FSC Pres Site 2

8/2/2019 FSC Pres Site 2

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The Energy Problem

The end of oil is coming;

The energy demand will be doubled in

the next 30 years

Insecurity in energy supplies

International tensions

However a major threat is moreurgent to be encountered ClimateChange


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The climate change and global warming dueto CO2 emissions (IPCC scenarios)

Without the propermeasures for CO2emissions eliminationthe climate change

will become a realthreat The Chinas and

Indias energydemand make thesituation much worst

The best scenario hasa high cost, howeverthe cost of theinaction is muchhigher


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The earth temperature change due toglobal warming by CO2 emissions

o Even with the bestIPCC scenario theglobal temperatureincrease until the

end of the centurywill be (1.83.2 0C)

o Without anymeasures thisincrease could behigher than 8 0C

o The increased globaltemperature will lastfor hundred years


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The global warming effects

Athropogenic warming and sea levelrise would continue for centuries evenif greenhouse gas concentrations were

to be stabilized Temperatures in excess of 1.9 to 4.6

C warmer than pre-industrialsustained for millennia.

Eventual melting of the Greenland icesheet, would raise sea level by 7 mcomparable to 125,000 years ago


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Precipitation change & extreme events

Due to precipitation changes fertile landdevastation it is possible in many areas.

The existing atmospheric models cannot exclude the appearance of the mostcatastrophic extreme events (verystrong typhoons, tornados, snow or hailstorms etc.).

Thus such extremely catastrophicevents it is possible to appear sooner orlater


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Why the results for global carbon dioxideemissions are so disappointing?

The main reasons are:

Confusion on the choice of the properelectricity generating technologies

Cost problems (IEA predicts a 45 trillionUSD cost up to2050)

Geo-strategic problems

Slow progress of Kyoto protocol policies A realistic assessment of the electricity

generating technologies it is necessary inorder to design a successful policy to

eliminate the global warming threat


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Clean Technologies forunlimitedand continuous electricity supply

Coal fired power plants with Carbon Captureand Storage

New generation Nuclear Fission power plants

Wind Parks with energy storage system

Solar Concentrating power plants with energystorage system

Solar PhotoVoltaic power plants with energystorage system

Biomass power plants (waste, farmed)

Nuclear Fusion

Geothermal and Hydroelectric are limited

resources of electricity


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Increased cost of KWh produced by theclean electricity technologies

CLEAN ELECTRICITY

TECHNOLOGY

KWh DIRECT PRODUCTION COST %

OF EXISTING BASE LOAD AVERAGE KWh DIRECT

COST (~ 6 cents)

Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) Power Plants

135-160 % (8-10 cents)

Nuclear Fission (New PowerPlants 3500 EURO/KW)

130-160 % (7.5-10 cents)

Wind Parks (With EnergyStorage System)

140-160 % (onshore) (8.5-10 cents)180-200 % (offshore) (11-12 cents)

Desert Solar Concentrating

Parks (With Energy StorageSystem)

300-350 % (18-21 cents)

Desert Solar Photo-Voltaic Parks(With Energy Storage System)

500-550 % (30-33 cents)

Biomass Power Plants 100-150 % (6-9 cents)

Nuclear Fusion - Non yet defined but most probably very

high (>1000 %) (>30 cents)


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The major problems of the clean

electricity technologies

clean Technology Major problems

Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) Power Plants

-The biggest problem of the CCS technology is to define theappropriate safe places for the geologic storage of CO2, toconvince local communities and to achieve public acceptance thatthe storage is safe.

Nuclear fission power plants -To define the proper places for the installation of the new power

plants- To accommodate the nuclear waste- To avoid nuclear weapon diffusion

Wind Parks (inshore or offshore)with energy storage system

Due to the unreliable source the energy storage system should belarge and expensive

Solar Concentrating power plantswith energy storage system

-The solar concentrating mirrors demand a lot of water forcleaning and cooling

-Relatively high investment cost and direct cost of the producedKWh

Solar Photo-Voltaic power plantswith energy storage system

Very high investment cost and direct cost of the produced KWh

Biomass power plants -Demands huge fertile lands (energy for the rich instead of foodfor the poor)-Spends a lot of energy thus their overall efficiency is small

