Han Chinese

5/6/2014 Han Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese 1/19

Han Chinese//

Cao Xueqin Du Fu Qiu Jin Zhu Xi

Chien-Shiung

Wu

Yang Liwei Terence Tao Tsung-Dao

Lee

Qin Shi Huang Sun Yat-

sen

Lee Kuan

Yew

Liu Bang

Zhou Xuan Confucius Yo-Yo Ma Bruce Lee

Total population

c. 1.310 billion

China 1.240 billion[1]

Taiwan 22,575,365[1]

Indonesia 2,832,5107,670,000[2][3]

Thailand 7,053,240[4]

Malaysia 6,960,000[5]

Hong Kong 6,593,410[1]

United States 3,794,673[6]

Singapore 3,684,936[7]

Han ChineseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Han people" redirects here. For the aboriginal North American people, see Hn people. For other

uses, see Han (disambiguation).

The Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to East Asia.They constitute approximately 92% of the population ofMainland China, 94% of the population of Hong Kong, 95%of the population of Macau, 98% of the population ofTaiwan, 74% of the population of Singapore, 24.5% of thepopulation of Malaysia, and about 20% of the entire globalhuman population, making them the largest ethnic group in theworld. There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, andsocial diversity among the Han, mainly due to thousands ofyears of immigration and assimilation of various regional

ethnicities and tribes within China.[18] The Han Chinese are asubset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu). SometimesHan and other Chinese refer to themselves as the"Descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors".

Contents

1 Terms and etymology

2 Distribution

2.1 Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau

2.2 Taiwan

2.3 Other locations

3 History

3.1 Prehistory and the Huaxia

3.2 Early history

3.3 Imperial history

3.4 Recent history

4 Culture

4.1 Language

4.2 Names

4.3 Dress

4.4 Family

4.5 Food

4.6 Literature



Singapore 3,684,936[7]

Canada 1,364,215[4]

Peru 1,300,000[4]

Vietnam 1,263,570[4]

Cambodia 1,180,000[8]

Philippines 1,146,250[4]

Burma 1,101,314[4]

Russia 998,000[4]

Australia 866,200[9]

Japan 655,377[10]

Macau 433,641[1]

Venezuela 400,000[11]

South Africa 350,000[12]

United Kingdom 296,623[4]

France 230,515[4]

Spain 197,214

India 189,470[4]

Laos 185,765[4]

Italy 162,000

Brazil 151,649[4]

New Zealand 147,510[13]

Netherlands 144,928[4]

South Korea 137,790[14]

Panama 135,000[15][16]

Languages

Chinese

Religion

Non-religious, Chinese folk religion (including

Taoism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana

Buddhism, and other faiths.[17]

4.7 Contributions to humanity

4.8 Religion

5 DNA analysis

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

Terms and etymology

The name Han comes from the Han Dynasty, whichsucceeded the short-lived Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty'sfirst emperor Liu Bang was originally known as the king ofthe region of Hanzhong after which the dynasty was named.The name Hanzhong, in turn, is derived from the Han River,which flows through the Hanzhong Plain (zhong meansmiddle).

Prior to the Han Dynasty, Chinese scholars used the term as"Huaxia people" (, interpreted to mean "civilizedsociety"), citing the ancient text description of China properas an area of magnificent prosperity and culture. The HanDynasty was considered a classical period in Chinesecivilization, in that it was able to expand its power andinfluence over Central Asia, Southeast Asia and NortheastAsia. As a result of the Han Dynasty's prominence, manyChinese began addressing themselves as "people of Han" (), a name that has since been carried down. In the Englishlanguage, the Han are often referred to as simply

"Chinese".[19] Whether or not use of the term "Chinese"correctly or incorrectly refers only to Han Chinese is often asubject of debate.

Among some southern Han Chinese, in dialects such asCantonese, Hakka, Minnan and Teochew a different termexists Tngrn (, literally "the people of Tang"). Thisterm is derived from a later Chinese dynasty, the TangDynasty, regarded as another zenith of Chinese civilization.The term is used in everyday conversation and is also anelement in the Cantonese word for Chinatown: (Tngrnji); literally meaning "Street of the people of Tang".

