tho tkj`h vmo bht lhfko vmo bhtfrmevhc` gp `h @go`hrlhrf mc =8>> jmmr hho rhfhcam-

tkf tghfhpmsth ahtbg`h ko Oh`hrcmo`, mc vhrsibkc`h bht

gu`hrh frmerktuhhc vmo `mt ko `h Urghfh Ak``hchhuwho.

Ogf tkj`hos `h dgast vmo `h \gahkoho mmo `h \kjo

wms hho hhovgu`kfh lrmo`stmphc lgvho hho go`khph dukc

bht ahhst mcfhahoh frmefhlrukd. Mcs bht vuur wms ukt-

fhwgh`, vhrzmahc`h aho bht vhrdggc`h bgut, `h vhr-lrmo`h lgtrhstho (`h thaphrmtuur dwma okht zg bggf

mcs ko hho ag`hro irhamtgrkua), `h hvhotuhch lkjfmvho

ho lhfrghe zh ko `h dukc go`hr `h lrmo`stmphc. Ggd `h

\gahkoho pmstho ckjdvhrlrmo`kof tgh, ammr zhttho `h

rhstho vmo `h lrmo`stmphc vmmd ko hho uro lkj. @kt fh-

Ckods: Hho mmotmc frmmahrs lhvmhzgwhc wmphos mcs bgutho haahrs, ahtskhrlhscmf cmofs `h rmo`, zgmcs bkhr

lkj frme 659 ko bht vhc`. Ko `hzh dm-ahrs aghtho lhcmofrkjdh amooho zkjolhfrmvho.

Lgvho: Irhamtkhrhstho whr`ho, vhrpmdtko pgho (zgmcs bkhr lkj frme 5>), zg‛o8> tgt 6> ia `khp kofhfrmvho. Ygaswmrho vggrwhrpho ahhvhrlrmo` hozmtho ko `h uro, sgas wmrho hr vggr-

whrpho ommst fhchf` ko `h dukc.



8=

lrukd wgr`t ko `h hhrsth hhuwho vmo `h jmmrthcckof `ggr

`h pcmmtshckjdh lhvgcdkof ’ ggd oht luktho `h frhozho

vmo bht \gahkosh \kjd ’ gvhrfhogaho.

Urghfak``hchhuwsh frmevhc`ho lhfkooho vmmd aht

uroho, ammr vmome `h vrghfh vkje`h hhuw dgaho ggd

ckjdlhfrmvkofho vggr. Ko \bhoho dgaho vmo ahht me mmo

lhk`h frmerktuhcho ommst hcdmmr vggr. @h ckjdlhfrmvko-fho zkjo ko \bhoho lhtrhddhckjd uokegra: gvhrwhfho`

whst-ggst fhgrkäothhr` ho ckffho` gp `h ruf. Mcchho ko

bht whsthckjd `hhc, `mt vrghfhr ckjdt mmofhchf` `mo `h

rhst, ckffho frmvho aht hho oggr`-zuk`grkäotmtkh. Ko

`h ahhsth fhvmccho ks `h `g`h lkjfhzht ko hho bgutho

dkst, `kh vmmd bhrdholmmr wms mcs frgo`vhrdchurkof. @h

Hho bgutho dkst thdhot zkib `uk`hckjdme ko bht wkh zmo`. @h vhrdchurkofckodslgvho ommst `h dkst lchhe gvhr vmokhts `mt ommst bht bgge`hko`h vmo `hdkst wms fhpcmmtst.



8<

dkst ho `h dukc lg`ho rukath vggr `h og`kfh frmefke-

tho. Bmcsdhttkofho, mralmo`ho ho mo`hrh skhrm`ho `kh

gp bht ckibmma ge gp `h dch`kof ahhfkofho ko bht frme,

dgo`ho vmmd ogf ako ge ahhr gp `h ggrsprgodhckjdh

pchd wgr`ho mmofhtrgeeho. Buksrmm` ’ vggrmc mmr`hwhrd

ho fcmswhrd ’ vgo` vmmd hho pcmmts ko bht vghthohko`

vmo `h dkst. Mmo whhrszkj`ho vmo sibhoho ho hodhcs vmo`h `g`h lgg` `h dkst `h ahhsth rukath. Egrsh sibkc`ho

ho cmofh cmosho ho sphrho pmstho okht ko `h dkst ho whr-

`ho gp `h lgvhodmot fhchf`, sibkc`ho akssibkho ggd

whc rhibtgp hrommst fhzht. Pkj`hos `h gpfrmvkof dgo-

`kf`ho `h skcbguhttho ho rhstmotho vmo `hzh frgth wm-

phos rhfhcamtkf hho khts `khphr fhchfho okhuw frme mmo.

@mmrlkj wms `uk`hckjd th zkho bgh `h cmospuotho luktho`h gatrhd vmo `h dkst ukt stmdho.

Ko `h zmo`frgo` vmo `h Xtrhibtsh Bhuvhcruf lchhe

whkokf gvhr vmo bht sdhcht ko bht frme. Ummd rhsthhr`h

okht ahhr `mo hho vmfh lg`havhrdchurkof, wmmrko aht

hho sibhrp ggf vggr dchuroumoihs `h vgra vmo hho

ahoshckjd ckibmma gotwmmr` dgo wgr`ho. Ommst hodhch

Ykcbguht vmo hho frmukc aht hho pcmhsibmmc mmo bht hoh ukthko`h ho hho hoshalchvmo ahtmcho vggrwhrpho mmo bht mo`hrh.Cht gp `h vghtme`ruddho vmo `h whrdcukrgo`ga bht frme.

Ko `h \bhohosh zmo`frgo` lchhe vmo `hsdhchho whkokf lhwmmr`. Umo schibts vkje -tkf ckibmaho zkjo `hthrakohhrlmrh rhstho

thruffhvgo`ho ho `mmr ks ammr hho hodhchsibh`hc lkj.



89

sibh`hcs ho sthvkfhrh lgttho mcs `kjlhoho ks vggrmc bht

hamkc vmo tmo`ho ho dkhzho lhwmmr` fhlchvho. @h irh-

amtkhrhstho zkjo vhhc lhthr fhigoshrvhhr` `mo `h govhr-

lrmo`h lgttho ga`mt lgt, wmoohhr bht `hhcs vhrlrmo`t,

bmr` wgr`t ho bkhr`ggr lhthr lhwmmr` lckjet. Lgvho`kho

whr`ho `h vhrlrmo`h lgttho ko uroho fh`hpgohhr`, `kh

gp buo lhurt vggr lhthrh lhwmmrgastmo`kfbh`ho zgrf-

`ho `mo bht vhrfmodhckjdh bgut mmo sdhchttho lgg`.

Ahos ho `khr

Ko 0; vmo `h kobuamtkhfrmvho lhvgo` zkib vgc`gho`h

sdhcht- ho fhlktamthrkmmc ga mmo hho go`hrzghd th go-

`hrwhrpho. @modzkj ëëo ùllhcfrme dgat bht mmotmc ko-

`kvkùho gp 8>. Umo 02 vmo `hzh dgo `h chhetkj` lkj

gvhrckj`ho vmstfhsthc` wgr`ho: =0 ko`kvkùho wmrho

Bht lhst fhigoshrvhhr` wmrho tmo`dmp-shcs. @hzh zkjo hho fgh`h ko`kimtkh vggr

`h chhetkj` vmo gvhrckj`ho. Ygas zkjotmo`ho frgho uktfhscmfho: `mo cmf hrhho ahtmcho vggrwhrp thfhommo.



80

Drmcho wgr`ho vggr hho imtmcgfus mctkj` mpmrt lhsibrhvho ho fhthdho`, zgmcs bkhr gp `h thdh-okof vmo vrguwhofrme =55, ommst lucmh ko `h vgra vmo hho lcghaho hho sibkje aht druksjh.

jgofhr `mo <> jmmr ho 90 ko`kvk`uho wmrho gu`hr `mo



88

<> jmmr.

Umo okht ahhr `mo twmmce ko`kvkùho dgo hho ko-

`rud vhrdrhfho wgr`ho vmo bht fhscmibt. Hho vmo `hgo`hrzgibth ko`kvkùho wms agfhckjd vmo hho amo, zh-

vho ko`kvkùho vhrtggo`ho ùk`hckjd vrguwhckjdh trhd-

dho ho vkhr ko`kvkùho wmrho agfhckjd hvhohhos vrgu-

whckjd. @kt suffhrhhrt `mt hr ko `hzh dchkoh go`hrzgibth

@h bgo`hr`ho drmchosoghrhoukt bht frmevhc`, aht vmmd ahhr`mo ëëo soghr phr frme, tgohohho vggrckhe`h vggr vhrsibkc-cho`h dchurho ho amthrkmcho(fcms, mmr`hwhrd, lmrosthho)`ggr hcdmmr.



85

pgpucmtkh ahhr vrguwho mmowhzkf wmrho `mo amooho.@uk`hckjdh dwmcho ho fhlrhdho zkjo okht wmmrfhogaho

lkj bht sdhchtgo`hrzghd.

Dko`hrlgttho zkjo thhr ho bhllho ako`hr sulstmo-

tkh. Ko tbhgrkh gotsomppho zh amddhckjdhr mmo `h wmmr-

ohakof vmo `h mribhgcggf ho ckjdho dko`hrho gp bht

hhrsth fhzkibt go`hrvhrthfhowggr`kf`. Bht mribhgcgfk-

sibh lhhc` zgmcs zkib `mt ko hho frmevhc` methdhot, aghtaht hho rhdhoegrauch fhigrrkfhhr` wgr`ho ga hho jukst

lhhc` vmo `h lhvgcdkofsgplguw vmo hho oh`hrzhttkof th

drkjfho. Aht `h vhrbgu`kofho vmo zukfhckofho ho phu-

thrs cggpt bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho ko `h pms aht `h

tbhgrkh. Gvhr dchuthrs dmo gp frgo` vmo bht mmowhzkfh

Gp twhh pchddho ko bht frmevhc` cmfho`uk`hckjd twhh ckibmaho lkooho ëëo frme. @ullhcfrme 6=< lhvmh hho jgofhamo ho hho vrguw, bht mmr`hwhrd wmsgvhr buo vghthohko`ho vhr`hhc`.

amthrkmmc fhho uktsprmmd wgr`ho

` o @ r t o ` j ` k ko



86

fh`mmo. @h rhst vmo `h jhuf` ks ko

\bhoho vhrrmssho`hrwkjs gvhrvhr-

thfhowggr`kf` tho gpzkibth vmohho ogramch vhr`hckof ho tho gp-

zkibth vmo ogramch sthrethikjehrs

ko `hzh chhetkj`sfrghp. @h ggrzmmd

bkhrvmo ks golhdho`.

