D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G...

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Transcript of D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G...

Page 1: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...
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2008

,

- , 2008

UNCTAD/WIR/2008(Overview) GE.08-51438 (R) 150908 190908

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vii

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ix

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, 2008 :

2007 ,

2000 …

2007 30% 1 833 .., ,

2000 ., 2007 ,

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1 248 . .

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2008

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2 , 2008 :

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(500 . .), 2006 21%.

( ) 2007 13 . .,.

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50% 86 . . 2007 . ,.

,51 ., 2006 .

, ( ).

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3

1. , , 1995-2007 ( . . %)

/ 1995-2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1995-2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (

) (

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539,3 442,9 361,1 403,7 611,3 940,9 1 247,6 631,0 483,2 507,0 786,0 748,9 1 087,2 1 692,1

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169,7 74,5 53,1 135,8 104,8 236,7 232,8 125,9 134,9 129,4 294,9 15,4 221,7 313,8

37,1 42,6 21,8 41,3 -1,7 111,3 143,7 29,2 36,0 41,8 58,0 -2,1 78,4 88,3

188,3 171,0 180,1 283,6 316,4 413,0 499,7 74,4 49,6 45,0 120,0 117,6 212,3 253,1 9,0 14,6 18,7 18,0 29,5 45,8 53,0 2,4 0,3 1,2 2,0 2,3 7,8 6,1

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3,3 5,5 12,0 20,6 42,6 64,0 71,5 0,9 3,2 -1,9 7,7 12,3 23,2 44,2

70,7 67,7 72,7 106,3 116,2 131,9 156,7 39,6 27,6 17,4 62,9 49,8 82,3 102,9 41,8 52,7 53,5 60,6 72,4 72,7 83,5 2,0 2,5 2,9 5,5 12,3 21,2 22,5

3,9 7,1 5,9 8,1 12,1 25,8 30,6 0,3 1,8 1,6 2,3 3,5 13,4 14,2-

28,0 18,1 24,6 35,2 39,1 51,2 60,5 10,2 4,7 5,3 17,0 13,8 22,2 33,5 0,5 0,1 0,4 0,9 0,5 1,4 1,2 -0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1

-

(

) 7,3 11,3 19,9 30,4 31,0 57,2 85,9 2,0 4,6 10,7 14,1 14,3 23,7 51,2-

1,2 2,2 4,1 3,5 4,8 10,0 11,9 0,1 0,5 0,1 0,4 0,3 0,4 1,4 6,1 9,1 15,8 26,9 26,1 47,2 74,0 1,9 4,1 10,6 13,8 14,0 23,3 49,9

734,9 625,2 561,1 717,7 958,7 1 411,0 1 833,3 707,4 537,4 562,8 920,2 880,8 1 323,2 1 996,5:

73,4 70,8 64,4 56,2 63,8 66,7 68,1 89,2 89,9 90,1 85,4 85,0 82,2 84,8

25,6 27,4 32,1 39,5 33,0 29,3 27,3 10,5 9,2 8,0 13,0 13,3 16,0 12,7-

(

) 1,0 1,8 3,5 4,2 3,2 4,1 4,7 0,3 0,9 1,9 1,5 1,6 1,8 2,6

: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, B.1

/ (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).

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4 , 2008 :

1. , 20 ,2006, 2007

( . .)

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

Inde

Singapour

Arabie Saoudite

Mexique

Irlande

Autriche

Brésil

Italie

Suisse

Belgique

Allemagne

Fédération de Russie

Espagne

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Chine

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France

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2007

2006

233237224148158

a)

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

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2006

314222266

225

167

(b)

: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, B.1

/(www.unctad.org/distatistics).

2007 .

… .

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2007 1 637 .., 21% 2000 .

, ,,

,

,

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5

2007 . ,2007 ,

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6 , 2008 :

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7

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8 , 2008 :

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23

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27

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Page 41: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

28 , 2008 :

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Page 42: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

29

3.

, , 1996-2006 ( ; )

: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, III.6.

:.

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Page 43: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

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Page 44: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

31

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Page 45: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

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33

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Page 47: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

34 , 2008 :

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: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, III.1.

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35

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39

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Page 53: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

40 , 2008 :

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Page 54: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

41

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Page 55: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

42 , 2008 :

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: , World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, V.3.

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43

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Page 57: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

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Page 58: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

45

5. ,, 1996-2007

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: CNUCED, World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, V.3.

,

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49

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50 , 2008 :

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Page 64: D H G N ? J ? G P B Y H J = : G B A : P B B H ; T ? > B G ...unctad.org/ru/docs/wir2008overview_ru.pdf · Z ] h ^ (. - \ h \ ( \ %) " " " / /-" ...

