(HJl Wolters Kluwer

Remedies and Procedures before the EUCourts

Rene Barents

E d i te d b y

Helen E. Breese

(HJl Wolters Kluwer

Table of Contents

P r e f a c e xxi

List o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s xxiii

N o te fo r t h e R e a d e r xxvii

C h a p t e r 1

T h e C o u r t o f J u s t i c e o f t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n 1§1.01 S t r u c tu r e a n d C o m p o s i t i o n 1

[A| D e n o m in a t io n a n d T e r m in o lo g y 1[B] C o u r t o f J u s t i c e 2[C| G e n e ra l C o u r t 3[D] S p ec ia l is ed C o u r ts a n d th e Civil S e rv ice T r ib u n a l 4[E] R e la t io n b e tw e e n th e U n io n C o u r t s 5

§1 .02 S o u rc e s o f L aw 6

[A] T h e P ro v i s io n s o f t h e C h a r te r o f F u n d a m e n t a l R igh ts 6

[B] T h e P ro v is io n s o f t h e T re a t i e s 6

[C] T h e S ta tu te o f th e C o u r t of J u s t i c e o f th e E u r o p e a n U n io n 9[ D J R u les o f P r o c e d u re o f th e U n io n C o u r t s 1 1

[1] C o n te n t s a n d Legal C h a r a c te r 11[2] R u le s o f P r o c e d u re o f t h e C o u r t o f J u s t i c e 13

[3] R u les o f P r o c e d u r e o f t h e G e n e ra l C o u r t 14[4J R u les o f P r o c e d u r e o f t h e Civil Se rv ice T r ib u n a l 15

[E] O th e r R u les 16

[1] C o u r t o f Ju s t i c e 16

[2 ] G e n e ra l C o u r t 17[3] Civil S e rv ice T r ib u n a l 17

§1.03 C o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 18[A] T e r m in o lo g y 18

v

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

[B] N u m b e r o f M e m b e r s 18[C] A p p o i n t m e n t of M e m b e r s 20

[1] R e q u i r e m e n t s 20[2] P r o c e d u r e 21

[3] D u r a t io n a n d T e r m i n a t io n o f Office 23[D] P o s i t io n 24

[E] F u n c t io n o f t h e A d v o c a te G e n e ra l 28§1 .04 O r g a n i s a t io n o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 32

[A] P r e s id e n t s a n d V ic e -P re s id e n ts o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 32[B] F irst A d v o c a t e G e n e ra l 33[C] J u d g e - R a p p o r t e u r 33[D] R e g is t ra r 36

§1 .05 F o r m a t i o n s o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 36[A] C h a m b e r S y s te m 36

[B] C o u r t o f J u s t i c e 40[1] Full C o u r t 40[2] G ra n d C h a m b e r 41

[3] C h a m b e r s 41

[4] A s s i g n m e n t o f C a s e s 42[C] T h e G e n e ra l C o u r t 43

[1] F o r m a t i o n s 43[2] A s s i g n m e n t o f C a s e s 44

[D] Civil S e rv ice T r ib u n a l 46[E] R eferra l to A n o t h e r F o r m a t i o n 47

§ 1 .0 6 A d m in is t r a t io n 48[A] Staff, I n t e r n a l O r g a n i s a t i o n a n d B u d g e t 48

IBJ A c ce ss to D o c u m e n t s 49

C h a p t e r 2

J u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e U n i o n C o u r t s 61§2.01 T h e J u d ic ia l S y s te m o f t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n 61

[A] Specif ic J u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 61[B] T h e D e c e n t r a l i s e d C h a r a c te r o f th e U n i o n ’s J u d ic ia l S y s te m 63

§ 2 .0 2 C o m p e t e n c e s o f t h e CJEU 64[A] C o m p e t e n c e s u n d e r P r i m a r y U n io n L a w 64

[1] D irec t A c t io n s 65

[2] P r e l im in a r y R u l in g P r o c e d u r e s 67[3] A d v iso ry P r o c e d u r e s 67

[4] O th e r T y p e s o f P r o c e d u r e 67[B ] E x c lu s io n o f J u r i s d i c t i o n 6 8

[C] C o m p e t e n c e s u n d e r S e c o n d a r y U n io n L a w 70[1] B o d ies , Offices a n d A g e n c ie s 70[2] U n l im i te d J u r i s d i c t i o n 73

ID] J u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e CJEU o n th e B as is o f I n t e r n a t io n a l T r e a t i e s 74

T a b le o f C o n t e n t s

[1] A g r e e m e n ts C o n c lu d e d b y th e U n io n 74

[2J A g r e e m e n ts C o n c lu d e d b y All t h e M e m b e r S ta te s 76[3] A g r e e m e n ts C o n c lu d e d by S o m e M e m b e r S ta te s 77

§2 .03 G e n e r a l F e a tu r e s o f th e Ju r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e CJEU 79[A] O b l ig a to ry J u r i s d ic t io n 79[B] E x c lu s iv e Ju r i sd ic t io n 80[C] B in d in g J u r i s d i c t i o n 81[D] T h e CJEU a n d J u r i s d ic t io n o f I n t e r n a t io n a l C o u r t s 82

§ 2 .0 4 D e l im i ta t io n o f J u r i s d i c t i o n b e t w e e n th e CJEU a n d N a t io n a l C o u r t s 83[A] P o s i t iv e C onf l ic ts o f J u r i s d i c t i o n 83[B] N e g a t iv e C onfl ic ts o f Ju r i s d i c t i o n 85

