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Electrical Safety-

Laagspanningsrichtlijn

Vlaamse Dag van de CE Markering 12.10.2017

Ir. Filip Nauwelaerts Lab & Quality ManagerIng. Guido Spildooren Test Engineer LVD

Europese richtlijnen

CE markering

Aanbrengen van CE markering duidt op toepassen van alle relevante Europese richtlijnen

DoC +

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Directieven - tijdlijn

Source: draft RED Guide – version 6 September 2016

2006/95/EC -> 2014/35/EU

Transitie:

• Sinds 04/2016

• In kader van NLF (New Legislative Framework)

Ongewijzigd:• Toepassingsdomein

VAC,NOM : 50V – 1kV en VDC,NOM : 75V – 1,5kV (opm: RED)• Safety Objectives

veiligheidsdoeleinden tav diverse gevaren (elektrisch, mechanisch, … zie verder)• Conformity assessment procedure (CAP)

Gewijzigd (voornaamste):• Reference nummer

YYY/No/EU• Definities

vnl gestuurd uit NLF zoals “op de markt aanbieden”,…• Benoemen economische operatoren en hun verplichtingen

manufacturer, authorised representative, importer, distributor• Market surveillance• DoC

inhoud, model (NLF)

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2014/35/EU

Uitzonderingen in toepassingsdomein (Bijlage II)

- Elektrisch materiaal bestemd voor gebruik in explosieve omgeving

- Elektro-radiologisch en elektro-medisch materiaal

- Elektrisch gedeelte van personen- en goederenliften

- Elektriciteitsmeters

- Contactdozen en contactstoppen voor huishoudelijk gebruik

- Voedingen voor elektrische afrasteringen

- Radio-elektrische storingen

- Gespecialiseerd elektrisch materiaal bestemd om in schepen of vliegtuigen of bij de spoorwegente worden gebruikt dat beantwoordt aan de veiligheidsvoorschriften die zijn vastgesteld doorinternationale instellingen waarbij de lidstaten zijn aangesloten.

- Op maat gemaakte evaluatiepaketten die bestemd zijn voor professionals en die uitsluitendgebruikt worden voor onderzoeks- en ontwikkelingsdoeleinden in inrichtingen die zichbezighouden met onderzoek en ontwikkeling.

2014/35/EU

Essentiële vereisten (Bijlage I)

1. Algemene eisen

a) De voornaamste kenmerken waarvan bekendheid en inachtneming noodzakelijk zijn voorgebruik overeenkomstig de bestemming en zonder gevaar, zijn op het elektrisch materiaalaangegeven of, indien dit niet mogelijk is, op een bijgevoegd document.

b) Het elektrisch materiaal alsmede de samenstellende delen daarvan zijn zodaniggeconstrueerd dat zij veilig en behoorlijk in elkaar kunnen worden gezet en kunnen wordenaangesloten.

c) Het elektrisch materiaal is zodanig ontworpen en geconstrueerd dat, bij juist gebruik enbehoorlijk onderhoud, de beveiliging tegen de gevaren beschreven in de punten 2 en 3,gewaarborgd is.

2. Beveiliging tegen gevaren die aan het elektrisch materiaal verbonden kunnen zijnverwonding door aanraking, temperatuur, niet-elektrisch gevaar, isolatie voorziening

3. Bescherming tegen de gevaren die kunnen ontstaan door invloeden van buiten op elektrischmateriaal

mechanische eigenschappen, bestand tegen niet-mechanische invloed,geen gevaar bij overbelasting

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2014/35/EU

Vermoeden van conformiteit op grond van geharmoniseerde no rmen (Ch.3 , art.12)

• Normen gehamoniseerd onder LVD 2014/35/EU: OJEU- Summary list: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/European-

standards/harmonised-standards/low-voltage_nl- 132 pages…

Cross references

• Kruisverwijzing binnen richtlijnen

Indirecte/directe verwijzing naar LVD 2014/35/EC via:

RED directieve (art.3.1.a):

the protection of health and safety of persons and of domestic animals and theprotection of property, including the objectives with respect to safety requirements setout in Directive 2014/35/EU, but with no voltage limit applying;

• Notified Body

LVD 2014/35/EU vereist geen tussenkomst van een NB in de conformity assessmentprocedure (CAP). Het conformity assessment valt onder de verantwoordelijkheid van defabricant.

