EdkifiHwuma&&m&uQdKifowif;pOf awmf0iftm0g[0d0g[EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf trSwf (4) aty&,fv 2011...

EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

trSwf (4)

aty&,fv

2011 ckESpf?

awmf0iftm0g[0d0g[

ta[mif;/ta[mif;wd.edef&mrSmtopf topfwdutpm;xdk;0ifa&mufAsm,ftaqmift a,mifopf/tajctaeopf/vlopf/pdwfopf/tm; rmefopfwdeef@twlordkif;opf/acwfopfwdudkzef wD ;uwfp+r Jy g ?vlom;ord ki f ;,O faus;r _ jzp f ay:wdk;wufr_jzpfpOfxJrSmoufqdkif&mvlom;rsdK; EG,fpk&dk@tvdkuf&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwnfaxmiftkyfpdk;ol/}uD;=uyfuGyfuJolbk&ifeef@bk&ifhrdom;pk&dk@. tcef;u@udkypfyg,fvdk@r&paumif;yg?urBmho rdkif;.aemufqHk;usefvdkufawbk&ifrif;qufwdxJ rSm+Adwdefrif;qufa&txifo#m;qHk;eef@vlodtrsm;qHk;rif;qufwckjzpfyga&?at*k,if;eef;pOfrsdK;quf xJutdrf&S drif;om;0DvD,H(emrnftjynhftpH k-William Arthur Philip Louis ) eef@ol@=uif,mawmf avmif;udwf (Catherine Elizabeth Middleton)&dk@ 2011ckESpfaty&,fv 29 &ufeduol&[email protected] orufwufyJGawmfudkusif;yvm;uwfyga&?

urBmwv$m;uvloef;aygif;2000ausmf avmuf(wDA D G (od k @r[kwf)tde fwmeufuede fw

qifh) ,if;yGJawmfudktm;yD;=unhf&_uwfawvdk@ vnf;qdkyga&?(tusGefawmif=unhfaumif;aumif; eef@1em&DcJG=umavmuf=unhfjzpfvdkufygoda&?)tdrf &Sdrif;om;0DvD,H.tza0vrif;om;eef@'dkif,memrif;orD;&dk@1981ckESpfrSmorufwufuwfcgvnf;vloef;aygif;750avmuf=unhf&_tm;yD;uwfawvdk@qdkyga&?jrusGef;!dk!dk/ausmif;wuUodkvfrSmwGdqHkjzpf uwfyemtcsif;csif;&if;&d k@=um;u&if;ES D;r_eef@,Hk =unfr_wdudkav;ESpfwdkifwkdifwnfaqmuf+yD;au at*kvufxyfuwfawpHkwJGrSmudwfu29ESpf/tdrf&Sd rif;om;0DvD,Huudwfxuf5vi,fyga&?tdrf&Sdrif; om;csm;vfpf'dkif,memudkvufxyfawcg'dkif,memtouf20&m[dod+yD;au,if;tcsdefu+AdwdefjcKyfr o#mrsm;.ysrf;r#toufa& 23³1 ESpfvdk@qdkyga&?

,if;orufwufyJGawmfodk@+Adwdo#"eo[m,tzJG@0ifEd kifiH54Ed kifiHuEdkifiHawmft}uD;t uJrsm;pGm/emrnf}uD;tEkynmo#if/tm;upm; orm;rsm;pGm&dk@wufa&mufuwfyga&? (pm 12 odk@)

³³³Om%fynmudk&S dwef;wif}udK;yrf; tm;xkwfwwfawtavmif;awmf&dk@ a&zk&m;jzpfpGmt,ifqH k;yg?wenf; tm;jzif htaumif;/tqdk;/trSm;/t rSefwdudka0zef/oHk;oyf/pDppfwwfaw Om%fynmonfomv#if³³³³³(pm 14)

tjyifyrf;udkjAKef;ceJ =unhfzd k @qd kautm; vHk;tqifacsmacsm/ ajyajynufnuf/tH 0i f* Gi fus /vuf!d _ ;

!$ef&mvdk&mjzpfpDvdk@xif&p&mjzpfedefonhfwd ki fol&d k @wdpGmvnf;tcspf/t rkef;/avmz/a'go/arm[tp[dpGmwd eef@zJG@pnf;xm;a&ykxkZOfvlom;wdjzpfuwfawtwGuf³³³³³³(pm 12)

wwd,ajrmuforR w o u f w r f ; t wGuft&GD;cH&efygwD rStqdkwifoGif;r_udk r l* sufzmqif jii f ;

yg,fvdkufonf?rnfonhfvlyk*~dKvfrqdk E d k i fi Hor Rwtjzp fwwd,t}udr f ajrmuftxd&mxl;vufcHoifhonf[k olr,Hk=unfygacs?³³³³³(pm 16)

“udpPr[da0/,if;ydkif q d k auavmavm q,f,if;40ud k&m yD;vd kuf/usefp Gmaz om 10 udkrif;

aemufrSyD;vD/ ig'ga'gifxm;vdkufar”

(pm 15)

pmrsufESm 2

t,f'Dwmhpum;


“tusGef0goem ygpGmu

tEkynmeef@pmyDyg? awmfvSefa&;tvkyf

uawmhau rsdK;cspfpdwft&if;cHeef@

wdkif;jynftwGuf rvkyfrjzpfaw

wm0efw&yfjzpfvdk@ vkyfedefpGmyg?

wm0ef+yD;qHk;au udk,f0goemyga&tvkyfudk&mvkyfzdk@vdk@ pdwful;xm;yga&”

vDxD;OD;ausmf&if

oHwJG

&uQdKifjynf. tem*gwfonf &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/ trsdK;aumif;orD;&dk@. vufxJwGif[donf?

rd&dk;zvm r*FvmESpfopfyg?

&cdkif&dk;&mESpfopful;vjzpfawa'2011{y &,fvxJrSmtdkifA&Dudk@pfEdkifiHrSm&GD;aumufyJGEdkiforRwopfatmfx&mvufxJodk@EdkifiHtm%mjyefa&muf vm;yga&?awmiftar&duwdkufuyD&l;EdkifiH/um&d bD,HusGef;pkxJua[wDEdkifiH&dk@rSmorRwopfwdudk &GD;cs,fwifajrSmufvm;uwfyga&?*syefEdkifiHxdkusdK rSmvuf[d+rdK@awmf0efxyfvdk @t&GD;cH&yga&?,if; ao#mif/,if;ao#mifrsdK;{y&,fv.tjzpftysufwd rsm;pGmxJrSmt}uD;us,fqH k ;wckuawmhau+Ad wdefu awmf0iforufwufyJGyifjzpfyga&?

q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmxJrSmwckwvD&m jzpfysufwwfaw/urBmt&yf&yfubDvD,Heef@cs D a&vlom;aygif;rsm;pGm&[email protected];±kHudkzrf;pm;E_difpGrf;[da&tm0g[/0d0g[r*FvmyJGawmfyg?axmifpkESpf aygif;rsm;pGm&Snfv#m;a&vlom;rsdK;EG,fpk&[email protected] a&;/,Ofaus;r_/bmom/omoemeef@+rdK@jyjzpfwnfr_ ordkif;a=umif;wav#mufvHk;rSmbk&ifeef@b&ifhrd om;pk0ifrsm;.tcef;u@udkrdaysmufypfvdk@r&yg?acwfeef@pHepfwdbaZmifyifajymif;vmvDygwfpD/ol&dk@/ol&[email protected];aqmifr_/yD;qyfr_/tajrmftjrif[d[dvkyf aqmifr_wda=umihfyifv#ifurBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;.o rdkif;a=umif;wda&ol@enf;ol@[efeef@oljzwfoef;jzpf wnfyemwnfwnfwHhwHhedefxdkifEd _ifvmuwfpGmr[kwfygvm;?

,if;edrd k;xzufuawmf0iforufwufyJG jrifuGif;tpHkpHkudktusGefwem&DcJGavmufxdwDAGDrSm =unhfedefjzpfyga&?=unhfedef,ufyif;a'ao#mifrsdK;+Ad wdefuxD;eef;qdkif&myJGawmfwckudkta=umif;jyKvdk@ olaX;jzpf&a&txJrSmta=umif;wcsufvm;vdk@ wdkufqdkifa&&cdkifolaX;}uD;OD;&Jausmfolta=umif; udkvm;vdk@twGufay:edefrdjyefyga&?“AsdKif;awmif/iSufawmifwda&uaumif;tzdk;wefa&vl@toHk;t aqmifypPnf;wdjzpfaw”vdk@ol@tzonfajymzl;a&

pum;acswcGef;udkem;axmifrdyemtvum;eD;yg;& a&iSufr$D;/iSufawmifwdudk(Zmvkyfvdk@vkyf&zdk@rSef; vnf;aoaocsmcsmrodyJeef@)OD;&Jausmfola&*d k awmifeef@tjynfhavSmifxm;zl;yga&vSwf?,if;t csdefumv(ouU&mZf1800ausmf)u+AdwdefxD;eef;. tbdodufcH,lyJGvkyfcpGmrSmzufo#efwckuiSufr$D; axmufusmudkaqmif;yemwufa&mufjcif;vdk@qdk yga&?twdko#HK;au,if;yJ GawmftwGufurBmtESH@ iSufr$D;/iSufawmifvdkuf&SmuwfpGmrSmOD;&Jausmfol avSmifxm;a&iSufr$ D;*d ka'gifud kwG dyemtbdoduf oGef;yJGtwGuftm;vHk;0,f,lvm;vdk@OD;&Jausmfola&oef;eef@csDa&&lyD;'*Fg;wdudk&vdkufzl;a&vdk@qdkyga&?