51

, 2008 :

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OVERVIEW

PART ONE

WIDESPREAD GROWTH IN FDI

CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: SUSTAINED GROWTH IN FDI FLOWS

A. FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION 1. Trends in FDI

a. Overall trends b. Continued rise in cross-border M&As c. FDI by private equity funds

2. International production 3. Indices of inward FDI performance and potential 4. Developments in FDI policies

a. Developments at the national level b. Developments at the international level

B. CHANGING PATTERNS OF FDI 1. Geographic patterns 2. Sectoral and industrial distribution of FDI

C. THE LARGEST TNCs 1. The world’s 100 largest TNCs 2. The 100 largest TNCs from developing economies 3. Transnationality of the largest TNCs 4. The world’s 50 largest financial TNCs

D. PROSPECTS

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52 , 2008 :

CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS

A. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1. Africa

a. Geographical trends b. Sectoral trends: primary sector’s share rose c. Policy developments d. Prospects: moderate growth expected in 2007

2. Asia and Oceania a. South, East and South-East Asia b. West Asia c. Oceania

3. Latin America and the Caribbean a. Geographical trends b. Sectoral trends c. Policy developments d. Prospects: moderate growth of inflows, reduced outflows

B. SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES 1. Geographical trends

a. Inward FDI surged b. Outward FDI growth was sustained

2. Sectoral trends: FDI in services was buoyant 3. Policy developments 4. Prospects: brighter for larger economies and new EU members

C. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 1. Geographical trends

a. Inward FDI grew in all regions and all sectors b. Outward FDI increased sharply

2. Sectoral trends: services continued to dominate 3. Policy developments 4. Prospects: optimism for further growth in FDI

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53

PART TWO

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES AND DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

A. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY 1. Minerals are essential for all economies 2. Geography of production and consumption of selected minerals

B. THE COMMODITY PRICE BOOM AND ITS IMPACT ON INVESTMENTS 1. Booms and busts of mineral prices 2. The boom led to rising profits and investments 3. Prices likely to remain high for some time

C. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPMENT 1. Characteristics of investments in extractive industries 2. Public policy concerns of mineral-rich countries

a. Mineral endowments represent development opportunities b. The economic challenge c. The environmental, social and political challenges d. The governance challenge

CHAPTER IV. TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

A. GLOBAL TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC PARTICIPATION IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 1. FDI trends 2. Developing and transition economies are receiving a growing

share of foreign investment

B. THE CHANGING UNIVERSE OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 1. TNCs in the metal mining industry

a. Continued dominance of private firms b. Varying degrees of internationalization

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2. TNCs in oil and gas a. The Seven Sisters have given way to State-owned companies b. TNCs from developing and transition economies are

expanding overseas

C. DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS 1. Motivations for internationalization 2. Determinants of TNC activity

a. Ownership-specific advantages b. Internalization advantages c. Locational advantages

D. CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER V. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES

A. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

B. ECONOMIC IMPACT 1. Direct economic effects

a. Financial contributions b. Technology contributions c. Employment impacts d. Enhancement of exports e. Generation of government revenue

2. Indirect economic effects a. Linkages b. Infrastructure development

3. Overall impact: implications for macroeconomic performance

C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT D. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACTS

1. Health and safety impacts 2. Social impacts on the local community 3. Human rights implications 4. Corruption, conflict and other political issues

E. CONCLUSIONS

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CHAPTER VI. THE POLICY CHALLENGE

A. THE BROADER GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

B. REGULATING THE ENTRY AND OPERATIONS OF TNCs IN EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES 1. Oil and gas: from “old-style” concessions to partnership

agreements 2. Codes and mining agreements governing FDI in metal mining

C. ARRANGEMENTS FOR RENT-SHARING 1. Recent policy changes 2. Implications of recent policy changes 3. Is progressive taxation a solution?

D. POLICIES FOR BROADER ECONOMIC BENEFITS 1. Promoting linkages 2. Promoting skills and technology development

E. COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES F. ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONCERNS

1. Labour-related concerns 2. Local community concerns 3. Human rights 4. Enhancing transparency 5. Dealing with extractive-industry TNC investments in conflict

situations.

G. CONCLUSIONS

ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITH EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: SELECTED EXAMPLES

REFERENCES

ANNEXES

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World Investment Report 1996: Investment, Trade and International Policy Arrangements. 364 p. Sales No. E.96.11.A.14.

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. ,:

United Nations Publications United Nations Publications Sales and Marketing Section, Sales and Marketing Section, DC2-853 Rm. C. 113-1 United Nations Secretariat United Nations Office at Geneva New York, N.Y. 100 17 Palais des Nations U.S.A. CH-1211 Geneva 10

.: ++1 212 963 8302 1 800 253 9646 Switzerland : ++1 212 963 3489 .: ++41 22 917 2612

. : [email protected] : ++4122 917 0027 . : [email protected]

: www.un.org/Pubs/sales.htm

:

Division on Investment and Enterprise United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Palais des Nations, Room E-10052 CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland

.: ++41 22 907 4533 : ++41 22 907 0498

: www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite

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, 2008 :

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Readership Survey UNCTAD, Division on Investment and Enterprise Palais des Nations Room E-10054 C H - 1 2 1 1 Geneva 10 Switzerland

: ( + 41 22) 907.04.98

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