Hkxon~xhrk osQlkekftd&jktuhfrd igyw

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

2

Hkxon~xhrk osQ lkekftd&jktuhfrd igywMh-Mh- dkslkach

¯gnh vuqoknizeksn >k

iqLrdekyk laikndrkiks'k pØorhZ

dkWih laikndjk/s';ke eaxksyiqjh

js[kkadu/hjt lkseolh

doj ,oa xzkfiQDltxeksgu

izFke laLdj.kfnlacj] 2007

lg;ksx jkf'k25 #i;s

eqæ.klu 'kkbu vkWiQlsV

ubZ fnYyh & 110 018

lkStU; lsekfDlZLVl MkWV vkWxZ

Bhagwad Gita Ke Samajik Rajnitik PahaluD.D. Kosambi

Hindi TranslationPramod Jha

Series EditorTaposh Chakravorty

Copy EditorRadheshyam Mangolpuri

IllustrationDhiraj Sowmbasi

Cover & GraphicsJagmohan

First EditionDecember, 2007

ContributionRs. 25

PrintingSun Shine OffsetNew Delhi - 110 018

CourtseyMarxists.org

uo tuokpu vkanksyu

bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us^lj nksjkcth VkVk VªLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA

bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esaiBu&ikBu laLÑfr fodflr djuk gSA

Publication and Distribution© Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti

Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, G-Block, Saket , New Delhi - 110 017Phone : 011 - 26569943, Fax : 91 - 011 - 26569773Email : bgvs_delhi@yahoo.co.in, bgvsdelhi@gmail.com

website: www. bgvs.org

BGVS DECEMBER 2007 2K 2500 NJVA 0099/2007

3

Hkxon~xhrk osQlkekftd&jktuhfrd igyw

Hkxon~xhrk dks bZ'kÑik dk xhr* ekuk tkrk gSA ;g egku Hkkjrh; dkO;egkHkkjr dk va'k gSA blosQ 18 vè;k;ksa esa ikaMo ;ks¼k vtqZu vkSj;nqoa'kh lkjFkh Ñ".k osQ chp gq, laokn osQ ckjs esa lat; }kjk fn;k x;kC;kSjk gSA Ñ".k dks fo".kq dk vkBoka vorkj Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

vlyh yM+kbZ 'kq: gh gksus okyh Fkh] rHkh vtZqu osQ eu esa taxosQ fy, uiQjr iSnk gks xbZ] D;ksafd mlesa mls vius ukrsnkjksa vkSjfj'rsnkjksa dks ekjuk iM+rkA Hkxoku Ñ".k us vtqZu osQ eu dh mgkiksgdks nwj djus osQ fy, ,d nk'kZfud [kkdk is'k fd;k vkSj mlosQmins'k rc rd tkjh jgs] tc rd fd vtqZu cM+s iSekus ij ujlagkjdjus osQ fy, iwjh rjg rS;kj ugha gks x;kA

xhrk us fcyoqQy vyx&vyx jQ>ku osQ yksxksa dks] ftudh lkspu osQoy ,d&nwljs ls cfYd vtqZu ls Hkh vyx Fkh] viuh vksjvkdf"kZr fd;k gSA mu lHkh us bu bZ'ojh; opuksa dh O;k[;kfcYkoqQy vyx&vyx <ax ls dh gSA blls vans'kk gksus yxrk gS fddgha budk ewy :i lansg feVkus dh ctk; mls iSnk djus vkSj balkuosQ van:uh fc[kjko dks de djus dh ctk; mls c<+kus okyk rks ughagSA ;fn uSfrdrk dk ikB i<+kus okyk dksbZ n'kZu dkiQh vyx&vyx<ax osQ lektkas esa fodflr gqbZ lkspkas dks brus fHkUu&fHkUu <ax dhO;k[;k djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gS rks bldk eryc ;gh gS fdmlls fcyoqQy lVhd vFkZ ugha fudyrsA ftl jpuk osQ eryc esabruk yphykiu gS] mlosQ tk;t gksus dk loky gh ugha mBrkA

