GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980cmantunes/... · GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980 by H. Moritz...

GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980

by H. Moritz

Corrigendum:

Due to some unfortunate error this article appearedwrongly in The Geodesists Handbook 1992 (BulletinGeodesique, 66, 2, 1992). Among several errors a h(polar distance) was interchanged with a F (geographi-cal latitude) a�ecting the formulas for normal gravity. Itis advised that you use the formulas here or in theGeodesists handbook from Bulletin Geodesique, Vol.62, no. 3, 1988.

1- De®nition

The Geodetic Reference System 1980 has beenadopted at the XVII General Assembly of the IUGG inCanberra, December 1979, by means of the following:

``RESOLUTION N° 7

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

recognizing that the Geodetic Reference System 1967adopted at the XIV General Assembly of IUGG, Lu-cerne, 1967, no longer represents the size, shape, andgravity ®eld of the Earth to an accuracy adequate formany geodetic, geophysical, astronomical and hydro-graphic applications and

considering that more appropriate values are nowavailable,

recommends

a) that the Geodetic Reference System 1967 be re-placed by a new Geodetic Reference System 1980, alsobased on the theory of the geocentric equipotential el-lipsoid, de®ned by the following conventional constants:

· equatorial radius of the Earth:

a = 6378 137 m,

· geocentric gravitational constant of the Earth(including the atmosphere):

GM = 3986 005 ´ 108 m3 s)2,

· dynamical form factor of the Earth, excluding thepermanent tidal deformation:

J2 = 108 263 ´ 10)8,

· angular velocity of the Earth:

x = 7292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1,

b) that the same computational formulas, adopted atthe XV General Assembly of IUGG in Moscow 1971and published by IAG, be used as for Geodetic Refer-ence System 1967, and

c) that the minor axis of the reference ellipsoid, de-®ned above, be parallel to the direction de®ned by theConventional International Origin, and that the primarymeridian be parallel to the zero meridian of the BIHadopted longitudes''.

For the background of this resolution see the reportof IAG Special Study Group 5.39 (Moritz, 1979, sec.2).c

Also relevant is the following IAG resolution:

``RESOLUTION N° 1

The International Association of Geodesy

recognizing that the IUGG, at its XVII General As-sembly, has introduced a new Geodetic Reference Sys-tem 1980,

recommends that this system be used as an o�cialreference for geodetic work, and

encourages computations of the gravity ®eld both onthe Earth's surface and in outer space based on thissystem''.

2- The Equipotential Ellipsoid

According to the ®rst resolution, the Geodetic Refer-ence System 1980 is based on the theory of the equipo-

128

tential ellipsoid. This theory has already been the basis ofthe Geodetic Reference System 1967; we shall summarize(partly quoting literally) some principal facts from therelevant publication (IAG, 1971, Publ. SpeÂ c. n° 3).

An equipotential ellipsoid or level ellipsoid is an el-lipsoid that is de®ned to be an equipotential surface. If anellipsoid of revolution (semimajor axis a, semiminor axisb) is given, then it can be made an equipotential surface

U � U0 � const:

of a certain potential function U, called normal poten-tial. This function U is uniquely determined by means ofthe ellipsoidal surface (semiaxes a, b), the enclosed massM and the angular velocity x, according to a theorem ofStokes-PoincareÂ , quite independently of the internaldensity distribution. Instead of the four constants a, b,M and x, any other system of four independent pa-rameters may be used as de®ning constants.

The theory of the equipotential ellipsoid was ®rstgiven by Pizzeti in 1894; it was further elaborated bySomigliana in 1929. This theory had already served as abase for the International Gravity Formula adopted atthe General Assembly in Stockholm in 1930.

Normal gravity c � jgrad Uj at the surface of theellipsoid is given by the closed formula of Somilgiana,

c � ace cos2 U� bcp sin

2 U��a2 cos2 U� b2 sin2 U

p ;

where the constants ce and cp denote normal gravity atthe equator and at the poles, and F denotes geograph-ical latitude.

The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, con-sistent and uniform reference system for all purposes ofgeodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geo-metric use, and a normal gravity ®eld at the earth'ssurface and in space, de®ned in terms of closed formulas,as a reference for gravimetry and satellite geodesy.

The standard theory of the equipotential ellipsoidregards the normal gravitational potential as a harmonicfunction outside the ellipsoid, which implies the absenceof an atmosphere. (The consideration of the atmospherein the reference system would require an ad-hoc modi-®cation of the theory, whereby it would lose its clarityand simplicity.)

Thus, in the same way as in the Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1967, the computation are based on the theory ofthe equipotential ellipsoid without an atmosphere. Thereference ellipsoid is de®ned to enclose the whole massof the earth, including the atmosphere; as a visualiza-tion, one might, for instance, imagine the atmosphere tobe condensed as a surface layer on the ellipsoid. Thenormal gravity ®eld at the earth's surface and in spacecan thus be computed without any need for consideringthe variation of atmospheric density.

If atmospheric e�ects must be considered, this can bedone by applying corrections to the measured values ofgravity; for this purpose, a table of corrections will begiven later (sec.5).

3- Computational Formulas

An equipotential ellipsoid of revolution is determinedby four constants. The IUGG has chosen the followingones:

a equatorial radius,GM geocentric gravitational constant,J2 dynamical form factor,x angular velocity.

The equatorial radius a is the semimajor axis of themeridian ellipse; the semiminor axis will be denoted byb. The geocentric gravitational constant GM is theproduct of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, andthe total mass of the earth, M. The constant J2 is givenby:

J2 � CÿA

Ma2;

where C and A are the principal moments of inertia ofthe level ellipsoid (C... polar, A... equatorial moment ofinertia).

We shall also use the ®rst excentricity e, de®ned by:

e2 � a2 ÿ b2

a2;

and the second excentricity e¢, de®ned by:

e02 � a2 ÿ b2

b2

Closed computational formulas are given in sec.3 of(IAG, 1971, Pub.SpeÂ c. n° 3); we shall here reproducethis section practically unchanged.

The derivation of these formulas is found in the book(Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967) sections 2±7 to 2±10.Reference to this book is by page number and number ofequation.

Computation of e2

The fundamental derived constant is the square of the®rst excentricity, e2, as de®ned above.

From p. 73, equations (2-90) and (2-92¢), we ®nd:

J2 � e2

31ÿ 2

15

me0

qo

� �This equation can be written as:

e2 � 3J2 � 2me0e2

15q0

129

with:

m � x2a2b

GM

(p. 69, eq. (2-70)) and with be¢ = ae it becomes:

e2 � 3J2 � 4

15

x2a3

GM

a3

2q0

This is the basic equation which relates e2 to thedata a, GM, J2 and x. It is to be solved iteratively for e2,taking into account:

2q0 � 1� 3

e02

� �arctan e0 ÿ 3

e0

�X1n�1

4�ÿ1�n�1n�2n� 1��2n� 3� e

02n�1

with

e0 � e��1ÿ e2p �second excentricity�

(p. 66, eq. (2-58), p. 72, second equation from top).

Geometric Constants

Now the other geometric constants of the referenceellipsoid can be computed by the well-known formulas:

b � a��1ÿ e2p

�semiminor axis�;f � aÿ b

a�flattening�;

E ��a2 ÿ b2

p�linear excentricity�;

c � a2

b�polar radius of curvature�:

The arc of meridian from equator to pole (meridianquadrant) is given by:

Q � c

Z p=2

0

dU

�1� e02 cos2 U�3=2

where F is the geographical latitude. This integral can beevaluated by a series expansion:

Q � cp2

1ÿ 3

4e02 � 45

64e04 ÿ 175

256e06 � 11025

16384e08

� �Various mean radii of ellipsoid are de®ned by the

following formulas:

arithmetic mean:

R1 � a� a� b

3� a 1ÿ f

3

� �radius of sphere of the same surface:

R2 � c

Z p=2

0

cosU

�1� e02 cos2 U�2 dU

!1=2

� c 1ÿ 2

3e02 � 26

45e04 ÿ 100

189e06 � 7034

14175e08

� �radius of sphere of the same volume:

R3 ��a2b

3p

:

Physical Constants

The reference ellipsoid is a surface of constant normalpotential, U = U0. This constant U0, the normal po-tential of the reference ellipsoid, is given by:

U0 � GM

Earctan e0 � 1

3x2a2

� GM

b1�

X1n�1�ÿ1�n e02n

2n� 1� 1

3m

!

(p. 67, eq. (2-61)).

The normal gravitational potential V (gravity po-tential U minus potential of centrifugal force) can bedeveloped into a series of zonal spherical harmonics:

V � GM

r1ÿ

X1n�1

J2na

r

� �2nP2n�cos h�

!;

where r (radius vector) and h (polar distance) arespherical coordinates. The coe�cient J2 is a de®ningconstant; the other coe�cients are expressed in terms ofJ2 by:

J2n � �ÿ1�n�1 3e2n

�2n� 1��2n� 3� 1ÿ n� 5nJ2e2

� �(p.73, eqs. (2-92) and (2-92¢)).

Normal gravity at the equator, ce, and normal gravityat the poles, cp, are given by the expressions:

ce �GM

ab1ÿmÿm

6

e0q00q0

� �cp �

GM

a21�m

3

e0q00q0

� �with

q00 � 3 1� 1

e02

� �1ÿ 1

e0arctan e0

� �ÿ 1

and

m � x2a2b

GM

(p. 69, eqs. (2-73) and (2-74); p.68, eq. (2-67)).

130

The constant:

f� � cp ÿ cece

�gravity flattening�

is also needed.

A check is provided by the closed form of Clairaut'stheorem for the equipotential ellipsoid:

f� f� � x2b

ce1� e0q00

2q0

� �(p. 69, eq. (2-75)).

The Gravity Formula

Somiglinana's closed formula for normal gravity is

c � ace cos2 U� bcp sin

2 U��a2 cos2 U� b2 sin2 U

pFor numerical computations, the form

c � ce1� k sin2 U��1ÿ e2 sin2 U

pwith

k � bcpaceÿ 1

is more convenient.

The conventional abbreviated series expansion is:

c � ce�1� f� sin2 Uÿ 1

4f4 sin

2 2U�

with

f4 � 1

2f2 � 5

2fm

(p.77, eqs. (2-115) and (2-116)).

More generally, the above closed formula for normalgravity may be expanded into the series

c � ce 1�X1n�1

a2n sin2n U

!

where

a2 � 1

2e2 � k; a6 � 5

16e6 � 3

8e4k;

a4 � 3

8e4 � 1

2e2k; a8 � 35

128e8 � 5

16e6k;

The average value of gravity over the ellipsoid is

�c �Z p=2

0

c cosUdU

�1ÿ e2 sin2 U�2 :

Z p=2

0

cosUdU

�1ÿ e2 sin2 U�2

� 1� 1

6e2 � 1

3k� 59

360e4 � 5

18e2k

� 2371

15120e6 � 259

1080e4k� 270229

1814400e8 � 9623

45360e6k:

4- Numerical Values

The following derived constants are accurate to thenumber of decimal places given. In case of doubt or inthose cases where a higher accuracy is required, thesequantities are to be computed from the de®ning con-stants by means of the closed formulas given in thepreceding section.

