Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ dh {k;

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ dh {k;Mh-Mh- dkslkach

¯gnh vuqoknch-,l- jkor

iqLrdekyk laikndrkiks'k pØorhZ

dkWih laikndtxeksgu ^pksirk*

js[kkadu/hjt lkseolh

doj ,oa xzkfiQDltxeksgu

izFke laLdj.kuoacj] 2007

lg;ksx jkf'k20 #i;s

eqæ.klu 'kkbu vkWiQlsV

ubZ fnYyh & 110 018

lkStU; lsekfDlZLV~l MkWV vkSxZ

Bharat Main Bouddh Dharm Ki KshayD.D. Kosambi

Hindi TranslationB.S. Rawat

Series EditorTaposh Chakravorty

Copy EditorJagmohan 'Chopta'

IllustrationDhiraj Somwbasi

Cover & GraphicsJagmohan

First EditionNovember, 2007

ContributionRs. 20

PrintingSun Shine OffsetNew Delhi - 110 018

Courtseymarxists.org

uo tuokpu vkanksyu

bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us^lj nksjkcth VkVk VªLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA

bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esaiBu&ikBu laLÑfr fodflr djuk gSA

Publication and Distribution© Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti

Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, G-Block, Saket , New Delhi - 110 017Phone : 011 - 26569943, Fax : 91 - 011 - 26569773Email : bgvs_delhi@yahoo.co.in, bgvsdelhi@gmail.com

website: www. bgvs.org

BGVS NOVEMBER 2007 2K 0020 NJVA 0089/2007

Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ dh {k;

Mh-Mh- dkslkach

4

;g ,d gSjr dh ckr gS fd chloha lnh osQ vkf[kjh o"kks± ls pydjvkt rd tgka ,d rjiQ foKku dh vnHkqr [kkstksa us lkSjeaMy vkSj czãkaMosQ xw<+ jgL;ksa vkSj tSo txr osQ Mh-,u-,- osQ foKku dh xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kfy;k gS] ogha nwljh rjiQ i<+s&fy[ks] lH; yksxksa osQ eqYd /eZ osQ uke ijvU; eqYdksa osQ tku vkSj eky dh cckZnh djus esa viuh lsuk,a vkSj jk"Vªh;lEink csrgk'kk yqVk jgs gSaA fozQLrku /eZ osQ uke ij vejhdk vkSj xksjs yksxksaosQ nwljs eqYd bLyke /eZ dks feVkus osQ fy, ,sls iSekus ij jktuSfrd vkSjlkefjd bartke dj jgs gSa tks vkt rd osQ fo'o;q¼ksa esa gh 'kk;n fd;kx;k FkkA ;s eqYd tkfgy fMDVsVjksa (rkuk'kkgksa) dh ccZjrk osQ eksgrkt ughagSa] bu ns'kksa dh laLo`Qfr;ka ekuoh; gSaA eqYdksa dh gqowQersa ckdk;nk viuhturkvksa ls oksV ysdj nwljs /eks± ij p<+kbZ djrh gSaA ;g D;k ektjk gS\

gekjs vius ns'k esa yxkrkj bl eafnj ;k ml efLtn ij /kos cksys tkrsgSaA ekj&dkV gksrh gS] vkSj /kfeZd Hkkouk gh turkaf=kd pqukoksa dh cqfu;kncuk nh tkrh gSA bLyke] fl[k] bZlkbZ] ckS¼ dksbZ /eZ ugha cp ik;k gS vkSj;g lc vk/qfud Hkkjr esa gks jgk gSA bl ckr ij dkiQh viQlksl izdVfd;k tkrk gSA viQlksl Bhd gS exj viQlksl ls dksbZ gy ugha fudyrkA/eZ osQ uke ij yM+kb;ka] p<+kb;ka vkSj ujlagkj dksbZ ,slh xgjh ckr osQ fy,gksaxs] tks tura=k] lH;rk] foKku vkfn ls Hkh T;knk xgjh gSA