Nuclear fusion -Method in experimental phase with doughfull results-Emit thermal energy to the biosphere


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The missing Ideal electricity generatingtechnology

An ideal solution to stop or limit theclimate change process below anysafe threshold it should be based on a

carbon free electricity generatingtechnology that could supply theprojected fossil fuelled generated

50% of electricity demand, includingelectricity for transportation


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The missing ideal electricity generatingtechnology to cover 50% of demand

Continuous high quality electricity generation Simple technology that can be applied in all

continents Low construction cost of its Power Plants and low

direct cost of the produced KWh Easy and fast deployed technology, based on

existing material and using local personnel forconstruction, operation and maintenance of itsPower Plants

Zero CO2 emissions and any other forms ofpollution Zero water demand Zero thermal energy generation to the biosphere Recycling construction material

Originated from renewable source (better solar)


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Solar Aero-Electric power plants withFloating Solar Chimneys

Is there an ideal electricitygenerating technology?

The reply is yes!! The technology of Solar Aero-

Electric power plants withfloating solar chimneys is very

close to the ideal technology


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Indicative picture of a Solar Aero-Electricpower plant with Floating Solar Chimney

A SAEP is made of threecomponents:

- A large (usually circular)solar collector with atransparent roof supported afew meters above the ground(The Greenhouse)- A tall, warm air up drafting,

Cylinder on the center of thisGreenhouse (The FloatingSolar Chimney)- A set of Air Turbines gearedto appropriate ElectricGenerators around the baseof the Solar Chimney (The

Turbo Generators).


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How SAEPs are operating

The Solar energy warmsthe ground below thegreenhouse and thusthe air inside it

(greenhouse effect). The warm air tends to

escape through theSolar Chimney to theupper atmosphere,replaced by freshambient air.

This up drafting streamof warm air leaves partof its thermodynamicenergy to the AirTurbines geared toElectric Generators,converting this energy

to Electrical


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Solar Aero Electric Power Plants (SAEPs)similarity to Hydro Electric Power Plants

SAEPPs are similar to Hydro-ElectricPower Plants

That is why I named them Solar Aero-Electric power plants (SAEPs)

Their Air Turbines convert the up draftingair dynamic energy (due to buoyancy) torotational energy, as Water Turbinesconvert the waters dynamic energy (due

to gravity) to rotational. In both Power Plants their Power Output is

proportional to H (Floating Solar Chimneyair up drafting height or Dam falling waterheight)


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History (1)

In 1926 ProfEngineerBernard Dubosproposed to theFrench Academy

of Sciences theconstruction of aSolar Aero-Electric PowerPlant in NorthAfrica with its

solar chimney onthe slope of thehigh heightmountain


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History (2)

Prof Dubos proposal was soonabandoned as very costly

Later in 1980 with thefinancing of Germangovernment,

Prof Engineer J. Schlaigh builta small prototype of a solarAero-Electric power plant of 50KW in Manzanares of Spain

The solar chimney was 196 m

high, with internal diameter 10m The greenhouse area was

45.000 sqm The prototype was operating

successfully for 8 years


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History (3)

Prof J.Schlaigh proposed to build Solar Aero-Electric powerplants with reinforced concrete solar chimneys of heights(500m-1000m)

In 2002 this simple solar technology was attracted my

attention, however I realized that the tall concretestructures (beyond the problems of earthquakes) will be ofhigh cost, that could be a large obstacle towards the largescale application of the solar chimney technology .

In 2003 I proposed the replacement of the concrete solar

chimney with a low cost alternative. A lighter than air fabricstructure, free standing and inclining by the external winds.

Due to its patented construction this Floating (in the air)Solar Chimney can encounter external winds and operatingsub pressures, executing its operational duties effectively


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The Floating Solar Chimney

The Floating SolarChimney is made by aset of successivetubular balloons (asshown in the figurebeside)

These tubes arelighter than air due tointernal lighter thanair gas (He or NH4)


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A small part of the main body of theFloating Solar Chimney

Compressed air

Lifting gas

InnerFabric


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Indicative diagram of the Floating SolarChimney under external winds

The main body of thefloating solar chimney isa lighter than air, warmair up drafting cylindermade of a set of

successive tubularballoons filled withlighter than air gas (He,NH3).

