Complete Sas

8/6/2019 Complete Sas

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SAS Training 1

What is SAS?

Statistical Analysis Softwaredeveloped by SAS Institute in Cary, NC

Main Uses of SAS data entry, retrieval, and management report writing and graphics statistical and mathematical analysis business planning, forecasting, and decision support operations research and project management quality improvement applications development.


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SAS Training 2

Basics about SAS

SAS is composed of three windows

Program Editor

where you write and submit programs

Log

where SAS displays messages which indicates anyerrors that may be in a program

OutputWhere result appear after submitting programs


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SAS Training 3

Program Editor Window

Write your codein this window

Explorer andResultsWindow


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SAS Training 4

Log Window

Log Window

View the Log Created by

the Program Execution


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SAS Training 5

Output Window

Output Window

View the Values of aDataset in this Window


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Example of a SAS Data set

53 Lucy 42 41

54 Tom 46 54

55 Dan 43 .

56 Tim 45 56

57 42 48

58 Mary 48 43

ID NAME

HT WT

12

3

4

5

6

Observations

Variables

ID, HT and WT are Numeric Variables

NAME is a Character Variable

Character Variables if blank are represented by a space

Numeric Variables if blank are represented by a .


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Building Blocks of a SAS Program

A SAS program is constructed from two buildingblocks

1) DATA Step

2) PROC Step

A typical SAS program starts with a DATA step to

create a SAS dataset and then passes on to thePROC step to do the analysis.


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Basic Components of SAS, Continued

Data Step

SAS statement that read data, create new datasets or

variables, modify datasets, perform calculation.

Procedures

SAS statements that can perform statisticalanalyses, create & print reports & graphs


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PROC Step

Basic Components of SAS Every SAS program is constructed using the Data Step and/or

Procedures

e.g. DATA distance;

miles = 23;

kilometer = 1.61 * miles;

RUN;

PROC PRINT DATA = distance;

RUN;

Any combination of Data Step and/or Procedures may be used

Run statement should be used throughout the program

DATA Step



Difference Between a DATA step and

a PROC step

DATA steps PROC

steps Begin with DATA statements Begin with PROC

statements

Read and modify data Perform specific analysis orfunction

Create a SAS data set Produce results or reportNote: The table is not meant to imply that PROC can never createSAS data sets (some do), or that DATA step can never createreports (they can)

But it is much easier to write SAS programs if one can understand

the basic functions of DATA and PROC steps.



Execution of SAS data set Data Steps execute line by line and observation by

observation SAS takes the first observation and runs it all the way

through the data step (line by line) before looping backto pick up the second observation

SAS sees one observation at a time.

Input data set

Observation 1

Observation 2

Observation 3

DATA step

Line 1

Line 2

Line 3

Line 4

Line 5

Output dataset

Observation 2

Observation 3

Observation 1


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SAS Training 13

Rules for SAS programs

Every SAS statement end with a semicolon.

e.g. Data test;

Names must be 8 characters or fewer in length.e.g. valid names:- distance invalid names is distance_a

Names must be start with letter or an underscore (_).

Valid Names are

e.g. distance, _abc are valid.

Names can contain only letters, numerals and the underscore(_).

No %$!*@ please.


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SAS Training 14

Rules for SAS program

StatementsSAS program statements can Be in upper or lower case

Continue on the next line Be on the same line as other statements Start in any column


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SAS Training 15

READING DATA FROM

EXTERNAL FILESSAS can read data and create adata set from external files like txt,

csv, etc.Basic Code Structure

DATA dataset-name;

INFILEfile-specification ;INPUT ;

Run;


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SAS Training 16

Reading data using

DATALINESA SAS data set can also be created bytyping values

in the SAS program editor using DATALINES;

Basic Code Structure

DATA dataset-name;INPUT ;DATALINES;..

..;Run;


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SAS Training 17

INPUT

Describes the arrangement ofvalues in the input data recordand assigns input values to thecorresponding SAS variables

INPUT ;


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SAS Training 18

INPUT (SPECIFICATIONS)variable - names a variable that is assigned input values

$ - indicates to store the variable value as a character valuerather than as a numeric value.

pointer-control - moves the input pointer to a specified line orcolumn in the input buffer.

informat. - specifies an informat to use to read the variablevalue


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SAS Training 19

EXAMPLE 1 (EXTERNAL

FILE)

Data newdata;

Infile C:/dat.txt;

Input name $ age;

Run;

Mary 24Suzan 34Dat.txt in C:/

Resulting SAS data set(newdata)


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SAS Training 20

INPUT (DATALINES)Data newdata;

Input name $ age;

DATALINES;Mary 24

Suzan 32

;Run;


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SAS Training 21

INPUT TYPESINPUT, COLUMN : Reads input values

from specified columns and assigns

them to the corresponding SAS variables

Syntax:

INPUT variable start-column ;


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SAS Training 22

Exampledata scores;

input name $ 1-18 score1 25-27 score2 30-32 score3 35-

37;datalines;

Joseph 11 32 76

Mitchel 13 29 82

Sue Ellen 14 27 74

;

Run;


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SAS Training 23

INPUT TYPESINPUT, Formatted : Reads input values with

specified informats and assigns them to thecorresponding SAS variables.

Syntax:

INPUT variable informat.

;


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SAS Training 24

Exampledata sales;

infile file-specification;

input item $10. +5 jan comma5. +5 feb comma5. +5

mar comma5.;run;

It can read these input data records:

----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4

trucks 1,382 2,789 3,556

vans 1,265 2,543 3,987

sedans 2,391 3,011 3,658


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SAS Training 25

INPUT TYPESINPUT, List : Scans the input data record for

input values and assigns them to thecorresponding SAS variables.

Syntax :

INPUT variable ;


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SAS Training 26

Exampledata scores;

input name $ score1 score2 score3 team $;

datalines;Joe 11 32 76 red

Mitchel 13 29 82 blue

Susan 14 27 74 green;


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SAS Training 27

Merge StatementThe MERGE statement is flexible

and has a variety of uses in SAS

programming One-to-One Match Merge


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SAS Training 28

One-to-one matchingTo combine variables from several

data sets where there is a one-to-

one correspondence between theobservations in each of the datasets, list the data sets to be joined

on a merge statement.


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SAS Training 29

Match Merge When there is not an exact one-to-one

correspondence between data sets to be

merged, the variables to use to identifymatching observations can be specied on aby statement.

The data sets being merged must be sorted

by the variables specified on the bystatement.


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SAS Training 30

Example One to One

Merge


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SAS Training 31

Example Match Merge


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SAS Training 32

Example Match Merge


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SAS Training 33

Manipulating result of merge statement

with IN values

* IN option indicates which data set recordcame from;

DATA new;MERGE old1 (IN=INOLD1) old2 (IN=IN0LD2);

BY NAME

IF INOLD1 and INOLD2;RUN;

* If statement keeps only those recordsthat are in both data sets;


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SAS Training 34

SAS Functions Definition of Functions

A SAS function performs a computation or systemmanipulation on arguments and returns a value. Most functionsuse arguments supplied by the user, but a few obtain theirarguments from the operating environment.

In base SAS software, you can use SAS functions in DATA stepprogramming statements, in a WHERE expression, in macro

language statements, in PROC REPORT, and in StructuredQuery Language (SQL).


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SAS Training 35

Syntax of Functions The syntax of a function is

function-name (argument-1)

function-name (OF variable-list)

wherefunction-name

names the function.

argument

can be a variable name, constant, or any SAS expression, includinganother function. The number and kind of arguments allowed are

described with individual functions. Multiple arguments are

separated by a comma.


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SAS Training 36

Selected SAS Functions Numeric Functions

ROUND : Rounds to the nearest round-off unit.