/eZ dh cqfu;kn D;k gS\ /eZ dh ekU;rk,a\ /eks± dh cqfu;kn ekU;rk,augha gks ldrh] D;ksafd dbZ fo}kuksa] vkSj lniq#"kksa us lkfcr dj fn;k gS fdvf/drj /eks± dh ewy ekU;rk,a yxHkx ,d tSlh gSaµ bZ'oj ij fo'okl]usdh dk rdktk] cqjkbZ dk cfg"dkj] I;kj vkSj eqgCcr dh efgekA

rks D;k /eZ dh cqfu;kn /eZ osQ deZdkaMksa] eafnj&efLtn dh cukoVksaesa gS\ FkksM+h lathnxh ls fopkj djus ls ;g lkfcr gks tk,xk fd lHkh/eks± osQ deZdkaM mQijh :i ls vyx&vyx fn[krs gq, Hkh okLro esa ,dtSls gSaµ ifo=k LFky dk fopkj] mldh liQkbZ] lqanjrk] lqxa/] laxhre;izkFkZuk,a] thou osQ gj eksM+ ij fd, tkus okys vuq"Bku vkfnA

viuh ckr

5

rks D;k /eks± osQ bZ'oj vyx&vyx gSa\ ;g ckr Hkh Bhd ugha gSD;ksafd yxHkx lHkh /eZ ;g ekurs gSa fd bZ'oj ,d gS vkSj vyx&vyx/eZ bZ'oj rd igqapus osQ vyx&vyx jkLrs gSaA

vthc gkyr gSA ,d rjiQ /eZ osQ uke ij Hk;kud [kwu&[kjkck Hkhgksrk gS] vkSj nwljh rjiQ è;ku ls ns[kus ij lHkh /eZ ,d tSls yxrs gSaA

lkiQ gS fd /eks± dh cqfu;kn dgha vkSj gSµ 'kk;n /eks± ls ckgjA ;gNksVh&lh fdrkc bl xgjs jgL; dks oqQN&oqQN le>us esa enn nsxhA

;g lcdks ekywe gS fd bZlk iwoZ 1750 osQ vkl&ikl vk;Z Hkk"kk&Hkk"khdchys Hkkjr vkus yxs vkSj ;gka clus yxsA vk;Z Hkk"kh dchyksa dk /eZ izoQfr'kfDr osQ nsorkvksa ij vk/kfjr Fkk vkSj ;g /eZ Hkkjr dk Hkh /eZ cu x;kAbZlk iwoZ 800&900 osQ vklikl yksgs osQ gy ls [ksrh 'kq: gqbZ] vkSj bZlk iwoZ500 osQ vklikl tSu vkSj ckS¼ /eZ u, /eZ osQ :i esa iSnk fd, x, tks vk;Z/eZ ls vyx FksA ckS¼ /eZ iwjs ns'k esa iSQy x;k] vkSj ns'k ls ckgj phu] tkiku]cekZ] nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k ls bUMksusf'k;k rd iSQy x;kA pUnzxqIr] v'kksd]g"kZo/Zu tSls cM+s&cM+s lezkVksa us bl /eZ dks viuk;kA ;g /eZ yxHkx 1500o"kks± rd Hkkjr dk /eZ jgkA exj 900&1000 bZlk i'pkr rd vkrs&vkrs ckS¼/eZ ckgjh nqfu;k esa iQyk&iwQyk exj Hkkjr esa feV x;kA D;ksa\