,if;eduwdkufwdkufqdkifqkdiftusGef@tem; rSmcsxm;rda& (Maurice Collis . The Land of the Great Image)pmtkyfudk[dkvSef/atavSmvkyfrdyem,if;pm tkyfxJu&cd kifbk&ifoD&dok"rR&mZm.tbdoduf cH,lyJGt}udKumvjrifuGif;udk&GD;xm;a&tcef;(27)udkzwfrdjyefyga&?&,if;tcsdef,if;umvuajrmuf OD;&[email protected]@pnf;yHka&taemufwdkif;uacwfopf f+rdK@jywdydkiftuGufususwnfaqmufxm;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfonhfwdkifajrmufOD;&[email protected],ft0ef; eef@=uG,f0csrf;omr_wdudkEd_if;,SOfzdk@qdkau+Adwdefuvef'ef/e,fomvefutrfpwm'rf+rdK@}uD;wdeef@t wlwlavmuf[da=umif;&GD;om;xm;pGmudkzwf&jyef yga&?tbdodufcH,lyJG}udKumvrSmqdkauajrmufOD; +rdK@awmfrSmyifv,fauG@EdkifiHtoD;oD;/tdENd,/xdkif;/Armtp[da&wdkif;jynfwduoHwrefudk,fpm;vS,f wd/ukefonfwdwtkef;tkef;eef@=uufysHruspnfum; edefa&tcsdefvdk@vnf;&GD;om;xm;yga&?

awmf0iforufwufyJGudk=unhfedef,ufyif;[dkpauacs/a'pauacst wGufay:edefrda=umif;yg?

cifrifr_jzifh

OD;odef;armif

usGef;wGifZrŠL

vlwGif&cdkif

}udKifbdowif;

uif;bdtjypf

cspfonhftrsdK;

}udK;onhfvHk@v

jrwfpm* ESifh

ESpf0ewfvl

cspf=unfjzLonf

edAŠLqkawmif;jynhftHhwnf;?

(o#ifr[moDv0Ho)

trSwf(4)/ aty&,fv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 3

aty&,fv (April)

aty&,fv.emrnfay:aygufvmyHkudkrnfolrStwdtusrodacs? tcsdK@u*&dewfzk&m; Aphrodite (tcspfewfzk&m;r).trnfrS qif;oufvmonf[k,lquwf+yD;tcsdK@url vufwdefa0g[m& aperire (zGifhvSpfjcif;/ uGif;zGifhjcif;/ pwifjcif; [kt"dỳg,f&) rSqufpyfay: aygufvmonf[k,lquwfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;YEGDOD;aygufwGifopfyifyef;rmvfrsm;pwifzl;yGifhcsdefudkwifpm;a=umif;,lqr_rsm;vnf;[dygonf?aty&,fvonfESpfwESpf.pwkwÎajrmufvjzpf+yD;&ufaygif;30[dIt=urf;zsOf;tm;jzifh&cdkifjyuQ'def.wef;cl;vESifhwdkufqdkifaom vjzpfygonf?

urBmhordkif;.ordkif;0ifpmwifjcif;cH&aomvlom;rsm;teufatmufaz:jyygyk*~dKvfrsm;udkaty&,fvwGifzGg;jrifcygonf-

aty&,f 1/ 1578 0DvD,H[maA; (William Harvey) ESvHk;oGD;vnfywfr_obm0udkpwifaz:xkwfcolt*Fvdyf&lyaA'ynmo#if?

aty&,f 1/ 1815 atmhwdkAGifbdpfrmhcf (Otto von Bismarck) 19 &mpkwGifacwfopf*smreftdefyg,mudkxlaxmifconhf*smreft"dywd?

aty&,f 2/ 1840 tDrJvfZdkvm (Emile Zola) jyifopfpm&GD;q&m/EdkifiHa&;orm;?

aty&,f 7/ 1770 0DvD,H0g;'fpf0ghof ( William Wordsworth) +Adwdo#uAsmq&m?

aty&,f 10/ 1847 *sdK;ZufydkvdZm (Joseph Pulitzer) [efa*&DEG,fzGg;tar&Duefowif;pmq&m?

aty&,f 13/ 1743 axmrmhpf*sufzmqdef (Thomas Jefferson) wwd,ajrmuftar&DueforRw?

aty&,f 15/ 1452 vD,dkem'dk'gAdefpD (Leonardo da Vinci) tDwvDyef;csDq&m?

aty&,f 16/ 1867 0Dvfbm&dkuf (Wilbur Wright)vD,OfysHudkpwifwDxGifcol&dkufnDtpfudk2a,mufwGiftpfudkjzpfol?

aty&,f 16/ 1889 csmvDcsufyvdef (Charlie Chaplin) t*Fvdyf&kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmif/'g&dkufwmESifhoDjcif;&GD;q&m?

aty&,f 17/ 1894 eDuDwmu&l;csufAf (Nikita Khrushchev) ppftD;ppfyJGumvqdkAD,ufa*gif;aqmif?

aty&,f 20/ 1889 ta'ghzf[dwvm (Adolf Hitler) 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u*smrefa*gif;aqmif?

aty&,f 21/ 1926 'kwd,ajrmuftJvdZbufbk&ifr (Elizabeth II) +Adwdo#bk&ifr?

aty&,f 22/ 1724 tDrefEsL,,fuifhxf (Immanuel Kant) *smrefawG;ac:ynmo#if/ygarmuQ?

aty&,f 22/ 1870 Avm'DrD,mvDedef (Vladimir Lenin) &mo#m;rmhufpf0g'D/aAmfo#DAdygwDudkwnfaxmifcol?

aty&,f 23/ 1564 0DvD,Ho#dKwfpzD;,m; (William Shakespeare) t*FvdyfuAsmESifhjyZyf&GD;q&m?

aty&,f 23/ 1791 *sdrf;pfblcsmeef (James Buchanan)15a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw?

aty&,f 23/ 1813 pwDzdefata'guf*vmhpf (Stephen A. Douglas)tar&DuefOya'ynmo#if/EdkifiHa&;orm;?

aty&,f 25/ 1599 tdkvDAmuGif0Jvf (Oliver Cromwell) 16&mpkt*Fvdyfppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;a*gif;aqmif?

aty&,f 25/ 1874 *l*vdkifrdkrmudkeD (Guglielmo Marconi) toHv$ifh/ydk@puf(odk@r[kwf)a&'D,dkudkwDxGifcoltDwmv#H&lyaA'ynmo#if?

aty&,f 27/ 1822 ,lvD;qufpftufpf*&ef@ (Ulysses S. Grant) 18a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw?

aty&,f 28/ 1758 *sdrf;pfrGif&dk; (James Monroe) 5a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw?

aty&,f 1 aty&,ft&l;ed

aty&,f 4

qDeDa*gvfEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ed

aty&,f 27 wdk*dkEdkifiH

vGwfvyfa&;ed

aty&,f 27 qD&D,mvD,GefEdkiH vGwfvyfa&;ed

pmrsufESm 4

aty&,fv &ufpOfurBmhowif;rsm;


1-tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifjynfolrsm;onf+yD;conhfrmhcsfvtwGif;tvkyftudkifopfaygif;216000 &[d cuwfa=umif;ESifhEdkifiHwGif;tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;rSmvnf;8³8&mE_ef;(2009rmhcsfrSpItedrfhqHk;tajctae)wGif[da=umif;jzifhowif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

1- EdkifiHwGif;tpdk;&t&m[d}uD;rsm;.acgufqJGpm;r_rsm;yaysmufa&;tpDtrH.tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf uarBm'D;,m;0ef}uD;csKyf[Gefpef;onfol.ydkifqdkifor_tpkpk&dk@tm;atedwGiftrsm;jynfolodk@xkwfjyefa=umf jimr_jyKvkyfvdkuf+yD;tjcm;t&m[drsm;tm;vnf;oluJodk@vkyfaqmifvm;uwf&efwdkufwGef;vdkufonf?

2- tufo#efo&kyfaqmif*sufuDo#ef;tygt0iftmo#wdkuf.&kyf&Siftausmftarmfrsm;onf*syefiv#if'%f cH&olrsm;odk@vSL'gef;&efa[mifaumifY&HyHkiGD&SmzGD&mwGifa[mifaumifa':vm25oef;(tar&Duefa':vm 3³2oef;)&[donf[kqdkonf?