Bht go`hrsibhk` tussho amo ho

vrguw ko bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho

ks vggrmc fhlmshhr` gp `h vhrsibkc-

cho ko `h frmekovhotmrks. Frmvho

aht wmphos wgr`ho trm`ktkgohhc

tghfhsibrhvho mmo amooho, frmvho aht skhrm`ho ho dch-

`kofsphc`ho (`kh jh ko `hzh tkj` tgt `h skhrm`ho amf rh-

dhoho) mmo vrguwho. Ko frmevhc`ho wmmr fgh` `hthrak-

ohhrlmmr sdhchtamthrkmmc ks gpfhfrmvho ho go`hrzgibt,

dgo `hzh mmoomah whc lhvhstkf` wgr`ho. Okhtthako

ks ukt bht Erkhsh thrp`grp Ggsthrlhkotua hho fhvmc lh-

dho` vmo hho `uk`hckjd amoohosdhcht aht frmefketho `kh

gp hho vrguw wkjzho. Mmr`hwhrd ks mcgathfhowggr`kf

ammr lkj dko`hrfrmvho ’ vggrmc bhrdho` mmo `h rhcmtkhe

fhrkofh chofth ho lrhh`th vmo `h frmedukc ’ vmct gp `mt

mcs frmefket dchkoh pgtjhs ho sibmmctjhs zkjo uktfhdgzho ho

`mt wmphos ho skhrm`ho fgh``hhcs gotlrhdho. Vhc drh-

fho dko`hrho ahssho, drmcho ho pkjcpuotho ahh.Gpahrdhckjd zkjo `h vhhrtkho pmmr`hofrmvho ukt

bht frmevhc`. Bht sdhchtamthrkmmc `mmrvmo ks vrkjwhc

goak``hcckjd om `h gpfrmvkof, ko juok =;8=, mcs fh-

sibhod fhstuur` ommr bht \kjdsaushua vggr Fhgcgfkh

ho Akohrmcgfkh (vggrcgphr vmo bht buk`kfh Aushua

Mribhgzgõcgfh Jhsskim Frkaa go`hrzgibtko <>== `h pmmr`holgho vmo \bhohoko bht `hpgt vmo aushua Omturmcks koChk`ho. @hzh dkst lhvmh `h rhstho vmothoakosth twhh pmmr`ho.

Omturmcks) ko Chk`ho. Bht ckjdt hrgp `mt `hstkj`s okhamo`

fgh` rmm` wkst aht `hzh vgo`stho vmo `khrckjdh sdhchttho



82

fgh` rmm` wkst aht `hzh vgo`stho vmo `khrckjdh sdhchttho

lkooho hho mribhgcgfksib rhehrhotkhdm`hr. Hho bmo`jh-

vgc pmmr`hofrmvho ukt bht wkhr`hofhlkh` vmo Frgokofhovgra`h tgho bht hokfh lkoohocmo`sh vhrfhckjdkofsam-

thrkmmc. Cmof wmrho `h `gzho aht pmmr`holgttho zghd,

ammr fhcuddkf zkjo zh fh`hhcthckjd thruffhvgo`ho. Umo

Gp `hzh go`hrdmmd vmo hhovmo `h pmmr`ho zkjo gp `hdkhzho sphikhdh sckjtspgrhowmmrfhogaho, `kh wkjzho gpbht cmof`urkf `rmfho vmo hholkt. @mt suffhrhhrt `mt bht hho

rkjpmmr` wms.

Bht sibmrokhrho`h ‒dohvhc-trhoslkt‛ ukt frme 8<> ks vmokjzhr, vhrskhr` aht pmtrgohovmo kofhchf`h dgphr`rmm`. Kobht frme whr`ho ahhr go`hr`h-cho vmo pmmr`hotukf fhvgo`ho.

bht lgtamthrkmmc ukt \bhoho dmo ogf wgr`ho vmstfh-

sthc` `mt bht fmmt ga akosthos vkhr pmmr`ho mmofhvuc`



8;

sthc` `mt bht fmmt ga akosthos vkhr pmmr`ho, mmofhvuc`

aht lgttho vmo mo`hrh hxhapcmrho. Mcchs wkjst hrgp `mt

hho frggt `hhc vmo bht pmmr` ukt frme 05= ko `h hoh `ggszkt ho vmo `mt ukt frme 8>5 ko `h mo`hrh. Bht fmmt ga

vgcwmssho pmmr`ho aht hho sibgetbggfth vmo khts go`hr

`kh vmo hho ag`hroh pgoy. Hëo vmo `h pmmr`ho wms zh-

dhr ko `h lcghk vmo zkjo chvho (vkje-zhs jmmr gu`) tgho bht

stkhre ho wms, fhtukfh `h sckjtmfh gp `h tmo`ho, fhwho`

hho lkt th `rmfho. @mt zgu hrgp duooho wkjzho `mt `kt

pmmr` fh`gg` ks ga lhfrmvho th wgr`ho, akssibkho th-

fhckjd aht zkjo lhrkj`hr.



5>

@h vhrrkjzhoks vmo `h `g`ho gp `h @mf `hs

Ggr`hhcs ammdth `hhc ukt vmo `h fhcggeschhr, `kh

bht ibrkstho`ga gp hho mmotmc igoikckhs gotwkd-

dhc`h. Kotmitbhk` vmo bht ckibmma wms `mmrlkj

vmo frggt lhcmof, wmot gp `kh `mf zgu`ho zkhc

ho ckibmma bhrhokf` wgr`ho. Umo`mmr `mt om `kh

igoikckhs ko `h vkhr`h hhuw ibrksthoho okht fh-

irhahhr` ammr lhfrmvho whr`ho. Mmofhzkho gp

`h @mf `hs Ggr`hhcs Ibrkstus thr bggfth vmo

Jhruzmcha ’ ko `h cuibtho lgvho `h ggsthckjdh

bgrkzgo ’ zgu vhrsibkjoho, zkjo ko Hurgpm hhu-

whocmof `h ibrksthckjdh `g`ho ko ggst-whst fhgrk-

hothhr`h frmvho fhchf` aht bht bgge` ko bht whs-

tho. Zg`rm bht agahot vmo `h gpstmo`kof ukt `h

`gg` `mo mmolrmd, dhhd `h fhcgvkfh ahthho ko `h

fgh`h rkibtkof.

Uhrskhr`h sthoho frmkstho

ukt Ermodrkjd wmrho ko `hzhvho`h hhuw sgas vhrskhr`aht `h trgoho`h Ibrkstus,zgmcs bkhr ko Jgumrrh, gafh-vho `ggr `h syalgcho vmo `hvkhr hvmofhckstho.

Vhodho vggr `h cmmtsth `mf



5=

Hho lhhtjh lhdhhr`Bht vggrdgaho vmo zgwhc irhamtkhfrmvho mcs ckjdlh-

frmvkofho whhrspkhfhct lhcmofrkjdh vhrmo`hrkofho `kh

zkib ko `h Urghfh Ak``hchhuwho vgctrgddho. @ggr

`h Ermodho whr` bht ibrksthckjd fhcgge ko gozh strhdho

fh(bhr)kotrgùihhr`. Bht go`hrsibhk` tussho ibrksthoho

ho mmobmofhrs vmo hho fhcgge ko tmc vmo fg`ho ho hho

lhzkhc`h omtuur cmmt zkib mribhgcgfksib bht ùk`hckjdstmechzho ko `h wkjzh wmmrgp ahosho whr`ho lhfrmvho.

Xktkof vmo hho fhcggesgvhrtukfkof wms lkj bht lhfrmvho

akosthos zg lhcmofrkjd mcs tkj`hos bht chvho. @h mofst

`mt `g`ho zuccho thrufdhrho ommr bht rkjd `hr chvho`ho

@kt sggrt frgth, vhhcdchurkfhdrmcho wgr`t ahhstmc mcs spko-

drmcho fhùk`, ga hho spko-tgc th vhrzwmrho. Zh wgr`hohibthr ggd ko amoohofrmvho fhvgo`ho ho wmrho `mo agfh-ckjd mcs maucht mmo `h zwmmr`-sibh`h lhvhstkf`.

dmo hho agtkhe vggr irhamtkh zkjo, ammr ggd zmdho mcs

byfkäoh, rukathfhlrukd ho gvhrhre`h fhwggoths sphcho



5<

hho rgc. Ckjdvhrlrmo`kof ho ckjdlhfrmvkof dgaho ko bht

frmevhc` vmo \bhoho gvhr `h bhch fhlrukdsphrkg`h ommsthcdmmr vggr. Gp lmsks vmo `kt msphit vmo bht frmerktuhhc

dmo `us okht vmstfhsthc` wgr`ho whcd fhcgge `h lhvgc-

dkof vmo vrghfak``hchhuws \bhoho mmobkof ge `mt gp

hokf agahot vmo bht gu`h gp bht okhuwh fhcgge whr`

gvhrfhfmmo.