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Wat buiten EU..? Vb IEC60950-1

EN60950-1 =IEC 60950-1 + national differences

UL60950-1 =IEC 60950-1 + national differences

CAN/CSA-C22.2 NO.60950-1IEC 60950-1 + national differences

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC/EN 60950-1

• De norm

• Het rapport en het assessment

• “Checklist”

• Critical partslist

• Praktische metingen

• National differences (EU -> CE!)

• Nieuwe evoluties naar IEC 62368-1

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• INTERNATIONALE STANDARDS SAFETY

• Waar situeert zich deze standard? (enkele voorbeelden)

• IEC 61010-1 (& 61010-2-XX) : Measurement equipment

• IEC 60335-1 (& 60335-2-XX): Household

• IEC 60601-1: Medical

• IEC 60065: Audio & Video (& similar)

• IEC 60950-1: Information Technology Equipment

• IEC 62368-1: Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC/EN 60950-1

• Toepassingsdomein:ITE apparatuur

• Actuele edities:IEC: ed.02:2005 + AMD1:2009 + AMD2:2013EN: ed.02:2006 + AMD1:2010 + AMD2:2013

• IEC60950-1 (2005) vs EN60950-1 (2006)

• EN-versie:(!) + AMD11 (2009) en AMD12 (2011)

⇒ EU ‘national differences ’ ! - bv. Noorwegen, Denemarken, (UK?)

⇒ ‘(Inter)national differences’ !* – e.g. Japan, China, Brazilie, US, Canada, Australie,…(*‘CB’-report!)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC/EN 60950-x

• IEC/EN 60950-22 voor outdoor equipment

= 60950-1 met bijkomende/strengere eisenStrenger:

• Spanningslimieten• Over-voltage category

Bijkomend:• UV, Corrosie, IP, Oil, Gaskets, Moisture, Dust, Impact, SO2

• IEC/EN 60950-21 voor Remote Power feeding

= 60950-1 met bijkomende/strengere eisen

RFT-C en RFT-V (RFT = Remote Feeding Telecom Circuit)includes: installation instructions !

• IEC/EN 60950-23 voor large data storage equipment

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Covering essential requirements from LVD 2014/35/EU

A safety std (as IEC 60950-1) tries to cope with following ‘hazards’:

• Electric shock ( = most of IEC 60950 = emphasis)• Energy related hazards ( e.g. power supplies, batter ies)• Fire• Mechanical hazards• Heat related hazards• Radiation

Special chapter: ‘TNV’ circuits• Chemical hazards ( most = -22)• Biologial hazards: not treated in -1 (but: ingress of plants can damage insulations –

fungus, bacteria)• Explosion hazards ( not really - only -22?: H2, Methane, duct gasses..)

IEC 60950-1: No functional safety (e.g. no software analysis => no ‘risk analysis’)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Some relevant definitions and classifications :

• Rated Voltage/ Current/ Frequency

• Stationary, movable, transportable, hand-held, building-in, direct plug-in equipment

• Class I (earthing/PE!) & Class II (no earthing/PE)

• Pluggable type A &B/ Permanently connected devices

• Operator acces/ Restricted acces/ (Service acces)

• Hazardeous voltage/ (S)ELV

• Hazardeous energy/ Limited current circuit

• TNV-circuits (TNV-0, TNV-1, TNV-2, TNV-3)

IEC/EN 60950-1

Protection from electric shock

• Insulations! (Housing, materials, earthing, …)• Accescibility! ( distances, openings => “testfingers’ & tools)• Operator access with a tool (discourage operator acces)

Protection from energy hazards

(overcurrent) Protective devices! (e.g. fuses, circuit breakers, current limiters, fuse resistors, ….)

Disconnect devices

(switches, removable power cords, building installation)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Conductors and terminals

Conductors:

Earthing conductor (colour!)Bounding conductor

! Minimum sizes (table 2D) => define current rating s

Terminals:Earthing and bounding terminalsCompliance: inspection and testing if neededProtective earth (and disconnection)

corrosion: check electrochemical potentials (table!)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Markings and warnings

Safety label ( content!)