3- 2009ckESpfuysufusvm;onhfjyifopfvDa=umif;ydkifvD,OfysH.tydkif;tprsm;tm;twWvefwdwfork'N&m xJwGifwGd[d&a=umif;jzifhjyifopfpHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m[drsm;uqdkonf?

3- ruUqDudkEdkifiHwGifrl;,pfqD;0g;*kd%f;rsm;tm;ppfqifa&;w&yfqifE$J&eftpdk;&rSa=umfjimcsufxkwfjyef+yD; aemufydkif;/EdkifiHwGif;wGifvlaygif;ig;axmifcef@aysmufqHk;edefa=umif;jzifhvl@tcGifha&;tzJG@rsm;uxkwfaz: ajymqdkonf?

4- tdkifA&Dudk@pfEdkifiHwGif&GD;aumufyJGtEdkif&orRwopfESifhorRwa[mif;ESpfOD;.axmufcHolrsm;t=um; wGifwdkufyJGrsm;jzpfyGg;edef&mEdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tygt0ifEdkifiHom;tcsdK@vnf;xGuf+yD;wrf;ao#mifedefuwfAsm,f jzpfonf?

4- tdef'dkeD;o#m;EdkifiH*sm;Am;usGef;wGif&Dcswmpau; 6³7 [donhfiv#ifwckv_yfcwfvm;onf?

4- a[mifaumifwGifjyKvkyfonhfw&kwftEkynmvuf&mrsm;%sVifwifyJGwGifoHk;pHkwJGtEkynmvuf&m wckudka[mifaumifa':vm79oef;(tar&Duefa':vm 10oef;ausmf)yD;I0,f,lvm;r_jzpfyGg;onf?

4- ,DrdefEdkifiHwGiftpdk;&qef@usifa&;qENjyr_rsm;jzpfyGg;Itpdk;&wyfzJG@rsm;rSypfcwf&mwGiftenf;qHk;vl17OD; cef@oDqHk;vm;onf?

5- vdAsm;wGiftpdk;&rSaqG;aEG;ajymqdk&efurf;vSrf;&molykefwyfzJG@rsm;u *'gzD&mxl;rSE_wfxGufryD;rcsif;+idrf; csrf;a&;tqdkjyKcsufudkrdrd&dk@vufrcHE_difa=umif;jzifhajymqdkvdkufonf?

"n0wD(yxr)acwf &cdkifrif;jrwfrsm; (bDpD2718 rS 1858 xd)

18? uH&mZm}uD;

19? uH&mZmi,f

20? ÁENol&d,

21? tol&dENol&d,

22? om&rdwW

23? ol&d,rif;

24? rif;xD;

25? rif;yg

26? pnfaygif;ol

27? wHwdkif;oif

28? ausmfacgifpnf

29? ol&d,pENrdwW

30? teE Wb,

31? vusFmpnfol

32? oD[ukp>d

33? rif;bkef;oef

34? ouUrD$;

35? aZ,seENol

36? wuUol

37? vuQ%

38? *k%&mZf

39? oD0&mZf

40? rif;vSr$D;

41? yl&dEN

taumif;qHk;&kyfjrifyHkaz:r_? ? Inception (Paul Franklin, Chris Corboould, Andrew Lockley and Peter Bebb)

taumif;qHk;toHa&maESmr_? ? Inception (Lora Hirschberg, Gary A. Rizzo and Ed Novick)

taumif;qHk;toHwnf;jzwfr_? ? Inception (Richard King)’

taumif;qHk;Zwf!$ef;(rlvpum;ajym)? ? The King’s Speech (David Seidlet)

taumif;qHk;Zwfum;wdko&kyfaqmifr_? ? God of Love (Luke Matheny)

taumif;qHk;Zwfum;wdkumwGef;? ? The Lost Thing (Shaun Tan and Andrew Ruhemann)

taumif;qHk;Zwf!$ef;(Zwf0ifcef;pum;ajym)? ? The Social Network (Aaron Sorkin)

83judrfajrmufa[mvD;0k' ftu,f'rDqkrsm; (t,ifvrStquf)



“b0tarSmifodk@ av#mufvSrf;edefolrsm;”

zJESifht&uf/ oHk;jzKef;csufa=umihf

qif;&JwGif;euf/ b0ysufum

pJGrufp&m/ vl@&yf&GmwGif

vl&mr0if/ vlwGifrqef@

vlrcef@yJ/ vl!Gef@vnf;wHk;

rdkufarSmifzHk;v#uf/ ,lusHK;r&

jzpfwwfpG [k/ Ak'

pmrsufESm 6



(t,ifvrS tquf)

Dr.- Doctor a'gufwm/ q&m0ef?

e.g. – exempli gratia (Latin, “for example”) “Oyrmtm;jzifh” (vufwdefbmompum;udkt+cDcHxm;onhft wdkaumufjzpfygonf?)

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency obm0ywf0ef;usifumuG,fa&; at*sdefpD

ERA – Equal Rights Amendment omwlnDr#tcGifhta&;qdkif&maz: jyonhfOya'ysifqifcsuf?

Est. - established pwifwnfaxmifonf?

Est. – estimated cef@rSef;onf? cef@rSef;csuf? cef@rSef;+cDtm;jzifh?

EST – Eastern Standard Time t&Sdydkif;pHawmfcsdef? t&Sdydkif;a'opHjyKtcsdef?

ETA – estimated time of arrival (&xm;/ vD,OfysHponf) xGufcGg&mae&modk@qdkufa&muf rnfhcef@rSef;+cDtcsdef?

Etc. – et cetera (Latin, “and the rest” - - ESifhtp[donf/ ponfjzifh—(vufwdefbmompum;)

urBmhtcsddeftrSefqHk;vDa=umif;rsm;

odxm;oifhaom

t*Fvdyfbmomtwkdaumufrsm;

qufvufaz:jyvm;ygrnf?

8- “ynma&;yxr” (Education First) rSjyKvkyfaomppfwrf;w&yft&w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;onf tdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;xuft*Fvdyfpum;aumif;aumif;rGefrGefajymwwfvmAsm,fjzpfonfudkwGd[d&onf[kqdkygonf?

8- zDvDydef;EdkifiHwGifEdkifiH.yx0Dqdkif&mtm; o&D;-'D(3-D)jzifhyHkaz:jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzifhEdkifiHtwGif;usa&muf vmE_difonhfab;'kuQrsm;udkumuG,fvm;Ed_ifvdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;jzifhorRwbeDEdktuGDEdkupDpOfajymqdkonf?

8- Oa&myor*~onfay:wl*D.=uGD;+rDudpPtwGuf,l&dkiG D80bDvD,HudkxkwfcsD;vm;rnf[kar#mfvifh& a=umif;jzifhowif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

9- vdAsm;wGif*'gzDopPmcHwyfzJG@rsm;ESifhqef@usifolwyfzJG@rsm;=um;wGifwdkufyJGrsm;jyif;xefpGmqufvufjzpf yGg;edef+yD;*'gzDopPmcHwyfrsm;.wdkufcdkufr_a=umihfatedwGift&yfom;4a,mufcef@oDqHk;vm;a=umif;owif;rsm;uqdkonf?

9- e,fomvefEdkifiHwGifaoewform;wa,mufrSpsD;0,fpwdk;}uD;wckwGif0ifa&mufypfcwfojzifhvl6OD; cef@oDqHk;+yD;tjcm;vl10cef@'%f&m&[dvm;a=umif;ESifhxdkokd@ypfcwft+yD;wGiftqdkygaoewform;onfrdrd udk,frdrdypfoDvm;a=umif;tm%mydkifrsm;uqdkonf?

10- tar&DuefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;[,fvm&Dcvdefwefuzrf;qD;cHw&kwfEdkifiHa&;ESifhvl@tcGifhta&; v_yfo#m;olrsm;tm;jyefvnfv$wfyD;&efawmif;qdkr_jyKvkyfvdkufr_tay:ol@EdkifiHjynfwGif;a&;tm;0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rjyKvkyf&efw&kwftm%mydkifrsm;ujyefvnfajymqdkvdkufonf?

10- tdkifA&Dudk@pfEdkifiHrS&GD;aumufyGJEdkiforRwtm;EkdifiHtm%mv$JryD;onhforRwa[mif;avm&ef@*sDbmbdk edefxdkif&mtdrf,mtaqmuftOD;odk@urBmhukvor*~ESifhjyifopfrSa[vDaumhywmrsm;ESifhypfcwfonf?

