Comércio s.f.f

8/6/2019 Comrcio s.f.f

1/31

qmih{ql`s`lg`s

o`dqol` uhqh `kmsmcr`irldmc{`) s###


2/31

y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y Kmvmdaq` 155= y o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcr`irldmc{` s###1

Blonh {ocloh

Ch qmhilvh` kms{m qmih{ql` o`iha`qhqhd6R{`q _ldms) qmkho` m umsx}lsh`blolch jq`{msoh) kmsljc jqblo`

B`{` kh ohuh6 Kmcls Dhqonhi) hqx}lr` b`{`jqblo` kh `lg`s


3/31

cklom

; Lc{q`k}Ò`dqol` uhqh ` Kmsmcrìrldmc{`) s#b#b#

2 _}dql` M~mo}{lr`

> 8# BmaqmH hsomcs` k` o`dqol` m `s sm}s mbml{`s c` kmsmcrìrldmc{`

88 1# Umqs`chilkhkm K}uihHs o`c{qhklms kh @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol`

8= ?# Dmjhi`dhclh@s ildl{ms kh ilamqhilvh`

8> ;# UmqrmqslkhkmQmjqhs dmklkh k`s uhsms qlo`s

18 =# B`dm MckdlohH oqlsm kh hjqlo}i{}qh c`s uhsms uàqms

1; 2# A}ildlh

]dh ilamqhilvh` smd bq`c{mlqhs

12 :# Lkmlhs Bl~hsUqùqlmkhkm lc{mimo{}hi rs# Lc{mqmssm uailo`

1: ># Lcbmo` Iòhi@as{o}i`s h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` c`s uhsms uàqms

1< O`coi}s`[mqhulhs Hi{mqch{lrhs

?1 Alail`jqhblh

o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y ?


4/31

Lc{q`k}Ò`dqol` uhqh ` Kmsmcrìrldmc{`) s#b#b#

Onmj`} h n`qh km }i{qhuhsshq ` oisslo` kmah{m mc{qm h hf}kh m ` o`dqol` mcx}hc{` hihrhcohs km kms$

mcrìrldmc{` uhqh `s uhsms kmsbhr`qmolk`s# H oh}sh km dhls m dmin`q o`dqol c` m~oi}l h km dhls mdmin`q hf}kh# _ o`d mssms k`ls lcjqmklmc{ms u`kmd`s dhc{mq c` n`qlv`c{m s > @afmo{lr`s km Kmsmc$rìrldmc{` k` Dlicl` .@KD, bl~hk`s uhqh 158=6

8 Mqqhklohq h uàqmvh m~{qmdh m h b`dm7

1 Hiohchq ` mcslc` uqldql` }clrmqshi7

? Uq`d`rmq h mx}lkhkm km jcmq` m khq u`kmq s d}inmqms7

; Qmk}vlq h d`q{hilkhkm lcbhc{li7

= Qmk}vlq h d`q{hilkhkm dh{mqch7

2 O`dah{mq ` RLN/_LKH) h dhiqlh m `}{qhs k`mchs7

: Jhqhc{lq h s}s{mc{halilkhkm hdalmc{hi m

> Oqlhq }dh uhqomqlh d}cklhi uhqh ` kmsmcrìrldmc{`#

Mssh uhqomqlh jiàhi {md ch @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol` .@DO, }dh khs uqlcoluhls hqmchs# Hx}l smkmolkm d}l{` k` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`) khk` ` ums` oqmsomc{m k` o`dqol` ch mo`c`dlh6 }dx}hq{` k` qmckldmc{` {`{hi m dhls km }d {mq` k` qmckldmc{` kh bqloh _}ashqlhch#

dmklkh x}m oqmsom ` rhi`q k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi) {md kmoqmsolk` h bh{lh k`s uhsms dmc`s kmsmc$rìrlk`s cmssm aì`# B`qhkhs h o`c{qla}lq sàqm{}k` o`d lcjqmklmc{ms km msohss` rhi`q hoqmsomc{hk` mmd o`cs{hc{m kmsrhi`qlvh` dh{qlhs uqldhs hjqoìhs m uq`k}{`s km ahl~h {mocì`jlh msshs chmsqmomamd ohkh rmv dmc`s klcnmlq` umi` x}m uq`k}vmd) dmsd` x}hck` h}dmc{hd hs s}hs m~u`q{h$ms# Dlinms km umss`hs md bqloh) Hdqloh Ih{lch m slh {qhahinhd dhls m dhls u`q dmc`s klcnmlq #

Dhls k` x}m klcnmlq`) uhqh d}l{hs kmsshs olkhks m olkhk`s ` klh h klh }dh x}ms{` km s}asls{colh#_m c` o`dqol` km uq`k}{`s {qhcsb`qdhk`s `s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s {d omklk`) imc{hdmc{m) hij}dhx}`{h km dmqohk` h omq{`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{`) {hi c` s}omkm ch hjqlo}i{}qh) h ahsm kh mo`c`$dlh k`s uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s# U`q lss` khqmd`s uhq{lo}ihq qmo`q{m s x}ms{ms hjqoìhs) `ckm ùq`{mool`clsd` m `s s}askl`s k`s j`rmqc`s k`s uhsms qlo`s h`s sm}s hjqlo}i{ qms ms{` h huq`b}ckhq `b`ss` km dlsqlh md x}m sm hb}ckhd ohkh rmv dhls bhdilhs c` _}i k` d}ck`#

U`q {}k` ls{`) }qjmc{m hrhilhq ` lduho{` kh ilamqhilvh` k` o`dqol`) {hi o`d` {md slk` lduimdmc{h$kh umih @DO) chs mo`c`dlhs dhls bqjmls# Mssh hrhilh` kmrm {qhk}vlq$sm c`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s mdrmqkhkmlqhs uì{lohs km kmsmcrìrldmc{` o`d lduho{` u`sl{lr` c`s @KD md o`c{qhs{m o`d h k`dl$ch` o}i{}qhi m mo`cdloh dhsohqhkh km o`ùmqh`#

Md 155=) b`l uq`k}vlk` uhqh h O`dlss` M}qùmlh }d ms{}k`8 km hrhilh` k` lduho{` khs cmjòlhmsmd o}qs` ch @DO h` crmi khs qmhs hjqoìh) bi`qms{hi m k`s smqrl`s# Km }d d`k` jmqhi) uhqh `s uhsmskmsmcrìrlk`s hs o`csmx}colhs mo`cdlohs m sòlhls s` u`sl{lrhs7 uhqh s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{``s qms}i{hk`s s` dls{`s m uhqh `s uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s {mckmd h smq cmjh{lr`s# Uhqh {`k`s `suhsms nhrmq o`csmx}colhs hdalmc{hls cmjh{lrhs o`duq`dm{mck` @KD : .Jhqhc{lq h s}s{mc{halil$khkm hdalmc{hi,#

y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y Kmvmdaq` 155= y o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s###;