;g ,d iz[;kr ,sfrgkfld jgL; gS ftlls dbZ fo}ku le;&le; ijtw>rs jgs gSaA ,d ,sls fo}ku gq, gSaµ Mh-Mh- dkslkach] tks vk/qfud Hkkjresa bfrgkl 'kkL=k osQ tud ekus tkrs gSaA bl fdrkc esa mudk bl fo"k; ij,d egRoiw.kZ ys[k fn;k tk jgk gSA

bl fdrkc dks i<+dj gesa Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ dh {k; dks le>us esaenn rks feysxh gh] lkFk gh lkFk /eZ dh cqfu;kn vkSj vktdy osQ/eZ;q¼ksa osQ vlyh dkj.kksa dk Hkh irk pysxkA

ge 'kk;n ;g Hkh le> ik,axs fd orZeku /eZ;q¼ ekuo bfrgkl osQvkf[kjh /eZ;q¼ gSa] D;ksafd ;s ;q¼ vly esa /eZ osQ eq[kkSVs yxk, gq,]HkkSfrd ;q¼ gSa vkSj lekt esa HkkSfrd Vs<+siu dks lekIr djus osQ ckn gh ;s;q¼ lekIr gksaxsA

laiknd

6

Hkkjr esa ckS¼ /eZ dh {k;

phuh ;k=kh Þosu lkax (630 bZlk i'pkr) us viuhHkkjr ;k=kk osQ nkSjku tc ns[kk fd] Hkkjr dh bl Hkwfeesa cq¼ dh vusd ewfrZ;ka {kr&fo{kr fLFkfr esa nch iM+hgqbZ gSa rks mlus Hkfo";ok.kh djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd] mlegku f'k{kd }kjk LFkkfir /eZ rFkk mudh f'k{kk,a 'kh?kzgh lekIr gks tk,axhA caxky osQ 'kkld 'k'kkad us ckS¼

7

izfrekvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k FkkA ;gka rd fd mlifo=k cksf/o`{k dks dkVdj tyk fn;k Fkk] ftlosQ uhpscSBdj cq¼ dks 12 lfn;ka igys Kku izkIr gqvk FkkA

ckn esa lezkV v'kksd osQ vafre oa'kt iwekoeZu usml cksf/o`{k dh ,d Vguh dk irk yxk;k vkSj mlsyxkdj iYyfor vkSj iksf"kr fd;kA blh izdkj lezkV

8

g"kZ us caxky osQ 'kkld 'k'kkad dks ijkftr djosQ ckS¼/eZ ls lacaf/r u"V gq, izfr"Bkuksa dk iqu:¼kj fd;krFkk dbZ u, eBksa vkSj fogkjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA gtkjksackS¼fHk{kq bUgha eBksa esa jgk vkSj i<+k djrs FksA mPpLrjh;f'k{kk iznku djus okyk le`¼ ukyank fo'ofo|ky;

9

viuh izfr"Bk osQ pje ij FkkA lc Bhd yxrk FkkA

{kfr vUn:uh dkj.kksa ls gqbZA /hjs&/hjs ckS¼ /eZ osQiru dh 'kq#vkr gksus yxhA phuh ;k=kh Þosu lkax dh

10

fjiksVZ dh ckrsa lp lkfcr gksus yxhA gkykafd Lo;a Þosulkax dks Hkh bl ckr dk Hkku ugha gksxk fd mldhHkfo";ok.kh bruh tYnh lp gksxh] tc mUgksaus fy[kkFkkµ

¶bl dky esa] ,sls ckS¼ fo}ku tks ckS¼ /eZ dhikou jpukvksa dh rhu f'k{kkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldrs

11

Fks] mudh lsokvksa osQ fy, fofHkUu izdkj osQ lsodksa dksfu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA mls gkFkh okgu fn;k tkrk FkkAtks Ng f'k{kkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk Fkk mls l'kL=k j{kdny fn;k tkrk FkkA tks lHkkln ifjekftZr Hkk"kk esa vius