11- vdAsm;olykefrsm;tm;tmz&duor*~udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wGdqHkonf?

vD,Ofc&D;pOfrsm;jzifhc&D;vm;onhftcg vD,Ofaemufusvdk@pdwfysufzl;ygvm;?c&D;pOfzsufodrf;vd k @r lvtpDtpOfwd tm;vH k ;y suf,Gi f ;z l ;y gvm;?aemuf wcg,if;ao#mifrsdK;rjzpf&atmiftcsdef rSefwdusonhfvDa=umif;rsm;qdkif&mA[kokw[dygpD?

tjynfjynfqd ki f&mvDa=umif;c&D;pOf xdrf;odrf;a&;Xgersm;.rSwfwrf;&,lr_ rsm;t&xGufcGgcsdef/qdkufa&mufcsdef t rSefuefqHk;urBmhvDa=umif;10ckrSmw zufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

pOf vDa=umif;Xgetrnf ysrf;r#

aemufuscsdef

xGufcGgcsdef

rSefuefr_

1 BMI Regional 7³1 89³7 μ 2 Eastern Airways 8³3 89³2 μ 3 City Jet / Scot Airways 8³8 85³6 μ 4 VLM Airlines (in detail) 8³9 86³03 μ 5 KLM 9³3 84³7 μ 6 Scandinavian SAS 10³1 41³8 μ 7 Logan Air 10³2 86³4 μ 8 Air Southwest 10³3 82³0 μ 9 Air Berlin 11³7 79³1 μ 10 BMI British Midland 11³7 79³2 μ

Source: The Gotravel24 team


Ak'

pmrsufESm 8



“olrsm;wdudkusGefjyKcsifa& pdwfoufoufeef@ppfrufjyK a&vlwda&aemufqHk;rSm to#HK;eef@&ifqdkifuwf&

ygvdrfhar”

“orRw}uD;udkwGdau wacgufacsajymvdkufyg?

ZmwdZmydkifyifjzpfvDygwfpD/tusGefaemufrqkwf

qdkpGmudkyg”

,lvD;qufpftufpf*&ef@

20- xdkif0rfEdkifiHwGifppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;onfwdkif;jynftay:opPmr[dr_jzifhjzKwfcscH&onf?

20- udkvHbD,mEdkifiHwGifrdk;onf;xefpGm&GmoGef;+yD;+rD+ydKr_rsm;jzpfyGg;ojzifh&maygif;rsm;pGmaomrdom;pkrsm; onfat*ktcgvHk+cHK&mtrdk;tumrsm;atmufwGifcdkv_Hedefuwf&onf?

20- tdENd,EdkifiHonf+*dK[fwk3pif;wifaqmifxm;onhf'Hk;ysH,Oftm;tmumoxJodk@atmifjrifpGmypfv$wf vdkufonf?

21- w&kwfawG;ac:ynmo#ifuGefzsL;o#yf.&kyfxktm;vlpnfum;&mwD,efeefrdef&ifjyiftem;rSonfvlol ta&muftaygufenf;yg;onhfae&modk@&Gdajymif;vdkufonf[kowif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

22- +yD;conhfvujzpfyGg;onhfiv#ifESifhqlemrD'%frsm;a=umifhysufpD;qHk;o#HK;r_rsm;tm;jyefvnfjyKysif&ef *syeftpdk;&onftxl;buf*sufwcktedefjzifh*syef,ef;iGD4x&DvD,H(tar&Duefa':vm49bDvD,H)udkowf rSwfvsmxm;vdkufonf?

22- +Adwdeftdrf&Sdrif;om;0DvD,HESifhudwf&[email protected];uyfvmonfESifhtr#vef'ef+rdK@awmfYoef@o#if;/ ysifqifr_rsm; rsm;pGmjyKvkyfv#uf[donf?

23- qD&D;,m;EdkifiHwGifjynfol@qENjyr_rsm;jyif;xefvmedef+yD;ppfzufrSypfcwfojzifhtenf;qHk;qENjyorm; 13 a,mufcef@oDqHk;vm;&mtpdk;&0ef}uD;2a,muf&mxl;rSE_wfxGufvm;onf?

24- tdENd,.t"du*k&k}uD;rsm;wGifwOD;tygt0ifjzpfonhfqdkifbmbmonfqD;&HkwGifuG,fvGeftedpP a&mufvm;onf?

25- vdAsm;wGiffvDa=umif;rSwdkufcdkufjcif;&+yD;aemuf*'gzD.&Hk;cef;onfysufpD;vm;a=umif;jzifhowif;rsm;u qdkonf?

25- ppfwrf;w&yft&awmf0ifbk&ihfrdom;pka=umihfol&[email protected];rGefaomtedeftxm;wGif[dedefEd_ifjcif;jzpfonf[k+AdwdefvlOD;a&3yHk2yHkrS,Hk=unfa=umif;az:jyonf[kqdkonf?

“ppfom;wa,muftjzpf toufrGD;0rf;ausmif;olwOD; jzpfedefonhfwdkiftusGefa& ppfwdkufjcif;udkESpf+rdK@vSpGm

r[kwfyg?ppfwdkufjcif;a&+idrf;csrf;pDzdk@ twGufOD;wnfredefcau ppfwdkufjcif;udk tusGef wcgvnf;tm;ryD;yg”

“vlwdkif;rSmt,lonf;/tpJGoefr_wd[dwwfyga&?

tusGef@rSmtavhtx[da&tpJGoefr_wcku awmhau udk,fp rda& c&D;wckudk tqHk;xd

ra&mufa&mufatmif vm;wwfjcif;yifjzpfyga&”

,lvD;qufpftufpf*&ef@

&cd kif&d k;rawmifwef;BuD;

&cdkif&dk;rawmifwef;onf&cdkifurf;&dk;wef;a'oESif h{&m0wDjrpf0Srf;v$ifjyif=um;wGifwnf[donfh awmifwef;&Snfjzpfonf?e*a&tilrSonfajrmufzuf od k @t dE N d,E d ki fi Hr%dy l&e,fxdr d ki fay gi f ;600ce f @(950cDvdkrDwmcef@)&Snf&SnfarsmarsmoG,fwef;vm;+yD; &cdkif&dk;rawmifwef;a'oxJwGifem*awmifwef;/csif; awmifwef;/vlao#awmifwef;/yuUdKifawmifwef;rsm; tm;vHk;tygt0ifjzpfygonf?&cdkif&dk;rawmifa=umwef; wckwnf;onfyifv#ifrdkifaygif;250cef@(400cDvdkrDwm)cef@&Snfv#m;ygonf?&cdkif&dk;r.tjrifhqHk;tydkif;rSm0dwdk &d,awmifxGËfjzpf+yD;tjrifhay 10150 (3094rDwm)[d ygonf?

rSD;jirf;? ? urBmhpG,fpHkusrf;(2005)



Ulysses Simpson Grant

,lvD;qufpfqdrfyqGif*&ef@ (18 a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw)

rGD;ed? ? aty&,f27/ 1822?

b0oufwrf;? ? 1822-1885?

rGD;&yf? ? yGdKifhyav;qef@(Point Pleasant)/ tdk[dkif;tdk;jynfe,f?

trd? ? [efemqdrfyqGif*&ef@ (Hannah Simpson Grant)?

tz? ? *sufqD&l;xf*&ef@ (Jesse Root Grant)?

ZeD;? ? *sLvD,mabmh*f'ef@*&ef@ (Julia Boggs Dent Grant)?

om;orD;rsm;? ? Frederick, Ulysses, Ellen, Jesse

aumvdyf^wuUodkvf? ? tar&Duefppf wuUodkvf (West Point)?

toufrGD;tvkyftudkif? ? v,f,mvkyf om;/ tdrfyJGpm;?

ppfa&;twGdt}uHK? ? tar&Duefjynf wGif;ppf/ruUqDuefppfyJGrsm;wGifppfOD;pD; csKyftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifonf?

EdkifiHa&;vkyfouf? ? ppfa&;qdkif&mt wGif;0ef/ orRw?

ygwD? ? &DzgAvDudef (Republican)?

a'ocHjynfe,f? ? tdk[dkif;tdk; (Ohio)?

orRw&GD;aumufyJGoufwrf;wav#muftwdkuftcHrsm;? ? Horatio Seymour; Horace Greeley

orRwoufwrf;? ? Mar 4, 1869 rS Mar 3, 1877 xd?

'kwd,orRw? ? Henry Wilson ('kwd,orRwtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifedefwkef;1875ckESpfwGifqHk;yg;onf?)/ Schuyler Colfax

26- w&ufwjcm;jrifhwufvmedefonhfpm;okH;ukefpnfpsD;E_ef;rsm;a=umihfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomtmo# wdkufom;rsm;onfydkrdkqif;&JwGif;eufr_ESifh}uHKwGd&Ed_ifa=umif;jzifhtmo#zG@H+zdK;a&;b%f.tpD&ifcHpmYaz:jy owdyD;xm;onf?

26- vef'ef+rdK@awmfwGifusif;yvm;rnfjzpfonhf2012tdkvHypftm;uZgyf+ydKifyJGtwGufvufrSwf6³6oef; udktrsm;jynfolodk@pwifa&mif;cs&m0,fvdktm;rsm;jym;onf[kowif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

27- awmf0ifvufxyfyJGawmft}udKtjzpf+Adwdeftdrf&Sdrif;om;0DvD,HESifh=uif,mawmfavmif;udwf&dk@onf ppfzuftav;jyKr_rsm;ESifhqdkifonhftprf;avhusifhr_rsm;udkatedwGifjyKvkyfuwfonf?

27- wdbuf&[email protected];a&muftpdk;&0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf[m;Amhausmif;qif;avmhbfqGifqefa*; (Lobsang San-gay)tm;&GD;aumufwifajrSmufvdkufa=umif;jzifhowif;xkwfjyefonf?