Syntax

ROUND(argument,round-off-unit)

Arguments

argument

is numeric.

round-off-unit

is numeric and nonnegative.

Details :The ROUND function returns a value rounded to the nearest round-off unit.Ifround-off-unitis not provided, a default value of 1 is used and argumentisrounded to the nearest integer.


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SAS Training 37

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction ROUND Examples :

SAS Statement Results

var1=223.456;x=round(var1,1); put x 9.5; 223.00000

var2=223.456;x=round(var2,.01); put x9.5;

223.46000

x=round(223.456,100); putx 9.5;

200.00000

x=round(223.456); put x9.5;

223.00000

x=round(223.456,.3); put x9.5;

223.33333


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SAS Training 38

Selected SAS Functions SUM : Returns the sum of the nonmissing

arguments.

Syntax

SUM(argument,argument, ...)

Arguments

argument

is numeric. The argument list can consist of a variablelist, which is preceded by OF.


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SAS Training 40

Selected SAS Functions MEAN : Returns the arithmetic mean (average)

Syntax

MEAN(argument,argument, . . .)

Arguments argument

is numeric. At least one argument is required. Theargument list may consist of a variable list, which ispreceded by OF.

Examples : SAS Statement Results

x1=mean(2,.,.,6); 4

x2=mean(1,2,3,2); 2

x3=mean(of x1-x2); 3


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SAS Training 41

Selected SAS Functions INT : Returns the integer value.

Syntax

INT(argument)

Arguments

argument

is numeric.

Details

The INT function returns the integer portion of the argument (truncatesthe decimal portion). If the value of argument is positive, INT(argument)

has the same result as FLOOR(argument). If the value of argument isnegative, INT(argument) has the same result as CEIL(argument).


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SAS Training 42

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction INT Examples :


var1=2.1;

x=int(var1);

put x=;

2

var2=-2.4;

y=int(var2);

put y=;

-2

a=int(3);

put a=;

3

b=int(-1.6);

put b=;

-1


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SAS Training 43

Selected SAS Functions LAG : Returns values from a queue.

Syntax

LAG(argument)

Argumentsn

specifies the number of lagged values.

argument

is numeric or character.

Details

The LAG functions, LAG1, LAG2, . . . , LAG100 return values from a queue. LAG1

can also be written as LAG. A LAGn function stores a value in a queue and returnsa value stored previously in that queue.


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SAS Training 44

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction LAG Examples : Creating a Data Set

The following program creates a data set that contains the values for X, Y, andZ.

options pagesize=25 linesize=64 nodate pageno=1;

data one;

input X @@;

Y=lag1(x);

Z=lag2(x);

datalines;

1 2 3 4 5 6 ;

proc print;

title 'Lag Output';

run;


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SAS Training 45

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction LAG Examples : Creating a Data Set :LAG1 returns one missing value and the

values of X (lagged once). LAG2 returns two missing values and thevalues of X (lagged twice).

Lag Output 1

Obs X Y Z

1 1 . .2 2 1 .3 3 2 14 4 3 25 5 4 36 6 5 4


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SAS Training 46

Selected SAS Functions Character Functions

UPCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to uppercase.

Syntax

UPCASE(argument)

Arguments

argument

specifies any SAS character expression.

Details :

The UPCASE function copies a character argument, converts all lowercase lettersto uppercase letters, and returns the altered value as a result.


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SAS Training 47

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction UPCASE Examples :


name=upcase('John B.Smith'); put name;

JOHN B. SMITH


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SAS Training 48

Selected SAS Functions LOWCASE: Converts all letters in an argument to lowercase.

Syntax

LOWCASE(argument)

Arguments

argumentspecifies any SAS character expression.

Details :

The LOWCASE function copies a character argument, converts all uppercaseletters to lowercase letters, and returns the altered value as a result.


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SAS Training 49

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction LOWCASE Examples :


x='INTRODUCTION';y=lowcase(x);

put y;

introduction


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SAS Training 50

Selected SAS Functions SUBSTR (left of=): Replaces character value contents

Syntax

SUBSTR(argument,position)=characters-to-replace

Arguments

argument

specifies a character variable. position

specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning character position.

n

specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the substring that will bereplaced.

characters-to-replace

specifies a character expression that will replace the contents of argument.


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SAS Training 51

Selected SAS FunctionsDetails

When you use the SUBSTR function on the left side of anassignment statement, SAS places the value ofargumentwith theexpression on right side. SUBSTR replaces n characters starting at

the character you specify inposition.

Function SUBSTR(left of =) Examples :


a='KIDNAP';

substr(a,1,3)='CAT';put a;

CATNAP

b=a;

substr(b,4)='TY';

put b;

CATTY


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SAS Training 52

Selected SAS Functions SUBSTR(right of=):Extracts a substring from an argument

Syntax

SUBSTR(argument,position)

Arguments

variable

specifies a valid SAS variable name. argument

specifies any SAS character expression.

position

specifies a numeric expression that is the beginning character position.

n

specifies a numeric expression that is the length of the substring to extract.


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SAS Training 53


The SUBSTR function returns a portion of an expression that youspecify in argument. The portion begins with the character specifiedbyposition and is the number of characters specified by n.

A variable that is created by SUBSTR obtains its length from thelength ofargument.

Function SUBSTR(right of =) Examples :


----+----1----+----2

date='06MAY98';month=substr(date,3,3);year=substr(date,6,2);

put @1 month @5 year;

MAY 98


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SAS Training 54

Selected SAS Functions SCAN : Selects a given word from a character expression.

Syntax

SCAN(argument,n)

Arguments

argument

specifies any character expression. n

specifies a numeric expression that produces the number of the word in thecharacter string you want SCAN to select.

delimiters

specifies a character expression that produces characters that you want SCAN to useas word separators in the character string.


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SAS Training 55


Leading delimiters before the first word in the character string donot effect SCAN. If there are two or more contiguous delimiters,SCAN treats them as one.

Function SCAN Examples :


arg='ABC.DEF(X=Y)';

word=scan(arg,3);put word;

X=Y

word=scan(arg,-3);

put word;

ABC


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SAS Training 56

Selected SAS Functions TRIM: Removes trailing blanks from character expressions and

returns one blank if the expression is missing.

Syntax

TRIM(argument)

Arguments

argumentspecifies any SAS character expression.

Details :

TRIM copies a character argument, removes all trailing blanks, and returns thetrimmed argument as a result. If the argument is blank, TRIM returns one blank.

TRIM is useful for concatenating because concatenation does not remove trailingblanks.

Assigning the results of TRIM to a variable does not affect the length of the receiving

variable. If the trimmed value is shorter than the length of the receiving variable,SAS pads the value with new blanks as it assigns it to the variable.


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SAS Training 57

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction TRIM Examples :

1. Removing Trailing Blanks

These statements and this data line produce these results:

data test;

input part1 $ 1-10 part2 $ 11-20;

hasblank=part1||part2;

noblank=trim(part1)||part2;

put hasblank;

put noblank;

datalines; Data Line Resultsapple sauce ----+----1----+----2

apple sauce

applesauce


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SAS Training 58

Selected SAS Functions TRANSLATES : Replaces specific characters in a character expression.

Syntax

TRANSLATE(source,to-1,from-1)

Arguments

source

specifies the SAS expression that contains the original character value.

tospecifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to use as substitutes.

from

specifies the characters that you want TRANSLATE to replace.


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SAS Training 59


The maximum number of pairs ofto and from arguments thatTRANSLATE accepts depends on the operating environment you useto run SAS. There is no functional difference between using several

pairs of short arguments, or fewer pairs of longer arguments.

Function TRANSLATE Examples :


x=translate('XYZW','AB','VW');

put x;

XYZB


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SAS Training 60

Selected SAS Functions LENGTH: Returns the length of an argument.

