Citrus Friuts 1917

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7/22/2019 Citrus Friuts 1917 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/citrus-friuts-1917 1/559 CITRUS UT T W ^ W*^ tf* '^ 1 1 1 I S kii>^ .-nl JH, %inav^ E.con The .Rural Science Ser JKtMttf* Jk ,{?>

Transcript of Citrus Friuts 1917

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    CITRUSUT T W ^ W*^ tf* '^1 1 1 I Skii>^ .-nl JH, %inav^E.con

    The .Rural Science SerJKtMttf* Jk ,{?>

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    TTbe IRurai Science SeriesEDITED BY L. H. BAILEY

    CITRUS FRUITS

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    Efje J&ural Science SeriesTHE SOIL. King.THE SPRAYING OF PLANTS. Lodeman.MILK AND ITS PRODUCTS. Wing. Enlarged and Revised.THE FERTILITY OF THE LAND. Roberts.THE PRINCIPLES OF FRUIT-GROWING. Bailey. 20thEdition, Revised.BUSH-FRUITS. Card.

    FERTILIZERS. Voorhees.THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE. Bailey. 15th Edition,Revised.IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE. King.THE FARMSTEAD. Roberts.RURAL WEALTH AND WELFARE. Fairchild.THE PRINCIPLES OF VEGETABLE-GARDENING. Bailey.FARM POULTRY. Watson. Enlarged and Revised.THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Jordan.THE FARMER'S BUSINESS HANDBOOK. Roberts.THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS. Mayo.THE HORSE. Roberts.How TO CHOOSE A FARM. Hunt.FORAGE CROPS. Voorhees.BACTERIA IN RELATION TO COUNTRY LIFE. Lipman.THE NURSERY-BOOK. Bailey.PLANT-BREEDING. Bailey and Gilbert. Revised.THE FORCING-BOOK. Bailey.THE PRUNING-BOOK. Bailey.FRUIT-GROWING IN ARID REGIONS. Paddock and Whipple.RURAL HYGIENE. Ogden.DRY-FARMING. Widtsoe.LAW FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Green.FARM BOYS AND GIRLS. McKeever.THE TRAINING AND BREAKING OF HORSES. Harper.SHEEP-FARMING IN NORTH AMERICA. Craig.COOPERATION IN AGRICULTURE. Powell.THE FARM WOODLOT. Cheyney and Wentling.HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. Herrick.CITRUS FRUITS. Coit.

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    THE WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE

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    CITRUS FRUITSAN ACCOUNT OF THE CITRUS FRUIT INDUSTRY

    WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALIFORNIAREQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICES

    AND SIMILAR CONDITIONS

    BY\ ^v

    J. ELIOT COIT, M.S. A., PH.D.PROFESSOR OF CITRICULTURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALI-

    FORNIA AND CITRICULTURIST TO THE UNIVERSITY OFCALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONFORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT IN CHARGE

    CITRUS EXPERIMENT STATIONRIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA '

    gorfcTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY

    1917A II rights reserved

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    COPYRIGHT, 1915,BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

    Set up and electrotyped. Published April, 1915.Reprinted September, 1917.

    NorinooUJ. S. Gushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co.

    Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

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    PREFACETHE citrus industry has now reached a high state ofdevelopment in both California and Florida. Further-

    more, it is progressing with rapid strides. Old Worldpractices and precedents have been largely ignored inthe development of an industry characteristically Amer-ican in spirit and new in methods. The readiness withwhich the growers adopt new and better methods is anindication of the virility and youthful vigor of this newindustry.The literature has hardly kept pace with the industryand is scattered through a large number of periodicalsand reports. On this account, it is largely unavailableto those who need it most. The last comprehensivework published in California was that of Lelong in1902. This quickly ran out of print and for the lastsix years has been rare.The present volume represents an attempt to discussunderlying principles in such a way as to emphasizethe importance of certain stable fundamentals uponwhich the rapidly changing superstructure is built.It has also been the aim to describe the industry asit exists to-day, and bring together in orderly arrange-ment all the information available at this time whichis worth while.

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    vi PrefaceThe author has enjoyed the cooperation and assist-

    ance of many friends. The chapter on History andDevelopment has been read and criticised by J. M.Guinn of Los Angeles. Professors E. J. Wickson,E. B. Babcock, B. A. Etcheverry, W. T. Home,and H. J. Quayle, together with Messrs. W. S.Reed and E. O. Essig, have kindly read and criti-cised parts of the manuscript. E. G. Dezell of theCalifornia Fruit Growers' Exchange read the chap-ter on Marketing. I am indebted to my co-worker,I. J. Condit, for contributing parts of the chapters oninsects and fumigation. For cordial cooperation intaking the atmometer records reported on in ChapterXII, I am under obligation to W. M. Mertz of theCitrus Experiment Station. Some historical and otherdata used in Chapter XIV on Frosts and OrchardHeating has been taken from the excellent graduat-ing thesis of Carl Nichols.For the use of certain illustrations I am indebted asfollows: to Carl Nichols for Nos. 10, 14, 15, 64, 65,and 86; to W. I. Jones for Nos. 57 and 58; to theRoeding & Wood Nursery Company for Nos. 1109111, & 119 ; to L. H. Moore for Nos. 113 and 120 ; toProfessor H. S. Fawcett for No. 128; to ProfessorH. J. Quayle for Nos. 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, and147 ; and to Professor C. W. Woodworth for No. 151.

    J. ELIOT COIT.BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA,

    February 17, 1915.

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    CONTENTSCHAPTER I

    PAGESHISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT 1-24First planting of orange seeds in California, 1 first

    commercial orchard, 2 other pioneer plantings, 3early citrus fairs, 5 the panic of 1884-1886, 6 thecottony cushion scale, organization of cooperativemarketing, 8 California citrus shipments, 9 otherfactors which have made for progress, 10 historyof the Washington Navel orange, 13 the citrus industryin Arizona and Sonora, 23

    CHAPTER IIGEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA . . . 25-39

    Classification of citrus areas, 26 southern coast, 28interior valley, 30 northern coast, 31 the frost

    hazard, 33 atmospheric humidity, 34 winds, 36sunlight, 38

    CHAPTER IIIBOTANY, GROSS STRUCTURE, AND HABITS OF GROWTH . 40-64

    Classification, 42 conspectus, 43 structure of thecitrus plant, 45 roots, 45 wood, 46 leaves, 49thorns, 51 flowers, 52 pollination and seed forma-tion, 55 polyembryony, 59 structure and composi-tion of the fruit, 60 seasons of blossoming and harvest,63 longevity, 64

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    Vlll Contents

    CHAPTER IVPAGES

    VARIETIES 65-83Seedling trees no longer planted, 66 the straggle be-tween many varieties, 65 the survivors few in num-

    ber, 66 the orange, description of varieties, 66the lemon, description of varieties, 72 the pomelo,description of varieties, 75 the mandarin, descrip-tion of varieties, 78 the Swingle-Webber hybrids,description of varieties, 79 the citron, 80 the shad-dock, 81 the lime, 81 the kumquat, 83 the sweetlemon, 83 the trifoliata, 83

    CHAPTER VTHE CITRUS NURSERY........ 84-105

    The seed-bed, 84 source and cost of seed, 86preparation and planting of seed-bed, 87 eradicationof scale from nursery trees, 90 planting seed-bed stock,91 propagation, 92 cutting bud-wood, 93 storingbud-wood, 94 time of budding, 95 method of bud-ding, 95 training the nursery tree, 100 balling andshipping, 102 CHAPTER VI

    HORTICULTURAL INSPECTION AND QUARANTINE SERVICE . 106-113The California State Commission of Horticulture, 106inspection of interstate shipments, 107 quarantine

    orders, 109 State Fruit Growers' Conventions, 109the County Commissioners of Horticulture, 110 dutiesof county commissioners, 110 compulsory fumigation,110 the necessity for inspection, 111

    CHAPTER VIIIMPROVEMENT or CITRUS FRUITS BY BREEDING .

    Hybridization, 115 structure of citrus flower, 115cross-pollination, 116 improvements most needed, 118

    114-131

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    Contents IX

    vegetative mutations or bud-sports, 118 kinds ofvariations, 119 fluctuations, 119 mutations, 120sectorial chimeras or mixed plants, 121 performancerecords needed, 124 record of West Highland Grove,125 selection of bud-wood, 128 pedigreed stock, 130

    CHAPTER VIHJUDGING CITRUS FRUITS ....... 132-138

    Orange score-card, 133 orange standards, 133lemon score-card, 134 lemon standards, 135 pomeloscore-card, 136 pomelo standards, 136 packed boxscore-card, 137 packed box standards, 137 exhibitscore-card, 138

    CHAPTER IXSELECTION OF SITE AND PREPARATION FOR PLANTING . 139-146

    Selection of site, 139 score-card for citrus lands, 139the frost question, 140 water supply, 141 soil

    adaptations, 142 clearing and leveling land, 145amelioration of hardpan by the use of dynamite, 146

    CHAPTER XPLANTING THE ORCHARD 147-164

    Orchard plans, 147 number of trees per acre, 149distance of planting, 149 contour planting, 151 timeof planting, 151 root-stocks, 151 digging the holes,155 setting the trees, 156 intercropping, 159 thecost of planting, 160

    CHAPTER XICULTIVATION, FERTILIZATION, COVER-CROPS ... 165-186

    Plowing, 165 cultivating, 168 mulching, 173orchard tractors, 174 fertilizing, 175 humus, 178green manure crops, 181 summary of soil manage-ment, 184