§2 .05 D iv is io n o f C o m p e te n c e s b e t w e e n th e U n io n C o u r t s 8 6

[A] G e n e ra l P ro v i s io n s 8 6

[B] G e n e ra l C o u r t 8 6

[C] Civil S e rv ice T r ib u n a l 87[D] T h e C o u r t o f J u s t i c e 8 8

[E] P r o b le m s o f Ju r i sd ic t io n b e tw e e n t h e U n io n C o u r t s 90[1] C onf l ic ts o f J u r i s d ic t io n 90[2] C o n c u r r e n c e o f J u r i s d ic t io n 91

C h a p t e r 3

T h e R e f o r m o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 95

§3.01 B a c k g r o u n d 95§ 3 .02 T h e P r o p o s e d A m e n d m e n t s o f th e S ta tu te 96

[A] T h e 2011 P ro p o s a l s 96[B] T h e 20 1 4 P ro p o s a l s 98[C] T h e R e fo rm P a c k a g e 99

§3.03 S o m e R ef lec t io n s 100[A] T h e A b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e M o d e l o f th e T re a ty o f Nice 100

[B] T h e CST 102[C] S o m e P rac t ica l C o n s e q u e n c e s 103[D] G o v e r n a n c e o f th e CJEU 104

C h a p t e r 4

F o u n d a t i o n s a n d P r in c ip l e s o f EU P r o c e d u r a l L a w 107§4.01 EU P ro c e d u ra l L aw 107§4 .0 2 N a tu r e of EU P r o c e d u ra l L aw 108

[A] O rig ins a n d T y p o lo g y 108[B] E v o lu t io n o f EU P r o c e d u ra l L aw 111

§4 .03 T h e L a w in t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n 113[A] ‘L a w ’ a n d th e L aw o f t h e T re a t i e s 113[B] T h e R u le o f L aw 115

§4 .0 4 EU P r o c e d u ra l L aw a n d Effec tive Legal P ro te c t io n 118

[A] T h e R ight to a Fa ir T r ia l 118[B] Locus S tan d i b e fo re t h e U n io n C o u r t s 120

vii


[C] T h e S t a tu t e a n d t h e R u le s o f P r o c e d u r e 124[D] P r in c ip le s G o v e r n in g th e P r o c e e d in g s b e fo re t h e U n io n C o u r t s 125

C h a p t e r 5

T h e A c t io n fo r A n n u l m e n t 133§5.01 I n t r o d u c t i o n 134§5 .02 A p p l i c a n t s a n d D e f e n d a n t s 135

[A] A p p l ic a n t s 135[B] D e f e n d a n t s 138[C] I m p u ta t io n o f A cts 139[D] A c ts o f A u t h o r s N o t In c lu d e d b y A rt ic le 263 TFEU 141

§5 .03 A c ts S u s c e p t ib le to a R e v ie w o f L ega li ty 144[A] ‘A c t s ’ a n d 'Legal A c ts ’ 144[B] T h e C r i te r io n o f Legal E ffec ts 145[C] F o rm o f t h e Act 150[D] N e g a t iv e A c ts , F a i lu re to Act a n d Im p lic i t R e fu sa l 155[E] E x is ten t a n d N o n - e x i s t e n t A c ts 157

[1] A cts T h a t Do N ot Exist 158[2] A cts T h a t N o L o n g e r Exis t 159

[3] N o n e x i s t e n t A cts 160§5 .04 P r e p a r a to r y a n d F ina l A c ts 161

[A] C o n c e p t a n d C o n d i t i o n s fo r R e v ie w 161[B] A cts In i t ia t in g D if fe ren t P r o c e d u r e s 165

§5.05 C o n f i r m a to r y A cts 167[A] C o n c e p t a n d C o n d i t i o n s for R e v ie w 167[B] R e c o n s id e r a t io n 169

§5 .0 6 I n te rn a l M e a s u r e s , C o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 172[A] I n te rn a l M e a s u r e s 172[B] L e t te rs a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 174[C] C o m p la in t s 178[D] Soft L aw I n s t r u m e n t s 180

§5 .0 7 O th e r A cts 181§5 .0 8 F o r m s o f O r d e r S o u g h t 183

[A] A d m is s ib l e a n d In a d m is s ib l e F o r m s o f O r d e r S o u g h t 183[B] S c o p e o f th e A p p l ic a t io n 187

§5 .09 L im i te d a n d U n l im i te d J u r i s d i c t i o n 189

[A] L im i te d J u r i s d i c t i o n 189[B] U n l im i te d J u r i s d i c t i o n 193[C] I n te l l e c tu a l P r o p e r ty C a se s 195

§ 5 .1 0 A n n u l m e n t a n d Its Legal Effects 197[A] Void 197[B] Full a n d Pa r t ia l A n n u l m e n t 199[Cl D u ty to C o m p ly 202

[1] P u r p o s e a n d N a tu r e 202

viii


[2] R e s to ra t io n 203

[3J R e a s o n a b le T im e 206

[D] T e m p o r a l R es t r ic t io n o f t h e Effects o f A n n u l m e n t 207

C h a p t e r 6

T h e A c t io n for A n n u l m e n t b y P r iv a te A p p l i c a n t s 213§ 6 .0 1 T h e R igh t o f P r iv a te A p p l ic a n t s to Bring a n A c t io n 213

[A] A d m iss ib i l i ty o f P r iv a te A c t io n s 213[B] S c o p e a n d F e a tu re s 215