De®ning Constants (exact)

a = 6378 137 m semimajor axisGM= 3 986 005 ´ 108 m3 s)2 geocentric

gravitational constantJ2 = 108 263 ´ 10)8 dynamic form factorx = 7 292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1 angular velocity

Derived Geometric Constants

b = 6 356 752.3141 m semiminor axisE = 521 854.0097 m linear excentricityc = 6 399 593.6259 m polar radius of

curvaturee2 = 0.006 694 380 022 90 ®rst excentricity (e)e¢2 = 0.006 739 496 775 48 secondexcentricity (e¢)f = 0.003 352 810 681 18 ¯atteningf)1= 298.257 222 101 reciprocal ¯atteningQ = 10 001 965.7293 m meridian quadrantR1= 6 371 008.7714 m mean radiusR1= (2a+b)/3R2= 6 371 007.1810 m radius of sphere of

same surfaceR3 = 6 371 000.7900 m radius of sphere of

same volume

Derived Physical Constants

U0= 6 263 686.0850´ 10 m2 s)2 normal potentialat ellipsoid

J4 = )0.000 002 370 912 22J6 = 0.000 000 006 083 47 spherical-harmonicJ8 = )0.000 000 000 014 27 coe�cientsm = 0.003 449 786 003 08 m = c2 a2 b/GMce = 9.780 326 7715 ms)2 normal gravity at

equatorcp = 9.832 186 3685 ms)2 normal gravity at pole

f* = 0.005 302 440 112 f� � �gp±ge�ge

k = 0.001 931 851 353 fk� � �bgp±age�age

131

Gravity Formula 1980

Normal gravity may be computed by means of theclosed formula:

c � ce1� k sin2 U��1ÿ e2 sin2 U

p ;

with the values of ce, k, and e2 shown above.

The series expansion, given at the end of sec. 3, be-comes:

c � ce�1� 0:005 279 0414 sin2 U

� 0:000 023 2718 sin4 U

� 0:000 000 1262 sin6 U

� 0:000 000 0007 sin8 U�;

it has a relative error of 10)10, correspondingto 10)3 lm s)2 = 10)4 mgal.

The conventional series

c � ce�1� f� sin2 Uÿ 1

4f4 sin

2 2U�� 9:780 327�1� 0:005 3024 sin2 U

ÿ 0:000 0058 sin2 2U�msÿ2

has only an accuracy of 1 lm s)2 = 0.1 mgal. It can,however, be used for converting gravity anomalies fromthe International Gravity Formula (1930) to the GravityFormula 1980:

c1980 ÿ c1930 � �ÿ16:3� 13:7 sin2 U�mgal;

where the main part comes from a change of thePostdam reference value by ± 14 mgal; see also (IAG,1971, Publ. SpeÂ c. n° 3, p.74).

For the conversion from the Gravity Formula 1967to the Gravity Formula 1980, a more accurate formula,corresponding to the precise expansion given above, is:

c1980 ÿ c1967 � �0:8316� 0:0782 sin2 U

ÿ 0:0007 sin4 U�mgal;

Since former gravity values are expressed in the units``gal'' and ``mgal'', we have, in the conversion formulas,used the unit 1 mgal = 10)5 m s)2.

Mean values of normal gravity are:

�c � 9:797 644 656 m s)2 average over ellipsoid,

c45= 9.806 199 203 m s)2 c

at latitude F = 45°.

The numerical values given in this section have beencomputed independently by Mr. Chung-Yung Chen,

using series developments up to f5, and by Dr. Hans-SuÈ nkel, using the formulas presented in sec. 3.

5- Atmospheric E�ects

The table given here is reproduced from (IAG, 1971,Publ. SpeÂ c. n° 3, p.72). It shows atmospheric gravitycorrection dg as a function of elevation h above sea level.The values dg are to be added to measured gravity. Thee�ect of this reduction is to remove, by computation, theatmosphere outside the Earth by shifting it verticallyinto the interior of the geoid.

Atmospheric Gravity Corrections dg

(to be added to measured gravity)

h dg h dg[km] [mgal] [km] [mgal]

0 0.87 10 0.230.5 0.82 11 0.201.0 0.77 12 0.171.5 0.73 13 0.142.0 0.68 14 0.122.5 0.64 15 0.103.0 0.60 16 0.093.5 0.57 17 0.084.0 0.53 18 0.064.5 0.50 19 0.055.0 0.47 20 0.055.5 0.44 22 0.036.0 0.41 24 0.026.5 0.38 26 0.027.0 0.36 28 0.017.5 0.33 30 0.018.0 0.31 32 0.018.5 0.29 34 0.009.0 0.27 37 0.009.5 0.25 40 0.00

6- Origin and Orientation of the Reference System

IUGG Resolution n° 7, quoted at the begining of thispaper, speci®es that the Geodetic Reference System 1980be geocentric, that is, that its origin be the center of massof the earth. Thus, the center of the ellipsoid coincideswith the geocenter.

The orientation of the system is speci®ed in the fol-lowing way. The rotation axis of the reference ellipsoidis to have the direction of the Conventional Interna-tional Origin for the Polar Motion (CIO), and the zeromeridian as de®ned by the Bureau International del'Heure (BIH) is used.

To this de®nition there corresponds a rectangularcoordinate system XYZ whose origin is the geocenter,whose Z-axis is the rotation axis of the reference ellip-soid, de®ned by the direction of CIO, and whose X-axispasses through the zero meridian according to the BIH.

References

W.A. HEISKANEN, and H. MORITZ (1967):Physical Geodesy. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.

132

International Association of Geodesy (1971): Geo-detic Reference System 1967. Publi. SpeÂ c. n° 3 du Bul-letin GeÂ odeÂ sique, Paris.

H. MORITZ (1979): Report of Special Study GroupN° 539 of I.A.G., Fundamental Geodetic Constants,presented at XVII General Assembly og I.U.G.G.,Canberra.

Editor's Note:

Additional useful constants can be obtained from:``United States Naval Observatory, Circular N° 167,December 27, 1983, Project MERIT Standards'', withupdates of December 1985.

133

Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics

By E. Groten (President of IAG Sub-commission 3)

At present, systems of fundamental constants are in astate of transition. Even though the uncertainties ofmany constants have substantially decreased, the nu-merical values themselves did not substantially change.On the other hand, relativistic reductions and correc-tions underwent a variety of substantial revisions that,however, did not yet ®nd ®nal agreement within thescienti®c working groups of international committees incharge of evaluating relevant quantities and theories.Consequently, substantial changes and revisions stillhave to be expected in IAU, IERS, IUGG etc. within thenext few years.

Therefore SC 3, after lengthy discussions and con-siderations, decided not to propose, at this time, anychange of existing geodetic reference systems such asWGS 84 (in its recent form updated by NIMA, 1997)and GRS 80. This would only make sense in view ofrelatively small numerical changes which would notjustify, at this moment, complete changes of systems andwould rather produce more confusion within usercommunities ± as soon as working groups within IAU,IERS etc. have made up their minds concerning thebackground of new systems and will be prepared todiscuss new numerical values. This should be around theyear 2001.

The present situation is also re¯ected by the fact thatin view of substantial progress in evaluating temporalchanges of fundamental ``constants'' and related accu-racies, we should better speak about ``fundamental pa-rameters'' instead of ``fundamental constants''; however,the majority of members of SC 3 preferred to preservethe traditional name of SC 3.

In view of this situation and of the fact that IERS inits ``conventions'' which are edited at regular intervalsSC 3 cannot and should not act independently in pro-posing changes of fundamental parameters, ± there willconsequently be relatively small changes in the followingpart on ``current best estimates'' and only minimal

changes in the part on `ò�cial numerical values'' withinthis report. It is, moreover, proposed to strengthen theinterrelations between IERS and SC 3.

Interrelations between IERS, IAU, IAG etc. make it,however, more di�cult to implement necessary changesin fundamental systems. This was particularly realized indiscussing adoption of new fundamental constants. Thisfact may be explained by the discussion of small changesinherent in the adoption of particular tidal correctionswhich became relevant in view of higher accuracies of�10)8 or �10)9. It turns out to be almost impossible toexplain to other scienti®c bodies the modern relevance ofthe dependence of the numerical value of the semi-majoraxis `à'' of the Earth on speci®c tidal corrections. Othertemporal variations imply similar di�culties.

From the view point of SC 3, i.e. in deriving funda-mental parameters, it is, to some extent, confusing that avariety of global or/and regional systems exist; it wouldbe best to use only one global terrestrial and one celestialsystem such as ITRF, referred to a speci®c epoch, andan associated celestial system, unless precise transitionand transformation formulae are available such as thosebetween ETRF, ITRF, EUREF, and perhaps WGS 84(in updated form), IGS, GRS 80 etc. where IERS-sys-tems, in general, could serve to maintain transformationaccuracy and precision.

However, the consequent replacement of `à'' by aquantity such as the geopotential at the geoid W0 (whichis independent of tides) in a geodetic reference system (ora similar system) was not well understood and notsupported by other working groups so that we ®nallygave up the idea of a reformation of systems of funda-mental constants in this way even though quantities suchas W0 are now very precisely determined by satellitealtimetry etc. Whether seasonal variations (BURSAURSA et al.1998a) of W0 are signi®cant or not is still an openquestion, when expressed in R0 = GM/W0 they amountto a few centimeters in global radius.

134

I Current (1999) best estimates of the parameters ofcommon relevance to astronomy, geodesy, andgeodynamics

SI units are used throughout (except for the TDB-value (value below (4))(SI-value can be associated with TCB or TCG)

± velocity of light in vacuumc � 299 792 458m sÿ1 �1�

± Newtonian gravitational constantG � �6 672:59� 0:30� � 10ÿ14 m3 sÿ2 kgÿ1 �2�

± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the massof the Earth's atmosphere); recon®rmed by J. RIESIES

(1998, priv. comm.)GM � �398 600 441:8� 0:8� � 106 m3 sÿ2 �3�For the new EGM 96 global gravity modelGM � 398 600 441:5� 106 m3 sÿ2 was adopted.

In TT units (Terrestrial Time) the value is

GM � �398 600 441:5� 0:8� � 106 m3 sÿ2:

Note that if expressed in old TDB units (solar systemBarycentric Dynamical Time), the value is

GM � 398 600 435:6� 106 m3 sÿ2:

Based on well known transformation formulas wemay relate GM in SI-units to TT/TCG/TCB; see IERS-Convention 1996 p. 85. The well known secular termwas not originally included in the GM(E)-analysis,therefore it was related to TT, neither to SI nor (TCG,TCB); as still satellite analysis occurs without the secularterm, GM(E) in TT is still of geodetic interest; GM(E)= GM of the Earth.

± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation

x � 7 292 115� 10ÿ11 rad sÿ1: �5�

± Long-term variation in x

dxdt� ÿ4:5� 0:1� � � 10ÿ22 rad sÿ2: �6�

This observed average value is based on two actualcomponents:

a) due to tidal dissipation

dxdt

� �tidal

� ÿ6:1� 0:4� � � 10ÿ22 rad sÿ2: �7�

This value is commensurate with a tidal decelerationin the mean motion of the Moon n

dn

dt� �ÿ25:88� 0:5� arc sec cyÿ2: �8�

b) non-tidal in origin

dxdt

� �non-tidal

� ��1:6� 0:4� � 10ÿ22 rad sÿ2: �9�

± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter(tide-free, conventional, not normalized, Love num-ber k2 = 0.3 adopted)

J2 � �1082 626:7� 0:1� � 10ÿ9 �10�

To be consistent with the I.A.G. General AssemblyResolution 16, 1983 (Hamburg), the indirect tidal e�ecton J2 should be included: then in the zero-frequency tidesystem

J2 � �1082 635:9� 0:1� � 10ÿ9: �11�

± Long-term variation in J2

dJ2dt� ÿ�2:6� 0:3� � 10ÿ9cyÿ1 �12�

± second-degree sectorial geopotential (Stokes) pa-rameters (conventional, not normalized, geopotentialmodel JGM-3)

J22 � �1574:5� 0:7� � 10ÿ9; �13�

S22 � ÿ�903:9� 0:7� � 10ÿ9; �14�

J2;2 � J22

ÿ �2� S22

ÿ �2h i1=2� �1815:5� 0:9� � 10ÿ9:

�15�

Only the last decimal is a�ected by the standard devia-tion.

Table 1. Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation 1978±1994

Year x [10)11 rad s)1] Year x [10)11 rad s)1] DLOD [ms]

Min: 1978 7 292 114.903 1994 7.292 114.964 2.17Max: 1986 292 115.043 1995 .952 2.31

1996 .992 1.831997 .991 1.841998 ± ±

Table 2. The Stokes second-degree zonal parameter; marked with a bar:fully normalized; k2 = 0.3 adopted for the tide-free system

Geopotentialmodel

Zero-frequency tide system Tide-free

�J2 J2 �J2 J2[10)6] [10)6] [10)6] [10)6]

JGM-3 484.16951 1082.6359 484.16537 1082.6267EGM 96 484.16537

Table 3. The Stokes second-degree sectorial parameters; marked with abar: fully normalized

Geopotential model �C22 [10)6] �S2

2 [10)6]

JGM-3 2.43926 )1.40027EGM 96 2.43914 )1.40017

135

For EGM 96 MARCHENKOARCHENKO and ABRIKOSOVBRIKOSOV (1999)found more detailed values:

Coe�cient H associated with the precession constant

H � C ÿ 12 �A� B�

C� �3 273 763� 20� � 10ÿ9: �16�

The geoidal potential W0 and the geopotential scalefactor R0 = GM/W0 recently derived by BURSAURSA et al.(1998) read

W0 � �62 636 855:611� 0:5�m2 sÿ2; �17�R0 � �6 363 672:58� 0:05� m:

W0 � �62636856:4� 0:5�m2 sÿ2 J. Ries (priv. comm,1998) found globally.

If W0 is preserved as a primary constant the discus-sion of the ellipsoidal parameters could become obso-lete; as the Earth ellipsoid is basically an artefact.Modelling of the altimeter bias and various other errorin¯uences a�ect the validity of W0-determination. Thevariability of W0 and R0 was studied by Bursa (BURSAURSA

et al. 1998) recently; they detected interannual variationsof W0 and R0 amounting to 2 cm.

The relativistic corrections to W0 were discussed byKOPEJKINOPEJKIN (1991); see his formulas (67) and (77) wheretidal corrections were included. Whereas he proposesaverage time values, Grafarend insists in correctionsrelated to speci®c epochs in order to illustrate the time-dependence of such parameters as W0, GM, Jn, whichare usually, in view of present accuracies, still treated asconstants in contemporary literature.

Based on recent GPS data, E. GRAFARENDRAFAREND and A.ARDALANRDALAN (1997) found locally (in the Finnish Datumfor Fennoscandia): W0 = (6 263 685.58 � 0.36) kgal m.The temporal variations were discussed by WANGANG andKAKKURIAKKURI (1998), in general terms.

± Mean equatorial gravity in the zero-frequency tidesystem

ge � �978 032:78� 0:2� � 10ÿ5 m sÿ2: �18�

± Equatorial radius of the Reference Ellipsoid (meanequatorial radius of the Earth) in the zero-frequencytide system (BURSAURSA et al. 1998)

a � �6 378 136:62� 0:10�m: �19�

± The corresponding value in the mean tide system (thezero-frequency direct and indirect tidal distortionincluded) comes out as

a � �6 378 136:72� 0:10�m �20�

and the tide-free value

a � �6 378 136:59� 0:10�m: �21�

The tide free-value adopted for the new EGM-96gravity model reads a=6 378 136.3 m.

± Polar ¯attening computed in the zero-frequency tidesystem, (adopted GM, x, and J2 in the zero-fre-quency tide system)

1=f � 298:25642� 0:00001 �22�

The corresponding value in the mean tide systemcomes out as

1=f � 298:25231� 0:00001 �23�

and the tide-free

1=f � 298:25765� 0:00001 �24�

± Equatorial ¯attening (geopotential model JGM-3).

1=a1 � 91026� 10: �25�

± Longitude of major axis of equatorial ellipse, geo-potential model JGM-3

Ka � �14:9291� � 0:0010��W: �26�

In view of the small changes (see Table 3) of thesecond degree tesserals it is close to the value of EGM96. We may raise the question whether we should keepthe reference ellipsoid in terms of GRS 80 (or an alter-native) ®xed and focus on W0 as a parameter to be es-sentially better determined by satellite altimetry, wherehowever the underlying concept (inverted barometer,altimeter bias etc.) has to be clari®ed.

± Coe�cient in potential of centrifugal force

q � x2a3

GM� �3 461 391� 2� � 10ÿ9: �27�

Computed by using values (3), (5) and a = 6 378 136.6

± Principal moments of inertia (zero-frequency tidesystem), computed using values (11), (15), (3), (2) and(16)

Table 4. Parameters of the linear model of the potential of 2nd degree

Harmoniccoe�cient

Value ofcoe�cient ´ 106

Temporalvariation ´ 1011 [yr)1]

�C20 � ÿ �J2 )484.165371736 1.16275534�C21 )0.00018698764 )0.32�S21 0.00119528012 1.62�C22 � ÿ �J

22 2.43914352398 )0.494731439

�S22 )1.40016683654 )0.203385232

Table 5. Equatorial ¯attening a1 and La of major axis of equatorialellipse

Geopotential Model 1a1

La [deg]

JGM-3 91026 14.9291 W

136

CÿA

Ma20� J2 � 2J2;2 � �1086 � 267� 0:001� � 10ÿ6; �28�

Cÿ B

Ma20� J2 ÿ 2J2;2 � �1079:005� 0:001� � 10ÿ6;

BÿA

Ma20� 4J2;2 � �7:262� 0:004� � 10ÿ6;

Ma20 �GM

Ga20 � �2:43014� 0:00005�� 1038 kgm2; �29�

�a0 � 6 � 378 137m�;

CÿA � �2:6398� 0:0001� � 1035 kgm2; �30�Cÿ B � �2:6221� 0:0001� � 1035 kgm2;BÿA � �1:765� 0:001� � 1033 kgm2;

C

Ma20� J2

H� �330 701� 2� � 10ÿ6; �31�

A

Ma20� �329 615� 2� � 10ÿ6;

B

Ma20� �329 622� 2� � 10ÿ6; �32�

A � �8:0101� 0:0002� � 1037 kgm2;B � �8:0103� 0:0002� � 1037 kgm2; �33�C � �8:0365� 0:0002� � 1037 kgm2;

a � Cÿ B

A� �327 353� 6� � 10ÿ8;

c � BÿA

C� �2 196� 6� � 108

b � CÿA

B� �329 549� 6� � 10ÿ8

II Primary geodetic Parameters, discussion

It should be noted that parameters a, f, J2, ge, dependon the tidal system adopted. They have di�erent valuesin tide-free, mean or zero-frequency tidal systems.However, W0 and/or R0 are independent of tidal system(BURSAURSA 1995). The following relations can be used:

a�mean� � a�tide-free� � 1

2�1� ks�R0

dJ2ks; �34�

a�mean� � a�tide-free� � 3

2�1� ks� dJ2

ks;

a�zero-frequency� � a�tide-free� � 1

2R0dJ2; �35�

a�zero-frequency� � a�tide-free� � 3

2dJ2;

ks = 0.9383 is the secular Love number, dJ2 is the zero-frequency tidal distortion in J2. First, the internal con-

sistency of parameters a, W0, (R0) and ge should be ex-amined:

(i) If

a � 6 378 136:7m

is adopted as primary, the derived values are

W0 � 62 636 856:88m2 sÿ2; �36��R0 � 6 363 672:46m�; �37�

ge � 978 032:714� 10ÿ5 m sÿ2: �38�

(ii) If

W0 � �62 636 855:8� 0:5�m2 sÿ2;

R0 � �6 363 672:6� 0:05�m;

is adopted as primary, the derived values are (meansystem)

a � 6 378 136:62m; �39�

ge � 978 032:705� 10ÿ5 m sÿ2: �40�

(iii) If (18)

ge � �978 032:78� 0:2� � 10ÿ5 m sÿ2;

is adopted as primary, the derived values are

a � 6 378136:38m; �41�W0 � 62 636 858:8m2 sÿ2 �42��R0 � 6 363 672:26m�: �43�

There are no signi®cant discrepancies, the di�erencesare about the standard errors.

However, the inaccuracy in (iii) is much higher thanin (i) and/or (ii). That is why solution (iii) is irrelevant atpresent.

If the rounded value

W0 � �62 636 856:0� 0:5�m2 sÿ2 �44�R0 � �6 363 672:6� 0:1��m� �45�

is adopted as primary, then the derived length of thesemimajor axis in the mean tide system comes out as

a � �6 378 136:7� 0:1�m; �for zero-tide : 6 378 136:6��46�

which is just the rounded value (20), and (in the zerofrequency tide system)

ge � �978 032:7� 0:1� � 10ÿ5 m s2: �47�

137

However, SC 3 recommends that, at present, GRS 1980should be retained as the standard.

III Consistent set of fundamental constants (1997)

± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the massof the Earth's atmosphere)GM = (398 600 441.8 � 0.8) ´ 106 m3 s)2, [value(3)]

± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotationx=7 292 115 ´ 10)11 rad s)1 [value (5)]

± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter(in the zero-frequency tide system, Epoch 1994)J2 = (1 082 635.9 � 0.1) ´ 10)9 [value (11)]

± Geoidal potentialW0 = (62 636 856.0 � 0.5) m2 s)2, [value (44)]

± Geopotential scale factorR0= GM/W0 = (6 363 672.6 � 0.05) m[value (45)]

± Mean equatorial radius (mean tide system)a = (6 378 136.7 � 0.1) m [value (46)]

± Mean polar ¯attening (mean tide system)1/f = 298.25231 � 0.00001 [value (23)]

± Mean equatorial gravityge = (978 032.78 � 0.1) ´ 10)5 m s)2, [value (18)].