12

fopkj (roZQ&foroZQ) izLrqr djrk Fkk] l?ku vè;s;rkgksrk Fkk rFkk vius fo"k; esa ekfgj gksrk Fkk ,oa rkfoZQdgksrk Fkk] mls cgqewY; vkHkw"k.kksa ls lts gkFkh esa fcBk;ktkrk FkkA mlosQ fy, eBksa osQ }kj lnk [kqys jgrs FksAblosQ foijhr ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius rdks± esa vliQygks tkrk Fkk] rqPN vkSj v'yhy eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx djrkFkk ;k rkfoZQd fu;eksa dh voàsyuk djrk Fkk rks mlosQpsgjs ij yky rFkk lisQn jax iksr fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSjmlosQ 'kjhj ij /wy rFkk feê ðh dk ysi yxk fn;k tkrk

13

FkkA ;k mls jsrhyh txg ij xgjs [kand esa NksM+ fn;ktkrk FkkA bl izdkj ;ksX; vkSj v;ksX;] cqf¼eku rFkkew[kZ dh igpku dh tkrh FkhA¸ ;g fdl gkyr osQy{k.k Fks\

cq¼ osQ le; esa ;ksX;rk fu/kZj.k dh ;g izfozQ;kugha viukbZ tkrh FkhA ges'kk Hkze.k djus okys ckS¼fHk{kqvksa dk dk;Z ljy 'kCnksa esa rFkk vke Hkk"kk esa/eZijk;.krk (lnkpkj&la;e) dk izlkj djuk FkkA le`¼eB mu lk/kj.k xzkeh.kksa dh ¯prk ugha djrs Fks ftuosQJe osQ mRiknksa ij gh bu eBk/h'kksa dh ,sÕ;k'kh pyrhFkh] vkSj vkMacjh 'kkL=kkFkZ gksrs FksA

14

cq¼ }kjk lapkfyr fu;eksa] la;eksa vkSj muosQ vuqikyudks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ckS¼ fHk{kqvksa dks lk/kj.k os'k&Hkw"kkesa jgus dh vuqefr FkhA mUgsa lksus vkSj pkanh osQvkHkw"k.kksa dks Nwus rd dh eukgh FkhA tcfd] ckn esavtark dh cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa osQ flj ij vkHkw"k.k fn[kk, x,gSa] ;k mUgsa cgqewY; vklu ij cSBk fn[kk;k x;k gS!

ckS¼ /eZ osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj gh lezkVv'kksd us jDr&ikr dk jkLrk NksM+ fn;k Fkk vkSj og'kkafr&fiz; gks x;k FkkA mlus iQjeku fudky fn;k Fkk

15

fd vkxs lsuk dk mi;ksx fliZQ lekjksg vkSj ijsM osQnkSjku gh fd;k tk,xkA /eZijk;.k lezkV g"kZ us ckS¼oknosQ lkFk fdlh rjg viuh ;q¼uhfr;ksa osQ lek/ku dhO;oLFkk dh FkhA mlh rjg og ckn esa Hkxoku lw;Z vkSjegs'oj] nksuksa dk vkjk/d gks x;k FkkA g"kZ dh lsuk esamÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gksrh xbZA mldh lsuk esa 60 gtkj gkFkh]1 yk[k ?kqM+lokj rFkk cM+h la[;k esa iSny lsuk FkhA ogckS¼ Fkk] ;gka rd fd mldh [kqn dh gR;k djus vk;kgR;kjk idM+k x;k] vkSj njckjh yksx ,d=k gksdj mlosQfy, e`R;qnaM dh ltk dh ekax jgs Fks] rks lezkV g"kZ mlsNksM+ nsus osQ fgek;rh FksA tcfd vke turk tks ;q¼ksa esatku nsus osQ fy, etcwj Fkh vkSj pkgrh Fkh fd yM+kb;ka