§6 .0 2 In te re s t in B r in g in g P ro c e e d in g s 215

[A] N o t io n a n d F u n c t io n 215[B] C ri te r ia for E s ta b l i sh in g a n In te re s t 219

1C] P r e s e n c e o r A b s e n c e of In te re s t 223[D] Loss o f In te re s t 228

§6.03 D irec t a n d In d iv id u a l C o n c e rn 231tA] S u b je c t M a t te r o f P r iv a te A p p l ic a t io n s 231

[B] A cts o f G e n e ra l v e r s u s In d iv id u a l A p p l ica t io n 232

[C] N a t u r e o f t h e C o n d i t io n s o f D irect a n d In d iv id u a l C o n c e rn 235

[D] C a su is t ic N a t u r e of th e R e q u i r e m e n t o f In d iv id u a l C o n c e rn 237

§6 .04 I n d iv id u a l C o n c e rn 238

[A] T h e M e a n in g o f ‘C o n c e r n ’ a n d ‘In d iv id u a l C o n c e r n ’ 238[1] A c ts o f G e n e ra l A p p l ica t io n 238[2] S c o p e o f th e Act 239

[3] O b je c t iv e Legal Effects 241

[4] C o n c e p t o f t h e ‘O p e n ’ G ro u p 242

[5] E x a m p le s 246

IB] I n d iv id u a l C o n c e r n 249

[ 1 ] Cri te r ia 249

[2] Full In d iv id u a l i s a t io n 2 50

[3] C o n g lo m e r a t io n o f In d iv id u a l Acts 253

[4] D u ty o f C are 255

[5] Spec if ic P r o c e d u ra l R ights 257

[CJ I ly b r id Acts 260

[1] C a se L aw 261

[2] F e a tu r e s a n d C o n s e q u e n c e s 263

§6.05 Direct C o n c e r n 264

[A] C o n c e p t 264

[B] A cts o f D irect a n d In d i rec t C o n c e rn 266

[C] A u to m a t i c A p p l ica t io n 267

§6 .06 A c t io n s b y P ro fe s s io n a l A sso c ia t io n s 271

§6 .07 A c t io n s b y In t r a - s t a te E nti t ies 275

§6.08 R e g u la to ry M e a s u r e s 277

[A] B a c k g r o u n d 277

ix


[B] T h e R e q u i r e m e n t o f In d iv id u a l C o n c e r n a n d th e T r e a ty ofL is b o n 2 8 0

[C] I n t e r p r e ta t io n 282

C h a p t e r 7

T h e O b j e c t i o n o f I l lega l i ty 293§7.01 C o n c e p t a n d F u n c t io n 293

[A] B a c k g r o u n d 293[B] F u n c t io n a n d N a tu r e 294[C] F e a tu r e s 295

§7 .0 2 C o n d i t i o n s fo r A p p l ic a t io n 2 9 6

[A] S u b s ta n t iv e C o n d i t i o n s 296[1] P a r t ie s 2 9 6

[2] S c o p e o f A p p l i c a t io n 297[3] A c ts 298

[B] P r o c e d u ra l C o n d i t i o n s 299[C] S c o p e 301

§7.03 Legal Effects 303

C h a p t e r 8

T h e A c t io n fo r F a i lu r e to A c t 305§8.01 I n t r o d u c t io n 305

§8 .02 A p p l ic a n t s a n d D e f e n d a n t s 307[A] A p p l i c a n t s 307[B] D e f e n d a n t s 307

§8.03 F a i lu re to Act 308[A] A d m iss ib i l i ty 308[B] ‘A c t ’ a n d ‘A n y Act O th e r T h a n ’ 308

[1] T h e N o t io n o f ’A c t ’ in A r t ic les 263 a n d 265 TFEU 308[2] ‘A n y Act A d d r e s s e d to T h a t P e r s o n ’ 311

[C] F a i lu re to Act 312[1] In v i ta t io n to A c t 313[ 2 1 P o s i t io n o f t h e I n s t i tu t i o n 314

§8 .04 F o rm s of O r d e r S o u g h t a n d P le a s 318§8 .05 D e c la ra t io n a n d Legal Effects o f F a i lu re to Act 320

C h a p t e r 9

T h e A c t io n fo r D a m a g e s 323§9.01 D is p u te s o n L iab ili ty o f t h e U n io n 323

[A] I n t r o d u c t io n 323[B] Ju r i s d i c t i o n r e g a r d in g A c t io n s fo r L iabili ty 324[C] D e v e l o p m e n t a n d S ig n i f ic a n ce o f t h e C a se L aw 326

§9 .0 2 Art ic le 268 TFEU a n d O th e r D irec t A c t io n s 327[A] D e l im i ta t io n 327[BJ A rt ic le 2 6 8 TFEU a s a n I n d e p e n d e n t A c t io n 328

x


[C] J u d g m e n t s R e n d e r e d P u r s u a n t to A r t ic les 263 , 265 a n d268 TFEU 332

§9.03 A r tic le 268 TFEU a n d N a t io n a l R e m e d ie s 332[A] D e l im i ta t io n 332[B] E x c e p t io n s 335[C] I m p le m e n ta t i o n o f U n io n L aw 337

§9 .0 4 T h e S u b s ta n t iv e C o n d i t io n s for N o n - c o n t r a c tu a l L iabili ty 339[A] P r in c ip le s C o m m o n to t h e M e m b e r S ta te s 339[BJ T h e T h r e e C o n d i t io n s for N o n - c o n t ra c tu a l Liabili ty 340