8 Glqguh{qlog) Oìlc m Jm`qjm) Oilrm) _LH b Z [@ Cmj`{lh{l`cs) ]clr# Dhconms{mq) 155=


5/31

H uqlcoluhi lkmlh x}m mdmqjm khx}mim ms{}k` x}m) mda`qh {mck` jqhckm u`{mcolhi km dmin`qhq hs

o`cklms km rlkh) o`dqol` {mckm h kls{qla}lq s amcmbol`s uhqh s ho{`qms dhls u`kmq`s`s) kml~hck`ch dhqjmd `s dhls kmsuq`{mjlk s# Ms{ms cmomssl{hd km dmklkhs km shirhj}hqkh) c` smo{`q mo`cdlo`m {hdad c` sòlhi) uhqh sàqmrlrmq h`s rmc{`s km d}khch x}m sùqhd kh @DO# @ ohs` khs d}inmqmsc`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` m~mduihq6 ms{}k` o`coi}l x}m mihs {mckmd h smq x}md dhls s`bqm c`x}hkq` kh ho{}hi ilamqhilvh`# Cms{h umqsumo{lrh) hs qmjqhs kh @DO o`duq`dm{md {hdad ` @KD ?.Uq`d`rmq h mx}lkhkm km jcmq` m khq u`kmq s d}inmqms,#

@s @KD 8 m > .Mqqhklohq h uàqmvh m~{qmdh m h b`dm m Oqlhq }dh uhqomqlh d}cklhi uhqh ` kmsmcrìrl$dmc{ , s` s dhls smcsrmls lcbi}colh k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi# Dhs }dh rmv dhls) n }dh jqhckmrhqlmkhkm km qms}i{hk`s m `s amcmbol`s s sm jmcmqhilvhd sm h ilamqhilvh` b`q ho`duhcnhkh km dmkl$khs x}m bhr`qmhd hf}s{hdmc{` kmsshs mo`c`dlhs m uq`{mfhd s sm}s smqrl`s sòlhls#

C`s @KD 1) ?) ;) = m 2 .Hiohchq ` mcslc` uqldql` }clrmqshi7 Uq`d`rmq h uhqlkhkm km jcmq` m khqu`kmq s d}inmqms7 Qmk}vlq h d`q{hilkhkm lcbhc{li7 Qmk}vlq h d`q{hilkhkm dh{mqch7 O`dah{mq _LKH)h dhiqlh m `}{qhs k`mchs, c` sm lkmc{lblohqhd lduho{`s sljclbloh{lr`s k` o`dqol #

U`q {}k` ls{`) s` cmomssqlhs c`rhs qmjqhs uhqh ` o`dqol`# ]d o`dqol` o`d lcbi}colh u`sl{lrh ch qmh$ilkhkm mo`cdloh m sòlhi km {`k`s `s uhsms# ]d o`dqol` uhqh ` kmsmcrìrldmc{`#

o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y =


6/31

_}dql` M~mo}{lr`

Ms{m qmih{ql` uqò}qh ìnhq ` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi h{qhrs kh imc{m k` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`#

@ bò` ms{ u`q{hc{` c`s dhims kmssm o`dqol` m chs u`ssrmls {mqhulhs uhqh x}m u`sshd`s b`qfhq }dhjiàhilvh` lcoi}slrh) x}m o`c{mduim qlo`s m uàqms#

Huqmsmc{hd`s ` c`ss` ohs` sà h b`qdh km > k`mchs k` ho{}hi sls{mdh km o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi x}m m~ljmd {mqhulhs hi{mqch{lrhs) sm x}mqmd`s o`cs{q}lq mssh uhqomqlh jiàhi md uqì k` kmsmcrìrldmc${` n}dhc`) {mck` 158= o`d` n`qlv`c{m kmolslr`#

Bmaqm bhih kh hsomcs` k` o`dqol` ch mo`c`dlh jiàhi m o`d` mssm oqmsoldmc{` c` sljclbloh amd$ms{hq uhqh {`k`s# @s o}s{`s m amcmbol`s k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi {d slk` kls{qla}k`s km b`qdh kms$lj}hi# C`s i{ld`s 15 hc`s) `s ;> uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s) o`d 85- kh uù}ih` d}cklhi) rlqhd ùms` khs s}hs m~u`q{hms c` {`{hi d}cklhi kmsomq uhqh 5);-# O`d h dmsdh uù}ih`) s Ms{hk`s ]cl$k`s kh Hdqloh m h ]cl` M}qùmlh o`c{qìhd =5- k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi#

Umqs`chilkhkm K}uih kmaq}h$sm sàqm h @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol .@DO,) h s}h jcmsm m `d`k` o`d` qmbimo{m ` kmsmx}liaql` km b`qhs c` d}ck` km n`fm# H{qs km }d klso}qs` km hu`l` h` kms$mcrìrldmc{` k`s uhsms uàqms) h @DO {md ldu`s{` }dh ilamqhilvh` qhklohi x}m uq`{mjm `s uhsmsqlo`s# Hqj}dmc{h$sm x}m hamq{}qh k`s dmqohk`s }dh qmoml{h lcbhirmi o`c{qh h uàqmvh) mda`qh hm~umqlcolh km d}l{hs mo`c`dlhs bqjmls d`s{qm o`c{qql`#

Dmjhi`dhclh d`s{qh o`d` h hamq{}qh lcklsoqldlchkh k`s dmqohk`s u`km ihchq dlinms km umss`hsuhqh h uàqmvh# Uhqh hid k}dh hcilsm x}hc{l{h{lrh h`s mbml{`s kh ilamqhilvh` o`dmqolhi) n x}m h{mc${hq c`s khk`s x}hil{h{lr`s# @} smfh) n x}m umqomamq x}m uhqomih kh qlx}mvh jmqhkh bloh c` uhs m x}hi hkls{qla}l` kmssh uhqomih umih sòlmkhkm# X}hck` hs m~u`q{hms jmqhd qmoml{hs x}m sm o`comc{qhd

md u`}o`s ho{`qms m x}hck` hij}cs kmssms ho{`qms s` mduqmshs {qhcschol`chls ms{qhcjmlqhs) ` dhlsuq`rrmi x}m oqmsoldmc{` k` ULA c` sm qmbilo{h c` qmckldmc{` khs bhdilhs#

Umqrmqslkhkm ình uhqh ` uq`{mool`clsd` m uhqh hs {hqlbhs hibhckmjqlhs k`s uhsms qlo`s o`d` bmqqh$dmc{hs km dhclu}ih` k`s dmqohk`s# _` lcs{q}dmc{`s umqrmqs`s) x}m kls{`qomd hs qmjqhs md bhr`qkhs mo`c`dlhs dhls b`q{ms6 ho`qk`s km {qh{hdmc{` msumolhi m klbmqmcolhk` .ho`qk`s qmjl`chls,) {hqlbhsuq`jqmsslrhs m klsoqldlch{qlhs m) u`q i{ld`) s s}askl`s hjqoìhs#

B`dm Mckdloh hchilsh h kmuqmolh` khs dh{qlhs uqldhs hjqoìhs m o`csmx}mc{m mduàqmoldmc{`k`s hjqlo}i{`qms md uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s# _m chs {qòhs km uq`k}{`s {qhcsb`qdhk`s `s uhsmskmsmcrìrlk`s {d omklk`) imc{hdmc{m) hij}dh x}`{h km dmqohk` h omq{`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{`){hi c` s}omkm ch hjqlo}i{}qh) h ahsm kh mo`c`dlh k`s uhsms uàqms# Uhqh hjqhrhq uqàimdh) s uqm`sk`s uq`k}{`s hjqoìhs uqldql`s {d kmohk` c`s i{ld`s hc`s#