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    x ContentsCHAPTER XII

    PAGESIRRIGATION . . . ... . . . . . 187-203

    Amount of water needed, 188 atmometer records,189 sources and cost of water, 192 methods of dis-tribution, 193 time of application, 195 methods ofapplication, 198 CHAPTER XIII

    PRUNING AND TOPWORKING 204-229Pruning trees in the nursery row, 205 pruning

    oranges, 207 suckers versus fruit wood, 209 prun-ing lemons, 213 disposition of prunings, 217 prun-ing frosted trees, 217 reheading young trees, 218reheading mature trees, 220 topworking old trees, 223

    pruning tools, 225 wounds and dressings, 226

    CHAPTER XIVFROST AND ORCHARD HEATING 230-276Historical cold periods, 230 season of frost in Cali-

    fornia, 231 forecasting frosts, 233 factors influenc-ing the occurrence of frost, 234 local conditionsaffecting frost, 236 conditions indicating frost in Cali-fornia, 237 how plants are injured by cold, 239 pre-vention of frost injury, 243 orchard heating with oil,252 requirements of orchard heaters, 253 types ofoil heaters, 257 installation of heaters, 259 proper-ties of fuel oils, 260 storage for oil, 262 oil heatingoperations, 264 care of heaters, 267 cost of oil heat-ing, 268 separation of frosted from sound fruit, 270cooperation in frost fighting, 274

    CHAPTER XVPICKING AND PACKING ORANGES...... 277-301Importance of careful handling, 277 causes of decays,

    278 clippers, 279 picking bags, 280 methods of

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    picking, 281 the sweating of green fruit, 285 theacid-sugar ratio, 289 brushing and washing, 291grading and sizing, 292 packing and loading, 296precooling, 297 shipping, 298

    CHAPTER XVIPICKING AND PACKING LEMONS ...... 302-317

    Season of maturity, 303 market demands, 302sweating autumn lemons, 305 storage of winter lemons,306 packing and shipping, 309 grading and sizing,310 picking pomelos and tangerines, 312 packing-houses, 314

    CHAPTER XVIIBLEMISHES OF THE FRUIT AND THEIR PREVENTION . . 318-330

    Insect blemishes, 319 fungus blemishes, 319 me-chanical blemishes, 321 bruises, 321 thorn-stabs,321 cultivator scars, 321 clipper cuts, 321 stempunctures, 321 machine injuries, 322 fumigationscars, 322 shoulder spots, 323 hail scars, 323 soilscars, 323 windfalls, 324 cement dust, 324 physi-ological blemishes, 324 sunburn, 324 frost, 325off-bloom, 325 mottled-leaf, 325 exanthema, 325malformations, 326 brown spot, 326 splits andcracks, 326 puffing, 329 peteca, 329 dry center oflemon, 329

    CHAPTER XVIIIBY-PRODUCTS .... .... 331-343

    United States importations of citrus by-products, 332commercial by-products, 333 citric acid, 333

    lemon and other oils, 334 unfermented orange juice, 335orange vinegar, 336 orange wine, 337 candied

    citron, 337 oil of neroli, 338 petit grain oil, 338

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    tincture of orange flowers, 338 essence of orangeflowers, 338 dried and candied peel, 339 lime juice,339 orange paste, 340 crystallized baby oranges, 340

    glaced kumquats, 341 domestic recipes, 341 orangeor lemon jelly, 341 orange marmalade, 342 pomelomarmalade, 342 citrus-rhubarb marmalade, 343

    CHAPTER XIXMARKETING . .........Methods of selling fruit, 344 independent growers,

    344 independent associations, 345 California FruitGrowers' Exchange, 346 the local association, 346the district exchange, 347 the central exchange, 348collecting and handling money, 350 exchange adver-tising, 351 method of organizing cooperation associa-tions, 351 Florida Citrus Exchange, 353 Citrus Pro-tective League of California, 353

    344-354

    CHAPTER XXPROFIT AND Loss . , 355-363

    Average returns, 355 over-capitalization, 356eight requirements for success, 357 capital required,358 cultural costs itemized, 361 average yields, 362average prices received, 362 judging orchards andlands, 362 score-card for citrus land, 363

    CHAPTER XXIDISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL

    Brown rot gum disease, 364 botrytis gumming, 366scaly-bark, 367 twig gumming, 367 leaf gumming,368 gumming of seed-bed stock, 368 exanthema or

    die-back, 369 mal-di-gomma or foot-rot, 372 toad-stool root-rot, 373 mottled-leaf , 374 wither-tip, 380

    364-402

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    twig blight, 382 cottony mold, 383 brown rotfruit decay, 386 blue mold and green mold, 387 graymold, 388 black rot of Navel orange, 388 brownspot, 389 damping off, 391 citrus canker, 392melanose and stem end rot, 394 nail-head rust, 395scab or verrucosis, 395 diplodia rot of oranges, 397

    red blotch of lemon, 398 yellow spotting of oranges,398 stem end spot, 399 trunk rot, 399 galls andknots, 401 black pit of lemons, 401

    CHAPTER XXIICITRUS INSECTS AND THEIR CONTROL 403-430

    Black scale, 405 red or orange scale, 411 yellowscale, 414 purple scale, 414 cottony cushion scale,417 soft brown scale, 418 citricola scale, 419hemispherical scale, 420 greedy scale, 420 oleanderscale, 420 citrus mealy bug, 421 citrus red spiders,423 silver mite, 424 orange thrips, 425 aphis orplant louse, 427 orange tortrix, 428 Fuller's rosebeetle, 429 western twelve-spotted cucumber beetle,430

    CHAPTER XXIIIINSECT CONTROL BY FUMIGATION 431-452

    History of fumigation, 431 fumigation by hydro-cyanic acid gas, 435 tents, 435 equipment of tents,437 generators, 437 cyanide, 438 acid, 439 oper-ation, 440 season of fumigation, 443 dosages, 449dosage schedule for sodium cyanide, 446 new Wood-worth dosage table, 450 cost of fumigation, 452

    CHAPTER XXIVVARIOUS ORCHARD PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL .

    Citrus nematode, 453 the pocket gopher, 456ground squirrels, 458 poisons, 459

    453-459

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    XIV Contents

    CHAPTER XXVPAGESBIBLIOGRAPHY 460-503

    Other bibliographies, 461 references to literaturedealing with particular fruits, 461 orange growing inUnited States, 461 growing in other countries, 463varieties, 464 breeding, 467 insects, 467 diseases,468 lemon, 469 lime, 471 mandarin, 471pomelo, 472 kumquat, 471 citron, 473 referencesto literature dealing with citrus fruits in general, 473miscellaneous references, 473 propagation, stocks,scions, 478 breeding, 479 soils, roots, 481 irriga-tion, 482 fertilization, 483 cover-crops and greenmanuring, 484 varieties, botany, 485 chemistry,judging, 486 pruning, 487 curing, storing, sweating,packing, 489 marketing, organization, statistics, tariff,490 by-products, 492 frost fighting, frost injuredfruit, 494 insect pests, 496 fumigation, 497diseases, 499

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    LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONSWashington Navel orange FrontispieceFIG. PAGE1. Thomas A. Garey, a pioneer citrus nurseryman ... 42. The passing of the old seedling orange groves . . .123. Mrs. L. C. Tibbet, who first brought the true Navel orange

    to California ......... 184. One of the two original Washington Navel orange trees

    brought to California 216. California citrus areas . 276. Four-year-old Valencia orange grove in Los Angeles County 287. Typical scene in Los Angeles County. Windbreak of Gre-

    villea robusta on right 358. Pinus radiata, a native pine, used as a windbreak . . 369. Orange tree denuded of foliage on windward side by three

    days of desert wind ....... 3710. Growth rings in a flattened brace-limb of lemon ... 4711. Result of experiment which shows that a girdled orange tree

    may grow new bark. A. Untreated ; JB. Treated . 4812. Valencia orange blossoms 5313. Lemon blossoms showing perfect, partly aborted and aborted

    pistils. Stamens removed in latter case ... 6414. Orange flower x 2. p, pistil ; a, stigma ; c, style ; o, ovary ;

    s, stamen ; 6, anther ; e, filament ; d, nectary ; gr, sepal ;/, petal 57

    15. Polyembryony. Two orange seedlings from one seed . . 6016. The earliest known illustration of a Navel orange. From

    Ferrarius' Hesperides, 1.646 6717. One type of Australian Navel orange ..... 6918. Eureka lemon, uncured . . ... 7319. Lisbon lemon, uncured 76

    xv

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    xvi List of IllustrationsFTG. PAGE20. Seedless pomelo, flowers and fruit. From Volckamer's

    Hesperides, 1708 7621. Dancy Mandarin orange ....... 7822. Satsurna Mandarin orange ....... 8023. Naganii kumquat 8224. Citrus seed-bed under lath . 8525. Citrus seed-bed in the open ....... 8926. Bench-rooted orange seedling ...... 9027. Orange bud-wood 9328. Cutting a bud 9629. Making incision in stock 9730. Inserting bud 9831. Tying inserted bud 9932. Orange buds in nursery row tied to lath stakes . . . 10133. Healing of the bud union 10334. Balling orange trees in the nursery ..... 10435. A shipment of defoliated balled orange trees . . . 10836. Two-year-old orange trees, balled, ready for market . . 11237. Type of standard Washington Navel orange . . . .11738. Washington Navel oranges showing fluctuations in the navel.