[1] O u t l in e 340[2] T h e B e r g a d e rm -D o c t r in e 341

§9 .05 I n f r in g e m e n t o f a U n io n R u le C o n fe r r in g R igh ts o n In d iv id u a l s 343[A] A u t h o r o f t h e I n f r in g e m e n t 343[B] I n f r in g e m e n t o f a R ule o f U n io n L aw C o n fe r r in g R igh ts o n

In d iv id u a l s 345§ 9 .0 6 Suff ic ien t ly S e r io u s B re ac h 347§9 .0 7 D a m a g e a n d C a u sa l L ink 351

[A] D a m a g e 351[B] C a u sa l L ink 354

C h a p t e r 10T h e P r e l im i n a r y R u l in g P r o c e d u r e 359

§10.01 In t r o d u c t io n 359[A] T h e C o m p e t e n c e to G ive a P r e l im in a r y R u l ing 359[B] R u les G o v e rn in g th e P r e l im in a r y R u l ing P r o c e d u re 361[C] C o u rse o f a P re l im in a ry R u l ing P r o c e d u re 362[D] S o m e S ta t is t ics 363

§ 1 0 .0 2 F u n c t io n a n d S ig n i f ic a n ce 365[A] F u n c t io n o f N a t io n a l C o u r ts in t h e U n i o n ’s Ju d ic ia l S y s tem 365[BJ T h e U n ifo rm A p p l ica t io n a n d In te r p r e ta t io n o f U n io n L aw 367[C] F u n c t io n o f t h e P re l im in a ry R u l in g P r o c e d u r e 368[D] F e a tu r e s o f t h e P re l im in a ry R u l ing P r o c e d u re 370

§10 .03 S u b je c t o f P r e l im in a r y Q u e s t io n s 373[A] S c o p e o f A r t ic le 267 TFEU 373

[1] U n io n L aw 373

[2] N a t io n a l L aw 373

[B] P r im a r y U n io n L aw 374[1] S c o p e o f A r t ic le 267 a) TFEU 374[2] S c o p e o f P r im a r y U n io n L aw 375[3] Specific P ro v i s io n s o f t h e T re a t i e s 377[4J T h e C h a r te r o f F u n d a m e n t a l R igh ts a n d G en era l

P r in c ip le s o f U n io n L aw 377[C] S e c o n d a r y U n io n L aw 380

[1] S c o p e o f Art ic le 2 6 7 b) TFEU 380


§ 1 0 .0 4

§10 .05

§ 1 0 .0 6

§ 10 .07

386388388

[2] Legal N a tu r e o f Acts[3] I n t e r n a t io n a l A g r e e m e n ts 3 $ 4

[D] R e fe re n c e s to a n d by U n io n L a wC o u r t s a n d T r ib u n a l s o f t h e M e m b e r S ta te s[A] W h a t Is a ‘C o u r t o r T r i b u n a l ’?

[B] R e fe r r in g B o d ies N o t C o v e r e d b y A rt ic le 2 6 7 TFEU[C] ‘Of t h e M e m b e r S t a t e s ’ 394

395P a r t i c ip a n t s in t h e P r e l im in a r y R u l in g P r o c e d u r e[A] I n t e r e s t e d P a r t ie s 395IB] P a r t ie s to t h e M a in P ro c e e d in g s 396

[C] M e m b e r S ta te s , In s t i tu t i o n s a n d O th e r E n ti t ie s[D] P r o c e d u ra l R ig h ts 399

T h e D e c is io n to R efer P r e l im in a r y Q u e s t i o n s 4 ^[A] P o s i t io n o f th e N a t io n a l C o u r t 41)1

[1] U n d e r N a t io n a l L a w 4 ^[2] U n d e r U n io n L a w 4 ®3

[B] T h e D e c is io n to M a k e a R e f e r e n c e 4 ®4

f 11 Legal B asis a n d Legal E ffec ts 4 0 4

[2] F o rm a n d T r a n s m i s s io n o f D e c i s io n s fo r R e f e r e n c e 4 °3

[3] S tage o f t h e P r o c e d u r e in W h ic h a R e f e r e n c e Is M a d e

[C] P r o c e d u ra l In c id e n t s 407_[ 1 ] W i t h d r a w a l a n d R e m o v a l[2] A p p e a l a g a in s t a D e c is io n for R e fe re n c e

[D] C o n te n t s o f a D e c i s io n for R e fe re n c e[1] R e sp o n s ib i l i ty o f t h e R e fe r r in g C o u r t 4 t)9

[2] G u id e l in e s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 4 * '

[3] S o m e P rac t ica l P o in t s 4 1 3F a c u l ty a n d O b l ig a t io n to R e fe r 4 1 3[A] T h e S e c o n d a n d T h i r d P a r a g r a p h o f A r t ic le 2 6 7 TFEU 4 1 ^[B] T h e ‘Spiri t o f C o o p e r a t i o n ’ 4 1 6

[C] D e c i s io n s a g a in s t W h ic h T h e r e Is N o R e m e d y u n d e rN a t io n a l L a w 4 1 7

[D] R a is in g a Q u e s t io n o f U n io n L aw 419[1] By P a r t ie s o r by t h e N a t io n a l C o u r t o f Its O w n M o t io n 419

