Daniel Duarte, Edward Overton, Amitava Roy, Gregory ... fileSynchrotron‐Based Methods for...
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Synchrotron‐Based Methods for Investigating Degradation
of BP Macondo OilDaniel Duarte, Edward Overton, Amitava Roy, Gregory Merchan, Henning
Lichtenberg Kyuingmin Ham Eizi Morikawa Orhan Kizilkaya Axita GuptaLichtenberg, Kyuingmin Ham, Eizi Morikawa, Orhan Kizilkaya, Axita Gupta, Annette Summer Engel, Josef Hormes and Richard Kurtz
J. Bennett Johnston, Sr., Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, , , ,Louisiana State University, Baton Rogue, LA 70803
Chemistry of Crude OilChemistry of Crude Oil
• Crude oil is composed of many molecular compounds of different molecular weightscompounds of different molecular weights
• It is divided into different types based on API specific gravity, solubility in different liquids, etc. These are operationally defined SARA: saturatesThese are operationally defined. SARA: saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes.
• Geologically more recent oil has higher level of vanadium than nickel.
• About half of these metals are present as porphyrins; the rest have very similar structures but are not porphyrins.
Crude Oil CompositionCrude Oil Composition
C 83 – 87%
H 10 – 14%
N 0.1 – 2.0%
O 0.05 – 1.5%
S 0.05 – 6.0 %
V < 2000 ppm
Ni < 1000 ppm
Aromatic Rings and Asphaltene
X‐Ray Based MethodsX Ray Based Methods
• X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry y p y• X‐Ray Diffractometry• Small Angle X‐Ray Scattering• X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Advantages of X‐ray based methods:Non destructivelittle or no sample preparationlittle or no sample preparationLiquid or solid samples can be easily studied
Petroporphyrins in Crude Oil
Speight (1998)
Nickel K Edge XANESm
aliz
ed)
1.2
nce
(nor
m
0.8
Riser Oil
uore
scen
0.4NWF Oil
Emulsified Oil
In Situ Burn Residue
Pre edge
Miller et al. 1999
Photon Energy (eV)8325 8340 8355 8370
Flu 0.0
Miller, J. T., R. B. Fisher, van der Eerden, A. M. J., Koningsberger, D. C (1999). "Structural Determination by XAFS Spectroscopy of Non‐Porphyrin Nickel and Vanadium in Maya Residuum Hydrocracked Residuum and Toluene‐Insoluble Solid " Energy & Fuels 13(3):Residuum, Hydrocracked Residuum, and Toluene Insoluble Solid. Energy & Fuels 13(3): 719‐727.
Vanadium K Edge XANESm
aliz
ed)
1.6
2.0
ce (n
orm
0.8
1.2
Pre edge
ores
cen
0 0
0.4In Situ Burn residue
NWF Oil Sample
Miller et al. 1999Photon Energy (eV)5460 5480 5500 5520
Flu 0.0 NWF Oil Sample
Miller, J. T., R. B. Fisher, van der Eerden, A. M. J., Koningsberger, D. C (1999). "Structural Determination by XAFS Spectroscopy of Non‐Porphyrin Nickel and Vanadium in Maya y p py p y yResiduum, Hydrocracked Residuum, and Toluene‐Insoluble Solid." Energy & Fuels 13(3): 719‐727.
Degradation Products of BP Crude Oil
m.)
3Riser Oil
Control Burn
one
ne
e (n
orm
2
Weathered Oil
Tarball 1
Tarball 2ulfa
teSulfo
Thio
phen
scen
ce
Tarball 2
ulfid
e
SuT
Fluo
res 1
enzy
l su
S lf K Ed XANES
2460 2475 2490 2505 2520
F
0
Dib
e Sulfur K Edge XANES
Photon Energy (eV)2460 2475 2490 2505 2520
Possible Biodegradation Pathway for Dibenzohiophene (by Brevibacterium sp.)
van Afferden et al. 1990
Photodegradation of Crude OilGarrett et al. 1998
Sulfur XANES API Gravity - 29.0 - 40.7S% - 1.06 -0.28
norm
.)
3S% 1.06 0.28UV radiation - 302 nm mode
Thio
phen
e
lfate
fona
te
scen
ce (n 2
e Dib
enzo
T Sul
Sulf
Sulfo
ne
Fluo
res
1 UV irradiated Oil
Crude Oilnzyl
Sul
fide
2465 2470 2475 2480 24850
Crude Oil
Be
Photon Energy (eV)
Coral sample collected 140 miles west of Deepwater Horizon Spill siteof Deepwater Horizon Spill sitecollected by Suzanne Fredericq, ULL, on December 4th, 2010
Is This BP Oil?
Chromatographic methods produced no signal
m.)
8Oil srcaped from coral coated with oil
Riser Oil e
(nor
m 6GoM
Coral with little oil Tar Ball
Sulfate
esce
nce
4
Fluo
re 2Sulfone
Thiopheneand disulfide
Photon Energy (eV)2460 2470 2480 2490 25000
Sulfur compounds are typical of crude oil and its degradation products
X‐Ray DiffractometryX Ray Diffractometry100
X-Ray Diffractometry
50
75
ensi
ty (c
ps)
n-naphtene
25
Inte
In Situ BurnEmulsifiedfrom near Venice, LA
Tanaka et al 2004
10 20 30 400
Angle (2)
,
• emulsified oil shows crystallization of a napthene phase Tanaka et al. 2004
(lab source different wavelength)
napthene phase.• The main peak location does not vary.• There is an additional peak at lower 2θ for
the in situ burn sample• The emulsified oil shows crystallization of a
napthene phase.• Paraffin crystallizes out
Wide Angle X‐Ray ScatteringTarball
100
u.)
Tar Ball
10
inte
nsity
(a.u
0 10 20 30 40
1
0 10 20 30 40
2 (deg)
Quartz: completely crystalline phaseQuartz: completely crystalline phase
C l iConclusions• Controlled burning does not affect the porphyrin (or g p p y (porphyrin‐like) structure of nickel, however, emulsification does.
S lf t i i d i d il h i bl• Sulfur‐containing compounds in crude oil show variable degree of degradation depending on the fraction.
• Burning of crude oil does not release these metals into the atmosphere
• Emulsified has a different XANES spectrum indicating that the porphyrin‐like nickel structure has broken down,
ibl d b i l ipossibly due to bacterial action. • Controlled burning affects the stacking of asphaltene layers.
AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment
Funding AgenciesLSU/BP Round 1; McNair Program at LSU