4

egkHkkjr dh yM+kbZ vxj fnYyh ls Fkkuslj osQ chp crk, x,iSekus ij yM+h xbZ Fkh] ftlesa ?kksM+ksa lesr ,d yk[k rhl gtkj jFk]mrus gh gkFkh vkSj mlls 3 xqus ?kqM+lokj 'kkfey Fks] rks bldkeryc ;g gS fd [kseksa esa lsok&Vgy djus okyksa vkSj nwljs ennxkjksadh Hkh de&ls&de bruh gh rknkn 'kkfey gksxhA bruh cM+h iQkSteqgS;k djkus osQ fy, ns'k esa de&ls&de 20 djksM+ yksxksa dhvkcknh gksuh pkfg, FkhA exj Hkkjr dh bruh vkcknh rks fczfV'k jktosQ oDr esa gqbZ] ftlosQ ikyu&iks"k.k osQ yk;d [ksrh osQ fy, gyosQ iQkyksa vkSj fdlkuh osQ vkStkjksa dh t:jr Fkh] vkSj mlosQ okLrscM+s iSekus ij lLrk yksgk vkSj LVhy pkfg, FkkA

blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd bZlk ls Ng lnh igys rd Hkkjrh;fdlkuksa dks yksgk gkfly ugha FkkA ml nkSj osQ tks C;kSjs gkfly gSa]muosQ eqrkfcd lcls cM+h iQkSt panzxqIr ekS;Z osQ ikl Fkh] ftlesayxHkx 4 yk[k lSfud FksA ysfdu og bruh cM+h iQkSt blfy, j[kldk fd mls gky gh esa fodflr gqbZ xaxk unh dh ?kkVh esa t:jrls T;knk ek=kk esa iSnk gks jgh phtsa gkfly gksrh FkhaA egkHkkjr esaiQkSth VqdfM+;ksa osQ ckjs esa iê ðh] xqYe vkfn 'kCnksa dk bLrseky fd;kx;k gSA ml vFkZ esa mudk bLrseky ekS;Z&dky osQ ckn gh 'kq:gqvkA egkHkkjr osQ ;q¼ esa ;ks¼k vius jFkkas ij lokj gksdj /uq"kvkSj ck.k ls yM+sA blls yxrk gS fd ml oDr rd dksbZ cM+h?kqM+lokj lsuk ugha cu ldh FkhA gdhdr ;g gS fd ?kqM+lokj lsukdk bLrseky izkphu Hkkjrh; ;q¼ksa esa ckn osQ nkSj esa 'kq: gqvk] vkSjmlus yM+kbZ esa jFkksa osQ bLrseky dk pyu [kRe dj fn;kA floaQnjus iatkc esa bls lkfcr dj fn;kA

egkdkO; dh 'kqjQvkr· HkkVksa }kjk fd, tkus okys xq.kxku osQvankt esa gksrh gSA fotsrkvksa osQ njckj esa mudh iz'kalk osQ dbZ xhr

· nLrkost esa Early homeric chants 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA gksej ,FksalosQ bfrgkl&izfl¼ ;q¼ dk o.kZu djus okys ;wukuh dfo FksA ys[kd us mudhjpuk osQ 'kq#vkrh fgLls ls rqyuk dh gSA