[2] P r in c ip le o f J u d ic ia l P a s s iv i ty 4 2 0

[E] N e c e s s i ty o f a n A n s w e r to a Q u e s t i o n o f U n io n L a w 4 2 2[ 1 ] P o w e r of A p p ra i s a l o f t h e N a t io n a l C o u r t 422[2J W h a t Is M e a n t b y ‘N e c e s s a r y in O r d e r to G ive J u d g m e n t ’? 423

[F] Q u e s t io n s o f I n t e r p r e ta t io n o f U n io n L aw 4 2 4[1) A cte eclaire 425[2] A cte clair 4 2 6

[G] Q u e s t io n s o f V al id i ty o f U n io n A c ts 4 2 8[H] B re ac h of t h e O b l ig a t io n to R efer 4 2 911) S u m m a r y 430

407408

409

xii


§ 1 0 .0 8 D iv is io n o f F u n c t io n s b e tw e e n th e C o u r t o f J u s t i c e a n d N a t io n a lC o u r t s 431[A] D e l im i ta t io n o f C o m p e te n c e s 431[B] A p p l ic a t io n o f U n io n L aw 432[C] I n t e r p r e ta t io n of U n io n L aw 4 3 4

[D] A s s i s t a n c e to th e N a t io n a l C o u r t 436

[ 1 ] T r e a tm e n t o f P re l im in a ry Q u e s t io n s 4 3 6[2] M o d if ica t io n o f P re l im in a ry Q u e s t io n s 438

[3] R e fo rm u la t io n a n d I n t e r p r e ta t io n o f P r e l im in a r y Q u e s t i o n s 439§ 1 0 .0 9 O b l ig a t io n a n d R efusa l to G ive a P re l im in a ry R u l in g 441

[A] O b l ig a t io n to Give a P re l im in a ry R u l in g 441[B] R e fusa l to G ive a P re l im in a ry R u l in g 442

[1] I n c o m p e te n c e a n d I n a d m is s ib i l i ty 442[2] A b s e n c e o f a n A c tu a l D isp u te 443[3] No R e la t ion to t h e D isp u te b e fo re th e N a t io n a l C o u r t 445[4] A b s e n c e o f I n fo rm a t io n 445

§1 0 .1 0 P r e l im in a r y R e v ie w o f V alid i ty o f U n io n A cts 4 4 7[AJ A c t io n for A n n u l m e n t a n d P re l im in a ry V alid i ty R e v ie w 447[B] I n te r im R elie f by N a t io n a l C o u r ts 448

[1] S c o p e 448[2] C o n d i t io n s 449

[C] C o n c u r r e n c e o f A c t io n s for A n n u l m e n t a n d P re l im in a ry V alid i tyR e v ie w 449

§10.11 P r e l im in a r y J u d g m e n t s 451[A] C o n te n t s o f a P re l im in a ry J u d g m e n t 451[B] Legal Effect o f J u d g m e n t s 452[C] T e m p o r a l Effect o f J u d g m e n t s o n In t e r p r e ta t io n o f U n io n L aw 454[D] R e s tr ic t io n of th e T e m p o r a l Effect of P r e l im in a r y R u l ings 455[E] T e m p o r a l Effect o f J u d g m e n t s o n V alid i ty of U n io n Acts 457

C hapter 11P a r t ie s , R e p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d Legal A id 469

§11.01 P a r t ie s b e fo re th e U n io n C o u r t s 469[A] N o t io n a n d T e r m in o lo g y 469[B] A n o n y m i ty 470[C] P a r t ie s to t h e P r o c e e d in g s 471

[1] T h e U n io n 472

[2] I n s t i tu t io n s a n d O rg a n s 473

[3] M e m b e r S ta te s 475[4] N a tu r a l a n d Legal P e r s o n s 476

§11 .02 R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f P a r t ie s 478[A] R e p r e s e n t a t i o n b y a T h i rd P e r so n 478[B] A g e n ts 480[C] L a w y e r s 480

xiii


[D] R ig h ts a n d I m m u n i t i e s[E] D isc ip l in e

§11 .03 Legal Aid[A] S u b s t a n t iv e R e q u i r e m e n t s[B] P r o c e d u r e

4834854 8 6 4 8 6 489

Chapter 12 I n t e r v e n t i o n

§12.01 G e n e r a l P r in c ip le s[A] N o t io n[B] F u n c t io n a n d N a tu r e[C] S c o p e

§12 .02 T h e R igh t to I n t e r v e n e[A] C a te g o r ie s o f I n t e r v e n e r s[B] M e m b e r S ta te s a n d In s t i tu t i o n s[C] O th e r P e r s o n s

§ 12 .03 A n In te re s t in t h e R esu l t o f a C a se[A] F u n c t io n a n d S ig n i f ican ce

[1] D irec t a n d C o n t in u i n g In te re s t

[2] In d i rec t In te re s t s[B] A p p l ic a t io n

[1] C o m p e t i to r s a n d O th e r P e r s o n s[2] P ro fe s s io n a l A s so c ia t io n s[3] In f r a - s ta te E n ti t ie s

[C 1 C oncu rrence of Po tentia l Actions and In te rven t ions507

§ 1 2 .0 4 I n t e r v e n t i o n P r o c e d u r ec r )7

[A] A p p l ic a t io n I n t e r v e n e r oft[B] P r im a r y a n d S e c o n d a r y I n t e r v e n t i o n[C] D e c is io n o n I n t e r v e n t io n 509