GRAFARENDRAFAREND and ARDALANRDALAN (1999) have evaluated a(consistent) normal ®eld based on a unique set of currentbest values of four parameters (W°, x, J2 and GM) as apreliminary ``follow-up'' to the Geodetic ReferenceSystem GRS 80. It can lead to a level-ellipsoidal normalgravity ®eld with a spheroidal external ®eld in theSomigliana-Pizetti sense. By comparing the consequentvalues for the semimajor and semi-minor axes of therelated equipotential ellipsoid with the correspondingGRS-80 axes (based on the same theory) the authors endup with axes which deviate by )40 and )45 cm, re-spectively from GRS 80 axes and within standard devi-ations from the current values such as in (21); but no g-values are given until now.

IV Appendix

A1. Zero-frequency tidal distortion in J2

�J2 � ÿC20�

dJ2 � ksGML

GM

R

D�L

� �3R

a0

� �2

�E2 � d2L�

� ksGMS

GM

R

D�S

� �3R

a0

� �2

�E2 � d2S�;

E2 � ÿ 1

2� 3

4sin2 e0;

d2L � 3

4sin2 iL ÿ e2Lÿ �� 9

8e2L sin2 e0 ÿ sin2 iLÿ �

;

d2S � ÿ 3

4e2S 1ÿ 3

2sin2 e0

� �;

R � R0 1� 25

21v3qÿ 10

7v2J2

� �1=5

GML = 4 902.799 ´ 109 m3s)2

(selenocentric grav. Const.),GMS = 13 271 244.0 ´ 1013 m3s)2,DÅL = 384 400 km

(mean geocentric distance to the Moon),DÅS = 1 AU = 1.4959787 ´ 1011 m,a0 = 6 378 137 m

(scaling parameter associated with J2),e0 = 23°26'21.4'' (obliquity of the ecliptic),eL = 0.05490

(eccentricity of the orbit of the Moon),iL = 5°0.9'

(inclination of Moon's orbit to the ecliptic),eS = 0.01671

(eccentricity of the heliocentric orbit of the Earth-Moon barycenter),

m = a0/R0 = 1.0022729;ks = 0.9383

(secular-¯uid Love number associated with thezero-frequency second zonal tidal term);

dJ2 = )dC20 = (3.07531 ´ 10)8) ks (conventional);dJ2 � ÿdC20�1:37532� 10ÿ8�ks(fully normalized).L = LunarS = Solar

A2. De®nition

Because of tidal e�ects on various quantities, the tide-free, zero-frequency and mean values should be distin-guished as follows:

± A tide-free value is the quantity from which all tidale�ects have been removed.

± A zero-frequency value includes the indirect tidaldistortion, but not the direct distortion.

± A mean tide value included both direct and indirectpermanent tidal distortions.

Acknowledgement

This report is basically an updated version of M.Bursa's SC 3 report presented in 1995 with some newmaterial added.

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140

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143

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Institut Geographique de BurundiDeÂ partement de Topographie et Cartographie,B.P. 34, Gitega, Burundi

Canada

Canadian Geodetic Information SystemNatural Resources Canada, Geodetic Survey division,615 Booth Street, Ottawa KIA 0E9, Ontario, CanadaPhone: (1) 613 995 4410 Fax: (1) 613 995 3215E-mail: [email protected] Internet:www.emr.ca/�jtod/geophys

China

China Cartographic Publishing HouseBeijing, China

Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping16 Beitaping Road, Beijing 100039, ChinaInstitute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS 54,Xu Dong Road, 430077 Wuhan, China

National Bureau of Surveying and MappingBaiwanzhuang, Beijing, 100830, China

National Geomatics Center of ChinaBeijing China

Denmark

National Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic DivisionRentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV.,Denmark

Finland

Finnish Geodetic InstituteP.O. Box 15 (Geodeetinrinne 2), FIN-02431,Finland Phone: (358)-9-295 550Fax: (358)-9-295 552 00 E-mail: fgi@fgi.®

France

DeÂ partement Banque de Donnees du Sous-SolBureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Dept.BSS, B.P. 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex, France

Groupe de Recherche de GeÂ odeÂ sie Spatiale (GRGS)GRGS/Instiut Geographique National, 2, AvenuePasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mande, France

O�ce de la Recherche Scienti®que et TechniqueOutre-Mer (ORSTOM), 70-74 route d¢Aulney, F-93140Bondy, France

Section GeÂ odeÂ sie-GeÂ ophysqueEtablissemnt Principal du Service Hydrographique etOcanographique de la Marine, 13, Rue du Chantellier,B.P. 426, F-29275 Brest Cedex, France

Service de la GeÂ odeÂ sie et du NivellementInstitut Geographique National, 2, Avenue Pasteur,B.P. 68, F-29275 Saint-Mande, France

Germany

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen derLaÈ nder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AdV)GeschaÈ ftsstelle: Landesbetrieb, Landesvermessung undGeobasisinformation, Neudersachsen, Postfach 510450,WarmbuÈ chenkamp 2, D-30634 Hannover, GermanyPhone: (49)-511-64609-151 Fax: (49)-511-64609-162

Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sieRichard-Strauss-Allee 11, D-60598 Frankfurt/Main,Germany Phone: (49)-0-6963331 Fax: (49)-0-696333235

Bundesamt fuÈ r Seeschi�ahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)Dierkower Damm 45, D-18146 Rostock, GermanyPhone: (49)-381-4563602 Fax: (49)-381-4563948

EUROLAS Data Center (EDC)Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut, Abt. I,Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

National Gravity Data BaseDeutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI),Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

Point of Contact for Geodetic DataArbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungendeutscher Langer (AdV), Niedersachsischer Ministerdes Inner, D-3000 Hannover, Germany

Topography Data BaseInstitut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie (IFAG), RichardStrauss Allee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M., 70, Germany

Greece

Department of Geodesy and SurveyingUniversity of Thessaloniki, POB 492, Thessaloniki,Greece

Dionysos Satellite ObservatoryGeodesy Department, National Technical University,Zographou 15773, Athens, Greece

Hellenic Army Geographic ServicePedion Areas, Greece

Hungary

EoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of HungaryP.O. Box 35, H-1440 Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 252 4999 Fax: (36) 1 163 7256

144

ToÁ th Agoston Mapping and Military Geographic Instituteof the Hungarian ArmyP.O. Box 37, H-1525 Budapest 114, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 332 0161Fax: (36) 1 332 0161

Iceland

Iceland Geodetic SurveyP.O. Box 5536, 05 Reykjavik, Iceland

Icelandic National Energy AuthorityGrensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland

Indonesia

National Coordination Agency for Surveys and MappingJalan Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong,Bogor, Indonesia

Ireland

Michael CoryController of Mapping, Ordnance Survey O�ce,Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, IrelandPhone: (353) (0) 1 802 5300 Fax: (353) (0) 1 820 4156

Japan

Earthquake Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo, Earthquake PredictionResearch Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0032,Japan Phone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234

Earthquake Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo, Earthquake Observation Center,1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, JapanPhone: (81) 3 3813 7627 Fax: (81) 3 3813 8026

Geographical Survey InstituteKitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0811, JapanPhone: (81)-298-64-1111 Fax: (81)-298-64-1802

Hydrographic DepartmentMaritime Safety Agency, 3-1 Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku,Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Phone: (81) 3 3541 3685Fax: (81) 3 3248 1250

Mizusawa Astro Geodynamics ObservatoryNational Astronomical Observatory, 12,Hoshigaoka-cho 2, Mizusawan, Iwate 023-0861, JapanPhone: (81)-197-22-7111 Fax: (81)-197-22-7120

National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster PreventionTenodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, JapanPhone: (81) 298 51 1611 Fax: (81) 298 51 5658

Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakesand Volcanic EruptionsGraduate School of Science, Tohoku University,Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980, JapanPhone: (81)-22-225-1950 Fax: (81)22±264-3292

Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo15-1, Minamidai 1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: 3 3377 3292

Research Center for Earthquake PredictionHokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-8, Kita-ku,Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060, JapanPhone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404

Kenya

Research Center for Earthquake PredictionDisaster Prevention Research Institute, KyotoUniversity, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, JapanPhone: (81)-774-38-4193Fax: (81)-774-38-4190 Survey of Kenya,P.O. Box 30046, Nairobi, Kenya

Madagascar

National Institute of Geodesy and CartographyLalana Dama-tsoha Raza®ntsalamaJ.B., B.P. 323, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar

Mexico

Departamento de GeodesiaDireccion General de Geogra®a, San Antonio Abad124-PB, Col. Transito, Del. Cuavi, 06820, Mexico

Netherlands

Amsterdam Ordnance DatumRWS/Survey Department, Kanaalweg 3b, Delft,P.O. Box 5023, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

Department of Triangulationhoofdirectie Kadaster, Waltersingel 1, 7314NK Apeldoorn, Netherlands

New Zealand

Hydrographic O�ceP.O. Box 33-341, Takapuna 9, Auckland, New Zealand

Institute of Geological & Nuclear SciencesP.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New ZealandPhone: (64) 4 570 1444Fax: (64) 4 570 1440E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.gns.cri.nz

Land Information New ZealandHead O�ce, P.O. Box 5501, Wellington, New ZealandPhone: (64) 4 460 0110 Fax: (64) 4 460 0575E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.linz.govt.nz

Portugal

Norwegian Mapping AuthorityKartverksveien 21, N-3500 HEnefoss, Norway

Instituto de Investigacao Cienti®ca TropicalCentro de Geodesia, R. da Jungqueira, 534, 1300-341Lisboa, Portugal

145

Instituto Portugues de Cartogra®a e CadastroR. Artilharia Um, 107, 1099-052 Lisboa, Portugal

LaboratoÂ rio Nacional de Engenharia CivilNuÂ cleo de Medidas GeodeÂ sicas, Av. do Brasil,101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal

South Africa

Surveys and MappingPrivate Bag, 7705 Mowbray, Republic of South Africa

Centro Nacional de Informacion Geogra®caIbanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 597 97 39 Fax: (34) 91 597 94 18

Spain

Instituto de Astronomia y GeodesiaUCM-CSIC, Facultad de Matematicas, UniversidadeCompltense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 39 445 82 Fax: (34) 91 39 446 15

Instituto Geogra®co NacionalIbanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 597 9000 Fax: (34) 91 597 97 58

Servei de GeodesiaInstitut Cartograifc de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic,08006 Barcelona, Spain Phone: (34) 93 42 529 00Fax: (34) 93 42 674 42

Sweden

National Land SurveyDivision of Geodetic Research, S-801 82 Gavle, Sweden

Switzerland

Astronomical Institute University of BerneSidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland

Bundesamt fuÈ r LandestopographieSeftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland

Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich (ETH Zurich), ETH-Honggerberg,CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland

Syria

General Establishment of SurveyingDepartment of Geodesy, P.O. Box 3094,Damascus, Syria

Thailand

Royal Thai Survey DepartmentSupreme Command Headquarters, KanlayanamaitriSt., Bangkok 10200, Thailand

Tunisia

Direction de la GeÂ odeÂ sie et du NivellementO�ce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, CiteOlympique, Tunis, Tunisia