5

xk, tkrs gSaA ysfdu egkHkkjr esa ek;wlh Hkjs gkykr ij cM+k >huk&lkfot;h inkZ iM+k gS vkSj fotsrkvksa dh vthcksxjhc fdLe dhcnfdLerh dk ,glkl gksrk gSA /eZ&dFkkvksa (tSls fd oqQjQ /eZtkrd) esa oqQjQvksa dk ftØ u thrs tk ldus okys] ysfdu csgn'kjhiQ vkSj [kkunkuh yksxksa osQ rkSj ij feyrk jgrk gSA nwljh vksjÑ".k ukjk;.k dks egkdkO; osQ igys lacaf/r C;kSjs esa gh dksbZHkwfedk ugha nh xbZ gSA vxj i<+us okyksa dks ;dhu u gks jgk gks rksmUgsa ekStwnk egkHkkjr osQ vkf[kjh lxks± (vè;k;ksa) dks i<+uk pkfg,Avar esa ikaMo ykpkjh&Hkjs cq<+kis dh gkyr esa fn[krs gSa] mUgsa ohjkusesa rUgkbZ&Hkjh ekSr xys yxkuh iM+rh gSA muosQ nq'eu LoxZ esankf[ky gksrs fn[krs gSa] D;ksafd ;g mudk gd curk FkkA nwljh vksjgekjs uk;dksa dks muosQ cM+s HkkbZ ;qf/f"Bj dh dkiQh dksf'k'kksa osQckn gh uoZQ tSlh rdyhiQksa ls NqVdkjk fey ikrk gSA ;g lPpkbZlrgh rkSj ij tk;tk ysus okys balku osQ Hkh le> esa vk tk,xh fdmUgsa feyk LoxZ banz vkSj ;e okyk ogh iqjkuk LoxZ FkkA ogka Ñ".kukjk;.k izeq[k Hkwfedk esa ugha gSa] cfYd ,d dksus esa [kM+s gkM+&ekalosQ egRoghu O;fDr gSaA

fn?kfudk; (fn-fu- 32) vkSj ^,rjs; czã* dh (,-cz- 8%14_

6

8%23) ikSjkf.kd dYiukvksa okys ifo=k vkSj vts; mÙkj&oqQjQ oqQydks ,sfrgkfld dky esa fnYyh&esjB osQ ikl jgus okyk oqQjQ oqQyle>us dh Hkwy ugha djuh pkfg,A cq¼ us vius dbZ mins'k oqQjQ{ks=k esa dkEe{k /Ee dh cLrh esa fn, Fks (efT>e fudk;)A yxrkgS] mu fnuksa oqQjQvksa dh jkt/kuh rqykdksfê ðrk (e-fu- 82) esa Fkh]vkSj xqeuke&ls ekewyh oqQjQ oqQy dk eqf[k;k ogha jgrk FkkA og'kk;n mu ikaMo fotsrkvksa osQ [kkunku dk Fkk] ftUgsa egkHkkjregkdkO; esa lHkh gnsa rksM+dj csgn c<+k&p<+kdj is'k fd;k x;k gSA;g ekewyh&lk jkT; ;k rks /hjs&/hjs [kqn feV x;k vFkok iatkc ijfloaQnj osQ geyk djus ls oqQN lky igys ex/ osQ lezkV egyiÁuan us nwljs dbZ oqQy&jkT;ksa dh rjg mls Hkh viuh ;kstuk osQrgr feVk fn;kA gkykafd mlosQ ckn Hkh bl leqnk; dks ;kn fd;ktkrk jgkA vFkZ'kkL=k dh X;kjgoha iqLrd esa fyPNoh vkSj eYyoqQyhu ra=kksa osQ lkFk oqQjQ leqnk; dk Hkh ftØ gSA fyPNoh vkSjeYy oqQy osQ jkT; dks 475 bZ-iw- osQ yxHkx u"V dj fn;k x;kFkkA ysfdu iqLrd esa oqQjQ leqnk; dk ftØ ,d oxhZ; <kaps okysiw.kZ jkT; osQ :i esa ugha] cfYd ,d tkfr oqQy osQ :i esa fd;kx;k gSA tgka rd ukjk;.k dk iz'u gS] rks mudh Lrqfr djusokys^ukjk;ue ueLÑR;s* okys e'kgwj can (stanza) dks gh oh-,l-lqDradj us 1933 dh viuh Vhdk ls iwjh rjg fudky fn;k Fkk]tcfd mldh otg ls iwjh ekStwnk egkHkkjr oS".ko xzaFk dk :i ysysrh gSA ;g gky gh esa dh xbZ tkylkth gSA

fdl oxZ osQ fy, \

ge tkurs gSa fd xhrk us egkRek xka/h] cky xaxk/j fryd] rsjgohalnh osQ ejkBh lekt lq/kjd Kkus'oj] muls Hkh igys osQ oS".kovk;Z jkekuqt vkSj muls Hkh igys 'kadj ('kadjkpk;Z) ij xgjk vljMkykA fryd vkSj xka/h nksuksa us Hkkjr dks vaxzsth gqowQer ls vktknhfnykus osQ fy, tedj yM+kbZ yM+h] ysfdu viuh dkjZokbZ osQ fy,