Other: Gnd/PE marking – warning labels

Durability tests (water & spirit)

Languages (operator manual – service manual)

Some examples:

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Isolaties

TABEL 2H => welke isolatie voor welk circuit?Types isolatie:

functional basicsupplementaryreinforceddouble

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Clearance & Creepage

Clearance: ( tables 2K, 2L, 2M – or annex G)- Working voltage, Pollution degree, type isolatie

Creepage: (table 2N) coated PCB? => abrasion resistance test -Working voltage, Material group, Type isolatie

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Wiring connections and supply

Current rating Protection against mechanical damageSecuringInsulation power cord : certified – or voltage test)‘Sleeving’

Beads & ceramic insulatorsScrews for contact (self tapping?)

Termination of conductorsConnection to AC or DC mains supply

appliance inletspermanently connectedpower cord (detacheable/ non detachable)Strain relief

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Mechanical strength

• Steady force test (10, 30, 250N)• Impact test• Drop test• Stress relief test

• Other: Cathode ray tubes, high pressure lamps

• Wall or ceiling mounted• Design & construction:

• Edges, corners• Handles, knobs• Securing of parts• Warnings

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Oil, UV, liquids, dust and gasses

• Radiation

• Battery safety:

• IEC 62133• Batteries & battery packs• Non-rechargeable & rechargeable• Overcharging• Unintentional charging• Reverse charging• Excessive discharge rate

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Laser safety

• E.g. optical links, optical drives, wireless through IR,…• Laser class ! (intensity – wavelength 180nm => 1mm)

• Standards:• IEC60825-1: Laser & classifications• IEC60825-2: Fiber transmission• IEC60825-12: Free space optical transmission• IEC62471: LED’s • IEC60825-3: Laser displays & shows• IEC60825-4: Laser protections

(Low power signal/ control LED’s don’t need to comply)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Moving parts

• Protection against moving fan blades• Andere: motoren, riemen, …

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Thermal requirements

• Critical parts• Touch temp.• Air exhaust

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IEC/EN 60950-1

Protection against FIRE HAZARDS…

• Fire enclosure? Materials?

• Enclosure openings and fire resistance

• Classifications: 5VB, V0, V1, V2, HB

• Tabel 4E ( eisen versus toepassing)

• Annex A!

• Flammability testing

• Hot wire test IEC60695-2-20• Glow wire test IEC60695-2-11• Needle flame test IEC60695-11-5• Test 14.4 IEC60065

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Abnormal conditions

Single fault conditions:

electrical (e.g. ‘short’ )‘Abuse’ (e.g. ‘reverse polarity’)Moving parts (e.g. mechanically blocking)Temperature (e.g. disabling fan)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Connection to telecom networks

• = TNV circuits

• TNV-1, TNV-2 and TNV-3

• Impuls test versus steady state test

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Connection to cable distribution systems

• Cable distribution networks ( bv. Kabeltelevisie distributie systeem)• External antenna connections• => ‘surge’ testing! ( tot 10kV!)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Annexen…

• Enkele voorbeelden:

• Annex A: flammability testing• Annex B: Motors• Annex C: Transformers• Annex D: Touch current measuring instruments & circ uits• Annex G: Alternative for determining minimum cleara nces• Annex J: electrochemical table• Annex P: Normative references (IEC…, ISO…)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Opbouw van een Safety report ( assessment)

• Documentatief gedeelte (functionaliteit en bouwstenen EUT)

• ‘Check’ list (IEC template => afstippen std clauses met short form commentary)

• National differences (EN = EU! / CB = US, GB, Japan,...)

• Safety critical parts list

• Practical tests & results

• Safety assessment = ‘paperwork’ !

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract uit een assessment report - checklist

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract voorbeeld National Differences

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Extract Safety Critical Parts list

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Interactie ‘Safety’ & ‘EMC’ => ‘conflicten’??

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – dielectric strength

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – Ground bound

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Voorbeeld practical testing – Touch current

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Andere voorkomende testen:

• Surge test • Mechanische testen (bv ‘ball test’, drop, impact…)• Stress relief & warmte testen• Préconditioning ( humidity treating, thermal cycling,… )• Battery tests• Radiation• Transformer tests (annex C)

• …

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1

IEC 62368-1 = IEC 60950-1 + IEC 60065 ?

