De Noordzee: historische veranderingen in een voedselrijke...

Kees Camphuysen Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel

De Noordzee: historische veranderingen in een voedselrijke shelfzee

Southern North Sea

Cross-road, wintering area

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

2W 0 2E 4E 6E

The

Netherlands

NORTH SEA

Britain

Norway

Belgium

Migratory birds

divers, Northern Gannet,

seaduck, skuas, gulls, terns

Coastal wintering birds

divers, grebes, seaduck, Larus-

gulls

Nursery areas

Common Guillemot

Pelagic wintering birds

Black-legged Kittiwake, auks

North Seabirds

Divers

Grebes

Fulmars

Gannets

Cormorants

Sea-duck

Skuas

Gulls

Terns

Auks

cliff-nesting species

After: Coulson 2002 (modified)

max colony

size range

Atlantic Puffin 100000 250

Manx Shearwater 100000 450

Northern Gannet 70000 450

Northern Fulmar 45000 450

Guillemot 40000 100

Lesser Bl-b Gull 30000 100

Kittiwake 30000 100

Herring Gull 18000 60

Sandwich Tern 8000 25

Arctic Tern 3000 15

Common Tern 1500 15

Shag 1000 14

Cormorant 500 13

Black Guillemot 150 10

Little Tern 110 8

Seabird colonies

tundra nesting birds

Divers

Grebes

Fulmars

Gannets

Cormorants

Sea-duck

Skuas

Gulls

Terns

Auks

ground nesting species

Divers

Grebes

Fulmars

Gannets

Cormorants

Sea-duck

Skuas

Gulls

Terns

Auks

Vaste verspreidingspatronen......of een veranderend beeld?

Jan van Gent Morus bassanus

CJ Camphuysen



CJ Camphuysen

Northern Gannet Britain & Ireland

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Wanless et al. 2005 Brit Birds 98: 280-294 Bass Rock

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1805 1855 1905 1955 2005

UK populatie Jan van Gent

100 km

N

N

100 km

GPS logger data

Northern GannetBass Rock colony (Scotland)

satellite tag data

1900

<1750

<1800

1800

1825

1850

1875

1925

1950

2000

1975

Northern Fulmar

Fulmarus glacialis

central North Sea

Norwegian deep

Southern Bight

German Bight

river run-off area

ocean inflow

fronts

Coastal front

Tidal front

Common

Guillemot

Chick rearing occurs in Dutch

nurseries, off the Wadden Sea islands

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

2W 0 2E 4E 6E

The

Netherlands

NORTH SEA

Britain

Norway

Belgium

Chicks and

moulting adults

penetrate deeper

southwards

Recent surveys

revealed higher

late summer auk

densities and

lower chick

percentages

1987-88 July 18% chicks

2006 July 7% chicks

L8-P

L8-HL8-APE-L7-PB

L5-BL5-C

53.0N

53.5N

54.0N

3.0E 4.0E 5.0E

Zeekoet - Common Guillemot

101-1000

51-100

26-50

11-25

6-10

3-5

2

1

July 2006

53N

54N

3E 4E 5E 6E

Zeekoet

Vlieland

Texel

TerschellingAmeland

NCP

NCP

route

FRONT

30m

30m

juli 2006 survey

Friese Front, SC41

Common Guillemot

abundance (July)

even while nesting in Scotland

Chick rearing occurs in Dutch nurseries, off the Wadden Sea islands

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

2W 0 2E 4E 6E

The

Netherlands

NORTH SEA

Britain

Norway

Belgium

Kittiwakes breeding

in The Netherlands!

First confirmed breeding

2000

>2 colonies 2005

>6 colonies 2006

Camphuysen C.J. & F. de Vreeze 2005.

De Drieteenmeeuw Rissa tridactyla als

broedvogel in Nederland. Limosa 78(2):

65-74.