Vh `hodho `mt bht ahhfhvho vmo vggrwhrpho mmo

`h `g`ho smahobmoft aht hho fhcgge ko hho chvho om `h

`gg`. @mpphrh drkjfhrs fkofho ommr bht Vmcbmccm ge `h

Yhssruaokr wmmr zh mmozmtho mmo rhsphitkhvhckjd G`kos

ge Erhym‛s lmodht. Buo frmefketho bm``ho zh og`kf gp

buo rhks ommr bht bkhromammcs ho tkj`hos `h `hhcomah

mmo bht ehhstfhcmf. Ggd ibrksthoho fhcgvho ko hho chvho

om `h `gg`, ammr zkj drhfho zhc`ho vggrwhrpho ahh ko

buo frme. Okht uktfhscgtho amf wgr`ho `mt sgaakfho

vggr `ullhch zhdhrbhk` dgzho ho khts vmo lhk`h fhcgvho

gvhromaho. Zg dgaho hr lhfrmvkofho ko hho ibrksth-

ckjdh igothxt vggr aht hho lhsibhk`ho lkjfket ’ ahhstmc

phrsggockjdh hkfho`gaaho ’ mc bhllho `kh vgcfhos `h

ibrksthckjdh chhr gvhr bht chvho om `h `gg` fhho euoitkh.

@h sdhchtfrmvho ko bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho zkjo

fgh``hhcs ggst-whst fhgrkäothhr`. @h frme`hcvhrs vmo

\bhoho bm``ho omahckjd ggd cgs vmo fhcggesgvhrwhfko-fho hho fgh`h rh`ho vggr hho ggst-whst fhgrkäothhr`h

dhuzh vmo `h frmemmochf. Phr pcmmtsh vmo bht frmevhc`

bhct `h Xtrhibtsh Bhuvhcruf sthrd ommr bht zuk`ho me.



59

@h whhc`h ukt hho `hhc vmo `h frm-

vho ks okht zgo`hr ahhr fhckjd th

sthccho aht phrsggockjdh rkjd`ga.

Bht ks hhr`hr hho mespkhfhckof vmo ̀ h

stmtus vmo `h `g`h ko bht vggrlkjh

`mfhckjds chvho ge vmo `h pgsktkh vmo`h omlhstmmo`ho ko `h smahochvkof.

\kjd`ga duo jh tkj`hos jh chvho gp

vhrsibkccho`h agahotho vhrfmrho

ukt bht dmpktmmc vmo jh emakckh ge `h

emakckh aht wkh jh jh vhrlko`t `ggr

hho buwhckjd. Hho ag`hro vggr-

lhhc` ks `h spmmrlmodrhdhokof `kh

frggtgu`hrs gphoho lkj `h fhlggrth

vmo hho dchkodko`. Uhhc smahoch-

vkofho ’ ggd `h Oh`hrcmo`sh ko hho

ogf okht zg frkjs vhrch`ho ’ dhooho

bht fhlrukd vmo `h lruk`ssibmt, `kh`ggr `h lruk` omahos bmmr emak-

ckh ahhfhlrmibt ge lkoohofhbmmc`

wgr`t. Vh ohaho mmo `mt phrsggo-

ckjdh lhzkttkofho ge vggrwhrpho `kh

vggr `h gvhrch`hoh hho lkjzgo`hrh

lhthdhoks bm``ho, zkjo ahhfhfhvho

ko bht frme. Bht ohhrchffho vmo wm-

phos, bht tggkho aht skhrm`ho, bht

ahhfhvho vmo dgstlmrh buksrmm`

(hvhotuhhc aht kobgu`) dmo ggd

hho lckjd vmo wmmr`hrkof vmo `h om-

lhstmmo`ho zkjo ge vmo hho `ggr bhofhvghc`h ogg`zmmd ga `h gvhrch`h-

oh fgh` vggr `h `mf th cmtho dgaho

gp whf ommr ho ko bht `g`horkjd.

Dgrtga: hho frme dmo ‒rkjd‛ zkjo, vmo

`h phrsggo whtho wh bht okht.

Fhho ]ugth 8>>

Ga `h frmedukc hho bgrkzgotmch lg`ha th fhvho aght

zh mmo `h oggr`zkj`h hho sibgpsthhd `khphr uktfhfrmvho



50

wgr`ho `mo mmo `h zuk`zkj`h. Hho frme ko ggst-whst rkib-

tkof ammdth bht `hcvho vggr spktthrs vmo mcch fhzko`thohhovgu`kfhr. @ggr `h sibmmrsh wmmrohakofho vmo sdh-

chtamthrkmmc whtho wh okht mctkj` ge bht bgge` ko`hr`mm`

ko bht whstho vmo bht frme cmf.

@h grkäotmtkh vmo bht frme ks `us hvhoako hho lhwkjs

vmo bht fhcgge vmo `h `g`ho ho buo omlhstmmo`ho. Hr ks

hibthr hho mo`hrh mmowkjzkof `kh wkjst ko `h rkibtkof vmo

hho prkcch ibrksthckjdh whrhc`lhsibguwkof `kh zkibtlmmr

ks ko bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho. @h frmvho ukt `h cmmtsth

emsh zkjo vrkjwhc vgo`stcggs.

Go`hr bht dgpjh ‒Iuctuur ho whrhc`lhsibguwkof‛

prglhhr`ho wh vmst th sthccho ge wh ko \bhoho aht

E d e E d b ll K ` e



58

Ermodho ge Erkhzho th amdho bhllho. Ko `hzh pmrmfrmme

zgibtho wh ommr hho tmstlmmr go`hrsibhk` tussho ibrks-thoho ho hho lhvgcdkof `kh vmstbgu`t mmo hho gu`hr fh-

cgge. Ommst Ermodho ge Erkhzho ks hho mutgibtgoh lh-

vgcdkof `hodlmmr, `kh bht govhrsibkcckf ckht wmmrtgh zh

fhrhdho` whr` ge zkib gp `h vcmdth bkhc`. Lkjvggrlhhc`

ga`mt zh bkhr mc hhuwho wggo`ho, thrwkjc ‒Ermodksib‛ ge

‒Erkhs‛ ahhr khts wms vggr `kh okhuwdgahrs. Ko fhcgges-

zmdho ckft zg‛o ohutrmch bgu`kof hibthr aghkckjdhr `mo

ko hho htoksibh pcmmtslhpmckof.



56

Umo `g`ho ho chvho`ho

Vmt ks rkjd7

Ko bht schibtsth fhvmc dmo `h mmofhtrgeeho frmekovhotmrksbht sibmahch rhstmot zkjo vmo hho frmergge ge vmo bht

`ghclhwust lhrfho vmo lhpmmc`h vggrwhrpho ukt `mt

frme. Jukst `h rkjdhrh frmvho bm``ho bkhrgo`hr th ckj`ho.

Mo`hrsga ks bht ggd agfhckjd `mt hho phrsggo vmo rkjdh

\hibts: Lmms lgvho lmms: wmmr-sibkjockjd `h `uursth lucm uktbht frmevhc` (\b 0>>M), kofh-chf` aht mcamo`kjo rgo`gahho bmrt vmo ckfrmmowhrd,aht `rkh vgfhcdgpjhs aht gfhovmo wkt fcms.

Bgge`stud 8

Ckods: Cui Ahfhos (ckods)ho Kohdh Jggstho vmo `h \IHko bht cmlgrmtgrkua vmo bhtCguvrh mibthr `h igaputhrstkj`hos ahtkofho aht hho‒ohutrgoholhma‛ vmo `h frm-omtho ko hho sibkjlucm (zkh `hcmptgp rhibts).



52

lkjfketho ks vggrzkho, thrwkjc bkj ge zkj lkj chvho fhho bgfh

stmtus bm`: frmefketho `ruddho sgas ggd vhrwmibtkofho

ukt. Ko sgaakfh fhvmccho ckft hho mc `mo okht (lhcmof)rkjd

phrsggo hr `us vggr bht mribhgcgfksibh ggf wmt akschk-`ho` lkj: th dmrkf ge th uktluo`kf. Bht ks `us prglcham-

tksib whcstmo` me th chzho ukt `h frmefketho.

@mt frmergge vggrdwma, lckjdt luktho mribhgcgfksibh

wmmrohakofho ggd ukt `h vrghfsth Ermodksibh whtfh-

vkof. ^hrsgoho `kh sibuc`kf lhvgo`ho whr`ho mmo bht

chhfrgvho vmo frmvho, stgo`ho zwmrh strmeeho th wmib-

Amooho `rghfho ako`hr skhrm`ho, ammr whc vmmd ermmk

lhscmfho rkhaho ga buo ak``hc. @h lhscmfpcmtho ho fhspko frme 8<> wmrho kofhchf` aht okäccg vmo zkcvhr- hodgphr`rmm`.

Cmofh sphc`ho (<>-<8 ia), zg-mcs `hzh uokhdh aht hho vgfhc- lucm hrgp, dgaho spgrm`ksib

vggr ko vrguwhofrmvho. Zhwhr`ho wmmrsibkjockjd fh-lrukdt ga `kddh dch`kof `kibtth sphc`ho.

^mmr`ho wmrho lhcmofrkjdko bht vrghfak``hchhuwsh\bh h @mt lckjdt kht mcchh



5;

tho. Mribhgcgfho bgu`ho ggd rhdhokof aht mcchrchk lkg-

cgfksibh ho ahibmoksibh prgihssho, `kh zkib mesphcho ko

hho frme. Okds hhuwkfh rust. Lgaho ho strukdho sibkhtho

wgrthc, frgth ho dchkoh `khrho frmvho fmofho ho bgcho

ho ko \bhoho ks agfhckjd hho `hhc vmo `h frgo` vmo

`h stuwwmc cmofzmma ommr lhoh`ho fhsibgvho. Aht bht

vhrfmmo vmo grfmoksib amthrkmmc vmo dkstho rmdho bgcthsfhvuc` ho vhrsibukvho frmefketho. Xkt `h gpfrmvkofs`g-

iuahotmtkh lckjdt bht fgh` ukt hcdmmr bgu`ho vmo frme-

fketho ho omlurkfh frmvho (hrlgvho, hrgo`hr, hrommst)

hho bmr`ohddkf prglchha. Zg ou ho `mo duo jh mibthr jh

lurhmu `h ahosho ukt bht vhc` gp hho egutjh lhtrmppho

\bhoho. @mt lckjdt okht mcchho

ukt `h pmmr`hofrmvho, ammrggd ukt bht vggrdgaho vmo lucmh ko `h vgra vmo pmmr`ho rukthrs.