Another term commonly used by Overseas Chinese isHuaren (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ;pinyin: hurn), derived from Zhonghua (simplified Chinese:



Han Chinese

Simplified Chinese

Traditional Chinese

Transcriptions

Hakka

Romanization Hn-tshuk

Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Hnz

WadeGiles Han-tzu

IPA [xnts]

Yale Romanization Hndz

Bopomofo

Min

Hokkien POJ Hn-chok

Min-dong BUC Hng-ck

Teochew Peng'im Hng-tsk

Wu

Romanization Hoe zoh

Cantonese

Jyutping Hon3 zuk6

IPA [hn tsk]

Yale Romanization Hon juhk

1983 Map of ethnolinguistic groups in

mainland China and Taiwan (Han is in

olive green)

; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: zhnghu), a literaryname for China. The usual translation is "ethnic Chinese". Theterm refers to "Chinese" as a cultural and ethnic affiliation andis inclusive of both Chinese in China, and persons of Chinesedescent residing abroad.

Distribution

Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau

The vast majority of Han Chinese over 1.2 billion live inareas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China(PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population.Within the People's Republic of China, Han Chinese are themajority in every province, municipality, and autonomousregion except for the autonomous regions of Xinjiang (41%as of 2000) and Tibet (6% as of 2000). Han Chinese alsoconstitute the majority in both of the special administrativeregions of the PRC, about 95% of the population of Hong

Kong[20] and about 96% of the population of Macau.[21]

Taiwan

Over 22 million Han Chinese are in Taiwan. The HanChinese began migrating from southeastern coastal provinces

of mainland China to Taiwan in the 17th century.[22]

At first, these immigrants chose to settle in locations that borea resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainlandChina, regardless of whether they arrived in the north orsouth of Taiwan. Hoklo Han immigrants from Quanzhou settled in coastalregions, and those from Zhangzhou tended to gather on inland plains,while Hakka Han immigrants inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between thesegroups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation ofsome communities, and, as time passed, varying degrees of intermarriage

and assimilation took place.[22] Recent scientific research conducted byChen Shun-sheng of the Kaohsiung Hospitals psychiatric departmentclaims DNA studies of Taiwans people revealed a large percentage of

the population has mixed Han Chinese and aboriginal bloodlines.[23]

Other locations

Main article: Overseas Chinese



Of about 40 million "overseas Chinese" worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia. Singapore has thelargest majority overseas Chinese population at 74%. Christmas Island also has a Chinese majority at 70%. LargeChinese populations also live in Malaysia (25%), Thailand (14%), Indonesia (7%), and the Philippines. Elsewherein the world, 3 million people of Chinese descent live in the United States where they constitute about 1% of thepopulation, over 1 million in Canada (3.7%), over 1.3 million in Peru (4.3%), over 600,000 in Australia (3.5%),

nearly 150,000 in New Zealand (3.7%), and as many as 750,000 in Africa.[24]

History

Main article: History of China

Because of the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of the Han people in China, most of the writtenhistory of China can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese", with only passing references to the ethnic minorities

in China.[25]

Prehistory and the Huaxia

Main article: Huaxia

The prehistory of the Han Chinese ethnic group is closely intertwined with their history. Han Chinese trace their

ancestry from the Huaxia people, who lived along the Huang He or Yellow River in northern China.[26][27] Writersduring the Western Zhou and Han periods derived ancestral lineages from the Huaxia (later known as Xia) based

on Shang-era legendary materials.[28][29] The famous Chinese historian Sima Qian's Records of the GrandHistorian places the reign of Huang Di (also known as the Yellow Emperor), the legendary ancestor of theHuaxia, at the beginning of Chinese history. He is traditionally considered to have united the Huaxia following theBattle of Banquan.

Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery ofarchaeological sites has enabled a succession of Neolithic cultures to be identified along the Yellow River. Alongthe central reaches of the Yellow River were the Jiahu culture (ca. 7000 BCE to 6600 BCE), Yangshao culture(ca. 5000 BCE to 3000 BCE) and Longshan culture (ca. 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE). Along the lower reaches ofthe river were the Qingliangang culture (ca. 5400 BCE to 4000 BCE), the Dawenkou culture (ca. 4300 BCE to2500 BCE), the Longshan culture (ca. 2500 BCE to 2000 BCE), and the Yueshi culture.

Early history

Main articles: Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty

The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia Dynasty, a legendary period for which

scant archaeological evidence exists. They were overthrown by peoples from the east[citation needed], who foundedthe Shang Dynasty (16001046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to thisperiod, from characters inscribed on oracle bone divination, but the well-developed oracle characters hint at amuch earlier origin of writing in China.