Turkey

General command of MappingHarita Genel Komutanligi, 06100, Cebeci, Ankara,Turkey

United Kingdom

British Geological SurveyRegional Geophysics Group, Nicker Hill, Keyworth,Nottingham BG 12 5GG, United KingdomPhone: (44)-0115 9363100 Fax: (44)-0115 9363145

British Geological Survey, Marine Geophysics UnitMurchison House, West Mains House, EdinburghEHEH9 3LA, United KingdomPhone: (44)-0131 667 1000

Deacon Oceanographic LaboratoryBrook Road, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB,United Kingdom

Earth Observation Data Centre, Space DepartmentRoyal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, HantsGU14 6TD, United Kingdom

Hydrographic O�cePhysical Oceanography, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DN,United KingdomPhone: (44)-01823337900 Fax: (44)-01823284077

Institute of Geological SciencesMarine Geophysics Unit, Murchison House,West Mains Roads, Edingburgh EH9 3LA,United Kingdom

Military Survey, Clarke BuildingElmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex TW 13 7AE,United Kingdom Phone: (44)-0181 818 2225

Ordnance Survey of Great BritainGeodetic Services Branch, Romsey Road, Maybush,Southampton SO9 4DH, United KingdomPhone: (44)-01703 792731 Fax: (44)-01703-792687

Ordnance Survey of Great BritainOrdnance Survey International, Romsey Road,Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, United KingdomPhone: (44)-01703 792659

Proudman Oceanographic LaboratoryBidston Observatory, Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA,United KingdomPhone: (44)-0151 653 8633 Fax: (44)-0151 653 6269

Royal Greenwich ObservatorySpace Geodesy Group and Nautical, Almanac O�ce,Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OEZUnited Kingdom

The EPSRC Geophysical Data FacilityRutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot,Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United Kingdom

146

World Data Centre CI for Solar Terrestrial PhysicsRutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot,Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United Kingdom

Uruguay

Servicio Geogra®co MilitarIra. Division (Geodesia), 8 de Octubre 3255,Montevideo, Uruguay

USA

CORS GPS Network Data ArchiveNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGSSSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, MD 20910-3282,USA

Crustal Dynamics Data Information SystemNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,MD 20771, USA

Eastern-National Cartographic Information Center(E-NCIC), 536 National Center, Reston, VA 22092,USA

National Cartographic Information CenterU.S. Geological Survey, 507 National Center, Reston,VA 22092, USA

National Geodetic Information CenterNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGSSSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring,MD 20910-3282, USA

National Geophysical Data CenterNOAA, Code E/GC4, 325 Broadway, Boulder,CO 80303-3328, USA

147

EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Australia

Centre for Spatial Information ScienceSchool of Geography & Environomental Science,University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-76, Hobart,Tasmania 7001, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-6226-2134, Fax: (61)-3-6224-0282E-mail: [email protected]: www.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/

Department of CivilSurveying and Environmental Engineering,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales2308, AustraliaPhone: (61) 2 4921 6058 Fax: (61) 2 4921 6991E-mail: [email protected] Internet:www.eng.newcastle.edu.au/ce/

Department of GeomaticsUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria 3052, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-344-6806 Fax: (61)-3-347-2916E-mail: [email protected]: www.geom.unimelb.edu.au

Department of Land InformationRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology,PO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-9925-2213 Fax: (61)-3-9663-2517E-mail: [email protected]: www.ls.rmit.edu.au

School of GeoinformaticsPlanning and Building, University of South Australia,GPO Box 2471, South Australia 5001, AustraliaPhone: (61) 8 8302 2227 Fax: (61) 8 8302 2252E-mail: [email protected]: www.unisa.edu.au/gbp/index.htm

School of Geomatic EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney,New South Wales 2052, AustraliaPhone: (61)-2-9385-4182 Fax: (61)-2-9313-7493

E-mail: [email protected]: www.gmat.edu.au

School of Planning, Landscape, Architectureand SurveyingFaculty of Built Environment and Engineering,Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,Brisbane, Queensland 4001,Phone: (61)-7-3864-2671 Fax: (61)-7-3864-1809E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bee.qut.edu.au/plas/fplasweb/SURVEYING.htm

School of Spatial SciencesCurtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987,Perth, Western Australia 6845, AustraliaPhone: (61) 8 9266 7565 Fax: (61) 8 9266 2703E-mail: [email protected]: www.cage.curtin.edu.au/surveying

Austria

Technical University GrazGeodetic Institutes, Steyrergasse 30,A-8010 Graz, AustriaPhone: (43)-316-873-6331 Fax: (43)-316-827685E-mail: [email protected]

Vienna University of TechnologyGeodetic Institutes, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040Vienna, AustriaPhone: (43) 222 58801 3814 Fax: (43) 222 5056268E-mail: [email protected]

Belgium

Ecole Royale MilitaireChaire d'Astronomie-GeÂ odeÂ sie, 30,Avenue de la Renaissance, B-1040 Bruxelles, BelgiumPhone: 2 735 51 52 Fax: 2 735 24 21

Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenAstronomisch Institut, Celectijnenlaan, 200 B,B-3001 Leuven, BelgiumPhone: 16 20 06 56 Fax: 16 20 53 08

148

UniversiteÂ Cahtolique de LouvainUniteÂ d'Astronomie et de GeÂ ophysique, 2, Chemin duCyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumPhone: 10 47 32 97 Fax: 10 47 47 22

UniversiteÂ de LiegeInstitut d'Astrophysique, 5, Avenue de Cointe, B-4200Liege, BelgiumPhone: 41 52 99 80 Fax: 41 52 74 74

Brazil

Escola Politecnica da USPDepartamento de Engenharia de Transportes, CaixaPostal 61548, 0524-970, Sao Paulo, BrazilPhone: (55)-11-818-5208 Fax: (55)-11-818-5716

Instituto Militar de EngenhariaDepartamento de Cartograifa, DE6 Praca Gen.Tiburcio 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

Universidade Federal de PernambucoDepartamento de Engenharia Cartogra®ca, RuaAcademico helio Ramos S/N, Cidade Universitaria,50741, Recife ± Pe, Brazil

Universidade Federal do ParanaCurso de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Geodesicas,Departamento de Geomatica,P.O. Box 019001, 81531-990 Curitiba-PR, BrazilPhone: (55) 41 361 3153 Fax: (55) 41 266 2393E-mail: [email protected]

Canada

UniversiteÂ LavalDepartement des sciences geÂ odeÂ siques et de teÂ leÂ deÂ tection,Pavillon Louis-Jacques Casault, Sainte-Foy, Quebec,G1K 7P4, CanadaPhone: (1) 418 656 2530 Fax: (1) 418 656 7411E-mail: �g@�g.ulaval.caInternet: www:http://forestgeomat.for.ulaval.ca

University of CalgaryDepartment of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 UniversityDrive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CanadaPhone: (1) 403 220 5834 Fax: (1) 403 284 1980E-mail: [email protected]: www:http://www.ensu.ucalgary.ca/

University of New BrunswickDeÂ partement des Sciences GeÂ omatiques, P.O. Box 4400,Fredicton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A#, CanadaPhone: (1) 506 453 4698 Fax: (1) 506 453 4943E-mail: [email protected], Internet:www:http://degaulle.hil.unb.ca/Geodesy/index.html

University of TorontoProgram in Geomatics, Department of Geography,Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L1C6 Phone: (1) 905 828 3861 Fax: (1) 905 828 5273E-mail: [email protected]: www:http://www.geog.utronto.ca

China

Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and MappingWuhan, 430079, China

Zheng Zou Technical School of Surveying and MappingZheng Zhou, China

Denmark

Institut for Samfundsudvikling og PlanlaegningAalborg Universitetscenter, Fibigerstrade 11, DK- 9220Aalborg Oest, Denmark

Niels Bohr Institute for AstronomyPhysics and Geophysics, Department of Geophysics,University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30,DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkPhone: (45) 3532 0601 Fax: (45) 3536 5357

Finland

Department of GeophysicsUniversity of Helsinki,Fabianinkatu 24 A, SF-00100 Helsinki, FinlandPhone: (358) 1911 Fax: (358) 1913385

France

Centre d'Etude Spatiale des RayonnementsUniversiteÂ Paul Sabatier, 9, Avenue du Colonel Roche,B.P. 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex,Phone: (33) 61 55 66 66 Fax: (33) 61 55 67 01

Ecole Nationale des Sciences GeÂ ographiques2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-MandeÂ ,France, Phone: (33) 1 43 98 80 52Fax: (33) 1 43 98 84 65

Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Insustriesde Strasbourg24, Rue de la Victoire, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex,France, Phone: (33) 88 35 55 05Fax: (33) 88 24 14 90

Ecole Superiure des GeÂ ometres et TopographesConservatoire National des Arts et metiers, 18, AlleeJean Rostand, B.P. 77, F-91002 Evry Cedex, FrancePhone: (33) 60779740 Fax: (33)60779690

Observatoire de ParisService Scolaire, 61, Avenue de l'Observatoire,F-75014 Paris, FrancePhone: (33) 40 51 21 70

Germany

Institut fuÈ r Stadtebau, Bodenordnung und KulturtechnikMeckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-737 499 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281

Technische Hochschule AachenLehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie II, Templergraben 55, 5100

149

Aachen, GermanyPhone: (49) 0241-80 53 00 Fax: (49) 0241-80 44 13

Technische Hochschule DarmstadtInstitut fuÈ r Physikalische GeodoÄ sie, Petersenstrasse 13,6100 Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-163 109 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489

Technische Hochschule DarmstadtGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Petersenstrasse 13, 6100Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-162 147 Fax: (49) 06151-164 047

Technische Hochschule DarmstadtFB Phtogrammetrie im FB 12, Vermessungswesen,Petersenstrasse 13, 6100 Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-162 035 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489

Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinFachgebiet GeodaÈ sie und Ausgleichsrechnung, Strassedes 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12, GermanyPhone: (49) 030-314 22 41/32 08Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22

Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinInstitut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Sekr. H 2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12,GermanyPhone: (49) 030-314 32 05Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22

Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Kartographie,Sekr. EB 9, Strasse des 17. Juni 135,1000 Berlin 12, Germany Phone: (49) 030 314 23 331Fax: (49) 030-314 21 104

Technische UniversitaÈ t BraunschweigInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Bildverarbeitung,Gauss-Strasse 22, 3300 Braunschweig, GermanyPhone: (49) 0531-391 28 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 58 39

Technische UniversitaÈ t BraunschweigInstitut fuÈ r Vermessungskunde, Pockelstrasse 4,Hochhaus, 3300 Braunschweig, GermanyPhone: (49) 0531-391 74 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 55 99

Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Theoretische u. Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 0 (zentrale)Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106

Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomie, Mommsenstrasse 13,O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 4097, Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106

Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Ing. GeodoÄ sie, Mommsenstrasse 13,O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 2869/4249Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106

Technische UniversiaÈ t DresdenInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhonec: (49) 375 1 463 3372 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106

Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie und Geographie,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 3779 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106

Technische UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchenInstitut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 3195/3190 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000

Technische UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Arcisstrasse 21,8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2670 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000