28- bmapvdk;em;toif;onf&D;a,;vfr'&dudk2-0jzifhtEdkif&umcsefyD,Hrsm;zvm;AdkvfvkyGJpOfodk@wuf a&mufvm;Asm,fjzpfonf?

29- xdkif;-uarBm'D;,m;e,fpyfjy\emwGifESpfzuftjyeftvSefypfcwfr_rsm;qufvufjzpfyGg;edefwkef;yif jzpfonf?

29- 6³2pau;[donhfiv#ifw&yfxdkif0rfwGifv_yfcwfvm;a=umif;ESif hxdcd kufysufpD;r_pm&if;udkrl xkwfjyefr_r[doda=umif;jzifhowif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

29- +Adwdef.tdrf&Sdrif;om;0DvD,HESifhol.=uif,mawmfavmif;udwf&dk@onfatedwGifawmf0iforufwuf yJGudkqifEGJvufxyfuwfonf?

30- topfpufpufvufxyf+yD;p+Adwdeftdrf&Sdrif;om;0DvD,HESifhudwf&dk@onf=uifpOD;ysm;&nfqrf;c&D;udk csufcsif;tv#ifpvdkjyKvkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;jzifhawmf0iftodkif;t0dkif;owif;rsm;wGifaz:jyonf?

30- abmf&dk;o#m;a'ghxfrGeftoif;onfEk&defbmhtoif;udk2-0jzifhtEdkif&um*smrefvd*fabmvHk;+ydKifyJG zvm;udkqGwfcl;&[dvm;onf?

&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"gefusrf; (to#if0go0)

&cdkifa&S;a[mif;+rdK@awmfrsm; (xGef;a&$cdkif—ppfawGaumvdyf) Time Magazine

Oxford Essential Biographical Dictionary

The New York Times Alamanac (2007)

The New Book of Knowledge (2005)

Student Discovery Encyclopedia (2003)

Countries of the World and Their Leaders

Yearbook (2004)

Chronicle of the 20th Century

The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents

http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

http://www.cnn.com/

http://www.news24.com/

http://www.topix.com/world/south-america

http://www.smh.com.au/

Sources: (owif;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufaz:jyygowif;Xgersm;ESifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&,lygonf?)

‘EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf’0,f,ltm;yD;olrsm;/ulnDjzef@csDyD;olrsm;ESifh &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;taygif;tm;txl;aus;Zl;wif

[da=umif;rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?

pmrsufESm 10

ajryHk=unhf,ufyif;owif;zwf


tdkifA&Dudk@pfEdkifiHwGif&GD;aumufyJGYtEdkif&[donhforRwtvmqmeDatmfxm&m(Alassane Ouattara)tm;&mxl;rSqif;ryDbJ yZDcHedefonhforRwa[mif;avm&ef@*sDbmbdk(Laurent Gbagbo)onftm%mv$JyD;&efjiif;qefwdkufyJG0ifedef&mrSaemufqHk;wGif&GD;aumufyJGtEdkif& orRw.wyfzJG@rsm;xHodk@vufeufcst!HhcHvdkufonftqdkygowif;tm;tar&Duefjynfaxmif pk/+AdwdefESifhurBmhukvor*~&dk@rS}udKqdkvdkuf+yD;*sDbmbdk.ZeD;tygt0ifvkyfaz:udkifzuft}uD; t uJrsm;tm;vHk;udkpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;jyK vkyfvm;rnfjzpfonf[kqdkonf?tEdkif &orRwatmfxm&mrSwdkufyJGrSm tqHk; owfAsm,fjzpfa=umif;ESifhEdkifiHonfyHk rSeftajctaeodk@v#ifjrefpGma&muf[d E_difvdrhfrnf[krdrdar#mfvifhyga=umif;ajym =um;vdkufonf? aty&,f11§bDbDpD vtwef=um yZDcHedef+yD;aemufvufeufcsvdkufonhf*sDbmbdk

tar&Duefjynfaxmifpk.topfxGufay:vmaomvlOD;a&qdkif&mppfwrf;rsm;t&tjzL/trJ/t!dkponfjzifhtom;ta&mifudkrlwnfI vnf;aumif;/tmo#/tmz&du/Oa&my/vufwdeftar&duponfjzifhrl&if;aemufcHa' otay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;rnfodk@r#wdus pGmajymqdkIr&Ed_ifonhfta&ma&mtaESmaESm vlOD;a&onfwESpfxufwESpfydkrdkrsm;jym;vm edefonf[kqdkygonf?tar&DuefvlOD;a&. 9 &mE_ef;onftqdkyguJodk@aoma&maESmvlrsdK; rsm;jzpf+yD;2010ckESpfoef;acgifpm&if;t& 32 &mE_ef;wdk;wufvmonf[kqdkonf? aty&,f18§pDteftef

qlemrDESifhiv#if'%fa=umihfysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_rsm;[dedefvifhu pm;vmrnfh*sLvdkifv1&ufrS24&ufedxdtm*sdefxD;em;EdkifiHwGifusif;yvm;rnfhawmiftar&duwdkufzvm;abmvHk;+ydKifyJGodk@tmo#rS*syeftoif;0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifvm;rnfjzpf a=umif;*syefabmvHk;tzJG@tpnf;t&Hk;rSajymqdkvdkufonf? *syefESifhruUqDudktoif;2oif;onfudkygtar&D;um;zvm;wGif0ifa&mufuZgyfcGifh&onhfawmiftar&dum;rSr[kwf aomtoif;rsm;jzpfuwfonf?

tkyfpkrsm;udkatmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-

tkyfpk at

tm*sdefxD;em;

bdkvD;bD;,m;

udkvHbD,m

*syef

tkyfpk bD

b&mZD;

yg&ma*G;

AifeDZJGvm;

tDauG'dk

tkyfpk pD

csDvD

ruUqDudk

yD&l;

O&ka*G;

Source: www.ca2011.com

pmrsufESm 12 EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;rS

txl;zdwf=um;jcif;cH&a&{nhfonfawmfwdt xJrSmyg;o#ef;yifv,fauG@/bm&def;EdkifiHutdrf &S drif;om;qmvfrefbdef[mruft,fvfcg vDzguawmhauol@EdkifiHwGif;rSmjynfolwd. qENjyyJGwd[dedefvdk@tvmrjzpfvdkufvdk@qdkyg a&? yJGawmfodk@vlukd,fwdkifzdwf=um;wuf a&mufcGifh&uwf+yD;auwufvmuwfawtxJrSm,dk;',m;urif;orD;oD&d'H k/*syefbk&ifh rdom;pk&d k @tygt0ifurBmwv$m;ursm;pGm aomawmf0ifrdom;pkwdtifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufvmuwfpGmud kwG dvd kufyga&?abmvHk;tausmftarmfa';Adbufcrf;eef@vD jyif;xJuza,mif;wdkifoDjcif;.tqdkawmfqmt,fvfwef*sGef&d k @udkvnf;y&dowfxJrSmwGd vdkuf&yg,ifh?

urBmhvlom;wda&tcspfZwfvrf;wdudkESpfouf/oazguswwfuwfyga&?tcuf tcJwd/yifyrf;qif;&Jr_wd}uHKwdGuwf&a&t csdefwdrSmar#mfvifhcsufudktomirf;irf;awmifhwwwfuwfyga&?vlom;&d k@xHk;pHtwdkif;y?baZmiftajctaew&yfxJrSmrqd kazguf wwfawvlwduvnf;[ded fefwwfp+rJyg?t apmifhtao#mufykvdyfaxmifeef@csDvdk@csxm; a&orufwufyJGawmftcsdeftawmtwGif;rSmvlaygif;55a,muftzrf;tqD;cHuwf&a&vdk@vnf;owif;wdxGufay:vmyga&?

bk&ifeef@bk&ifhrdom;pk0ifwdpGmwdkif; jynf.t}uD;tuJwd/pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpHepf usif hoHk;onhfwdkifwdkif;jynf.uH=urRmw&yf &yfudktwdkif;twmwckxdtqHk;tjzwfyD;a&tcef;u@rSmt"duyg0ifa&EdkifiHom;wdjzpfuwfyga&?pm;0wfedefa&;twGufylyefp&mr vdka&tajctaew&yfxJrSmedefxdkifedefuwf onhfwdkifol&dk@wdpGmvnf;ykxkZOfvlom;wdjzpf uwfawtwGuftcspf/trkef;/atmifjrifr_/usqHk;r_/b0.'kuQ/okc/tcuftcJwdudkcHpm; uwf&yga&?ausmfjzwfuwf&yga&?}udK;yrf; uwf&yga&?r=umci fu=unh fvd kuf&a&(atESpftwGufa[mvD;0k'f.taumif;qHk; &kyf&SifZwfum;qkudkqGwfcl;&[da&)bk&ihfrdef@ cGef;awmf(The King’s Speech)Zwfum; xJrSm,if;tcsufud kay:ay:vGifvGifwG d jrif vdkuf&yga&?