A}ildlh bhih kh ilamqhilvh` ch lcks{qlh m smqrl`s m khs s}hs o`csmx}colhs uhqh hs mo`c`dlhs dhlsbqjmls) md bhr`q khs mduqmshs {qhcschol`chls .M[C,# Mcx}hc{` x}m) c` ho{}hi x}hkq` km ilamqhilvhò`dmqolhi) hs mduqmshs k`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` {d km sì}ol`chq kmsrhc{hjmcs o`d` h bhi{hkm .lc,b`qdh`) dmqohk`s km ohul{hls bqho`s } lcs{l{}lms km hu`l` lcmblohvms ) hs M[C k`s uhsms kms$mcrìrlk s uhq{md uhqh ` f`j` o`d `s dmin`qms lcs{q}dmc{`s k` dmqohk`# O`csìlkhk`s `s sm}s dmq$ohk`s km `qljmd) qms{hd hj`qh hs mo`c`dlhs mdmqjmc{ms) hamq{hs umih @DO h` lcrms{ldmc{` md {`khshs qmhs#



7/31

Lkmlhs Bl~hs ha`qkh h {mc{h{lrh km jiàhilvhq hs qmjqhs km uq`{mo` km uh{mc{ms) md km{qldmc{` k`

uh{qldcl` ch{}qhi m kh shkm uailoh k`s uhsms uàqms# H @DO umqdl{m x}m h lcks{qlh òlkmc{hiqmsmqrm uhqh sl hs rhc{hjmcs {mocìjlohs) dhc{mck` h o`co`qqcolh c`s uhsms uàqms h jqhckm kls{c$olh# @ uqàimdh hjqhrh$sm x}hck` sm {qh{h kh bhaqloh` km dmklohdmc{`s uhqh o`dah{mq hdmhhs shkm uailoh o`d` ` _LKH#

Lcbmo` Iòhi hchilsh s as{o}i`s iòhls h` o`dqol` m h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`# _m hs qmjqhs kò`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi uqmf}klohd d}l{`s uhsms uàqms) ms{h dhqjlchilvh` {hdad mco`c{qh `ql$jmcs iòhls# O`qq}u`) smqrl`s sòlhls bqjmls m msohssh uqmuhqh` {ocloh m orloh s` hij}cs k`s às${o}i`s h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`# @s uhsms qlo`s kmrmd bòhq h hf}kh h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` ch dmi$n`qlh kh lcbqhms{q}{}qh sòlhi m ch oqlh` km ohuholkhkm qmihol`chkh o`d ` o`dqol`# O`dqol` m hf}khkmrmd {qhahinhq md o`cf}c{`#

O`coi}d s o`d hij}dhs qmo`dmckhms km {mqhulhs hi{mqch{lrhs uhqh o}qhq ` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chim oìò$i` h` smqrl`s k` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`#

o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y :


8/31

8# BmaqmH hsomcs` k` o`dqol` m s sm}s mbml{`s c` kmsmcrìrldmc{`

H {` bhihkh jiàhilvh` }d bmcdmc` lcmrl{rmi m uqmrlsrmi ch nls{qlh kh N}dhclkhkm# O`cnmom}

}d uqldmlq` ldu}is` c` blchi k` so}i` ^L^) x}hck` h M}qùh rl} uhq{lq ?2 dlinms km umss`hs c`s ;5hc`s x}m hc{momkmqhd h Uqldmlqh J}mqqh D}cklhi# Hs k}hs Jqhckms J}mqqhs ldu}smqhd }d lc{mqrhi`cmssm uqòmss`) x}m s qm{`d`} n omqoh km ?5 hc`s# U`q{}jhi shh kh s`daqh kh kl{hk}qh m ` d}ck`hjl{hrh$sm {hdad o`d a``d k` o`dqol` m kh blchch lc{mqchol`chls# Ms{m smj}ck` ldu}is` kh ji`$ahilvh` mqh hj`qh dhls b`q{m m klrmqslblohk` k` x}m uqldmlq`6 umss`hs m amcs d`rldmc{hrhd$sm qhul$k` m md {`khs hs klqmoms) {`qchck` ` d}ck` dhls lc{mqkmumckmc{m#

H hsomcs` k` o`dqol` {hdad }dh lcmrl{halilkhkm# Chs i{ldhs olco` kohkhs) hs m~u`q{hmsd}cklhls {d oqmsolk` 2- h` hc`# U`qd) c` lcmrl{rmi x}m dhls o`dqol` sljclblx}m dhls uq`sumql$khkm uhqh {`k`s# _m hssld b`ssm) h bqloh _}ashqlhch ms{hqlh md bqhco` oqmsoldmc{` mo`cdlo`6 o`dq$ol` h}dmc{`} mcx}hc{` uhqomih k` sm} Uq`k}{` Lc{mqc` Aq}{` .ULA, km ;5- md 8

1 @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol`) 155=

? OC]OMK) Kmrmiùlcj O`}c{qlms lc Lc{mqch{l`chi [qhkm 155=


9/31

@s uqlcoluhls qms}i{hk`s k` LOK lcklohd x}m `{ù` 15 o`cs{l{}k` u`q uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s)

o`d h m~omu` kh _lcjhu}qh .8=,# H Klchdhq$oh ilkmqh) smj}lk` k`s Ms{hk`s ]clk`s m k` Qmlc`]clk`# C}d {`{hi km 885 uhsms) U`q{}jhi ò}uh` 8> i}jhq#_`dmc{m {qs uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` u`c${mlhd mc{qm ` {ù` ?5# Uhqh hid km _lcjhu}qh)s}qjm h Qmuailoh kh O`qmlh .1=, m h Dhislh .1>,#

C` `}{q` m~{qmd`) `s i{ld`s 15) o`d m~omu` k` Uhx}ls{` m kh Uhu}h C`rh J}lc) s` uhsms dmc`skmsmcrìrlk`s .UDK, `} uhsms hbqlohc`s) `} hda`s# @s i{ld`s kmv s` {`k`s hbqlohc`s) < k`s x}hls sÙDK7 km bho{`) s k`ls uhsms hbqlohc`s) h bqloh k` _}i .;8, m hs Linhs Dh}qolhs .;:, ms{` c`s uqldmlq`s=5# ]dh uhihrqh blchi homqoh k`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` o`d dhl`q uù}ih`) h Onlch m h cklh#Humshq km hc`s km oqmsoldmc{` kh mo`c`dlh m k` o`dqol`) h Onlch .=8, c` ms{ c`s uqldmlq`s =5# Hcklh) u`q s}h rmv) s}qjm humchs c` =

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85

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25

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10/31

Ms{ms lcklohk`qms s}jmqmd x}m h ilamqhilvh` mo`cdloh c` }dh bqd}ih djloh uhqh ` kmsmcrìrl$

dmc{`) u`ls mda`qh {mcnhd dmqohk`s hamq{`s h` lcrms{ldmc{` ms{qhcjmlq ) d}l{`s uhsms s}asls{md chuàqmvh# U`q `}{q` ihk`) h ilamqhilvh` homl{m o`d` bho{`q km uq`jqmss` h i`cj` uqhv`# Dhs n x}mo`cslkmqhq x}m s}omkm c`s o}q{` m dkl` uqhv`s#