    Such variations cannot be preserved by budding . . 11939. Variegated sport. Note white areas in leaves. From Volck-

    amer's Hesperides, 1695 12140. A variegated sport of Valencia orange. Notice white margin

    of leaves 12241. Sectorial chimera of Valencia orange 12442. Orange showing sectorial chimera. From Ferrarius' u Hes-

    perides, 1646 12643. What is known as the Wrinkled sport of Eureka lemon

    compared with normal fruit. Both from same tree . 12744. Chart showing by dotted line the small proportion of profit-

    able trees, and by heavy line the large proportion oftrees which only pay for their care. West HighlandsOrchard. (Adapted from Norton) . . . .129

    45. Cow peas as an intercrop in young lemon orchard . . 15346. Breaking a layer of hardpan by means of a stick of dynamitedischarged in each tree hole 156

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    List of Illustrations xviiFIG. PAGE ,47. Newly set tree properly protected from sun . . . .15848. Cultivating newly set orange trees with eight-chisel cultivator 16649. Cloddy condition due to land being worked while too wet . 16750. Ground under trees worked with ease by means of orchard

    tractor .......... 16961. Orchard tractor doing the work of eight mules in a hot

    desert valley 17152. Heavy plowing with an orchard tractor of the caterpillar

    type 17353. Substituting baled lima bean straw for manure in lemonorchard near Whittier, California 17654. Cull oranges used as a humus-forming fertilizer . . .18055. Canal lined with cement. Transformation of desert hills

    into orange groves . . . . . . . 18756. Preparing the ground for furrow irrigation. (From U. S.

    D. A. Farmers 1 Bui. No. 404) . . ... 19057. Irrigating stands in operation ...... 19458. Zigzag furrows for wetting the ground between the trees . 19759. Overhead irrigation system in old orange orchard near

    Covina, California .19960. King soil sampler. Of use when irrigating .... 20261. A well pruned Eureka lemon orchard. Photographed,

    August 10th, near Alhambra, California . . . 20562. Prototype of California pruning saw. From Volckamer's

    Hesperides, 1708 20763. California pruning saw, used throughout southwest . 20864. Good type of pruning saw above ; poor type below . . 21065. One of the best types of pruning shears . . . .21166. Vigorous fruiting brush growing in the place of suckers . 21267. This extra vigorous shoot terminated at six inches with a

    fruit showing that excess of food did not change it intoa sucker 214

    68. A sixty-acre three-year-old Valencia orchard top-worked tolemons. The paper bags protect the buds from rosebeetles 215

    69. Fifteen months' growth on stocks shown at Fig. 68 . . 21670. Three-year-old Navel head on top-worked sweet seedling . 221

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    xviii List of IllustrationsFIG. PACK71. Pruning a frosted lemon orchard 22272. A. Normal vesicles of lemon. B. Enlarged vesicles from

    frosted fruit six months after injury . . . . 23973. Frost splitting of bark on fruiting brush of lemon . . 24174. Three-year-old trees protected with cornstalks . . . 24575. Screen of tobacco cloth as a frost protection . . . 24676. Big six 24777. Eichhoff coal burner 24878. Hamilton down-draught 24979. Bolton. 25080. Coe 25181. Pomona pipe-line heater 26182. Dunn 25483. Canco 25584. Rayo 25685. Hislop 25786. Hamilton reservoir 25887. Troutman 25888. Adamson torch 25989. Coal-burning orchard heaters. Fuel stored in boxes under

    trees 26190. Orchard heaters ready for lighting 26291. Orchard heaters in old Valencia grove . . .26392. Placement of orchard heaters. Extra fuel in cans under

    trees 26593. The perforated stack gives good combustion but may admitrainwater 26694. The water separator for frosted fruit . . , . .27195. Thermometer station of the Pomona Valley Orchard Pro-

    tective Association 27596. Tuttle fruit clippers with rounded points . . . .27997. Dashboard picking bag 28098. Covina picking bag 28199. Woodward picking bag 282

    100. The tWiss clipper now being superseded by the Tuttleshown at Fig. 96 283101. Metal attachment for propping up limbs .... 283

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    List of Illustrations xixFIG. PAGE102. Worm brushes used for polishing oranges .... 284103. Rope feed hopper 285104. Orange sizing machine 286105. Box press and nailing machine ...... 287106. Citrus fruit truck 288107. Packing stand 289108. Box-squeeze, small size . 290109. Car-squeeze, large size ....... 291110. Interior view of the Pioneer Fruit Co.'s orange packing

    house at Lindsay, California .. . . . . 294111. Orange packers at work . . . . . . . 296112. A typical orange box label . . . . . . .299113. General arrangement of orange packing house . . . 300114. Picking lemons 302115. Two-story lemon packing house, Glendora, California . 304116. Lemon washing machine and sorting table.... 307117. Lemon curing tents in packing house near the coast . . 309118. Truck for handling trays of ungraded lemons . . . 310119. Packing lemons from sorting trays . . . . .311120. Lemon packing house, second floor and elevation . . 314121. Typical lemon box label 315122. Combination box label ....... 316123. Fumigation scars......... 322124. Scar caused by rubbing on the ground .... 323125. Orange splits. Side splits above and Navel end splits below 327126. Horizontal cracks are very different from splits . . .328127. Peteca of lemon 329128. The Fawcett method of treating gum disease. Note types

    of scrapers 365129. Reddish gum areas on under side of leaves caused by

    sunburn 368130. Exanthema pustules on Valencia orange twigs . . .370131. Mottled-leaf disease on Eureka lemon .... 375132. Advanced stage of mottled-leaf disease showing multiple

    buds 377133. Spot caused by wither-tip 380134. A nest of cottony fungus 384

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    xx List of IllustrationsFIG. P^|B135. Black rot of Navel 388136. Brown spot of Navel orange 390137. Stem-end spot of orange 399138. Pruning stub on orange tree infected with schizophyllum . 400139. Black scale on orange twig 406140. The red scale on orange 411141. Work of red scale on orange tree ..... 413142. The purple scale enlarged ....... 416143. Cottony cushion scale 417144. Citrus mealy-bug 422145. Scars due to citrus thrips ....... 426146. Fuller's rose beetle 429147. The work of Fuller's rose beetle 429148. Scars on rind of orange caused by katydid .... 430149. A fumigation demonstration ...... 432160. Method of marking fumigating tent ..... 436151. Flashlight picture of marked fumigating tents . . . 442

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    CITRUS FRUITS

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    CITRUS FRUITSCHAPTER I

    HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITRUSINDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITEDSTATESCITRUS seeds were first brought into California from

    the peninsula of Lower California, where peoples of Spanishdescent have cultivated various kinds of European fruittrees and vines since the year 1701. In 1768 the Jesuitmissionaries were supplanted by the Franciscans, someof whom under the leadership of Junipero Serra pushednorthward into the territory which is now the state ofCalifornia. These hardy pioneers founded the firstmission in Upper California at San Diego in 1769, andproceeding northward established a chain of missionsextending four hundred miles along the coast, the lastbeing established at Somoma in 1823.At a number of these missions, vineyards and orchardswere planted. Cuttings of grapes and figs, and seeds oforanges, pomegranates, citrons, olives, pears, dates, andother fruits were brought from the older missions on thepeninsula. At several missions the remnants of the oldorchards may still be seen, partly inclosed by the adobewalls which were built to protect the trees from wanderingherds of cattle.

    B 1

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    2 Citrus Fruits

    The San Gabriel Mission near the present city of LosAngeles, by reason of the abundance of water and thelarge number of neophytes brought into service, gainedrapidly in wealth and productiveness. The exact datewhen orange seed were first planted at this mission is notknown, as the archives of the mission church are lost. Itis certain, however, that the first California orange orchardof any size occurred at San Gabriel, and various writersagree that this orchard must have been planted in 1804or the following year. This first orchard covered aboutsix acres of ground and was composed of about fourhundred seedling trees, a few of which were still bearingin 1885.Although this orchard was not planted for financial

    gain, and it is doubtful if any fruit was ever sold from it,the success of this pioneer planting established the factthat the climate and soil conditions were quite favorableto the production of citrus fruits.Soon orange trees distributed from the missions began

    to be planted in court-yards and gardens in variousplaces, the fruits being either all consumed at home orgiven away to friends. Perhaps the largest number oftrees in any private garden were the thirty-five treestransplanted from San Gabriel about the year 1834 toAliso Street in Los Angeles, by Don Louis Vignes. Itremained, however, for William Wolfskill, a Kentuckytrapper of German blood, who had come to Los Angelesoverland in 1831, to forecast the commercial possibilitiesof this fruit. Wolfskill secured orange trees from the SanGabriel Mission in 1841 and planted a two-acre orchardin what is now the city of Los Angeles, on the spot now

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 3occupied by the Arcade passenger station of the SouthernPacific Railroad. The fruit from this orchard sold tosuch advantage that it was increased in size to abouttwenty-eight and finally to seventy acres. It is said thatWolfskill was the first to ship a full car of oranges toEastern markets. They were sent to St. Louis in 1877and arrived in good condition after having been a monthin transit. The freight charge is said to have been $500.The last crop disposed of in his lifetime sold on the treesfor $25,000.The success of the Wolfskill orchard stimulated others,and in 1853 Matthew Keller secured orange seeds fromCentral America and also from Hawaii. From these heraised young trees with which he planted an orchardopposite that of Wolfskill. In 1857 L. Van Leuven plantedorange trees at Old San Bernardino, and in the sameyear L. F. Cram planted a small orchard at Highlands.Myron H. Crafts planted two hundred orange trees atCrafton in 1865.

    In September, 1870, J. W. North of Knoxville, Ten-nessee, bought four thousand acres of desert land whichis now occupied by the city of Riverside. Judge Northcarried on an advertising campaign in the Eastern statesto attract colonists to this land. Settlers began to arrivethe following winter, and in the spring of 1871 the firstorange seeds were planted.

