18 maart

NL bijbeldatums18.3. =God creërt het Universum #-3951 jaar geleden (H. Beda)* ;Note=3952 BC (geen jaar 0)

{d}Beda bestudeerde de bijbel en meende om de een of andere reden dat God de lucht, de aarde en het water op 18 maart 3952 v. Chr. had geschapen.Indien de Europeanen besloten hadden om zijn berekeningen alle eer te geven, zou ons jaar 2000 5951 N.S. (na de Schepping) zijn.De kalender, op zoek naar de tijd - ISBN 90-5501-581-4, blz. 97BC3952, Mar 18: The beginning of Creation, as calculated by the Venerable Bede (673– 735)http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/

Cal. Egyptische jaar18.3. =Egyptische kalender, aanvang echte seizoen 3 Shemu, oogsttijd (125/126d)18.3. =Egyptische kalender, oorspr. 1 Pachon/Pakhons (seizoen 3 Shemu, oogsttijd, m9, 30d)

Kon. Fam. Italië18.3. =overl. gew. Koning Umberto II van Italië #1983 jaar geleden (78j)** ;Note=Genève, 1983

{d}Umberto II, occasionally anglicized as Humbert II, (September 15, 1904, Racconigi, province of

Cuneo - March 18, 1983, Geneva, Switzerland), the last King of Italy, nicknamed the King of May (Italian: Re di Maggio), was born the Prince of Piedmont.He served as the last King of Italy for slightly over a month, from May 9, 1946 to June 12, 1946. He was married in Rome, Italy on January 8, 1930 to Marie José of Belgium (August 4, 1906 - January 27, 2001).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy

18 maart

Kon. Fam. Griekenland18.3. =Griekenland - moord Koning George I der Hellenen #1913 jaar geleden

(67j)* ;Note=Thessaloniki, 1913 {d}Koning der Hellenen - Willem Christiaan Ferdinand Adolf (Kopenhagen 24 december 1845 -

Thessaloniki 18 maart 1913) was van 1863 tot 1913 als George I (Grieks Georgios) koning van Griekenland.Na het vertrek van Otto I leverde het Deense koningshuis Sleeswijk-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg een koning, en wel de achttienjarige prins Willem, tweede zoon van Christiaan IX, die de naam van George I aannam.Koning George I en koningin Olga hadden acht kinderen:* Konstantijn (1868-1923) >Konstantijn I* Alexandria (1870-1891)* George (1869-1957), gehuwd met Marie Bonaparte* Nicolaas (1872-1938)* Maria (1876-1940)* Andreas (1882-1944), wiens zoon Philip huwde met koningin Elizabeth II van Engeland.* Christoffel (1888-1940)* Olga (leefde slechts drie maanden)de populaire koning George I werd, toen hij door de straten van de pas verworven stad Thessaloníki wandelde, door een geesteszieke doodgeschoten.Zijn oudste zoon Konstantijn volgde hem op.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_van_Griekenlandelected King of the Hellenes on March 30, 1863 following the deposition of King Otto.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece

18 maart 1913, koning George I van Griekenland wordt vermoord in Thessaloniki.de geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de 20e eeuw - ISBN 90-366-1260-8, blz. 98

1913, Koning George I van Griekenland wordt vermoord door Alexander Schinas in Thessaloniki, de stad die pas werd veroverd op de Turken.George was koning sedert 1863 en wordt opgevolgd door zijn zoon, Constantijn I.de geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de 20e eeuw - ISBN 90-366-1260-8, blz. 100

18 maart

Kon. Fam. Griekenland18.3. =Griekenland - (1e) troonopv. Koning Konstantijn I der Hellenen #1913 jaar geleden

(44j)* ;Note=1913 {d}18.3. =Griekenland - Erfprins George >Kroonprins #1913 jaar geleden (22j)* ;Note=1913 {d}Koning der Hellenen - Konstantijn I (2 augustus 1868 - 11 januari 1923) was van 1913 tot 1917 en van 1920 tot 1922 koning van Griekenland.Hij was de oudste zoon van koning George I en Olga van Rusland, een kleindochter van tsaar Nicolaas I.Op 27 oktober 1889 huwde hij Sophie, een zuster van de Duitse Keizer Wilhelm II.Het koningspaar had zes kinderen:* George II (1890-1947), koning der Hellenen* Alexander I (1893-1920), koning der Hellenen* Helena (1896-1982), sinds 1921 gehuwd met Carol II van Roemenië* Paul I (1901-1964), koning der Hellenen* Irene (1904-1974), sinds 1939 gehuwd met Aimone van Savoye, hertog van Aosta* Catharina (1913), gehuwd met Richard BrandramKonstantijn besteeg na de moord op zijn vader op 18 maart 1913 de Griekse troon.Onder druk van de geallieerden moest koning Konstantijn in 1917 troonsafstand doen, en met kroonprins George verliet hij het land om erger te voorkomen.Intussen was Konstantijns tweede zoon als Alexander I (1917-1920) koning geworden.Het volk beschouwde echter de verdreven koning Konstantijn als een martelaar en noemde Alexander geen koning maar prins regent.In 1920 stierf Alexander I aan de beet van een aap.Een volksstemming riep Konstantijn terug: hij werd met laaiende geestdrift ontvangenIn 1922 speelde zich de hoogst ongelukkige oorlog tegen Turkije af, waartegen koning Konstantijn zich steeds had verzet. De Grieken waren vol van hun eeuwenoude droom: herovering van Konstantinopel en herstel van het Byzantijnse Rijk.De oorlog werd voor Griekenland rampzalig, het leed verpletterende nederlagen, de Turken staken de stad Smyrna in brand en de Griekse bevolking vluchtte bij honderdduizenden, het Griekse leger sloeg aan het muiten.Konstantijn kreeg van alles de schuld en hij trad af om een burgeroorlog te voorkomen.Zijn oudste zoon volgde hem op als George II (1922-1923).Konstantijn I overleed in ballingschap te Palermo aan een hersenbloeding, in 1923.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantijn_I_van_GriekenlandHe left Greece on 11 June 1917 as he had to abdicate because of his pro-German sentiments and was succeeded to the throne by his second son Alexander as acting King. He went into exile to Switzerland.Alexander died 25 October 1920 and following a plebiscite, Constantine returned as king on 19 December 1920. He abdicated the throne again on 27 September 1922, following Greek military defeats against the Turks in Anatolia and Smyrna and was succeeded by his eldest son, George II.He spent the rest of his life in exile in Italy and died in 1923 at Palermo, Sicily.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece

België-gekende personen18.3. =overl. Paul van Ostaijen #1928 jaar geleden (auteur, 32j) ;Note=Miavoye-Anthée, 1928

{d}Paul van Ostaijen (Antwerpen, 22 februari 1896 - Miavoye-Anthée, 18 maart 1928) was een

Vlaams dichter en prozaschrijver.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Van_Ostaijen

18.3.1928 - De Vlaamse schrijver-dichter Paul van Ostaijen (1896-1928) overleed aan longtering.

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Paul was een Vlaams Expressionist en later Dadaïst.Werken: "Vogelvrij", "Bezette stad", "Diergaarde voor kinderen van nu, "Intermezzo".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

1928, March 18 Paul van Ostaijen Flemish writer (Outlawed), dies at age 32.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

NL gekende personen18.3. =geb. Rudolf Diesel #1858 jaar geleden (uitv. zelfontbrandingmotor) ;Note=Parijs, 1858 {d}Rudolf Diesel (Parijs, 18 maart 1858 - Het Kanaal, 30 september 1913) was de uitvinder van de

dieselmotor. Rudolf Diesel werd op 18 maart 1858 te Parijs geboren.Op 30 september 1913 verdween hij van het stoomschip de "Dresden" dat van Antwerpen naar Harwich voer.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel

18.3.1858 - Geboortedag Frans-Duitse constructeur Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913), in Parijs. Hij is de uitvinder van de dieselmotor. Hij verkeerde in zijn latere leven in grote ellende, o.a. door ruzies over octrooien en pleegde in 1913 zelfmoord.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

NL componisten18.3. =geb. Nicolaj Andrejevitsj Rimski-Korssakov #1844 jaar geleden (Russisch

componist) ;Note=Tichvin, Rusland, 1844 {d}Nikolaj Andrejevitsj Rimski-Korsakov (18 maart 1844 - 21 juni 1908) was een Russisch componist die vooral bekend is vanwege zijn fraaie orkestraties.Hij overleed in Ljoebensk in 1908http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-KorsakovBorn at Tikhvin, near Novgorod.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov

NL Intern. instellingen18.3. =1e publicatie tekst Noord Atlantische Verdrag (NATO) #1949 jaar geleden* ;Note=1949,

ondert. 04.4.1949 {d}18.3.1949 - De tekst van het Noord Atlantische Verdrag werd voor de eerste keer gepubliceerd.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoOrigins of the North Atlantic Treaty .. On the 6th July, 1948, the preliminary talks which led to the

North Atlantic Treaty began in Washington between the State Department and the Ambassadors of Canada and of the Brussels Treaty Powers. .. These talks ended on the 9th September, 1948, with a report to governments .. The report was duly considered by governments, and at the end of October the Consultative Council of the Brussels Treaty was able to announce 'complete agreement on the principle of a defensive pact for the North Atlantic and on the next steps to be taken in this direction'. The 'next steps' were the actual drafting of the North Atlantic Treaty which started in Washington on the 10th December, 1948, between representatives of the seven Powers. .. On the 15th March, 1949, the Brussels Treaty Powers, Canada and the United States, formally invited Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal to adhere to the Treaty. On the 18th March, two weeks before its signature, the text of the Treaty was made public.http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/1.htm

March 18, The NATO treaty was ratified in 1949.http://www.celebratetoday.com/ctbook.html115 - 18.3.1949 - NATO was set up by seven European countries including Britain

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http://www.nonstopenglish.com/reading/history_in_english/History_in_English_Search.asp?event=Britain1949, March 18 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ratified.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

NL Europese dagen18.3. =#1997e Europese Dag van de Hersenen (EDAB)* ;Note=1e dag 1998, 'European Dana

Alliance for the Brain'

België-datums18.3. =Zuidelijke Nederlanden - slag bij Neerwinden #1793 jaar geleden* ;Note=Zuidelijke

Nederlanden >Oostenrijks, 1793 {d}18 maart 1793: Slag bij Neerwinden."Geschokt door de onthoofding van de Franse koning Lodewijk XVI en beducht voor de revolutionaire Fransen, sloten Oostenrijk, Engeland, Spanje, Piemont en de Nederlanden een coalitie tegen Frankrijk.De Oostenrijkse legers onder leiding van Veldmaarschalk Prins Josias van Coburg - grootoom van onze eerste vorst Leopold I - versloegen er de Franse legers onder bevel van Generaal Carles, François du Perrier, bijgenaamd Dumouriez.Samen vielen er 6.000 doden.Hierdoor kwamen de Zuidelijke Nederlanden opnieuw onder Oostenrijks bewind." [http://perswww.kuleuven.ac.be/~pb110320/neerwinden/veldslagen.htm - bezocht: 2000-12-07 (site onbereikbaar, 2005-03)].http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_006.htmNa de nederlaag bij Neerwinden op 18 maart 1793, ontruimden de Franse troepen onmiddellijk het hele land.van Boudewijn tot Boudewijn, 10 eeuwen Vlaanderen - ISBN 90-5466-751-6 - wettelijk depot D/2002/5166/47, blz. 400In 1792 vielen de Fransen de Zuidelijke Nederlanden binnen.

