Maisterintutkielma / Magisteravhandling / Master’s thesis

Opintosuunta / Studieinriktning /Study track

Tutkielman otsikko / avhandlingens rubrik / title of the thesis

Tekijän nimi / författarens namn / author’s name

2020

Ohjaaja (-t): / Handledare (-na): / Supervisor (-s):

Geologian ja geofysiikan maisteriohjelma / Magisterprogram i geologi och geofysik /

Master’s Programme in Geology and Geophysics

Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten / Faculty of Science

Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty

Koulutusohjelma – Utbildningsprogram – Degree programme

Opintosuunta – Studieinrikting – Study track

Tekijä – Författare – Author

Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title

Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level

Aika – Datum – Month and year

Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages

Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract

Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords

Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited

Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information

CONTENTS

1. HEADING........................................................................................................31.1. Heading.....................................................................................................31.2. Heading.....................................................................................................3

1.2.1. Heading.................................................................................................31.2.2. Heading.................................................................................................3

2. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER.........................................................................32.1. Referencing...............................................................................................3

2.1.1. In-text referencing guides and examples....................................................42.2. Figures, Tables and formulas....................................................................7

2.2.1. Example of correctly structured figure......................................................82.2.3. Formula examples.................................................................................11

3. REFERENCES LIST EXAMPLE......................................................................113.1. Reference to book...................................................................................113.2. Reference to book chapter......................................................................113.3. Reference to serial publication................................................................123.4. Reference to article in a serial publication...............................................123.5. Reference to magazines.........................................................................133.6. Reference to conference abstract or excursion guide.............................133.7. Reference to report.................................................................................133.8. Reference to map....................................................................................133.9. Reference to map sheet..........................................................................143.10. Reference to atlas.................................................................................143.11. Reference to thesis...............................................................................143.12. Reference to webpages........................................................................14

REFERENCES....................................................................................................14

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1. HEADING

Text

1.1. Heading

Text

1.2. Heading

1.2.1. Heading

Text

1.2.2. Heading

Text

2. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER

Here is presented some key points to remember with your thesis work.

2.1. Referencing

Referencing, or citing, is an essential component of academic writing. It demonstrates

that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate search of knowledge on research in

the field from literature, and it acknowledges the sources of information you have used

in your research work. In addition, it allows the reader to trace the sources you have

used in your own research work, which is a fundamental part of the scientific

transparency. The master`s program of geology and geophysics follows the Harvard

referencing style (author-date referencing system) which has two components: 1) In-text

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citation which is a partial reference to the source you are citing and includes only the

author(s) surname(s) and year of publication in brackets, and 2) The reference list

containing full bibliographic details.

2.1.1. In-text referencing guides and examples

In in-text referencing (or citation), the author`s name and the year of publication is

separated by the space, not comma (e.g. Smith 2018). The reference is located either in

the beginning, end or in the middle of the sentence in the following way:

- Metavolcanites of the Pilbara formation are … (Smith 2018)

- According to Smith (2018) …

- Smith (2018) suggest …

- When compared to the results of Smith (2016) our values are …

- The temperature estimates were calculated with the matrix program of Smith

(2018) by using the coefficients determined by Pierre (2016) and Gysi (2017).

When cited publication has two authors, the author names are separated with the word

“and”

- …(Smith and Gysi 2018)

- According to Smith and Gysi (2018)

- Smith and Gysi (2018) suggest…

When cited publication has more than two authors, only the name of the first author is

given and the others are marked as “et al.”

- …(Smith et al. 2018)

- According to Smith et al. (2018)

- Smith et al. (2018) suggest…

When multiple references is given, place them in the chronological order (from oldest

first) and use commas to separate them.