Syntax LENGTH(argument)

Arguments

argument

specifies any SAS expression.

Details :

The LENGTH function returns an integer that represents the position of the right-most nonblank character in the argument. If the value of the argument is missing,LENGTH returns a value of 1. If the argument is a numeric variable (either initializedor uninitialized), LENGTH returns a value of 12 and prints a note in the SAS log thatthe numeric values have been converted to character values.


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SAS Training 61

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction LENGTH Examples :

SAS Statements Results

len=length('ABCDEF');

put len;

6


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SAS Training 62

Selected SAS Functions INDEX: Searches a character expression for a string of characters. Syntax INDEX(source,excerpt)

Arguments

source

specifies the character expression to search.

excerpt

specifies the string of characters to search for in the character expression.

Details :

The INDEX function searches source, from left to right, for the first occurrence of the stringspecified in excerpt, and returns the position in source of the string's first character. If thestring is not found in source, INDEX returns a value of 0. If there are multiple occurrencesof the string, INDEX returns only the position of the first occurrence.


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SAS Training 63

Selected SAS FunctionsFunction INDEX Examples :

SAS Statements Results

a='ABC.DEF (X=Y)';

b='X=Y';x=index(a,b);

put x;

10


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SAS Training 64

SAS Statements Definition of Statements

A SAS statement is a series of items that may include keywords, SAS names, special characters, andoperators. All SAS statements end with a semicolon. A SAS statement either requests SAS to perform anoperation or gives information to the system.

There are two kinds of SAS statements:

those used in DATA step programming

those that are global in scope and can be used anywhere in a SAS program.


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SAS Training 65

Selected SAS Statements DATA stepStatements

DELETE : Stops processing the current observation.

Syntax

DELETE;Without Arguments

When DELETE executes, the current observation is not written to a data set,and SAS returns immediately to the beginning of the DATA step for the nextiteration.

Details :The DELETE statement is often used in a THEN clause of an IF-

THEN statement or as part of a conditionally executed DO group.


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SAS Training 66

Selected SAS StatementsStatement DELETE Examples :

Example 1: Using the DELETE Statement as Part of an IF-THENStatement

When the value of LEAFWT is missing, the current observation is deleted:

if leafwt=. then delete;

Example 2: Using the DELETE Statement to Subset Raw Data

data topsales;


input region office product yrsales;

if yrsales


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SAS Training 68

Selected SAS StatementsStatement DO Examples :

In this simple DO group, the statements between DO and END areperformed only when YEARS is greater than 5. If YEARS is less than

or equal to 5, statements in the DO group do not execute, and theprogram continues with the assignment statement that follows theELSE statement.

if years>5 then

do;

months=years*12;

put years= months=;end;

else yrsleft=5-years;


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SAS Training 69

Selected SAS Statements DROP : Excludes variables from output SAS data sets Syntax DROP variable-list;

Arguments

variable-list

specifies the names of the variables to omit from the output data set.

Details :The DROP statement applies to all the SAS data sets that are created withinthe same DATA step and can appear anywhere in the step. The variables in the DROPstatement are available for processing in the DATA step. If no DROP or KEEP statementappears, all data sets that are created in the DATA step contain all variables. Do notuse both DROP and KEEP statements within the same DATA step.


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SAS Training 70

Selected SAS StatementsStatement DROP Examples :

These examples show the correct syntax for listing variables with the DROPstatement:

drop time shift batchnum;

drop grade1-grade20; In this example, the variables PURCHASE and REPAIR are used in processingbut are not written to the output data set INVENTRY:

data inventry;

drop purchase repair;


input unit part purchase repair;

totcost=sum(purchase,repair);

run;


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SAS Training 71

Selected SAS Statements KEEP : Includes variables in output SAS data sets

Syntax

KEEPvariable-list;

Arguments

variable-list

specifies the names of the variables to write to the output data set.

Details :The KEEP statement causes a DATA step to write only the variables that you specifyto one or more SAS data sets. The KEEP statement applies to all SAS data sets that arecreated within the same DATA step and can appear anywhere in the step. If no KEEP or DROPstatement appears, all data sets that are created in the DATA step contain all variables.


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SAS Training 73

Selected SAS Statements LABEL : Assigns descriptive labels to variables

Syntax

LABELvariable-1='label-1' . . . ;

LABELvariable-1=' ' . . . ;

Arguments

variablenames the variable that you want to label

'label'

specifies a label of up to 256 characters, including blanks.

' '

removes a label from a variable. Enclose a single blank space in quotation marks toremove an existing label.


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SAS Training 74

Selected SAS StatementsDetails

Using a LABEL statement in a DATA step permanently associates labels with variablesby affecting the descriptor information of the SAS data set that contains the variables.You can associate any number of variables with labels in a single LABEL statement.

Statement LABEL Examples :

Specifying Labels

Here are several LABEL statements: label compound='Type of Drug'; label date="Today's Date "; label n='Mark''s Experiment Number'; label score1="Grade on April 1 Test" score2="Grade on May 1 Test";


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SAS Training 76

Selected SAS Statements LENGTH : Specifies the number of bytes for storing variables

Syntax

LENGTH variable-specification(s) ;

Arguments

variable-specification

is a required argument and has the form where

variablenames one or more variables that are to be assigned a length. This includes any variables in

the DATA step, including those dropped from the output data set.

$

indicates that the preceding variables are character variables.

length

specifies a numeric constant that is the number of bytes used for storing variable values.


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SAS Training 77

Selected SAS StatementsDEFAULT=n

changes the default number of bytes that SAS uses to storethe values of any newly created numeric variables.

Details

In general, the length of a variable depends on whether the variable is numeric or character how the variable was created whether a LENGTH statement is present.


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SAS Training 79

Selected SAS StatementsStatement RENAME Examples :

These examples show the correct syntax for renaming variables using the RENAME statement

rename street=address;

rename time1=temp1 time2=temp2 time3=temp3;

rename name=Firstname

score1-score3=Newscore1-Newscore3; This example uses the old name of the variable in program statements. The variable Olddept is

named Newdept in the output data set, and the variable Oldaccount is named Newaccount.

rename Olddept=Newdept Oldaccount=Newaccount;

if Oldaccount>5000;

keep Olddept Oldaccount items volume;


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SAS Training 80

Selected SAS Statements WHERE : Selects observations from SAS data sets that meet a particular condition

Syntax

WHEREwhere-expression-1< logical-operatorwhere-expression-n>;

Arguments

where-expression

is an arithmetic or logical expression that generally consists of a sequence of operands and operators.

logical-operatorcan be AND, AND NOT, OR, or OR NOT.

Details :Using the WHERE statement may improve the efficiency of your SAS programs because SAS is notrequired to read all observations from the input data set.

The WHERE statement cannot be executed conditionally; that is, you cannot use it as part of an IF-THENstatement.

WHERE statements can contain multiple WHERE expressions that are joined by logical operators.


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SAS Training 81

Selected SAS StatementsStatement WHERE Examples :

Basic WHERE Statement Usage

This DATA step produces a SAS data set that contains only observations from data set CUSTOMER in which thevalue for NAME begins with Mac and the value for CITY is Charleston or Atlanta

data testmacs;

set customer;

where substr(name,1,3)='Mac' and

(city='Charleston' or city='Atlanta');run;

Using Operators Available Only in the WHERE Statement

Using BETWEEN-AND:

where empnum between 500 and 1000;

Using CONTAINS:

where company ? 'bay';

where company contains 'bay';


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SAS Training 82

Selected SAS Statements IF-THEN/ELSE : Executes a SAS statement for observations that meet specific

conditionsSyntax

IFexpressionTHENstatement;

Arguments

expressionis any SAS expression and is a required argument.

statement

can be any executable SAS statement or DO group.