Na hun overwinning bij Jemappes (6 november) bezetten zij het gehele land en het prinsbisdom Luik. Zij moesten zich echter terugtrekken na hun nederlaag bij Neerwinden (18 maart 1793).Aan de tweede Oostenrijkse restauratie kwam een eind door de definitieve Franse overwinning behaald in de Slag bij Fleurus (26 juni 1794).http://nl.encarta.msn.com/text_1021504620__1/Belgi%C3%AB.html

na de Franse zege te Jemappes (06.11.1792) werden de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden en het prinsdom Luik enige maanden bezet, maar het oude gezag werd na de overwinning te Neerwinden (18.03.1793) hersteld; op de Slag van Fleurus (26.06.1794) volgde de terugkeer van de Fransen; de annexatie van België, uitgeroepen door de Nationale Conventie te Parijs (01.10.1795) werd door Oostenrijk erkend bij de Vrede van Campoformio (17.10.1797)http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartallentabel_Belgi%C3%AB

1793, March 18, French defeat at Neerwinden. The coalition invades of Belgium.http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/archives.gb/dossiers/140ministres.gb/revo/index.html

1793, March 18 Second Battle at Neerwinden: Austria army beats France.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

Begin 1793 begon het tij weer te keren. De slechte organisatie en de interne problemen deden de Franse troepen de das om. Op 1 maart begonnen de Oostenrijkse troepen onder de leiding van de hertog van Saksen-Coburg aan een tegenoffensief. Tegelijkertijd liet de gevolmachtigde minister von Metternich-Winneburg weten dat de Franse administratieve veranderingen van nul en

18 maart

generlei waarde waren. Ondertussen hadden de Franse sansculotten hun vriendschap met de "bevrijde" landen zo goed betuigd, dat generaal Dumouriez zich verplicht zag om op 11 maart een algemeen verbod op het plunderen uit te vaardigen. Zijn ongedisciplineerde troepen werden door de Oostenrijkers bij Neerwinden op 18 maart verslagen. De Oostenrijkers waren terug. Aartshertog Karel, de derde zoon van Leopold II werd de nieuwe landvoogd. .. Op 23 april 1794 kwam de keizer, Frans II, zelfs naar Brussel om er zich te laten kronen.Ieper in revolutionaire tijden, Gebeurtenissen te Ieper tussen 1787 en 1794, volgens de kronieken van J.J. Lambin

Dumouriez, returned to the army of Belgium, concentrated all his forces to resist the Austrian general, the prince of Coburg. His troops were greatly discouraged, and in want of everything; he wrote to the convention a threatening letter against the Jacobins, who denounced him. After having again restored to his army a part of its former confidence by some minor advantages, he ventured a general action at Neerwinden, and lost it. Belgium was evacuatedHISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION FROM 1789 TO 1814, by F.A.M. MIGNEThttp://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/7hfrr10.txt

Na de slag bij Neerwinden (18 maart 1793) ontruimden de Franse legers inderdaad de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en werd het 'Ancien Régime' voor een korte tijd hersteld. Op 1 april 1793 kwamen de Oostenrijkse troepen te Antwerpen toe .. Op tweede Pinksterdag, 9 juni 1794, verscheen de keizer [Frans II, de zoon van Leopold II en neef van Jozef II] in zijn goede stad Antwerpen, in gezelschap van zijn broer Karl-Ludwig, die het ambt van goeverneur-generaal van de Nederlanden zou gaan bekleden.Antwerpen, het avontuurlijk bestaan van een stad - ISBN 90 6174 786 4 - wettelijk depot D/1995/0189/37, blz . 139

België-datums18.3. =wet Militaire school >inst. hoger onderwijs, vorming krijgsmachtofficieren #1838 jaar

geleden* ;Note=1838, organieke wet, off. opr. 07.2.1834 {d}De Militaire School - De noodzaak om de officieren een wetenschappelijke opleiding te geven,

leidde tot de oprichting van een militaire academie. Dit gebeurde op 7 februari 1834. De wet die de organisatie van de school voorschreef, werd echter pas uitgevaardigd op 18 maart 1838.Geschiedenis van het Belgisch leger, deel 1 van 1830 tot 1919 - wettelijk depot D/1982/2916/10, blz. 90

De Koninklijke Militaire School (Frans: École Royale Militaire) is een militaire academie; een universiteit die verantwoordelijk is voor de vorming van de kandidaat-officieren ten behoeve van alle componenten van de Belgische Defensie. .. Leopold I richtte op 7 februari 1834 een Militaire School op om de officieren van de artillerie en de genie te vormen .. Pas met de organieke wet van 18 maart 1838 kreeg de Militaire School een bestendig karakter: de School werd een instelling van hoger onderwijs voor de vorming van officieren van de Krijgsmacht.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijke_Militaire_School_%28Belgi%C3%AB%29

Wet van 18 maart 1838 houdende organisatie van de Militaire SchoolNIEUW OPSCHRIFT [Wet van 18 maart 1838 houdende organisatie van de Koninklijke Militaire School]Basisinformatie: Datum van de akte: 18/03/1838; Aard van de akte: WetPublicatie in Belgisch Staatsblad: Datum: 21/03/1838http://reflex.raadvst-consetat.be/reflex/index.reflex?docid=57982&lang=nl

Organieke Wet voor de Militaire School van 18 maart 1838http://www.cegesoma.be/docs/media/chtp_beg/chtp_03/006_boijen_chtp3.pdf

Leopold I richtte op 7 februari 1834 een Militaire School op om de officieren van de artillerie en de genie te vormen .. De officieren van de andere wapens kregen enkel een praktijkopleiding .. Vanaf 1 juli 1834 volgden de allereerste leerlingen de lessen op verschillende plaatsen in het

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centrum van Brussel (bv. theorielessen in leslokalen van het Borgendaellyceum, militaire oefeningen in de stoeterij van het Museumplein, fysica en scheikunde in het Museum van Kunsten en Ambachten). .. Pas met de organieke wet van 18 maart 1838 kreeg de Militaire School een bestendig karakter: de School werd een instelling van hoger onderwijs voor de vorming van officieren van de Krijgsmacht. .. In de Militaire School werden alle cursussen uitsluitend in het Frans gegeven. .. Toch werd vanaf 1840 een cursus Nederlands van 42 lesuren ingevoerd en vanaf 1864 werd er meer belang gehecht aan talen in het algemeen. Voortaan stond er wekelijks één uur Nederlands, één uur Duits en één uur Engels geprogrammeerd. Door de wet van 31 juli 1913 werd de elementaire kennis van het Nederlands bij het toelatingsexamen verplicht. .. Op donderdag 4 juli 1935 werd de Mars van de Militaire School, gecomponeerd door commandant Prevost (hoofd van het muziekkorps van het 1e Regiment Gidsen), voor het eerst in het openbaar gespeeld. .. Door het Koninklijk Besluit van 14 januari 1936 mocht de Militaire School voortaan de nieuwe benaming dragen van Koninklijke Militaire School (KMS). .. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijke_Militaire_School_%28Belgi%C3%AB%29

NL spoorweg-Intern.18.3. =VS-Pennsylvania - open. 1e spoortunnel (in VS) #1834 jaar geleden* ;Note=1834 {d}March 18, In 1834, the first railroad tunnel in the U.S. opened in Pennsylvania.

http://www.celebratetoday.com/ctbook.html1834, March 18 First railroad tunnel in US completed, in Pennsylvania (275 metre long).

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

NL spoorweg-Intern18.3. =VS/Canada - off. openingstreinrit Niagara Falls hangbrug #1855 jaar geleden* ;Note=1855,

1e hangbrug voor spoorverkeer, open voor voetgangers 01.8.1848, >27.8.1897 {d}The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge was the world's first working railway suspension bridge. It

spanned 825 feet (251 m) and stood 2.5 miles (4.0 km) downstream of Niagara Falls from 1855 to 1897. .. By 1854 his bridge was nearly complete, and the lower deck was opened for pedestrian and carriage travel. On March 18, 1855, a fully laden passenger train drove across the upper deck at 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h), and officially opened the completed bridge. .. By the end of the 19th century, the weight of trains had increased greatly and far exceeded the maximum capacity of the bridge. The Suspension Bridge was finally replaced by the Steel Arch Bridge, which was later renamed the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, on August 27, 1897. Opening date: August 1, 1848 (footbridge); March 18, 1855. Destruction date: August 27, 1897.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Suspension_Bridge

Mar. 18, 1855 Revenue service begins over John Roebling's suspension bridge over the gorge of the Niagara River at Niagara Falls linking New York and Great Western Railway of Canada.http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1855%20Mar%2005.pdf

NL spoorweg-Intern.18.3. =1e project kanaaltunnel - stopzetting tunnelboring #1883 jaar geleden* ;Note=1883 {d}Histoire du tunnel sous la Manche - Le premier projet.

18 mars 1883, les travaux sont interrompus côté français pour des raisons militaires.La longueur des galeries creusées atteint 2026 m côté anglais et 1839 m côté français.http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_tunnel_sous_la_Manche

De kanaaltunnel tussen Engeland en Frankrijk kwam voor het eerst in het nieuws toen in 1874 de Engelse South Eastern Railway machtiging kreeg om een experimentele boringen te verrichten en in 1881 toestemming kreeg voor grondaankopen tussen Dover en Folkestone.

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De op 12 september 1881 opgerichte Submarine Continental Railway Company Ltd nam de rechten van de South Eastern over en begon met een proeftunnel die uiteindelijk 1920 m uit de kust de zee in liep.Het werk werd in 1883 stopgezet, voornamelijk om redenen van militaire aard.In 1875 verkregen de Channel Tunnel Company en de Franse Submarine Railway Company volmachten om een proeftunnel te boren en zij kwamen vanaf Sangatte aan de Franse kust tot een tunnel van 2414 m.In 1887 werd de naam van de Engelse groep gewijzigd in Channel Tunnel Company.In juli 1957 werd de Channel Tunnel Study Group opgericht teneinde de verschillende economische, technische en verkeerskundige aspecten te coördineren.In maart 1960 bracht zij een rapport uit waarin een tweesporige spoorwegtunnel als oplossing werd aanbevolen.Op 6 februari 1964 besloten de Britse en Franse regering het project door te zetten.Het meetwerk was in oktober 1965 voltooid.In januari 1975 besloot de Britse regering eenzijdig het Chunnel-project stop te zetten.Het Groot Guinness Treinen Boek (bijgewerkt tot 1982) - ISBN 90-245-0751-0, blz 89-90

NL Intern. datums18.3. =opr. ‘American Express’ #1850 jaar geleden** ;Note=1850, Henry Wells & William Fargo

{d}18 maart 1850 - American Express wordt opgericht door Henry Wells & William Fargo.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_maartMarch 18, 1850 - American Express is founded by Henry Wells & William Fargo.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1818.3.1850 - American Express werd opgericht door Henry Wells & William Fargo.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo1850, Mar 18: American Express founded by Henry Wells & William Fargohttp://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/1850, March 18 Henry Wells and William Fargo form American Express in Buffalo, New York.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