7

nksuksa us xhrk ls ,d gh tSlh izsj.kk ugha yhA vjfoan ?kks"k us iwjs euls xhrk dk vè;;u djus osQ fy, [kqn dks Hkkjr dh vktknh dhyM+kbZ ls gh vyx dj fy;kA yksdekU; fryd dks xhrk ijKkus'oj dh Vhdk dh tkudkjh Fkh] ij mudh fy[kh xhrk jgL; ijKkus'oj dh Vhdk dk tjk Hkh vlj ugha gSA Kkus'oj us [kqn Hkh'kadj dh Vhdk osQ gh <ax ls xhrk dh O;k[;k ugha dhA cM+s eqDr<ax ls xhrk dh O;k[;k djrs le; mUgksaus jkekuqt dh Hkh udyugha dhA njvly ijaijk osQ rgr rks mUgsa vuks[ks <ax osQ ukFk&laiznk;dk lnL; ekuk tkrk gSA jkekuqt osQ oS".ko er us f'ko osQ igys osQvuq;kf;;ksa ls rh[ks fookn dh cqfu;kn Mky nhA bu vuq;kf;;ksa dkvlj 'kadj tSlh egku 'kf[l;r dh otg ls c<+k FkkA ysfduloky iSnk gksrk gS fd 'kadj dks xhrk dh vksj jQ[k djus dh t:jrD;ksa eglwl gqbZ\

bu lHkh vlk/kj.k fpardksa dks ,slh dkSu&lh t:jr eglwlgqbZ] tks mlh nkSj osQ vU; yksxksa] ;gka rd fd muosQ vius oxZ osQyksxksa] dks Hkh eglwl ugha gqbZ\

njvly os lHkh ,d vkjkeryc rcosQ ls rkYyqd j[krs FksAdksbZ vkSj csgrj 'kCn u feyus dh otg ls bl rcosQ dks fganw dgk

8

tk ldrk gSA bl rcosQ ls rkYyqd j[kus dh otg ls mu fpardksadh lksp esa vkbZ rjiQnkjh dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS]D;ksafd vke yksxkas osQ chp ls vk, dbZ ,sls egku f'k{kd dfo Fks]ftudh bu yksxksa osQ lkFk rqyuk dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu mUgksausviuk dk;Z xhrk dh enn fy, fcuk gh dkiQh vPNh rjg fd;kAcukjl osQ tqykgs dchj dh lh/h&lknh ysfdu xgjs Hkkokas okyhlh[kksa dks ekuus okys fganw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa FksA rqdkjke dksKkus'oj osQ tfj, xhrk dh tkudkjh Fkh] ij mUgksaus fo".kq dh HkfDrvius vankt esa dhA mUgksaus banzk;uh vkSj ikSuk ufn;ksa osQ laxe osQikl ckS¼ksa dh ;k oqQnjr dh cukbZ iqjkuh xqiQkvksa esa cSBdj bZ'ojvkSj vius nkSj osQ lekt osQ ckjs esa fparu fd;kA u rks laxhr dhy; vkSj lkfgR; dh [kwclwjrh ls lth t;nso dh xhr&xksfoan (;gizse vkSj Ñ".k dh jgL;Hkjh HkfDr ls ljkcksj gS) vkSj u gh caxkyosQ fdlkuksa dks vius cgko esa cgk ys tkus okys pSrU; osQ oS".kolq/kj gh xhrk dh uhao ij fVosQ FksA eq>s vc rd ,slh dksbZtkudkjh ugha feyh gS fd dbZ /kjkvksa osQ esy dk btgkj djus okysfl[kksa osQ izeq[k /eZxzaFk ij xhrk dk dksbZ xgjk vlj gS] gkykafd