pum;ud kajzmih fajzmih fwef;wef;r ajymE_difyJeef@xD;eef;xHk;pHt&xD;rG D/eef;rG Dudk qufcH&a&bk&ifuvnf;eef;wufvmcsdef/udk,hfwdkif;jynfvHk+cHKa&;twGufpdk;&drfaomu a&mufedef&a&tcsdefwdrSm'kuQa&muf&a&t rSwf(6)t*Fvdyfa*smhbk&if.rdrdudk,fwdkifwdkuf yJGta=umif;jzpfyga&?wdkif;jynfvHk+cHKa&;eef@t em*gwftwGuf0ef}uD;csKyftygt0iftjcm;Edkif iHa&;orm;wdtonf;toefysifqif}udK;yrf; edefuwf&a&tcsdefrSma*smhbk&ifuol@pum; udkajzmihfatmifajymE_difzdk@twGuftonf;t oefavhusifhysifqifedef&csdefjzpfedefjyefyga&?wcsdefwnf;rSmyifEd kifiHa&;orm;wduvnf; EdkifiHjynfolvlxk.pnf;&Hk;r_/pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif &mwuf=uGr_eef@ol&dk@vdkcsifa&twdkif;twm/tajctaew&yfud k jynfoltrsm;.tm&H k pdkufr_&[dzdk@twGufEdkifiHhOD;ao#mifbk&if}uD;. raemydkif;/0pDyd kif;/um,ydkif;taxmuftyHh wdudkvdktyfedefcsdefyg?aemufqHk;rSmpum;oH ydkif;qdkif&mrSmvnf;usGrf;usif/owWdvnf;t xd ku ftav#muf[da&txl;y garmuQw a,muf.tultnDeef@a*smhbk&if.pum;oHeef@tm&Hka=umqdkif&mtcuftcJudkatmifjrifp Gmausm f jzwf jzp fawta=umif;yg?a'ae &mrSmtusGeft"duwifjycsifa&tydkif;uZmvJqdkaubk&ihfrdom;pkwd/qGDawmf/rsdK;awmfwd

pGmvnf;tjyifyrf;udkjAKef;ceJ=unhfzd k@qdkau tm;vHk;tqifacsmacsm/ajyajynufnuf/tH 0if*Gifus/vuf!d_;!$ef&mvdk&mjzpfpDvdk@xif& p&mjzpfedefonhfwdkifol&dk@wdpGmvnf;tcspf/trkef;/avmz/a'go/arm[tp[dpGmwdeef@ zJG@pnf;xm;a&ykxkZOfvlom;wdjzpfuwfaw twGufol&d [email protected];tcuf tcJwd/ausmfv$m;jzwfoef;p&mwdtrsm;}uD; eef@qdkpGmudkyg?wdkif;jynf.pHjyrdom;pkwdjzpf edefa&twGufxdrf;odrf;&a&vlr_usifh0wfwd/awmf0ifpnf;urf;wduvnf;trsm;}uD;[dedef vDzd k @qd kpGmudk,H krSm;oHo,jzpfp&mrvkdyg?wcsdK@tajctaewdrSmudk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_tm;enf;vGef;a&b0vdk@ol&dk@udk,fol&dk@xifaumif;xifvDzdk@vdk@tusGef,lq/,Hk=unfjzpfyga&?

at*kjyKvkyfvdkufawawmf0iforufwufyJGpGm+Adwdo#bk&ifhrdom;pk.to#deft0g eef@jynfoltrsm;.tm&Hkpdkufr_wdudktrsm;}uD; &[dpDa&vd k @oH k;oyfuwfyga&?[kwfvnf;[kwfawvdk @,H k =unf&yga&?orufwufyJ G awmfrwdkifcifwygwftvdkrSmjyKvkyfawppf wrf;w&yfrSm+ADwdefjynfol3yHk2yHkausmfcef@uol&dk@Ed kifiHa&,if;awmf0ifrdom;pka=umihfyif v#ifydkvdk@oifhawmfaumif;rGefa&tedeftxm;w&yfudkjzpfwnfpDa&/ydkvdk@vl&dkao/o#if&dkao jzpfpDa&vdk@xifjrif,lquwfawvdk@qdkyga&?[kwfvnf;[kwfEd_ifyga&?

(pmrsufESm 14 odk@)

(awmf0iforufwufyJGawmfodk@wufa&mufvm onhfa';Adbufcrf;&dk@pHkwJG)

(awmf0iforufwufyJGawmf. twGif;ydkif;jrifuGif;wae&m)


apmjynhfñdk&u©dKifpmtkyfpif pmpOfrSm,lvdkv#if atowif;pOf0,f,ltm;yD;csifolrsm;tedefjzifhatmuf az:jyygeD;pyf&mpmpOfulnDjzef@csD yD;olrsm;rSwqifhqufoG,f0,f,l E_difuwfyga&? aus;Zl;wifyga&?

udk ausmfodef; (csDum*dk)

Ø 773-414-2813

udk OD;odef;armif (tdkiftdk0g)

Ø 515-326-4622

udk atmifxGef;pdef (ydpfbmh*f)

Ø 412-403-7822

udk cdkifrif;ZH (bmzJvdk)

Ø 716-308-3566

*dk;acs (,lwm;)

Ø 801-512-1036 udk apmodef;armif (csDum*dk

Ø 630-749-8083

rSwfcsuf? ? &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD; &d k@tedefjzif hwqifh0,f,lyD;pDvdkyguatpmpOft,f'Dwm odk@zkef;jzif hjzpfpD/pmjzif hjzpfpD/tD;rJvfjzif hjzpfpDtao;pdwf udkrdef;jref;qufoG,f0,f,lEdkifuwfyga&? aus;Zl;wifyga&?

(&cd kifta=umif;udktjynhftpH k(odk @r[kwf)wpdwapmif; az:jy&G D ;om;xm;a&pmtky fwda&urBm hbmomtoD; oD;xJrSmtrsm;}uD;[dedefa=umif;okawoejyKcsufwdt& od[d&yga&? tusGef&dk@.‘apmjynhf!dk&udQKifpmtkyfpif’ u¾a&,if;pmtkyfwdudk&SmzGDyem&cdkifpmzwfy&dwfowf eef@(wvrSmwtkyfpD)rdwfqufyD;vm;zdk@qdka&&nf&G,fcsuf eef@pDpOfwifjyxm;jcif;jzpfyga&?)

pmtkyfemrnf? ? Legendary History of Burma and Ara-kan

pm&GD;ol? ? Captain C.J.F.S. Forbes (Late Deputy Com-missioner, British Burma)

xkwf0Dol? ? Published by the Authority of Government.

xkwf0DonhfckESpf? ? 1882?

pmrsufESm? ? 47 rsufESm?

pmtkyfwefzdk;? ? 15 rS 20 a':vm0ef;usifwGif[dygonf?

+Adwdo#tpdk;&vufxufwGifvufaxmuf aumfro#ifemrif;}uD;wOD;jzpfonhf Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes (C.J.F.S. Forbes) &GD;om;conhf pmtkyfacsjzpfygonf? pmtkyfemrnfudk Legendary History of Burma and Arakan [kyD;xm;aomfvnf;&GD; xm;onhfta=umif;t&mrsm;xJwGifvuf[djrefrm jynfe,fedrdwfxJrSvlrsdK;toD;oD;.ordkif;xJrSEdkifiH/e,fajr/+rdK@awmfrsm;ta=umif;udk&GD;om;xm;onfudk

wGd&ygonf? pm&GD;olt*Fvdyft&m[d}uD;onfol vufvSrf;rSDpkaqmif;xm;rdor#ESifha'owGif;ordkif;udktwd ki f;twmwckxd+c H Kr d /i H kr datmifouU&mZft vdkufpDpOf&GD;om;c[efwlygonf?