NL Intern. datumsNL Duitsland18.3. =Duitse Keizerrijk - 1e buslijn per autobus met verbrandingsmotor (ter wereld) #1895 jaar

geleden (Siegen<>Deuz)* ;Note=1895, Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft {d}The first petrol driven motor bus was a 5hphorse power Benz, single deck, enclosed Landau in

North Rhineland, Germany on 18th March, 1895.http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/scotland/nescot/community/bususerguide.pdf

Ein Omnibus (von lateinisch omnibus „für alle“), kurz Bus, ist ein großes Straßenfahrzeug, das dem Transport zahlreicher Personen dient, z. B. im Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr. .. Der erste Linienverkehr mit einem mit Kraftstoff betriebenen Bus fand am 18. März 1895 zwischen Siegen und Netphen statt und wurde von der Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft durchgeführt. Für den Betrieb der Linie wurde ein Gefährt mit dem Namen „Landauer“ eingesetzt, welches tatsächlich mehr Ähnlichkeit mit der gleichnamigen Kutsche als mit einem modernen Bus hatte. Dieser erste Kraftomnibus der Welt wurde ab 1895, also noch ein Jahr vor dem ersten Lastkraftwagen, in Handarbeit im Familienbetrieb des Automobil-Pioniers Carl Benz gebaut und verfügte über acht Sitze und einen Motor mit 5 PS.http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus

Die Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft war die erste mit einem Benzinmotor betriebene Omnibuslinie

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der Welt. Sie wurde am 18. März 1895 zwischen Siegen und der damals noch selbständigen Gemeinde Deuz, welche heute zu Netphen gehört, eröffnet. .. Am 1. Juli 1895 beschaffte die Gesellschaft einen zweiten Wagen, um Betriebsstörungen wirksam entgegentreten zu können. .. Am 20. Dezember 1895 mussten allerdings die Busse ihren Betrieb wieder einstellen, und die Pferdeomnibusse kamen wieder zu Einsatz. Diese verkehrten auf der Strecke bis ins Jahr 1906.http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netphener_Omnibusgesellschaft

The world's first motorised bus was built in Germany by Karl Benz in 1895, some years before Gottlieb Daimler also started to build and sell buses in Germany as well.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_buses

Nederland-datums18.3. =Nederland - 1e openbare telegram #1847 jaar geleden* ;Note=1847 {d}De eerste elektrische telegraafverbinding in Nederland kwam in 1845 door particulier initiatief tot

stand. Initiatiefnemer was de fabrikant van wis- en natuurkundige apparaten Eduard Wenckebach. Samen met F.W. Conrad, ingenieur-directeur van de Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HIJSM), stelde Wenckebach een plan op om als proef een telegraaflijn langs de spoorlijn Amsterdam-Haarlem aan te leggen. Primair bedoeld voor dienstberichten, werd al in een vroeg stadium gedacht aan het verzenden van telegrammen door het publiek. Verzoeken om toestemming hiervoor aan de Rijksoverheid bleven evenwel onbeantwoord, zodat de HIJSM in 1847 besloot op eigen initiatief te handelen. Op 18 maart 1847 werd het eerste openbare telegram verzonden over de inmiddels naar Den Haag verlengde lijn.http://www.cram.nl/ieni/940204.htm

NL Verenigd koninkrijk-datums18.3. =Loughborough - 1e luiden Great Paul klok #1882 jaar geleden* ;Note=1882, gegoten

23.11.1881, >St Paul's Cathedral, Londen, grootste klok Verenigd koninkrijk {d}ST PAUL’S CATHEDRAL - HISTORY

* 1881, 23rd Nov. - Great Paul was cast by John Taylor & Co. - the largest bell in the country. It was originally hung with a wooden headstock. There were four ropes on the, two each side, falling behind each other in each case. Two were fitted at the top of the wheel and two at the usual place; the former were drawn out to clear the others.* 1882, 18th Mar. - Great Paul was rung for the first time (in Loughborough).* 1882, 3rd June - Great Paul was dedicated.* 1891 - Great Paul was rehung on a new headstock. A wooden wheel was supplied to replace the levers in use previously, and the bell and frame were moved higher in the tower to make room for the new clock. John Taylor supplied the headstock and the wheel.http://london.lovesguide.com/paul_cathedral.htm

NL Verenigd koninkrijk-datumsNL Frankrijk18.3. =1e telefoonverbinding Londen<>Parijs #1891 jaar geleden* ;Note=1891, in dienst

01.4.1891 {d}1891, Mar 18: First telephone link between London & Paris

http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/1891, March 18 Britain is linked to the continent by Telephone.

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

1891, 18 March - official opening of the London-Paris telephone system.1891, 1 April - the London-Paris telephone system is opened to the general public.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_in_the_United_Kingdom

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18th of March 1891 : Britain 1st linked to the continent by Telephonehttp://www.information-britain.co.uk/famousdates.php

18 March 1891 The London-Paris telephone link came into operation.http://weblib.wl.dvgu.ru/books/calendar.gz

NL Frankrijk18.3. =Parijs - 1e 'openbaar vervoer' #1662 jaar geleden (5 lijnen, dienstregeling,

publiek)* ;Note=1662, Blaise Pascal {d}Blaise Pascal invente les transports en commun urbains en 1662. Il obtient sous Louis XIV le privilège de fonder une entreprise de carrosses publics qui, en 1662, crée et exploite cinq "routes" (lignes). (...) Tout ce qui caractérise le transport en commun urbain moderne est contenu dans l'entreprise de Pascal.»http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Blaise_PascalTransport en commun - 18 Mars 1662 Sur une proposition du philosophe Blaise Pascal, la première forme de transport en commun urbain apparaît dans le Paris de Louis XIV. Des carrosses à cinq sous la place sont mis en circulation. Blaise Pascal en est d'ailleurs un des actionnaires.http://www.evene.fr/celebre/biographie/blaise-pascal-51.php?actualite1662, 18 mars - Premier transport en communSur une proposition du philosophe Blaise Pascal, un système de transport en commun est élaboré à Paris. Sept carrosses publics sont mis en service entre la Porte Saint-Antoine et le Luxembourg. La course coûte 5 sols.http://www.linternaute.com/histoire/annee/1662/a/1/1/index.shtml1662, 18 mars : Un système de transport en commun est élaboré à Paris.http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/16621662, le 18 mars - Transport en communSur une proposition du philosophe Blaise Pascal, la première forme de transport en commun urbain apparaît dans le Paris de Louis XIV. Des carrosses à cinq sous la place sont mis en circulation. Blaise Pascal en est d'ailleurs un des actionnaires.http://www.evene.fr/culture/chroniques.php?j=18&m=318.3.1662 - De Franse stad Parijs begon met openbaar vervoer: de z.g. 'carrosses a cinq solz' boden plaats aan acht passagiers.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo1662, March 18 - Short-timed experiment of the first public buses holding 8 passengers begins in Paris.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16621662, 18 mars : Inauguration de la première ligne de transports en commun urbains sur le trajet de la porte Saint-Antoine au Luxembourg. Conçus par Pascal, ces « carrosses à 5 sols » disparaissent en 1677.http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1662_en_France1662, 18 mars - Blaise Pascal lance la première ligne de carrosses omnibus dans Parishttp://720plan.ovh.net/~histoirez/spip.php?article1003&artsuite=3The first records of a vehicle resembling a bus date to the middle of the fifteenth century when Blaise Pascal, a French inventor, came up with the idea of providing facilities for public travel within Paris. His idea was taken up and subsequently financed by the Governor of Poitou, the Duc de Ronanes, who authorised the construction of seven carriages capable of carrying eight passengers each. After an elaborate opening ceremony the first of the 'Carosses a Cinq Sous', as the carriages were called, began work on the 18th March 1662, charging a small fare. Initially they became extremely popular but, since people were riding for amusement only, after a few weeks their popularity waned and the carriages soon faded into oblivion.

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http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/generalhistories/general/horsebus.htmThe first buses were 8 seat vehicles pulled by horses and were introduced in Paris in 1662 by the

famous French scientist Blaise Pascal.http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/scotland/nescot/community/bususerguide.pdf

1662, March 18 First scheduled bus service, between Porte de Sainte-Antoine and Porte du Luxembourg, in France. Fare is 5 sous.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

L'idée de liaisons urbaines régulières est inventée un peu plus tard par le génial Blaise Pascal, qui n'en est pas à une invention près. Le savant s'associe pour l'occasion avec le duc de Rouanez et les marquis de Sourches et de Crénan. Pascal obtient par lettres patentes du roi Louis XIV le privilège d'ouvrir cinq lignes au départ du palais du Luxembourg, avec des horaires fixes. L'une d'elles doit faire le tour de Paris par le Luxembourg, la porte Saint-Antoine, Saint-Roch, Montmartre et la Bastille. L'exploitation des cinq lignes débute le 18 mars 1662. Le parcours de base coûte cinq sous (ou sols), soit l'équivalent d'une livre de viande. Précisons que le salaire moyen d'un ouvrier de manufacture se situe à l'époque aux alentours de 8 sols.http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=18260810

March 18, 1662 - First public bus service began operating, in Paris.http://www.kipnotes.com/Transport.htm1662 - Blaise Pascal invents a horse-drawn public bus which has a regular route, schedule, and fare system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology

NL Frankrijk18.3. =Frankrijk - Assignaten uit circulatie genomen & verv. door mandat territorial #1796 jaar

geleden* ;Note=1796, >04.2.1797 {d}L'assignat était une monnaie sous la Révolution française. Le 2 novembre 1789, l'Assemblée

nationale constituante décide que tous les biens du clergé seront « mis à disposition de la nation ». Ces biens seront dorénavant des biens nationaux, destinés à être mis aux enchères pour remplir les caisses de l'État. La mise en vente est confiée à la Caisse de l'Extraordinaire, créée le 19 décembre suivant et définitivement organisée le 6 décembre 1790. .. C'est ainsi qu'est décidé de créer, le jour même de la création de la Caisse de l'Extraordinaire, des billets dont la valeur est assignée sur les biens du clergé. L'assignat est né. Le 17 avril [1790], l'assignat est transformé en un papier-monnaie. Et l'État, toujours à court de liquidités, l'utilise pour toutes ses dépenses courantes. Sur décision du Directoire, l'assignat est finalement abandonné avec faste lorsque les planches à billets, les poinçons, les matrices et les plaques sont brûlés en public place Vendôme, le 30 pluviôse, an IV de la République (19 février 1796). Le 18 mars, l'assignat est retiré de la circulation contre un nouveau billet, le mandat territorial. Le mandat territorial connut plus ou moins la même histoire que l'assignat, sa dépréciation se fit bien plus rapidement que pour son prédécesseur. Le 4 février 1797, il fut retiré de la circulation et la monnaie sonnante et trébuchante reprit sa place.http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignat

Assignaten zijn waardepapieren die tijdens de Franse Revolutie werden uitgegeven met onteigende kerkelijke bezittingen als onderpand, die als geld moesten dienen om de schuldenlast af te lossen. De "Assemblée Nationale" (het parlement) op 2 november 1789 om alle kerkelijke bezittingen te confisqueren. De staat zou dan voortaan een salaris betalen aan de priesters, voor zover die tenminste een eed van trouw aan de Republiek hadden gezworen. Er werd besloten de verkoop over een aantal jaren te spreiden en in de tussentijd waardepapieren uit te geven met de kerkelijke bezittingen als onderpand. Die papieren zouden worden gebruikt om rente en aflossing van de staatsschuld mee te betalen. Omdat het vertrouwen in de assignaten niet erg