X}hck` }d dmqohk` sm haqm h` m~{mql`q) hs ldu`q{hms mc{qhd qhulkhdmc{m) {lqhck` uhq{lk` km ohchlsms{hamimolk`s# F hs m~u`q{hms cmomssl{hd km dmin`qhq h uq`k}` m uqò}qhq c`r`s dmqohk`s# @qms}i{hk` dhls jqhrm ` h}dmc{` k` kmsmduqmj` kmrlk` s mduqmshs x}m c` qmsls{md o`co`qqcolhm~{mqch# @ {molk` sòlhi) md uhq{lo}ihq c`s k`dcl`s kh mk}oh` m kh shkm) s`bqm hlckh o`d h x}maqhchs qmoml{hs hibhckmjqlhs k` Ms{hk`# Ms{ms m `}{q`s hahi`s {mckmd h smq dhls smc{lk`s x}hc{` dhls bqjli h mo`c`dlh k` uhs# Ldhjlcm$sm h sl{}h` md U`q{}jhi sm ` uqòmss` km lc{mjqh` ch ]M {lrmssmkmo`qqlk` smd b}ck`s ms{q}{}qhls m umq`k`s km {qhcsl`#

H{ x}m s amcmbol`s k` o`dqol` ilrqm sm jmcmqhilvmd) cmomssql` }d umq`k` km hf}s{hdmc{`s) rhql$rmi km uhs uhqh uhs# Ms{h ha`qkhjmd umqs`chilvhkh onòh o`d h {mckcolh uhqh uhkq`clvhq hs qmjqhsk` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi) o`d dmklkhs km shirhj}hqkh x}m c` uhsshd k` uihc` khs lc{mcms o`d` {md s}omklk` ch @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol`#



11/31

1# Umqs`chilkhkm K}uihHs o`c{qhklms kh @DO

H @qjhclvh` D}cklhi k` O`dqol` .@DO, chsom} md 8


12/31

@s s}askl`s kls{`qomk`qms oìòhd$sm ch Ohl~h

Hdhqmih# Km b`qh blohd `s s}askl`s kh Ohl~h Hv}i)kls{`qomk`qms dhs cmomssql`s uhqh ` o`c{qì` khuq`k}` .ms{h b`l }dh m~ljcolh kh ]M uhqh uq`{m$jmq `s lcomc{lr`s x}m o`comkm h` hahck`c` km omq${`s o}i{lr`s,# [hdad lsmc{`s km x}hix}mq ho`qk`

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@ dhckh{` km K`nh km{mqdlch x}m `s s}askl`s h`s hjqlo}i{`qms x}m inms umqdl{m rmckmq h uqm`shahl~` k` o}s{` km uq`k}` kmrmd smq qmk}vlk`s s}as{hcolhidmc{m# Dhs h ]M m `s M]H) md rmv kmo}duqlq o`d `s sm}s o`duq`dlss`s c` sml` kh @DO) ms{` slduimsdmc{m h {qòhq `s s}askl`s kh Ohl~hHdhqmih m kh Ohl~h Hv}i) mso`ckmck`$`s ch Ohl~h Rmqkm# Ls{` umqdl{m$inms dhc{mq) m h{ h}dmc{hq) `shi{`s crmls km hf}kh x}m r` uhqhq s jqhckms mduqmshs km hjq`$cmjol # O`d mbml{`) mimrhkhs x}hc{lhskm s}askl`s m hu`l`s ms{` hi`fhk`s ch Ohl~h Rmqkm# Ms{ldh$sm x}m h ]M {mq u`}o` dmc`s km =5#555dlinms u`q hc` md uhjhdmc{`s kh Ohl~h Rmqkm) i`j` x}m h qmb`qdh kh UHO mc{qhq md rlj`q md 1552/:#Uhqh }d hjqlo}i{`q uàqm k` A}qglch Bhs`) h oh{mj`qlvh` {ocloh km uhjhdmc{`s {d u`}oh ldu`q{c$olh) u`ls mim mcbqmc{h hlckh ldu`s{`s lcf}s{`s# ` dmsd` klcnmlq`) x}m rhl uhqh ` dmsd` i}jhq) dhso`d }d c`dm klbmqmc{m#

@s s}askl`s kh ohl~h rmqkm o`cslkmqhd$sm umqrmqs`s x}hck` o`c{qla}hd uhqh m~omss` km uq`k}` muhqh bhismhq hs qmjqhs k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol chi#

]d m~mdui` kls{` ` ohs` k` hu`l` h` lcrms{ldmc{`# Km ho`qk` o`d hs i{ldhs lcb`qdhms kh @DO) h]M jhs{h dhls k` x}m =555 dlinms u`q hc` md hu`l` h` lcrms{ldmc{` km hjqlo}i{ qms .humshq km }dhuhq{m sljclbloh{lrh kms{m rhi`q smq o`$blchcolhkh umi`s ms{hk`s$dmdaq` m bqmx}mc{mdmc{m u`q j`rmqc`sqmjl`chls,# Md Bqhch) u`q m~mdui`) ` jhs{` {`{hi o`d ` hu`l` h` lcrms{ldmc{` s}al} km =;: dlinmsmd 1558 uhqh :88 dlinms km m}q`s md 155?# @ hu`l` h` lcrms{ldmc{` c` s qmk}v hs kmsumshso`qqmc{ms dhs {hdad h}dmc{h h uq`k}{lrlkhkm m) u`q lss`) qmk}v `s o}s{`s km uq`k}`) u`ls ` klcnml$q` smqrm uhqh o`duqhq mx}luhdmc{ dhls d`kmqc` m dhls mblolmc{m#2


@ x}m umqdl{lk` ch Ohl~h Rmqkm0

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m lcbqh$ms{q}{}qhs {hls o`d` b`qcmoldmc{` km j}h m kqmchjmd km sì`s# Hqdhvmchdmc{ùailo` uhqhblcs km smj}qhchhildmc{hqm huq`rlsl`chdmc{` km hf}khhildmc{hq lc{mqch# _mj}q`s m uq`jqhdhs km hf}kh md ohs` km oh{s{q`bms ch{}qhls# Hf}s{hdmc{` ms{q}{}qhi h{qhrs km uq`jqhdhs km qmb`qdh km uq`k}{`qms m hf}khs km lcrms{ldmc{`# Uq`jqhdhs km hssls{colh hdalmc{hi m qmjl`chi# M) km b`qdh dhls o`c{q`rmqsh) hu`l` kmsiljhk` .kmo`}uimk lco`dm s}uu`q{,

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13/31

H @DO umkm x}m mssm hu`l` h` lcrms{ldmc{` smfh ms{ql{hdmc{m uhqh hjqlo}i{`qms kmsbhr`qmolk`s m x}m

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Lcks{qlh m _mqrl`s

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hssld o`d` ` sm} klqml{` km qmj}ihq md uqì k` lc{mqmssm uailo`

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@ Ho`qk` Jmqhi sàqm O`dqol` km _mqrl`s .JH[_, ms{q}{}qh$sm md x}h{q` jqhckms {lu`s km `bmq{h6{qhcsbq`c{mlqlh .u#m# o`dqol` mimo{qclo` m {mimo`d}clohms,7 o`cs}d` c` ms{qhcjmlq` .u#m# {}qlsd` mshkm,7 uqmsmch o`dmqolhi .u#m# qmuqmsmc{hms km ahco`s m o`duhcnlhs km smj}q`s, m d`rldmc{`{mdu`qql` km umss`hs .o`c{qh{h` km {qhahinhk`qms ms{qhcjmlq`s,#

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o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y 8?