This air up draftingcylinder is made ofsuccessive parts attachedseparately to a heavy

inclining base with anaccordion folding lowerend.

This accordion typefolding end is unfoldingpartly when the structureis bending, securing that

the warm air does notescape from its bottom.

Direction of Wind

Main

Chimney

made of

parts

Heavy

Mobile Base

Folding Lower

Part

Chimney

Seat


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The seat, the heavy base and a smallpart of the Floating Solar Chimney

Upper Ring of

the heavy base

Strong fabric of

the heavy base

Lower ring of the

heavy base

Accordion typefolding lower

part

Seat of the

floating solar

chimney

Lifting Tube

Filled with liftingGas

Supporting Ring

Inflated or

Aluminum tube

Inner fabric wall

Upper Ring of

the heavy base

Strong fabric of

the heavy base

Lower ring of the

heavy base

Accordion typefolding lower

part

Seat of the

floating solar

chimney

Lifting Tube

Filled with liftingGas

Supporting Ring

Inflated or

Aluminum tube

Inner fabric wall


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The body with the heavy base of the FloatingSolar Chimney is inclining due to external winds

Wind direction


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Annual efficiency (% of horizontal solar irradiationon the greenhouse area) of SAEPs as function ofthe Floating Solar Chimney height

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

variable height of Floating Solar Chimney in m of internal diameter 60m

efficiency%

SAEPP of 4sqKm solar collector in a place of annual solar irradiation 1750KW/sqm


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Solar Aero-Electric power plant daily

operation due to thermal storage effect

0 5 10 15 200

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

solar time in hours

producedpower%

andsolarirradiation%

SAEPP of 4MW ,DD=1000m,H=700m,d=34m,Wy=1750KW/m2

ground only

plus tubes

-Ground only (blue)-Ground plus artificial thermal storage (green)-Solar irradiance % (red)


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The wind effect on the operational height of the FSCs

Due to the titling propertyof the FSC, its operationalheight is decreasing underexternal winds

The average annual FSCheight operationaldecrease depends on theaverage annual wind speedand the net lifting force ofthe FSC lighter than aircylinder

For example, for anaverage wind speed of 3m/sec and a net lift forceassuring a 50% bendingfor a wind speed of 10m/sec, the average height

decrease is 3.7%.

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

verage annual wind speed in m/sec

weibull constant k=2; decline 50 % for v=10 m/sec

dec

reaseinFSCHeight%


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Hydrogen production by SAEPs

SAEPs combined with appropriate electrolysisunits can produce hydrogen and oxygen.

Due to low electricity KWh price by SAEPsHydrogen price could become eventually lessthan 2.0 EURO/Kg.

Hydrogen can be used with fuel cell technologyas an alternative fuel.

Hydrogen and Oxygen produced simultaneouslyby electrolysis can be used in the promising highefficiency HxOy Hydrogen aspiration motors.


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The Floating Solar Chimney technologyThe main characteristics (1)

Due to the ground thermal storage (reinforced if necessarywith artificial thermal storage) they are generatingcontinuous electricity power profiles (24x365) of whichtheir daily averages are proportional to the daily solarhorizontal irradiation (direct and diffuse). Thus their

production can enter to the electric grid without limitations It is a low investment cost electricity generating

technology, thus the direct cost of the produced KWh islow (less than 6 cents/KWh)

The technology is very simple and can be applied in all

continents using local personnel. Its power plants can bemaintained and operated also by local personnel

The construction material of its power plants are alreadyexist and all of them are recyclable

Its power plants can be deployed very quickly


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The Floating Solar Chimney technologyThe main characteristics (2)

The technology it is not producing CO2 or any other pollution tothe local or global environment

The technology does not demand any cleaning or cooling water

The best lands for the technology application are the desert orsemi desert areas where the horizontal annual solar irradiationexceeds 2000 KWh/sqm

With a small part of these desert lands (3%) we can cover up to50% of the present and any future demand in electricity

Hence the technology does not compete for land with agriculturalproduction

If more fertile land fields are going to be used (for example inCyprus ,Greece, Spain, Italy, etc.) most of the ground below thepower plant greenhouses can be used simultaneously for farming

The technology can be used (project under research) for waterdesalination


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Optimized SAEP Dimensions and Rating

Due to low cost of the FSC fabricstructures the Optimum Rating of aSAEP is in the range of ~ 2.5-4.5 MW

The Greenhouse should be in the rangeof 100 ha (1 Km2)

The FSC should be 600m-800m high

with an internal diameter 35-40 m If this SAEP is installed in a place of

annual horizontal solar irradiation 1650-2200 KWh/m2 can generate 10-20

GWh/year


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Estimated construction cost of the SolarAero-Electric power plants (SAEPPs)

Estimated construction cost of glassed roof greenhouse~ 6 EURO/sqm.