9

t;nso vkSj ejkBh lar uke nso dh otg ls blesa xhrk osQ 'yksdksaosQ Hkko okys oqQN Nan 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA Kkus'oj us ml le;osQ czkã.koknh fo'oklksa dks Bqdjkdj vyanh NksM+ fn;k vkSj lu~1290 osQ yxHkx jkepanz ;kno osQ jkT; esa xksnkojh osQ nf{k.kh rVij 'kj.k ysdj viuh e'kgwj Vhdk yksxksa dh tqcku esa fy[khA

gesa 'kadj vkSj jkekuqt osQ mu dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa cgqr detkudkjh gS ftUgksaus bfrgkl ij vlj MkykA vxj gesa fryd dhosQoy xhrk jgL; feyh gksrh] rks muosQ dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa Hkh gekjhtkudkjh mruh gh lhfer gksrhA fiQj Hkh ijaijkvksa ls feyh tkudkjhls bruk t:j ekywe gksrk gS fd bZlk i'pkr 800 osQ vkl&ikl'kadj us oqQN ,sls dk;Z fd, Fks] ftlls dbZ ckS¼ eBksa dk liQk;kgks x;kA vke rkSj ij fganw ekurs gSa fd ,slk osQoy muosQ iSus rdks±vkSj cgl&eqckfglk ('kkL=kkFkZ) djus dh dkfcfy;r dh otg lsgqvkA mudk uke fy[kh xbZ vusd phtksa osQ lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA

10

muesa ckS¼ /eZ osQ mu fl¼karksa dk Hkh ftØ gS] ftudk 'kadj us[kaMu fd;k FkkA ysfdu muls lkiQ tkfgj gksrk gS fd mUgsa cq¼ osQvlyh mins'kksa dh tjk Hkh tkudkjh ugha FkhA eBksa esa ckS¼ /eZ ftl:i esa izpfyr Fkk] og mldh fxjkoV dk btgkj djrk FkkA ogkackS¼ /eZ us ykekokn dk :i ys fy;k vkSj nkSyrean fogkjksa dkfuekZ.k fd;k tkus yxkA os ns'k dh vFkZO;LFkk ij Hkkjh cks> FksA gesatks lcwr feyrs gSa] muls ;g urhtk fudkyuk okftc yxrk gS fd'kadj osQ dk;ks± ls bu fogkjksa osQ liQk, dk flyflyk rst gks x;kvkSj jkekuqt us vke yksxksa dks /uh lkearkas osQ f[kykiQ ,d fdLedk gfFk;kj fn;k] D;ksafd vke yksx mudh f'koHkfDr dks maQps yxkudh tkfyekuk gn dh maQph olwyh ls tksM+dj ns[krs FksA ojuk ;gle> ikuk dkiQh eqf'dy gS fd /uh vkSj oqQyhu fdlkuksa us f'kodks D;ksa viuk;k vkSj xjhc rFkk fupys ntsZ osQ yksx brus cM+s iSekusij fo".kq&HkDr oSQls cu x,A