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groot was en de staat in grote geldproblemen verkeerde, werd op 17 april 1790 besloten dat de assignaten ook als wettig betaalmiddel zouden gelden. Op 19 februari 1796 werden de assignaten uit de circulatie genomen.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignaat

18 mars 1796 (28 ventôse an IV) - L’assignat est retiré de la circulation et échangé contre un nouveau billet : le mandat territorial. L’échange sur la base de 30 francs assignat pour un franc-mandat.http://720plan.ovh.net/~histoirez/spip.php?article755&artsuite=2

NL Vaticaanstad18.3. =Rome - begin 1e Lateraans Concilie #1123 jaar geleden (verbod

priesterhuwelijken)* ;Note=1123, Paus Calixtus II {d}1123, Eerste Lateraans Concilie in Rome - 18 mar - 6 apr: bijeengeroepen door paus Calixtus II. Het concordaat van Worms wordt hier bevestigd. Verhandelen van geestelijke ambten en priesterhuwelijken worden definitief veroordeeld en verboden.http://www.willebroek.info/HISTORY/HIST_nC/Hp1121.htmThe Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123 ...CANON 3 - Summary. Priests, deacons, and subdeacons are forbidden to live with women other than such as were permitted by the Nicene Council.Text. We absolutely forbid priests, deacons, and subdeacons to associate with concubines and women, or to live with women other than such as the Nicene Council (canon 3) for reasons of necessity permitted, namely, the mother, sister, or aunt, or any such person concerning whom no suspicion could arise.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran1.htmlLe Ième concile du Latran se déroule du 18 mars 1123 au 11 avril de la même année, sur une convocation du pape Calixte II, à la basilique Saint-Jean de Latran. Il réunit entre 300 et 500 participants, des évêques et des abbés essentiellement. La première action du concile est de lire et d'approuver les dispositions du concordat de Worms avant de les enregistrer dans les archives du Vatican. Le concile promulgue ensuite toute une série de décrets visant à renforcer la réforme grégoriennehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ier_concile_du_LatranIl primo Concilio Lateranense si tenne a Roma, presso la basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, dal 18 marzo all'11 aprile del 1123.http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_Lateranense_IFirst Lateran Council, 1123It was opened most probably on March 18, 1123, the third Sunday of Lent; the canons were drawn up on March 27, and the concluding session was held on April 6.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran1.htmlFIRST LATERAN COUNCIL (1123)In 1123, during the pontificate of Pope Callistus II, a general Roman council was held "for various important matters of the church", as Callistus himself says in the letter of convocation which he sent on 25 June 1122 to bishop Baldric of Doll. A great number of bishops, abbots and religious, numbering at least 300, gathered in Rome from the western churches, although none that we know of came from the eastern churches {1}. There is no evidence that legates of the emperor Henry V took part. The council began on 18 March 1123, with the pope presiding. There were at least two sessions. The council ended before 6 April, probably on 27 March.FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL (1123) - Canons7. {29} We absolutely forbid priests, deacons or subdeacons to live with concubines and wives, and to cohabit with other women, except those whom the council of Nicaea permitted to dwell with them solely on account of necessity, namely a mother, sister, paternal or maternal aunt, or other

18 maart

such persons, about whom no suspicion could justly arisehttp://www.legionofmarytidewater.com/faith/ECUM09.HTM

NL Denemarken18.3. =Denemarken - 1e rechtstreekse radio-uitzending #1909 jaar geleden* ;Note=1909, Einar

Dessau, 1e ter wereld 23.12.1900 {d}1909, March 18 Einar Dessau of Denmark uses a short-wave radio transmitter, becoming the first

radio broadcaster.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

March 18, 1909 (Thursday) - Einar Dessau of Denmark spoke over a wireless radio transmitter to a government post six miles distant, becoming, in effect, the first person to ever talk on the radio.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1909

Einar Dessau (17. juli 1892 i Hellerup - 8. august 1988) var direktør for bryggeriet Tuborg og Danmarks første radioamatør, der sammen med Einar Nyrop indfangde en transmission den 18. marts 1909 via en selvbygget radio. Radioprogrammet, som de to drenge fangede, var Strauss-operetten Karneval i Venedig.http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Dessau

March 18, 1909 - Einar Dessau of Denmark used shortwave transmitter to talk with government radio post -- believed to have been first broadcast by 'ham' operator.http://www.kipnotes.com/Broadcasting1.htm

NL ruimtevaart18.3. =USSR - 1e ruimtewandeling #1965 jaar geleden* ;Note=Alexei Leonov, 1965 {d}March 18, 1965 - Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1818 maart 1965, de Russische kosmonaut Alexei Leonov maakt de eerste ruimtewandeling.de geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de 20e eeuw - ISBN 90-366-1260-8, blz. 3921965, op 18 maart maakt de kosmonaut Aleksei Leonov de eerste 'ruimtewandeling', waarbij hij,

verbonden aan zijn ruimteschip 'Voshkod II', vrij door de ruimte zweeft.Hij blijft 10 minuten buiten het ruimtetuig.De astronaut Edward H. White maakt op 3 juni een ruimtewandeling die 4 minuten langer duurt.de geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de 20e eeuw - ISBN 90-366-1260-8, blz. 394

18.3.1965 - De eerste 'ruimtewandeling' in de geschiedenis vond plaats: de Russische kosmonaut Alexei Leonov staptte uit zijn 'Woshod-2' en zweefde twaalf minuten aan een kabel in de ruimte.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo1965, Mar 18: Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov becomes the first man to 'walk' in spacehttp://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/The first space walk by a human being was made by USSR cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov. He walked in space for 20 minutes on March 18, 1965. Web: http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/spacewalk_history_000317.html.http://www.celebratetoday.com/ctbook.htmlMarch 18, Space Walk Day; the anniversary of the first space walk undertaken by USSR cosmonaut Alekeski Lenov on March 18, 1965.Anniversaries and Holidays (Fourth Edition, 1983) - ISBN 0-8389-0389-4, blz. 39Soviet Union, 1965, March 18-19 - Lt. Col. Aleksei A. Leonov, in the Soviet spacecraft Voskhod

II, became the first human being to walk in space.http://www.bartleby.com/67/3279.html

18 maart

NL Charles Darwin18.3. =Darwin - vertr. Bahia, Brazilië #1832 jaar geleden

NL Charles Darwin18.3. =Darwin - vertr. Valparaiso te land #1835 jaar geleden ;Note=>Portillo Pass???1835, March 13 Charles Darwin departs Valparaiso for Andes crossing.

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

1835, March 18 Charles Darwin departs Santiago Chile on his way to Portillo Pass.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

NL Spanje-evenem18.3. =Spanje-Valencia - Las Fallas, parades, 'Nit de Foc' (24:00) ;Note=spectaculairste

vuurwerkshow {d-03-19}>>info zie 19.3.

afzonderlijke bestanden

USA-days18.3. =#2001th National Biodiesel Day* ;Note=1st 2002, birthday Rudolf Diesel {d}March 18, National Biodiesel Day, USAhttp://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/mar18.htmlNational Biodiesel Day takes place on Thursday, March 18, the date of Rudolf Diesel’s birthday. The biodiesel industry chose his birthday to honor him for his foresight in recognizing the valuable role of vegetable oil-based fuel.http://www.biodiesel.org/biodiesel_day/The year 2007 marks the 15th anniversary of the National Biodiesel Board (NBB), though it may have been called something different in 1992. At its founding, the organization promoting biodiesel was called the National SoyDiesel Development Board, as farmers initiated the research in biodiesel made from soy oil.accomplishments have included: The creation of National Biodiesel Day in 2002 http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=153918 March 2009 - National Biodiesal Daygrannymoon@verizon.net

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USA-dates18.3. =Act British American colonies subordinated to Great Britain #1766 years

ago** ;Note=1766, Declaratory Act {d}The Declaratory Act (citation 6 George III, c. 12) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain in

1766, during America's colonial period, one of a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies. It stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. .. Colonial legislatures organized what is now known as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the Stamp Act of 1765 which called into question the right of a distant power to tax them without proper representation. Thus Parliament was faced with colonies who refused to comply with their act. .. Parliament then agreed to repeal the Stamp Act on the condition that the Declaratory Act was passed. On March 18, 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and passed the Declaratory Act. In other words, the Declaratory Act of 1766 allowed Parliament to make laws and changes to the colonial government. .. Thus the Declaratory Act can be seen as a predecessor to future acts that would further incite the anger of the American colonists and eventually lead up to the American Revolutionary War.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Act

THE DECLARATORY ACT - MARCH 18, 1766 - AN ACT FOR THE BETTER SECURING THE DEPENDENCY OF HIS MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS IN AMERICA UPON THE CROWN AND PARLIAMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN .. That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and Parliament of Great Britain; and that the king's Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, of Great Britain, in Parliament assembled, had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever. ..http://www.constitution.org/bcp/decl_act.htm

Great Britain : Parliament - An Act Repealing the Stamp Act; March 18, 1766 .. may it therefore please your most excellent Majesty that it may be enacted; and be it enacted by the king's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that from and after the first day of May, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-six, the above-mentioned Act, and the several matters and things therein contained, shall be, and is and are hereby repealed and made void to all intents and purposes whatsoever.http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/repeal_stamp_act_1766.asp

USA-California CA18.3. =1st off. wildlife refuge (in US) #1870 years ago (Lake Merritt )* ;Note=1870, County of

Alameda {d}1870, March 18 First US National Wildlife Preserve (Lake Meritt in Oakland CA).