§12 .05 P o s i t io n o f t h e I n t e r v e n e r in t h e P r o c e d u r e 510[A] C o u r s e o f t h e P r o c e e d in g s 510

r I 1[B] C o n f id e n t i a l In f o r m a t io n 3

[1] N o t io n a n d S c o p e 512[2] P r o c e d u r e 512

[3] S u b s ta n t iv e C o n d i t i o n s 513[C] A n c i l la ry P o s i t io n 516

[1] A c c e p ta n c e o f t h e C a se 516[2] O th e r I s s u e s 518

§ 1 2 .0 6 In te l lec tu a l P r o p e r ty C a se s 519

C h a p t e r 13

L a n g u a g e s 523

§13.01 L a n g u a g e o f a C a se 523§ 1 3 .0 2 D e te r m in a t io n o f t h e L a n g u a g e o f a C a se 524

4934934934944 9 4495 4954954 9 6 4 9 8 498 498

501 503503504505

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§ 13 .03 Use o f t h e L an g u a g e o f a C a se 525§ 1 3 .0 4 O th e r P r o c e d u re s 527§13 .05 W o r k in g L a n g u a g e , A u th e n t i c T ex ts a n d P u b l ic a t io n s 528§ 1 3 .0 6 In te l l e c tu a l P r o p e r ty 529

Chapter 14P r o c e d u r a l T im e L im i ts 531§14.01 N o t io n a n d F e a tu r e s 531§14 .02 G e n e ra l P r in c ip le s 534

[A] A im a n d N a tu r e of T im e L im its fo r B r ing ing A c t io n s 534[B] Force M ajeure a n d E x cu s a b le E r ro r 537

§ 14 .03 D ies a Q uo 542[A] A c t io n for A n n u l m e n t 542

[1] P u b l i c a t io n 543[2] N o t i f ica t io n 545[3] T a k in g C o g n is a n c e 548[4] R e a s o n a b le P e r io d 549

[B] A c t io n for F a i lu re to Act 550[C] A c t io n for D a m a g e s 550

§ 1 4 .0 4 D ies A d Quern 552[A] G e n e ra l R u les 552[B] P a r t ic u la r R u les 555

§14 .05 E x te n s io n o f P r o c e d u ra l T im e Lim its 558

Chapter 15T h e W r i t t e n a n d O ra l P r o c e d u r e 565§15.01 O u t l in e o f t h e P r o c e d u r e 565

[A] W r i t t e n a n d Oral P r o c e d u re 565[BJ T h e C o u rse o f th e P r o c e d u re 567

[1] T h e P r in c ip le o f C o n t in u i ty 567

[2] S tay in g o f P r o c e e d in g s 568[3] Legal Effects o f a S tay of P r o c e e d in g s 570[4] P r o c e d u re s for D e a l in g w i th C ases 571

[C] T h e R eg is t ry 572§ 1 5 .0 2 W r i t t e n P r o c e d u re 573

[A] A im of th e W r i t t e n P r o c e d u re 573[B] P r o c e d u ra l D o c u m e n t s 573[C] G e n e ra l R e q u i r e m e n t s for P r o c e d u ra l D o c u m e n t s 575

[1] S ig n a tu re 575

[2] O th e r G e n e ra l R e q u i r e m e n t s 576[3] D ra f t in g a n d L en g th o f P ro c e d u ra l D o c u m e n t s 578

[D] L o d g in g a n d Se rv ice o f P ro c e d u ra l D o c u m e n t s 579§15 .03 T h e A p p l i c a t io n In i t ia t in g th e P ro c e e d in g s 581

[A] R e q u i r e m e n t s 581

x v


[B] E sse n t ia l R e q u i r e m e n t s 681[C] A d d i t io n a l R e q u i r e m e n t s 585[DJ I n c o m p le t e A p p l ic a t io n s 588

§ 1 5 .0 4 D e fe n c e 589§ 15 .05 R ep ly a n d R e jo in d e r 590

§ 1 5 .0 6 C a se File 5 9 3

IAJ C o n te n t s 593[B] A c ce ss a n d Use 595[C] C o n f id e n t i a l a n d S ec re t I n f o r m a t io n 596

§15 .07 A fte r t h e E n d o f th e W r i t t e n P r o c e d u r e 599

[A] P r e l im in a r y R e p o r t 599[B] J o in in g of C a se s 600

§ 15 .08 T h e O ra l P r o c e d u r e 6 0 1

[A] N o t io n a n d I m p o r t a n c e 139 ^[B] O p e n in g of th e Oral P r o c e d u r e 602[C] C o u rse of the H e a r in g 604

[1] G e n e ra l A s p e c t s 6 0 4

[2] C o n d u c t o f t h e H e a r in g 6 0 6

[D] C lo su re o f t h e Ora l P r o c e d u r e a n d R e o p e n in g 608

[ l j Legal Effects o f t h e C lo su re 608[2] R e o p e n in g o f t h e Ora l P r o c e d u r e 609

C h a p t e r 16

P le a s a n d C o n c lu s io n s 513§16,01 T h e S y s te m o f P le a s 513

[A] N o t io n s , M a in R u les a n d P r in c ip le s 613[B] S u b je c t M a t te r , F o r m o f O r d e r S o u g h t a n d P le a s 6 1 6[C] F u n c t io n a n d N a t u r e 6 1 9

§16 .02 F o rm s o f O rd e r S o u g h t 620[Aj G e n e ra l R u les 6 2 0IB] M o d if ica t io n o f C la im s 6 2 6

