Chapter3 BSC 250

8/10/2019 Chapter3 BSC 250

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Chapter 3 Cell Biology and Genetics

Read 3.1 – 3.9 and 3.11; Note: we will discuss plasma memrane last

!earning "utcomes:

#LIPID SOLUBLE=HYDROPHOBIC=NONPOLAR

#WATER SOLUBLE=HYDROPHILIC=POLAR

characteristic $unctions o$ the cell

1. Cell metaolism and energy use

%.&ynthesis o$ molecules

3.Communication

'.Reproduction and inheritance

Cytology: the study of the !to"y !d #hys$ology %st&u'tu&e !d fu!'t$o!( of 'ells

(wo classes o$ cells in the human ody

so"t$' 'ells: )*ody 'ells+

• ",e u# the t$ssues !d o&g!s of the *ody

• d$ffe&e!t$te o& s#e'$l$-e $!to "!y d$ffe&e!t fo&"s ''o&d$!g to fu!'t$o!

se. 'ells: )&e#&odu't$/e 'ells+

• $emale: o/u" %oo'ytes(

• male: s#e&"

A ty#$'l so"t$' 'ell $s su&&ou!ded *y 0te&y "ed$u" ,!o0! s e)tracellular *uid%EC1( o& interstitial *uid2

E.t&'ellul&: outs$de the 'ell

I!t&'ellul&: $!s$de the 'ell

Characteristic $unctions o$ the cell

32 cell metaolism and energy use: the e!e&gy &elesed f&o" so"e "et*ol$'

&e't$o!s fuel 'ellul& 't$/$t$es !d &elese e!e&gy s het4 0h$'h hel#s "$!t$! *ody

te"#2

52 synthesis o$ molecules: d$ffe&e!t 'ells sy!thes$-e /&$es ty#es of "ole'ules6 the

st&u'tu&e !d fu!'t$o! of 'ells &e dete&"$!ed *y the ty#es of "ole'ules they #&odu'e

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72 communication: 'ells #&odu'e !d &es#o!d to 'he"$'l !d ele't&$'l s$g!ls tht

llo0 the" to 'o""u!$'te 0$th !othe&

82 reproduction and inheritance

Components o$ a cell %See t*le 723(

+ Pls" "e"*&!e 9 'ell "e"*&!e

o fo&"s the oute& *ou!d&y of the 'ell4 th&ough 0h$'h the 'ell $!te&'ts 0$th

$ts e.te&!l e!/$&o!"e!t

o NOT 'ell 0ll

+ Cyto#ls" 9 'ytosol !d o&g!elles

o the 'ellul& "te&$l outs$de the !u'leus *ut $!s$de the #ls" "e"*&!e4

$s *out hlf 'ytosol !d hlf o&g!elles2

+ Nu'leus 9 'o!t&ol 'e!te& of the 'ell

o usully lo'ted 'e!t&lly6 $t d$&e'ts the 'ells 't$/$t$es4 "ost of 0h$'h t,e

#l'e $! the 'yto#ls"

Components o$ the Cytoplasm:

+ Cytosol: the flu$d #o&t$o! of the 'yto#ls"4 0h$'h 'o!t$!s the 'ytos,eleto! !d

'yto#ls"$' $!'lus$o!s2

+ O&g!elles: st&u'tu&es 0$th$! the 'ell tht &e s#e'$l$-ed fo& #&t$'ul& fu!'t$o!s

+ I!'lus$o!s: !y fo&e$g! o& othe& su*st!'e 'o!t$!ed $! the 'yto#ls" of 'ell

"rganelles:

32 Cytos,eleto!: su##o&ts the 'ell !d holds the !u'leus !d othe& o&g!elles $! #l'e

+ *eg$!s $! !#hse !d 'o!t$!ues th&ough telo#hse

,unctions o$ Cytos-eleton:

• su##o&ts the 'ell !d holds the !u'leus !d othe& o&g!elles $! #l'e

+ I!te&!l s'ffold$!g of 'ell

+ &es#o!s$*le fo& 'h!ges $! 'ell sh#e !d the "o/e"e!t of 'ell o&g!elles

+ fu!'t$o! $! $!t&'ellul& t&!s#o&t

+ #&ote$! f$l"e!ts 'o""o! $! ll 'ells

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o $'&of$l"e!ts: s"ll f$*&$l fo&"$!g *u!dles4 sheets4 o&

!et0o&,s $! the 'yto#ls" of 'ells

#&o/$des st&u'tu&e to the 'yto#ls" !d "e'h!$'l

su##o&t fo& "$'&o/$ll$ !d ste&eo'$l$

fo&"ed l&gely of 't$!