    This means of settling the country was used in variousparts of California. Pasadena was first known as theIndiana Colony, the lands being purchased in 1873,distributed in 1874, and orange orchards planted as soonas the ground was leveled and irrigation water provided.

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    Citrus Fruits

    Frank A. Kimball planted orange and lemon trees atNational City in San Diego County about 1870.A large proportion of the trees planted at this time werepurchased from the nursery of T. A. Garey in Los Angeles(Fig. 1). Garey imported a large number of varieties

    from various placesduring the years 1868to 1875. He is saidto have receivedshipments of treesfrom Australia,southern Europe, andFlorida, as well asfrom the nurseries ofEllwanger and Barryof Rochester, N. Y.,and Sir ThomasRivers of Sawbridge-worth, England.The fruit fromthese primitive or-chards was eitherconsumed in theneighborhood of itsproduction or hauled

    to Los Angeles and there shipped to northern ports bywater. Southern California still lacked railroad connec-tion with the Eastern markets and there was no incentiveto grow more oranges than sufficed for local consumption.Orange trees were first planted in the central andnorthern part of California in the early sixties. The first

    FIG. 1. Thomas A. Garey, a pioneercitrus nurseryman.

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 5planting of which we have record was at Bidwell in ButteCounty in 1859. In a great many cases these earlyplantings proved successful, and it was soon apparentthat areas of greater or less extent, suitable for thegrowth of citrus fruits, existed in many scattered locationsall the way from San Diego in the south to Shasta Countyin the north.The commercial development of citrus culture may be

    said to have begun with the completion of the SouthernPacific Railroad's connections with the East. The Valleyline was completed in 1876 and the Southern line to NewOrleans in 1881. The exhibition of the first fruits of theWashington Navel orange at Riverside gave anotherimpetus to citrus planting, but the greatest developmentcame with the completion of the Santa Fe's competingline of railroad, which was opened up about 1885. Thefirst special train loaded exclusively with oranges left theRiver Station, Los Angeles, February 14, 1886, for theEast via the Southern Pacific and Union Pacific Rail-roads.

    In February ,1879, what was probably the first of a seriesof annual citrus fairs was held at Riverside. The differ-ent citrus-growing communities of southern Californiatook great interest in these fairs, and the prizes togetherwith the prestige which they carried were vigorouslycompeted for. It was at these early citrus fairs that thegreat superiority of the Washington Navel orange, thehistory of which is given on another page, became appar-ent. The climate and soil conditions in California provedeminently suited to this variety of orange, which here at-tained a perfection truly marvelous. The strong demand

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    6 Citrus Fruitsfor these oranges in the Eastern markets and the highprices received by some brought on a period of frenziedplanting and speculation. A great deal of worthless nurs-ery stock, quickly and cheaply grown on Chinese lemonroots, was planted, and many orchards were set out onlands more or less unsuited to citrus culture. This waveof rapid expansion culminated in 1885-86, when drouth,frosts, scale insects, and the lack of a coherent marketingorganization conspired to rudely awaken from theirgolden dreams many who had rushed into the business withinsufficient knowledge and capital to weather a period ofdepression.

    In 1884, at the Cotton Exposition held in New Orleans,the twenty varieties of oranges grown and exhibited byRiverside took first premium in competition with theworld. This fact was heralded far and wide and provedof great value in advertising the California citrus businessin general and Riverside in particular.

    In the early days of the industry there was no adequatehorticultural inspection or quarantine service, and as aconsequence a number of kinds of very destructive scaleinsect pests were introduced on nursery stock importedfrom various parts of the world. In this way the cottonycushion scale (Icerya purchasi) was introduced fromAustralia in 1868. In twenty years this scale spreadthroughout the orchards of Los Angeles County. Soserious was this pest that the industry, in Los AngelesCounty at least, was on the verge of extinction.

    In the spring of 1888 Albert Koebele was sent to Aus-tralia by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to studythe cottony cushion scale in its native land. The follow-

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 7

    ing year Koebele succeeded in introducing the Noviuscardinalis, a small predaceous ladybird beetle, which atonce attacked the scale and preyed upon it to such anextent that it was checked in its spread, and in manylocalities it was almost exterminated. As a consequence,in 1891, the shipments from Los Angeles County suddenlyincreased from 781 to 2212 cars, a net gain of 1431 cars,due, at least in large part, to the good work of theladybird. Since the introduction of this predaceousbeetle the white scale has been held in check and is notnow feared by citrus growers.The fight with the cottony cushion scale had hardlybeen won, however, when other difficulties appeared. Al-though the orchards produced large crops it became moreand more difficult to successfully market the fruit. Theseason of 1892-93 was particularly disastrous as far asnet returns were concerned. The growers were notorganized, and as long as each grower attempted to markethis own fruit he became an easy prey to the miscellaneousassortment of commission men, agents, and speculatorswho at that time infested the markets and who in manycases, it is said, secured secret rebates from the railroads.In Riverside and in all the older sections, where there wasany quantity of fruit to ship, account sales in red inkwere received without number, and it frequently happenedthat the larger crop a grower had, the more he was in-debted to his packer at the end of the season. As a resultof these failures to successfully market large crops, a fewof the growers began to associate themselves together formutual protection and to provide better packing facilities.Stimulated by the success of some of these associations in

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    8 Citrus Fruits

    gaining concessions from the railroads and in many otherways securing better returns for their members, a largepercentage of the growers assembled at the Chamber ofCommerce in Los Angeles on April 4th, 1893, the declaredpurpose of the meeting being : To provide for the mar-keting of all the citrus fruit at the lowest possible costunder uniform methods, and in a manner to secure toeach grower the certain marketing of his fruit and thefull average price to be obtained in the market for theentire season. At this meeting a cooperative packingand marketing organization was formed, which, whilenot entirely satisfactory, was a great improvement overthe old methods and served to prepare the way for theSouthern California Fruit Exchange, which was organizedOctober 21, 1895. At first the Exchange handled about32 per cent of the total shipments, but the proportionof the crop handled has gradually increased till at thepresent time the Exchange ships about 62 per cent of thetotal crop.On March 27, 1905, the California Fruit Growers'Exchange was incorporated, and on September 1, follow-ing, succeeded to the business of the Southern CaliforniaFruit Exchange, this change in name being deemedadvisable in order that the marketing organization itselfmight in name as well as in fact become general through-out the state rather than remain local to southern Cali-fornia. The Exchange is now an association of three groupsor classes of organizations : the one hundred and fifteenlocal associations; the seventeen district exchanges;and the central exchange. For a detailed descriptionof this rather complex organization see pages 345 to 353.

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 9

    CALIFORNIA CITRUS SHIPMENTS

    SEASON

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    10 Citrus Fruits

    alcohol; and orange and lemon peel not preserved, can-died, or dried.California citrus culture, among all horticultural in-dustries, is peculiar in that the people who have builtit up have been, in many cases, retired business men orprofessional men from the New England and Centralstates. Persons who have lost their health in the processof gaining wealth have bought and developed citrusproperties, the management of which, by requiring a lifein the open sunshine and dry air, has resulted in renewedhealth and steadied nerves. These people brought tothe industry much needed capital, commercial habits,and business ability. Citrus culture appeals to peopleof intelligence and refinement, and such are being drawnfrom many occupations. Now since the automobilehas come into such general use, the wealthy business manof the city builds a residence in his orange orchard in thesuburbs, while along the interurban electric lines may befound the small orchards of the superannuated minister,the retired high school teacher, the lawyer, the doctor,as well as of those drawn from other walks of life.The result of this has been the development of an in-

    dustry characteristically American in spirit and new inmethods. The sons and grandsons of pioneers from theWest and middle West have little regard for the precedentsand practices of the Old World citrus-producing regions.European methods are practically ignored in systems ofcultivation, irrigation, and pruning. In their readinessto organize among themselves along business lines andwork together for the better picking, packing, and mar-keting of the fruit, the California citrus growers are

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 11probably in advance of any other class of fruit growerson earth.The citrus industry has also been greatly benefited by

    various government agencies, whose endeavor has been toincrease knowledge through scientific investigations anddisseminate this new information through free lecturesand pamphlets, by experiment farms, and by operatingfor months at a time free demonstration trains on therailroads. There have been three principal agenciesengaged in this work : the University of California Agri-cultural Experiment Station, the United States Depart-ment of Agriculture, and the State Horticultural Com-mission. The university work may be said to have begunwith the analyses of oranges and lemons in 1885 and con-tinued to date, covering a multitude of problems affectingthe industry. The university conducts a special corre-spondence course on citrus fruits for the benefit of growerseverywhere. The agents of the Department of Agricul-ture have rendered valuable service to the industry inmany ways. The State Commission of Horticulture hasdone much good work in preventing the entrance into thestate of new pests and checking the spread of pests al-ready introduced. It has distributed many valuablepublications, the one prepared by Lelong 1 in 1902 beingof special value to the industry.A large number of strong, loyal agricultural and horti-cultural periodicals throughout the state have broad-casted useful information and fanned the flame of popularinterest.

    Still another upbuilding agency has been the Chambers1 B. M. Lelong, Culture of the Citrus in California, 1902.

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    12 Citrus Fruits

    of Commerce in the various towns and cities. By main-taining interesting and attractive exhibitswith free stereop-ticon lectures for visitors and tourists, and by preparinglarge exhibits for distant expositions, they have done agreat deal to advertise the industry.