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- …(Pierre 2016, Gysi and Xao 2017, Smith et al. 2018)

- According to Smith (2015, 2018)

- Smith (2015, 2018) suggest…

However, if multiple references by the same author is given along with other references

they are marked following way:

- …(Smith 2015, 2018, Pierre 2016, Smith and Gysi 2018)

- According to Smith (2015, 2018), Pierre (2016) and Smith and Gysi (2018)…

- Smith (2015, 2018), Pierre (2016) and Smith and Gysi (2018) all suggest…

If referred thing is studied extensively or expressed in multiple published studies

(articles), it is not necessarily reasonable to cite all the published articles. Instead, it is

possible to choose only the reference articles that are most meaningful to your own

study and use the word “for example“ (“e.g.”) in the beginning of the in-text reference

list:

- …(e.g. Pierre 2016, Gysi, 2017, Smith 2018)

When referring to multiple references with different information, each reference should

be marked separately:

- The ultimate source of gold precipitating fluids are typically linked to

metamorphism (Pierre 2016) or Magmatism (Gysi 2018), however the latest

studies are showing the importance of meteoritic water as a possible source

(Smith 2018).

References that are published in the same year by the same author are separated with

lower case letter, in alphabetical order starting from the earliest publication:

- … (Smith 2018a, b)

- According to Smith (2018a, b)…

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- Smith (2018a, b)…

If references consist of authors with the same last name, they are separated by adding

the authors` first initial to the reference:

- … (G. Smith 2018, F. Smith 2018)

- Accroding to G. Smith (2018) and F. Smith (2018)…

- G. Smith (2018) and F. Smith (2018)

The reference should always be done to the primary source, however if the primary

source is not available, secondary reference is possible (however, this should be avoided

as much as possible) and should be formulated as follows:

- … (Pierre 2016, according to Smith and Gysi 2018)

- According to Pierre (2016) as cited by Smith and Gysi (2018)…

- Pierre (2016, according to Smith and Gysi 2018) suggest…

Citations should be made always to printed reference. However if necessary, citations

from interview or personal communication is possible, and they should be formulated

following way:

- (Smith 2018, personal communications)

Citing a direct quote is not recommended, but if needed they are marked with double

quotation marks:

- Smith (2018) states that the principles of coaxial stress are “imperfectly known

and applied in modeling the thin skinned crustal deformation”.

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2.2. Figures, Tables and formulas

Figures and tables are important component of scientific writing as they serve a

compact way to describe vast amounts of data and information. Figures and tables

should be fast to read and easy to understand rather than having huge amounts of

information. They should never include information that is not presented or discussed in

the body text.

Figures and tables are numbered with continuous Arabic numbers and they should be

presented and referenced within the text accordingly (i.e. first figure appearing in the

text is Figure 1 and first table is Table 1 (written with the capital letter). Figures and

tables should be located immediately after the paragraph where the figure is referenced.

The fonts and symbols used in the figures and tables should be clear and large enough

to be red. Lower limit of font and symbol size is 1 mm, but at least 1.5 mm is

recommended. Coherent style of symbol, line and text style should be used throughout

the figures and tables (e.g. all the diagrams should be drawn with the same line

thicknesses, and the same identification colors of different variables (e.g. rock types)

should be used in all different figures etc.).

Figure and table captions describes sufficiently what is presented on the figure. The

captions are short but succinct, however they should be descriptive enough that reader is

able to understand everything presented on the figure or table without going to the main

text. The captions should be written with Arial font and size 9.

Permissions are always needed when borrowing copyrighted graphic artwork (e.g. map,

figure or other illustration). Usually, the copyrights of published graphic artwork are

reserved to the publisher who often inform the regulations of using their graphic

artwork on their web pages. If the original graphic artwork is somehow modified in

your own work, as it is often necessary, it should be informed in the reference (see Fig.

1). Resizing often blurs the illustrations, so make sure when borrowing the original

artwork that all graphics including text and symbols are clear and easily recognized.

This usually requires modification of the text and symbols (relative size or colors)

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which means that the artwork is not representing the original anymore and it should be

referred as the modified image.

2.2.1. Example of correctly structured figure

Figures should not be copy-pasted or scanned directly from other`s work, but should be

redrawn and/or modified according to your own needs. If the artwork is not exactly in

original format, it is considered as modified work (e.g. relocating the scale bar is

modification). Modified artworks should not include anything that is not presented or

discussed in the body text, so remember to remove or replace all unnecessary items.

Remember to adjust all the text and objects within the artwork to readable size.

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Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the NW part of Finland after Karinen et al. (2015).

Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the NW part of Finland (modified after Karinen et al. 2015)

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2.2.2. Example of tables

Table 1. is an example of table that consist own data, and Table 2 consist reference data.

Table 1. The average major element composition of the

Kymi granites.

  Wiborgite   Porphyritic granite  

Sample Tm-123 Tm-233 Lk-136 Lk-2 Lk-3

SiO₂ 69.93 75.68 73.39 74.10 73.50

TiO₂ 0.49 0.23 0.12 0.07 0.02

Al₂O₃ 13.40 11.71 13.59 12.89 14.10

Fe₂O₃ 0.46 0.30 0.62 0.95 0.21

FeO 3.41 1.49 1.36 0.89 0.29

MnO 0.05 0.03 0.02 1.50 0.02

MgO 0.28 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.09

CaO 2.08 1.07 1.23 1.59 1.78

Na₂O 2.98 2.48 2.78 2.74 2.74

K₂O 5.54 5.75 4.29 4.06 4.42

P₂O₅ 0.12 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.09

F 0.23 0.40 0.85 0.19 0.43

H₂O 0.30 0.16 0.49 0.70 0.52

LOI 0.32 0.51 1.32 0.90 0.70

Total 99.59 99.94 100.17 100.62 98.91

Table 2. Radiocarbon dating results of four different forest fire sites in Siberia.

Locality Material 14C Age Reference

Yogjaakarta Peat 7730 ± 51 Tao et al. 2016

Wood fragments 6632 ± 25 Ming and Landberg 2017

Siargao Peat 7463 ± 32 Smith et al. 2012

Wood fragments 6973 ± 36 Smith et al. 2012

Burbanks Peat 6598 ± 46 Kareshkinova et al. 2017

Wood fragments 7090 ± 50 Minx 2010

Unawatuna Peat 6934 ± 39 Kairinen 2012

  Wood fragments 7269 ± 43 Kairinen 2012

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2.2.3. Formula examples

As figures and tables, formulas are numbered with continuous Arabic numbers and they

should be presented and referred within the text accordingly. The numbering is marked

on the parentheses, and they should be located on the left side of the formula. Captions

is not included to the formula as in figures and tables however, the formulas and

coefficients within are explained on the main text.

δ 18O=[ ( O❑18

O❑16 )

sample

−( O❑18

O❑16 )

VSMOW

( O❑18

O❑16 )

VSMOW] x 103 (1)

4 CaFe Si2O6+2 S⇌Fe S2+Fe3O4+4 CaSiO3+SiO2 (2)

3. REFERENCES LIST EXAMPLE

3.1. Reference to book

Didier, J. 1973. Granites and their Enclaves. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 393 pp.Hall, A. 1996. Igneous Petrology. 2. edition. Longman, London, 551 pp.Papunen, H., Haapala, I. and Rouhunkoski, P. (toim.) 1986. Suomen malmigeologia: metalliset

malmiesiintymät. The geological Society of Finland, Helsinki, 317 pp.Tikkanen, T. 1986. Kasviplanktonopas. The Finnish Association for Nature Conservation,

Helsinki, 278 pp.

3.2. Reference to book chapter

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Barbarin, B. 1991. Enclaves of the Mesozoic calcalkaline granitoids of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. In: Didier, J. and Barbarin, B. (Eds.) Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Developments in Petrology 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 135-153.

Bengtsson, L. and Enell, M. 1986. Chemical analysis. In: Berglund, B. (Ed.) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 405-451.

Boynton, W.V. 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson, P. (Ed.) Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 63-114.

Haapala, I. 1988. Metallogeny of the Proterozoic rapakivi granites of Finland. In: Taylor, R.P. and Strong, D.F. (Eds.) Recent advances in the geology of graniterelated deposits. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 39, 124-132.

Hyvärinen, L. and Eskola, L. 1986. Malminetsintä. In: Papunen, H., Haapala, I. and Rouhunkoski, P. (Eds.). Suomen malmigeologia: metalliset malmiesiintymät. The Geological Association of Finland, Helsinki, 215-289.

3.3. Reference to serial publication

Haapala, I. 1977. Petrography and geochemistry of the Eurajoki stock; a rapakivigranite complex with greisen-type mineralization in southwestern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 286, 128 pp.