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SAS Training 84

Selected SAS StatementsStatement IF-THEN\ELSE Examples :

These examples show different ways of specifying the IF-THEN/ELSE statement if x then delete;

if status='OK' and type=3 then count+1;

if age ne agecheck then delete;

if x=0 then

if y ne 0 then put 'X ZERO, Y NONZERO';

else put 'X ZERO, Y ZERO';

else put 'X NONZERO';


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SAS Training 85

Selected SAS Statements BY: Controls the operation of a SET, MERGE, MODIFY, or UPDATE statement in the

DATA step and sets up special grouping variables

Syntax

BY variable-1 ;

Arguments

DESCENDING

indicates that the data sets are sorted in descending order by the variable that is specified. DESCENDINGmeans largest to smallest numerically, or reverse alphabetical for character variables.


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SAS Training 86

Selected SAS Statementsvariable

names each variable by which the data set is sorted or indexed. These variables are referred toas BY variables for the current DATA or PROC step.

NOTSORTED

specifies that observations with the same BY value are grouped together but are not necessarilysorted in alphabetical or numeric order.

Details :In a DATA Step the BY statement applies only to the SET, MERGE, MODIFY, or UPDATEstatement that precedes it in the DATA step, and only one BY statement can accompany each ofthese statements in a DATA step

In PROC step you can specify the BY statement with some SAS procedures to modify their action.


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SAS Training 87

Selected SAS StatementsStatement BY Examples :

Specifying One or More BY Variables

Observations are in ascending order of the variable DEPT:

by dept;

Specifying Sort Order

Observations are in ascending order of SALESREP and, within eachSALESREP value, in descending order of the values of JANSALES:

by salesrep descending jansales; BY-Processing with Nonsorted Data

Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which theexpenses were accrued:

by month notsorted;


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SAS Training 88

Selected SAS Statements RETAIN : Causes a variable that is created by an INPUT or assignment statement to

retain its value from one iteration of the DATA step to the nextSyntax

RETAIN >;

Without Arguments

If you do not specify an argument, the RETAIN statement causes the values of all variables that arecreated with INPUT or assignment statements to be retained from one iteration of the DATA step tothe next.


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SAS Training 89

Selected SAS StatementsArguments

element-list

specifies variable names, variable lists, or array names whose values you want retained.

initial-value

specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for one or more of the preceding elements.

(initial-value-list)

specifies an initial value, numeric or character, for individual elements in the preceding list. SAS

matches the first value in the list with the first variable in the list of elements, the second value withthe second variable, and so on.


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SAS Training 90

Selected SAS StatementsDetails:

Without a RETAIN statement, SAS automatically sets variables that are assigned values by anINPUT or assignment statement to missing before each iteration of the DATA step.

Use a RETAIN statement to specify initial values for individual variables, a list of variables, ormembers of an array. If a value appears in a RETAIN statement, variables that appear before itin the list are set to that value initially. (If you assign different initial values to the samevariable by naming it more than once in a RETAIN statement, SAS uses the last value.) You can

also use RETAIN to assign an initial value other than the default value of 0 to a variable whosevalue is assigned by a sum statement.


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SAS Training 91

Selected SAS StatementsStatement RETAIN Examples :

This RETAIN statement retains the values of variables MONTH1 through MONTH5 from oneiteration of the DATA step to the next:

retain month1-month5;

This RETAIN statement retains the values of nine variables and sets their initial values:

retain month1-month5 1 year 0 a b c 'XYZ';The values of MONTH1 through MONTH5 are set initially to 1; YEAR is set to 0; variables A, B, and

C are each set to the character value

XYZ.

This RETAIN statement assigns the initial value 1 to the variable MONTH1 only:

retain month1-month5 (1);

Variables MONTH2 through MONTH5 are set to missing initially.

Observations are ordered by the name of the month in which the expenses were accrued:

by month notsorted;


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SAS Training 92

Selected SAS Statements OUTPUT : Writes the current observation to a SAS data set

Syntax

OUTPUT;

Without Arguments

Using OUTPUT without arguments causes the current observation to be written to all data sets that are named inthe DATA statement.

Arguments

data-set-name

specifies the name of a data set to which SAS writes the observation.

Details:

The OUTPUT statement tells SAS to write the current observation to a SAS data set immediately, not at the end ofthe DATA step. If no data set name is specified in the OUTPUT statement, the observation is written to the dataset or data sets that are listed in the DATA statement.


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SAS Training 93

Selected SAS StatementsStatement OUTPUT Examples :

These examples show how you can use an OUTPUT statement:

/* writes the current observation */

/* to a SAS data set */

output; /* writes the current observation */

/* when a condition is true */

if deptcode gt 2000 then output; /* writes an observation to data */

/* set MARKUP when the PHONE */

/* value is missing */if phone=. then output markup;


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SAS Training 94

Selected SAS Statements PUT : Writes lines to the SAS log, to the SAS procedure output file, or to an external file

that is specified in the most recent FILE statementSyntax

PUT ;

Without Arguments

The PUT statement without arguments is called a null PUT statement.

The null PUT statement writes the current output line to the current file, even if the current output line is blank. releases an output line that is being held by a previous PUT statement with a trailing @.


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SAS Training 95

Selected SAS Statements

GlobalStatements LIBNAME : Associates or disassociates a SAS

data library with a libref (a shortcut name);

clears one or all librefs; lists thecharacteristics of a SAS data library;concatenates SAS data libraries; implicitlyconcatenates SAS catalogs.

Syntax1. LIBNAME libref 'SAS-data-library'

< options > ;


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SAS Training 96

Selected SAS StatementsArguments

libref

is a shortcut name or a "nickname" for the aggregate storage location where your SASfiles are stored. It is any SAS name when you are assigning a new libref. When youare disassociating a libref from a SAS data library or when listing attributes, specifya libref that was previously assigned.

'SAS-data-library'

must be the physical name for the SAS data library. The physical name is thename that is recognized by the operating environment. Enclose the physical name insingle or double quotation marks.

library-specification

is two or more SAS data libraries, specified by physical names, previously-assignedlibrefs, or a combination of the two. Separate each specification with either a blank or acomma and enclose the entire list in parentheses.


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SAS Training 97

Selected SAS Statements engine

is an engine name.

Details:

The association between a libref and a SAS data library lasts only for the

duration of the SAS session or until you change it or discontinue it withanother LIBNAME statement. The simplest form of the LIBNAME statementspecifies only a libref and the physical name of a SAS data library:


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SAS Training 98

Selected SAS StatementsStatement LIBNAME Examples :

Assigning and Using a Libref

This example assigns the libref SALES to an aggregate storagelocation that is specified in quotation marks as a physical pathname.

The DATA step creates SALES.QUARTER1 and stores it in that

location. The PROC PRINT step references it by its two-level name,SALES.QUARTER1

libname sales 'SAS-data-library';

data sales.quarter1;

infile 'your-input-file;

input salesrep $20. +6 jansales febsales

marsales;run;

proc print data=sales.quarter1;

run;


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SAS Training 99

Selected SAS Statements TITLE : Specifies title lines for SAS output

Syntax

TITLE ;

Without Arguments

Using TITLE without arguments cancels all existing titles.

Arguments

n

specifies the relative line that contains the title line.

'text' | "text"specifies text that is enclosed in single or double quotation marks.

Details:

A TITLE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group with which it is associated executes. Once you specify a titlefor a line, it is used for all subsequent output until you cancel the title or define another title for that line. A TITLEstatement for a given line cancels the previous TITLE statement for that line and for all lines with larger n numbers.