'o!t&'t$le #&ote$!

o $'&otu*ules: hollo0 tu*e 'o"#osed of tu*ul$!4 "esu&$!g

##&o.$"tely 5; !" $! d$"ete& !d usully se/e&l

"$'&o"ete&s lo!g2

hel#s #&o/$de su##o&t to the 'yto#ls" of the 'ell

!d $s 'o"#o!e!t of 'e&t$! 'ell o&g!elles4 su'hs 'e!t&$oles4 s#$!dle f$*e&s4 '$l$4 !d flgell2

fo&" the $!te&!l st&u'tu&e of the 'e!t&$oles

52 Nu'leus

+ 'o!t&ol 'e!te& of 'ellul& o#e&t$o!s

+ dete&"$!es the st&u'tu&l !d fu!'t$o!l 'h&'te&$st$'s of 'ell *y dete&"$!$!g

the ty#es of #&ote$!s #&odu'ed *y the 'ell

+ ost 'ells h/e o!e !u'leus4 *ut the&e &e e.'e#t$o!s:

$2 multinucleated

32 "o&e th! o!e !u'leus

52 usully l&ge& th! &egul& 'ells

72 e.: s,eletl "us'le

$$2 anucleated

32 !o !u'leus

52 usully h/e sho&te& l$fes#! th! those 0$th !u'leus

72 e.: &ed *lood 'ells

&tructure o$ nucleus

+ Nu'le& e!/elo#e: dou*le "e"*&!e st&u'tu&e su&&ou!d$!g !d e!'los$!g the

!u'leus

+ Nu'le& #o&es: #o&e<l$,e o#e!$!gs $! the !u'le& e!/elo#e 0he&e the $!!e& !d

oute& "e"*&!es fuse2

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+ Nu'leolus: so"e0ht &ou!ded4 de!se4 0ell<def$!ed !u'le& *ody 0$th !o

su&&ou!d$!g "e"*&!e6 'o!t$!s &$*oso"l RNA !d #&ote$!

$2 $!'o&#o&tes #o&t$o!s of 'h&o"oso"es tht 'o!t$!s DNA f&o"

0h$'h &RNA $s #&odu'ed

$$2 0$th$! the !u'leolus4 su*u!$ts of &$*oso"es &e "!uf'tu&ed

+ !u'leo#ls": gelt$!ous su*st!'e $!s$de the !u'leuss 'ell "e"*&!e

+ >e!et$' "te&$l: DNA

72 R$*oso"e: s"ll4 s#he&$'l4 !o!<"e"*&!e *ou!d6 s$tes of #&ote$! sy!thes$s6 '! *e fou!d f&ee $! 'yto#ls" o& sso'$ted 0$th ! $!t&'ellul& "e"*&!e 'o"#le.2

+ Co"#osed of l&ge !d s"ll su*u!$ts: #&ote$!s !d RNA

+ Wo&,*e!'h of #&ote$! sy!thes$s

+ Ty#es of &$*oso"es: f&ee /2 tt'hed

$2 f&ee &$*oso"e: &$*oso"es fou!d f&ee $! the 'yto#ls" o& sso'$ted

0$th the e!do#ls"$' &et$'ulu"

$$2 tt'hed: sso'$ted 0$th ! $!te&'ellul& "e"*&!e 'o"#le. o&

e!do#ls"$' &et$'ulu" %&ough ER(

82 E!do#ls"$' Ret$'ulu":

+ Net0o&, of "e"*&!es d$st&$*uted th&oughout the 'yto#ls"

+ 'o!s$sts of *&od4 fltte!ed4 $!te&'o!!e't$!g s's !d tu*ules

$2 cisternae: $!te&$o& s#'es of s's !d tu*ules6 &e $solted f&o"

the &est of the 'yto#ls"

+ I!/ol/ed $! #&ote$!4 l$#$d !d '&*ohyd&te sy!thes$s

+ Sto&es "te&$l

+ Neut&l$-es to.$!s

+ T0o ty#es: Rough ER /2 S"ooth ER

$2 Rough ER:

32 hs &$*oso"es tt'hed to the su&f'e

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52 these &$*oso"es &e s$tes 0he&e #&ote$!s &e #&odu'ed !d