Härme, M. 1965. On the potassium migmatites of southern Finland. Bulletin de la Commission Geológique de Finlande 219, 43 pp.

Tuttle, O.F. and Bowen, N.L. 1958. Origin of granite in the light of experimental studies in the system NaAlSi3O8KAlSi3O8SiO2H2O. Geological Society of America, Memoir 74, 153 pp.

3.4. Reference to article in a serial publication

Breiter, K., Frýda, J., Seltmann, R. and Thomas, R. 1997. Mineralogical evidence of two magmatic stages in the evolution of an extremely fractionated Prich raremetal granite: the Podlesí stock, Krušné Hory, Czech Republic. Journal of Petrology 38, 1723-1739.

Edén, P. 1991. A specialized topazbearing rapakivi granite and associated mineralized greisen in the Ahvenisto complex, SE Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 63, 25-40.

El Bouseily, A.M. and El Sokkary, A.A. 1975. The relation between Rb, Ba, and Sr in granitic rocks. Chemical Geology 16, 207-219.

Hakkarainen, G. 1994. Geology and geochemistry of the Hämeenlinna-SomeroVolcanic Belt, Southwestern Finland: A Paleoproterozoic island arc. In: Nironen, M.

and Kähkönen, Y. (Eds.) Geochemistry of Proterozoic supracrustal rocks in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 19, 85-100.

Härme, M. 1958. Examples of the granitisation of plutonic rocks. Bulletin de la Commission Geológique de Finlande 180, 45-64.

Lindberg, B. and Eklund, O. 1992. Mixing between basaltic and granitic magmas in a rapakivi related quartz-feldspar porphyry, Åland, SW Finland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 114, 103-112.

Renberg, I. and Wik, M. 1984. Dating recent lake sediments by soot particle counting. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 22, 712-718.

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Vernon, R. 1983. Restite, xenoliths and microgranitoid enclaves in granites. Journal of Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 116, 411-423.

Wiebe, R.A. 1987. Evidence for stratification of basic, silicic and hybrid magmas in the Newark Island layered intrusion, Nain, Labrador. Geology 15, 349-352.

Wiebe, R.A. and Collins, W.J. 1998. Depositional features and stratigraphic sections in granitic plutons: implications for the emplacement and crystallization of granitic magma. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1273-1289.

3.5. Reference to magazines

Pearce, J.A. 1996. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19, 120-125.

3.6. Reference to conference abstract or excursion guide

Dobnikar, M., Dolenec, T., Fioretti, A.M. and Bellini, G. 2000. The origin of plagioclasemantled K-feldspar in porphyry rocks of Karavanke Granitic Massif (Slovenia). In: Lukkari, S. and Haapala, I. (Eds.) Rapakivi granites and associated mineralization. IGCP Project 373 Conference in Southern Finland, July 37, 2000. Excursion Guide and Abstracts, 36-37.

Eerola, T., Raitala, R., Bergström, J., Eloranta, T., Kärkkäinen, N. and Törnroos, R. 2000. Extensive zone of maficfelsic magma interaction in the Svecofennian: the Hyvinkää-Mäntsälä Gabbroic Belt, Southern Finland. In: Pesonen, L., Korja, A. and Hjelt, S.E. (Eds.) Lithosphere 2000-A Symposium on the Structure, Composition and Evolution of the Lithosphere in Finland. Programme and Extended Abstracts, Espoo, Finland, October 34, 2000. Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, Report S41,185-192.

Kähkönen, Y., Lahtinen, R. and Nironen, M. 1994. Paleoproterozoic supracrustal belts in southwestern Finland. In: Pajunen, M. (Ed.) High temperature-low pressure metamorphism and deep crustal structures. Meeting of IGCP project ”Deep Crustal Processes” in Finland, September 16-20, 1994. Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 37, 43-47.

Kleck, W. 1996. Crystal settling in pegmatite magma. Geological Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada, Abstracts with Programs 21, A-50.

3.7. Reference to report

Rasilainen, K., Lahtinen, R. & Bronhorst, T. J. 2007. The Rock Geochemical Database of Finland Manual. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 164. 38 pp.