;g ekuuk dkiQh dfBu gS fd rh[ks 'kSo (smart)& oS".koVDdj osQ nkSj esa bu yksxksa us osQoy /kfeZd er esa varj gksus dhotg ls geys dk fu'kkuk cuuk eatwj fd;k gksxkA 'kadj us mifu"knksaesa Kku osQ maQps vkSj uhps nksuksa Lrj <w<+ fy,A fupys Lrj ls mUgsafganw fo'oklksa osQ iwjs rkus&ckus dks lgh Bgjkus esa enn feyh] Hkysgh mudk oqQN Hkh eryc fudyrk gks] tcfd maQps Lrj ij mUgsafdlh Hkh pht esa lR; ugha feykA muosQ ckjs esa ;g lgh dgk tkrkgS fd muosQ roZQ bl er osQ [kaMu osQ lkFk 'kq: gksrs gSa& ^v* ^c*gS] vFkok ^c* ugha gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ekSr osQ ckn vkRekije&czã esa foyhu gks tkrh gS] blfy, mlosQ vkuan&Hkjs vfLrRoosQ cus jgus dk loky gh ugha mBrkA ysfdu jkekuqt osQ eqrkfcd]¶vxj fdlh :i esa ,slh ije lÙkk dk otwn gS Hkh] ftlls lHkhphtsa mRiUu gqbZ gSa] rks Hkh vkRekvksa vkSj inkFkZ dk viuk lPpkotwn gSA blhfy, thou osQ var dk eryc vkRek dk ije lÙkk(;k ijekRek) esa yhu gksuk ugha] cfYd vkRek dk vkuane; :i esa

11

dk;e jguk gSA ;g fLFkfr HkfDr ;kuh bZ'oj esa fo'okl vkSj mlosQizfr leiZ.k osQ tfj, gkfly dh tkuh pkfg,A¸

;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd brus ckjhd [k;kyksa osQ ckjs esa is'kfd, x, bu eghu&eghu rdks± dh otg ls gh yksxksa esa lhfer}Srokn· (fo".kq&v}Sr) dk tquwu p<+kA blosQ ckotwn lfn;ksa rdmUekn&Hkjk Vdjko pyrk jgkA xkSjryc gS fd xks&ekal [kkus okys]csfgpd vkSj fcuk dksbZ fojks/ >sys czkã.kksa dks muosQ #rcs lscsn[ky djus okys vkSj fdlh fdLe osQ nSoh dksi dk lkeuk fd,fcuk eafnjksa dks Hkz"V djus okys eqlyeku gqDejkuksa dh iwjh oiQknkjhls pkdjh djus ls nksuksa i{kksa us ijgst ugha fd;kA

· ;kuh ijekRek vkSj vkRek nksuksa dk otwn dk;e jgrk gSA

12

eq[; fu"d"kZ osQ rkSj ij fuf'pr:i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd balkur; dj ys rks oxhZ; O;oLFkk dhoS/rk dks fcuk dksbZ pqukSrh fn, ghxhrk ls dksbZ Hkh eryc fudky ldrkgSA czkã.kksa osQ fy, xzaFk osQ :i esaxhrk ,d ,slk tfj;k Fkh] ftlls osftl oxZ osQ jgeksdje ij dk;e Fks]mlosQ ,d fgLls dks jkl u vkusokys vius oqQN lkekftd dk;ks± dks]fcuk fdlh fgalk osQ] czkã.koknhrkSj&rjhdksa ls gh lgh Bgjkus dhiszj.kk vkSj oS/rk gkfly dj ldrs

FksA vc rd ftrus mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa] muls ;g lkiQ tkfgj gksrkgS fd bl dk;Z esa osQoy futh erycijLrh ugha FkhA vc ge ;gns[ksaxs fd bl xzaFk (xhrk) us ;g [kkl eqdke oSQls gkfly fd;kA

vlk/kj.k {ksid

;g Li"V gS fd czkã.kksa us bZ'k&Ñik dk ;g xhr osQoy maQps oxks±osQ fy, xk;k vkSj vU; yksxksa rd bls igqapkus osQ fy, mUgha dksekè;e cuk;kA Ñ".k [kqn vius eaqg ls dgrs gSa (xhrk 9%32)%¶eq>esa 'kj.k ysus okyk] Hkys gh og ukjh] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz tSls ikihleqnk;ksa dk gks & eryc ;g fd lHkh vkSjrsa vkSj esgur rFkkmRiknu djus okys lHkh oxks± osQ yksx tUe ls vifo=k gaS] ysfdubZ'oj esa fo'okl j[kus osQ dkj.k os e`R;q osQ ckn eqfDr ik tk,axs]mlh bZ'oj esa fo'okl osQ dkj.k] ftlus mUgsa bl thou esa bruhykijokgh ls uhps /osQy j[kk gSA bruk gh ugha] ;g varj bZ'oj us[kqn cuk j[kk gS (xhrk 4-13)% ¶pkjksa tkfr;ksa (oxks±) dk Hksn eSauscuk;k gSA¸ ;g ?kks"k.kk egku miyfC/;ka fxukrs le; dh xbZ gSA