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Ihz Omc{mq b`q _`}{nmqc Hbqloh) ?8 H}j}s{ 1 _mu{mdamq 155=


14/31

Uqùqlmkhkm Lc{mimo{}hi

Wo`csmj}lq }d ho`qk`T x}m hu`lm h shkm uailoh) uq`d`rmck` {hc{` ` homss` h` {qh{hdmc{`s dklo`sm~ls{mc{ms x}hc{` h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` km c`r`s {qh{hdmc{`s.###,# {mq md uhq{lo}ihq o`cslkmqh` hkldmcs` k` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`

@ Ho`qk` Qmih{lr` h`s Hsumo{`s k` Klqml{` kh Uqùqlmkhkm Lc{mimo{}hi Qmihol`chk`s o`d ` O`dqol`.HKULO, m hs s}hs rhqlhc{ms qmjl`chls HKULO Ui}s b`qdhd }d hdui` o`cf}c{` qmj}ih{ql` uhqh s klqml{`skm uqùqlmkhkm lc{mimo{}hi# H s}h dh{qlv h imjlsih` rljmc{m c`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s) x}m o`cshjqhhsumo{`s o`d` umq`k`s km 15 hc`s uhqh uq`{mo` km uh{mc{ms# Hx}mims uhsms blvmqhd rlcjhq h {msm kmx}m dhl`q uq`{mo` kh uqùqlmkhkm lc{mimo{}hi c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` h{qhlqlh dhls lcrms{l$dmc{` ms{qhcjmlq` m {qhcsbmqcolh km {mocì`jlh) ms{ld}ihck` {hdad h lc`rh` iòhi#

Ch qmhilkhkm) HKULO {`qc`}$sm c}d lcs{q}dmc{` km hjqhrhdmc{` kh rhc{hjmd {mocìjloh k`s uhsmsqlo`s sàqm `s uhsms uàqms) x}m sm rmd ldumklk`s km qmuilohq h o}s{` qmk}vlk` msshs {mocì`jlhs hij` x}m f uq`r`} smq }dh bqd}ih km s}omss`# H` lcrs) omkm$sm h`s j`rmqc`s k`s uhsms qlo`s u`kmqkm lcomc{lrhq hs s}hs mduqmshs h qmhilvhq h {qhcsbmqcolh km {mocì`jlh uhqh s uhsms ckm lcrms{md#

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y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y Kmvmdaq` 155= y o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s###8;


15/31

?# Dmjhi`dhclh@s ildl{ms kh ilamqhilvh`

Humshq kh uqmrhicolh khs {msms ilamqhilvhc{ms) h @DO c` s}blolmc{mdmc{m qhklohi uhqh hij}cs ums`s

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16/31

H ]M {hdad lclol`} }d c`r` sls{mdh km uqmbmqcolhs o`dmqolhls o`d `s uhsms km bqloh) Ohqhahs m

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_m ` o`dqol` a`d uhqh ` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`) ` o`dqol` ilrqm) smd qmjqhs x}m uq`{mfhd `sdhls r}icmqrmls) c` ` # H k`}{qlch k`dlchc{m c`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s m c`s bq}cs d}cklhls kmo`dqol` km x}m ` kmsmcrìrldmc{` smq dhl`q x}hc{` dhls qulkh m uq`b}ckh b`q h ilamqhilvh` k`sdmqohk`s {md slk` hduihdmc{m qmb}{hkh#

@ ohs` kh J}h{mdhih uhqhkljd{lo`#> _l{}h$sm c` 88: i}jhq k` cklom km Kmsmcrìrldmc{` N}dhc`)`cvm u`slms hahl~` kh s}h u`sl` md {mqd`s km qlx}mvh mo`cdloh# _m c`s huq`~ldhqd`s }du`}o` dhls o`dmhd`s h umqomamq u`qx}# Mda`qh {mcnh qmjls{hk` {h~hs km oqmsoldmc{` khs m~u`q{h$ms s}umql`qms h >- c`s i{ld`s 85 hc`s) ms{m uhs huqmsmc{h }d uq`jqmss` dmkòqm md {mqd`s kmkmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`# Ahsmhkhs c` hohq) ohqcm km rhoh m a`qqhonh) hs m~u`q{hms c` {q`}~mqhdqlx}mvh hoqmsolkh uù}ih` q}qhi# Ls{` u`qx}m s` k`dlchkhs u`q omqoh km 15 h =5 bhdilhs) x}m u`s$s}md omqoh km :5- kh uqùqlmkhkm hjqoìh# @s umx}mc`s uqùqlm{ql`s) x}m s` >:- k`s hjqlo}i{`qms)km{d s`dmc{m 8=- kh {mqqh# Dhls km dm{hkm khs bhdilhs q}qhls c` {md {mqqh) `} u`ss}l dmc`s km 8nmo{hqm# Hs {h~hs km uàqmvh cms{m jq}u` s` s}umql`qms h >5-# Hid klss`) n uq`rhs km x}m `s umx}m$

c`s hjqlo}i{`qms ms{` h smq mdu}qqhk`s uhqh b`qh khs s}hs {mqqhs u`q jqhckms m~u`q{hk`qms iljhk`s h`sdmqohk`s k`s M]H# Humshq km smq oihsslblohkh o`d` }d uhs km qmckldmc{` dkl`) ch J}h{mdhih huàqmvh m~{qmdh {md h}dmc{hk`7 hs {h~hs km kmsc}{ql` s` khs dhls hi{hs k` d}ck` m }d {mq` khs}h uù}ih` hchibham{h#

H blj}qh ? d`s{qh h qmih` mc{qm ` jqh} km hamq{}qh k`s dmqohk`s m ` oqmsoldmc{` kh mo`c`dlh# @ x}mkhx}l qms}i{h }dh jqhckm klrmqslkhkm km qms}i{hk`s# H Onlch) x}m uq`d`rm} }dh hamq{}qh d`kmqhkhs ldu`q{hms) uhs o`d dmin`qumqb`qdhcom# C`s m~{qmd`s mco`c{qhd`s h _qlh m ` Ahcjihkmonm# Huqldmlqh h}dmc{`} hs {hqlbhs hk}hcmlqhs m rl} sm} ULA oqmsomq }d u`}o` hahl~` k`s 1-# @ smj}ck` bmv}d o`q{m qhklohi chs {hqlbhs uhqh o`csmj}lq }d oqmsoldmc{` iljmlqhdmc{m holdh k`s dmsd`s 1-#

Uhqh hid k}dh hcilsm x}hc{l{h{lrh h`s mbml{`s kh ilamqhilvh` o`dmqolhi) n x}m h{mc{hq c`s khk`sx}hil{h{lr`s# @} smfh) n x}m umqomamq x}m uhqomih kh qlx}mvh jmqhkh bloh c` uhs m x}hi h kls{qla}l`kmssh uhqomih umih sòlmkhkm# X}hck` hs m~u`q{hms jmqhd qmoml{hs x}m sm o`comc{qhd md u`}o`sho{`qms m x}hck` hij}cs kmssms ho{`qms s` mduqmshs {qhcschol`chls ms{qhcjmlqhs) dhls uq`rrmi x}m` oqmsoldmc{` k` ULA c` sm qmbilo{h c` qmckldmc{`) sàqm{}k` sm msshs mduqmshs c` {d x}hix}mqo`duq`dlss` o`d` h @DO klv uqm{mckmq km qmlcrms{ldmc{` iòhi k`s i}oq`s#