"od$f$ed fo& se'&et$o! !d fo& $!te&!l use

72 #&o/$de ! &e fo& sto&ge !d t&!s#o&t of the &$*oso"es

to othe& 'ell &es

$$2 S"ooth ER: )l$#$d "et*ol$s"+ !d )d&ug deto.$f$'t$o!+

32 !o &$*oso"es tt'hed to su&f'e

52 "!uf'tu&es l$#$ds4 su'h s #hos#hol$#$ds4 'holeste&ol4 !d

ste&o$d ho&"o!es4 s 0ell s '&*ohyd&tes

72 !o fu!'t$o! $! #&ote$! sy!thes$s

;2 >olg$ A##&tus: )#',g$!g !d d$st&$*ut$o! 'e!te&+

• fltte!ed "e"*&!ous s's4 'o!t$!$!g '$ste&!e4 tht &e st',ed o! to# of e'h

othe&6

• s#e'$l$-ed e!do#ls"$' &et$'ulu" tht "od$f$es4 #',ges4 !d d$st&$*utes

#&ote$!s !d l$#$ds "!uf'tu&ed *y the &ough !d s"ooth ER fo& se'&et$o! f&o" the

'ell

+ 1ltte!ed "e"*&!ous d$s's st',ed togethe&

+ Co""u!$'tes 0$th the ER !d #ls" "e"*&!e

+ od$f$es !d #',ges se'&et$o!s

+ Re!e0s !d "od$f$es the #ls" "e"*&!e

+ P',ges "te&$l tht &e"$! $! the 'ell

?2 Se'&eto&y @es$'les:

+ "e"*&!e *ou!d

+ #$!'h off f&o" the >olg$ A##&tus

+ "o/e to the su&f'e of the 'ell4 the$& "e"*&!es fuse 0$th the #ls" "e"*&!e4

!d the 'o!te!ts of the /es$'le &e &elesed to the e.te&$o& *y e.o'ytos$s

2 Lysoso"e: "e"*&!e *ou!d /es$'le tht 'o!t$! hyd&olyt$' e!-y"es tht fu!'t$o!s $!t&'ellul& d$gest$/e e!-y"es2

+ @es$'le f$lled 0$th d$gest$/e e!-y"es

+ fo&" t the >olg$ ##&tus

+ d$gest 0o&! out 'ell o&g!elles %autophagia( !d fo&e$g! su*st!'es tht e!te&

the 'ell

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2 Pe&o.$so"e: "e"*&!e *ou!ded *ody s$"$l& to lysoso"e $! ##e&!'e *ut

ofte! s"lle& !d $&&egul& $! sh#e

+ 'o!t$! e!-y"es tht *&e, do0! ftty '$ds !d "$!o '$ds

+ 'o!t$!s catalase 0h$'h *&e,s do0! hyd&oge! #e&o.$de %*y#&odu't of the

*&e,do0! of ftty !d "$!o '$d4 '! *e to.$' to 'ell( to 0te& !d o.yge!

+ @es$'le f$lled 0$th e!-y"es tht deto.$fy

+ 'ells 't$/e $! deto.4 su'h s ,$d!ey !d l$/e& 'ells4 h/e "!y #e&o.$so"es

2 $to'ho!d&$o!

+ &od sh#ed *od$es 0$th dou*le "e"*&!e 0ll6 $!!e& "e"*&!e hs !u"e&ous

folds ,!o0! s cristae

+ Po0e& house of the 'ell

+ S$te of ATP #&odu't$o!

+ Dou*le "e"*&!e 0$th t0o $!te&!l 'o"#&t"e!ts: $!te&<"e"*&!e s#'e !d

"t&$.

$2 '&$ste: shelfl$,e $!fold$!g of the $!!e& "e"*&!e of "$to'ho!d&$o!

$$2 "t&$.: the su*st!'e lo'ted $! the s#'e fo&"ed *y the $!!e&

"e"*&!e2

32 Ce!t&$ole

+ o&$e!ted $! #$&s 0$th$! the 'e!t&oso"e6 l$e t &$ght !gles to e'h othe&

$2 'e!t&oso"e: s#e'$l$-ed -o!e of 'yto#ls" 'lose to the !u'leus6

'e!te& of "$'&otu*ule fo&"t$o! $! the 'ell2

+ Co"#osed of sho&t 'yl$!de& of !$!e t&$#lets of "$'&otu*ules

+ ! !'ho& fo& "$'&otu*ules du&$!g 'ell d$/$s$o!

+ fo&" the *ses of '$l$ !d flgell

+ D$&e't "o/e"e!t of ge!et$' "te&$l du&$!g 'ell d$/$s$o!

332 C$l$

+ H$&<l$,e4 "ot$le e.te!s$o!s

+ o/es se'&et$o!s o& flu$ds '&oss the su&f'e of 'ells

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+ The$& "ot$o! "o/es "te&$ls o/e& the su&f'e of the 'ell

352 1lgellu"

+ S$"$l& to '$l$ *ut lo!ge&

+ "o/e $! 0/e<l$,e fsh$o!