Air turbines, Gear boxes, Electric generators, electrictransformers, switchgears and cabling ~ 300 EURO/KW

of rating power

Estimated Floating Solar Chimney constructionincluding its raising cost (and its seat cost) ~ 80X( d) in EURO

Thus a glass roof SAEPP, generating 20 GWh/year inMENA area (horizontal irradiation>2000 KWh/sqm/y),of rating power ~4.5 MW, of area ~1.0 square Km, andwith an FSC of H~800m and d=40m, should cost ~10.0million EURO


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The Desertec projectElectricity generation in MENAsdeserts and transmission to Europe (UHVDC lines)

In the context of the EURO-MENA political framework(President Sarkozy initiative) and the Desertec project, soonany European country or any other proper institution orcompany can lease a semi desert land in Middle East or North

Africa (MENA) and build an array of SAEPs (FSC Solar Farm)generating continuous electricity of several GW

The generated continuous electricity of several TWh per yearcould be transmitted to Europe, through Ultra high voltage DClines (>800 KV)

Under this plan up to 50% of the Europe electricity demandcould be produced, cost efficiently, by Solar Aero-Electric powerplants in MENA area and could transmitted to Europe

The semi desert area needed in order to cover 50% of Europeelectricity demand (for 1% efficiency) is ~270Kmx270Km


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Covering the missing 50% of worldclean base load electricity

The annual electricity demand is (year 2008)~20.000 Wh

A respectable part of the produced ~28 billion tonsCO2 is coming from fossil fueled electricity

generating technologies The annual electricity demand will be doubled in the

next 30 years. In 2040 the estimated electricitydemand is ~45.000 Wh

The electricity generation by all clean technologies

is not estimated to be more than 50% A large scale application of the Floating Solar

Chimney technology in desert or semi desert areascould generate the missing 50% of electricitydemand (22.500 TWh), cost effectively, eliminating

the global warming threat


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The necessary investments in the FSCtechnology for the 50% electricity generation

A cost effective choice, in order to minimize CO2 emissions,is to build, for the next 30 years, and for every year, SAEPswith Floating Solar Chimneys of overall rating power 160GW, that will produce annually >750 TWh

The global investment cost for this choice will not exceedthe amount of380 billion EURO/year or 11.5 trillion EURO

for the next 30 years These investments in electricity generation are reasonable

taking into consideration that the investment cost, in anyreasonable mixture of fossil fueled technologies, for thesame electricity generation is almost the same

The is estimating the climate change policies cost in45 trillion USD

The necessary land for the 30 years FSC power plants is1.000.000 sqKm (1000 Km X 1000 Km)

This land is only 3% of the desert unused land estimated to36 million sqKm


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Conclusion

The presented Floating Solar Chimney Technology is aserious, innovative electricity generating technology.The Technology is a many years research project by manyindependent institutions supported by experimental results.

The FSC Technology Power Plants can be constructedusing existing material and equipment.The technology is cost competitive to any other electricitygenerating technology.

The Floating Solar Chimney technology, supported by theexisting renewable or zero carbon emission technologies,can cover the worlds energy demand, eliminating the global

warming threat and securing worlds sustainable

development


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Major reference sources

An excellent presentation of theclimate change and the mitigationpolicies is given in the documents ofIntergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) IPCC information through key word

IPCChttp://www.ipcc.ch

EU information through the key words

EU energyhttp://www.energy.eu USA information through the key word

DOE USA http://www.doe.gov
http://www.ipcc.ch/http://www.energy.eu/http://www.doe.gov/http://www.doe.gov/http://www.energy.eu/http://www.ipcc.ch/

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