> UC]K) Qmih{ql` k` Kmsmcrìrldmc{` N}dhc` 155=


17/31

Uhqh c`s huq`~ldhqd`s k`s jhcn`s qmhls x}m }d uhs qm{lqh k` oqmsoldmc{` k` o`dqol` kmrmd`s ha`q$

khq k`ls lcklohk`qms6 o`cklms o`dmqolhls .qmih` k`s uqm`s khs m~u`q{hms o`d `s uqm`s khsldu`q{hms m o`d ` u`kmq hx}lsl{lr` khx}mihs m~u`q{hms, m uhjhdmc{`s k`s qmckldmc{`s c` m~{m$ql`q {qhcsbmqcolh km i}oq`s uhqh ` ms{qhcjmlq`#

Mssh ha`qkhjmd qmrmih x}m `s uhsms x}m dhls umqkmd o`d hx}mihs {qhcsbmqcolhs s` `s m~u`q{hk`qmskm amcs uqldql`s c` um{q`ibmq s6 :=- k`s qmckldmc{ s a{lk`s umihs o`cklms o`dmqolhls s` has`q$rlk`s u`q uhjhdmc{`s c` m~{mql`q# Msshs umqkhs ohmd uhqh 1=- c`s uhsms uq`k}{`qms km um{qim` muhqh 85- c`s m~u`q{hk`qms km uq`k}{`s dhc}bho{}qhk`s


18/31

;# UmqrmqslkhkmQmjqhs dmklkh k`s uhsms qlo`s

C` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi) ` x}m {md uqmrhimolk` h iml k` dhls b`q{m# Mssh c`qdh dhc{lkh hq{lblolhi$

dmc{m u`q lcs{q}dmc{`s umqrmqs`s) x}m kls{`qomd hs o`cklms k` dmqohk` md bhr`q khs mo`c`dlhsdhls qlohs# Hkr`jhk`s k` ilamqhilsd`) `s uhsms qlo`s s` ohdumms k` uq`{mool`clsd`# Uhqh uq`{mjmqmd`s sm}s lc{mqmssms) }{lilvhd }d o`cf}c{` s`bls{lohk` km lcs{q}dmc{`s6 s ho`qk`s km {qh{hdmc{` msumolhim klbmqmcolhk` .ho`qk`s qmjl`chls,) hs {hqlbhs uq`jqmsslrhs m klsoqldlch{qlhs m) u`q i{ld`) `s s}askl`shjqoìhs#

F ha`qkd`s `s Ho`qk`s km Uhqomqlh Mo`cdloh kh ]M o`d `s o`d `s uhsms km bqloh) Ohqhahs m Uho$blo` m ` OHB[H mc{qm `s M]H m smls uhsms kh Hdqloh Omc{qhi# Md hda`s `s ohs`s o`cs{h{h$sm o`d`) hom$chck` h omc`}qh k` homss` h` dmqohk` k`s qlo`s) sm bhv hrhchq h hjmckh k`s uhqomlq`s dhls b`q{ms6 hm~u`q{h` km hohq m h uq`{mo` km uh{mc{ms uhqh `s M]H m h bholil{h` k` lcrms{ldmc{` ms{qhc$jmlq` m k` o`dqol` km smqrl`s c` ohs` kh ]M#

U`kmd`s hoqmsomc{hq ` c`qdh{lr` [}k` Dmc`s Hqdhs) lc{q`k}vlk` md 1558 umih ]M uhqh bholil{hq) h{qh$rs km lsmcms km klqml{`s hk}hcmlq s) hs m~u`q{hms k`s uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s# Ch uq{loh) ms{mm }{q`s ho`qk`s k` jcmq` s` bholidmc{m {`qumkmhk`s umihs onhdhkhs qmjqhs km qljmd) x}m c` ohs`kh ]M àqljhd h x}m h dhl`q uhq{m k`s o`du`cmc{ms k` uq`k}{` smfhd uq`k}vlk`s c` uhs m~u`q{h$k`q .` Ohchk humchs m~ljm 1=- km lcu}{iòhi,#

@qh ms{m uqmoml{` hb}clih hs m~u`q{hms mimjrmls# U`q m~mdui`) }dh mduqmsh kh J}lc$Alssh} x}mldu`q{m {molk` kh cklh uhqh ` ms{hduhq m kmu`ls m~u`q{hq uhqh h ]M {mq klblo}ikhkms md bhv$i` smduhjhq hs nhal{}hls {h~hs hk}hcmlqhs) mda`qh uhq{lkh ms{mfh c` jq}u` k`s uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s#@ dmsd` sm uhssh o`d x}hix}mq m~u`q{hk`q km rmjm{hls k` ]jhckh x}m uqm{mckh m~u`q{$i`s mdmdahihjmcs uq`k}vlkhs c` X}clh#

H ldmcsh dhl`qlh km uhsms m uq`k}{`s x}m c` o`csmj}m uhsshq cms{m b}cli bloh m~u`s{h h` smj}ck`lcs{q}dmc{` km k`dlch` o`dmqolhi k`s uhsms qlo`s6 hs {hqlbhs uq`jqmsslrhs m klsoqldlch{qlhs# @s uh$sms qlo`s {h~hd hs ldu`q{hms km uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s) md dklh) h }d crmi {qs h x}h{q`rmvms s}umql`q h` x}m uqh{lohd chs ldu`q{hms km }{q`s uhsms qlo`s .blj}qh ;,#

Ms{h h dhls jql{hc{m khs umqrmqsms k` o`dq$ol` lc{mqchol`chi# M~uiloh$sm mcx}hc{` b`qdh kmumqum{}hq h rhc{hjmd k`s hjmc{ms mo`cdlo`sk`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s# Cms{m u`c{`) {`k`smims o`crmqjmd ch qmjqh km `}q`6 {h~hs ahl~hsuhqh dh{qlhs uqldhs) {h~hs uq`jqmsslrhdmc{mdhls hi{hs uhqh uq`k}{`s lc{mqdkl`s m blchls#Kms{m d`k`) hs m~u`q{hms km dhl`q rhi`qhoqmsomc{hk` u`kmd o`c{lc}hq h smq uq`k}vlkhsc`s uhsms qlo`s#

Li}s{qmd`s6 h ]M huiloh 5- km {h~h hibhckmjqlh ldu`q{h` km smdmc{m km ohoh}7 uhs{h kmohoh} oham


19/31

dhcnh ` dhl`q m~u`q{hk`q d}cklhi km ohoh} uqòmsshk`85# Ms{m dmohclsd` lcbhirmi ) c` smo{`q hjq$oìh) qmb`qhk` u`q `}{q`) c` dmc`s b`qdlkrmi6 `s s}askl`s#

@s s}askl`s hjqoìhs b`qfhd }dh ldah{rmi kls{`q` khs qmjqhs c` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi# Kmrlk` hmims) hij}cs k`s dhls uàqms hjqlo}i{`qms k` d}ck` {d x}m o`co`qqmq o`c{qh `s dhl`qms uqùqlm{ql`shjqoìhs m jq}u`s hjq`$umo}ql`s k`s uhsms qlo`s# @s M]H m h ]M s` s jqhckms uq`d`{ qms kms{h uì$