    Citrus culture in California will always be a popularoccupation be-cause it appealsto a man fromso many sides.It appeals tohis love of thebeautiful ; beck-ons him to health-ful outdoor life;stimulates thatinborn desire inman to makethings grow; sat-isfies his appetite,and last, but byno means least,it tempts himwith offers of large

    financial rewards. Successful citrus culture calls for acombination of the science and the art of horticulture;requiring both skill and industry, it gives healthful occu-pation to the mind as well as the body. While a goodmany seedling orchards still persist in the older sections,they are gradually yielding (Fig. 2) to the activities ofthe woodchopper.

    FIG. 2. The passing of the old seedlingorange groves.

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 13

    HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON NAVEL OR BAHIA ORANGEThe earliest illustrated description of a Navel orangeon record was published in Rome by a monk of the Society

    of Jesus, John Baptiste Ferrarius, in 1646, in one of fourbooks called The Hesperides or About the Golden Apples,Their Culture and Use. The picture reproduced on page52 of Lelong's Culture of the Citrus in California,from John Johnson's book, will be seen on close comparisonto be an artful copy from Ferrarius. This was certainlynot the Washington Navel as we have it to-day, butmerely one of the many Navel forms which have ap-peared from time to time. It is not unlikely that stillother kinds of Navels will appear in the future.Orange trees were taken to Brazil by the Spaniards

    at a very early day and were more or less widely plantedin those parts of the country best suited to their culture.Some time about the year 1820 or possibly earlier thereappeared near the village of Bahia a form of Navel orangewhich was remarkable for its many good qualities. Thiswas what we now know as the Washington Navel. It washastily propagated and planted to a considerable extent.Specimens were sent to London and the form becameknown abroad under the name Bahia, after the villagewhereit originated. At Bahia it was called simply Lavanja deUmbigo.Circumstantial evidence from several directions all

    points to the probability that from the very beginningone characteristic of this Navel orange was to produceoccasional branches which bore fruit differing from thatof the rest of the tree. In this wav a modified form came

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    14 Citrus Fruits

    into existence, the fruit of which was scant in amount,large in size, with a coarse exterior, and interior full ofrag. Unwittingly this form was propagated along withthe true Bahia. After years of experience the best Brazil-ian growers became aware of this sporting habit andwere careful to select buds for propagation from the besttype only. The peasants, however, did not comprehendthe situation, and as the demand increased, continued tocut bud wood indiscriminately. On account of the pub-licity given the fruit sent to London, a trade in nurserytrees sprang up. Agents from Rio de Janeiro went toBahia and secured what was available, including boththe prototype and the false type. Thus it is natural tosuppose that the stock on the Rio de Janeiro marketmust have consisted of some lots of Bahia, some of falseBahia, and some mixed lots.There is a tradition that this Bahia Navel was intro-

    duced into Florida some time previous to 1835, but thatthe trees were killed in the freeze of that year. It is saidthat the Bahia Navel was introduced into Cape Colony,South Africa, by a Mr. Brehm of Uitenhage about 1840.The subsequent record of these trees shows that Brehm'simportation consisted entirely of the false form. On thisaccount the Bahia was held in ill repute in South Africa,until between 1894 and 1900, when a number of importa-tions of the true Bahia were made direct from California.The fruit of these has been found equal in every respectto the best California product, and most of the old orchardshave now been budded over.From Brazil the Sweet orange was first introduced intoNew South Wales, Australia, by Captain Hunter, who ac-

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 15companied Gen. Arthur Phillip at the founding of thecolony in 1788.Orange growers in Australia early introduced the BahiaNavel direct from Brazil. One writer in 1858 statesthat Navel oranges were for sale in Australian markets,and that they brought a much higher price than othervarieties. I have been unable to discover the exact dateof introduction, but oranges were exported in considerableamounts from New South Wales in 1860, and it is perhapssafe to assume that at least a part of these were Bahias,since a writer in the Victorian Farmer's Journal in 1862states that on account of the high prices received, theBahia Navel was largely grown. From these state-ments it would seem that the date of the introduction ofthe Navel into Australia should be given as not later than1850. Australian writers are not unanimous in praise ofthe Navel and this indicates that both the true and thefalse form existed there as early as 1860. We may con-clude, therefore, that this orange was grown commerciallyand was marketed under the name of Bahia or Navelorange as early as 1860.

    S. B. Parsons, a nurseryman of Flushing, Long Island,owned a small nursery at Blue Spring, Florida. Wishingto secure this Bahia Navel for propagation and sale, heordered trees in 1868 from Thomas Rivers, a large nurs-eryman of Sawbridgeworth, England, who had receivedhis stock from the Azores, to which place they were saidto have been, brought from Brazil. (In all probabilitythey were not.) This orange proved not to be the BahiaNavel, and has since been known as the Parsons Navel.Thomas Rivers also sold some of the same lot of trees to

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    16 Citrus Fruits

    A. B. Chapman of San Gabriel, California, in 1870 or 1871.Some of these were propagated and sold by Mr. Chapmanas the Rivers Navel.Thomas A. Garey, a well-known California nurserymanand author of a book on orange culture, 1 established a

    citrus nursery in Los Angeles in 1865. Some of his asso-ciates now living inform me that he imported citrus seedsand trees from Australia, Mexico, Central America, andsouthern Europe. He is said to have secured the Navelin 1870, and it is an open question as to where he got it,with the probability strongly in favor of Australia. Ihave a copy of his catalogue dated 1876, in which he listsit as Bahia Navel, but cautions his customers againstits shy bearing. Some persons who bought trees fromhim at that time condemn them as worthless, while othersclaim that they were identical with the Washington Navel.Garey must certainly have secured at least a preponder-ance of the false type of Navel. In 1873 J. C. Wallaceof Los Angeles imported four Navel trees from Australia,all of which proved to be the false form and have beenbudded over. From this time this false form of BahiaNavel became known in California as the AustralianNavel' ' to distinguish it from the true Bahia. TheParsons Navel trees distributed by A. B. Chapman underthe name of Rivers Navel also came to be known asAustralians. In fact, any forms which differed from thetrue Bahia of the Tibbet tree type were very likely tobe called Australians, and on account of this name theywere supposed by many to have originated in Australia.1 Orange Culture in California, by T. A. Garey, San Fran-cisco, 1882.

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 17I can find no evidence whatever in support of the state-ment made by Lelong in 1888 that The Australian Navelwas introduced by Louis Wolfskill in 1874. The success-ful importation of the true Bahia took place as follows :

    In 1870 William Saunders, then in charge of the govern-ment propagating grounds at Washington, D. C., throughthe assistance of a lady missionary stationed at Bahia,Brazil, had twelve trees of the Bahia Navel orange propa-gated and sent to Washington in tubs. All twelve of thesewere true Bahia, and after being placed in the greenhouseat Washington were used indiscriminately as a source ofbuds from which were propagated a number of trees fordistribution, many of which were later sent to Florida andCalifornia. All twelve of these original trees for somereason passed out of existence. The first lot propagatedwas distributed to California and Florida, and one treefrom this lot was planted in the orange house at Washing-ton, where it still remains. The common idea that thistree in Washington is the original tree imported is wrong.It was propagated from one of the original twelve.The active settlement of Riverside, California, beganabout 1870, and was extensively advertised in the Eastby Judge North, the founder of the Colony. Among othersettlers attractedwere Luther C. Tibbet and wife. Early in1873 Mrs. Tibbet (Fig.3) was in Washington just previousto starting to her new home at Riverside, California. Whilevisiting the government propagating gardens, Mr.Saunders offered to give her some trees of this Bahiaorange and she gladly accepted two trees, which she carriedto California, where she and her husband planted thembeside their cottage in Riverside on land which they had

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    18 Citrus Fruits

    homesteaded. According to present street nomenclaturethe spot formerly occupied by the Tibbet cottage is onCentral Avenue near Palm Avenue. The fruit from thesetrees first attracted attention at a private meeting of

    fruit growers in thewinter of 1877-88, atwhich time the Naveltrees sold by ThomasA. Garey had been inbearing several years.In February, 1879,the Southern Cali-fornia HorticulturalSociety (J. De EarthShorb, President, andL. M.Holt, Secretary)held a citrus fair atRiverside. At thisfair Mr. T. D. Coverexhibited fruit fromthe Tibbet trees andwas awarded firstprize over otherNavels exhibitedfrom Orange County,which came from

    trees imported from Australia by Mr. Garey. Thedifference between the two forms was recognized by ex-pert fruit growers; the Tibbet oranges being calledWashington Navels because Mrs. Tibbet, probably for-getting the name Bahia, always said in answer to in-

    FIG. 3. Mrs. L. C. Tibbet, who firstbrought the true Navel orange to Cali-fornia.

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 19

    quiries that the trees came from Washington. All otherkinds of Navels were called Australians because it wassupposed that they all came from Australia.

    A. S. White of Riverside writing in the Riverside Pressand Horticulturist under date of June 26, 1880, says,It (Washington Navel) was first exhibited at the River-side Citrus Fair last year (1879), where it attracted greatattention, its appearance being so unlike the other Navelson exhibition, which were from the stock imported intoCalifornia from Australia. The marked points of differ-ence between the two Navel oranges lie in their externalappearance. Instead of being like the Australian, ribbedlengthwise, it is smooth and more globular. The skinis of a finer texture, has more of a satin-like appearance,and shows a much higher color, being of a bronzy-goldtint.An editorial (presumably by L. M. Holt) in RiversidePress and Horticulturist, in 1883, says: We have buttwo varieties as yet of the so-called Navel orange. Thefirst was introduced into California from Australia.Both varieties, the Washington and Australian Navels,are now being grown quite extensively though the treesare young yet, and I must confess it is at times a puzzleto distinguish one from the other, under test conditions,and I believe I am not alone in this position.