+ $!sted of "o/$!g s"ll #&t$'les4 they "o/e the e!t$&e 'ell

372 $'&o/$ll$

+ 'yl$!d&$'lly sh#ed e.te!s$o!s of the #ls" "e"*&!e

+ sho&t e.te!s$o!s of 'ell

+ $!'&ese su&f'e &e fo& *so&#t$o!

+ DO NOT O@E

+ su##o&ted *y 't$! f$l"e!ts %"$'&of$l"e!ts( $!sted of "$'&otu*ules

Cell Cycle: $!'ludes the 'h!ges 'ell u!de&goes f&o" the t$"e $t $s fo&"ed u!t$l $t

d$/$des to #&odu'e t0o !e0 'ells

/nterphase

• !o!<d$/$d$!g #hse6 'ell g&o0th !d DNA &e#l$'t$o!

•

DNA $s #&ese!t s th$! th&eds of 'h&o"t$! $! the !u'leus

• #hse *et0ee! 'ell d$/$s$o!

• 'o!s$sts of o& "o&e of 'ells l$fe 'y'le

• d$/$ded $!to 7 stges:

• G1: )the f$&st g#+ the 'ell '&&$es out &out$!e "et*ol$' 't$/$t$es

• &: )the sy!thes$s #hse+ DNA $s &e#l$'ted %!e0 DNA $s sy!thes$-ed(

• G%: )the se'o!d g#+ the 'ell #&e#&es fo& 'ell d$/$s$o!

• &e#l$'t$o!: the #&o'ess *y 0h$'h t0o !e0 st&!ds of DNA &e "de4 us$!g t0o

e.$st$!g st&!ds s te"#ltes

• o&g!elles4 othe& th! the !u'leus4 du#l$'te du&$!g $!te&#hse

Cell 0iision

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types o$ cell diision:

$tos$s: 'ell d$/$des2

• the d$/$s$o! of 'ells 'h&o"oso"es $!to t0o !e0 !u'le$6 e'h of 0h$'h hs the

s"e "ou!t !d ty#e of DNA s the o&$g$!l !u'leus

• o!e d$#lo$d %containing two complete sets o$ chromosomes2 one

$rom each parent( 'ell d$/$des to #&odu'e t0o d$#lo$d 'ell

• d$/$ded $!to 8 #hses:

• #&o#hse:

• 'h&o"t$! 'o!de!ses to fo&" "$tot$' 'h&o"oso"es %'o!s$sts of t0o 'h&o"t$ds

Fo$!ed t the 'e!t&o"e&e(

• 'h&o"oso"es &e /$s$*le 0$th l$ght "$'&os'o#e !d e/$de!t tht e'h hs

&e#l$'ted

• s#$!dle f$*e&s e.te!d f&o" the 'e!t&$oles to the 'e!t&o"e&es of the 'h&o"oso"es

• the 'e!t&$oles d$/$de !d "$g&te to e'h #ole of the 'ell %"o/e to o##os$te e!ds

of the 'ell(

• the !u'leolus !d !u'le& e!/elo#e d$s##e&

• "et#hse: )eet $! the $ddle+

• 'h&o"oso"es l$g! !e& the 'e!te& of the 'ell

• !#hse:

• 'h&o"t$ds se#&te

• t0o $de!t$'l sets of 'h&o"oso"es &e "o/ed *y the s#$!dle f$*e&s to0&d the

'e!t&$oles t o!e of the #oles of the 'ell

• t the e!d4 e'h set of 'h&o"oso"es hs &e'hed ! o##os$te #ole of the 'ell4

!d the 'yto#ls" *eg$!s to d$/$de

• telo#hse:

• !u'le& e!/elo#es fo&" &ou!d e'h set of 'h&o"oso"es to fo&" t0o se#&te

!u'le$

• the 'h&o"oso"es *eg$! to u!'o$l !d &ese"*le the ge!et$' "te&$l

'h&'te&$st$' of $!te&#hse2

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• itosis is complete2 and a new interphase egins. (he

chromosomes hae unraeled to ecome chromatin. Cell diision hasproduced two daughter cells2 each with 0N4 that is identical to the0N4 o$ the parent cell.

• "$tot$' 'h&o"oso"e: de!sely 'o$led 'h&o"t$! tht fo&"s 'o"#'t 'h&o"oso"es

• 'h&o"t$d: o!e hlf of 'h&o"oso"e6 se#&tes f&o" $ts #&t!e& du&$!g 'ell

d$/$s$o!

