Diabetes - WK

8/8/2019 Diabetes - WK

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(3rd NHMS) showed that the prevalence of the T2DM

for adults aged 30 years old and above now stood at

a staggering 14.9% T2DM,

upped by almost 79.5% in the space of 10 yearsfrom 1996 to 2006.

The prevalence of T2DM is the highest among Indian

ethnic at 19.9% for those aged 30 years and above.

Fourty eight percent (48%) of patients above theage of 30 years old are not aware that they have

diabetes


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Symptommatic (tiredness, lethargy, polyuria,polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, pruritis vulvae,balanitis)

Asymptommatic Overweight (BMI) >23 kg/m2 or waist circumference (WC) 80

cm for women & 90 cm for men

Dyslipidaemia either high density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol 1.7 mmol/L

History of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Hypertension (140/90 mmHg or on therapy for hypertension)

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) or Impaired Fasting Glucose

(IFG) First-degree relative with diabetes

Other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance(e.g. severe obesity and acanthosis nigricans)

Physical inactivity

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)


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Pregnant women should be screened if they have

any of the following risk factors:

BMI >27kg/m2 Previous macrosomic baby weighing 4kg or above

Previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

First-degree relative with diabetes

Bad obstetric history Glycosuria at the first prenatal visit

Current obstetric problems (essential hypertension,

pregnancy induced hypertension, polyhydramnios and

current use of steroids)

Age above 25

Women with history of GDM

age 30 years


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Anually

In children and adolescents, screen every

two years starting at the age of 10 years old

or at onset of puberty if puberty occurs at ayounger age.


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In the symptomatic individual, one abnormal

glucose value is diagnostic.

In the asymptomatic individual, 2 abnormal

glucose values are required.


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Patient is the central member - must

understand the condition, its effect on

health and the practicalities of management.

Primary Care PractitionerDietitian

Physician/Endocrinologist/Diabetologist

Ophthalmologist/optometrist


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Diet

Exercise - 150 min/week of moderate-

intensity aerobic physical activity and/or at

least 90min/week of vigorous aerobic.

If glycaemic targets are not achieved (HbA1c


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a-glucosidase inhibitors

Biguanides (Metformin)

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

Insulin Secretatogues Sus

Insulin Secretagogues Non-SUs orMeglitinides


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Orally administered glucose has a greater insulinstimulating effect than intravenously administeredglucose.

Incretins

The incretin effect is markedly decreased in T2DM,resulting in delayed and reduced insulin release aswell as lack of suppression of glucagon release aftera meal.

This led to the possibility that certain substancessecreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa stimulatedinsulin secretion. Glucagon, glucagon derivatives,secretin, cholecystokinin and gastrin inhibitorypeptide, all have such an action.

Recently, attention has been focused on glucagon-

like polypeptide 1 (GLP-1), an additional gut factorthat stimulates insulin secretion.


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GLP-1 is synthesized within L cells located predominantly inthe ileum and colon, and a lesser number in the duodenumand jejunum.

GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion, suppresses glucagonsecretion, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake,

increases cell mass, maintains cell function, improvesinsulin sensitivity and enhances glucose disposal.

The glucose lowering effects of GLP-1 are preserved in type 2diabetics.

However, native GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidylpeptidase- IV(DPP-IV) after parenteral administration.

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and DPP-IV inhibitors haveshown promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of

type 2 diabetes.


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2 classes of drugs have recently been

developed: DPP-4 inhibitor (incretin

enhancer) and GLP-1 analogue or GLP-1

receptor agonist (incretin mimetic).


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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor

(Sitagliptin)

It lowers HbA1c by 0.5 0.8%

GLP-1 Analogue (Exenatide)

It is given parenterally, just before breakfast

and dinner.

It reduces HbA1c by 0.5 1.0%


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act at the gut epithelium, to reduce the rate ofdigestion of polysaccharides in the proximal small

intestine by inhibiting a-glucosidase enzymes.

They should be taken with main meals

primarily lower postprandial glucose without causinghypoglycaemia

Reducing HbA1c by 0.50.8%

commonest side effects are bloating, abdominal

discomfort, diarrhea and flatulence.


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Stimulate pancreas to secrete insulin Glyburide (Diabeta) [Prototype Pro p 393] Glucotrol (Glipizide)

Diabenese (chlorpropamide)

Adverse reactions Hypoglycemia

Water retention/edema

Photosensitivity

May need to add insulin in times of stress


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Decreases liver production of glucose

Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose

Improves cell sensitivity to insulin

Example: Metformin

Metformin monotherapy will lower HbA1c by about1.5%. GI upset, flatulence

C/I: serum creatinine >150 mol/l or creatinineclearance


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Increase cellular sensitivity to insulin

Pioglitazone (Actos)

Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Client should have liver enzymes

checked periodically


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Blood glucose monitoring

Body weight monitoring

Foot-care

Personal hygiene

Healthy lifestyle/diet and physical activity

Identify targets for control

Stop smokingAlcohol intake

Diabetes - WK

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