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

Lake Merritt is a large tidal lagoon that lies just east of downtown Oakland, California. .. It is historically significant as the United States' first official wildlife refuge, designated in 1870. .. Dr. Merritt proposed to turn the lake into a wildlife refuge in 1869. The state legislature voted Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge into law in 1870, making it the first such refuge in North America. No hunting of any sort was to be allowed and the only fishing was to be by hook and line. .. Under the name Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, the site became a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1963.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Merritt

Dr. Merritt, the Mayor of Oakland, declared the Lake a National Wildlife Refuge in 1869, the first

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in North America. .. Statues of California - Eighteenth Session Chapter CCXXIV - An Act to prevent the destruction of fish and game in, upon and around the waters of Lake Merritt or Peralta, in the County of Alameda. - Approved March 18, 1870 .. Section 1 From and after the passage of this Act, it shall be unlawful for any person to take, catch, kill, capture, or in any manner destroy, any fish in the waters of Lake Merritt or Peralta, in the County of Alameda, except by the use of a hook and line; but it shall be unlawful to use any set lines, night lines or crawls in said lake. ..http://www.oaklandnet.com/parks/parks/lakemerritt_wildlifesanctuary.asp

USA-Hawaii HI18.3. =Hawai'i Enabling Act #1959 years ago* ;Note=1959, set certain conditions for the

Admission of Hawai'i into the Union {d}State: Hawaii - Official Name/Status: STATE

Organized as a Territory or Ratified Articles of Confederation: 30 April 1900 (Territory) 31 Stat. 141: the Hawaiian Islands- an independent Kingdom until 1893 and an ostensibly independent Republic under American protection from 1893 till 1898- was formally annexed by the United States of America, 7 July 1898Order: 50

th

Admitted to the Union as a State or Ratified Constitution of the United States: 21 August 1959 (Admitted) upon Proclamation by President Dwight D. Eisenhower that the conditions set forth in the Enabling Act had been satisfactorily metEnabling Act of the Congress of the United States: 18 March 1959 73 Stat. 4: recognized a State government already formed and set certain conditions for the Admission of Hawaii into the Union, all of which were approved by the voters of the Territory on 27 June 1959http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/statehood.phtml

On 7 July 1898, McKinley signed the Newlands Resolution (named after Congressman Frances Newlands) which officially annexed Hawai'i to the United States. In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. (The act excluded Palmyra Atoll, part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawai'i, from the new state.) On June 27 of that year, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaiians to vote on accepting the statehood bill. Hawai'i voted 17 to 1 to accept. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawai'i was finally the 50th state of the Union.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii

18.3.1959 - President van de Verenigde Staten Dwight D. Eisenhower tekende een document waardoor Hawaii de status van "staat" kreeg.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

USA-Kentucky KY18.3. =Kentucky ratifies 13th Amendment #1976 years ago (abolishing slavery)* ;Note=1976,

35th state, rejected Feb. 24, 1865 {d}The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to

prohibit slavery.The dates of ratification were: .. 35. 8. Kentucky (March 18, 1976, after having rejected it on February 24, 1865) ..http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

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USA-Michigan MI18.3. =Organic Act created University of Michigan #1837 years ago* ;Note=1837, 1st classes

1841, 1st graduation 1845, legal non-operating entity since Aug. 26, 1817 (Catholepistemiad of Michigania) & Apr. 30, 1821 (University of Michigan) {d}

March 18, The University of Michigan was founded in 1837.http://www.celebratetoday.com/ctbook.html

University of Michigan .. In 1817, Woodward drafted a territorial act establishing a "Catholepistemiad, or University, of Michigania," .. The act was signed into law August 26, 1817, by Woodward, Judge John Griffin, and acting governor William Woodbridge (Governor Lewis Cass was absent on a trip with President Monroe). .. The cornerstone of the university's first building, near the corner of Bates St. and Congress St. in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817 .. On April 30, 1821, Governor Cass and Judges Griffin and James Witherell passed a new act that changed the name of the institution to the University of Michigan and put control in the hands of a Board of Trustees .. By 1827, neither school was operating, and the building in Detroit was leased to private teachers. Except as a legal entity, the University of Michigan had essentially ceased to exist. .. The Organic Act of March 18, 1837, created the University of Michigan, governed by a Board of Regents .. A second act passed two days after the Organic Act called for the University to be established in Ann Arbor, and directed the Regents to secure a site. The Board of Regents held its first meeting in Ann Arbor on June 5, 1837. .. The first classes were held in 1841; six freshmen and a sophomore were taught by two professors. Eleven men graduated in the first commencement ceremony in 1845.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Michigan

General University Timeline1817 [August 26] - Legislative act establishes the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania. ..1821 [April 30] - The university adopts the official name of "The University of Michigan" and reorganizes to form a board of twenty-one Trustees, including the Governor (chosen from the faculty). ..1837 - Ann Arbor chosen as permanent site for the University of Michigan by a March 20 state act. 40 acres are given to the University by the Ann Arbor Land Company.1837 - First meeting of the board of regents in Ann Arbor on June 5. The board itself was established by a state act on March 18, 1837. ..http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/umtimeline/general.php

USA-New Jersey NJ18.3. =West Jersey sold to English Quakers #1673 years ago* ;Note=1673, Lord Berkeley {d}New Jersey is ontstaan uit een Zweedse kolonie genaamd Nieuw-Zweden. De bevolking hiervan

was klein en bestond vooral uit Finnen. Na ongeveer 17 jaar als Zweeds bezit werd het gebied in 1655 veroverd door Nederlanders uit de noordelijker gelegen kolonie Nieuw-Nederland. New Jersey begon op 12 maart 1664 als privékolonie van de Britten Sir George Carteret en Lord Berkeley. Zij hadden het gebied gekregen van de hertog van York, de latere koning Jacobus II. Het vormde een gedeelte van een stuk land dat James had gekregen van zijn broer, koning Karel II. Op 18 maart 1673 verkocht Berkeley zijn helft, het westen, aan een groep Engelse Quakers, die zich daarop bij de rivier de Delaware vestigden. Tussen 1674 en 1702 bestond New Jersey uit twee provincies, West Jersey en East Jersey. Op 18 december 1787 werd New Jersey, als 3de, formeel een staat van de Verenigde Staten. New Jersey schafte op 15 februari 1804, als laatste van de noordelijke staten, de slavernij af.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey

Charles II gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), as a proprietary colony. Later James granted the land between the Hudson

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River and the Delaware River that would become New Jersey to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. However, the two proprietors found collecting the quitrents difficult, and on March 18, 1674 Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to the Quakers. This sale divided the province into East Jersey and West Jersey. On April 15, 1702, under the reign of Queen Anne, West and East Jersey were reunited as a royal colony. On July 2, 1776, the first Constitution of New Jersey was drafted, creating a basic framework for the state government. Only two days after the new constitution was enacted, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was endorsed by five representatives from New Jersey. New Jersey ratified and then signed the Articles of Confederation on November 26, 1779. In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall of Princeton University. It had originally convened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but mutinous troops prevented the meeting from taking place. Princeton became the temporary capital for the nation for four months. During the brief stay in Princeton, the Continental Congress was informed of the end of the war by the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution, and on November 20, 1789, New Jersey became the first state in the Nation to ratify the Bill of Rights.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey

1673, March 18 Lord Berkley sells his half of New Jersey to the Quakers.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

USA-New York NY18.3. =New York City - #1998th Marcel Marceau Day ;Note=1st 1999 {d}The city of New York declared March 18 Marcel Marceau Day.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_MarceauNel 1999 la città di New York ha addirittura dichiarato il 18 marzo come «Marcel Marceau Day».http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Spettacoli/2007/09_Settembre/23/morto_marcel_marceau.shtmlIn 1999, the city of New York declared March 18 Marcel Marceau Day.http://web.france.com/story/marcel_marceau

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Italy-(Italia)18.3. =Sicilia, A Vampa di San Giuseppe ;Note={d} ;English=Saint Joseph's bonfireItaly - In Sicily, where St. Joseph is regarded by many as their Patron Saint, and many Italian-

American communities, thanks are given to St. Joseph ("San Giuseppe" in Italian) for preventing a famine in Sicily during the Middle Ages. According to legend, there was a severe drought at the time, and the people prayed for their patron saint to bring them rain. They promised that if he answered their prayers, they would prepare a large feast to honor him. The rain did come, and the people of Sicily prepared a large banquet for their patron saint. The fava bean was the crop which saved the population from starvation, and is a traditional part of St. Joseph's Day altars and traditions. Giving food to the needy is a St. Joseph's Day custom. In some communities it is traditional to wear red clothing and eat a Sicilian pastry known as a Zeppole on St. Joseph's Day. Upon a typical St. Joseph's Day altar, people place flowers, limes, candles, wine, fava beans, specially prepared cakes, breads, and cookies (as well as other meatless dishes), and zeppole. Foods are traditionally served containing bread crumbs to represent saw dust since St. Joseph was a carpenter. Because the feast occurs during Lent, traditionally no meat was allowed on the celebration table. The altar usually has three tiers, to represent the trinity. Some villages like Belmonte Mezzagno use to burn wood and logs in squares on the day before St.Joseph, as thanksgiving to the Saint. This is called "'A Vampa di San Giuseppe" (the Saint Joseph's bonfire).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph's_Day

Belmonte Mezzagno is een gemeente in de Italiaanse provincie Palermo (regio Sicilië)http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmonte_Mezzagno

Cal. Celtic Tree18.3. =Celtic Tree Calendar - Fearn (Alder) (m4, 28d)March 18 - Celtic tree month Fearn: Celtic tree Month Fearn starts today, honoring the Alder

Tree,and lasting from March 18 to April 14.http://www.shieldmaidens.org/Veng/scand/calendar/march.html

March 18, Celtic tree month of Fearn (Alder) commences (Mar 18 - Apr 14)Like other Iron Age Europeans, the Celts were a polytheistic people prior to their conversion to (Celtic) Christianity. The Celts divided the year into 13 lunar cycles (months or moons). These were linked to specific sacred trees which gave each moon its name. Today commences the Celtic tree month of Alder.http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/mar18.html

18 March 2009 - Celtic Tree Calendar: Fearn (Alder) - March 18 to April 14grannymoon@verizon.net

Celtic Animal Birth Signs18.3. =1st day Celtic Animal Birth Sign Bear (Gaelic Name: Art, >Apr. 14)

België-naamdagen18.3. =H. Cyrillus van Jeruzalem, bisschop & kerkleraar ;Note={d}18 March 2009 - St. Cyril of Jerusalem's Day

grannymoon@verizon.net

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België-naamdagen18.3. =H. Edward II de martelaar, koning van Engeland & martelaar ;Note=vermoord 18.3.978

Corfe Castle {d}18 March 2009 - St. Edward the Martyr Day - Anglo-Saxon

grannymoon@verizon.netEdward the Martyr (Old English: Eadweard) (c. 962 – 18 March 978, Corfe Castle, Dorset,

England), was king of the English from 975 until he was murdered in 978. .. Edward is recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is celebrated on 18 March, the day of his murder.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr

18 / 3 - The Anglo-Saxon monarch Edward, king and martyr, was assasinated on the orders of his stepmother in the year 979 CE, perhaps as part of a continuing tradition of the sacrificial king who must die for his people.The Pagan Book of Days - Nigel Pennick - ISBN 0-89281-867-0

???