16

de yM+h tk,a] rkfd tu&/u dh {kfr u gks g"kZo/Zudk buls dksbZ okLrk ugha FkkA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ckS¼okn cgqr [kphZyk lkfcr gqvkAvla[; eB vkSj muesa jgus okys ,sÕ;k'kksa ij] vkSjlSfudksa ij] nksgjh ykxr vkus yxhA vius izkjaHk dky lsgh ckS¼okn ,d lkoZHkkSfed jktra=k osQ fodkl dkfgek;rh Fkk tks NksVs&eksVs ;q¼ksa dks jksdrk FkkA Lo;a cq¼pozQorhZ Fks] os jktk osQ vè;kfRed izfr:i FksA ¯drq,slh egku foHkwfr;ksa us ftu lkezkT;ksa dks pyk;k oscgqr egaxh O;oLFkk,a lkfcr gqbZA Hkkjr esa g"kZ blizdkj osQ vafre lezkV FksA blosQ ckn NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksaesa jkT;ksa dk foHkktu gks x;kA ;g izfozQ;k uhps ls mithlkearoknh O;oLFkk osQ mn; rd pyrh jghA /hjs&/hjsiz'kklu lkearh ra=k osQ gkFkksa esa pyk x;kA bl O;oLFkkdk tUe] Hkwfe ij laifÙk osQ u, mits vf/dkjksa dksysdj gqvkA

17

xkaoksa us lkezkT;ksa vkSj muls tqM+s laxfBr /eZ dks[kafMr dj fn;kA vc vius esa ifjiw.kZ xkao mRiknu ra=kosQ ekud cu x,A djksa dh olwyh eqnzk osQ ctk;oLrqvksa esa gksus yxh D;ksafd [kir Hkh LFkkuh; FkhAnwjxkeh O;kikj dh xqatkb'k de FkhA blfy, vkilhVdjkgV Hkh ugha gksrh FkhA

eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [kk| vkSj dPphlkexzh dks nwjLFk LFkkuksa esa igqapkus osQ fy, ifjogu dhO;oLFkk ugha FkhA lezkV g"kZ us vius iwjs lkezkT; dkHkze.k fd;k Fkk] mlosQ njckjh vkSj lSfud Hkze.k esalkFk gksrs FksA phuh rhFkZ ;k=kh us fy[kk gS fd Hkkjrh;yksx O;kikj esa flDdksa dk mi;ksx ugha djrs FksA bldky esa oLrq fofue; dh izFkk FkhA izek.k osQ rkSj ijns[kk tk ldrk gS fd g"kZ dky osQ dksbZ flDosQ miyC/ugha gSaA blosQ foijhr ekS;Zdkyhu iapekdkZ okys flDdksadh Hkjekj ikbZ tkrh gSA

izkjaHk esa ckS¼/eZ cgqr liQy jgk] D;ksafd rRdkyhulekt dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus esa ;g liQyjgkA bZlk iwoZ NBh 'knh osQ xkaxs; {ks=k dk lekt viusesa ifjiw.kZ 'kkafre; xkaoksa osQ :i esa laxfBr ugha FkkAvkcknh cgqr de FkhA ¯drq og Hkh vkil esa yM+rs gq,v/Z tutkrh; izns'kksa esa caVh gqbZ FkhA dbZ tutkfr;ka,slh Fkh tks gy tksrdj o`Qf"k mRiknu dke ugha djrhFkhA oSfnd czkã.kokn pjkxkgh laLo`Qfr okys vklikl

18

osQ iM+kslh dchyksa osQ lkFk yxkrkj ;q¼ esa yxs dchyksaosQ fy, mi;qDr FkkA mHkjrh o`Qf"k vFkZO;oLFkk osQfodkl esa i'kqcfy dh izFkk ck/d gks xbZ FkhA ekS;ZiwoZO;oLFkk esa /krq] ued vkSj diM+s dk O;kikj yach nwjhrd visf{kr Fkk ¯drq l{ke jkT; osQ laj{k.k osQ fcuk,slk laHko ugha FkkA vr% vkfnoklh lewgksa vkSj lkoZHkkSfedlkezkT; osQ chp dh nwjh dks r; djus osQ fy, ,d u,lkekftd n'kZu dh vko';drk FkhA