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SAS Training 100

Selected SAS StatementsStatement TITLE Examples :

This statement suppresses a title on line n and all lines after it:

titlen;

These are examples of TITLE statements:

title 'First Draft'; title2 "Year's End Report"; title2 'Year''s End Report';

These statements illustrate #BYVAL, #BYVAR, and #BYLINE.

title 'Quarterly Sales for #byval(site)'; title 'Annual Costs for #byvar2'; title 'Data Group #byline';


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SAS Training 101

Selected SAS Statements FOOTNOTE : Prints up to ten lines of text at the bottom of the procedure or DATA step

outputSyntax

FOOTNOTE ;

Without Arguments

Using FOOTNOTE without arguments cancels all existing footnotes.

Arguments

n

specifies the relative line to be occupied by the footnote.

'text' | "text"

specifies the text of the footnote in single or double quotation marks.


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SAS Training 102

Selected SAS StatementsDetails:

A FOOTNOTE statement takes effect when the step or RUN group withwhich it is associated executes. Once you specify a footnote for a line,SAS repeats the same footnote on all pages until you cancel or redefinethe footnote for that line. When a FOOTNOTE statement is specified fora given line, it cancels the previous FOOTNOTE statement for that lineand for all footnote lines with higher numbers.

Statement FOOTNOTE Examples :

These examples of a FOOTNOTE statement result in the samefootnote:

footnote8 "Managers' Meeting";

footnote8 'Managers'' Meeting';


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SAS Training 103

SAS Options

Definition of Options

Data set options specify actions that apply only to the SAS data set with which theyappear. They let you perform such operations as

renaming variables selecting only the first or last n observations for processing dropping variables from processing or from the output data set

specifying a password for a SAS data set.


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SAS Training 104

Syntax of Options Specify a data set option in parentheses after a SAS data set name. To

specify several data set options, separate them with spaces.

(option-1=value-1)

These examples show data set options in SAS statements:

data scores(keep=team game1 game2 game3); proc print data=new(drop=year); set old(rename=(date=Start_Date));


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SAS Training 105

Selected SAS Options

DROP : Excludes variables from processing or from output SASdata sets.

Syntax

DROP=variable(s)

Syntax Description

variable(s)

lists one or more variable names. You can list the variables in any form that SASallows.

Details : If the option is associated with an input data set, the variables are notavailable for processing. If the DROP= data set option is associated with an outputdata set, SAS does not write the variables to the output data set, but they areavailable for processing.


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SAS Training 106

Selected SAS OptionsOption DROP Example :

Excluding Variables from Input

In this example, the variables SALARY and GENDER are not included inprocessing and they are not written to either output data set:

data plan1 plan2;

set payroll(drop=salary gender);

if hired


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SAS Training 107


KEEP : Specifies variables for processing or for writing to output SASdata sets

Syntax

KEEP=variable(s)

Syntax Descriptionvariable(s)

lists one or more variable names. You can list the variables in any form that SASallows.

Details : If the KEEP= data set option is associated with an input data set, only thosevariables that are listed after the KEEP= data set option are available for processing. Ifthe KEEP= data set option is associated with an output data set, only the variables

listed after the option are written to the output data set, but all variables are availablefor processing.


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SAS Training 108

Selected SAS OptionsOption KEEP Example :

In this example, only IDNUM and SALARY are read from PAYROLL,and they are the only variables in PAYROLL that are available forprocessing:

data bonus;

set payroll(keep=idnum salary);

bonus=salary*1.1;

run;


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SAS Training 109


RENAME : Changes the name of a variable.

Syntax

RENAME=(old-name-1=new-name-1 < . . . old-name-n=new- name-n>)

Syntax Description

old-namethe variable you want to rename.

new-name

the new name of the variable. It must be a valid SAS name.

Details : If you use the RENAME= data set option when you create a data set, the newvariable name is included in the output data set. If you use RENAME= on an input dataset, the new name is used in DATA step programming statements.


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SAS Training 110

Selected SAS OptionsOption RENAME Example :

Renaming a Variable at Time of Output

This example uses RENAME= in the DATA statement to show thatthe variable is renamed at the time it is written to the output dataset. The variable keeps its original name, X, during the DATA stepprocessing:

data two(rename=(x=keys));

set one;

z=x+y;

run;


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SAS Training 111


FIRSTOBS : Causes processing to begin at a specified observation.

Syntax

FIRSTOBS=n

Syntax Description

n

is a positive integer that is less than or equal to the number of observationsin the data set.

Details :The FIRSTOBS= data set option is valid when an existing SAS data set is read.You cannot use this option when a WHERE statement or WHERE= data set option isspecified in the same DATA or PROC step.


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SAS Training 112

Selected SAS OptionsOption FIRSTOBS Example :

This PROC step prints the data set STUDY beginning withobservation 20:

proc print data=study(firstobs=20);

run; This SET statement uses both FIRSTOBS= and OBS= to read only

observations 5 through 10 from the data set STUDY. Data set NEWcontains six observations.

data new;

set study(firstobs=5 obs=10);

run;


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SAS Training 113


OBS : Causes processing to end with the nth observation.

Syntax

OBS=n|MAX

Syntax Description

nspecifies a positive integer that is less than or equal to the number of

observations in the data set or zero.

MAX

represents the total number of observations in the data set.

Details :This option specifies the number of the last observation to process, not howmany observations should be processed. It is valid only when an existing SAS data setis read.

Use OBS=0 to create an empty data set that has the structure, but not the attributes,of another data set.


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SAS Training 114

Selected SAS OptionsOption OBS Example :

In this example, the OBS= data set option in the SET statementreads in the first ten observations from data set OLD:

data new;

set old(obs=10);run;

This statement prints only observations 5 through 10 in data setSTUDY:

proc print data=study(firstobs=5 obs=10);


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SAS Training 115


WHERE : Selects observations that meet the specified condition

Syntax

WHERE=(where-expression)

Syntax Description

where-expression

is an arithmetic or logical expression that consists of a sequence ofoperators, operands, and SAS functions. The expression must be enclosed inparentheses.

Details : Use the WHERE= data set option with an input data set to selectobservations that meet the condition specified in the WHERE expression beforeSAS brings them into the DATA or PROC step for processing. Selectingobservations that meet the conditions of the WHERE expression is the first

operation SAS performs in each iteration of the DATA step.


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SAS Training 116

Selected SAS OptionsOption WHERE Example :

Selecting Observations from an Input Data Set

This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALESdata set as it is read into another data set:

data whizmo;set sales(where=(product='whizmo'));

run; Selecting Observations from an Output Data Set

This example uses the WHERE= data set option to subset the SALESoutput data set:

data whizmo(where=(product='whizmo'));

set sales;

run;


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SAS Training 117

SAS Format

Definition of Format

A format is an instruction that SAS uses to write data values. You useformats to control the written appearance of data values, or, in some

cases, to group data values together for analysis. For example, theWORDS22. format, which converts numeric values to their equivalentin words, writes the numeric value 692 as six hundred ninety-two


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SAS Training 119

Selected SAS Formats

$CHARw: Writes standard character data.

Syntax

$CHARw.

Syntax Description

w

specifies the width of the output field.


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Selected SAS FormatsFormat $CHARw Example :

put @7 name $char4.;

Values Results

----+----1

XYZ XYZ


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$w: Writes standard character data.

Syntax

$w.

Syntax Description

w

specifies the width of the output field. You can specify anumber or a column range.


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SAS Training 122

Selected SAS FormatsFormat $w Example :

put @10 name $5.;

put name $ 10-15;

Values Results

----+----1----+----2

#Cary Cary

Tokyo Tokyo

*The character # represents ablank space.


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SAS Training 123


DOLLARw.d: Writes numeric values with dollar signs, commas, anddecimal pointsSyntax

DOLLARw.d

Syntax Description

wspecifies the width of the output field.

d

optionally specifies the number of digits to the right of the decimal point in thenumeric value.