{loh x}m) o`d` rld`s) s`}amqhd ho`d`khq kmc{q` khs qmjqhs kh @DO#

Ch ]M) ` dmin`q m~mdui` km hu`l`s h }d uq`k}{` x}m c` {mqlh uhq{lkh x}hix}mq rhc{hjmd bhom h`suhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` ` k` hohq# Omqoh km x}h{q` dlinms km {`cmihkhs x}m h ]cl` c` o`c$smj}m has`qrmq lc}ckhd {`k`s `s hc`s `s dmqohk`s d}cklhls h }d uqm` hahl~` k` sm} o}s{` km uq`$k}`# Ls{` u`qx}m `s hjqlo}i{`qms m}qùm}s qmomamd hu`l`s uq`k}` x}m o`qqmsu`ckmd h x}h{q`rmvms ` rhi`q lc{mqchol`chi k` uq`k}{` m hlckh hu`l`s m~u`q{h`# Ms{m hohq s}aslklhk` bhv ohlq?5- uqm` c`s dmqohk`s lc{mqchol`chls) o`d o`csmx}colhs kmrhs{hk`qhs uhqh uhsms o`d` Aqhsli) hbqloh k` _}i `} D`hdalx}m# Mls ` k}dulcj c` sm} ul`q#

@ mx}lrhimc{m k` hohq c` `}{q` ihk` k` H{ic{lo` onhdh$sm hij`k` dhkm lc ]_H# Md 155=) `s hu`l`sk` j`rmqc` c`q{m$hdmqlohc` hsomckmqhd h ;): dli dlinms km kihqms6 ms{m ` rhi`q km dmqohk` km{`kh h oìnml{h m }i{qhuhssh h hf}kh k`s M]H bqloh _}ashqlhch# O`d ms{ms uhjhdmc{`s) ` hij`k`hdmqlohc` o`csmj}m k`dlchq hs m~u`q{hms d}cklhls) bhvmck` `s uqm`s ohlq h{ 8?-# @s uhsms dhlshbmo{hk`s s` `s hbqlohc`s) x}m {mckmd h kmumckmq d}l{` kms{h o}i{}qh) b}ckhdmc{hi uhqh hs bhdilhsuàqms md v`chs q}qhls# C` Amcld) h x}mkh k`s uqm`s md 1558$1551 lcbi}l} c` h}dmc{` kh uàqmvh km?: uhqh == u`q klh#

o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y 8# Lcbmo` Iòhi@as{o}i`s h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` c`s uhsms uàqms

Ms{hamimomd`s x}m hs qmjqhs lcf}s{hs k` o`dqol lc{mqchol`chi o`duq`dm{md h ohuholkhkm km d}l{`s

uhsms uhqh o`cs{q}qmd }d oqmsoldmc{` s}s{mc{rmi) {mck` md o`c{h ` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc` m `s@KD# Msshs qmjqhs hohahd u`q dlchq h hf}kh h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` uqms{hkh umi`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`sc` smc{lk` km oqlh` km ohuholkhkm c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{`6 u`q ohkh m}q` khk` h uhsmsuàqms md hf}khs) k`ls umqkmd$sm kmrlk` s qmjqhs lcf}s{hs k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi15#

Mssh lcmbloolh kh hf}kh m~uiloh$sm {hdad umih s}h msohssmv m bqhoh hq{lo}ih` o`d hs qmhls cmomsslkh$kms iòhls) uql`qlvhck` h` lcrs h dmin`q b`qdh km bholil{hq hs qmb`qdhs kl{hkhs umih @DO) Ahco` D}cklhim BDL# H hf}kh h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` {md slk` }{lilvhkh o`d` d`mkh km {qòh uhqh h hamq{}qh k`s dmqoh$k`s m d}l{hs rmvms ms{ md o`c{qhkl` o`d hs uì{lohs o`dmqolhls k`s uhsms k`hk`qms#

H Hjcolh Bqhcomsh km Kmsmcrìrldmc{` {md uqò}qhk` ohuhol{hq h lcks{qlh km m~u`q{h` km umsohk`k` _mcmjhi) dhs kmskm 8


28/31

@s slckloh{`s) x}hck` m~ls{md) s` d}l{hs rmvms ho{lrhdmc{m o`dah{lk`s umi`s mduqmsql`s m h}{`qlkh$

kms j`rmqchdmc{hls# _ ;5- k`s {qhahinhk`qms o`c{qh{hk s ch Hdqloh Ih{lch ms{` uq`{mjlk`s u`q imlsiha`qhls m {d smj}qhch sòlhi# Dmc`s km }d x}hq{` khs d}inmqms mduqmjhkhs ch lcks{qlh onlimch kmm~u`q{h` km bq}{hs {md o`c{qh{`#

X}hck` shd`s k` {qhahin` uhqh h msoìhqlkhkm m h shkm) uhc`qhdh c` dmin`qh6

}d md ohkh olco` hk}i{`s c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` hchibham{` m 885 dlinms km oqlhchs mdlkhkm km msoìhqlvh` uqldqlh c` bqmx}mc{hd hs h}ihs7

{`k`s s hc`s 2)2 dlinms c` rlrmd smx}mq uhqh {mq lkhkm km lq msoìh m =?5 dli d}inmqms d`qqmd cùhq{`7

;5 dlinms km umss`hs ms{` lcbmo{hkhs o`d NLR7 s` 8; dli c`r`s ohs`s u`q klh) k`s x}hls ;5- d}inm$qms m 15- oqlhchs#

@ qmckldmc{` khs bhdilhs m `s sls{mdhs km mk}oh` m km shkm iòhls s` lcohuhvms km km{mq ms{m m`}{q`s uqàimdhs oqclo`s c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{`#

H o`c{hdlch` m h sàqmm~ui`qh` k`s qmo}qs`s ch{}qhls {hdad sm mco`c{qhd i`cjm khs uqmò}uh$` uhqh d}l{`s j`rmqc`s) ò}uhk`s h h{qhlq x}hix}mq {lu` km lcrms{ldmc{` ms{qhcjmlq` m md bholil{hq hm~u`q{h`# Uhqh hid k` oisslo` m~mdui` kh kmsbi`qms{h` kh Hdhvclh) u`kmd`s ol{hq }d ohs`d}l{` iljhk` uq`k}` c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{ 6 ` hij`k`# Kmrlk` s}h ldu`q{colh mo`c$dloh) {`qc`}$sm c}dh d`cò}i{}qh lc{mcslrh) x}m msj`{h `s sì`s m àqljh kmsbi`qms{h`# C` Amcld)omq{h km 855 dli nmo{hqms km bi`qms{h s` shoqlblohk`s ohkh hc` h` hij`k`# Hid klss`) uhqh dh~ldlvhq huq`k}{lrlkhkm) }{lilvh$sm }d rhs{` imx}m km ums{lolkhs m lcsmo{lolkhs x}m o`c{hdlchd `s sì`s m hs

j}hs# Ms{ldh$sm x}m omqoh km 15 dli umss`hs d`qqmd u`q hc` c`s URK u`q oh}sh k` mcrmcmchdmc{ò`d ums{lolkhs) m omqoh km ? dlinms km umss`hs s`bqmd u`q k`mchs hj}khs `} qmuq`k}{lrhs iljhkhs sdmsdhs oh}shs#