• 'e!t&o"e&e:lo't$o! 0he&e the t0o se#&te 'h&o"t$ds &e tt'hed

• s#$!dle f$*e&: s#e'$l$-ed "$'&otu*ule tht de/elo#s f&o" e'h 'e!t&oso"e !d

e.te!ds to0&d the 'h&o"oso"es du&$!g d$/$s$o!2

(ypes o$ cell diision:

+ $tos$s: o!e d$#lo$d 'ell d$/$des to #&odu'e t0o d$#lo$d 'ells

+ 'yto,$!es$s: d$/$s$o! of 'yto#ls" du&$!g 'ell d$/$s$o!

+ e$os$s: o!e d$#lo$d 'ell d$/$des to #&odu'e "ult$#le h#lo$d 'ells

o 'ell d$/$s$o! tht &esults $! the fo&"t$o! of g"etes

o g"etes h/e 3G5 the !u"*e& of 'h&o"oso"es !d 3G5 s "!y lleles s

the o&$g$!l d$#lo$d 'ell

o 'o!s$sts of t0o d$/$s$o!s4 0h$'h &esult $! o! %fe"le( o& fou& %"le(

g"etes4 e'h of 0h$'h 'o!t$!s o!e hlf the !u"*e& of 'h&o"oso"es $!

#&e!t 'ell2

Gene e)pression

4nalogy

the recipe: 'o#y of the ge!e %"RNA(

the ca-e: the #&ote$!

the -itchen: &$*oso"e

ingredients: "$!o '$ds

t&!s'&$#t$o!: the sy!thes$s of "RNA4 tRNA4 !d &RNA *sed o! the !u'leot$de seue!'e

$! DNA6 o''u&s $! the !u'leus %'o#y$!g the &e'$#e(

t&!slt$o!: sy!thes$s of #oly#e#t$de 'h$!s t the &$*oso"e $! &es#o!se to $!fo&"t$o!'o!t$!ed $! "RNA "ole'ules6 o''u&s outs$de of the !u'leus4 $! the &$*oso"e2 %tu&!$!g

the &e'$#e $!to ',e(

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The Plasma Membrane:

,unctions:

+ Phys$'l $solt$o!: se#&tes the 'ells 'o!te!ts f&o" EC1

+ Regult$o! of e.'h!ge *et0ee! the EC1 !d the 'yto#ls"

+ Se!s$t$/$ty

+ St&u'tu&l su##o&t: e!'loses !d su##o&ts the 'ells 'o!te!ts

+ *ou!d&y se#&t$!g the su*st!'es $!s$de the 'ell f&o" su*st!'es outs$de the 'ell

+ tt'hes 'ells to e.t&'ellul& e!/$&o!"e!ts o& to othe& 'ells

+ dete&"$!es 0ht "o/es $! !d out of 'ells

&tructure:

(he plasma memrane is a ilayer o$ phospholipids with associatedproteins and carohydrates.

emrane !ipid

Consists o$ two main lipids:

+ Phos#hol$#$ds: "ost of the su&f'e of the "e"*&!e

+ &e "#h$#th$'

+ fo&" *$lye& $! ueous solut$o!s

o L$#$d B$lye&: dou*le lye& of #hos#hol$#$d "ole'ules

#hos#hol$#$ds &ed$ly sse"*le $!to th$s lye& *e'use they h/e

#ol& %'h&ged( hed !d !o!#ol& %u!'h&ged( t$l2

llo0s "e"*&!e to h/e )flu$d+ st&u'tu&e

+ Choleste&ol: st*$l$-e the #os$t$o! of the #hos#hol$#$ds of the #ls" "e"*&!e

o ''ou!ts fo& 3G7 of the totl l$#$ds $! the #ls" "e"*&!e

o

se!s$t$/e to te"#e&tu&e

emrane 5roteins 6See t*le 725(

+ I!teg&l #&ote$!s: #e!et&ted dee#ly $!to the l$#$d *$lye&4 $! "!y 'ses e.te!d$!g

f&o" o!e su&f'e to the othe&2

o #&t of #ls" "e"*&!e

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o e"*edded $! #hos#hol$#$d *$lye&

+ Pe&$#he&l #&ote$!s: tt'hed to e$the& the $!!e& to the oute& su&f'es of the l$#$d

*$lye&

,unctions o$ proteins o$ the plasma memrane

+ &,e& "ole'ules: 'ell su&f'e "ole'ules tht llo0 'ells to $de!t$fy othe& 'ells o&

othe& "ole'ules

o self 'ells o& fo&e$g!