During the Shang Dynasty, people of the Wu area, in the Yangtze River Delta, were considered a different tribe,

and were described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and spoke a distinct language.[30][31] Later Taibo, elderuncle of King Wen of Zhou, realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser than him and deserved to inherit the

throne, fled to Wu [32] and settled there. Three generations later, King Wu of Zhou defeated the last Yin emperor,

and enfeoffed the descendants of Taibo in Wu,[32] this mirrors[citation needed] the later history of Nanyue, where aChinese king and his soldiers ruled a local non-Han population, and mixed with the local inhabitants who weresinicized over time. By the Tang Dynasty, however, this area had become part of the Han Chinese

heartland[citation needed]. The Shang were eventually overthrown by the people of Zhou, which had emerged as a

state along the Yellow River in the 2nd millennium BC.[31]

The Zhou Dynasty was the successor to the Shang[citation needed]. Sharing the language and culture of the Shang

people, they extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the Yangtze River.[33][34] Throughconquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and this culture extended

south.[31][34] However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented, and many independent states emerged. Thisperiod is traditionally divided into two parts, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. Thisperiod was an era of major cultural and philosophical development known as the Hundred Schools of Thought.Among the most important surviving philosophies from this era are the teachings of Confucianism and

Taoism[citation needed].

Imperial history

Main article: Qin Dynasty

Many Chinese scholars such as Ho Ping-Ti believe that the concept of a Han ethnicity is an ancient one, dating from

the Han Dynasty itself.[35] The era of the Warring States came to an end with the unification of China by the QinDynasty after it conquered all other rival states. Its leader, Qin Shi Huang, declared himself the first emperor, usinga newly created title, thus setting the precedent for the next two millennia. He established a new centralized andbureaucratic state to replace the old feudal system, creating many of the institutions of imperial China, and unifiedthe country economically and culturally by decreeing a unified standard of weights, measures, currency, and writing.

Main article: Han Dynasty

However, the reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the first emperor's autocratic rule, andhis massive construction projects such as the Great Wall which fomented rebellion into the populace, the dynastyfell soon after his death. The Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD) emerged from the succession struggle andsucceeded in establishing a much longer lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by Qin ShiHuang but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han Dynasty, arts and culture flourished, while the dynastyexpanded militarily in all directions. This period is considered one of the greatest periods of the history of China,and the Han Chinese take their name from this dynasty.

Main articles: Three Kingdoms, Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty and

Tang Dynasty

The fall of the Han Dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfareby rival kingdoms. During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various non-Han nomadic peopleswhich came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was Northern Wei established by the



A female servant and

male advisor dressed in

silk robes, ceramic

figurines from the

Western Han Era

Han Chinese man wears a

queue in compliance with

Manchu custom during

the Qing era

Xianbei. Starting from this period, the native population of China proper began to bereferred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish from the nomads fromthe steppe; "Han" refers to the old dynasty. Warfare and invasion led to one of thefirst great migrations in Han population history, as the population fled south to theYangtze and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center south and speeding upSinicization of the far south. At the same time, in the north, most of the nomads innorthern China came to be Sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populationsand adopted elements of Chinese culture and Chinese administration. Of note, theXianbei rulers of the Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic Sinicization,adopting Han surnames, institutions, and culture.

The Sui (581618) and Tang Dynasties (618907) saw the continuation of thecomplete Sinicization of the south coast of what is now China proper, including whatare now the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. The later part of the Tang Dynasty,as well as the Five Dynasties period that followed, saw continual warfare in northand central China; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractivedestination for refugees.

Main articles: Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty

The next few centuries saw successive invasions of non-Han peoples from the north,such as the Khitans and Jurchens. In 1279 the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) conqueredall of China, becoming the first non-Han to do so. The Mongols divided society intofour classes, with themselves occupying the top class and Han Chinese into thebottom two classes. The Song and Yuan dynasties banned emigration, seen as

disloyalty to ancestors and ancestral land, and foresaw severe penalties for it.[36]

In 1368 Han Chinese rebels drove out the Mongols and, after some infighting,established the Ming Dynasty (13681644). Settlement of Han Chinese intoperipheral regions continued during this period, with Yunnan in the southwestreceiving a large number of migrants.