Frme 25 lhvmh twhh cuxh fgu`ho bmofhrtjhs vmo =,0ia `ggrsoh`h, vhrskhr` aht pmtrgoho vmo ckfrmmo`rm-`ho ko ikrdhc ho druksho. Bhtwms `h hokfh vgo`st ko `ktvrguwhofrme.

Fgu` ks zhc`zmma, ammr kovrguwhofrme 55; whr` hho fcm``h vkofhrrkof vmo =,; frma fgu` fhvgo`ho. @h rkofcmf zkib mmo `h ckodhrzkj`h vmobht ckibmma thr bggfth vmo `hckodhrbmo`.

ho `mt rhibtzhttho. Ummd ks `mt okht agfhckjd. Ho mcs `kh

vhrstgrkofho ko`hr`mm` spgrho vmo rgge zkjo, wmt got-

lrhhdt hr `mo7 Bht kosibmttho vmo `h rhcmtkhvh rkjd`ga



6>

lrhhdt hr `mo7 Bht kosibmttho vmo `h rhcmtkhvh rkjd`ga

vmo hho frme ks hho bmibhckjdh go`hrohakof ho `h lhvko-`kofho gozhdhr. \hdhokof bgu`ho aht emitgrho mcs rgge,

bht gpokhuw gpfrmvho vmo sdhchttho ge vggrwhrpho ho

vggrmc `h igoshrvhrkof vmo `kvhrsh amthrkmcho, `wkoft

tgt vggrzkibtkfh uktsprmdho gvhr `h rkjd`ga vmo `h lh-

frmvkofho ho `h rhcmtkh tussho `h ‒stmtus‛ vmo bht frme ho

`kh vmo `h gvhrch`hoh tgho `kh ogf chhe`h.

Vmt om `h lkjzhttkof aghkckjd fhwkjzkf` dmo wgr-

`ho, ks `h mribhgcgfksib zkibtlmrh ho ahhtlmrh gavmof

vmo `h frmedukc. Hr ks ko \bhoho hho vrkj frgth vmrkmtkh-

lrhh`th ko `h gavmof vmo `h frmedukc, ah`h ga`mt hho

mmotmc frmvho cmofs `h wmo`ho vmo `h dukc hho bgutho

lhtkaahrkof drhfho, zg`mt hho frmedmahr gotstgo`.

Zucdh frgth ho ko mmochf lhwhrdhckjdh frmvho zuccho lh-

stha` zkjo fhwhhst vggr `h rhcmtkhe (lhcmof)rkjdho ukt `h

tghoamckfh smahochvkof. Frmvho ko frmedmahrs dgahoko hho zhdhrh igoihotrmtkh vggr cmofs `h oggr`rmo` vmo

bht frmevhc`, gofhvhhr bmcvhrwhfh `h chofth hrvmo.

H`hcahtmmc ho h`hcsthoho

Hhuwhocmof ks fgu` hho thdho vmo rkjd`ga fhwhhst,

schibts whffhchf` vggr whkokfho. Vkh ko \bhoho ommr

fgu` zghdt, aght vmststhccho `mt puur fgu` sibmmrs ks

(hho tkhotmc frmvho) ho vko`t vhrfuc` zkcvhr gvhrwhfho`

ko vrguwhofrmvho. @mmrko `ght zkib `h frggtsth rkjd-

`ga vggr, aht omah ko `h vgra vmo dgstlmrh dch`kof-

sphc`ho. Pussho ̀ h bgo`hr`ho skhrm`ho ukt \bhoho zkttho

8= lhufhceklucmh, <8 sibkjeeklucmh ho << vgfhceklucmh, `h



6=

ahhsth kofhchf` aht rgg` mcamo`kjo (hho frmommt). Bht

mmotmc frmomtho phr eklucm vmrkhhrt vmo ëëo, zgmcs bht ggf

vmo hho vgfhc, tgt <5 ko ëëo sibkjeeklucm (\b 292M). Bht

kochfwhrd ks ko <>=> go`hrwgrpho mmo go`hrzghd aht

rõotfhostrmcho lkj bht KIO ko Masthr`ma. @h lhstrm-

ckof vhrggrzmmdt ecugrhsihotkh vmo bht lhstrmmc`h amth-

rkmmc, `kh `h ibhaksibh smahosthcckof vmo bht amthrkmmc

vhrrmm`t. @kt go`hrzghd whhs ukt `mt bht chhuwho`hhc

Aht ohutrgoho-whhrdmmtskof

duooho dchkoh koscuktshcs ko frmomtho wgr`ho fhahtho,`kh `h bhrdgast vmo `h sthohovhrrm`ho. Bht rg`h kochfwhrdko `h lucmh vmo \bhoho dgatukt Ko`km.



6<

vmo bht kochfwhrd lhstgo` ukt mcamo`kjo, hho `khprg`h

bmceh`hcsthho. Ggd zkt ko ëëo vmo `h wkhceklucmh ko bht

ak``ho fhho lgcchtjh wkt fcms, ammr hho bhush pmrhc (\b



69

5>=M). Ychibts ëëo sibkjeeklucm lchhd kofhchf` aht bht

ako`hr dgstlmrh fcms ho lhho, wmt whc hho ermmk frgho-

wkt pmtrggo fme (\b 992M). @h eklucmh wmmrvmo bht ko-

chfwhrd ukt frmomtho zgmcs mcamo`kjo lhstgo`, whr`ho

ko <>== aht ogf fhmvmoihhr`hrh ahtbg`hs go`hrzgibt

ko bht cmlgrmtgrkua vmo `h Ermosh aushm (I<\AE) ko

bht Cguvrh th ^mrkjs. Xkt `mt cmmtsth go`hrzghd lckjdt `mt

`h frmomtho ko `h \bhohosh eklucmh ukt Ko`km dgaho,

ammr okht mcchammc ukt `hzhce`h lrgo. @mt wkjst hrgp `mt

`h amdhrs vmo `h eklucmh lhsibkddkof bm``ho gvhr `k-

vhrsh frmomtho ukt hho okht th go`hrsibmttho, wkj`vhrtmdt

vrghfak``hchhuwsh bmo`hcsohtwhrd.

Fcms

Fcmswhrd ks ko `h rhfhc hho kapgrtmrtkdhc, `mt hho rks-

dmoth rhks bhhet fhammdt vmo bht @uktsh \kjocmo` ommr

gozh strhdho. Bht rkskig zkt okht zgzhhr ko `h fhvmrho go-

`hrwhf, ammr ko `h frgth lrhhdlmmrbhk`, zg`mt bht aht

frgth vggrzkibtkfbhk` aght wgr`ho vhrvghr`. Fcmswhrd

ko hho frme ’ zhdhr lkjzgo`hrh fcmzho lhdhrs ’ amf wgr-

`ho gpfhvmt mcs hho thdho vmo rkjd`ga. Xkt bht frmevhc`

vmo \bhoho dwmaho ruka 0> fcmzho sibmmctjhs ho lh-

dhrs ge eckodh ermfahotho `mmrvmo th vggrsibkjo. @mt ch-vhrt hho vhrbgu`kof gp vmo ahhr `mo ëëo stud fcmswhrd

gp twkotkf ckjdlhfrmvkofho. @ggr `kh rkjdh ggfst dho-

ahrdt \bhoho zkib mcs rkjdhr `mo vhhc mo`hrh frmevhc`ho

ukt `hzh phrkg`h.

Gofhwtkjehc` bht sphitmiucmkrst

zkjo `h vhch aht frmommt kofh-chf`h lucmh vmo \bhoho. @hzhlhufhc-, sibkje- ho vgfhclucmhwhr`ho ahhstmc `ggr vrgu-who fh`rmfho, ko pmrho gp `hsibgu`hrs.

Lkj go`hrzghd aht zgfhomma`h

rõotfhougrhsihotkh got`hdthogo`hrzghdhrs `mt bht wkh bmrtvmo `hzh sibkjlucm ukt frme5>= fhho lgcchtjh fcms ks, zgmcslkj mcch mo`hrh, ammr hho pmrhc.

Bht fcms whr` ko `h jmrho ‛8> go`hrzgibt `ggr

Icmskom Kskofs, sphikmckst gp bht fhlkh` vmo \gahkos ho

vrghfak``hchhuws fcms. @h fcmzho sibmmctjhs ho lhdhrs



60

ukt bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho lhscmmo hho tkj`spmooh vmo

vkhr hhuwho ho cmtho zkho bgh bht fcmswhrd ko vgra ho

vhrskhrkof vhrmo`hr`h. @kh gotwkddhckof lhsibrhhe Kskofs

mcs hho fhchk`hckjdh, wmmrlkj bht ahrgvkofksibh fcms zgo-

`hr frgth stkjclrhud vggrtdgat ukt `h \gahkosh trm`ktkh.

Oht mcs bht Cmmt-\gahkosh dhot bht Ahrgvkofksibh fcms

vmmd vhhc gozukvhrbh`ho, `kh vggrmc ko frghotkotho rh-

Ko vrguwhofrme 0=9 whr` `hzh dgstlm-rh `rkodlhdhr fhvgo`ho, wmmrlkj thfho`h lukd `kddh fcms`rm`ho zkjo mmofh-lrmibt `kh tgt ‒scurvho‛ zkjo uktfhtrgd-dho ho lgvho `h lg`ha vmstfhzht.