Technische UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie, Arcistrasse 218000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2850, Fax: (49) 089-2105 281976

Technische UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Kartographie und Reproduktionstechnik,Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2825 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000

UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie und Topographie,Meckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-733 526/27 Fax: (49) 0228-695 246

UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Nussallee 15,5300 Bonn 1, Germany Phone: (49) 0228-732 713Fax: (49) 0228-733 281

UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sie, Nussallee 17,5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0288-732 628/628, Fax: (49) 0228-733 708

UniversitaÈ t BonnGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nussallee 17,5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-732 620 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281

UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchenInstitut fuÈ r GeodoÄ sie, D-8577 Neubiberg, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-6004 3435 Fax: (49) 089-6004 4090

UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie, Appelstrasse 9 A,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 35 88/89 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2472

UniversitoÄ t HannoverGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 1,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511 762 2461 Fax: (49) 0511 762 2468

150

UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie undIngenieurvermessungen, Nienburger Strasse 1,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 2481 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2482

UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Erdmessung, Nienburger Strasse 6, 3000Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 2794 Fax: (49) 0511-762 4006

UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Englerstrasse 77500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2305/2301/2300Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552

UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und TopographieEnglerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2315 Fax: (49) 0721-608 4290

UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheProfessur fuÈ r Geodynamik, GeodoÄ tisches Institut,Englerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2307 Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552

UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Keplerstrasse 11D-70174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3386 Fax: (49) 0711-121 3297

UniversitaÈ t StuttgartGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Keplerstrasse 1170174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3390 Fax: (49) 0711 121 3297

UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Navigation, Keplerstrasse 1170174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3400 Fax: (49) 0711-121 2755

UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Anwendung der GeodaÈ sie im Bauwesen,Pfa�enweldring 7 A, 70569 Stuttgart 80, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-685 6612 Fax: (49) 0711-685 6670

Hungary

College for Surveying and County-planningof the University of Forestry and Wood SciencesPirosalma u. 1-3., PO Box 51, H-8002 SzeÂ kesfeheÂ rvaÁ r,Hungary, Phone: (36) 00 312 988Fax: (36) 22 327 697 E-mail: [email protected]

Kossuth Lajos Military Academy of the Hungarian HomeDefense ForcesH-2001 Szentendre, PO Box 160 HungaryPhone: (36) 26 311 014 Fax: (36) 26 312 136

LoraÂ nd EoÈ tvoÈ s University, Department of GeophysicsLudovika teÂ r 2, H-1083 Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 210 1089Fax: (36) 1 210 1089, E-mail: [email protected]

LoraÂ nd EoÈ tvoÈ s UnviersityDepartment of Cartography, Ludovika teÂ r 2, H-1083Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 134 2785 Fax: (36) 1 134 2785E-mail: [email protected]

Miskolc UniversityDepartment of Geophysics, EgyetemvaÁ rosH-3315 Miskolc, HungaryPhone: (36) 46 365 936 Fax: (36) 46 362 936E-mail: [email protected]

Miskolc UniversityDepartment of Geodesy and Mining SurveyingEgyetemvaÁ ros, H-3515 Miskolc, HungaryPhone: (36) 46 365 111 Fax: (36) 46 362 972E-mail: [email protected]

Technical University of BudapestDepartment of Geodesy, H-1521 BudapestPO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 3222 Fax: (36) 1 463 31 91E-mail: [email protected]

Technical University of BudapestDepartment of Photogrammetry, H-1521 Budapest,PO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 1187 Fax: (36) 1 463 3084E-mail: [email protected]

Technical University of BudapestDepartment of Surveying, H-1521 BudapestPO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 1146 Fax: (36) 1 463 3209E-mail: [email protected]

University of Foresty and Wood SciencesDepartment of Surveying and Geoinformatics,Bajcsy-Zslinsky uÁ t 4, H-9400 Sopron, HungaryPhone: (36) 99 311 100 Fax: (36) 99 311 103E-mail: [email protected]

University of Foresty and Wood SciencesDepartment of Earth Sciences, Csatkai u. 6-8, PO Box 5,H-9400 Sopron, HungaryPhone: (36) 99 314 390 Fax: (36) 99 313 267E-mail: [email protected]

Italy

Politecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo de Vince 32, I-20133, ItalyPhone: (39)2 2399 6504/6506 Fax: (39) 2 2399 6530

Japan

Construction College2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8520, JapanPhone: (81)-423-21-1541 Fax: (81)-423-21-8057

Hirosaki UniversityFaculty of Science & Technology, 3 Bunkyo-cho,

151

Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanPhone: (81) 172 36 2111 Fax: (81) 172 33 6000

Hokkaido UniversityGraduate School of Science, Kita-10 Nishi-8,Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, JapanPhone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404

Ibaraki UniversityFaculty of Science, 1-1 Bunkyo 2, Mito, Ibaraki310-8512, JapanPhone: (81) 29 226 1621, Fax: (81) 29 228 8405

Kagoshima UniversityFaculty of Science, 21-35 Gungen 1, Kagoshima,Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanPhone: (81) 992 54 7141 Fax: (81) 992 59 4720

Kanazawa UniversityFaculty of Science, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa,Ishikawa 920-1164, JapanPhone: (81) 762 64 5731 Fax: (81) 762 64 6062

Kensetsu University2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira,Tokyo 187, Japan Phone: (81) 423 21 1541

Kochi UniversityDepartment of Natural Environmental Science, 5-1Akabono 2, Kochi, Kochi 780, JapanPhone: (81) 888 44 8288 Fax: (81) 888 44 8359

Kyoto UniversityGraduate School of Science,Kita-Shirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku KyotoKyoto 606-8502, JapanPhone: (81) 75 753 3910 Fax: (81) 75 753 3717

Kyoto UniversityDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Research Centerfor Earthquake Prediction, Gokasho, UjiKyoto 611-0011, JapanPhone: (81) 774 38 4193 Fax: (81) 774 38 4190

Kyushu UnviersityFaculty of Science, 10-1 Hakozaki 6, Higashi-kuFukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, JapanPhone: (81) 92 641 1101

Maritime Safety AcademyMaritime Safety Agency, 1, Wakaba-cho 5-1, KureHiroshima 737-0832, JapanPhone: (81) 823 21 4961 Fax: (81) 823 20 0087

Nagoya UniversityFaculty of Science, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya,Aichi 464-0814, JapanPhone: (81) 52 781 5111 Fax: (81) 52 789 3047

Shinshu UniversityFaculty of Science, 1-1, Asahi 3, Matsumoto, Nagano390-8621, JapanPhone: (81) 263 35 4600 Fax: (81) 263 37 2506

Shizuoka UniversityFaculty of Science, 836 Otani, Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8529, JapanPhone: (81) 54 237 1111 Fax: (81) 54 237 9184

Tohoku UniversityObservation Center for Prediction of Earthquakesand Volcanic Eruptions, Aobayama, Aoba-kuSendai, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanPhone: (81) 22 225 1950 Fax: (81) 22 264 3292

Tohoku UniversityGraduate School of Science, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku,Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanPhone: (81) 22 222 1800

Tokyo Institute of TechnologyFaculty of Science, 12-1, O-okayama 2, Meguro-ku,Tokyo 152-8551, JapanPhone: (81) 3 3726 1111, Fax: (81) 3 5499 4093

University of TokyoGraduate School of Science, 3-1, Hongo 7Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5841 2111 Fax: (81) 3 5802 4363

University of TokyoOcean Research Institute, 15-1, Minamidai 1,Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0014, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: (81) 3 3377 3292

University of TokyoEarthquake Research Institute, Earthquake PredictionResearch Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0032, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234

Netherlands

Faculty of GeodesyDelft University of Tech., Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JADelft, Netherlands

New Zealand

Department of SurveyingUniversity of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand Phone: (64) 3 479 7585Fax: (64) 3 479 7586E-mail: [email protected]: www.surveying.otago.ac.nz/

Portugal

Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de LisboaNucleo de Eng GeograÂ ®ca, R. da Escola PoliteÂ cnica58, 1250-102 Lisboa, Portugal

Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Universidadede Coimbra, Seccao de Eng GeograÂ ®caLargo D. Dinis, ColeÂ gio S. JeroÂ nimo, 3000-141Coimbra, Portugal

152

Observatorio AstronomicoProf. Manuel de Barros, Alameda do Monte da Virgem,4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

Departamento de Astronomia y GeodesiaFacultad de Matemeaticas, Unviersidad Complutense,Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 39 44 582 Fax: (34) 91 39 44 607

Spain

Escuela de Geodesia y TopograifaServicio Geograp®co del Ejercito, Dario Gazabo 8,28024 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 711 5943

Universitat Politecnica de ValenciaDe Ingenigria Cartogra®ca, Geodesia y Fotogrametria,Camino de Vera, s/u, 46022 Valencia, SpainPhone: (34) 96 3877550 Fax: (34) 96 3877559E-mail: [email protected]: www.upv.es/info/DICGF/index.html

Sweden

Institute of Earth Sciences/GeophysicsUniversity of Uppsala, VillavaÈ gen 16, S-752 36, Sweden

Royal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Geodesy, S-100 44 Stockholm, SwedenPhone: (46) 87 90 73 30

Switzerland

EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)Institut de GeÂ odeÂ sie et Mensuration, 1015 Lausanne,Phone: (41) 021 693 11 11

ETH-ZuÈ richDepartment of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ rkartographie, ETH-Honggerberg, 8093 ZuÈ rich,Switzerland Phone: (41) 01 377 30 33

ETH-ZuÈ rich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule)Department of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sieund Photogrammetrie, ETH-Honggerberg,8093 ZuÈ rich, SwitzerlandPhone: (41) 01 377 26 61, Fax: (41) 01 371 25 93

Turkey

Bosphorous UniversityKandilli Observatory and Earthquake ResearchInstitute Geodesy Section, Cengelkoy, Istanbul, Turkey

Karadeniz Technical UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Trabzon,Turkey

Selcuk UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Konya,Turkey

Surveying and Mapping School06100 Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey

Technical University of IstanbulGeodesy and Photogrammetry DepartmentAyazaga, Istanbul, Turkey

Yildiz UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department,Yildiz, Istanbul, Turkey

United Kingdom

Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR,United KingdomPhone: (44)-01865 270708 Fax: (44)-01865 272000

Department of Geography and Topographic ScienceUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQUnited KingdomPhone: (44) 41 339 8855 Fax: (44) 41 330 4894

Department of Geomatic EngineeringUniversity College London, Gower St., London WC1E6BT, United KingdomPhone: (44)-171-380-7028 Fax: (44)-171-380-0453

Department of GeomaticsUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upontyne NE1 7RU, United KingdomPhone: (44)-191-222-6447 Fax: (44)-191-222-8691

Department of land SurveyingUniversity of East London, Longbridge RoadDagenham, Essex RM8 2AS, United KingdomPhone: (44)-181-590-7722 Fax: (44)-181-590-7799

Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space GeodesyUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottingham NG7 2RD, UK,Phone: (44)-0115-951-3880 Fax: (44)-0115-951-3881

USA

Cornell UniversityDepartment of Geological Sciences, Snee Hall, Ithaca,NY 14853, USA