Consumer electronic (audio / video) merges with I TE (Information Technology Equipment)

but…Not what it seems!

…many common elements

The basics remain => two ‘cords’ = ‘safe’

THOUGH…

new standard with new ‘philosophy’ and approach

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1

IEC 62368-1 = IEC 60950-1 + IEC 60065 ? (…Not really…but many common elements - the basics rem ain: two ‘cords’ = safe!)

New std with new philosophy … and allows todays merg ing of applications:

Consumer electronic (audio / video) =

ITE (Information Technology Equipment)

IEC 62368-2: explanatory information (IEC 60950-1 ‘ manual’ & practicals)

IEC 62368-3: Power transfer through communication c abling & USB

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1

Hazard basedPerformance oriented and intended to be stable => FUTURE ORIENTED!

=> Not risk based (no risk analysis)=> Technology independent (copes with merge of audi o, video & ITE => wider range of products)=> Allows more design freedom => less prescriptive, but, more communication needed between assessor & manufacturer => requires safety strategy in early stage!

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Structuur van IEC 62368-1

Clauses: 0-Principles1-Scope2-Normative references3-Terms, definitions & abbreviations4-General requirements5-Electrically-caused injury6-Electrically-caused fire7-Chemically-caused injury8-Mechanically-caused injury9-Thermal-burn injury10-Radiation

Annexes: A-Examples of eq. within scopeB- Normal & abnormal operation + fault condition tests ( more intensive than 60950!)F- Eq. Markings, instructions and instructional safeguardsG- ComponentsM- Batteries & fuel cellsQ- interconnection with building wiringT- Mechanical strength testsV- Determination of accessible parts

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IEC/EN 60950-1

IEC 62368-1 : Editions…

⇒ Technical commitee TC108⇒ Work on IEC 62368 started in 2002…

• IEC 62368-1 ed01: 2010• IEC 62368-1 ed02: 2014• IEC 62368-1 ed03: 2018

• (EN 62368-1 ed03: later into 2019 – the EU DOW and UL effective date for 3rd ed will likely be in the 2022 timeframe *

( *cfr UL doc published 2018 )

Today:

• On 20/12/2020 the old standards (IEC 60950, 60065) will be withdrawn and IEC 62368-1 comesinto action!

• Originally for Europe cessation was originally schedule d for june 20, 2019 but moved todecember 20, 2020 (= more time to comply, but a hard er deadline!...so far…)

• Normative references: pending and in progress…(= ‘under construction’… )• National deviations: pending and in progress…(if exista nt still and mostly based on ed.01 or

ed.02)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 - Methodology

A product that causes injury does so through the tra nsfer of some form of energy to or from a body part

1)Identifying (& classifying) Energy Sources (i.e. electrical, power, mechanical or thermal)

ES1, ES2 & ES3PS1, PS2 & PS3MS1, MS2 &MS3TS1, TS2 & TS3(1-2-3 = ‘energy source class’)

*Class 1: Not painful, but may be detectable (ignition not likely)

*Class 2: Painful but no injury ( Ignition possible, limited spread of fire)

*Class 3: Injury - death (Ignition likely)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 - Methodology

2) No injury occurs when a safeguard is interposed between a hazardeous energy source and a body part

=> Identify what safeguards are needed to protect (‘HBSE’)

Equipment safeguards (physical part of the equipmen t )

e.g. insulation: basic, supplementary, reinforced, double

Instructional safeguards (warnings, visible or audi ble, specified behaviour)

Installation safeguards

‘Personal’ (e.g. protective equipment worn on the b ody

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 - Methodology

3)Qualify those safeguards ( = assessment…measure…lim its according to classes) …under normal, abnormal & single fault conditions

3 kinds of ‘persons’ defined: (each requiring diff erent more or less stringent ‘safeguards)

• Ordinary person

• Instructed Person

• Skilled person

• (child present?)

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 - Methodology

4) Application practice

3rd party certification and approval ( in an accredited lab)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• IEC 62368-1 What are the most significant differenc es with IEC 60950-1?