o helthy o& d$sesed

+ Att'h"e!t #&ote$!s: llo0s 'ells to tt'h to othe& 'ells o& to e.t&'ellul&

"ole'ules

o !'ho& 'ells to othe& 'ells %'dhe&$!s( o& to e.t&'ellul& "ole'ules

%$!teg&$!s(

T&!s#o&t P&ote$!s: $!teg&l #&ote$!s tht llo0 $o!s o& "ole'ules to "o/e f&o" o!e s$de

of the #ls" "e"*&!e to the othe&6 $!'ludes 'h!!el4 '&&$e&4 !d ATP #o0e& #u"#s

+ Ch!!el #&ote$!s: o!e o& "o&e $!teg&l #&ote$!s &&!ged so tht they fo&" t$!y

'h!!el th&ough the #ls" "e"*&!e

o #&o/$de #ssge0y '&oss the "e"*&!e

o lea- channels: #o&es &e ALWAYS o#e! !d &e &es#o!s$*le fo& the

#ls" "e"*&!es #e&"e*$l$ty t $o!s 0he! the #ls" "e"*&!e $s t

&est

o gated channels: 'h!!els o& #o&es '! *e o#e! o& 'losed

+ C&&$e& #&ote$!s: )t&!s#o&te&s+ $!teg&l "e"*&!e #&ote$!s tht "o/e $o!s o&

"ole'ules f&o" o!e s$de of the #ls" "e"*&!e to the othe&2

+ ATP<#o0e&ed #u"#s: t&!s#o&t #&ote$!s tht "o/e s#e'$f$' $o!s !d "ole'ules

f&o" o!e s$de of the #ls" "e"*&!e to the othe&2

+ Re'e#to& #&ote$!s: #&ote$!s o& glycoproteins %#&ote$!s 0$th tt'hed

'&*ohyd&tes( $! the #ls" "e"*&!e tht h/e ! e.#osed receptor site o!

the oute& 'ell su&f'e4 0h$'h '! tt'h to s#e'$f$' 'he"$'l s$g!ls2 The *$!d$!g'ts s s$g!l tht t&$gge&s &es#o!se2

o l$g!ds %ge!e&l te&" fo& !y su*st!'e( s"ll "ole'ules tht *$!d to the

#&ote$! o& gly'o#&ote$!4 'h!g$!g 'ell 't$/$ty

+ E!-y"es: #&ote$! tht 'ts s 'tlyst

Characteristics o$ emrane proteins

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<#&ote$!s &e s#e'$f$'

<they h/e stu&t$o! #o$!t<they '! o!ly "o/e so "u'h t t$"e %th$s l$"$ts 't$/$ty(

<se!s$t$/e to e!/$&o!"e!t: te"#2 !d #H

Carohydrates

<o!ly fou!d of the oute& su&f'e of the #ls" "e"*&!e

<usully sso'$ted 0$th #&ote$!s o& l$#$ds fo&"$!g gly'o#&ote$!s o& gly'ol$#$ds

gly'o#&ote$!s: #&ote$!s 0$th tt'hed '&*ohyd&tes

<$!teg&l o& #e&$#he&l

gly'ol$#$ds: l$#$ds 0$th tt'hed '&*ohyd&tes

<fo&" hlo &ou!d the 'ell ,!o0! s the glycocaly)

• gly'o'ly.: 'olle't$o! of gly'o#&ote$!s4 gly'ol$#$ds4 !d '&*ohyd&tes o! the

oute& su&f'e of the #ls" "e"*&!e6 lso 'o!t$!s "ole'ules *so&*ed f&o" thee.t&'ellul& e!/$&o!"e!t4 so the&e $s !o #&e'$se *ou!d&y *et0ee! the #ls"

"e"*&!e !d the e.t&'ellul& e!/$&o!"e!t2

$unctions o$ carohydrates

<tt'h"e!t

<$de!t$f$'t$o!

emrane 5ermeaility

+ Dete&"$!es 0ht e!te&s o& le/es the 'ell

+ ho0 th$!gs "o/e th&ough 'ell

+ hyd&o#ho*$' "ole'ules d$ssol/e $! the "e"*&!e !d '&oss $t 0$th ese

+ hyd&o#h$l$' "ole'ules "y !ot '&oss the "e"*&!e &ed$ly

+ Sele't$/ely #e&"e*le: llo0s o!ly 'e&t$! su*st!'es to #ss th&ough $t

o #e&"$ts the f&ee #ssge of so"e su*st!'es !d &est&$'ts the #ssge of

othe&s

oement across the memrane is either

+ Pss$/e: 'ell does !ot e.#e!d !y e!e&gy

+ A't$/e: 'ell e.#e!ds e!e&gy

' categories o$ transport %See t*le 727(

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+ D$ffus$o!