Looking at seabirds

Noordse Stormvogel Fulmarus glacialis (donkere fase)

Beached bird surveys

Zeekoet Uria aalge


Tricolor olie-incident


y = -0.0595x + 0.4309R² = 0.7321

y = -0.072x + 0.2164R² = 0.6418

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1975/76 1977/78 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10

Common Eider, 1975/76-2009/10

y = -0.0368x + 1.274R² = 0.5757

y = -0.048x + 1.1715R² = 0.7146

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1975/76 1977/78 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10

Common Guillemot, 1975/76-2009/10 Eidereend Somateria mollissima

Zeekoet Uria aalge

100%

50%

0%

100%

50%

0%

NoordzeeWaddenzee


A long-term decline in oil-rates indicative of a decline in marine oil pollution

Onderzoek: CJ Camphuysen, NIOZMF Leopold, IMARES

Onderzoek: JA v Franeker, IMARES

Noordse Stormvogel Fulmarus glacialis

Onderzoek: JA v Franeker, IMARES

Aalscholver Phalacrocorax carbo


Grote Mantelmeeuw Larus marinus

© Bart Vastenhouw

Seawatching

IJmuiden Camperduin

Seawatching

Atlantic Margin, Jul-Oct

Chili & Falklands,breeding, Nov-Apr

off N America, May-Aug

Grauwe PijlstormvogelPuffinus griseus

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Noordse Pijlstormvogel

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35


Grauwe Pijlstormvogel

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Noordse Stormvogel

98.600 uren observatie

120.450 Noordse Stormvogel 27

7.600 Grauwe Pijl 84

4.405 Noordse Pijl 1

Informatie: Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep (Club van Zeetrekwaarnemers)www.trektellen.nl

Seawatching

0

5

10

15

20

25


Duikers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Fuut

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2


Roodhalsfuut98.600 uren observatie

482.400 duikers 53

758.600 Fuut 84

9.025 Roodhalsfuten 1

Informatie: Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep (Club van Zeetrekwaarnemers)www.trektellen.nl

Seawatching

-16

-11

-6

-1

4

91

jan

-7

ja

n

8 ja

n -

14

ja

n

15

jan

-2

1 j

an

22

jan

-2

8 j

an

29

jan

-4

fe

b

5 f

eb

-1

1 f

eb

12

fe

b -

18

fe

b

19

fe

b -

25

fe

b

26

fe

b -

4 m

rt

5 m

rt -

11

mrt

12

mrt

-1

8 m

rt

19

mrt

-2

5 m

rt

26

mrt

-1

ap

r

2 a

pr

-8

ap

r

9 a

pr

-1

5 a

pr

16

ap

r -

22

ap

r

23

ap

r -

29

ap

r

30

ap

r -

6 m

ei

7 m

ei

-1

3 m

ei

14

me

i -

20

me

i

21

me

i -

27

me

i

28

me

i -

3 j

un

4 ju

n -

10

ju

n

11

jun

-1

7 ju

n

18

jun

-2

4 ju

n

25

jun

-1

ju

l

2 ju

l -

8 j

ul

9 ju

l -

15

ju

l

16

jul

-2

2 ju

l

23

jul

-2

9 ju

l

30

jul

-5

au

g

6 a

ug

-1

2 a

ug

13

au

g -

19

au

g

20

au

g -

26

au

g

27

au

g -

2 s

ep

3 s

ep

-9

se

p

10

se

p -

16

se

p

17

se

p -

23

se

p

24

se

p -

30

se

p

1 o

kt

-7

ok

t

8 o

kt

-1

4 o

kt

15

ok

t -

21

ok

t

22

ok

t -

28

ok

t

29

ok

t -

4 n

ov

5 n

ov

-1

1 n

ov

12

no

v -

18

no

v

19

no

v -

25

no

v

26

no

v -

2 d

ec

3 d

ec

-9

de

c

10

de

c -

16

de

c

17

de

c -

23

de

c

24

de

c -

31

de

c

Aantal Jan van Genten per waarnemingsuur

naar Noord

naar Zuid

juveniel (1 jaar)

onvolwassen (2-4 jaar)

volwassen (>5 jaar)

Seawatching

Seabirds at sea

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N

5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E

ESAS database observer effort in summer (km² surveyed)

50.00 +

25.00 - 49.99

10.00 - 24.99

5.00 - 9.99

0.01 - 4.99

E ffor t (km ²)

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


ESAS database observer effort in winter (km² surveyed)

50.00 +

25.00 - 49.99

10.00 - 24.99

5.00 - 9.99

0.01 - 4.99

E ffor t (km ²)

Waarnemingsinspanning ESAS database

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Diver distribution in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Little Auk distribution in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

Roodkeelduiker, winter Kleine Alk, winter

fronts

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Guillemots in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Guillemots in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

Zeekoet, zomer Zeekoet, winter

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Razorbills in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

60N


Puffin in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)