§16.03 P le a s a n d A r g u m e n ts 629[A] G e n e ra l R u le s 629[B] I n a d m is s ib l e a n d I n o p e ra t iv e P le a s 631[C] E la b o r a t io n of P le a s 633[D] R e fe re n c e s a n d A n n e x e s 637|E] T h e P ro h ib i t io n of N e w P le as 639[F] Im plic i t P leas 644

§ 16 .04 In te l lec tu a l P r o p e r ty C a se s 649

C h a p t e r 17

M e a s u r e s o f I n q u i r y a n d o f O r g a n i s a t i o n o f P r o c e d u r e 653§17.01 R u les a n d P r in c ip le s o n E v id e n c e 653

[A] E v id e n c e in EU P ro c e d u ra l L aw 653[B] S o m e G e n e ra l P r in c ip le s o n E v id e n c e 653

x v i


[1] B u rd e n of P ro o f 654

[2] S u b s ta n t iv e R e q u i r e m e n t s 655

[3] P ro b a t iv e V a lu e o f E v id e n c e 659

§ 17 .02 T h e U n io n C o u r t s a n d th e P r o d u c t io n o f E v id e n c e 660[A] I n v o l v e m e n t o f t h e U n io n C o u r t s 660[B] A im a n d N a tu r e o f M e a s u r e s o f I n q u i r y a n d o f O rg a n i s a t i o n o f

P r o c e d u r e 662[C] C o m m o n F e a tu re s 663

§17 .03 M e a s u r e s o f I n q u i ry 6 6 6

[A] G e n e ra l R u les 6 6 6

[B] P e r s o n a l A p p e a r a n c e of P a r t ie s 6 6 8

[C] W i tn e s s e s 6 6 8

[D] E x p e r t ' s R e p o r t 671[E] O th e r M e a s u r e s o f I n q u i r y 673

§ 1 7 .0 4 P r o d u c t io n o f D o c u m e n t s 673

C h a p t e r 18

P r o c e d u r a l I n c id e n t s 679§18.01 I n c id e n ts a n d O b je c t io n s 679§ 18.02 D i s c o n t in u a n c e 680§ 18 .03 C a se s T h a t Do N o t P ro c e e d to J u d g m e n t 682§ 1 8 .0 4 A b s o lu t e Bar to P ro c e e d in g s 684§18 .05 A c t io n s M a n ife s t ly B o u n d to Fail 689§ 1 8 .0 6 P r e l im in a r y O b je c t io n s a n d I s s u e s 692§1 8 .0 7 A m ic a b le S e t t l e m e n t 695

[A] C o u r t o f J u s t i c e a n d G e n e ra l C o u r t 695[B] Civil S e rv ice T r ib u n a l 696

Chapter 19J u d g m e n t s a n d O r d e r s 699

§19.01 D e l ib e ra t io n s 699[A] S e c recy o f th e D e l ib e ra t io n s 699[B] D e c is io n s 700

§19 .02 J u d g m e n t s a n d O rd e r s 701[ AJ Conten t 701[B] S t a te m e n t o f R e a s o n s 704[C] R e a s o n a b le P e r io d 707[D] P r o n o u n c e m e n t a n d P u b l i c a t io n 709

§19 .03 Legal C h a r a c te r 710fAJ B in d in g C h a r a c te r 710[B] F ina l C h a r a c te r a n d Res ju d ica ta 710

§1 9 .0 4 R e q u e s ts a n d A p p l ic a t io n s R e la t in g to J u d g m e n t s a n d O rd e r s 714[A] G e n e ra l F e a tu re s 714[B] R ec t i f ic a t io n 715

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[C] F a i lu re to A d ju d ic a t e 717[D] J u d g m e n t b y D e fau l t a n d S e t t in g A s id e o f a J u d g m e n t 717

[1] J u d g m e n t b y D efau l t 717[2] A p p l i c a t io n to Set A s id e 720

[E] T h i r d P a r ty P r o c e e d in g s 721[F] I n t e r p r e ta t io n 723[G] R e v is io n 724

C h a p t e r 2 0

I n t e r i m M e a s u r e s 731

§2 0 .0 1 I n t e r im M e a s u r e s 731[A] N o t io n 731[B] S c o p e 733

[C] A p p e a l a g a in s t I n t e r im M e a s u r e s 735[D] S u s p e n s io n o f D e c is io n s o f a L o w e r U n io n C o u r t 735[El S u s p e n s io n of A cts o n A p p e a l 736

§20 .02 A im a n d C h a r a c te r 737

[A] A n c i l la ry C h a r a c t e r 737[B] P r in c ip le s 738

§20 .03 P r o c e d u r e for I n t e r im R elie f 739[A] P a r t ie s 739

[B] A p p l ic a t io n fo r I n t e r im Relie f 741[C] C o u rse o f t h e P r o c e d u r e 743[D] N e w A p p l i c a t io n a n d C h a n g e in C i r c u m s t a n c e s 745[E] T h e J u d g e H e a r in g th e A p p l i c a t io n fo r I n t e r im R e lie f 746

§20 .04 C o n d i t i o n s fo r A d m is s ib i l i ty 747[A] C o n n e c t i o n w i th t h e M a in C a s e 747

[1] N o N e e d to A d ju d ic a t e 747[2] A d m is s ib i l i ty o f t h e M a in C a se 747

[3] N a t u r e o f th e C o n n e c t io n w i t h t h e M a in C a se 750[B] T h e P r o h ib i t io n o f P r e ju d g in g th e D e c i s io n in t h e M a in C a se 752