lkoZHkkSfed jktra=k vkSj lkoZHkkSfed lekftd /eZlekukarj Fks] ;g bl ckr ls lkfcr gks tkrk gS fd mlhle; ex/ dk mn; gqvkA u osQoy ckS¼/eZ cfYdex/ jkT; osQ dbZ ledkyhu erµ pkgs os tSu gksa]vkthfod gksa] lHkh oSfnd ;Kksa vkSj i'kqcfy dk fojks/dj jgs FksA ckS¼/eZ oU; ns'k vkSj taxyh vkfnokfl;ksaosQ {ks=kksa esa c<+rs O;kikj dks laj{k.k ns jgk FkkA izkphuO;kikj ekxsk± twukj] dkykZ] ukfld] vtark osQ LekjdvkSj vo'ks"k bl ckr dks izekf.kr djrs gSaA

ckS¼/eZ dk lH;rk&fuekZ.k dk dke bZlk dh lkroha'knh rd [kRe gks x;k FkkA v¯glk dk fl¼kUr lkoZHkkSfed:i ls Lohdkj rks dj fy;k x;k Fkk ¯drq O;ogkj esamldk ikyu ugha gks jgk FkkA oSfnd i'kq cfyizFkklekIr gks xbZ FkhA oqQN NksVs&NksVs jkT; blosQ viokn Fks¯drq bu iqutkZxj.koknh iz;klksa dk lkekU; vFkZO;oLFkkij cgqr de izHkko iM+ jgk FkkA

19

vc ubZ leL;k Fkh xkaoksa osQ fdlkuksa ij vR;f/drkdr u bLrseky djrs gq, mudks nCcw cuk, j[kus dhAbl f'k{kk dk dke /eZ us laHkky fy;kA ysfdu ckS¼/eZ us ughaA vc xkaoksa esa oxZ lajpuk tkfr osQ :i esamtkxj gksus yxh] vkSj ckS¼/eZ ges'kk tkfr ls uiQjrdjrk FkkA

vkfnoklh ubZ mitkfr;ksa esa 'kkfey dj fy, x,Avkfnoklh vkSj o`Q"kdoxZ deZdkaMksa osQ tatky esa iaQlusyxk] ftls ckS¼fHk{kqvksa us fuf"k¼ dj fn;k FkkA deZdkaMksaij czkã.kksa dk ,dN=k vf/iR; LFkkfir gks x;kA

20

bl le; czkã.k iFkizn'kZd osQ :i esa lkeus vk;k]vkSj mRiknu osQ fy, izsjd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxkAD;ksafd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ] cht cksus] rFkk iQly mxkus dkeqgwrZ dc gksxk] vkfn bu lcosQ le; r; djus dkiapkx muosQ ikl jgrk FkkA iafMr ubZ iQly vkSj O;kikjdh laHkkoukvksa dh fof/ crkus yxsA czkã.k mRiknu ijcks> ugha curk Fkk tSlk fd mlosQ oSfnd iwoZt ;kckS¼eBksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa cq¼ dksfo".kq dk gh vorkj ekudj le>kSrk fd;k x;kAblfy, vkSipkfjd ckS¼/eZ /hjs&/hjs yqIr gksus yxkA

¯drq ckS¼/eZ dh egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk dk ßkl ughagksuk pkfg,µ vPNs fopkjksa osQ fy, gj O;fDr dksvius fnyks&fnekx osQ iks"k.k vkSj izf'k{k.k dh t:jrgksrh gS] tSls vPNs xk;u osQ fy, xys dk fj;kt vkSjvPNh nLrdkjh osQ fy, gkFkksa dk vH;kl t:jh gSAysfdu fopkjksa dk ewY; vkSj egRo bl ckr ij fuHkZjdjrk gS fd muls fdruh lkekftd izxfr gks ikrh gSA