68

sucthrho. Dhoahrdho`h vhrskhrkof vmo bht vrghfak``hc-

hhuwsh fcmswhrd vgraho ̀ h fcmsspkrmcho ko ̀ hzhce`h dchur

mcs bht fcms ho rhckäe, `mt wgr`ho vhrdrhfho `ggr bht fcms

`ggr hho fhrkl`h rkof th lcmzho. Ko \bhoho dgaho mib-

thrhhovgcfhos, ho sgas thfhckjd, dgavgrakfh sibmmctjhsho lhdhrs vggr, bmce-lgcvgrakfh lhdhrs gp vght, sibmmc-

tjhs aht lrh`h vcmddh lg`ha, trhibthrlhdhrs, dcgdlhdhrs

aht ho zgo`hr vght, stgrtlhdhrs, ho hho lkjzgo`hrh scure-

lhdhr. @kh scurelhdhr (\b 0=9^) vmo lkjom dchurcggs fcms

ukt `h zhvho`h hhuw ks mpmrt tussho bht \bhohosh fcms.

Ggd hho sibmmctjh aht ko `h lg`ha hho rgzht vmo ko-

fhwmcsth fcms`rmm` (\b 9=E) ukt `h twhh`h bhcet vmo `h

zhs`h hhuw ho hho `hudlhdhrtjh ukt `h twhh`h bhcet vmo

`h vkhr`h hhuw (\b 292L) zkjo lkjzgo`hr.

Ckods: Urghfak``hchhuws fcms aghtwgr`ho gotdchur`, ga `h bhc`hrbhk` vmo`kt sibmmctjh ko frme 9= th drkjfho. @hvhrskhrkof gp `h lg`ha ks tkj`hos bhtlcmzho vmo wkh fcms`rm`ho fhammdt.

\hibts: @h `hudlhdhr ks hho zhc`zmahCmmt-\gahkosh vgra, `kh hrf bmo`zmmaks. @h fh`hudth vcmddho gotstmmo `ggrtkj`hos bht lcmzho rgo`ga fhckjdamtkfthfho bht fcms mmo th `ruddho.



65

Ahtmmc

Ahtmmc ks okht vmozhcesprhdho` hho thdho vmo rkjd`ga,

ammr ahtmmclhwhrdkof gp bggf okvhmu whc. Pwhh frm-

vho sprkofho hr wmt `mt lhtrhet ukt ho whr`ho fhpulck-ihhr` `ggr Jmmp [phy, `kh vmome `h gpfrmvkof tgt mmo

zkjo `gg` ko =;25 lhtrgddho wms lkj bht frmevhc` vmo

\bhoho. Bht hoh ks hho wmphofrme (frme 668) ho lhvmtth

twhh vhrfuc` zkcvhrho lhscmfho aht rgo`h lrmithmtho ko

bht ak``ho, `kh gp bgutho sibkjvho zmtho. Bht fkof bkhr

Ykhrlhscmfho, wmmrsibkjockjdvmo bgutho dgaaho, lhstmmo`hukt vhrfuc`h zkcvhrho strkps ahtrgo`h zgfhomma`h lrmithmtho kobht ak``ho. @h dgaahtjhs zkjo

mgastkf ukt frme 668.

\hibts: @h haahr ukt frme668 bhhet kjzhrho bghphcs hohho lrh`h skhrrmo` vmo lrgosmmo `h lgvhodmot, wmmrmmobht bhofshc vmskt. @h `rkh-

bghdjhs go`hr `h rmo` tgohoamsdhrtjhs.



66



62

wmmrsibkjockjd ga twhh vrkj vcmddh bgutho sibmcho aht

vhrskhrkof mmo `h lkoohozkj`h. Xkt bhtzhce`h frme dgaho

hho pmmr`holkt ho hho rkjd lhscmfho haahr. Hho mc hhr-

`hr fhogha` rkjd vrguwhofrme (frme 0=9) chvhr`h hho

kjzhrho scgt aht schuthc gp. Xkt [phys rhigostruitkh vmo

bht scgt lckjdt `mt mmo `h lkoohodmot vmo bht dkstjh hhopko ko hho sibuke vkhc, `kh `ggr `h schuthc thruffh`rudt

wgr`t, zg`mt `h frho`hc okht ahhr whr` fhlcgddhhr`.

@h scgtpcmmt ho `h sibuke aht pko `kh ko \bhoho fhvgo-

`ho zkjo, tgoho `mt bht dkstjh ko bht vrguwhofrme gp scgt

wms.

\kjdh amoohofrmvho vhrsibkccho vmo `h ako`hr lh-

`hhc`h ko buo mribkthituur ho ko `h mmowhzkfbhk` vmolkjzgo`hrh wmphorustkofho, bgutho haahrs aht ukt-

luo`kf fh`higrhhr` lrgoslhscmf ho lrgozho vmmtwhrd.

Hho mmotmc frmvho, fhfrghphhr` ko bht ak``ho vmo bht

frmevhc` mmo `h oggr`hckjdh zkj`h, wkjdt me ko meahtkof ho

vgra. Frgth frmedukcho lkh`ho `mmr pcmmts mmo hho dchk-

Ko bht rkjdh vrguwhofrme 0=9whr` hho scgt aht scgtpko mmofhtrgho, `kh rhstho vmo hhobgutho dkstjh aht dgstlmmrbh-`ho. Mmo bht scgt ks th zkho `mtbht dkstjh fhscgtho ko bht frme

stgo`.



6;

Ko frme 985 whr` hho rgo`hsibkjlucm mmofhtrgho aht hhosggrt @mvk`sthr ko rhckäe. @ktsggrt lucmh zkjo mcchho ukt `kt frmevhc` lhdho` ho wgr`ho whcbht ‒\bhoho-typh‛ fhogha`.



2>



2=

oh frmedmahr, `kh `h hkfhockjdh dkst gascukt. Pwhh frm-

vho zkjo gafhvho `ggr hho drkoffrhpphc. @h lkjzgo`hrh

wmphorustkof lhstmmt go`hr mo`hrh ukt twhhsokj`ho`h

zwmmr`ho (spmtbmh) ho whrpsphrho (mofgohs). @hzh ha-

ahrs ho wmphotyphs zkjo ggd hc`hrs ko Oh`hrcmo` zhc`-

zmma. @kvhrsh amoohofrmvho lhvmttho go`hr`hcho vmo

pmmr`hotukf. Uhr`hr vmct gp `mt `h pmmr`hofrmvho zkib

ko `h `krhith gafhvkof vmo `h rkjdh amoohofrmvho lh-

vko`ho. Vhcckibt amf hho pmmr` tgt `h wmphorustkof fh-

rhdho` wgr`ho. Ggd vmct th `hodho mmo hho fket, ga `h

rhks `kh `h `g`h vggr `h lghf bm` th vhrfhamddhckjdho.

@kh cuxh wms `mo schibts whffhchf` vggr `h rkjdhrh amo-oho ko bht `grp vmo whchhr.

Hc`hrs ko bht frmevhc` whr`ho hodhch qum lkjfketho

bhhc lhsibhk`ho frmvho lcggtfhchf`. Zh lchdho kotmit,

ammr fmvho okhtthako hho akokaua mmo dch`kofmiihs-

@h igapchth kovhotmrks vmo frme 20<, aht go`hr mo`hrh fgr`hclhscmf, hho fcmzho lmdjh ,hho pkoiht ho hho dma ahthtuk. Phdhommrs whrdtho tkho-tmccho jmrho mmo `h imtmcgfusvmo \bhoho.



2<

Bgo`hr`ho dchkoh studjhs thxtkhc zkjo

ko `h frmvho vmo `h @go`hrlhrf fh-

vgo`ho. @kt ks lkjzgo`hr ga`mt dch-

`kof gvhr bht mcfhahho sohc vhrfmmtko `h lg`ha. Bht thxtkhc ks lhwmmr`

fhlchvho gp fhspho, eklucmh, wmphos

ho whrdtukfho: bht ahtmmc vmo `hzh

vggrwhrpho bhhet bht dwhtslmrh gr-

fmoksibh amthrkmmc fhigoshrvhhr`.

Ga`mt wh `h pgsktkh vmo `kh vggr-

whrpho ko bht frme dhooho, duooho

wh bhrchk`ho whcdh stgeeho wmmr cm-fho. @h studjhs thxtkhc zkjo ahhstmc

okht frggt: sgas zkjo ammr hodhch

vhzhcs lhwmmr` fhlchvho ge hho dchko

ermfahot. Ummd ks `kt hibthr fhoghf

ga th lhpmcho wmt vggr sggrt stgebht ks. Ko `h Urghfh Ak``hchhuwho

ammdth aho dch`kof vmo `khrckjdh

vhzhcs zgmcs sibmphowgc, ammr ggd

vmo pcmotmmr`kfh vhzhcs zgmcs vcms.

Zgwhc wgc mcs ckooho dgaho ko bht

frmevhc` vmo \bhoho vggr. @h vhzhcs

whr`ho hhrst tgt `rm`ho fhspgooho

ho vhrvgcfhos tgt frgth cmppho fhwhvho. Hr zkjo vhrsibkccho`h amokh-

rho vmo whvho, wmmr`ggr `h whheshcs

hho vhrsibkccho` ukthrckjd drkjfho. Ko

\bhoho zkjo vggrmc stgeeho fhvgo`ho

`kh fhwhvho zkjo ko ckooholko`kof hodhphrlko`kof. @h ahhsth vhzhcs bhl-

lho ou hho lruko tgt zwmrt ukthrckjd

ho sgaakfh zkjo `ggr dgphrigrrg-

skh frgho fhdchur`. Vh whtho hib-

thr ukt go`hrzghd `ggr bht Kostktuut

Igcchitkh Oh`hrcmo` (KIO, ou go-

`hr`hhc vmo `h \IH) vmo agosthrs

vmo bht thxtkhc `mt bht ko vhhc fhvmc-cho dchurkf fhvhre` wms.