Details:The DOLLARw.dformat writes numeric values with a leading dollar sign, with a commathat separates every three digits, and a period that separates the decimal fraction


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SAS Training 124

Selected SAS FormatsFormat DOLLARw.d Example :

put @3 netpay dollar10.2;

Values Results

----+----1----+

1254.71 $1,254.71


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SAS Training 125

SAS Informat

Definition of Informat

An informat is an instruction that SAS uses to read data values into avariable.

Unless you explicitly define a variable first, SAS uses the informat todetermine whether the variable is numeric or character. SAS also uses theinformat to determine the length of character variables.


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SAS Training 126

Syntax of Informat SAS Informats have the following form:

informat.

where

$

indicates a character format; its absence indicates a numeric format.informat

names the informat.

w

specifies the informat width, which for most informats is the number of columnsin the input data.

d

specifies an optional decimal scaling factor in the numeric informats.SASdivides the input data by 10 to the power of d.


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SAS Training 127

Selected SAS Informats

$CHARw: Reads character data with blanks.

Syntax

$CHARw.

Syntax Description

w

specifies the width of the input field.

Details:The $CHARw. informat does not trim leading and trailing blanks or convert asingle period in the input data field to a blank before storing values. If you use$CHARw. in an INFORMAT or ATTRIB statement within a DATA step to read list input,then by default SAS interprets any blank embedded within data as a field delimiter,

including leading blanks.


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SAS Training 128

Selected SAS FormatsInformat $CHARw Example :

put @1 name $char5.;

Data lines Results

----+----1

XYZ XYZ##

XYZ #XYZ#

. ##.##

X YZ #X#YZ

*The character # represents ablank space


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SAS Training 129

Selected SAS Informats

$w: Reads standard character data.

Syntax

$w.

Syntax Descriptionw

specifies the width of the input field. You must specify w because SASdoes not supply a default value.

Details:The $w. informat trims leading blanks and left aligns the values beforestoring the text. In addition, if a field contains only blanks and a single period,$w. converts the period to a blank because it interprets the period as a missingvalue. The $w. informat treats two or more periods in a field as character data.


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SAS Training 130

Selected SAS InformatsFormat $w Example :

input @1 name $5.;

Data lines Results

----+----1

XYZ XYZ##

XYZ XYZ##

.

X YZ X#YZ#

*The character # represents ablank space


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SAS Training 131

SAS Procedures

Print Format

Sort Append ContentsTranspose SQL


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SAS Training 132

Proc Print

The PRINT procedure prints the

observations in a SAS data set,using all or some of thevariables.


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SAS Training 133

Syntax

PROC PRINT


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SAS Training 134

Hands-On Exercise

Create a List Report from the Cake Datasetdisplaying the first 10 Observations

Expected Output:


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SAS Training 135

Solution

procprintdata = cake (obs=10);

var lastname flavor pscore;

run;


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SAS Training 136

User Defined Format

Proc Format

The FORMAT procedure enables

you to define your own informatsand formats for variables.


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Syntax

PROC FORMAT ;

VALUE name value-range-set(s);


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SAS Training 138

Example

Proc Format; value $genders m=Male f=Female Run;

Proc Print data=customer.demo;format sex $gender.;

run;


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d O i


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Hands-On Exercise

Display the values of the variable SEX in Classdataset as 1 and 2 , instead of the default values.

H d O E i


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SAS Training 141

Hands-On Exercise

Expected Output

S l i


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Solution

procformat;

value $sex 'M' = 1

'F' = 2

;

run;

procprintdata = train.class;format sex $sex.;

run;

P S t


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SAS Training 143

Proc Sort

The SORT procedure sorts

observations in a SAS data set byone or more character or numericvariables, either replacing the

original data set or creating anew, sorted data set.

S t


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SAS Training 144

Syntax

PROC SORT

BY variable-1;

Options(s) :nodupkey

E l


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SAS Training 145

Example

Company Debt Town

Paul's Pizza 83.00 Apex

Apex World WideElectronics

119.95 Apex

Garner StricklandIndustries

657.22 Apex

Morrisville Ice CreamDelight

299.98 Apex

Account


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SAS Training 146

proc sort data=accountout=bytown;

by town company;

run;

proc print data=bytown;

var company town debt;title 'Customers with Past-DueAccounts';

title2 'Listed Al habeticall

O t t


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SAS Training 147

Output

Customers with Past-Due Accounts

Listed Alphabetically within Town

Obs Company TownDebt

1 Apex World Wide Electronics Apex 119.95

2 Garner Strickland Industries Apex 657.223 Morrisville Ice Cream Delight Apex 299.98

4 Paul's Pizza Apex 83.00

D li t b ti


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SAS Training 148

proc sort data=account out=towns nodupkey;

by town; run;

proc print data=towns;

var town company debt ;

title 'Towns of Customers with Past-Due

Accounts;

run;

Duplicate observations

O t t


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SAS Training 149

Towns of Customers with Past-Due Accounts

Obs Town Company Debt

1 Apex Paul's Pizza 83.00

2 Garner World Wide Electronics 119.95

3 Holly Springs Ice Cream Delight 299.98

4 Morrisville Strickland Industries 657.22

Output

H d O E i


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SAS Training 150

Hands-On Exercise

SORT DUPOBS dataset to create dataset A. sort thedata by descending tourtype and vendor andascending landcostExpected Output

S l ti


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SAS Training 151

Solution

procsortdata = dupobs ;

bydescending tourtype descending

vendor landcost;

run;

Proc Append


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SAS Training 152

Proc Append

The APPEND procedure adds the observations fromone SAS data set to the end of another SAS data set

Remember:

Both data sets contained the same variables. If Appending data sets with different variables,

use the FORCE option

Syntax


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Syntax

PROC APPEND

BASE=SAS-data-set ;


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Example


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Example

PROC APPEND BASE=class1DATA=class2; RUN;

Output


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SAS Training 156

Outputname age height

Andrew 15 67

Robert 15 78

Philip 14 70

Andrea 16 60

Linda 13 55

Stephen 17 72

Hands On - Exercise


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SAS Training 157

Hands On Exercise

Append datasets DEPT1 and DEPT2 and createreplace DEPT1 with the appended dataset

Expected Output

Solution


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SAS Training 158

Solution

procappendbase = dept1 data=dept2;

run;

procprintdata = dept1;

run;

Proc Contents


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SAS Training 159

Proc Contents

The CONTENTS procedure shows the contents of aSAS data set and prints the directory of the SAS datalibrary.

Example


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SAS Training 160

Example

proc contents data=test.records;

run;

Output


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SAS Training 161

Ou pu

Hands On Exercise


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SAS Training 162

Hands-On Exercise

Display the Dataset structure of DUPOBS dataset

Proc Transpose


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SAS Training 163

p

The TRANSPOSE procedure creates an output data setby restructuring the values in a SAS data set, transposingselected variables into observations.

Original data Transposed data

X Y Z _NAME_ COL1 COL2 COL3 COL4

12 19 14 X 12 21 33 14

21 15 19 =) Y 19 15 27 32

33 27 82 Z 14 19 82 9914 32 99

Syntax


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SAS Training 164

Syntax

PROC TRANSPOSE


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SAS Training 165

statement

Transpose each BY group BY

Copy variables directly without

transposing them

COPY

Specify a variable whose values name

the transposed variables

ID

Create labels for the transposed

variables

IDLABEL

List the variables to transpose VAR

Hands-On Exercise


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SAS Training 166

Transpose the dataset grp_tran in the Trainlibrary to get the output as shown below

Solution


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SAS Training 167

Solutionprocsortdata = grp_tran;

by grp;

run;

proctransposedata = grp_tran out =result (drop= _name_);

by grp;

run;

procprintdata = result;

run;

Proc SQL


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SAS Training 168

The SQL procedure implementsStructured Query Language

(SQL) for the SAS System. SQL isa standardized, widely usedlanguage that retrieves and

updates data in tables and viewsbased on those tables

Proc SQL


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Syntax


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Syntax

CONT.