In 1644, Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels and the last MingEmperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Manchus (Qing Dynasty) then alliedwith Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Mingforces led by Koxinga fled to Taiwan, where they eventually capitulated to Qingforces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, wasSinicized via large-scale migration accompanied with assimilation during this period, despite efforts by the Manchusto prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the emperor orderedconstruction of the Willow Palisade to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, whichnevertheless harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern Liaodong area. TheManchus designated the provinces as "Manchuria", to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup

if the dynasty fell.[37] But because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboringterritory, the Qing later reversed its policy and allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority innortheast China.

In the 19th century, Chinese migrants went in large numbers to other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia,Australia, and North America. See Overseas Chinese.



Han women in traditional dress

Recent history

Main articles: Republic of China and People's Republic of China

Prior to the 20th century, some Chinese-speaking groups such as theHakka and the Tanka were not universally accepted as Han Chinese,while some non-Chinese speaking peoples, such as the Zhuang, were

sometimes considered Han.[38] During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinesewho had entered the Eight Banners military system were consideredManchu, while Chinese nationalists seeking to overthrow the monarchystressed Han Chinese identity in contrast to the Manchu rulers. Upon itsfounding in 1912, the Republic of China recognized five major ethnicgroups: the Han, Hui, Mongols, Manchus, and Tibetans

Today, Hui are considered a separate ethnic group, but aside from theirpractice of Islam, little distinguishes them from the Han; two Han fromdifferent regions might differ more in language, customs, and culture thana neighboring Han and Hui. Today, the People's Republic of China(which succeeded the ROC on the mainland in 1949) now recognizesfifty-six ethnic groups. Since 1949, the Republic of China has retreatedto Taiwan, bringing about one million refugees with it, further augmenting the population of Taiwan. In the 1980s,the one-child policy was introduced in People's Republic to regulate population growth, which only applies to the

Han.[39]

Chinese migration overseas has also continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. The returning of Hong Kong toChinese sovereignty in 1997 prompted large waves of Hong Kong Chinese migration to North America, Australia,

and elsewhere.[40] Chinese presences have also been established in Europe as well as Russia, especially theRussian Far East.

Culture

Main article: Chinese culture

China is one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years.Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese lands outside of their locale by ancestor worship and Chineseclan associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current

members.[41] Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, who according to legend livedthousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet "Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor" (; ), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that betweenmainland China and Taiwan.

Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited withshaping much of Chinese thought, Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China'shistory, institutionalizing values like filial piety which implied the performance of certain shared rituals. Thus, villagers

lavished on funeral and wedding ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors.[41] Mastery ofConfucian texts provided the primary criterion for entry into the imperial bureaucracy, but even those degree-



Along the River During the Qingming

Festival captures the daily life of

people from the Song period at the

capital, Bianjing, today's Kaifeng.

holders who did not enter the bureaucracy or who left it held increased social influence in their home areas,contributing to the homogenizing of Han Chinese culture. Other factors contributing to the development of a shared

Han culture included urbanization and geographically vast but integrated commodity markets.[41]

Language

Main article: Chinese language

Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are

descended from a common early language;[41] one of the names of thelanguage group is Hanyu (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese:), literally the "Han language". Similarly, Chinese characters, used to

write the language, are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: ; traditionalChinese: ), or "Han characters".

In the late imperial period, more than two thirds of the Han Chinese

population used a variant of Mandarin Chinese as their native tongue.[41]

However, there was a larger variety of Chinese dialects in certain areas

of southeast China, like Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Guangxi.[41] Since theQin dynasty which standardized the various forms of writing that existedin China, a standard literary Chinese emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from thevarious forms of spoken Chinese. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in businesscontracts, notes for Chinese opera, ritual texts for Chinese folk religion, and other daily documents for educated

people.[41]

During the early 20th century, written vernacular Chinese based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developingfor several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace Literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms ofother languages of China exist, such as written Cantonese, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widelyunderstood by speakers of all Chinese languages and has taken up the dominant position among written Chineselanguages, formerly occupied by Literary Chinese. Thus, although the residents of different regions would notnecessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language.

Beginning in the 1950s, Simplified Chinese characters was adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore, whileChinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and overseas countries continue touse Traditional Chinese characters. While significant differences exist between the two character sets, they arelargely mutually intelligible.