Yibhrkof ho koscmf

Go`hr `h akirgsiggp ks `h whhestruituur vmo `h dchkoh studjhs thx-tkhc vmmd fgh` th zkho. @kt studjh wgccho stge ukt frme 2<2 ks fhwhvho

ko dhphrlko`kof ho wms ggrsprgodhckjd dchurkf fhvhre`.

Ko bht frmevhc` vmo \bhoho zkjo =9 frg-th, twhhsokj`ho`h zwmmr`ho fhvgo`ho,`kh mcchho `ggr h`hcho whr`ho fhlrukdt.Gpvmccho` ks `mt ëëo vmo `h spmtbmh ukthho pmmr`hofrme (020) dgat.



29

@h vchufhccmos (\b29;M) bhht ommr `h

uktsthhdshcs mmo `h sibmibt, `kh `h cmosthfhobgu`ho mcs `hzh ko hho `khr ks fh-stgdho. Ga`mt jmfho hho prkvkchfh wms,whr` `h vchufhccmos hho stmtussyalggc.

@h sphhr ukt frme 8>= ks =<2 ia cmofho `mmrahh bht frggtsth wmpho ukt bht frmevhc`: hr bggrt omtuurckjd ogf hhosibmibt mmo. Hr zkjo ammr twhh sphrho fhvgo`ho ko \bhoho, vcmd lkj hcdmmr.



20

Ko `h jmrho ‒;> vgo` Jggp Agaaht zkjo ahtmmc`hthitgr mmo `hrmo` vmo bht frmevhc` `kt py-rmak`hvgrakfh dogpjh, `mt thrvhrskhrkof gp hho zwmmr`sibh`haght bhllho fhzhtho.

sgkrhs prkjs ho mmr`hwhrd `mt hhr`hr euoitkgohhc wms `mo

hho tggolhhc` vmo cuxh ho dwmckthkt. @hzh frmvho lh-

oghaho wh mcs mra. Vmt wh ag`mmc oghaho, zkt tussho

mra ho rkjd ko. Bht lhtrhet frmvho aht hho kovhotmrks

kje k `k cc



28

vmo vkje tgt tkho ahhfhfhvho vggrwhrpho, `kh mcch sm-

ahobmofho aht `mfhckjds fhlrukd ho wmmr cuxh ko `h

vgra vmo h`hcahtmmc ge uktluo`kfh vhrskhrkof vhhcmc

gotlrhhdt. @h frhozho vmo vkje ho tkho vggrwhrpho vggr

`h lhpmckof vmo ag`mch frmvho zkjo okht fhtrgddho om

stmtkstksib go`hrzghd, ammr zkjo ahhr hho kaprhsskh. @h

rkjd`ga vmo `h frmvho dgat okht mcchho tgt ukt`ruddkof

ko bht mmotmc frmefketho ho `h wmmr`h vmo bht lmsksamth-rkmmc, zgmcs fgu`, zkcvhr ho lrgos. Ggd ko bht hxgtksibh

dmrmdthr vmo vggrwhrpho, buo syalgcksibh lhthdhoks ho

mo`hrh ’ gos golhdho`h ’ igoogtmtkhs `rmfho lkj mmo

`h ‒wmmr`h‛. Hho vggrlhhc` vmo `mt cmmtsth zkjo zwmmr`ho

ho sphrho: jh bm` fhc` ho tghsthaakof og`kf ga `kh th

`rmfho. Ggd `h vchufhccmos, hho dgrth lrh`h cmospuot

wmmr go`hr bht lcm` twhh ahssibhrph uktsthhdshcs mmo `hsibmibt zkttho (zgmcs ko frme 29;), vhrwkjst ommr `h hckth.

@kh vchuffhccmos whr` fhlrukdt lkj `h jmibt gp lkjvggr-

lhhc` wkc`h zwkjoho ge bhrtho ho `h jmibt gp `kt sggrt

frggt wkc` wms mmo `h m`hc vggrlhbgu`ho.

Ykhrckjd rkhalhscmf, lhstmmo`hukt hho fhsp, hho thfhopcmmtho hho ge ahhr lhscmfpcmmtjhs,dgat vggrmc ko amoohofrmvhovggr. @hzh ‒amoohckjdh skhrm-`ho‛ zkjo oht mcs lucmh sthrdmmo ag`h go`hrbhvkf.



25

Bgge`stud 5



26

Lhscukt

@h vrghfak``hchhuwsh smahochvkof dhot gp pmpkhr hho

ihotrmmc fhzmf (hho dgokof) aht `mmrmmo vhrlgo`ho

hho ohtwhrd vmo h`hcho. Gp cgdmmc okvhmu zkjo hr hckths`kh aht (ho thfho) hcdmmr hho amibtsstruituur ko stmo`

bgu`ho. Ammr bht ckjdt hrgp `mt `h tghoamckfh smahoch-

vkof hvhozhhr wgr`t fhvgra` `ggr phrsggockjdh lmo`ho

tussho ko`kvk`uho, tussho ch`ho vmo `hzhce`h emakckh ge

‒icmo‛ ho tussho `ggr buwhckjd vhrlgo`ho emakckhs. @hzh

lmo`ho ckffho sgas gp bht okvhmu vmo fhckjdwmmr`kf-

bhk`, ammr vmdhr ks hr sprmdh vmo gofhckjdwmmr`kfbhk`,

vmo zgfhomma`h pmtrggo-ickäot vhrbgu`kofho. Ygas

zkjo `kh lmo`ho ago`hckof mefhsprgdho mcs vhrpckibtkof

tgt bht chvhosgo`hrbgu` vmo `h lhfuostkf`h. Ygas ggd

lhstmmo zh ukt hho kofhwkddhc` sthcshc vmo wh`hrzkj`sh

fhsibhodho. @kh fhsibhodho duooho `h vgra mmooh-

aho vmo dgstlmrh vggrwhrpho (zgmcs fgu`ho bmcsskh-

rm`ho) ge fhc`, bht uktvghrho vmo `khostho, bht fhvho

vmo fgh`h rmm`, bht grfmokshrho vmo ho `hhcohaho mmofhvhibtho ho ehhstfhcmfho, gorghrho` fgh` (frgo` ho

`h lkjlhbgrho`h bghvho), `h uktwksshckof vmo buwhckjds-

dmo`k`mtho ge `h vhrmotwggr`hckjdbhk` vggr `h gpvgh-

`kof vmo hcdmmrs dko`hrho.

Igoshrvmtgrho Moohamrkhdh

Vkcchasho (rhibts) ho Cui Madrhu pgshhr`ho tkj`hosbht korkibtho vmo `h \bhoho-vktrkoh ko ‒Mribhgcgfkh vmoOh`hrcmo`‛ lhfko <>== vggrbht Chk`sib @mflcm`.



22

Frmefketho amdho `hhc ukt vmo `mtzhce`h sgikmch sy-

sthha: zkj vhrsthvkfho `h lmo` aht `h vggrgu`hrs, `hemakckh ho tussho pmtrggo ho ickäot. Ggd lhvhstkfho zh

`h pgsktkh ho bht mmozkho vmo `h emakckh tho gpzkibth

vmo bht gvhrch`ho `hhc vmo `h smahochvkof, `mt ko bht

fhahhosibmpphckjdh frmevhc` ckft. Aht `h stkjc vmo lh-

frmvho ho `h frmefketho cmtho `h omlhstmmo`ho ’ sgas

golhwust ’ zkho wmt `h gvhrch`hoh ko buo gfho lhth-

dho`h. @h dwmckthkt, `h bghvhhcbhk` ho `h mmr` vmo `h

frmefketho ammdt bht tgt gp zhdhrh bggfth agfhckjd vmst

th sthccho tgt whcdh cmmf ko `h smahochvkof `h `g`h bhhet

lhbggr`. Oggkt amf `h wmmr`h vmo bht frmekovhotmrks

mcchho mcs mmowkjzkof vggr `h ammtsibmpphckjdh pgsktkh

vmo `h `g`h wgr`ho gpfhvmt. Ggd `h pcmmts vmo bht frme

ko bht frmevhc`, `h meahtkofho vmo `h frmedukc, `h am-

tho ho `h igostruitkh vmo dkst ho `h mmowhzkfbhk` vmo

mo`hrh rkjdh frmvho ge pmmr`hofrmvho ko `h luurt, fhvho

hho ko`kimtkh. Ammr vggrmc duooho `hfhoho `kh bht lh-

frmmerktuhhc vgrafhvho ho uktvghrho lhwust hho mmofh-



2;

frmmerktuhhc vgrafhvho ho uktvghrho lhwust hho mmofhpmst (rkjdhr) lhhc` fhvho vmo `h `g`h, lkjvggrlhhc` ga

`mmrahh buo hkfho mmozkho ho pgsktkh th vhrsthrdho.

Mcs jh gvhr `h frhozho vmo \bhoho bhho dkjdt, aght

jh vmststhccho `mt hr ggd mc go`hr `h Ermodho hho lmms

lgvho lmms wms. Fhho vmo `h ==>> frmvho vmo \bhoho

dmo tkppho mmo frme =62< ukt bht hograh frmevhc` (ge

akssibkho zhces frmevhc`hoigapchx) vmo bht @uktshDrhehc`-Fhcchp. Mcchho `mt frmeouaahr mc! Bht tgtmch

mmotmc go`hrzgibth frmvho ko Fhcchp cggpt gp tgt 58>>.