2.50 +

1.00 - 2.49

0.50 - 0.99

0.10 - 0.49

0.01 - 0.09

Blanco = geen

Dichtheid (n/km ²)

Papegaaiduiker, zomer Alk, zomer

Oil pollutionsensitivity

maps

Conservation value maps

North Sea cetaceans

White-beaked Dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostrisWitsnuitdolfijn

Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoenaBruinvis

Grijze Walvis

Blauwe Vinvis

Gewone Vinvis

Noordse Vinvis

Dwergvinvis

Bultrug

Potvis

Dwergpotvis

Narwal

Beloega

Dolfijn van Cuvier

Butskop

Spitssnuitdolfijn van Gray

Gewone Spitssnuitdolfijn

Spitssnuitdolfijn van De Blainville

Orka

Zwarte Zwaardwalvis

Griend

Snaveldolfijn

Tuimelaar

Gestreepte Dolfijn

Gewone Dolfijn

Witsnuitdolfijn

Witflankdolfijn

Grijze Dolfijn

Bruinvis

In Nederland aangetroffen walvisachtigen

Bultrug

Dwergvinvis

Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen en dolfijnen in de Noordzee.

OrkaGrijze Dolfijn

Griend

Dwergvinvis

Witsnuitdolfijn

Witflankdolfijn

Tuimelaar

Gewone Dolfijn

Bruinvis

Tekeningen Frits-Jan Maas

© CJ Camphuysen

Walvisstrandingen

Land

<200m

200-600m

1000-3500m

DOGGER

Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common

sea-birds. Country life, C.

Scribner's sons London, New

York

Diepe

oceaan

Shelfzee

Noord-oost

Atlantische

Oceaan

Land

<200m

200-600m

1000-3500m

DOGGER




York

Butskop

spitssnuitdolfijnen

Potvis

diep-duikers

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Butskop (12)

spitssnuitdolfijnen (21)

Potvis (20)

Land

<200m

200-600m

1000-3500m

DOGGER




York

Gewone Vinvis

Noordse Vinvis

Dwergvinvis

vinvissen

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Dwergvinvis (28)

Noordse Vinvis (3)

Gewone Vinvis (16)

Land

<200m

200-600m

1000-3500m

DOGGER




York

Orka

Wereldverspreiding

Griend

Gematigd, shelfranden

“Blackfish”

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Griend (14)

Orka (22)

Land

<200m

200-600m

1000-3500m

DOGGER




York

Witsnuitdolfijn

Koud water

Gewone Dolfijn

Warm water

Witflankdolfijn

Gematigd

Tuimelaar

Lokaal, kust

dolfijnen

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Witflankdolfijn (11)

Witsnuitdolfijn (220)

Gewone Dolfijn (86)

Tuimelaar (391)

??

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Griend (14)

Orka (22)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Witflankdolfijn (11)

Witsnuitdolfijn (220)

Gewone Dolfijn (86)

Tuimelaar (391)

Griend (14)

Orka (22)

Butskop (12)

spitssnuitdolfijnen (21)

Potvis (20)

Dwergvinvis (28)

Noordse Vinvis (3)

Gewone Vinvis (16)

Walvisstrandingen in Nederland

???

Southern North Sea

Observing coastal marine life: changing fortunes due to changing opportunities

Seawatchers

Ship-based

surveys


Whale strandings data

1978-2006

< 1925-2006

1965-2006

1968-2006

Southern North Sea

Cetaceans

abundant

common

scarce

none

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

??

Harbour Porpoise

Bottlenose Dolphin

41% per annum

increase coastal

sightings

Reconstruction based on anecdotal

reports, systematic sightings and

strandings reports 1900-1005

Coastal population of Harbour Porpoise

Phocoena phocoena and Bottlenose Dolphin

Tursiops truncatus in The Netherlands

The Netherlands

Disappearance of spring spawning (Zuiderzee-) herring

Closure of Zuiderzee often mentioned to explain why dolphins and porpoises

disappeared collapse of local herring stock

Marsdiep herring fisheries (catch), 1933-1940 1

1933 10,700,000 kg

1934 14,800,000 kg

1935 12,500,000 kg

1936 15,100,000 kg

1937 7,400,000 kg

1938 1,200,000 kg 1939 10,000 kg

1Jaarberichten over de visserij, 1933-1939

Harbour Porpoises in Dutch coastal waters, 1970-2004

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

Num

ber

of

anim

als

report

ed

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Eff

ort

corr

ecte

d (

n p

er

hour)

Incid.