Names

Main articles: Chinese name and List of common Chinese surnames

Chinese names are typically two or three syllables in length, with the surname preceding the given name. Surnamesare typically one character in length, though a few uncommon surnames are two or more syllables long, while givennames are one or two syllables long. There are 4,000 to 6,000 surnames in China, of which about 1,000 surnamesare most common.



A Song Dynasty Chinese

painting Night Revels of Han

Xizai showing scholars in

scholar's robes and musicians

dressed in a Hanfu variant,

12th-century remake of a

10th-century original by Gu

Hongzhong.

In historical China, hundred surnames () was a crucial identity of Han people. Besides the common cultureand writings, common origin rooted in the surnames was another major factor that contributed towards Han

Chinese identity.[42]

Dress

Main article: Hanfu

Today, Han Chinese usually wear Western-style clothing. Few wear traditionalHanfu on a regular basis. It is, however, preserved in religious and ceremonialcostumes. For example, Taoist priests dress in fashion typical of scholars of theHan Dynasty. The ceremonial dress in Japan, such as those of Shinto priests, islargely in line with ceremonial dress in China during the Tang Dynasty. TheHanbok in Korea were heavily influenced by traditional Chinese Hanfu duringMing Dynasty. Now, the most popular traditional Chinese clothing worn bymany women on important occasions such as wedding banquets and New Yearis called the qipao. However, this attire comes not from the Han Chinese butfrom a modified dress-code of the Manchus, the ethnic group that ruled Chinabetween the 17th (1644) and the early 20th century (1911).

Family

Han Chinese families throughout China have traditionally had a certain set of prescribed roles, such as the familyhead (, jizhng), who represents the family to the outside world; and the family manager (, dngji),who is in charge of the earnings. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold, or mortgaged, families were run

like enterprises, with set rules for family division (, fnji) of pooled earnings and assets.[41]

Han Chinese houses are different from place to place. Chinese Han people in Beijing traditionally commonly livedwith the whole family in large houses that were rectangular in shape. This house is called a siheyuan. These houseshad four rooms in the front: the guest room, kitchen, lavatory, and servants' quarters. Across the large double doorswas a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms, a central room where the four tablets,heaven, earth, ancestor, and teacher, were worshipped. There the two rooms attached to the left and right werebedrooms for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while thewest wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a veranda, some had a "sunroom" made from asurrounding fabric supported by a wooden or bamboo frame. Every wing is also built around a central courtyard

used for study, exercise, or nature viewing.[43]

Food

Main article: Chinese food

China's cuisine varies from Sichuan's famously spicy food to Guangdong's Dim Sum and fresh seafood. Analysisreveals the main staple of China to be rice. During China's neolithic period, southernwestern rice growerstransitioned to millet in the northwest when they could not find a suitable northwestern ecology, where it wastypically dry and cold, to sustain the generous yields for their staple as well as it could in other areas such as along

the eastern Chinese coast.[44]



Literature

Main article: Chinese literature

Chinese has a rich history of classical literature dating back several thousand years. Important early works includeclassics texts such as Analects of Confucius, the I Ching, Tao Te Ching, and the Art of War. Some of the mostimportant Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era include Li Bai, Du Fu, and Su Dongpo. The most importantnovels in Chinese literature, or the Four Great Classical Novels, are: Dream of the Red Chamber, Water Margin,Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Journey to the West.

Contributions to humanity

See also: List of Chinese inventions and List of Chinese discoveries

Han Chinese have played a major role in the development of the arts, sciences, philosophy, and mathematicsthroughout history. In ancient times, the scientific accomplishments of China included seismological detectors,multistage rocket, rocket for recreational and military purposes, gunpowder, firearms, fire lance, cannon, landmine,naval mines, continuous flame thrower, fire arrow, trebuchet, crossbow, fireworks, pontoon bridge, matches,paper, printing, paper-printed money, insurance, civil service examination system, the raised-relief map, biologicalpest control, the multi-tube seed drill, rotary winnowing fan, blast furnace, cast iron, petroleum and natural gas asfuel, deep drilling for natural gas, oil drilling, porcelain, lacquer, lacquerware, silk fabric, dry docks, the pound lock,Grand Canal, the magnetic compass, south-pointing chariot, odometer, fishing reel, Su Song water-drivenastronomical clock tower, chain pump, escapement, sliding calipers, trip hammer, kites, sunglasses, toothbrush,inoculation etc. Paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the Four GreatInventions. Chinese astronomers were also among the first to record observations of a supernova.