+ C&&$e&<"ed$ted t&!s#o&t

+ Os"os$s

+ @es$'ul&

• concentration gradient

• the 'o!'e!t&t$o! d$ffe&e!'e *et0ee! t0o #o$!ts4 d$/$ded *y the d$st!'e *et0ee!

t0o #o$!ts

• solutes d$ffuse do0! the$& 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t %f&o" h$ghe& to lo0e& solute

'o!'e!t&t$o!( u!t$l ! eu$l$*&$u" $s 'h$e/ed2

• the g&ete& the 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t4 the g&ete& the &te of d$ffus$o! of solut$o!

do0! tht g&d$e!t

• $!'&es$!g the 'o!'e!t&t$o! d$ffe&e!'e o& de'&es$!g the d$st!'e *et0ee! the t0o

#o$!ts $!'&eses the 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t4 0he&es de'&es$!g the 'o!'e!t&t$o!

d$ffe&e!'e o& $!'&es$!g the d$st!'e *et0ee! the t0o #o$!ts de'&eses the'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t

D$ffus$o!: o/e"e!t of su*st!'e f&o" ! &e of h$gh 'o!'e!t&t$o! to ! &e oflo0e& 'o!'e!t&t$o!6

• #ss$/e #&o'ess

• simple di7usion: d$ffus$o! 0$thout the hel# of "e"*&!e #&ote$!s

• su*st!'es "o/e DOWN 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t

• te"#2 of the solut$o!4 s$-e of the d$ffus$!g "ole'ules4 the /$s'os$ty of the sol/e!t4

!d the "g!$tude of the 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t ffe't the &te of d$ffus$o!

Os"os$s: d$ffus$o! of 0te& '&oss sele't$/ely #e&"e*le "e"*&!e

• d$ffus$o! of WATER

•

$f solutes '!!ot "o/e '&oss the "e"*&!e4 0te& "ole'ules 0$ll "o/e toeul$-e the solute 'o!'e!t&t$o! o! e$the& s$de of the "e"*&!e

To!$'$ty: des'&$*es the 'o!'e!t&t$o! of solut$o! &elt$/e to the 'yto#ls" %see f$gu&e

723(

• <osmotic: 'o!'e!t&t$o! of solute

• <tonic: te!de!'y of 'ells to sh&$!, o& s0ell

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• te&" used to des'&$*e the solute 'o!'e!t&t$o! of solute &elt$/e to so"e othe&

solute

+ Isoto!$': ty#e of solut$o! tht 'uses 'ells to !e$the& sh&$!, !o& s0ell6 s"e solute

'o!'e!t&t$o! s the 'yto#ls"

+ Hy#e&to!$': &elt$/ely h$ghe& solute 'o!'e!t&t$o! th! the 'yto#ls"6

o crenation: 0te& "o/es *y os"os$s f&o" the 'ell $!to the hy#e&to!$'

solut$o!4 'us$!g the 'ell to sh&$!,

+ Hy#oto!$': &elt$/ely lo0e& solute 'o!'e!t&t$o! th! 'yto#ls"6

o lysis: 0te& "o/es *y os"os$s $!to the 'ell4 'us$!g $t to s0ell6 $f $t s0ells

e!ough4 $t '! e/e!tully &u#tu&e

C&&$e&<"ed$ted t&!s#o&t: su*st!'e "o/es '&oss the "e"*&!e th&ough $!te&'t$o!s

0$th "e"*&!e #&ote$!s

• the #&o'ess *y 0h$'h t&!s#o&t #&ote$!s "ed$te4 o& ss$st4 the "o/e"e!t of l&ge4

0te&<solu*le "ole'ules o& ele't&$'lly 'h&ged "ole'ules o& $o!s '&oss the #ls"

"e"*&!e2

• has 3 characteristics:

• speci8city: e'h t&!s#o&t #&ote$! *$!ds to !d t&!s#o&ts o!ly s$!gle ty#e of

"ole'ule o& $o!2

• competition: the &esult of s$"$l& "ole'ules *$!d$!g to the t&!s#o&t #&ote$!2

Closely &elted su*st!'es4 $! 0h$'h &eg$o!s of t0o d$ffe&e!t "ole'ules h/e the

s"e sh#e4 "y *$!d to the s"e *$!d$!g s$te2 The su*st!'e $! the g&ete&

'o!'e!t&t$o! o& the su*st!'e tht *$!ds to the *$!d$!g s$te "o&e &ed$ly $s "o/ed

'&oss the "e"*&!e t the g&ete& &te

• saturation: the &te of "o/e"e!t of "ole'ules '&oss the "e"*&!e $s l$"$ted *y

the !u"*e& of t&!s#o&t #&ote$!s2

• t&!s#o&t #&ote$!s "y fu!'t$o! $! #ss$/e t&!s#o&t o& 't$/e t&!s#o&t

+ 1'$l$tted d$ffus$o!: )d$ffus$o! 0$th hel#+

o '&&$e& o& 'h!!el<"ed$ted #&o'ess tht "o/es su*st!'es $!to o& out of

'ells f&o" h$ghe& to lo0e& 'o!'e!t&t$o!