§20 .05 S u b s ta n t iv e C o n d i t i o n s 754[A] C o n te n t s a n d N a t u r e 754[B] Furnus B oni Iuris 756[CJ U rg e n c y 759

[1J S e r io u s a n d I r r e p a r a b le D a m a g e 759[2] C o n c e p t o f D a m a g e 760

[3] S e r io u s n e s s a n d I r r e p a ra b i l i ty 763[4] S o m e R u le s o f T h u m b 771

[D] B a la n c in g o f In te re s t s 773§2 0 .0 6 F o rm s o f I n te r im M e a s u r e s 776

[A] S u s p e n s io n 776[B] O th e r I n t e r im M e a s u r e s 777

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C h a p t e r 21

A p p e a l 783§21.01 N o t io n 783§ 21 .02 S c o p e 784

[A] D e c is io n s S u s c e p t ib le to A p p e a l 784[B] D e c is io n s N o t S u s c e p t ib le to A p p e a l 787[Cl T h e D ec is io n A p p e a le d A g a in s t 788

§21 .03 P a r t ie s to th e A p p e a l P ro c e e d in g s 789[A] P r iv a te A p p l ic a n t s , M e m b e r S ta te s a n d In s t i tu t io n s 789[B] I n t e r v e n t io n 791

§ 2 1 .0 4 P r o c e d u r e in A p p e a l 792[A] A p p l ic a b le P r o v i s io n s 792[B] W r i t t e n P r o c e d u re 794[C] C ro s s -A p p e a l 797[DJ Oral P r o c e d u r e 799

§ 21 .05 S u b je c t M a t te r a n d F o rm s of O rd e r S o u g h t 800[A] L im i ta t io n to ‘P o in t s o f L a w ’ 800[B] G r o u n d s for A p p e a l 801[C] S u b je c t M a t te r of th e A p p e a l 803

§ 2 1 .0 6 P leas o n A p p e a l 805[AJ S y s te m o f P le a s 805[B] E x te n t o f R e v ie w o n A p p e a l 806[C] E x c e p t io n s ' 807[Dj P le a s c o n c e r n in g th e D e c is io n A p p e a le d A g a in s t 810[E] T h e P ro h ib i t i o n o f N e w P leas 812

§ 2 1 .0 7 P o in t s o f L aw 814[A] R e v ie w of F in d in g s o f L aw 814[B] I n a d e q u a t e S t a te m e n t o f R e a s o n s 816

[C] P r o b le m s o f D e l im i ta t io n 818§ 2 1 .0 8 R e je c t io n a n d A n n u l m e n t 819

[A] R e jec t io n 819|B] A n n u l m e n t 820[C] P r o c e d u r e b e fo re t h e L o w e r U n io n C o u r t 821

C h a p t e r 2 2

E x p e d i t e d a n d U rg e n t P r o c e d u r e s 827§22.01 E x p e d i te d P r o c e d u re s in D irec t A c t io n s 827

[A] C o n d i t i o n s 827[B] C o u r s e o f t h e E x p ed i ted P r o c e d u re 828

§22 .02 E x p e d i te d a n d U rg en t P re l im in a ry R u l in g P r o c e d u re s 829[A] B a c k g r o u n d , S c o p e a n d N a tu r e 829[B] E x p e d i te d P re l im in a ry R u l in g P r o c e d u r e 831

[C] U rg e n t P r e l im in a r y R u l in g P r o c e d u re 833

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C h a p t e r 2 3

C o s ts 839§23.01 G e n e ra l P r in c ip le s 839

[A] S c o p e o f t h e R u les o n C o s ts 839[B] M a in R u les 840

§ 2 3 .0 2 C o u r t C o s ts 841§23 .03 D e c i s io n s o n C o s ts 842

[A] N a tu r e a n d S c o p e 842[B] A p p l ic a t io n 843

§ 2 3 .0 4 A l lo ca t io n o f C o s ts 844

[A] V a r io u s U n s u c c e s s f u l P a r t ie s 844IB] S h a r in g o f C o s ts 845

§23 .05 I n t e r v e n t io n s 849

[A] M e m b e r S ta te s a n d I n s t i tu t i o n s 849[B] O th e r P e r s o n s 849[C] A p p l ic a t io n to I n t e r v e n e a n d W i t h d r a w a l o f I n t e r v e n t i o n 851

§ 2 3 .0 6 D i s c o n t in u a n c e a n d C a se s W h ic h D o N o t P r o c e e d to J u d g m e n t 851IA 1 D i s c o n t in u a n c e 851[B] C a se s W h ic h Do N ot P r o c e e d to J u d g m e n t 853

§23 .07 A p p e a l 853

§2 3 .0 8 D is p u te s c o n c e r n in g C o s t s 855[A] T h e P r o c e d u r e for T a x a t i o n 855[B] R e c o v e r a b le C o s ts 857

[1] S c o p e 857[2] For t h e P u r p o s e o f t h e P r o c e e d in g s 858[3] E x p e n s e s N e c e s s a r i ly I n c u r r e d 860

[C] T a x a t i o n o f R e c o v e r a b le C o s ts 864

C h a p t e r 2 4

EU P r o c e d u r a l L a w a n d E f fec t iv e Lega l P r o t e c t i o n 873§24.01 S c o p e o f A r t ic le 4 7 CFREU 873§ 24 .02 T h e S y s te m o f P leas a n d Its C o n s e q u e n c e s 875§ 24 .03 R a is in g t h e Q u e s t io n 877

T a b le o f A r t ic les 883

In d e x 895

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(HJl Wolters Kluwer

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