Chinese art, Chinese cuisine, Chinese philosophy, and Chinese literature all have thousands of years ofdevelopment, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the Great Wall of China and the Terracotta Army, are WorldHeritage Sites. Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by UNESCO asMasterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Throughout much of history, successive Chinese Dynasties have exerted influence on their neighbors in the areas ofart, music, religion, food, dress, philosophy, language, government, and culture. In modern times, Han Chinese formthe largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions has settled inand contributed to countries throughout the world.

In modern times, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to mathematics and sciences. Among them are NobelPrize recipients Steven Chu, Samuel C. C. Ting, Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee, Yuan T. Lee, Daniel C. Tsui,

Roger Y. Tsien, and Charles K. Kao (known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics");[45]

Fields Medal recipients Terence Tao and Shing-Tung Yau, and Turing Award recipient Andrew Yao. Tsien Hsue-

shen was a prominent rocket scientist who helped to found NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[46] Chien-ShiungWu, nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the Manhattan Project and radically altered modern

physical theory and changed the accepted view of the structure of the universe.[47] Ching W. Tang was the inventorof the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) and is widely

considered the "Father of Organic electronics".[48] Others include David Ho (scientist), one of the first scientists topropose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to

combat it. Dr. Ho was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 1996.[49] Min Chueh Chang was the co-



inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and is known for his pioneer work and significant contributions to

the development of in vitro fertilization at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology.[50][51] Choh Hao Lidiscovered Growth hormone (and subsequently used it to treat a form of Dwarfism caused by Growth hormonedeficiency), Beta-endorphin (the most powerful of the body's natural painkillers), Follicle-stimulating hormone and

Luteinizing hormone (the key hormone used in Fertility testing, an example is the ovulation home test).[52][53][54] JoeHin Tjio was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes,

a breakthrough in karyotype genetics.[55][56] The HPV Vaccine was co-invented by a researcher of Chinese

ethnicity in Australia.[57] The first-generation modern electronic cigarette was invented by Chinese pharmacist in

China[58] David T. Wong was one of the scientists credited with the discovery of the ground-breaking drug

Fluoxetine as well as the discovery of atomoxetine, duloxetine and dapoxetine.[59][60][61] Yuan-Cheng Fung, anAmerican of Chinese descent is regarded as the "Father of modern biomechanics" for pioneering the application of

quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease.[62][63] Thomas Chang,

a Chinese-born Canadian was the inventor of the world's first artificial cell[64][65] Shiing-Shen Chern was one of theleaders in differential geometry of the 20th century and was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics. The

antimalarial drug Artemisinin[66][67] and anti-IgE antibody Omalizumab[68] for treatment of asthma was discoveredand developed by ethnic Chinese scientists. The new non-invasive prenatal diagnostic testing for Down's

Syndrome, hailed as a breakthrough, was discovered by Chinese researchers in Hong Kong.[69] Chinese and USresearchers have recently developed stem cell educator therapy, a new treatment of obtaining stem cells fromhuman cord blood to re-educate misbehaving immune cells and offers hope for Type 1 diabetics and potentially

other autoimmune diseases.[70][71][72] China's system of Barefoot doctors was among the most importantinspirations for the World Health Organisation conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as arevolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing primary health care and preventive

medicine.[73][74]

Religion

Main article: Religion in China

Chinese culture has been long characterized by religious pluralism. The Chinese folk religion has always maintaineda profound influence. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion, andneither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and syncretism where multiple religions orbelief systems are often practiced in concert, along with local customs and traditions. Han Chinese culture has alsobeen long influenced by Buddhism, while in recent centuries, Christianity has also gained a foothold in thepopulation.

Confucianism, a governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship, is deeplyingrained in Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in China from the Han Dynasty until the fall ofimperial China in the 20th century.

The Chinese folk religion is the set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves worshipof various figures in Chinese mythology, folk heroes such as Guan Yu and Qu Yuan, mythological creatures such asthe Chinese dragon, or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do notcharacterize an organized religion, though many traditional Chinese holidays such as the Duanwu (or Dragon Boat)Festival, Qingming, and the Mid-Autumn Festival come from the most popular of these traditions.