CREATE TABLE table-name (column-definition ...);

(column-specification , ... ,...) ;

DROP TABLE table-name ...;

DROP VIEW view-name ...;

INSERT INTO table-name|sas/access-view|proc-sql-view

VALUES (value...)...;

Syntax


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SAS Training 171

SyntaxSELECT object-item ...

FROM from-list

;

Example


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SAS Training 172

Example

Proc Sql;

select Lname, Fname, City, State,

IdNumber, Salary, Jobcodefrom staff, payrollwhere idnumber=idnum ;

Quit;

Hands-On Exercise


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SAS Training 173

Create Table for Females from the Classdataset using Proc Sql.

Expected Output


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Proc GPLOT


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SAS Training 175

The GPLOT procedure plots thevalues of two or more variables

on a set of coordinate axes (Xand Y). The coordinates of eachpoint on the plot correspond to

two variable values in anobservation of the input dataset.

Proc GPLOT

Syntax


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Syntax

PROC GPLOT

;

PLOTplot-request(s) ;

Example


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SAS Training 177

Example

procgplotdata = dupobs;

goptionsreset = all;

plot landcost*country;

run;

Output


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Output

Example


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SAS Training 179

Example

procgplotdata = dupobs;

goptionsreset=all;

symbol1 color = greenvalue=triangle ;

symbol2color=blue value=circle;symbol3color=redvalue=square;

plot landcost*country=vendor;

run;

Output


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Output


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Syntax


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SAS Training 182

Syntax

PROC MEANS

BY variable-1 ;

CLASSvariable(s) ;

OUTPUT

PROC MEANS (OPTIONS)


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PROC MEANS (OPTIONS)

Specify the number of decimalplaces for the statistics

MAXDEC=

Suppress all displayed output NOPRINT

Order the values of the classvariables according to the

specified order

ORDER=

Limit the output statistics tothe observations with thehighest _TYPE_ value

NWAY

PROC MEANS (BY)


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PROC MEANS (BY)Produces separate statistics for each BY group.

proc sort data = temp; by cat;run;

proc means data = temp;by cat;output out = temp1;run;

Example: Input Dataset

PROC MEANS (CLASS)


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SAS Training 185

PROC MEANS (CLASS)

Specifies the variables whose valuesdefine the subgroup combinations forthe analysis.

PROC MEANS (NWAY)


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PROC MEANS (NWAY)

proc means data = prod nway;

class cat product;

var sales;

output out = prodsta n=n sum=total;run;

PROC MEANS (OUTPUT)


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PROC MEANS (OUTPUT)Outputs statistics to a new SAS data set

Input Data set

proc means data = sales;class prod;output out = temp n = Cost_n sal_n mean=Cost_mSale_m;run;

PROC MEANS (CLASS)


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SAS Training 188

OC S (C SS)

proc means data = prod;

class cat product;

var sales;

output out = prodsta n=n sum=total; run;

PROC MEANS (VAR)


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SAS Training 189

( )

Identifies the analysis variables and theirorder in the output.

If you omit the VAR statement, PROCMEANS analyzes all numeric variables that

are not listed in the other statements.When all variables are character variables,PROC MEANS produces a simple count ofobservations.


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PROC Summary

The SUMMARY procedureprovides data summarizationtools that compute descriptivestatistics for variables across allobservations or within groups ofobservations

Syntax


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SAS Training 191

y

PROC SUMMARY


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SAS Training 192

y

Both PROC MEANS and PROC SUMMARYcompute descriptive statistics for anentire SAS data set.

The Difference Between them :. PROC MEANSproducessubgroup statistics onlywhen a BY statement isused and the input data

has been previously sorted(use PROC SORT) by theBY variables

PROC SUMMARYautomatically producesstatistics for all subgroups,giving you all the

information in one run

Difference Between ProcMeans & Proc Summary


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SAS Training 193

.PROC MEANS produceinformation in the outputwindow.

PROC SUMMARY does notproduce any information inyour output so you will alwaysneed to use the OUTPUT

statement to create a newdata set and use PROCPRINT to see the computedstatistics.

PROC REPORT


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Overview:The REPORT procedure combines features ofthe PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures

with features of the DATA step in a singlereport-writing tool that can produce a varietyof reports

PROC REPORT (TYPES)


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SAS Training 195

( )

PROC REPORT (TYPES)


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Typical Report Example


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SAS Training 199

yp p p

Input Data set

proc report data = rep nowd headlineheadskip;column product sales;

define product / 'Product Name' order;define sales / 'Sales Occured' format=8.2;run;

PROC REPORT (Syntax)


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y

PROC REPORT ;

BY variable-1COLUMNcolumn-specification(s);

COMPUTE

LINEspecification(s); . . . select SAS

language elements . . .ENDCOMP;

DEFINEreport-item ;

REBREAK l ti ti

PROC REPORT (OPTIONS)


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Select the windowing or the nonwindowingenvironment

WINDOWS|NOWINDOWS

Specify the default number of characters forcolumns containing computed variables ornumeric data set variables

COLWIDTH=

Underline all column headers and the spacesbetween them

HEADLINE

Write a blank line beneath all column headers HEADSKIP

Specify the split character SPLIT=

Specify the number of blank charactersbetween columns

SPACING=

PROC REPORT (COLUMN)


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Describes the arrangement of all columnsand of headers that span more than onecolumn.

column-specification(s) is one or more ofthe following: report-item(s) report-item-1, report-item-2 (`header-1 ' < . . . `header-n '> report-item(s) ) report-item=name

PROC REPORT (COLUMN)


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Examples

column sector manager N sales;

column sector sales,min;

column ('Individual Store Sales as aPercent of All Sales' sector manager);

column manager department sales

sales=salesmin sales=salesmax;

PROC REPORT


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Decide the usage of a variable inDEFINE statement

these usages are DISPLAY

ORDER

ACROSS GROUP

ANALYSIS

PROC REPORT (DEFINE)


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DISPLAY Do not affect the order ofvariables in a row

ORDER Used to change order of variables

(Ascending/Descending/Formatted) ACROSS - creates a column for each value

of an across variable. GROUP Creates Groups

Analysis To calculate statistics Computed Variables defined for the report

not on input data set


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PROC REPORT (BREAK)


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Produces a default summary at thebeginning or end of a report or at thebeginning and end of each BY group.

RBREAKlocation ;

Write a blank line for the last break line of a breaklocated at the beginning of the report

SKIP

Include a summary line as one of the break lines SUMMARIZE

Start a new page after the last break line of a breaklocated at the beginning of the report

PAGE

Example


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Input Data set

proc report data = rep nowd headline headskipsplit='*';column ('This is sales report' product N salessales,min discount newprice);define product / 'Product Name' group;define sales / 'My*Sales' format=8.2;define min / 'Min';define newprice / 'Discount Price' computed;

compute newprice;newprice = _c3_ - _c5_;

endcomp;

break after product / skip;run;


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SAS Date


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How SAS Converts Calendar Dates toSAS

Date Values :

SAS Date


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Working with SAS Dates :The SAS System converts date values back and forth

between calendar dates with SAS languageelements called formats and informats.

Formats present a value, recognized by SAS, suchas a date value, as a calendar date in a variety oflengths and notations.

Informats read notations or a value, such as acalendar date, which may be in a variety of lengths,and then convert the data to a SAS date.