    After studying a number of the discussions in the earlyliterature, the writer is of the opinion that since both thetrue and false form of Bahia orange existed in Australia,that T. A. Garey's original importation in 1870 was mixedand that at least some trees sold by him were the trueBahia. How else can we account for the fact that cer-

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    20 Citrus Fruitstain reputable and apparently experienced men insistedfor years that some of the trees sold by Garey bore fruitidentical with that of the Tibbet trees at Riverside. Ifthis is true, then the Tibbet trees were not the first genu-ine Bahia Navels to reach California. It is a fact beyonddispute, however, that the Tibbet trees are the oneswhich attracted attention and were undoubtedly thedirect cause of the great boom in the orange growingbusiness which began in the early 80's.

    Giving Mrs. Tibbet two trees, Mr. Saunders sent severaltrees to Florida and some to California. Alexander Craw,then foreman for J. M. Asher, a nurseryman of SanDiego, is said to have received two of these trees. Itmight be argued that Mr. Garey secured his stock of Bahiafrom Craw or even from Mr. Saunders at Washington.This is barely possible, but in view of the shortness oftime thus allowed to work up the stock, and the lettersof his contemporaries stating the contrary, it is hardlyprobable.For two or three years after the Tibbet trees began to

    be propagated in Riverside this orange was known as theWashington Navel. In 1883, ' however, a determinedeffort by the people of Riverside was made to change thename to Riverside Navel in order (according to L. M. Holtin Ontario Fruit Grower, May 16, 1883) that Riverside,the town where this variety happened to be first tested,might get the benefit of the advertising which wouldfollow the use of this name. O. H. Conger of Pasadenaand others vigorously opposed this to such good purposethat the name Riverside Navel became a synonym.Luther C. Tibbet is known to have been rather improvi-

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 21dent. He never owned any orange trees other than thetwo his wife brought from Washington. He permittedhis homestead to pass out of his hands, but he and his wife

    FIG. 4. One of the original Washington Navel orange trees broughtto California.

    were allowed to live in the cottage during the life of Mrs.Tibbet. After her death Tibbet was cared for at theCounty Hospital until he died July 1, 1902.

    In 1903 Louis Jacobs was the owner of the Tibbet

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    homestead. He gave one of the trees to Frank A. Miller,proprietor of the Glenwood Hotel, who had it removedto its present location in front of the hotel May 7, 1903.President Roosevelt, a guest at the hotel at the time,assisted in transplanting this tree, for the care of whichMr. Miller is now responsible.

    CITRUS ACREAGE IN COUNTIES IN CALIFORNIA HAVING MORETHAN 10,000 TREES IN 1910

    COUNTY

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    History and Development of the Citrus Industry 23About the same time the other original tree was given

    to the city by Mr. Jacobs and it was transferred toa small plot of ground at the head of Magnolia Avenue.J. H. Reed, then tree warden of Riverside, placed asubstantial ornamental iron fence around it which affordsprotection from any thoughtless or seLfish person. Thecity of Riverside is responsible for the care of this tree.Both the original trees are at this date in a healthy andflourishing condition, and the one on Magnolia Avenueespecially is producing fair crops (Fig. 4).

    CITRUS GROWING IN ARIZONA AND SONORAThe citrus industry of Arizona is hardly more than

    twenty-five years old, although occasional orange treesmay have been planted at a very much earlier date. Thefirst plantings of any importance were along the ArizonaCanal west of Scottsdale in the Salt River Valley. TheIngleside orange grove on the foothills of Camel's BackMountain was the largest of these early plantings, and itwas due largely to its success that the acreage was in-creased in this locality.Another important prospective citrus area is on Yuma

    Heights near Yuma, where an old orchard ten or twelveacres in extent has served for many years to indicate thepossibilities of this area. The lack of water develop-ment has been the chief hindrance to the planting ofadditional acreage.

    While California received its first orange seed fromSonora, this country has been very backward in its citrusdevelopment, chiefly for the reason that it has been

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    24 Citrus Fruitsisolated from home markets and handicapped by thetariff in reaching American markets.

    Geographically Sonora belongs to the Arizona and south-eastern California areas as the climate and soil conditionsare very similar. The- chief commercial orchards aresituated near Hermosillo, in the valley of the SonoraRiver, and near Quaymas. The production of fruit atGuaymas was greatly reduced in 1905 by a serious in-festation of the red scale. The variety chiefly grown atHermosillo is the sweet seedling orange. The productiongradually increased and in 1908 about 250 cars weresent in bond through the United States to Canada, whichthey enter duty free.The oranges produced in southern Mexico, especiallyin the states of Jalisco, Morelos, and San Luis Potosi,where the climate is more tropical, differ in characterfrom those grown in Sonora, being inferior for shipping.Much of southern Mexico is infested with the Morelosorange maggot, Trypeta ludens, and this interferes withthe marketing of the fruit.

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    CHAPTER IICITRUS GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATOLOGY OF

    CALIFORNIACITRUS fruits originated in India and the Malay Archi-

    pelago and are generally regarded as tropical fruits, yetit is a curious fact that the greatest commercial successwith them has been obtained in semitropical countries.This statement applies especially to oranges and to a lessextent to limes and pomelos. The bulk of the orangeswhich supply the markets of the world are produced incountries which experience a certain degree of frost, suchas California, Spain, Florida, Palestine, Australia, Japan,and Italy. Oranges grown in moist tropical coun-tries are lacking in tartness, color, shipping and keep-ing qualities. All of these qualities, so desirable in amarketable orange, become more marked as we approachthe line where frequency of frosts makes the culture ofthe trees unprofitable.The citrus producing lands of California are scatteredfrom San Diego to Shasta County, a north and south dis-tance of four hundred and fifty miles. It is a peculiarfact that there are orange orchards in California in thesame latitude with New York City and Lincoln, Nebraska.This is made possible by the peculiar topography of the

    25

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    state, whereby the mountain ranges are so situated thatthe cold winds of the north are shut out from interiorvalleys, and the full effects of the abundant winter sun-shine allowed to accumulate. Along the southern coastalso the mild moisture laden breezes from the Pacificmodify the climate of the country between the mountainsand the sea without interference from northern blasts,which are diverted eastward by the mountain barrier innorthern California. From the point of view of thefruit grower, longitude is more important than latitude.Fig. 5 shows the distribution of the citrus areas ofCalifornia.

    CLASSIFICATION OF CITRUS AREASThe areas where climatic conditions permit the growth

    of citrus trees may be roughly grouped into three divi-sions and designated as the Southern Coast, InteriorValleys, and Northern Coast Divisions, in the order oftheir importance as citrus producing areas.The Interior Valleys Division includes the Sacramento,San Joaquin, Upper Santa Ana, Coachella, Imperial, andColorado Valleys and embraces all the country not imme-diately adjacent to or within the influence of the ocean.The Southern Coast Division includes all the citruscountry between the mountains and the sea as far northas Santa Barbara. The Northern Coast Division includesall the country within the influence of the sea from SantaMaria as far north as northern Sonoma County. Theamount of rainfall varies much in different parts of thestate, but the rainy season is fairly uniform, being fromNovember to March inclusive throughout each of these

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    POSSIBLE AREAPLANTED AREA

    FIG. 5. California citrus areas. (27)

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    28 Citrus Fruits

    areas. Rainfall in the summer is very rare and thunderand lightning exceedingly rare especially near the coast.As the citrus industries of these three divisions differin many particulars, we will discuss each division sepa-rately.

    The Southern Coast DivisionThe climate of this section is characterized by an equa-

    ble temperature with cool summers and warm winters.

    FIG. 6. Four-year-old Valencia orange grove in Los Angeles County.

    The rainfall is about 18 inches in the northern but de-creases in the southern part. The air is quite moist ascompared with the interior, and there are frequent fogsand overcast skies. The prevailing breezes are from thePacific Ocean, which has a surface temperature not farfrom 60 F. at all seasons of the year. The extent of theocean influence depends upon local topography, beingnarrow in Santa Barbara County and widening outtoward the south and including the San Gabriel Valleywhich contains the most highly developed and largest,

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 29contiguous citrus area in the state. Fig. 6 shows arepresentative orange plantation in southern California.In general, the soils of this region are deep and veryfertile, being heavier near the coast and lighter in charac-ter toward the interior. The two prevailing soil typesare the Placentia series, resulting from the weatheringof reddish granite, which outcrops at many places, and theMaricopa series, which are alluvial in nature, being anancient flood plain. These latter soils are darker in colorand often contain smooth cobbles and bowlders invariableamounts. Less important soil types are the black adobesometimes found on the foothills and the light sandysoils of the river bottoms.While the prevailing breezes are westerly, this section of

    country is occasionally visited by characteristic hotnorthers which blow with force for several days at a timefrom the northeast. At such times the air becomesexcessively dry and high temperatures prevail. Suchdesiccating winds are sometimes quite injurious to vege-tation and cause a severe loss of water from plants and soil.It is fortunate that such winds are not of more frequentoccurrence.The southern coast is especially adapted to the growing

    of lemons, which here produce a larger proportion of high-priced summer fruit. Stored lemons also keep better andexpensive storehouses are not needed as is the case ininterior valleys. The cool summers also make it possibleto hold Valencia oranges on the trees until the follow-ing October and November, when very high prices areoften realized. This section of country is also well suitedto the production of nursery stock, which is grown in very

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    30 Citrus Fruits

    large quantities, the San Gabriel Valley being the centerof this industry.The Washington Navel orange here produces veryheavy crops, but the fruit ripens later and is somewhatinferior to that produced in interior valleys both as re-gards color, texture, flavor, and shipping qualities.