Difficult or not possible at all to make a comparative li st…

HIGHLIGHTS:• Other philosophy (e.g. No use anymore of the terms SELV, TNV,….=> ‘mind shift’ or ‘reset’

needed in your brain!)• More intensive ‘abnormal condition’ testing expecte d• More intensive safety thinking needed in the design phase => what strategy?• The requirement of energy hazard of 60950 (240VA/ 2V -60sec) has been removed but shall

be covered by ‘other mechanisms’• Requirements mechanical hazards adapted (different a pproach + ‘new’ fingers’?)

MS1 (mechanical hazard does not cause pain or injury )MS2 (no injury but ‘pain’)MS3 (causes injury => requires ‘medical attention’)

• Components and subassemblies that comply with IEC69 50-1 and/ or IEC 60065 are accepted without further investigation (in ed.02!…bu t will be phased out…)

• Laser classes will change ( RS1, RS2,RS3)• Touch current: other equivalent networks – different limits (5mA/ 0,5mA)• Rechargeable batteries: significant changes (= anne x M in IEC62368-1 & norm. ref’s)• Different approach of touch temperature limits• …other

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Status IEC 60368-1

IEC 62368-1 ed.03 ‘released’…

( but still needs to be adopted byIndividual countries…)

FIND THE DIFFERENCES…

• MAIN DIFFERENCES ED.02 AND ED.03:

• outdoor equipment requirements (IEC 62368-1 ed02 is strictly indoors)• New requirements for optical radiation• Addition of requirements for insulating liquids (e. g. cloud server coolings)• Addition of requirements for work cells• Addition of requirements for wireless power transmi tters• Addition of requirements for fully insulated windin g wire (transformers)• Alternative method for determination of openings fo r fire enclosures• Alternative requirements for sound pressure• Note: IEC 60368-2 is currently updated relating to ed.03 of IEC 60368-1

(pending and in progress – 2019?)

IEC/EN 60950-1

• Status IEC 60368-1

• Currently: Mostly - Ed02 in use • Ed03 => significant changes and addendums due to m any feedbacks and comments

in TC108!• Date of withdrawal published in the official journa l of EU: dec 20, 2020• CB?: apply both IEC 62368-1 ed01 and old IEC 60950- 1?(= time consuming!)

• REFLECTIONS…:

• outdoor equipment??? IEC 62368-1 ed02 is strictly indoors (=> still apply‘60950-22’ ? – but is included in ed03! )

• Annexes??? not complete?! - e.g. old annex C of IEC 60950-1 => new normative references are being written or existing adapted …(u nder construction! => IEC61558-1:2017 + partly included in ed.03 ‘insulat ed winding wires’ )

• Measurement equipment ( not yet available on the ma rket => ‘do-it-yourself’?)• Countries and regions behave differently or are run ning behind ( e.g. US, CSA,

Denmark, NL are OK, but…) => UNIFORMITY! how is thi s standard approached? (what if Asia won’t accept…)

• And what with national differences??? ( being writt en…but …)• Assessment test report template (IEC : new ‘checkli st’ available ed.03 )• Critical parts (list): do individual parts need to comply IEC62368-1?

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IEC/EN 60950-1

• Status IEC 60368-1

Continues to evolve….

(movie clip 15¨ blowing resistor?)

• Worldwide access through IECEE CB-scheme

NCB-093 CBTL-612

IECEE CB-Scheme

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• Process flow:

NCB-093

CBTL-612

IECEE CB-Scheme

Applicantapplication

Assessment results

CBTL report

NCB Certificate

• NCB Certificate – dummy sample

IECEE CB-Scheme

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• Essentials

• Products are tested to IEC standards with provision for supplementary testing for national differences.

• Reciprocal recognition of test results among all participating Certification Bodies simplifies the granting of certification or approval at national levels.

• CB Test Certificates and associated Test Reports facilitate obtaining secondary certifications.

• Recognition of test results

• Common Test Report Forms

• Harmonized interpretations and Test methods

• Consideration of National Differences

• Peer Assessment of Testing Laboratories and Certification Bodies

IECEE CB-Scheme

Any questions ?

www.labodenayer.be

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