Kontoniemi, O. & Mursu, J. 2006. Hirsikangas gold prospect in Himanka, western Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, archive report M19/2413/2006/1/10. 30 pp.

3.8. Reference to map

Koistinen, T. (Ed.) 1994. Precambrian basement of the Gulf of Finland and surrounding area, 1:1 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo.

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Korsman K., Koistinen T., et al. (Eds) 1997. Bedrock Map of Finland 1:1000000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo.

3.9. Reference to map sheet

Haukivuori. Geological Map of Finland 1:100 000, Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 3231. Geological Survey of Finland.

Simonen, A. 1982. Mäntyharjun ja Mikkelin kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary Rocks of the Mäntyharju and Mikkeli Map-Sheet areas. Geological Map of Finland 1:100 000, Explanation to the Maps of

Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheets 3123, 3142. Geological Survey of Finland. 36 pp

3.10. Reference to atlas

Ottesen, R. T., Bogen, J. and Finne. T.E. 2010. Geochemical atlas of Norway. Part 2: Geochemical atlas of Spitsbergen. Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, 160 pp.

3.11. Reference to thesis

Peltonen, P. 1995. Petrology, geochemistry and mineralogy of ultramafic rocks and associated Ni-Cu deposits in the Vammala belt, southwestern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 108 pp. (PhD thesis).

Ranta, E. 2017. Fluid-rock reactions in the carbonatites of the Grønnedal-Íka alkaline complex, South Greenland. Master`s thesis, University of Helsinki, department of geosciences and geography, Division of geology and geophysics, 61 pp. available at: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2017112252322.

3.12. Reference to webpages

Crawford, W.E. 2018. Rare-Earth Elements Discovered In Georgia Kaolin Mines, Study Finds. Webpages visited 9.1.2019. https://news.gsu.edu/2018/12/14/rare-earth-elements-discovered-in-georgia-kaolin-mines-study-finds/

Nuggetshooter 2004. Arizona gold deposits. Webpages visited 3.8.2004. http://www.nuggetshooter.com/articles/ArizGoldDeposits.html

REFERENCES

The reference list consist comprehensive bibliographic information of each source that

allows the reader to identify and find them. References appearing in the reference list

15

must appear in the text and vice versa. It is recommended to double check this before

submitting your thesis. The reference list is written with front size 11, the line spacing

of 1 and hanging indentation of 0.5:

Didier, J. 1973. Granites and their Enclaves. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 393 pp.Hall, A. 1996. Igneous Petrology. 2. edition. Longman, London, 551 pp.Barbarin, B. 1991. Enclaves of the Mesozoic calcalkaline granitoids of the Sierra Nevada

Batholith, California. In: Didier, J. and Barbarin, B. (Eds.) Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Developments in Petrology 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 135-153.

Haapala, I. 1977. Petrography and geochemistry of the Eurajoki stock; a rapakivigranite complex with greisen-type mineralization in southwestern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 286, 128 pp.

Breiter, K., Frýda, J., Seltmann, R. and Thomas, R. 1997. Mineralogical evidence of two magmatic stages in the evolution of an extremely fractionated Prich rare metal granite: the Podlesí stock, Krušné Hory, Czech Republic. Journal of Petrology 38, 1723-1739.

Pearce, J.A. 1996. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19, 120-125.Kleck, W. 1996. Crystal settling in pegmatite magma. Geological Association of Canada and

Mineralogical Association of Canada, Abstracts with Programs 21, A-50.Rasilainen, K., Lahtinen, R. & Bronhorst, T. J. 2007. The Rock Geochemical Database of

Finland Manual. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 164. 38 pp.Koistinen, T. (Ed.) 1994. Precambrian basement of the Gulf of Finland and surrounding area,

1:1 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo.Haukivuori. Geological Map of Finland 1:100 000, Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 3231.

Geological Survey of Finland.Ottesen, R. T., Bogen, J. and Finne. T.E. 2010. Geochemical atlas of Norway. Part 2:

Geochemical atlas of Spitsbergen. Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, 160 pp.Peltonen, P. 1995. Petrology, geochemistry and mineralogy of ultramafic rocks and associated

Ni-Cu deposits in the Vammala belt, southwestern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 108 pp. (PhD thesis).