,if;tcsdefu Burma [laoma0g[m&. atmufwGifArakan, Burma ESifhPegu[lonhftydkif;}uD; 3yd kif;udkpkaygif;ac:qdka=umif;&G D;om;xm;onfudk vnf;wGd&ygonf? &cdkifESifhArm&Sda[mif;ordkif;rsm; onfAk'


tm;a'oqdkif&mtkyfcsKyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;ydkrdkyD;vdkonhfzufokd@tm; oefonf?tqdkygt,ltqESpf&yftay:t+cDcHv#ufyifz,f'&,fvdpfyg wD(Federalist Party)ESifh'Drdkc&ufxdcf-&DzgAvDudefygwD(Democratic-Republican Party) [lIygwD}uD;ESpf&yfay:aygufvm&m'Drdkc&ufxdcf-&DzgAvDudefygwDudk*sufzmqifESifh*sdrf;pfar'Dqif&dk@u OD;aqmifzJG@ pnf;cuwfonf?a*smhcsf0go#defweftedefjzifhEdkifiHjcm;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mY[mrDvfwef.t}uHO%f&,lr_rsm;udk wdk;jrSif hvkyfaqmifvmjcif;a=umihf1793ckESpfwGif*sufzm qifonfEd kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;&mxl;rSE_wfxGufypfvdkuf onf?

odk@jzifh1796ckESpforRw&GD;aumufyJGwGif *suf zmqifonfolwnfaxmifonhfygwD.orRwavmif; tjzpf0ifa&muft&G D;cH&mz,f'&,fvdpfygwDorRw avmif;*sGift'rftay:jynfol@v$wfawmfrJ3rJjzifhuyf o#KH;onf?odk@aomfxdktcsdefuEdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHkt+cDcH Oya'wGifygwDESif horRw/'korRw&mxl;qdkif&mrsm;Y wdusaomjyXgef;owfrSwfr_rsm;r[dodonhftcs de f jzpf&m&GD;aumufwifajrSmufcHorRw.twdkuftcHqef@ usifzufygwDrSjzpfaomfvnf;*sufzmqifonf'kwd, orRwtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcvDonf?

ouU&mZf1800jynhforRw&GD;aumufyJ GwGifrl *sufzmqifonfz,f'&,fvdpfrsm;}uD;pd k;xm;onhfEd kifiH v$wfawmftay:tEdkif&umtar&Duefjynfaxmifpk.w wd,ajrmuforRwtjzpf&G D;aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH&+yD; ol.+ydKifzuft&Gefbm;(Aaron Burr)onf'korRwwm0efudkxrf; aqmifvDonf?rSwfrSwf&&yifaxmrmhpf*sufzmqifonf0go#defwef 'DpD[dorRw&Hk;awmfwGifyxrOD;qHk;usrf;opPmusdefqdkconhforRw jzpfygonf?xdkaemuf1804ckESpfwGif'kwd,orRwoufwrf;tjzpf&GD; aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH&jyefonf?*sufzmqiforRwvufxufwGif tatmifjrifqHk;rSwfwrf;rSmvl0DpD,m;em;e,fajrtm;jyifopf&dk@xHrS 0,f,l&[dvdkufjcif;yifjzpfvDonf?

wwd,ajrmuforRwoufwrf;twGuft&GD;cH&efygwDrStqdkwifoGif;r_udkrl*sufzmqifjiif;yg,fvdkufonf?rnfonhfvlyk*~dKvfrqdk EdkifiHorRwtjzpfwwd,t}udrfajrmuftxd&mxl;vufcHoifhonf[k olr,Hk=unfygacs?orRw&mxl;rStem;,l+yD;aemuf*sufzmqifonf Am*sD;eD;,m;wuUodkvfwnfaxmifr_wGiftm;wufoa&mOD;aqmif pDpOfcvDonf?tvkyfrsm;pGmvkyfaom*sufzmqifonfwqwfqwf wif[dvmaom}uG D; +r Drsm;ud krqyfEd _i fbJaemufqH k;wGifol.pm =unhfwdkuftm;tpdk;&odk@a&mif;csvm;cvDonf?(*sufzmqifpm=unhf wdkufonfaemufydkif;wGiftar&Duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&v$wfawmf. pm=unhfwdkuf (Library of Congress) jzpfvmygonf? pum;csyf?)

tar&Duefjynfaxmifpk.wwd,ajrmuforRwaxmrmhpf *sufzmqifonfoludk,fwdkif&G D;om;caomvGwfvyfa&;ausjimpm wrf;xkwfjyefonhfESpf50wif;wif;jynhfajrmufonhf1826ckESpf/*sLvdkif v4&ufedwGif('kwd,orRwa[mif;*sGeft'rfqHk;yg;onhf&ufESif hw

&ufwnf;)uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufvm;cvDonf?ol.oDwrf;pm Yol.tkwf*lwGif&GD;xGif;&ef&nf!$ef;onhfol@yk*~dKvfa&;&maz:

jyr_xJwGif “tar&Duefjynfaxmifpk.vGwfvyfa&;ausjim pmwrf;udk&G D;om;col/Am*sD;eD;,m;jynfe,fwGifbmom a&;vGwfvyfcGif htwGufjy,k*fyk* ~ d KvfESif hAm*s D;eD;,m; wuUodkvf.zcif}uD;”[lI*k%f,lpGm&nf!$ef;&G D;om; xm;+yD;oufwrf;ESpfqufwdkifolxrf;aqmifconhf tar &Duefjynfaxmifpk.orRwtjzpfudkwvHk;wyg'rSaz:jy xm;jcif;r[dygacs?

armifomay: (&rf;+AJ)

owWdenf;I ol&Jabma=umifolwa,muf

onfvlom;wOD;. (jrifhjrwfaom) pdwf"gwfpGrf;&nf (udkxdrf;odrf;&ef)

xuf &efvdktjiif;yGg;r_udkydkrdk (vdkvm;) jyo wwfonf?

axmrmhpf *sufzmqif

ol.oHwrefa&;&musGrf;usifr_rsm;udktoHk;csumjyifopf&dk@xHrSorRwaxmrmhpf

*sufzmqif0,f,lc onhf vl0DpD,m;em;e,fajronf

rpPpDyDjrpfrSonfa&mhuD;awmifwef; rsm;txdus,fjyef@vSaome,fajr

jzpfygonf?tqdkyge,fajr.e,fedrdwfxJwGifated acwftar&Duefjynfe,frsm;jzpfonhfvl0DpD,m;em;/ tmuefqufpf/ rDZl&D/

tdkiftdk0g/ rdefaeqdk;xm;/ajrmuf'gudkwm/ awmif'gudkwm/

eb&m;pum;/ cef;qufpf/ tdkuvm[dk;rm;/ wuUqufpf/e,l;ruUqDudk/

aumfvdk&m'dk/ 0dkif,dk;rdef;ESifh rGefwm;em; jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;tygt0if jzpfygonf? 1803 ckESpfwGif

tqdkyge,fajr}uD; wckvHk;udktar&Duefa':vm15oef; jzifh0,f,lcjcif;jzpf+yD;psD;E_ef;rSm +rDw{uv#if 3qifh psD;E_ef;jzpfygonf?


attpDtpOfonf&cdkiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;rsm;/ &cdkifausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;tedefjzifhEdkifiHwumpme,fZif;rsm;/edpOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;/ausmif;oifc%f;pmtkyfrsm;wGift*Fvdyfpmudkzwf&SLuwf&m Yydkrdkoazgaygufem;vnfuwfpD&ef&nf&G,fv#uf}udK;pm;bmomjyefqdkpDpOf wifqufxm;jcif;jzpfyga&? urBmeef@&ifabmifwef;Asm,fynmjynhf0/ ESvHk;vSa& tm* &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdkK;aumif;orD;wdjzpfvmEdkif uwfygpD? ?

Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM): 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;av#mhcsa&;pmcsKyf? +rDjyifrS 0D[ifypf'Hk;cGif;'Hk;ysHydkifqdkifxm;r_rsm;udkESpfzufoazgwlnDr_jzifhtjyef tvSefav#mhcs&eftvdk@iSgtar&DuefjynfaxmifpkESif hqdkAD,ufjynf axmifpk&dk@=um;wGif1972ckESpfYcsKyfqdkcaompmcsKyfjzpfonf?

Anti-clericalism: EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;wGifbmoma&;qdkif&m=oZmwuUdr[daomyk*~ dKvf/tzJG@tpnf;rsm;yg0ifygufoufr_tm;qef@usifonhf t,ltq/0g'?

Anti-communism: uGefrsLedqef@usifonhf0g'? ppftD;umvrsm;twGif; YurBmhtcif;tusif;rsm;wGifqdkAD,uf.=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm;tm;wdkufzsufacsr_ef;onhftar&Duef.EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'? tar&Duefjynf wGif;wGifrluGefrsLedpHepftm;t+yD;owfwdkufzsufypf&efrSmvdwrmhpuULprf;oyfr_wckuJodk@jzpfzG,f[donf[ktuJcwfrsm;uoHk;oyfuwfyg onf?(vdwrmhpuUL.tufqdESifhaAhpf-tEd_ufcH&onhft&nfay:wGifrl wnfIteDESifhtjyma&mifrsm;odk@wckrSwckodk@ajymif;wwfjcif;udkwif pm;qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf?) 1950jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif;/tar&Dueft xufv$wfawmftrwf*sdK;ZufrumoD (Joseph McCarthy).v_H@aqmfr_ atmufwGifuGefrsKed0g'qef@usifa&;onftar&DuefjynfwGif;wGift xGËftxdyfodk@a&mufczl;ygonf?

Anti-Semitism: *sL;0g'tay:qef@usifonfh0g'? a,,SLc&dawmf. bmoma&;0g'ay:aygufvmaomfvnf;*sL;rsm;onf,if;0g'.aemufodk@rvdkufyJrdrd&dk@.*sL;0g'tay:wGifompJG+rJ,Hk=unfedefr_tay:c&d,H [email protected]'t&qef@usifr_?tcsdK@c&d,Hrsm;u*sL;0g'onf vlrsdK;a&;udkt+cDcHxm;onhf0g'omjzpf+yD;bmoma&;[kr,lquwfyg?tqdkyg0g'onf19&mpkOa&mywdkuf(txl;ojzifh&mo#m;/*smr%DESifh jyifopf)EdkifiHrsm;wGifay:aygufvmaom0g'jzpf+yD;1905-1909ckESpf rsm;twGif;u&mo#m;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/1930-1940ckESpfrsm; twGif;u[dwvm.emZDygwD}uD;pd k;onhf*smr%DEd kifiHwGifvnf; aumif;tjyif;xefqHk;tqifhodk@a&mufczl;ygonf?