@ o`cbil{` rlìmc{` `}{qh ahqqmlqh u`kmq`sh# C` so}i` ^^) ;)?- khs d`q{ms c` d}ck` kmrmqhd$sm hj}mqqhs .c` so}i` RLL) b`qhd 5)?1- c}dh uù}ih` d}cklhi d}l{` lcbmql`q,# Mda`qh cms{m so}i` c`c`s u`sshd`s khq h` i}~` km dhls }dh j}mqqh d}cklhi) `s o`cbil{`s qmjl`chls) hij}cs k`s x}hls sm hqqhs${hd u`q kohkhs) o`c{lc}hd h {mq }d o}s{` mimrhk`# Kmskm 8


29/31

O`coi}s`[mqhulhs Hi{mqch{lrhs

Uhqh `s dhims k` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi c` n sì}ms slduims# N c` mc{hc{` bqd}ihs hi{mqch{lrhs

s qmoml{hs ilamqhilvhk`qhs) bqd}ihs x}m uqò}qhd o`qqljlq hs kls{`qms kh imc{m k` oqmsoldmc{` mo`c$dlo` uhqh b`qdhq }dh ldhjmd jiàhi6 h ldhjmd k` kmsmcrìrldmc{` n}dhc`#Ms{h humchs }dh smimo` kmc{q` km }d qmoml{}ql` hdui`) uhqh kmd`cs{qhq x}m m~ls{md d}l{hs ma`hs hi{mqch{lrhs dmklolch k`dlchc{m c` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi# U`q }d o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrì$rldmc{`#

Homss` h`s dmqohk`s

Mildlchq hs {hqlbhs msohi`chkhs m haqhckhq h ohqjh {hqlbqlh) qmk}vlck` h{ 1585 hs {h~hs d~ldhs uhqh}d crmi c` s}umql`q h` kàq` khs {h~hs dklhs7

Huilohq homss` ilrqm km klqml{`s m km x}`{hs h {`khs hs m~u`q{hms km uhsms kh bqloh _}ashqlhch kmqmckldmc{ ahl~` m ms{mckmq ms{m homss` h {`k`s `s uhsms dmc`s kmsmcrìrlk`s khs }{qhs qmjlms7

Bim~lalilvhq hs qmjqhs km qljmd) hkù{hck`) hc{ms km 155:) imjlsih` ahsmhkh ch dmin`q uq{loh lc{mq$chol`chi) o`d ` àfmo{lr` km qmk}vlq h m~ljcolh km rhi`q hoqmsomc{hk` k`s uq`k}{`s mimjrmls uhqh1=- k` rhi`q km m~u`q{h` m umqdl{lq x}m s uhsms x}m qmomamd uqmbmqcolhs sm hahs{mhd km o`d$u`cmc{ms md x}hix}mq uhq{m k` d}ck`7

Ms{hamimomq)md1552)}d b}ck` km o`dumcsh` k` hf}s{hdmc{ h` o`dqol ) b`qcmomck` =55 dlinmskm kihqms u`q hc`) k}qhc{m h uq~ldh kohkh#

[qh{hdmc{` msumolhi m klbmqmcolhk` Qmrmq hs qmjqhs km homss` kh @DO uhqh jhqhc{lq x}m s c`r`s dmdaq`s khs qmjlms dhls kmsbhr`qmol$

khs c` {mcnhd km o}duqlq m~ljcolhs km ilamqhilvh` lco`csls{mc{ms o`d sm} ms{h{}{` km kmsmc$rìrldmc{`7

Ildl{hq hs m~ljcolhs qmouq ohs uhqh homss` h` dmqohk` km amcs c` hjqoìhs) umqdl{lck` x}m suhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` qmk}vhd hs {hqlbhs dklhs h{qhrs km }dh bqd}ih x}m hssmj}qm }d hi{`jqh} km bim~lalilkhkm#

Hjqlo}i{}qh H x}maqh c`s uqm`s khs dh{qlhs uqldhs hjqoìhs {md km smq {qhrhkh h{qhrs k` hirl` oqmsomc{m kh

krlkh k`s uq k}{`qms c`suhsmsmd kmsmcr irldmc{ ) km }d smj}q km qlso` m) chij}cs ohs s)bl~hck`x}`{hs uhqh h bmq{h7

Uq`lal` rlco}ih{lrh km {`k`s s s}askl`s klqmo{`s s m~u`q{hms) h{ 155:7 Bld uq`jqmsslr` khs uq`rlsms kh Ohl~h Hv}i7 @s s}askl`s kh Ohl~h Rmqkms kmrmq` smq umqdl{lk`s x}hck` s uhjhdmc{`s hohqqm{md amcmbol`s

mrlkmc{ms uhqh `s umx}mc`s hjqlo}i{`qms) ` kmsmcrìrldmc{` q}qhi `} ` hdalmc{m) `} amcmbol`slcklqmo{`s uhqh s ohdu`cmsms k`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{ #

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k`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s) c`s uq`k}{`s uqldql`s mssmcolhls o`d` hohq m ` hij`k`7 Qmk}` bhsmhkh khs {hqlbhs km ldu`q{h` h{qhrs kh onhdhkh bqd}ih s}h) x}m bhv s o`q{ms dhls

uq`b}ck`s chs {hqlbhs dhls mimrhkhs) o`d }d {mo{` km 85-) h{ 15857 Lsmc{hq uq k}{`s msumolhlskh hjqlo}i{}qh km x}hix}mq m~ljcolh km ilamqhilvh` m umqdl{lq x}m s

uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` huilx}mddmohclsd`s km shirhj}hqkh uhqh qms{qlcjlq ` homss` h` dmqohk )

x}hck` s crmls km ldu`q{h` hdmhhd h smj}qhch hildmc{hq#

o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s### y Kmvmdaq` 155= y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y 1


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Uqùqlmkhkm lc{mimo{}hi Qmb`qhq hs uq`rlsms km shkm uailoh c` ho`qk` HKULO) md uhq{lo}ihq sàqm bhaqlo` m ldu`q{h` km

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olh c`s uhsms md kmsmcrìrldmc{` dhs u`}o` ldu`q{hc{ms c`s uhsms kmsmcrìrlk`s7 O`cshjqhq s klqml{`s m qmsumo{lrhs o`dumcshms k`s u`r`s lckjmchs sàqm h }{lilvh` o`dmq$olhi khs uqùqlmkhkms {mqhu}{lohs km uihc{hs

Oqlh` km ohuholkhkm H}dmc{hq rì}dm kh hf}kh h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` uhqh 5):- k` ULA k`s uhsms kh @OKM7 Kmsrlco}ihq h hf}kh h` kmsmcrìrldmc{` kh ilamqhilvh` k`s dmqohk`s amcmblolql s7 @qlmc{hq h hssls{colh {ocloh uhqh oqlh` km ohuholkhkm qmihol`chkh o`d ` o`dqol` c` smc{lk` kh

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Ilkmqhq h ]cl` M}qùmlh ch kmbmsh km qmjqhs f}s{hs c` o`dqol` lc{mqchol`chi) o`d haìl` k`s s}as$kl`s m~u`q{h` m `}{q`s dmohclsd`s x}m kls{`qomd h o`co`qqcolh lc{mqchol`chi#

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y qmih{ql`s `lg`s y Kmvmdaq` 155= y o`dqol` uhqh kmsmcrìrldmc{` s###?5

18 @OKM _|cmqjlms am{zmmc {nm @MOK J}lkmilcms b`q D}i{lch{l`chi Mc{mquqlsms .DCMs, hck {nm JQL 1551 _}s{hlchalil{| Qmu`q{lcj J}lkmilcms)

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Comércio s.f.f

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