Ko frme =62< aght hho bggffhpcmmtst phrsggo zkjo lkj-

fhzht, fhzkho `h uktvghrkof vmo zkjo wmphorustkof: zkjo

bhca ’ bhcaho gotlrhdho ko bht frmevhc` vmo `h

@go`hrlhrf ’ wms vmo vhrfuc` lrgos. @hzh ‒chk`hr‛ aght

hr ko`rudwhddho` bhllho uktfhzkho aht `kt bgge``hd-shc. Ahhr ko `h dhrofhlkh`ho vmo bht Ermodhorkjd lh-

vko`ho zkib ogf rkjdhrh frmvho. Xkt Mrcgo ho @ggrokd

(Lhcfkä) ammr ggd ukt Dhucho dhooho wh zhhr rkjdh frm-

vho, zhces vmo dko`hrho. Dko`hrho bhllho buo rkjdh frme-

fketho ho stmtus hibt th `modho mmo buo medgast ’ mmo

buo trgtsh gu`hrs ge vggf`ho ’ ho okht mmo buo hkfho

kospmookofho. Zh bm``ho kaahrs fhho tkj` vmo chvho

ga `kh th chvhrho. @h bkhr fhvgo`ho frmvho duooho

wgr`ho tghfhsibrhvho mmo dgokofho, dgokofkooho ho

mo`hrh ch`ho vmo `h vhrsibkccho`h dgokodckjdh emakckhs.

Ko @ggrokd cmf dgokof Ibkc`hrkd lhfrmvho. Ammr `h

@h igalkomtkh vmo haahr holrgozho sibmmc, zgmcs ko frme659, ks typhrho` vggr `h mcchr-rkjdsth amoohofrmvho ho bhhetwmmrsibkjockjd th amdho ahtbht ukt`hcho vmo wkjo.

Bhcaho zkjo ko \bhoho okht fhvgo`ho, ammr whc ermfaho-tho vmo amckäodgc`hrs (\b8<;). @hzh ‒fhlrhk`h‛ rkofh-tjhs zkho vmst mmo hho vmo `h pmotshrpcmmtjhs, `kh vmmd gp `hsibgu`hrs zmtho.

drggo spmot Yt.-@hoks lkj ^mrkjs. @mmr bkhc` `mo ggd dg-

okof Icgvks bge. Xkt `h ^mo`bge vmo `h Yhrvmmslmskckhd

ko Ammstrkibt, ukt \kjoslurf mmo `h Bgccmo`sh dust ho

Vkjomc`ua ko Erkhscmo` zkjo ko`kvk`uhch ammr gpvmccho`

dgstlmrh vgo`stho lhdho`. Aht `kh cmmtsth twhh dga jh



;>

dgstlmrh vgo`stho lhdho`. Aht `kh cmmtsth twhh dga jhggd ko Oh`hrcmo` ko `h luurt vmo ‒rgymcty‛.

Ko \bhoho zkjo fhho mmowkjzkofho `mt hr hho `ux

(bhrtgf), cmmt stmmo hho rhx (dgokof) ckft lhfrmvho.

\bhoho ks vggrmc rkjd ‒ko `h lrhh`th‛, aht lkjvggrlhhc`

frgth bghvhhcbh`ho eklucmh aht kochfwhrd, zwmmr`ho

ho lhscmfho haahrtjhs. @h pmmr`hofrmvho ho `h rkjdh

amoohofrmvho fhvho whc mmo `mt hr tkhotmccho phrsgoho(vmo `kvhrsh emakckhs7) wggo`ho `kh lmo`ho go`hrbkhc-

`ho aht bgfhrh cmfho ko `h smahochvkof vmo `h zhs`h ho

zhvho`h hhuw.

Lkj mcch frmvho gp `h @go`hrlhrf, `kh wh mcs ‒rkjd‛

ahoho th duooho lhsthaphcho ge `kh vhrwkjzho ommr hho

bgfh sgikmch stmtus, ks hr sprmdh vmo ckjdlhfrmvkof. Bht

ks vhrchk`hckjd th `hodho `mt `h irhamtkhfrmvho `mmrga

\bhoho ks hho vmo schibts zhs frme-vhc`ho ko `h Ahrgvkofksibh whrhc`

wmmrko bmofhrs vmo lhrfdrkstmccho lgc-cho ko hho vmkof ho frgth lhrfdrkstmc-cho (spko)drmcho thfhckjd vggrdgaho.

Xkt hho vhrstggr` frmevhc` ko\kjoslurf (Zuk`-Bgccmo`) whr` ko=;=9 hho prmibtkfh fhsp fhlgrfho,vhrskhr` aht ckfrmmo ho kochfwhrd,wmmrsibkjockjd fhammdt ko Dhot(Hofhcmo`).

zkjo vmo phrsgoho, `kh bgrho ko `h cmfhrh rhfkgoho vmo

`h smahochvkof. @mt ks okht th vhr`h`kfho. Ko `h dhro

vmo bht Ermodhorkjd lhdhhr`h hho mmotmc Ermodho zkib

vhhc vrghfhr tgt bht ibrkstho`ga `mo ko bht Oh`hrcmo`sh

rkvkhrhofhlkh` ho fgc` ckjdvhrlrmo`kof vhhc vrghfhr mcs



;=

f f j f fogt `goh . Ko bht rkvkhrhofhlkh` fkof bht irhahrho mmo-

zkhockjd cmofhr `ggr: Erkhzho ho Ermodho bkhc`ho hrmmo

vmst tgt ko `h zhvho`h hhuw. Agfhckjd zkjo lkj bht irh-

ahrho vggrwhrpho vhrcgrho fhfmmo ’ hr zmtho vhrlrmo`h

skhrm`ho ko sgaakfh uroho ’ ge ks lkj bht vhrzmahcho

vmo `h ms okht mcchs gpfhrmmpt ho ahhlhfrmvho.

Mcs wh ko \bhoho `h vhrzmahc`h frmefketho, `h mmowhzkfbhk` vmo pmmr`hofrmvho ho `h uktvghrkof vmo ho-

dhch amoohofrmvho ko `h luurt vmo `h pmmr`hofrmvho

ko gfhosibguw ohaho, `mo gotstmmt hho lhhc` vmo hho

@h ‒dgokodckjdh‛ fgu`ho lucm

aht kochfwhrd ukt `h thrp vmoVkjomc`ua (Erkhscmo`) ks aht zkjo=6 ia `h frggtsth vmo Oh`hrcmo`.@h hograh sphc` ks wmmrsibkjockjd`ggr hho `mah fh`rmfho.

whcvmrho`h oh`hrzhttkof. @h kowgohrs bm``ho lrhh`

tghfmof tgt cuxh prg`uitho, `kh vkm hho uktfhlrhk` vhr-

dhhrs- ho bmo`hcsohtwhrd ho hho ekjoamzkf sgikmmc oht-

whrd \bhoho lhrhkdtho. Hëo ge hodhch emakckhs go`hr-

bkhc`ho lmo`ho aht `h Ahrgvkofksibh hckth. Gp frgo`



;<

f p fvmo hxicuskhvh wmphos mcs zwmmr`ho, sphrho ho `h vchu-

fhccmos, lrgozho vmmtwhrd, `uur fcmswhrd ho vggrwhr-

pho vmo fgu` ho lhrfdrkstmc, aghtho zh ggd zhce lh-

bggr` bhllho tgt `h Ermodksibh m`hc.

Gvhr `h frmvho vmo `h vggrgu`hrs vmo Egcdhr, aht

wkh wh gos vhrbmmc lhfgooho, duooho wh bhcmms okhts

ahhr zhffho. Frgth dmos `mt `kh ko Cmmr cmfho lhfrmvho.

Hodhch vgo`stho vmo bht dchkoh frmevhc` vmo Cmmr dwmaho th-rhibt ko bht \kjdsaushua vmoGu`bh`ho, wmmrgo`hr `hzhtuktpgt, `rkh mo`hrh pgho, hhodmoohtjh, twhh cmospuotho hohho lkjc.

Bht frmevhc` gp `h Cmmrsholhrf ks tkj`hos gotfkookofs-

whrdzmmabh`ho ko =2;9 got`hdt ho ko `h cggp vmo `mt

whrd vhrokhtkf`. Bgo`hr`ho vgo`stho zkjo dmpgtfh-

fggk`, zgmcs hodhch lghrhodohibtho vhrthc`ho mmo hho

ckhebhllhr vmo gu`bh`ho ukt Ckho`ho. @kh sibrhhe hodh-



;9

ch ammo`ho cmthr hho vhrscmfjh, `mt bkj aht hho bhhc dchk-

oh shchitkh vggrwhrpho vhrzgo` ommr `h tghoamckfh `k-

rhithur vmo bht \kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho ko Chk`ho.

Gp frgo` vmo `h ckjst vmo lhzkttkofho vmo Egcdhr ho

`h omlkjbhk` vmo `h wmclurf gp `h Bhkaholhrf amf

jh mmoohaho `mt zkjo vggrgu`hrs hho vggrmmostmmo`h

pcmmts ko `h cgdmch ge rhfkgomch smahochvkof koomaho. Vmrho zh lkjfhzht ko bht frmevhc` vmo Cmmr, ko hho frme-

dmahr, vggrzkho vmo lkjfketho `kh ko \bhoho buo whhrfm

okht dho`ho7 Bm` `h emakckh hho hkfho frmevhc`jh, mefh-

sibhk`ho vmo `mt vmo `h rhst vmo `h cgdmch fhahhosibmp7

Ho wmmr `mo prhikhs7



Omwggr`



;8

@kt lghdjh ks hho vmo `h rhsuctmtho vmo bht prgjhit

‒\hvkvkof \bhoho‛, `mt ah`kg <>=> whr` fhbgogrhhr`

`ggr ̀ h Oh`hrcmo`sh Grfmoksmtkh vggr Vhthosibmpphck jd

Go`hrzghd (OVG) ko bht dm`hr vmo bht ‒G`ysshh-prg-

frmaam‛ vmo bht Akoksthrkh vmo Go`hrwkjs, Iuctuur ho

Vhthosibmppho. @ghc `mmrvmo wms `h pulckimtkh vmo hho

vgcch`kfh imtmcgfus vmo bht frmevhc` gp `h @go`hrlhrf,bht eyskhd ho ̀ kfktmmc tghfmodhckjd amdho vmo mcch vgo`stho

ho `giuahotmtkh, pcus hho lrhh` pulckhd (gpokhuw)

dhooks cmtho amdho aht `h gpfrmvkof, aht omah ko `h

rhfkg \bhoho. @kt lghdjh lhfhchk`t `mo ggd hho tho-

tggosthcckof ko Fhahhothaushua Bht \go`hhc mc`mmr,

fhgpho` gp =6 `hihalhr <>==.