Anti-trust laws: yk*~vduqdkif&mvkyfief;/ukr`%Drsm;.iGD}uD;rsm;pGmjzifh xdrf;csKyfv#ufa'owGif;psD;uGufcsKyfudkifcs,fvS,fr_rsm;udkuef@owf v#uftrsm;jynfol&[email protected];uGufyHko¾mefraysmufysuf

pD&eftvdk@iSgEd kifiHawmftpdk;&(odk@r[kwf)oufqdkif&ma'ocHtpdk;& rsm;rScsrSwfxm;onhf(psD;uGufoufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif&m)w&m;Oy a'o?

Apolitical: EdkifiHa&;wGifryg0if/rygufouf?atpum;&yfonf&GD;aumuf yJGrsm;wGifrJyD;&efudkvnf;rvdkvm;/*&krpdkuf/rnfonfhEd kifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;ESif hrSrygufoufyJedefwwfonhfEd kifiHom;rsm;ESif h,if; ao#mifEdkifiHa&;ESifhuif;uif;uGmuGmedefwwfr_udkwifpm;ac:,ljcif;jzpf[efwlygonf?

Apologetics: c&d,Hbmomw&m;tay:ta=umif;tcsufrsm;jzifh ckcHajymqdkwwfonhfbmoma&;qdkif&mtkyfpk/tzJG@?

Applogist: rdrd.t,ltq/,Hk=unfcsufESifhopPmw&m;tay:ckcH/acsy v#uf&GD;om;ajymqdkwwfol?

Appeasement: cdkifvHkaomta=umif;jycsufwpHkw&mr[daom(odk@r[kwf)+cdrf;ajcmufr_ygaomawmif;qdkr_rsm;udktiftm;csdeJ@/aysmhnHhI aomfvnf;aumif;/rd kufrJr_a=umih faomfvnf;aumif;ta,SmhyD;/vdkufavsmr_/awmif;qdkonfht&mrsm;udkxkwfyD;r_?

Appropriation: tpdk;&rStwnfjyKonhftoHk;p&dwfrsm;tay:yD;csD onhfiGD}uD;yrm%?

Arbitrary: xifjrif,lqcsufwckck/=um;zl;em;0wckcktay:rlwnf v#ufaomfvnf;aumif;/tcGif hta&;wpHkw&ma=umihfaomfvnf; aumif;/&GD;cs,fr_w&yftay:wGifvnf;aumif;rlwnfv#ufqHk;jzwf/ajymqdk/vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_?qdkvdkonfrSmatao#mifrsdK;qHk;jzwf/ajymqdk/aqmif&Gufr_rsdK;onftrSefw&m;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;/tqifhtwef;jrifhIcdkifrmonhfOya'orsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;/xHk;wrf;pOfvmvufcHr_pHwefzdk;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;t+cDjyK csufrSxGufay:vmonhf&v'frsdK;/vkyf&yfrsdK;r[kwfygacs?

Arbitration: ESpfOD;ESpfzuftjiif;tcsufjzpfaomudpPrsm;wGifqef@usif zufESpfzufvHk;.tusdK;aus;Zl;udkaxmuf&SLv#ufudk,fcsif;pmempGm ESifhw&m;enf;vrf;uspGmoHk;oyf/ajymqdk/qHk;jzwfonhfw&m;ol}uD;(odk@r[kwf)tusdK;aqmiftzJG@(odk@r[kwf)tqdkygudpP&yfrsm; aqmif &Guf&eftvdk@iSgtxl;wm0efyD;cH&onhftkyfpk?

Archives: trsm;jynfolqd kif&mrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;tm;odkrS D; odrf;qnf;xm;[d&mae&m(odk@r[kwf)tqdkygrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;?

tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;

(vpOf rysufruGuf qufvufwifqufvm;rnfjzpfygonf?)

qufoG,f&efvdyfpm 1107 S Washington St.

Wheaton, IL 60189 U.S.A.

1-630-682-3616 (Home) 1-630-956-3382 (Cell)

[email protected]

Edi tor : Oo Thein Maung

ul0dwfEdkifiH (State of Kuwait)

zwfyg?rSwfyg?avhvmyg?

aqG;aEG;t}uHjyKyg?

a0zefoHk;oyfyg?

pmrl/a=umfjimeef@ &uQdwEG,fzGg;&dk@.

v_yfo#m;r_owif;rsm;udkyD;ydk@tm;yD;Ed_ifuwfyga&?

yl;aygif;/qufoG,f/aqmif&Gufuwfyg?

txl;aus;Zl;wifyga&?

rmwdum

urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;

rdwfqufu@

wefzdk; 7 a':vm

3 apmif̂ 3v pm 20 a':vm

6 apmif̂ 6v pm 40 a':vm

1 ESpfpm 75 a':vm

&uQdKifhvl@tzJG@tpnf;

t+cDjyKowif;pOf

jzpfygonf?

tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifyHkESdyfxkwf0Donf?

ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm awmf0iftm0g[0d0g[ 1

aty&,fv 3 aty&,fv&ufpOfurBmhowif;rsm; 4-9 ajryHk=unhf,ufyif;owif;zwf/owif;zwfyemajryHk=unhf 10-11 Apmjynhf!dk&cdkifpmtkyfpif 13 ynm"dua*gif;aqmifrsm;jzpfEd_ifuwfygpD 14

t*Fvdyfpum;ajymuwfar 18 tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm; 19

t,f'Dwmhpum; 2

Axmrmhpf*sufzmqif (armifomay:-&rf;+AJ) 16 +yHK;+yHK;&,f&,ftouf&Snf 15

ul0dwfEdkifiH 20

ul0dwfEdkifiHonfyg;o#ef;yif v,fauG@. taemufajrmufpGef;wGif wnf[donf? 1914ckESpfrSpI+Adwdo# tapmif htao#mufcHe D +r D jzpfc&mrS 1961ckESpfwGifvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&[d onf?'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGifEd kifiH wGif;&DeH&SmzGDwGd[dr_aemuf0,ful0dwf onfyg;o#ef;yifv,[email protected];om qHk;Ed kifiHrsm;xJwGifwcktygt0ifjzpf vmonf?1990ckESpf=o*wfpfvwGiful 0dwfonftdrfem;yg;csif;tD&wf.tvHk; t&if;ESifh0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufjcif;udkcH& +yD;tm&yf!Gef@aygif;wyfzJ G @ /tm&yfr[kwfonhftjcm;rlqvifEd ki fiHrsm;/tar&DuefOD;aqmifonfhtaemuf tkyfpkEdkifiHrsm;.tultnDjzifh1991ck ESpfazAsL0g&DwGiftcsKyftcsmtm%m ydkifEdkifiHjyefjzpfvmonf?

w&m;0iftrnf? ? ul0dwfEdkifiH?

wnfaxmifonhfckESpf? ? 1961

+rdK@awmf? ? ul0dwfpDwD (Kuwait City)?

t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;? ? qmvfrD,m(Sa lmiya) /[m0gvD (Hawall i ) /z&mem0D,m(Faranawiya) ?

vlOD;a&? ? 2²7 oef; (*sLvdkif/ 2009)?

vlOD;a&odyfwnf;r_E_ef;? ? 1pwk&ef; rdkifv#if 363 a,muf (1 pwk&ef;cDvdk rDwmv#if 140 a,muf)?

tus,ft0ef;? ? 6880 pwk&ef;rdkif ( 17820 pwk&ef;cDvdkrDwm)?

ajymqdkonhfbmompum;? ?tma& As/ t*Fvdyf?

udk;uG,fonhfbmom? ? qleDrlq vif 45 &mE_ef;/ &SD,dkufrlqvif 40 &mE_ef;/ c&d,H/ [dENLESifhtjcm; 15 &mE_ef;?

edefxdkifonhfvlrsdK;rsm;? ? ul0dwfwD 45 &mE_ef;/ tjcm;tm&yf 35 &mE_ef;/ awmiftm&SEG,fzGg; 9 &mE_ef;/ tjcm; 7 &mE_ef;/ tD&ef 4 &mE_ef;?

tpdk;&? ? bk&iftkyfcsKyfonhfpHepf?

iDG}uD;,led? ? 1 ul0dwfwD'dkifem (Kuwaiti dinar) v#if 1000 zDvf(Fil)?

pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;? ? EdkifiHvlOD; a&. 83 &mE_ef;?

c,fvdk&Dpm;oHk;r_? ? 3170 c,fvdk&D?

EdkifiHwuma&&m&uQdKifowif;pOf awmf0iftm0g[0d0g[EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf trSwf (4) aty&,fv 2011...

Documents

Transcript of EdkifiHwuma&&m&uQdKifowif;pOf awmf0iftm0g[0d0g[EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf trSwf (4) aty&,fv 2011...