    The Interior Valley DivisionThe climate of all the interior valleys is characterized

    by conditions more or less extreme. The air is nearlyalways dry and this permits rapid radiation, causing awide range in temperature each day. Rainfall is fairlyabundant in winter in the northern valleys and less sotoward the south. The air is free from fogs and dew insummer and constant sunshine is the rule. The daysare often very hot, while the nights are always cool.The floors of the valleys are, as a rule, frosty in winterand on this account the principal citrus areas are foundalong the foothills, above the frost line, and where irriga-tion water is available. Such areas are usually at an eleva-tion of from 500 to 1500 feet above the sea, and from 100to 500 feet above the floor or draw of the valley. Insuch locations a few feet in the perpendicular is of fargreater importance to the citrus grower than many milesin the horizontal. That is to say, whether the orchardis planted in a draw or on a bluff above it, yet on thesame ranch, may mean more for the success or failure ofthe grove than whether the trees are planted near Holt-ville or at Oroville five hundred and fifty miles distant.Cold air is heavy and on quiet nights flows down and col-

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 31lects in the lowlands, leaving the foothills above the frostline.

    In the central valleys oranges ripen very early andas some of these are far to the north of the Coast Coun-try, the unusual procedure of shipping earliest ripeningfruits southward to market is accounted for.The largest producing district in this division lies on the

    eastern foothills of Tulare County, including Woodlake andPorterville, at an elevation of four or five hundred feetabove sea-level. One of the typical soils of this districtis known as the Porterville clay loam adobe, which is aresidual soil characteristic of the higher foothill slopes.Lower down the valley slopes are found soils of the SanJoaquin series, which are sometimes characterized byhog-wallows and a certain amount of hardpan. Thevalley floor is composed mostly of alluvial soils of theHanford series.

    In the northern Sacramento Valley the soils are veryvariable, but are mostly of a reddish color. They are inlarge part sedimentary soils of the San Joaquin, Stockton,Alamo, and other series. While there are many exceptions,it is true that these soils, especially on the east side ofthe valley, are quite generally underlaid by a stratum ofdense, impervious hardpan which occurs at variabledepths. Where hardpan is near the surface, the land isnot suited to citrus fruits unless it be dynamited and thehardpan thoroughly broken up.

    The Northern Coast DivisionIn outline this division is very irregular, consisting in

    places of a narrow strip between the mountains and the

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    32 Citrus Fruitssea and extending occasionally into valleys where the hillsare low and do not entirely shut off the cool, moist sea-breezes. East of the bay region the coast influencesextend far inland, following the Sacramento River andtempering the climatic conditions at the junction of theSan Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys to such an extentthat the region between the cities of Stockton and Sacra-mento is really intermediate in climatic characteristics.The climate of the Northern Coast forms a strong con-trast with that of the interior valleys. It is comparativelyfree from extremes of temperature, being warm in winterand cool in summer. The winter rainfall is usually heavyand there is much fog in summer. Here green, grass-covered hills are the rule instead of the bare rocky buttesof the interior.There are no large commercial citrus areas within this

    district, yet oranges and lemons are grown in yards andgardens and the product is used for local consumptionthroughout the district. The total amount of summerheat is small, and oranges do not yield well as a rule noris the fruit high in sugar content. The color also is pooron account of the lack of abundant sunshine, and the treesare subject to the ravages of many insect pests and fungousdiseases which are not able to survive the hot summersof the interior valleys. The trunks and branches of treeson the coast are apt to become covered with a growthof lichens and algae which should be removed with alkalisprays.The soils of the coast country are chiefly deep richresidual soils formed by the gradual weathering andbreaking down of the local rock masses.

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 33THE FROST HAZARD

    It has been asserted that certain districts in Californiaare free from frost. This is hardly true, for a certainfrost hazard exists in all districts both north and south.Almost all districts on the other hand embrace certainareas which are comparatively frost free. One thingwhich usually impresses the stranger from the East mostforcibly is the sharpness with which the frost lines aredrawn. There are many ranches of a hundred acres orless which are divided by these frost lines into citruslands, walnut lands, and alfalfa lands. It is often verydifficult to accurately judge the frost hazard on any givenpiece of land unless there be an old orchard alongsideupon the history of which, together with the local topog-raphy, an estimate may be based. Failures due directlyto faulty judgment in regard to the frost hazard are almostwithout number.

    In recent years the science of orchard heating as de-scribed in Chapter XIV has enabled growers to insuretheir crops against occasional frosts, but where orchardsmust be heated many nights each winter the expense isquite likely to interfere with the profits.We may conclude then that throughout the citrus divi-sions of the Southwest there are specially favored dis-tricts where citrus fruits grow to perfection and are seldominjured by cold. Within each of these districts, however,there are many localities of irregular outline and extentwhich on account of local topography are quite out of thequestion as citrus lands. On this point Lelong 1 writes asfollows :

    1 Culture of the Citrus in California, 1902.D

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    34 Citrus FruitsWherever cold currents of air from high altitudes

    flow to the valley without interruption, it will not be safeto attempt citrus culture at any elevation within the sweepof these currents. On the other hand, wherever thedescending currents are cut off or turned aside by spursof the mountains, leaving the warm atmosphere of thedays undisturbed during the nights, there orange andlemon culture may be engaged in with little danger fromfrost. In other words, the eddies of air currents must beselected and the main flow of these currents must beavoided. Everybody who has traveled along the Sierra foothills,parallel with the valleys, particularly in the winter seasonand at night, will recall his surprise at the sudden changesof the temperature of the atmosphere within short dis-tances. He may also remember to have noticed tenderplants and shrubs seared and frost-bitten, while just overa ridge or cone the same plants and shrubs were in fullleaf and growing luxuriantly. Want of attention to thesefacts has caused many a disastrous failure in the culti-vation of citrus fruits in California.

    ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITYIn the interior valleys which are fanned by dry desert

    breezes, the amount of atmospheric moisture is very low,and this together with the great heat tends to produceoranges of high sugar content and with very desirabledeep red color. Dry air also discourages the growthof certain diseases affecting the tree, as well as certainscale insects, lichens, and algse which cannot endure the

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 35desert conditions. On the other hand, lemon trees undersuch climatic conditions tend to bear only one crop a year,and the proper curing and keeping of lemons is mademore difficult. The moist and foggy coast country withits cool sea breezes brings about a somewhat differentphase of the industry. Here lemons tend to bear a con-

    FIG. 7. Typical scene in Los Angeles County.robusta on right.

    Windbreak of Grevillea

    tinuous crop the year round, and the fruit may be easilystored in open sheds and kept in good condition for sixor eight months. Oranges near the coast are six or eightweeks later in ripening than those of the interior, and thetrees are subject to a larger number of the insect pestsand diseases to which the citrus tree is heir.

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    36 Citrus Fruits

    WINDSStrong winds are a serious hindrance to the citrus

    grower. The young foliage is badly torn or may even be

    FIG. 8. Pinus radiata, a native pine used as a windbreak.

    blown from the trees; the fruit is bruised, scarred, andcovered with unsightly callous marks; the trees are pre-vented from forming symmetrical heads ; and in somecases the soil itself is either blown away from the roots

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 37or banked too deep around the trunks of the trees. Insome extreme cases, the traveling sand wears away thebark of young trees near the ground. As a rule, windylocations should be avoided in selecting a site for a citrus

    FIG. 9. Orange tree denuded of foliage on windward side by threedays of desert wind.

    orchard. In some cases, however, where all the otherconditions are right, the force of the wind may be brokenby growing windbreaks of cypress, eucalyptus, or cedar.Care should be exercised that the windbreak is notallowed to grow too thick and become a wind-stop,

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    38 Citrus Fruits

    as this may interfere with atmospheric drainage and makea frost pocket of the grove. A live windbreak is ob-jectionable on the ground that the roots appropriate theplant food and water from one or two rows on either sideand seriously interfere with the fruiting of the orchardtrees. This trouble may be obviated to some extent bydigging a trench ten feet from the windbreak and threefeet deep every second year and cutting all the feedingroots. Care should be used in selecting varieties of treesfor windbreaks that they may not be host plants forinsects which affect citrus trees. The pepper tree,Schinus molle, for example, makes an excellent wind-break and is largely used in interior valleys where theblack scale is of less importance. Near the coast suchtrees may have to be fumigated occasionally at greatexpense. Figs. 7 and 8 show windbreaks of the silk oak(Grevillea robusta) and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata),which are much used in parts of California. Fig. 9 il-lustrates the damaging effect of the wind.

    SUNLIGHTWhile a certain amount of sunlight is absolutely neces-

    sary for plant growth, there are places in California wherecitrus plants are over-illuminated. Sunburn of thefruit and tree trunks and even of the leaves often occursin the dry interior valleys, where the lack of moisture inthe air permits the actinic rays of the sun to strike thetrees with full force. In such situations, the fruit borneon the outside of the trees and fully exposed to the lightis inferior and often ruined, while the fruit which is

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    Citrus Geography and Climatology of California 39screened by foliage may be of the very finest quality. Itis the custom among nurserymen to shield citrus seedlingsfrom the light by growing them, for the first six or eightmonths, under lath screens so arranged as to reduce thetotal light about 75 per cent. Running the lath northand south will provide alternating light and shadowfor any given seedling as the sun moves from east to west.