March 18, Sheelah's Day, Ireland, dedicated to Sheelah-Na-Gig (Sheela na Gig), Goddess of Fertility - The day following St Patrick's Day is Sheelah's day. Some say she was Patrick's wife (but the Catholic Church would surely not allow this), some say his mother. Traditionally, shamrocks are again displayed, although last night the shamrock was 'drowned' in the last drink. At the turn of the 20th century, one sarcastic observer wrote that the holiday's adherents "are not so anxious to determine who 'Sheelah' was, as they are earnest in her celebration". He tells us that revellers would take the shamrock they had been wearing since St Patrick's day, the day before, plop it in the drink, and drown it in the last glass, at the end of the night's drinking.http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/mar18.htmlMarch 18, Sheelah's Day, observed in Ireland with shamrocks saved from Saint Patrick's Day to honor Sheelah, who might have been Saint Patrick's wife or his mother.Anniversaries and Holidays (Fourth Edition, 1983) - ISBN 0-8389-0389-4, blz. 39March 18 - Sheela's Day: Today is Sheelah's Day, an annual festival to honor the fertility Goddess

known as Sheela-na-gig was held on this date in ancient Ireland. As Christianity made inroads, the identity of the Goddess was altered to the consort of mother of St. Patrick.http://www.shieldmaidens.org/Veng/scand/calendar/march.html

18 March 2009 - Sheelah's Day, Sheelah may have been the wife or mother of Saint Patrick. This day is observed with clovers left over from Saint Patrick's Day celebrations.grannymoon@verizon.net

18 March 2009 - Sheelah's Day/Goddess of Fertility Day - Ireland, Icelandicgrannymoon@verizon.net

March 18, Invocation of Ashleygog"Demon of chaos, plangency and satirical mischief. Be wary of blond strangers, watch for cloven footprints and resist the temptation of being consumed by your own anger."http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/mar18.html

18 March 2009 - Awkward Moments Daygrannymoon@verizon.net

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> 17.3.18 March 2009 - Camp Fire Boys and Girls Day

grannymoon@verizon.net

> 30.4.18 March 2009 - Casey Jones Day

grannymoon@verizon.netApril 30th, 2009: Today is Casey Jones Day! On April 30th, 1900 Casey Jones took his famous

last ride from Memphis into Mississippi where he died a heroic death in a train wreck in Vaughn saving the lives of all his passengers on board.http://news.caseyjonesbulletin.com/2009/04/30/casey-jones-day-is-april-30th.aspx

18 March 2009 - Forgive Mom and Dad Daygrannymoon@verizon.net

18 March 2009 - Legba Zaou - Voudongrannymoon@verizon.net

18 March 2009 - National Buzzard Daygrannymoon@verizon.net

18 March 2009 - Persephone’s Sacred Day - This day is a great one for the more passionate side of romance and as such is sacred to Persephone.grannymoon@verizon.net

???18 March 2009 - Sheep and Goats Separation Day - Fairy

grannymoon@verizon.net

18 March 2009 - St. Anselm of Lucca's Daygrannymoon@verizon.net

Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger (1036, Milan - March 18, 1086, Mantua) was an Italian bishop, a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy and in the fighting in Central Italy between the forces of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, the papal champion, and those of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Lucca

> 16.3.18 March 2009 - St. Urho's Day (patron of Finland)

grannymoon@verizon.netThe legend of St. Urho was the invention of a Finnish-American named Richard Mattson, who

worked at Ketola's Department Store in Virginia, Minnesota in spring of 1956. .. The original "Ode to St. Urho" identified St. Urho's Day as taking place on May 24. Later the date was changed to March 16, the day before St. Patrick's Day. St. Urho's feast is supposed to be celebrated by wearing the colors Royal Purple and Nile Green.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_mythology

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> 20.3.18 March 2009 - World Frog Day

grannymoon@verizon.net2009, Mar 20 - World Frog Day

http://2009calendar.wordpress.com/2009/05/19/international-holidays-calendar-2009/March 20, 2008 - World Frog Day

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/661277/holidays_on_earth_today_march_20_2008.html

March 20th is celebrated as "World Frog Day" - internationallyhttp://sowhereisshenow.blogspot.com/2009/03/spring-is-here.html

??? 978 - 979 ??? perhaps 978/979: 1751; and that the first Day of January next following the said last Day of December shall be reckoned, taken, deemed and accounted to be the first Day of the Year of our Lord 1752"

In Annunciation Style dating the new year started on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation. This was used in many parts of Europe in the Middle Ages, and was the style introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525. Annunciation Style continued to be used officially in the Kingdom of Great Britain until 1 January 1752http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year

The Feast of the Annunciation, 25th March, started to be used in the ninth century in parts of southern Europe, but only became widespread in Europe from the eleventh century and in England from the late twelfth.http://www.cree.ie/genuki/dates.htm

18 / 3 - The Anglo-Saxon monarch Edward, king and martyr, was assasinated on the orders of his stepmother in the year 979 CE, perhaps as part of a continuing tradition of the sacrificial king who must die for his people.The Pagan Book of Days - Nigel Pennick - ISBN 0-89281-867-0

Edward the Martyr (Old English: Eadweard) (c. 962 - 18 March 978, Corfe Castle, Dorset), was king of the English from 975 until he was murdered in 978. .. The version of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which contains the most detailed account records that Edward was murdered, probably at or near the mound on which the ruins of Corfe Castle now stand, in the evening of 18 March 978, while visiting Ælfthryth and Æthelred. .. Edward is recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is celebrated on 18 March, the day of his murder.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr

The holy and right-believing King Edward the Martyr (c. 962 – March 18, 978/979) succeeded his father Edgar of England as King of England in 975, but was murdered after a reign of only a few years. As the murder was attributed to "irreligious" opponents, whereas Edward himself was considered a good Christian, he was glorified as Saint Edward the Martyr in 1001; he may also be considered a passion-bearer. His feast day is celebrated on March 18, the uncovering of his relics is commemorated on February 13, and the elevation of his relics on June 20. The translation of his relics is commemorated on September 3.http://orthodoxwiki.org/Edward_the_Martyr

March 18, Jacques de Molay’s Day - "The Last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, who underwent unspeakable torture by The Inquisition in order to extract heretical confessions against the Catholic Church. On March 18th, 1314 in Paris, De Molay heroically recanted his earlier confessions in public and was burned alive."http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/book/mar18.html18 March 2009 - De Molay Day

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grannymoon@verizon.netMarch 18 - De Molay Day. Observed each year by the Masonic Order of De Molay in

commemoration of the martyrdom at the stake of Jacques De Molay, the last grand master of the Order of Knights Templar, on Mar. 18 or 19, 1314.Anniversaries and holidays, by Bernard Trawicky, Ruth Wilhelme Gregory, page 47

Jacques de Molay (est. 1244–5/1249–50, Molay (Haute-Saône) - 18 March 1314, Paris) was the 23rd and officially last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, leading the Order from approximately 1292 until the Order was dissolved by order of the Pope in 1312. .. King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the organization, had De Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into making what is generally believed to have been mainly false confessions[citation needed]. When De Molay later retracted his confession, Philip had him burned at the stake on the Île des juifs, next to the Ile de la cite an island in the Seine river in Paris, on 18 March 1314.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay

Jacques de Molay Day - In remembrance of Jacques de Molay we commemorate 11th March every year with a French Banquet & a toast of remembrance to Jacques de Molay made with a good French Bordeaux wine.http://www.knightstemplarusa.org/3.htmlhttp://www.knightstemplar-uk.co.uk/History/106/History.html

1682-03-18. Royal licence authorizing rental coaches to charge a 5 sol fee.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Paris

Italy - 18 Mar 1805 Kingdom of Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna and Venetia), with Napoléon I, Emperor of the French as King of Italy (see under Lombardy).http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Italy.htm

1810, March 18 "Converse", first US opera, premieres in New York.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

March 18, 1810 - "Converse," 1st U.S. opera, premieres in New York.http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1810/march_18_1810_46504.html

March 18, 1910 - 1st opera by an U.S. composer (Converse) performed at the Met, New York City

http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1910/march_18_1910_73393.html18/03/1810 - "Converse," 1st US opera, premieres in NY

http://www.musicorb.com/search.php?day=All&month=All&year=All&text=Opera&e=1&b=1&d=1&start=0

Frederick Shepherd Converse (January 5, 1871, Newton, Massachusetts - June 8, 1940, Westwood, Massachusetts), was an American composer of classical music. .. In 1910, Converse's opera The Pipe of Desire became the first American work ever to be performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Converse

Converse's opera, The Pipe of Desire, was first produced in Boston, in January, 1905.http://grandemusica.net/musical-biographies-c/converse-frederick-shepherd

Frederick Shepherd Converse (American composer) - His opera, The Pipe of Desire (1906), in 1910 became the first opera by an American composer to be staged by the Metropolitan Opera Company, New York. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/461339/The-Pipe-of-Desire

The Pipe of Desire was the first American opera to be performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New

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York, although it did not have its premiere there. (The first American opera to have that distinction was Horatio Parker's Mona).* World premiere: Jordan Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, January 31, 1906* Boston Opera Company premiere: Boston Opera Company, Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, 1910* New York premiere: Metropolitan Opera, New York, New York, March 18, 1910http://www.usopera.com/operas/pipe.html

The Metropolitan Opera House opened on October 22, 1883, with the popular 24-year-old French opera, Faust (Charles Gounod). .. In only his second season as general manager, Giulio Gatti-Gasazza offered the company premiere of the one-act opera, The Pipe of Desire, by Boston composer Frederick Shepherd Converse and librettist George Edward Barton. It was the first opera ever given in English at the Met and the first by an American composer. .. The Pipe of Desire was his first opera; its premiere had taken place in Boston three years earlier. http://www.usoperaweb.com/2002/december/met1.htm

18.3.1813 - David Melville patenteerde het straatlicht op gas.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo1813, March 18 David Melville, Newport Rhode Island, patents apparatus for making coal gas.

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

Melville's March 18, 1813 "Gas Lamp," the second and earliest surviving American gas light patent. (From the original, National Archives RG 241, X1897).http://www.rushlight.org/research/gasart.html

1897X - D. MELVILE. - GAS LAMP. - Patented Mar. 18, 1813.(handwritten) .. improvement in the Gas Lamp ..http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/patx1897.pdf

One "first" that can be discussed with certainty however, concerns U.S. patents, although here there has been some confusion. (7) Over the past five years, the author has been engaged in the research of U.S. patents relating to gas lighting from 1810 to 1910, pulling nearly 6,000 separate patents on this topic alone. Based upon this examination it can be stated with confidence that the first American gas light patent was granted on March 24, 1810 to David Melville of Newport, Rhode Island. (8) .. On March 24, 1810, Melville received the first U.S. gas light patent, thus securing his place in American lighting history. His invention is listed as a "Lamp, Gas" in a report issued by the Commissioner of Patents. (18) Unfortunately, this is nearly all we know of the patent. On December 15, 1836 the U.S. Patent Office and all the records and models contained in it, were destroyed by a catastrophic fire. While some of the patents were reconstructed from the inventor's copies of their patent papers, Melville's 1810 patent was not among those.(7) Myers states in footnote 166, "Melville patented his gas machine either in 1810... or in March 1813." Edith May Tilley lists incorrect dates for Melville's patents in "David Melville and his early experiments with gas in Newport," Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society (January 1927), p. 3. In the interest of full disclosure, the confusion over the date of Melville's first patent endured through the early drafts of this paper!(8) Like all U.S. patents prior to 1836, this patent is unnumbered.(18) U.S. Patent Office, A Digest of Patents issued by the United States, from 1790 to January 1, 1839 (Washington, DC: Peter Force, 1840), p.183. I was very fortunate to be able to consult the Patent Office's original copy of this scarce work now in the Dibner Library at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.http://www.rushlight.org/research/gas.htmlhttp://www.rushlight.org/research/gas3.html

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18.3.1837 - Geboortedag US staatsman Grover Cleveland (Stephen Grover Cleveland, 1837-1908). in Caldwell, New Jersey. Democraat.Hij was de enige Amerikaanse president die werd herkozen na een tussenpoos: Cleveland was president van 1885-89 en van 1893-97.Daardoor is hij zowel de 22ste als de 24ste president.Hij was ook de enige president die trouwde in het Witte Huis, met Frances Folsom (1864-1947).http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoStephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837, Caldwell, New Jersey - June 24, 1908, Princeton,

New Jersey) was both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (March 4, 1893 - March 4, 1897 and March 4, 1885 - March 4, 1889) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. .. On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances in the Blue Room in the White House. He was the second President to marry while in office, and the only President to have a wedding in the White House.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland

18.3.1869 - Geboortedag Engelse staatsman Neville Chamberlain (Arthur Neville Chamberlain, 1869-1940), in Birmingham.Hij was een conservatief premier van 1937-40 en probeerde een oorlog met Duitsland te vermijden door spoedoverleg met Adolf Hitler.Chamberlain werd in 1940 opgevolgd door Winston Churchill en overleed later dat jaar.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoArthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869, Edgbaston, Birmingham - 9 November 1940,