CvZ

CvZ (n per hour)

Southern North Sea

Abrupt changes in coastal marine life (1) return of the harbour porpoise

Camphuysen C.J. 2004. The return of the harbour

porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Dutch coastal

waters. Lutra 47(2): 113-122.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

Tuimelaar

Witsnuitdolfijn

Southern North Sea

Changing fauna: dolphins

Documented strandings of Bottlenose Dolphins and White-beaked Dolphins in The

Netherlands, 1900-2005

Bottlenose Dolphin

White-beaked Dolphin

Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen in de

Zuidelijke Noordzee. Fonteijn Uitgeverij, Haarlem,

Stichting De Noordzee, Utrecht

Afsluitdijk

Southern North Sea

Changing fauna: dolphins

Sightings of large groups of Bottlenose

Dolphins after an absence of 45 years

in the Marsdiep area

ca. 100 12 August 2004

ca. 54 9 September 2004

Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen in de

Zuidelijke Noordzee. Fonteijn Uitgeverij, Haarlem,

Stichting De Noordzee, Utrecht

Southern North Sea

Abrupt changes in coastal marine life (2) large baleen whales, foraging pelagic seabirds

Meij S.E.T. van der & C.J. Camphuysen 2006. Distribution and diversity of whales and

dolphins (Cetacea) in the Southern North Sea: 1970-2005. Lutra 49(1).

Foto: Jan Wierda

Camphuysen C.J. 2007. Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of

sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007. Lutra 50: 31-42.

Brasserie Samsam – Texel

4 Texelse bieren van ‘t vat

Lunch – Borreluur - Diner

ansichtkaart 2007

Foto Twitter / @wiewatwaarwendyRazende Bol, Texel, dec 2012

Rachel Carson 1962. Silent Spring

Meadows H.D.et al. 1972. The Limits to Growth. A Report to The Club of Rome

Some 40 odd years ago

• “Silent Spring”

• Torrey Canyon oil spill

• Club of Rome report

(old farts always start looking back)

Koeman J.H. et al. 1969. Chlorinated Biphenyls in fish, mussels and birds from the River Rhine and the Netherlands Coastal Area. Nature 221 (5186): 1126-1128.

Philippona J. 1965. Tegenwoordig is het strand zonder sterns. Het Vogeljaar 13: 533-534.

Reijnders P.J.H. 1986. Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Nature (London) 324: 456-457.

Some 40 odd years ago

• Chemical pollution greater rivers and

coastal zone

• Mass mortality of seabirds Wadden Sea

• Reductions in seal populations / fertility

• High levels of chronic oil pollution

• Cetaceans in Dutch coastal waters disappear

(old farts always start looking back)

Southern North Sea

Common Eiders, seals (Eidereend, zeehonden)

data Peter Reijnders (IMARES,

Texel), pers. comm.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Harbour Seal

Grey Seal

calculated data based on hunting

statistics

end of premium

pesticides virus

virus

Common Eider Somateria mollissma

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002

2.5-5% per

annum

decline since

1990

pesticides

Harbour sea Phoca vitulina and Grey Seal Halichoerus grypus

*

*

* ( re-)colonisations

data Camphuysen 1996 & SOVON

Monitoring, Nijmegen

Common Eider

Somateria mollissima

Harbour & Grey

Seals

Phoca vitulina,

Halichoerus grypus

Southern North Sea

Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Zilvermeeuw & Kleine Mantelmeeuw)

Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002

Herring Gull Larus argentatus

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002

*

* colonisation

data Spaans 1998 & SOVON


data Spaans 1998 & SOVON


Herring Gull

Larus argentatus

Lesser Black-b. Gull

Larus fuscus

egg-collecting, culls, poisoning

declining

resources

beamtrawler

introduction

declining

resources

conservation

conservation

Southern North Sea

Breeding birds: Sandwich Tern

Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Zeebrugge

Belgium

Stienen E.W.M. 2006. Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the

Sandwich Tern Sterna sanvicensis. Ph-D. thesis Univ. Groningen, Groningen

The Netherlands & Belgium combined

*

* colonisation

data Stienen 2006

Changing fortunes

Sandwich Tern

Sterna

sandvicensis

feather

trade,

egging

protection

egg collecting

recovery

pesticides

1960s partial recovery

Southern North Sea

Breeding birds, marine mammals, population developments 20th century

< 1900 1900 1950 2000

Great Cormorant depressed depressed depressed abundant

Common Eider (1906) extinct colonising common

Mediterranean Gull (1980) colonising

Little Gull (1942) few few

Black-headed Gull common common common abundant

Common Gull (1908) extinct increasing abundant

Lesser Black-backed Gull (1932) increasing abundant

Herring Gull common common common abundant

Yellow-legged Gull (1985) colonising

Great Black-backed Gull (1994) colonising

Black-legged Kittiwake (2000) colonising

Gull-billed Tern few few extinct

Sandwich Tern common declining abundant common

Common Tern common declining abundant common

Arctic Tern common few few few

Little Tern common declining common common

Grey Seal (1980) extinct colonising

Harbour Porpoise common common declining increasing

Bottlenose Dolphin common? common? declining extinct

White-beaked Dolphin ? frequent

Common Dolphin ? frequent

51N

52N

53N

54N

55N

56N

57N

58N

59N

2W 0 2E 4E 6E

The

Netherlands

NORTH SEA

Britain

Norway

Belgium

With a country partly below sea

level, violent storms could cause

serious floodings.

Low-land people had always

been building dikes for safety

and to avoid property loss, but

some particularly heavy storms in

the 19th and 20th centuries

triggered the construction of a

dam closing the Zuiderzee

(1932) and a plan to dam the

entire estuarine area in the south

(1955-1990).

A changing landscape

Little Gull

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997

Num

ber

of bre

edin

g p

airs

elsewhere

Friesland

Lauwersmeer

Wadden Sea

Southern North Sea

Habitat change: Little Gull population trends

Lauwersmeer(reclamation)

habitat

deterioration

• vegetation

succession

• grazing

• Red Fox

Most nesting attempts of Little Gulls in The Netherlands

take place in highly dynamic areas, in particular where

the areas have just been altered by man.

Koks B.J. 1998. The Little Gull Larus minutus as breeding bird in

The Netherlands. Sula 12(4): 137-146.

Little Gull

Larus minutus


Southern North Sea

Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat

A changing landscape,

changing opportunities

Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting

the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax

carbo sinensis

scattered inland colonies, persecuted

by fishermen and nature conservation

bodies

Morris's British Birds 1891

Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk

Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis


changing attitudes, changing

opportunities

scattered inland colonies, new breeding

opportunities, some protection



Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis



opportunities

scattered inland colonies, persecuted

by fishermen and nature conservation

bodies, lowest population ever



Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis



opportunities

new breeding opportunities IJsselmeer

colonised, protection Naardermeer,

population recovery



Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis



opportunities

rapid expansion IJsselmeer population,

Voorne colonised, population explosion

eutrophication IJsselmeer (rich feeding

in turbid waters)



Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis



opportunities

distribution shift IJsselmeer population,

Wadden Sea and coast colonised,

population growth slowed down

IJsselmeer cleaner and poorer; a shift

to the north and to the coast



Southern North Sea





carbo sinensis



opportunities

breeding

population

non-breeding

birds

Breeding seabirds and Demographical datachanging resources fecundity

survivalrecruitment

51.8N

52.0N

52.2N

52.4N

52.6N

52.8N

53.0N

53.2N

53.4N

53.6N

53.8N

3.0E 3.5E 4.0E 4.5E 5.0E 5.5E

Lesser Black-backed Gull GPS time spent

100 +10 - 1005 - 102 - 51 - 20.1- 1None

P r esence (h)

51.8N

52.0N

52.2N

52.4N

52.6N

52.8N

53.0N

53.2N

53.4N

53.6N

53.8N

3.0E 3.5E 4.0E 4.5E 5.0E 5.5E

Herring Gull GPS time spent

100 +10 - 1005 - 102 - 51 - 20.1- 1None

P r esence (h)

2008-2013 2013Foraging distribution (h) during breeding

LBBG HG

87

Scavenging behind fishing vessels

A weekend effectA long term decline in fishing effortTowards more sustainable fisheries

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSOEhoy_XcM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSOEhoy_XcM

The overfishing paradox

www.waarneming.nl ………………….a critique…….

Veranderingen kunnen alleen gevolgd worden

wanneer er gecorrigeerd kan worden voor

verschillen in waarnemingsinspanning

http://www.waarneming.nl/

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