A traditional representation of

The Vinegar Tasters, an

allegorical image representing

Buddhists, Confucianists, and

Taoists

Taoism, another indigenous religion, is also widely practiced in both its folkreligion forms and as an organized religion, and has influenced Chinese art,poetry, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, alchemy and chemistry, cuisine,martial arts, and architecture. Taoism was the state religion of the early HanDynasty, and also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperorsand dynasties.

In Han Dynasty, Confucian ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end ofthe dynasty, Buddhism entered China and later gained popularity. Historically,Buddhism alternated between state tolerance and even patronage, andpersecution. In its original form, Buddhism was at odds with the native Chinesereligions, especially the elite, as certain Buddhist values often conflicted withChinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of assimilation, adaptation,and syncretism, Chinese Buddhism gained an accepted place in the culture.

Buddhism would come to be influenced by Confucianism and Taoism,[75] andexerted influence in turn, such as in the form of Neo-Confucianism.

Though Christian influence in China existed as early as the 7th century,Christianity did not begin to gain a significant influence in China until contact withEuropeans during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Chinese practices at odds withChristian beliefs resulted in the Chinese Rites controversy, and subsequentreduction in Christian influence. Christianity grew considerably following theFirst Opium War, after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers, andwidespread proselytism took place.

DNA analysis

Y-chromosome haplogroup O3 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistorictimes. It is found in more than 50% of Chinese males, and ranging up to over 80% in certain regional subgroups of

the Han ethnicity.[76] However, the mitochondrial DNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks fromnorthern to southern China, which suggests that male migrants from northern China married with women from local

peoples after arriving in Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions of southern China.[77][78] Despite this, testscomparing the genetic profiles of northern Han, southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroupsO1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in southern natives, were only observed in somesouthern Hans (4% on average), but not in northern Hans. Therefore, this proves that the male contribution of

southern natives in southern Hans is limited.[18][77] In contrast, there are consistent strong genetic similarities in theY chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population, and the result ofprincipal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome.

Additionally, the estimated contribution of northern Hans to southern Hans is substantial in both paternal andmaternal lineages and a geographic cline exists for mtDNA. As a result, the northern Hans are the primarycontributors to the gene pool of the southern Hans. However, it is noteworthy that the expansion process wasdominated by males, as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northernHans to southern Hans. These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and largemigratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine, to southern China. Aside from theselarge migratory waves, other smaller southward migrations also occurred during almost all periods in the past two



millennia.[77] Moreover, a study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Hansubpopulations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are alsogenetically close to the local ethnic minorities, and it means that in many cases blood of ethnic minorities has mixed

into Han, while at the same time, blood of Han also has mixed into the local ethnicities.[79] A recent, and to date themost extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population shows that geographic-genetic stratification

from north to south has occurred and centrally placed populations act as the conduit for outlying ones.[80]

Ultimately, with the exception in some ethnolinguistic branches of the Han Chinese, such as Pinghua, there is

coherent genetic structure in all Han Chinese populace.[81]

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Further reading

Yuan, Haiwang (30 March 2006). The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese

(http://books.google.com/books?id=UBHQC_Iz6OMC). Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited.

ISBN 9781591582946. OCLC 65820295 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65820295).

External links

How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe

(http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200409/16/eng20040916_157308.html) People's Daily Online Sept 16,

2004

Map share of ethnic by county of China

(http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Chinese&oldid=607016159"

Categories: Han Chinese Subgroups of the Han Chinese

This page was last modified on 4 May 2014 at 12:03.

77. ^a b c Table from "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture

(http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20(2004).pdf)". Nature

(journal, 16 September 2004 issue).

78. ^ Xue, Fuzhong; Wang, Yi; Xu, Shuhua; Zhang, Feng; Wen, Bo; Wu, Xuesen; Lu, Ming; Deka, Ranjan; Qian, Ji

(2008). "A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between

maternal and paternal lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (6): 70517. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201998). PMID 18212820


79. ^ Du, R; Xiao, C; Cavalli-Sforza, LL (1997). "Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene

frequencies of 38 loci". Science China Life Sciences 40 (6): 61321. doi:10.1007/BF02882691

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02882691). PMID 18726285 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726285).

80. ^ Chen, Jieming; Zheng, Houfeng; Bei, Jin-Xin; Sun, Liangdan; Jia, Wei-hua; Li, Tao; Zhang, Furen; Seielstad,

Mark; Zeng, Yi-Xin (2009). "Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP

Variation" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2790583). The American Journal of Human Genetics

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