Highfield Park, Heckfield, Hampshire) was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 28 May 1937 to 10 May 1940.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain

18 March 1877 - Edgar Cayce’ Birthdaygrannymoon@verizon.net

Edgar Cayce (March 18, 1877, Hopkinsville, Kentucky - January 3, 1945, Virginia Beach, Virginia) was an American who was allegedly psychic. He is said to have demonstrated an ability to channel answers to questions on subjects such as health or Atlantis, while in a self-induced trance.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cayce

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> 14.3.1891l’arrêté royal du 2/12/1991 (attention c'est l'ancienne numérotation des articles de la constitution) :

"Baudouin, Roi des Belges,A tous, présents et à venir, Salut.Vu les articles 60 et 75 de la Constitution;Considérant qu'en vertu des nouveaux articles 60 et 61 de la Constitution, il est indiqué que le titre de Prince ou de Princesse de Belgique soit accordé en ligne directe, aussi bien féminine que masculine de S.A.R. le Prince Albert,(...), Prince de Liège, Prince de Belgique;Sur proposition de Notre Premier Ministre et de Notre Ministre des Affaires Etrangères,Nous avons arrêté et arrêtons :Art. 1er. Dans les actes publics et privés qui les concernent, les Princes et les Princesses issus de la descendance, en ligne directe de S.A.R. le Prince Albert,(...), Prince de Liège (sic), Prince de Belgique, seront qualifiés Princes et Princesses de Belgique, à la suite de leurs prénoms.Art. 2. L'arrêté Royal du 18/3/1891, qualifiant Princes et Princesses de Belgique les Princes et Princesses issus de la descendance de feu Sa Majesté Léopold Ier, est abrogé."http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalbelge.htm

MONITEUR BELGE - 17.10.2001 - Ed. 2 - BELGISCH STAATSBLAD16 OKTOBER 2001. - Koninklijk besluit tot wijziging van het koninklijk besluit van 16 december 1840 "waarbij aan de vermoedelijke erfgenaam van de Kroon de titel van Hertog van Brabant en aan Prins Philippe de titel van Graaf van Vlaanderen worden toegekend", en het koninklijk besluit van 10 september 1930 houdende verlening van de titel van Graaf van Henegouwen aan de oudste zoon van de Hertog van Brabant. .. Overwegend dat, krachtens het koninklijk besluit van 2 december 1991 houdende vervanging van het koninklijk besluit van 14 maart 1891 dat de titel van Prins en Prinses van België verleent aan de Prinsen en Prinsessen geboren uit de mannelijke nakomelingschap in rechte lijn van wijlen Zijne Majesteit Leopold I, de titel van Prins of van Prinses van België wordt verleend aan de Prinsen en Prinsessen die geboren zijn uit Onze nakomelingschap in rechte lijn; .. Artikel 1. Artikel 1, tweede lid, van het koninklijk besluit van 16 december 1840 ²waarbij aan de vermoedelijke erfgenaam van de Kroon de titel van Hertog van Brabant en aan Prins Philippe de titel van Graaf van Vlaanderen worden toegekend², wordt vervangen door het volgende lid : « De titel van Hertog van Brabant of Hertogin van Brabant zal, in de toekomst, steeds worden gedragen door de Prins of de Prinses, als oudste zoon of oudste dochter van de Koning, en, bij ontstentenis, door de Prins of de Prinses, als oudste zoon of oudste dochter van de oudste zoon of oudste dochter van de Koning. »Art. 2. Artikel 2 van het koninklijk besluit van 10 september 1930 houdende verlening van de titel van Graaf van Henegouwen aan de oudste zoon van de Hertog van Brabant, wordt opgeheven.Art. 3. Dit besluit treedt heden in werking.Art. 4. Onze Eerste Minister en Onze Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken zijn, ieder wat hem betreft, belast met de uitvoering van dit besluit.Gegeven te Brussel, 16 oktober 2001.http://reflex.raadvst-consetat.be/reflex/pdf/Mbbs/2001/10/17/73145.pdf

1891 March 18 - Edison company buys its first 50ft lengths of celluloid-based film from Merwin Hulbert. At first it is used without perforations and advances horizontally.http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1891.htm

18.3.1900 - De Nederlandse voetbalvereniging Ajax werd opgericht.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoAmsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, kortweg AFC Ajax of gewoon Ajax, is een Nederlandse

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profvoetbalclub uit Amsterdam. De club is opgericht op 18 maart 1900 en is een van de drie traditionele topclubs in Nederland.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Euronext: AJAX), also referred to as AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam or simply Ajax, is a professional football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. .. The club was founded in Amsterdam on March 18, 1900 by Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser and Johan Dade. It was the second incarnation, after a short-lived previous attempt (as the Footh-Ball Club Ajax) in 1894.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax

Tijdens de historische vergadering op 18 maart 1900 in Cafe Oost-Indie in de Kalverstraat 2 in Amsterdam werd een nieuwe voetbalclub opgericht met de nu goed gespelde naam "Football Club Ajax". De club sloot zich vervolgens aan bij de Amsterdamsche Voetbal Bond (AVB) en huurde voor de thuiswedstrijden een veldje in Amsterdam Noord.http://www.ajax.nl/De-Club/Historie/History-Tour/19001907-De-oprichting.htm

Drie vrienden, Han Dade, Carel Reeser en Floris Stempel, richtten in 1883 een voetbalclub op. Han Dade had een echte leren bal en Floris Stempel werd, bij de officiële oprichting in 1900 de eerste voorzitter. In 1883 noemden de vrienden hun club Union, maar tien jaar later werd de naam veranderd in Footh-Ball Club Ajax (inclusief spelfout). .. Op 18 maart 1900 werd de Football Club Ajax (deze keer goed gespeld) opgericht. Dit gebeurde tijdens een vergadering in Café Oost-Indië in de Kalverstraat. De club sloot zich aan bij de Amsterdamsche Voetbalbond (AVB) en ging haar thuiswedstrijden spelen op een veld in Amsterdam Noord.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_AFC_Ajax

Een handjevol vrienden, gegroepeerd rond Han Dade, Carel Reeser en Floris Stempel richtten in 1883 een voetbalclubje op. Dade was de heuse eigenaar van een leren bal en Stempel werd de latere eerste voorziter bij de oprichting van Ajax in 1900. Ze noemden de club "Union", maar doopten het in 1893 om naar "Footh-Ball Club Ajax".http://www.ajax.nl/De-Club/Historie/History-Tour/18931900-De-prehistorie.htm

???18 maart 1904, Kamercommissie begint met de bespreking van het wetsvoorstel Cooremans over

de vernederlandsing van het middelbaar onderwijs.Bij leven en welzijn - Marie-Anne Wilssens - ISBN 90-209-3925-4 - wettelijk depot D/1999/45/332, blz. 13

18 mars 1906 - Essai du premier monoplan à hélice tractive, construit par le roumain Trajan Vuia (installé en France).http://www.ac-orleans-tours.fr/aero-scolaire/histoire_de_l'aviation_et_de_l'espace.htm

1919, Tägliche Arbeitszeit für Angestellte wird auf 8 Stunden begrenzt, 18.März ..http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g41007/chronik2.html

18.3.1922 - Een Britse koloniale rechtbank in India veroordeelde Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) tot zes jaar celstraf vanwege zijn campagne voor geweldloze burgelijke ongehoorzaamheid. Hij zat hiervan 2 jaar uit.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869, Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India - 30

January 1948, New Delhi, Union of India) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. .. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only 2

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years.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi

???1925, March 18 - First international broadcasting convention is organised by the BBC in London. It leads to the formation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU), surviving until the EBU is formed in 1950.http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1925.htm

???18.3.1931 - In de Verenigde Staten werd het eerste goed werkende - met één hand te bedienen - electrische scheerapparaat op de markt gebracht door oud-legerkolonel Jacob Schick (1878-1937) en zijn bedrijf 'Schick Dry Shaver inc'.Aanvankelijk zou elektrisch scheren weinig populair zijn.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoTHE FIRST Electric dry shaver was manufactured by Schick, Inc., Stamford, Conn., and delivered

March 18, 1931. Colonel Jacob Schick obtained patents on a "shaving implement" on November 6, 1928 (No. 1,721,530). Famous First Facts By Joseph Nathan Kane http://www.archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts008805mbp

July 23, 1929. - J. SCHICK - 1,721,530 - SHAVING IMPLEMENT - Filed March 31, 1928Patented July 23, 1929. - 1,721,530JACOB SCHICK, OF STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT.SHAVING IMPLEMENT.Application filed March 31, 1928. Serial No. 266,233.This invention relates to an improved shaving implement that has a shear plate that rests against the face and has a cutter operating under the plate to cut the hairs. The machine can be used for shaving without the use of lather. ..http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1721530.pdf

18 March 1931 The first electric razors were manufactured in the US.http://weblib.wl.dvgu.ru/books/calendar.gz

March 18th - 30 mile an hour speed limit imposed on built up areas in 1935.http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/year/march.htm

???18 maart 1937, verlichting op de weg Antwerpen - Brussel in gebruik genomen.

Bij leven en welzijn - Marie-Anne Wilssens - ISBN 90-209-3925-4 - wettelijk depot D/1999/45/332, blz. 62

18.3.1941 - De Amerikaanse soulzanger-songwriter Wilson Pickett werd geboren in Prattville, Alabama.Hits : "Land of a thousand dances", "Mustang Sally", "In the midnight hour", "Stagger Lee", "Hey Jude".Hij overleed op 64-jarige leeftijd in een ziekenhuis in Los Angeles op 19 januari 2006.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoWilson Pickett (March 18, 1941, Prattville, Alabama - January 19, 2006, Ashburn, Virginia) was

an American R&B/rock and roll and soul singer and songwriter known for his raw, raspy, passionate vocal delivery.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Pickett

18 maart

> 17.3.19481948, March 18 France and Great Britain and Benelux sign Treaty of Brussels.

Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

The Treaty of Brussels was signed on March 17, 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, as an expansion to the previous year's defence pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty, signed between Britain and France. The Treaty provided western Europe with a bulwark against the communist threat.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels

???18.3.1954 - De Amerikaanse miljardair Howard Hughes kocht het bedrijf 'RKO Pictures' voor 23.489.478 dollar en betaalde met een cheque.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is a long-range, subsonic, jet-powered, strategic bomber operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since 1955.The aircraft made its first flight on 15 April 1952 with "Tex" Johnston as pilot.The YB-52 (actually, the second XB-52 with more operational equipment) first flew on 15 April 1952, a 2 hour 21 minute flight from Renton Field in Renton, Washington to Larson AFB with Boeing test pilot Alvin M. Johnston and Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Guy M. Townsend. The XB-52 followed on 2 October 1952... roll out ceremony on 18 March 1954 ..Although the B-52A was the first production variant, these aircraft were used only in testing. The first operational version was the B-52B which had been developed in parallel with the prototypes since 1951. First flying in December 1954, B-52B, AF Serial Number 52-8711, entered operational service with 93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing at Castle Air Force Base, California, on 29 June 1955.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress

> 28 & 29.3.1955Le 2 février 1954, la locomotive électrique CC-7121 bat le record détenu par l’automotrice

Siemens-AEG depuis 1903. Les 18 et 23 mars 1955, la CC-7107 et la BB-9004, remorquant trois voitures (103 tonnes) battent le record détenu par la CC-7121 en roulant à 331 km/h. C’est la première fois qu’un véhicule sur rail roule à plus de 300 km/h et à plus de 200 milles/h.http://depris.cephes.free.fr/presscom/2004/001/index.html

Land speed record for rail vehiclesElectric locomotiveskm/h (mph) - Train - Type - Location - Date - Comments* 243 (150.99) - Alstom CC 7121 - Electric locomotive - France - 21 February 1954 - Between Dijon and Beaune. Conventional wheeled absolute record.* 320.6 (199.2) - Alstom CC 7107 - Electric locomotive - France - 28 March 1955 - On the Les Landes line between Bordeaux and Dax (Facture - Morcenx). Conventional wheeled absolute record.* 331 (205.6) - Jeumont-Schneider BB 9004 - Electric locomotive - France - 29 March 1955 - On the Les Landes line between Bordeaux and Dax (Facture - Morcenx). Conventional wheeled absolute record. Other sources say 330.9 km/h.* 357 (221.82) - Siemens Eurosprinter ES64U4 No. 1216 050-5 - Electric locomotive - Germany - 2 September 2006 - Record attained on Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line,

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locomotive owned by ÖBB. Series-produced locomotive.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_rail_vehicles

???18.3.1958 - Het Atomium op de Heizel was klaar.De enorme uitvergroting van een ijzeratoom moest de attractie worden van de wereldtentoonstelling van dat jaar.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

18.3.1961 - Luxemburg won het Eurovisie Songfestival 1961 dankzij Jean-Claude Pascal met "Nous les amoureux".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoHet Eurovisie Songfestival 1961 was het zesde Eurovisie Songfestival, en werd georganiseerd op

18 maart 1961, in Frankrijk. Het programma werd gepresenteerd door Jacqueline Joubert, en werd gewonnen door Jean-Claude Pascal die Luxemburg vertegenwoordigde met zijn liedje "Nous les Amoureux".http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovisie_Songfestival_1961

18.3.1962 - Het Eurovisie Songfestival 1962 in Luxemburg werd voor Frankrijk gewonnen door Isabelle Aubret met "Un premier amour".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoHet Eurovisie Songfestival 1962 was het zevende Eurovisie Songfestival, en werd gehouden op 18

maart 1962 in Luxemburg. Het programma werd gepresenteerd door Mireille Delanoy, en werd gewonnen door Isabelle Aubret, die Frankrijk vertegenwoordigde met haar liedje "Un Premier Amour"http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovisie_Songfestival_1962

18.3.1963 - Geboortedag van de Amerikaanse zangeres, actrice en model Vanessa Williams (Vanessa Lynn Williams), in Millwood, New York.Ze was de eerste zwarte 'Miss America' in 1983.Hit : "Save the best for last". Films: "Eraser", "Soul food", "Dance with me".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoVanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963, Tarrytown, New York) is an American singer,

songwriter and actress. Williams made history on September 17, 1983 when she became the first woman of African descent to be crowned Miss America.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams

??? 1959 - 1964 ???18.3.1964 - De Amerikaanse zangeres-songwriter en actrice Irene Cara (Irene T. Escalera) werd geboren in New York City. Ze werd bekend door de film en song "Fame".Andere hits: "Flashdance - What a feeling", "Why me?", "Breakdance", "The dream (hold on to your dream)".Films: "Sparkle", "City heat", "Killing em' softly", "D.C. cab", "Caged in paradiso".Andere bronnen noemen 1959 als haar geboortejaar.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoIrene Cara (born March 18, 1959, New York) is an American singer and actress.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara

18 maart

???Tussen Harwich en Zeebrugge kwam op 18 maart 1968 een speciale containerveerdienst in gebruik, waarbij voor het eerst gebruik werd gemaakt van aparte kranen voor de overslag van containers.Het Groot Guinness Treinen Boek (bijgewerkt tot 1982) - ISBN 90-245-0751-0, blz 181Het begin van het containertijdperk voor Zeebrugge startte in 1965 onder invloed van de Britse

spoorwegen. In 1966 besloot het Ministerie van Openbare Werken om een aanlegkade te bouwen in de voorhaven nabij de Visartsluis, vanwege het positieve resultaat van de spoorwegen. Verschillende transportlijnen kwamen hierna tot stand, o.a. Zeebrugge-Helsinki. Op 10 juni 1971 werd de Ocean Containerterminal Zeebrugge (OCZ) officieel ingehuldigd.http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_van_Brugge-Zeebrugge

18.3.1970 - De Amerikaanse rapster en actrice Queen Latifah (Dana Elaine Owens) werd geboren in Newark, New Jersey.Hits : "Ladies first", "U.N.I.T.Y.", "Set it off", "Paper", "Winki's theme", "Find a way" (met 'Coldcut').Films: "Jungle fever", "Juice", "Sphere", "The bone collector", "Chicago", "Bringing down the house".TV: presentatrice van "The Queen Latifah show".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoDana Elaine Owens (born March 18, 1970, Newark, New Jersey), better known by her stage name

Queen Latifah, is an American rapper, singer, model, actress and CoverGirl.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah

???18.3.1978 - De Bee Gees kwamen op nummer 1 in de Amerikaanse Billboard lijst.Ze bleven 8 weken op die plaats staan met "Night Fever", uit de soundtrack van "Saturday Night Fever".http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memo

18.3.1982 - De Amerikaanse soulzanger Teddy Pendergrass (ex 'Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes') raakte verlamd na een auto-ongeluk maar bleef zingen.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoTheodore "Teddy" DeReese Pendergrass, Sr. (born March 26, 1950, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is

an American R&B/soul singer and songwriter. Pendergrass is also known as Teddy P, TP, or Teddy Bear. .. On March 18, 1982, in the Germantown section of Philadelphia on Lincoln Drive, Pendergrass was involved in an automobile accident when the brakes failed on his Rolls-Royce and he hit a tree.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Pendergrass

March 18, 1985 - The first episode of popular soap Neighbours airs on Australian TV.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_18Neighbours is a Logie Award-winning Australian soap opera, which began airing in March 1985.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeighboursNeighbours - Episodes 1-170 comprised the 1985 season, the only one to be shown on Channel

Seven in Australia ..No. 0001 - 18/03/1985 ..http://perfectblend.net/review/episodes/85/

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> 02.4.198718.3.1987 - De maximum-snelheid op de meeste autosnelwegen in de V.S. werd verhoogd van 55 mijl naar 65 mijl (105 km. Km/u.).http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoThe National Maximum Speed Law in the United States was a provision of the 1974 Emergency

Highway Energy Conservation Act that prohibited speed limits higher than 55 mph (90 km/h). This law was modified in 1987 to allow 65 mph (105 km/h) limits on certain roads .. In the April 2, 1987 Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, Congress permitted states to raise speed limits to 65 mph (105 km/h) on rural Interstate highways.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law

???18.3.1989 - In Egypte werd een 4400-jaar-oude mummie gevonden in de Piramide van Cheops.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoThe Great Pyramid of Giza (also called the Khufu's Pyramid, Pyramid of Khufu, and Pyramid of

Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now Cairo, Egypt, and is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that survives substantially intact.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza

18.3.1990 - 12 schilderijen, waaronder een van Rembrandt, met samen met een waarde van $100 miljoen, werden gestolen uit het Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts door twee dieven die zich voordeden als politie agenten.Het is tot nog toe de grootste kunstroof in de Amerikaanse geschiedenis.De schilderijen zijn nooit weergevonden.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoThe Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum or Fenway Court is a museum in the Fenway-Kenmore

neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts .. Shortly after midnight on the morning of March 18, 1990, thieves disguised as police officers talked their way into the museum. They handcuffed the two on-duty security guards out of sight and then stole thirteen works of art valued at over $500 million, including The Concert, one of Johannes Vermeer's thirty-four known paintings, and three works by Rembrandt van Rijn, including his only seascape, The Storm on the Sea of Galilee, and a small self-portrait print. Also stolen were a series of drawings by Edgar Degas and additional works by Édouard Manet and Govaert Flinck, as well as two objects: a Chinese Ku, or beaker, and a finial from a Napoleonic flag. It is considered the biggest art theft - and property theft - in history; the crime remains unsolved.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum

18.3.1992 - Finland verzocht om toetreding tot de Europese Gemeenschap.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoEnlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU) through

the accession of new member states. .. Applications for EU accession ..Applicant: Finland; Issued: 18 March 1992; Accession: 1 January 1995.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union

18 maart 1995 - Infanta Elena van Spanje & Don Jaime de Marichalar;http://royalehuwelijken.web-log.nl/royalehuwelijken/wie_zijn_er_getrouwd_in_de_maand/index.html

18 maart

18.3.2000 - Volgens een nieuw koninklijk besluit mag je alleen nog maar handenvrij bellen in de wagen.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoIn België is het sinds 1 juli 2000 verplicht om handenvrij of handsfree te bellen in de wagen. Je

mag wel nog bellen en berichtjes sturen met je gsm, als je voertuig stilstaat of op reglementaire wijze geparkeerd is. Dit geldt echter niet als je met de wagen in de file staat.http://www.netonline.be/logistiek/detail.asp?id=910

18.3.2001 - De Amerikaanse zanger-songwriter en producer John Phillips (John Edmund Andrew Phillips, 1935-2001) overleed aan een hartstilstand, na jarenlang drugs- en drankmisbruik. Hij was dè oprichter van 'The Mamas and the Papas'.Hits : "Monday Monday", "California dreamin'".Solo: "Mississippi", "Sunset Boulevard".Hij schreef ook "San Francisco" voor zijn vriend Scott McKenzie.Tot 1970 was hij gehuwd met 'mama' Michelle Phillips.http://195.0.110.36/detailpagina.cfm?id=3576&programma=memoJohn Edmund Andrew Phillips (August 30, 1935, Parris Island, South Carolina - March 18, 2001,

Los Angeles, California), was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Known as Papa John, Phillips was a member and leader of the singing group The Mamas & the Papas.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Phillips_%28musician%29

2003, March 18 The United Kingdom government recognises British Sign Language as an official British language.Ken Polsson, 2008 October 16, Chronology of World History (2008 October 19)http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/worldhis/

British Sign Language (BSL) is the sign language used in the United Kingdom (UK), and is the first or preferred language of deaf people in the UK .. BSL was recognised as a language in its own right by the UK government on 18 March 2003, but it has no legal protection, so therefore is not an official language of the United Kingdom.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) probe is a NASA spacecraft, launched August 3, 2004 to study the characteristics and environment of Mercury from orbit. .. MESSENGER made its first flyby of Venus at 08:34 UTC on October 24, 2006 .. A second flyby of Venus was made at 23:08 UTC on June 5, 2007 .. MESSENGER made a flyby of Mercury on 14 January 2008 .. followed by a second flyby on October 6, 2008. MESSENGER executed one last flyby on September 29, 2009, that further slowed down the spacecraft. Mercury orbit insertion will be on March 18, 2011, beginning a year-long orbital mission. .. The original plan called for three fly-by maneuvers past Venus, with Mercury orbit insertion scheduled for 2009.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MESSENGER