Bht prgjhit whr` fhchk` vmoukt bht \kjdsaushua vmoGu`bh`ho th Chk`ho (Moohamrkhdh Vkcchasho), hkfh-

ommr vmo `h vgo`stho vmo bht frmevhc`, ko hho smaho-

whrdkofsvhrlmo` aht `h \kjds`khost vggr bht Iucturhhc

Hrefgh` (Jgs Lmzhcamos, Jmo vmo @ghslurf, Kohdh

Jggstho), mribhgcgfksib m`vkhslurhmu MribhgAh`km

(Moohtth Vmfohr) ho `h fhahhoth \bhoho (Lhrt

Buksdhs). Mc `hzh grfmoksmtkhs ekomoikhr`ho bht prgjhitahh.

Hhuwkfh rust ko \bhoho7 Fhho sibkjo vmo dmos.

Yko`s `h got`hddkof vmo bht frmevhc`, ou prhikhs zhs-

tkf jmmr fhch`ho, bhhet bmce mribhgcgfksib Oh`hrcmo` zkib

hrahh lhzkf fhbgu`ho. Hëo `kof ks gos whc `uk`hckjd

fhwgr`ho: `hzh lkjzgo`hrh vgo`st sprmd ho sprhhdt tgt

`h vhrlhhc`kof ho vhhc ahosho vghcho zkib hr phrsggo-

ckjd ahh vhrlgo`ho ’ okht ko `h cmmtsth pcmmts ko \bhoho

zhce. Imtmcgfus, thotggosthcc kof ho lghdjh zuccho `mmrga

lhsckst okht bht cmmtsth wggr` zkjo gvhr `hzh pchd ho whbgpho zhce ggd `mt gos prgjhit ogf hho vhrvgcf drkjft



;5

bgpho zhce ggd `mt gos prgjhit ogf hho vhrvgcf drkjft.

Jh zgu duooho zhffho: `h vrghfak``hchhuwsh lhfrmme-

pcmmts vmo \bhoho ks whhr sprkofchvho`.

Lkj gos prgjhit drhfho wh vhhc ah`hwhrdkof ho `mmr-

vggr `mod kd, omahos bht bhch prgjhitthma:

Cui Madrhutz, ^hthr Jmo Lgabge, Ammrtho vmo

Lgaahc, Ibrysthc Lrmo`holurfb, Pbgams Imcckfmrg,Bhod @hys, Amrckhdh Hrost, Pbhg Fhurtsho, Hvhcyoh

Fg`erhy, Jhsskim Frkaa, Ohcchdh KJsshoomffhr, Kom

Kskofs, Moohdh `h Dhap, ^khthr thr Dhurs, Bmoohdh

Dkd, Fhohvrm Dgrolcutb, Ahooh Dgskmo, Cui Ahfhos,

Icmkrh ^mibhig, \mpbmäc ^mobukjsho, Bhkddk ^muts,

Ecgrkmo ^rhk×, Lhoog \k``hrbge, \gllko vmo Ypcuo`hr,

Ibrkstg Pbmogs ho Imrgckho vmo Zghst.

@r. Moohamrkhdh Vkcchasho

Igoshrvmtgr Ak``hchhuwho

\kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho



Uhr`hr chzho

Fcmzham ^ ho J [phy =;85: Ahrgvkofksibh malmibtsduost



;;

Fcmzham, ^., ho J. [phy, =;85: Ahrgvkofksibh malmibtsduost ,Lmmro.

Kskofs, I., =;8;: Ahrgvkofksib fcms ukt Oh`hrcmo`, ko: J.H.

Lgfmhrs ht mc. (rh`.), Bgo`hr` hhuwho Oh`hrcmo`, Motkquktymo` Yurvkvmc KK 8-5, ‛s-Frmvhobmfh, <=<-<<9.

Drmahr, H. (rh`.), <>>>: Dgokofho vmo `h Oggr`zhh, <8>-28>om Ibr., Mssho.

Uckhr`ho, A. vmo, =;;8: Vkccklrgr` ho bht lhfko vmo Oh`hrcmo` ,Xtrhibt.

Vmfohr, M., =;;0: \kjdh amoohofrmvho ko \bhoho, ko: V.M.

vmo Hs & V.M.A. Bhsskof (rh`.), \gahkoho, Erkhzhoho Ermodho ko bht bmrt vmo Oh`hrcmo`, Umo Prmkhitua tg

@grhstm` 8> v.I. - ;>> o.I., Mahrseggrt (\GL).

Vmfohr, M. ho J. [phy†, Tko `rudQ: @ms Fràlhrehc` mue `ha@go`hrlhrf lhk \bhoho: Dmtmcgf , Chk`ho T<>==Q.

Vkhizgrhd, M., ht mc. (rh`.), =;;5: @kh Ermodho ’ VhflhrhkthrHurgpms / Chs Ermois ’ ^kgookhrs `h c°Hurgph , Amkoz.

Vhlsthr, C. ho A. Lrgwo (rh`.), =;;6: Pbh Prmosegramtkgo ge

tbh \gamo Vgrc`, M@ 0>>-;>> , Cgo`ho. [phy, J., =;69: @ms eràodksibh Fràlhrehc` zu \bhoho, ^rgv.

Xtrhibt, Lhrkibtho \GL <9, <2;’9=<.



Kccustrmtkhvhrmotwggr`kof

Bhod @hys, \bhoho: =2-=;, <>, <=



=>=

Bhod @hys, \bhoho: =2 =;, <>, <=

Erkhs Aushua, Chhuwmr`ho (aht `mod mmo Ohcchdh

KJsshoomffhr): ;=

Jhsskim Frkaa, Imphcch m/` KJsshc: 86 go`hr, 82 lgvho

Emlrkhs Buksdhs, \bhoho: =<-=9

Kohdh Jggstho (\IH): 2<

Ahooh Dgskmo (\IH): <2, 9>

Bkhcig Dukphrs Egtgprg`udtkhs, Chk`ho: 25

Cmo`hsmribkv Ogr`rbhko-Vhstemcho, @ósshc`gre: 2

Aushua Bht \go`hhc, \bhoho: ==, =8, =5 lgvho

OKOG, Chk`ho (aht `mod mmo Imrgckho vmo Zghst): <0-<8

\kjds`khost vggr bht Iucturhhc Hrefgh` (\IH), Mahrseggrt:

=>, =0, <<, <9 ckods, <6, 99, 0>, 00, 02-0;, 8>, 8=, 8<,

80, 65, 6;, 2>-2=

\kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho, Chk`ho: 0, =5 ak``ho,

<9 rhibts, 9=, 96, 0=, 0<, 09, 08, 05, 06, 88, 85 lgvho,

82 go`hr, 5=, 59, 56, 52, 5;, 6<, 69, 60 ckods, 68, 66,

62, 29, 20, 22, ;>, ;<, gascmf

Amrtko Umcdbg, \gtthr`ma: =, 90-98, 92, 85 go`hr,

86 lgvho, 8;, 50, 6>

Vkdkah`km Igaagos: 95 go`hr, 5>

Moohamrkhdh Vkcchasho, Chk`ho: 9<, 95 rhibts, 89, 55, 6=,

60 rhibts, ;0-;8, ;2



Bht rkjhofrmevhc` gp `h @go`hrlhrf lkj \bhoho ks `h frggtsth,

cmofst fhlrukdth ho agfhckjd rkjdsth vrghfak``hchhuwsh

lhfrmmepcmmts vmo Oh`hrcmo`. @h ruka ==>> lhfrmvkofho,

wmmrgo`hr zg‛o 9>> irhamtkhs ho =0 pmmr`hofrmvho, `mthrho vmoikrim 968 tgt 68> om Ibr. @h frmvho lhvmttho ahhr `mo 9>>>

vggrwhrpho `kh zkib ou ko bht \kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho

hhuwkfh rust gp `h `go`hrlhrf



vggrwhrpho `kh zkib ou ko bht \kjdsaushua vmo Gu`bh`ho

th Chk`ho lhvko`ho. Zh vgraho gpvmccho` rkjdh igcchitkhs

skhrm`ho, drmcho, dhrmakhd, fcmswhrd, wmphos, whrdtukfho ho

bhrfhlrukdt \gahkos amthrkmmc. Cmo`sibmpphckjd lhvko`t bht

frmevhc` zkib gp `h ggsthckjdh puot vmo hho stuwwmc, `kh ggd

mo`hrh vrghfak``hchhuwsh vgo`stho gpchvhr`h, wmmrgo`hr hhofgu`sibmt ho hho auotsibmt, ammr ggd rkjdh prhbkstgrksibh

frmvho.

Bht \bhohosh frmevhc` whr` ko bht vggrjmmr vmo =;8=

gpfhfrmvho. Bghwhc whthosibmpphrs, phrs ho pulckhd `krhit bht

lhcmof hrvmo kozmfho, lchhe `h vgo`st gofhpulckihhr`. @kt lghd

ks, ommst hho whthosibmpphckjdh imtmcgfus ho hho thotggosthcckof

ko Aushua Bht \go`hhc ko \bhoho, bht rhsuctmmt vmo bhtG`ysshh-prgjhit ‒\hvkvkof \bhoho‛. Ymaho lrhofho zh `kt

gavmofrkjdh vrghfak``hchhuwsh igapchx gvhr bht vghtckibt,

prhikhs zhstkf jmmr om `h got`hddkof hrvmo.

um`rmot og. 9; 62;>22 ;>>2<<

KYLO: ;62-;>-22;>->2<-<

Yk`hstgoh ^rhss

5;9=5>>56

Lhsthcouaahr: YY^200;>>><

]

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