o #ss$/e #&o'ess

o d$ffus$o! of solute '&oss "e"*&!e 0$th the hel# of t&!s#o&t #&ote$!s

o solute "o/es DOWN $ts 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t

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+ A't$/e t&!s#o&t:

o "ed$ted t&!s#o&t #&o'ess tht &eu$&es e!e&gy #&o/$ded *y ATP

o e!e&gy &eu$&$!g #&o'ess du&$!g 0h$'h t&!s#o&t #&ote$! PUPS

"ole'ule '&oss "e"*&!e

o "o/es solute UP o& g$!st $ts 'o!'e!t&t$o! g&d$e!t

o hel#s 'ells "$!t$! stee# $o!$' g&d$e!ts '&oss the 'ell "e"*&!e

o sod$u" !d #otss$u" &e *$g #lye&s $! &egult$!g #&ote$! 't$/$ty

sod$u"<#otss$u" %NJ<KJ( #u"#: "o/es NJ out of 'ells !d

KJ $!to 'ells2 The &esult $s h$ghe& 'o!'e!t&t$o! of NJ outs$de

of the 'ell !d h$ghe& 'o!'e!t&t$o! of KJ $!s$de the 'ell

@es$'ul& T&!s#o&t: )*ul, t&!s#o&t+

• *ul, t&!s#o&t '&oss the "e"*&!e *y the fo&"t$o! o& &elese of "e"*&!e<

*ou!d /es$'les

• ACTI@E #&o'ess

• /es$'le: "e"*&!e *ou!d s' 0$th$! the 'yto#ls" of 'ell

+ E!do'ytos$s: the u#t,e of "te&$l th&ough the #ls" "e"*&!e *y the

fo&"t$o! of /es$'le2

o A #o&t$o! of the #ls" "e"*&!e 0&#s &ou!d #&t$'le o& d&o#let !d

fuses so tht the #&t$'le o& d&o#let $s su&&ou!ded *y "e"*&!e2 Tht #o&t$o! of the "e"*&!e )#$!'hes off+ so tht the e!'losed #&t$'le o&

d&o#let $s 0$th$! the 'yto#ls" of the 'ell4 !d the #ls" "e"*&!e $s

left $!t't2

o #$!o'ytos$s: )'ell d&$!,$!g+ d$st$!gu$sh f&o" #hgo'ytos$s $! tht s"lle&

/es$'les fo&"4 !d they 'o!t$! "ole'ules d$ssol/ed $! l$u$d &the& th!

#&t$'les

o #hgo'ytos$s: )'ell et$!g+ sol$d #&t$'les &e $!gested !d #hgo'yt$'

/es$'les &e fo&"ed2

o Re'e#to&<"ed$ted e!do'ytos$s: s#e'$f$' &e'e#to& "ole'ules tht &e'og!$-e'e&t$! su*st!'es !d llo0 the" to *e t&!s#o&ted $!to the 'ell *y #hgo'ytos$s !d #$!o'ytos$s6 the &e'e#to& s$tes 'o"*$!e o!ly 0$th 'e&t$!

"ole'ules6 th$s "e'h!$s" $!'&eses the &te t 0h$'h the 'ells t,e u#

s#e'$f$' su*st!'es2

Re'e#to& "ole'ules o! the 'ell su&f'e *$!d to "ole'ules to *e

t,e! $!to the 'ell2

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The &e'e#to&s !d the *ou!d "ole'ules &e t,e! $!to the 'ell s

/es$'le *eg$!s to fo&"2

The /es$'le fuses !d se#&tes f&o" the #ls" "e"*&!e

+ E.o'ytos$s: el$"$!t$o! of "te&$l f&o" 'ell th&ough the fo&"t$o! of /'uoles

32 A se'&eto&y /es$'le "o/es to0&d the #ls" "e"*&!e

52 The se'&eto&y /es$'le fuses 0$th the #ls" "e"*&!e

72 The se'&eto&y /es$'les 'o!te!ts &e &elesed $!to the e.t&'ellul& flu$d

Chapter3 BSC 250

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