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Earth, Atmosphere and PlanetaryScience, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, CambridgeMA 02139, USA

Ohio State UniversityDepartment of Geodetic Science, 1958 Neil Avenue,Columbus, OH 43210-1247, USA

Scripps Institution of Oceanography A-25Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, La Jolla,CA 92093, USA

State University of New YorkGeophysics Program, Department of Geological

153

Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton, NY13902, USA

University of CaliforniaDepartment of Earth and Space Sciences, Los Angeles,CA 90024, USA

University of MaineDepartment of Surveying Engineering , Boardman Hall,Orono, ME 04469, USA

University of ColoradoDepartment of Aerospace Engineering and Science,Campus Box 431, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

154

GEODETIC PUBLICATION SERIES

Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica HungaricaAkadeÂ miai KiadoÁ , H-1117 Budapest,Prielle K.u. 19-35,Editorial O�ce: Geodetical anf GeophysicalResearch Institute, H-9401 Sopron,P.O. Box 5, HungaryEmail: [email protected]

African Geodetic JournalUniversity of Lagos, Department of Surveying,Lagos, Nigeria

Air Force Geophysics Laboratory-Technical ReportAir Force Geophysical Laboratory,Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, USA

Allgemeine Vermessungs-NachrichtenH. Wichmann Verlag, Rheinstrasse 122,7500 Karlsruhe 21, Germany

American Cartographer (The)American Congress on Surveying and Mapping,210 Little Falls St., Falls Church,VA 20046, USA

Annales GeophysicaeBordas, Dunod, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France

Arti®cial SatellitesPolska Akademia Nauk,Centrum Badan Kosmicznych 01-237,Warsawa Ordona 21, Poland

Australian Journal of Geodesy, Photogrammetry andSurveying

University of New South Wales,School of Surveying, P.O. Box 1, Kensington,New South Wales, 2033, Australia

Australian Surveyor (The)Institution of Surveying of Australia,65 York Street, Sydney, Australia

Bolletin de InformacionServicio Geogra®co del Ejercito,Dario Gazapo 8, 28024 Madrid, Spain

Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze A�niInstituto Geogra®co Militare Italiano,10 Via Cesare Battisti, 50100 Firenze, Italy

Bollettino di Geo®sica Teorica e ApplicataOsservatorio Geo®sico Sperimentale,34123 Trieste, Italy

Bulletin-American Congress on Surveying and MappingAmerican Congress on Surveying & Mapping,210 Little Falls St., Falls Church,VA 20046, USA

Bulletin de la Societe Belge dePhotogrammetrie-Teledetection et Cartographie

50, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B.P. 38,B-1010 Bruxelles, Belgique

Bulletin des JourneÂ es Luxembourgeoisesde GeÂ odynamique

Observatoire Royal de Belgique,3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, Belgique

Bulletin d'lnformation du Bureau GravimeÂ triqueInternational

B.G.I., 18 Avenue Edouard Belin,F-31055 Toulouse, France

Bulletin du ComiteÂ Francais de Cartographie140, rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, France

Bulletin du Groupe de Recherches de GeÂ odeÂ sie SpatialeG.R.G.S., 77, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau,F-75014, Paris, France

Bulletin Hydrographique InternationalBureau Hydrographique International, 7,Avenue du President Kennedy, B.P. 345, Monaco

155

Bulletin of the Earthquake Research InstituteEarthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,Tokyo 113, Japan

Bulletin of the Geographical Survey InstituteGeographical Survey Institute, Kitasato 1Yatabe-Machi Tsukuba-Gum, Ibaraki 300-21, Japan

Bundesamt fuÈ r Landestopographie-Bulletin des Rechen-zentrums

Federal O�ce of Topography, Seftigenstrasse 264,CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerland

CISM Journal ACSGCThe Canadian Institute of Surveying, Box 5378,Station F, Ottawa, K2C 3Jl Canada

Cartographic Journal (The)British Cartographic Society J.S. Keats, Departmentof Geography, University of Glasgow W2, Scotland

CartographicaUniversity of Toronto Press Inc., 5201 Du�erinStreet, North York, Ontario, M3H 5T8, Canada

Celestial MechanicsD. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Chartered Surveyor-Chartered Minerals SurveyorThe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,12 Great George Street, London SW7 2AR (U.K.)

Circolari Della Stazione Astronomica Internazionale diLatitudine

Universita di Cagliari, Istituto di Astronomia,09100 Cagliari, Italy

Circular Time and Latitude ServicePolish Academy of Sciences, Astronomical LatitudeObservatory, Borowiec, 63-120 Kornik, Poland

Comm. of the Geodetic and Geophysical ResearchInstitute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Research Inst. of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesMuseum U. 6-8, POB 5, H-9401, Sopron, Hungary

Cospar Information BulletinCommittee on Space Research, 51 Boulevard deMontmorency, 75016 Paris, France

DeltionService Geographique de l'Armee Hellenique,S.G.A.H., Pedion Areas, Athens, Greece

Department of National Development Division ofNational Mapping Technical Report

Division of National Mapping,P.O. Box 548, NSW 2620 Queanbeyan, Australia

Deutsche Geodatische Kommission bei der BayerischenAkademie der Wissenschaften

Reihe A: Hohere GeodaÈ sieReihe B: Angewandte GeodaÈ sieReihe C: Dissertationen

Reihe D: TafelwerkeReihe E: Geschichte und Entwicklung der GeodaÈ sieMarstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich ± InstitutfuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie ± Bericht (Report)

Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Engineering GeodesyThe Kiev Institute of Engineering Construction

EOS-Transactions AGUAmerican Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Av.,Washington D.C. 20009, USA

ESA BulletinEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, France

ESA-JournalEarth observation QuarterlyEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, France

European Space Agency Special PublicationEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, France

Fisica de la TierraEditorial ComplutenseCl. Moreto, 3, 28014, Madrid, Spain

Geodatische Arbeiten OÈ sterreichs fuÈ r die InternationaleErdmessung

Austrian Geodetic Commission, Bundemsamt fuÈ rEich unfd Vermessungswesen, Schi�amtsgasse 1-3,Postfach 50, A±1025 Vienna, Austria

Geodatisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der SchweizSchweizerische Geodatische Kommission,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Geodatische und Geophysikalische Vero�entlichungenNationalkomitee fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Geophysik beider DDR, 1500 Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17,Germany

Geodesy and CartographyThe Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministersof the USSR

Geodesy and Photogrammetry in MiningPublisher: the Sverdlovsk Mining Institute

Geodesy, Cartography and Air-SurveyPublisher: the Lvov Polytechnical Institute

Geodeticky a Kartogra®cky ObzorSpalena 51, 11302 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia

156

Geodezia eÂ s KartograÁ ®aHungarian Society of Surveying, Mappingand Remote Sensing, Editorial O�ce: H-1860Budapest, 55, PO Box 1, Hungary

Geodezja i Kartogra®aPolitechnika Warszawska, Instytut GeodezjiWyzszej 1, Koszykowa 75, 00661 Warszawa, Poland

GeomaticaCanadian Institute of Geomatics, PO VBox 5378,Merivale Depot, Ottawa, Ontario, K2C 3J1, Canada

Geomatics Canada ± Geodetic Survey Division ± Contractand Technical Reports

Natural Resources Canada, Geomatics CanadaGeodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth Street,Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OE9, Canada

GeÂ omeÁ tre102, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France

Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical SocietyThe Royal Society, 6, Carlton House Terrace,London SWl Y 5AG, UK

Geophysical Research LettersAmerican Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida AvenueN.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USA

Geophysical SurveysD. Reidel, Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Geophysical TransactionsEoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of Hungary,H-1440 Budapest, P.O. Box 35, Hungary

Geophysics Division-ReportDepartment of Scienti®c and Industrial Research,Geophysical Division, New Zealand

Geowissenschaftliche MittelungenVienna University of TechnologyGusshaustrasse 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, AustriaEmail: [email protected]

Gerlands Beitrage zur GeophysikAkademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & PortigK.G., Leipzig, Germany

Harita DergisiHarita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara,Turkey

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience ElectronicsIEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,New Jersey 08854, USA

IERS Technical NotesBureau Central de l'IERS77, Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

Improvement of Technology of Topographic and GeodeticOperations

Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSR

Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie an derEidgenossischen Technischen HochschuleZurich-Mitteilungen

Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Institut Geographique National-GeÂ odeÂ sieI.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68,94160 Saint-MandeÂ , France

Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± PublicationsFacultad de Matematicas, Universidad ComplutenseCiudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid Spain

Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± Cursos y SeminariosFacultad de Matematicas, Universidad ComplutenseCiudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid Spain

Istituto di Geodesia e Geo®sica dell' Universitadi Trieste-Pubblicazione

Istituto di Geodesia, Via dell UniversitaÁ 7,34123 Trieste, Italy

Istituto di Miniere e Geo®sica Applicata, Universita,Pubblicazioni

Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

ITC JournalITC, The Netherlands

Jenaer RundschauVEB Carl Zeiss Jena, Carl Zeiss Str. 1, 6900 Jena,Germany

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Instituteof Technology ± Technical Publications

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive,Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

Journal of GeodesyJournal Production DepartmentHeidelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, GermanyPublisher: Springer-Verlag

Journal of Geophysical ResearchAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU),2000 Florida Avenue N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009, USA

Journal of Physics of the EarthCenter for Academic Publications JapanYayoi 2-4-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan

Journal of Spacecraft and RocketsAIAA Technical Information Service,750 3rd Avenue, New York NY 10017, USA

157

Journal of Surveying EngineeringAmerican Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47thStreet, New York, NY 10017-2398, USA

Journal of the Geodetic Society of JapanGeodetic Society of Japan,1 Kitasato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

Journal of the Wuhan College of GeodesyPhotogrammetry and Cartography

Wuhan, China

Kern BulletinKern & Co. Ltd., CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland

Kort-og Matrikelstyrelsen(National Survey and Cadaster)Skrifter 4 Raekke (Publications 4 series)

Kort-og MatrikelstyrelsenGeodetic Division, Technical ReportsRentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV,Denmark

Lehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomische und PhysikalischeGeodaÈ sie-Technische

UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchenArcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany

Magyar Geo®zikaAssociation of Hungarian Geophysicists,H-1371 Budapest, P.O. Box 433, Hungary

MareÂ es Terrestres-Bulletin d'InformationICET, Observatoire Royal de Belgique,3, Avenue Circulaire, B-l180 Bruxelles, Belgique

Marine GeodesyCrane Russat & Co. Inc., 3 East 44th Street,N.Y., New York 10017, USA

Maritime Gravimetric StudiesPublisher: the Moscow State University

MateÂ riaux pour la Geologie de la Suisse-GeÂ ophysiqueKummerly & Frey Ltd., Editions geÂ ographiques,CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland

Methods of Engineering Geodesy in ConstructionPublisher: the Rostov Institute of EngineeringConstruction

Mining and GeodesyPublisher: the Leningrad Mining Institute

Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sieder UniversitaÈ t Bonn

Nussallee 17, 5300 Bonn 1, Germany

Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Astronomische undPhysikalische GeodaÈ sie Technische UniversitaÈ t MuÈ nchen

Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, Germany

Mitteilungen der Satelliten-Beobachtungsstation ZimmerwaldAstronomisches Institut, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012Berne, Switzerland

Mitteilungen des GeodaÈ tischen Instituts derTechnischen UniversitaÈ t GrazGraz University of Technology, Geodetic Institute,Steyergrasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria.Email: [email protected]

Mitteilungen des Instituts fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie undPhotogrammetrie an der Eidgenossischen TechnischenHochschule ZuÈ rich

Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Mitteilungsblatt des Deutschen Vereins fuÈ rVermessungswesen (DVW)

Vorstand des DVW, Alexandrastrasse 4,D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, Germany

Monthly Notes of the International Polar Motion ServiceInternational Latitude Observatory, 2-12Hoshigaoka Mizusawa-shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan

Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und VermessungswesenInstitut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie, Richard StraussAllee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 70, Germany

NASA Special PublicationNASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA

NASA Technical Papers and Notes & SpecialPublications

NASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA

NASA/GSFC Documents & Technical MemorandaNASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USA

National Land Survey-Professional PapersNational Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 GaÈ vle,Sweden

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationManual NOS NGS, Professional Papers,Technical MemorandumNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA,6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA

Naval Surface Weapons Center-Dahlgren LaboratoryNaval Surface Weapons Centre (NSWC),Dahlgren, VA 22448, USA

NavigationInstitut Francais de Navigation, 3, Avenue OctaveGreÂ ard, 75340 Paris Cedex 07, France

Navigation ± Journal of the Institute of NavigationThe Institute of Navigation, Suite 832, 815,15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, USA

158

Netherlands Geodetic Commission- Publications onGeodesy-New Series

Netherlands Geodetic Commission,Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands

New Zealand Surveyor (The)New Zealand Institute of Surveyors,Box 831, Wellington, New Zealand

News of Higher Educational Institutions Series ``Geodesyand Air-Survey''

Publisher: the Ministry of Higher and Secondaryspecialized Education of RSFSR

Observatoire Royal de Belgique-Communications-Serie3-Serie GeÂ ophysique Observatoire Royal de Belgique,

3, Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique

OÈ sterreichische Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungswesen undGeoinformation

Schi�amsgasse 1-3, Postfach 50, A-1025 Wien,Austria

Ohio State University-Reports of the Department ofGeodetic Science and Surveying

Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying,1958 Neil Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio, USA

Ordnance Survey Professional PaperOrdnance Survey of Great Britain (OSGB), RomseyRoad, Maybush, Southampton S09 4DH, UK

Periodica Polytechnica ± Civil EngineeringTechnical University of BudapestH-1521 Budapest, PO Box 91, Hungary

Physics of the Earth and Planetary InteriorsElsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Planetary and Space SciencePergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall,Oxford OX3 OBW, UK

Prace Instytut Geodezji i Kartogra®iPolish Academy of Science, Space Research Centre,Department of Planetary Geodesy,Pkin P. 2313, 00901 Warszawa, Poland

Proceedings of the Central Research Institute of Geodesy,Air Survey and Cartography

Publisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSR

Proceedings of the International Latitude Observatoryof Mizusawa

International Latitude Observatory, 2-12Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan

Proceedings of the Moscow Institute of Land-UseEngineers

Publisher: the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR

Proceedings of the National Astronomical ShternbergInstitut

Publisher: the Moscow State University

Proceedings of the National Research Institute ofGeomechanics and Mining Geodesy

Publisher: the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR

Proceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Geodesy,Air-Survey and Cartography

Proceedings of the Research Institute of Applied GeodesyPublisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSR

Proceedings of the State Research and ProductionalCenter ``Priroda''

Publisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSR

Proceedings of the Tomsk State UniversityPublisher: the Tomsk State University

Proceedings on Geodesy of the Vilnus Instituteof Engineering Construction

Publisher: the Vilnus Institute of EngineeringConstruction

ProceÂ s-Verbaux des Seances de la CommissionGeÂ odeÂ sique Suisse

Commission GeÂ odeÂ sique Suisse, ETH-Honggerberg,CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Pubblicazioni dell'lstituto di Geodesia, Topogra®ae Fotogrammetria ± Politechnico di Milano

Istituto di Topogra®a, Fotogrammetria e Geo®sica,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italia

Publications of the International LatitudeObservatory of Mizusawa

InternationalLatitudeObservatory, 2-12Hoshigaoka,Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, Japan

Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH)Birkhauser Verlag, Bale, Switzerland

Reports of the Department of GeodesyRoyal Institute of Technology, S-100 44Stockholm, Sweden

Reports of the National Astronomical ShternbergInstitute

Publisher: the Moscow State University

Research in Geodesy, Air-Survey and CartographyPublisher: the Moscow Institute of Engineers ofGeodesy, Air-Survey and Cartography

Reviews of Geophysics and Space PhysicsAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU),2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington,D.C. 20009, USA

159

Revista Brasileira de Cartogra®aSocietade Brasileira de Cartogra®a de Artes Gra®cas,Rua Riachuelo 128, Rio R5, Brazil

Revista Cartogra®caInstituto Panamericano de Geogra®a,Ex-Arzobispado n° 29, Mexico 18, D.F., Mexico

Revue Hydrographique InternationaleBureau Hydrographique International (BHI-IHB),7, Ave du Pdt Kennedy, BP 345, 98000 Monaco

Revista del Catastro e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali

Rotation and Tidal Deformations of fhe EarthPublisher: the Institute of Geophysics of theAcademy of Sciences of the Ukrainian USSR

Royal Greenwich Observatory, Time and Latitude ServiceRoyal Greenwich Observatory, HerstmonceuxCastle, Hailsham, Sussex BN27 1 RP, UK

Schriftenreihe des Studiengangs Vermessungswesen derUniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchen

UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchenD-85577 Neubiberg, Germany

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special ReportSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

South African Survey Journal (The)Central Council of Land Surveyors, Departmentof Land Surveying, University of Capetown,Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa

Studia Geophysica et GeodaeticaAcademy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Czech.Acad. Sci., Bocni II Praha 4, Sporilov, Czech Rep

Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Julkaisuja(Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute)

Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute,Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finland

Suomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Tiedonantoja (Reports ofthe Finnish Geodetic Institute)

Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute,Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, Finlano

Survey ReviewDirectorate of Overseas Survey, Kingston Road,Tolworth Surbiton, UK

Surveying and MappingAmerican Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 210Little Falls Street, Falls Church, VA 20046, USA

Tecnica Topogra®caColegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®a,Paseo de la Castellana 210, 28046 Madrid, Spain

TectonophysicsElsevier Scienti®c Publishing Company,Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Tokyo Astronomical Observatory; Time and LatitudeBulletins

Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Osawa Mitaka,Tokyo 181, Japan

Topogra®a y Cartogra®aColegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®aAv. Reina Victoria, 66, 28014 Madrid, Spain

Travaux de l'Association Internationale de GeÂ odeÂ sieIAG Central Bureau, c/o Department of GeophysicsJuliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen é,Denmark, Phone: +45 35320600,Fax: +45 35365357E-mail: [email protected]

UnisurvUniversity of New South Wales,School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia

University of Calgary ± Publications of theDivision of Geomatics Engineering

The University of Calgary, 2500 University DriveN.W., Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada

University of New Brunswick-Department ofSurveying Engineering ± Lecture Notes

University of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, Canada

University of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesyand Geomatics Engineering ± Research Reports

University of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, Canada

University of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesyand Geomatics Engineering ± Technical Reports

University of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, Canada

University of New South Wales-MonographsUniversity of New South Wales,School of Surveying, Sydney, Australia

Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, KulturtechnikDiagonal Verlags AG, Tafernstrasse 2,CH-5405 Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland

VermessungsingenieurVerband Deutscher Vermessungsingenieur (VDV)e.V. D-4300 Essen, Moselstrasse 2, Germany

Vermessungswesen und RaumordnungDanagkweg 80, D-5600 Wuppertal 1, Germany

Vero�entlichung des Geodatischen Institutsder Rheinisch Westfalischen Technischen

Hochschule Aachen

160

Vero�entlichungen der BayerischenKommission fuÈ r die Internationale Erdmessung

Bayerische Kommission fuÈ r die InternationaleErdmessung, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22,Germany

Wild ReporterWild Heerbrugg Ltd., CH-9435 Heerbrugg,Switzerland

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der FachrichtungVermessungswesen der UniversitaÈ t Hannover

c/o Geodastisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 7,3000 Hannover 1, Germany

Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift derTechnischen UniversitaÈ t Dresden

Mommsenstrasse 13, 8027 Dresden, Germany

Wuhan Institute of Geodesy andGeophysics-Special Publication

Wuhan, China

XYZAssociation Francaise de Topographie (AFT),140, Rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, France

Zeitschrift fuÈ r VermessungswesenVerlag Konrad Wittwer, Postfach 147,D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany

161

PUBLICATIONS OF THEINTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY

I- Journal of Geodesy

Twelve issues per year:annual subscriptionsale by unit (Springer-Verlag)contact Springer VerlagJournal Production DepartmentHeildelberger Platz 3,W-14197 Berlin, Germany

II- Travaux de l'Association Internationalede GeÂodeÂsie (IAG Central Bureau)

Volumes edited after every General assemblyincluding General Reports and national Reports(separately from 1960)

Last volume (vol. 31 : Birmingham 1999) November1999 ± Available on CD Rom

III- Publications Speciales

N¡ 1 ± Natural trogonometric functions(eight places, entry each centigrade)

N¡ 2 ± (out of print).N¡ 3 ± Geodetic Reference System 1967.N¡ 4 ± International Gravity Standardization Net

(IGSN 1971).

All these publications are available on request to:

IAG Central Bureau,c/o Department of GeophysicsJuliane Maries Vej 30,DK-2100 Copenhagen é, Denmark.

Or via IAG homepage http://www.gfy.ku.dk/�iag

IV- Proceedings of the IAG-Symposia at theIUGG General Assemblies

Vienna 1991 (published by Springer-Verlag)Boulder 1995 (published by Springer-Verlag)Birmingham 1999 (published by Springer-Verlag)

All these publications are available on request to:Springer VerlagJournal Production DepartmentHeidelberger Platz 3, W-14197 Berlin,Germany.Fax 30/8 2787-440

V- Bibliographie geodesique internationale

± From 1928 to 1960: 10 issues± From 1961

± Cards± Monthly Review: ``Bibliographia

Geodaetica'' (in English),

available at :

Zentralstelle fur Internationale Dokumentationder Geodasie Mommsenstrasse 13,Dresden 8027Germany

A bibliographic service for geodesy is maintained byIFAG

Address:Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sieAuûenstelle Leipzig Karl-Rothe-Straûe10-14 D-04105, GermanyTel.: (+49 341) 5634 0 Fax: 5634 415

Acces via internet.http://www.leipzig.ifag.de

VI- Catalogue of Reference GravimetricStations along the European Coasts fromNorway to Italy

available at :

International Gravity CommissionSubcommission Western EuropeBayer Akademie der Wissenschaften,Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Munchen 22, (F.R.G.).

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