SAS Date


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Example: Reading, Writing, andCalculating Date Values

data meeting;

options nodate pageno=1 linesize=80 pagesize=60;

input region $ mtg : mmddyy8.;

sendmail=mtg-45;

datalines;

N 11-24-99

S 12-28-99

E 12-03-99

W 10-04-99;

SAS Date


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proc print data=meeting;

format mtg sendmail date9.;

title 'When To Send Announcements';

run;

SAS Date


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Date formats

DATEw. Format: Writes date values in theform ddmmmyyor ddmmmyyyy.

Syntax :

DATEw.

SAS Date


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ExamplesThe example table uses the input value of 15415, which is

the

SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.

SAS Date


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DDMMYYw. Format : Writes date values in theform ddmmyyor ddmmyyyy.

Syntax

DDMMYYw.

SAS Date


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Examples :The example table uses the input value of 15415,which is

the SAS date value that corresponds to March 16, 2002.

SAS Date


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Date Informats

DATEw. : Reads date values in the formddmmmyyor ddmmmyyyy.

Syntax

DATEw.

SAS Date


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Example :

input calendar_date date11.;

SAS Date


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DDMMYYw. Informat :Reads datevalues in

the form ddmmyyor ddmmyyyy.

Syntax

DDMMYYw.

SAS Date


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Example :

input calendar_date ddmmyy10.;

SAS Date


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Functions

DATE Function : Returns the current date as a SAS date value

Syntax :

DATE()

Details :The DATE function produces the current date

in the form of a SAS date value, which is the number of

days since January 1, 1960.

SAS Date


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Example :

tday=date();Put tday ddmmyy8.;

SAS Date


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TODAY function : Returns the current date as a SASdate value.

Syntax :

TODAY()

Details :TODAY is identical to the DATE function.

The TODAY function produces the current date

in the form of a SAS date value, which is the number of

days since January 1, 1960.

SAS Date


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YEAR function : Returns the year from a SAS date value.

Syntax :

YEAR(date)

Details :The YEAR function produces a four-digit numeric value thatrepresents the year.

SAS Date


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Example :

SAS Date


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MONTH function : Returns the month from a

SAS date value.

Syntax :

MONTH(date)

Details :The MONTH function returns a numeric valuethat represents the month from a SAS date value.

Numeric values can range from 1 through 12.

SAS Date


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Example :


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SAS Date


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Example :

SAS Date


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QTR function: Returns the quarter of the year from a SASdate value.

Syntax :

QTR(date)

Details :The QTR function returns a value of

1, 2, 3, or 4 from a SAS date value to indicate

the quarter of the year in which a date value

falls.

SAS Date


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Example :

SAS Date


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WEEKDAY Function : Returns the day of the week from a SASdate value.

Syntax :

WEEKDAY(date)

Details : The WEEKDAY function produces an integer

that represents the day of the week, where 1=Sunday,

2=Monday, . . . , 7=Saturday.

SAS Date


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Example :

SAS Date


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MDY Function :Returns a SAS date valuefrom month, day, and year values.

Syntax :

MDY(month,day,year)

SAS Date


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Example :


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INTRODUCTION TOMACROS

What is a Macro Facility?


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The macro facility is a tool forextending and customizing theSAS System and for reducing theamount of text you must enterto do common tasks

Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables


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Macro variables are an efficient way of replacingtext strings in SAS code

The Simplest way to define a macro variable is touse the %LET statement to assign the macrovariable a name and a value.

Eg:%let macname = Test;

Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables


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Resolve a Macro Variable Value using the &symbol

Eg:

%let macname = Test;

title This is a &macname

The macro processor resolves the reference tothe macro variable MACNAME, and thestatement becomes

Title This is a Test

Generating SAS Code Using Macros


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Macros Allow you to execute a SAS code multipletimes without compiling it.

A macro definition is placed between a %MACRO

statement and a %MEND (macro end) statement,as follows:

%MACRO macro-name;

SAS code

%MEND macro-name;

Execute the macro using %macro-name



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Eg:

%macro mac1;

data temp1;

set temp;

x= Hello;

run;

%mend mac1;

%mac1;

Execution of this macro produces the following



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Execution of this macro produces thefollowing program:

data temp1;

set temp;

x= Hello;

run;


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Hands On Exercise

Create a macro datcrt thatcreates a data set cake1 from

train.cake

Solution


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%macro datcrt;

data cake1;

set train.cake;run;

%macro datcrt;

%datcrt;

Passing Information into a Macro UsingParameters


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A macro variable defined in parentheses in a%MACRO statement is a macro parameter

Macro parameters allow you to pass informationinto a macro

Passing Information into a Macro UsingParameters


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Eg:

%macro mac2 (dest= , src = );

data &src;

set &dest;

x= Hello;

run;

You invoke the macro by providing values for the parameters, asfollows:

%mac2 (dest=temp1, src=temp) ;

%mac2 (dest=temp2, src=temp);


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Hands On Exercise

Create a Macro datprnt thatprints the data set cake and

dept1 when passed as a macro

parameter

Solution


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%macro datprnt (dat= );

proc print data = &dat;

run;%mend datprnt;

%datprnt (dat=cake);

%datprnt (dat=dept1);

Conditionally Generating SAS Code

U %IF %THEN %ELSE t t t t


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Use %IF-%THEN-%ELSE macro statements toconditionally generate SAS code with a macro.

Eg:

%macro test (info= , mydata = );

%if &info = print %then %do;

proc print data = &mydata; run;

%end;

%else %if &info = report %then %do;

proc report data = &mydata; run;

%end;

%mend test;

Conditionally Generating SAS Code


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%test(info=print,mydata = data1); /* Callingthe Macro */

Result of the macro execution:Proc print data = data1;

run;

Macro Variables

Macro variables are tools that enable you to dynamically modify the


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Macro variables are tools that enable you to dynamically modify thetext in a SAS program through symbolic substitution.

You can assign large or small amounts of text to macro variables, andafter that, you can use that text by simply referencing the variable thatcontains it.

Macro variables defined by macro programmers are called user-defined

macro variables.Eg: %let name = Henry Woodbridge is Male;

Those defined by the SAS System are called automatic macro variables

Eg: Sysdate,Sysday, SysProcessID, etc.

Methods to create User Defined Macro Variables

%L t


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%Let iterative %DO statement %GLOBAL statement

%INPUT statement INTO clause of the SELECT statement in SQL %LOCAL statement %MACRO statement

SYMPUT routine %WINDOW statement.

After a macro variable is created you typically use the variable by

Using Macro Variables


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After a macro variable is created, you typically use the variable byreferencing it with an ampersand preceding its name (&variable-name), which is called a macro variable reference.

These references perform symbolic substitutions when they resolve totheir value.

Eg:%let dsn=Newdata;title1 "Contents of Data Set &dsn";

data temp;

set &dsn;

if age>=20;

run;

Using Macro Variables

if macro variable JERRY is misspelled as JERY the following


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if macro variable JERRY is misspelled as JERY, the followingproduces an unexpected result:

%let jerry=student;

data temp;

x="produced by &jery";

run;This produces the following message:

WARNING: Apparent symbolic reference JERY not resolved.

Note: Display the macro variable value using %put

Eg:

%put &jerry;

Combining Macro Variable References withText

When the macro variable is appended after a text


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DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two characters for a year

Data = &MONTH&YR%let name=sales;

data new&name;

set save.&name;

more SAS statements

run;

The SAS system sees it as

DATA NEWSALES;

SET SAVE.SALES;

more SAS statements

RUN;

When the macro variable is appended after a text,directly reference it with the text.

When a text is appended after a macro variable, usethe delimiter . between the macro variable referenceand the text

Combining Macro Variable References withText

Eg


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Eg:DATA=PERSNL&YR.EMPLOYES, where &YR contains two character

Complete Sas

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