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    CHAPTER IIICITRUS BOTANY, GROSS STRUCTURE, AND

    HABITS OF GROWTHCITRUS fruits differ from olives, figs, dates, and pome-

    granates in being of comparatively modern origin. Theyemerged from the wild state in the Malay Archipelagoand southern Asia. Certainly citrus fruits were notknown by civilized peoples until comparatively recenttimes. The ancient Egyptians did not know the citrusfruits. The Romans did not know the orange or anyother edible form except perhaps the citron at the be-ginning of the Christian Era. 1 While the Old Testamentmakes frequent mention of olives, pomegranates, figs, andother fruits, no mention is made of any citrus fruit unlesswe except the word hadar translated goodly trees(Leviticus 23 : 40) as referring to the citron. Risso,2 oneof the most able of the early writers on citrus, comparedthe ancient texts and claims that this word merely refersto any beautiful or fine tree. It is likely that theHebrews became acquainted with this fruit at the timeof the Babylonish captivity. Be this as it may, theJews believe this word refers to the citron, or etrog as

    1 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 181.2 Risso and Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Grangers.'

    40

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    Citrus Botany, Gross Structure, and Habits of Growth 41it is called by them, and to this day they present them-selves at the synagogue on the day of the Feast ofTabernacles, as commanded in Leviticus, with a citronin their hands together with an unopened date palmleaf, a three-parted branch of myrtle, and a willow twig.The citron, known by the Romans as Malum persicum,the apple of the Persians, was transplanted to Italy aboutthe third or fourth century.The lemon was not brought to southern Europe untilafter the tenth century, and the earliest Italian reference

    to it is dated 1250 A.D.The bitter or sour orange was unknown to the earlyGreeks and Romans. It probably originated in eastern

    India and spread westward slowly. When it reachedMesopotamia it received the Sanskrit name nagarunga,which was changed to verunga and arangi. In medievalLatin it became arancium and finally aurantium, the presentLatin name from which our English word orange is de-rived. The Crusaders saw the bitter orange in Palestine.It was taken by the Arabs to Sicily in 1002, spread fromthere to Spain, from whence it was taken to Florida soonafter the settlement of that Colony. In Florida the bitteror sour orange ran wild, and dense thickets exist thereto-day which yield the greater part of the sour orangeseeds planted by California nurserymen.

    It is most remarkable that so good a fruit as the sweetorange should not have been known to ancient writers,yet they make no mention of it. In fact the sweet orangewas not introduced into Europe until the beginning ofthe fifteenth century, when the Portuguese brought im-proved forms of it from south China. A number of writers

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    42 Citrus Fruits

    speak of the sweet orange as cultivated in Spain in thesixteenth century. At a very early date the Portuguesecarried the orange to Brazil, where it ran wild as it did inFlorida. From Brazil the orange spread southward intoParaguay, part of Uruguay, and northern Argentinawhere large areas are now covered with a natural growthof wild sweet orange trees.

    CLASSIFICATIONThe genus Citrus belongs to the family Rutacece and rep-resents the highest development within the family. Thereare no species of citrus native to either North or SouthAmerica. A relative is the prickly ash or toothachetree/' Xanthoxylum americanum, of the southeasternUnited States.No two systematic botanists appear to be agreed as to

    the proper classification of the many different species.This is probably due to the fact that several of the specieshybridize readily and it is very difficult to determinewhich of the forms are of hybrid origin. The writer makesno pretense to having solved this perplexing problem byindependent botanical research. He has simply studiedthe different schemes proposed and from them arranged apracticable, working classification for the use of students,fruit-growers, and others who desire a simple bird's-eyeview of the ten species in which they are chiefly interested.

    Persons particularly interested in citrus botany arereferred to Hume, Citrus Fruits and their Culture ;to Bonavia,

    Oranges and Lemons of India

    ; and toSwingle, Citrus in Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia ofAmerican Horticulture.

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    Citrus Botany, Gross Structure, and Habits of Growth 43

    CITRUS

    trifoliata

    bergamia,sinensis,Aurantium,

    nobilis

    decumana,japonica,Medica,Limonia,aurantifolia,

    the deciduous orange (Poncirus tri-foliata) .

    Bergamot orange.common sweet orange.sour stock, Seville, or bitter orange.the King orange.Var. deliciosa the Mandarin or kid-glove orange. Tangerine.Var. unshiu the Satsuma orange.the pomelo (grapefruit), shaddock.

    kumquats.citron of commerce.sour lemon, sweet lemon.sour lime, sweet lime.

    All of these ten species are now grown, to some extentat least, in California, although some of course are verymuch more important than others.

    Citrus trifoliata. This is the only deciduous orange.The fruit is not edible. It is highly ornamental and veryhardy to cold, being used in yard and garden plantings andfor hedges as far north as Washington, D. C. It is used to acertain extent in Florida and more generally in Texas as astock upon which to bud edible oranges. Its use as a stockin California was never widespread, and is now almost obso-lete. Citrus trifoliata has recently been used to a considerableextent in breeding work, the object being to combine the coldresisting qualities of the trifoliata with the good qualitiesof the more tender species which bear edible fruit. It isnative to Japan and China and was introduced into Europemore than one hundred years ago. This species is now bysome put in the genus Poncirus, becoming P. trifoliata.

    Citrus bergamia. The Bergamot orange from which theoil of bergamot is made is grown commercially in Europe.In California it is grown only as an occasional specimen oras a hedge plant in gardens.

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    44 Citrus FruitsCitrus sinensis. The ordinary sweet oranges includingsuch varieties as Washington Navel, Valencia, Mediterra-nean Sweet, Ruby Blood, and a long list of others.Citrus Aurantium. This is the sour or bitter bigarade

    orange, the fresh fruit of which is hardly edible, but which iscoming to be used more and more in the flavoring of marma-lades and various other by-products. Seedlings of this orangehave almost entirely superseded others as a stock upon whichto grow all kinds of citrus fruits in California. The reasonfor this is its superior resistance to gum-disease and foot-rot.The seed from which this sour stock is grown comeschiefly from the wild thickets in Florida. In Europe thisform is often called the Seville orange.

    Citrus nobilis. The description of this species was basedon a form very like the King orange. It includes the var.deliciosa, the ordinary Mandarin oranges such as the Tan-gerine and the var. unshiu, which is the Satsuma orange.Citrus decumana. Here are included the pomelos, oftenincorrectly called grapefruit, 1 and the shaddock. Theyare vigorous growing trees with very dark green leaves, veryprolific in bearing. The pomelo is growing rapidly in publicesteem, but the shaddock is inedible. The shaddock is thelargest of all the citrus fruits, but has an extremely thickskin and bitter juice. It is the only citrus which has hairs orpubescence on the young twigs and under sides of the leaves,and is grown only for ornament or curiosity.

    Citrus japonica (recently referred to the genus Fortunella).The Kumquats, Kin-Kans, or golden oranges, smallbushy plants from Cochin-China. The fruits are small, withmostly acid pulp and sweet aromatic rinds, for preservingand for decorations.

    1 The term grapefruit has, chiefly through the influence ofthe trade, become adopted by common usage, and it is hardlyworth while now to insist on the use of the more correct term.

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    Citrus Botany, Gross Structure, and Habits of Growth 45Citrus Medica. The citron from which the candied

    citron sold by grocers is made. The form known in Cali-fornia as the Chinese lemon and much used in the earlydays as a stock is thought to belong here.

    Citrus Limonia. The lemons including both the sourlemons and the sweet lemons.

    Citrus aurantifolia. The limes including both the sourMexican and Rangpur limes and the sweet limes whichlatter are considered to be of hybrid origin.

    THE CITRUS PLANTThe Root

    Citrus trees differ from many plants in having no root-hairs whatever upon the fibrous, feeding roots. Thefeeding roots are comparatively large, very abundant, andgrow very rapidly. Those sheared off each year by theplow in turning under a cover crop are quickly replaced.In shallow soils, however, where most of the fibrous rootsare near the surface, it is unwise to be too reckless with thelarge turning plow. Under arid conditions the feedingroots are not confined to the surface layer of soil, butwhere there is no layer of hardpan to interfere they dis-tribute themselves throughout the soil usually between theeighth and thirty-sixth inch levels. In very deep, wellaerated soils they may forage much deeper.The large main roots serve in a double capacity;as braces to hold the tree upright against the wind,and as conveyors of water and food between the fibrousfeeders and the trunk. Large perpendicular roots knownas tap-roots are not essential to the health or well-being ofthe trees and are invariably cut when the young nursery

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    46 Citrus Fruitstrees are dug for transplanting. Subsequently the sweetorange root will devote itself mainly to sending out laterals,while the sour orange will usually send down two or threestrong tap-roots in the place of the one which was cut.The pomelo shows much variation in regard to theformation of tap-roots.

    Wood Structure and GrowthCitrus wood is very closely knit in structure, being

    hard, strong, and tough. It is light in color, with very finegrain and with no apparent heart wood ; that is, there isno difference in color between heart wood and sap wood.The rings observable in a cross section are close togetherand are of no value in determining the age of the citrustree, as they are in the case of pine or oak trees. This ison account of the fact that the citrus tree forms severalrings each year according to the number of vegetativegrowths. The citrus tree does not grow at a uniform rateduring the season, but makes three or more growths of newtwigs and leaves each year, with corresponding rest periods.The heaviest growth is in the spring just before blooming,the flowers being borne on the new shoots. Anothersmaller and more irregular growth is made in mid-summer,and a third in the late fall. The number of growths madeand the times they occur vary with the local weather con-ditions and the method of irrigation.The main framework branches of old lemon trees oftenpresent a curious flattened shape next the trunk. Thegreatest diameter is perpendicular, but the width of therings is much thicker on the lower than the upper side, the

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    Citrus Botany, Gross Structure, and Habits of Growth 47center of growth being cr