13

fcuk fdlh 'kd osQ dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s fl¼kar gj le;ykxw ugha FksA uSfrdrk rHkh otwn esa vkrh gS] tc og dksbZ lkekftdt:jr iwjh djrh gSA Hkkstu dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djus okyklekt (og Hkkstu dh phtksa dks tqVkus okys mu dchyksa osQ lewgls fcyoqQy vyx <ax dk Fkk] tks vkil esa Vdjkrs jgrs FksA) dkiQhgky esa otwn esa vk;k gSA ;fn mlus bfrgkl osQ fdlh nkSj esa viusdk;Z djus dh lgwfy;r osQ fygkt ls chrs bfrgkl dh O;k[;k dh]rks ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd ogh O;k[;k vuardky ls gksrh jghgSA xhrk ml le; fodflr gks jgs gj fl¼kar dks fcuk uke fy,vkSj fcuk mldh phjiQkM+ fd, cM+h [kwch osQ lkFk is'k djrh gSA

vtqZu tc&tc iwNrk gS fd ¶rc vki eq>s bruk f?kukSuk vkSjviuh gh dgh ckrksa ls myVk dk;Z djus osQ fy, D;ksa dg jgs gSa\¸rc&rc og (xhrk) cM+h gh oqQ'kyrk osQ lkFk vxys fl¼kar dhvksj c<+ tkrh gSA bl rjg gesa ,slh vusd fopkj/kjkvksa dk dkiQh

14

vdyeanh ls fd;k x;k fo'ys"k.k vkSj laxe ns[kus dks feyrk gS(vxj bls Hkkoksa dh pksjh u ekuk tk, rks) tks dbZ fygkt ls,d&nwljs ls csesy FkhaA

bl csesyius dks dgha Hkh tkfgj ugha gksus fn;k x;k gSA lHkhfopkj ,d gh fnO; efLr"d osQ vyx&vyx igyw osQ rkSj ij is'kfd, x, gSaA vkSj ;g rks dgk gh tkuk Fkk fd gj iz.kkyh dh lclsvPNh pht bl mPp dksfV osQ Hkxoku ls gh mRiUu gqbZ gSAokn&fookn Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh [kkfl;r jgs gSa] exj ;gka dksbZ[kaMu&eaMu ns[kus dks ugha feyrk] osQoy ehekaldksa (ehekalk] ;kuhrdZ&fordZ ls ;g fuf'pr djuk dh dksbZ oLrq okLro esa gS vFkokugha gSA) dks fiz; oSfnd vuq"Bkuksa dks iwjh rjg [kkfjt fd;k x;kgSA mifu"knksa osQ fopkjksa dks muosQ uke dk gokyk fn, fcuk c[kwchis'k fd;k x;k gS] gkykafd HkfDr&Hkko osQoy LosrkLoyj mifu"knesa gh gSA mlosQ vykok iqutZUe osQ csgn yacs flyflys osQ tfj,iw.kZrk dh fLFkfr gkfly djus dh odkyr djus okys fdlh vkSjfl¼kar esa bldk vkHkkl ugha feyrkA njvly deZ dh HkwfedkckS¼ /eZ dh vo/kj.kk gSA ckS¼ /eZ u gksrk rks xhrk osQ nwljsvè;k; osQ 55&72 uacj rd osQ 'yksd (tks egkRek xka/h osQ vkJeesa jkstkuk izkFkZuk osQ :i esa xk;s tkrs Fks) otwn esa ugha vk ldrs FksAxhrk osQ nwljs vè;k; osQ 72 osa vkSj ikaposa vè;k; osQ 25osa 'yksdesa czã&fuokZ.k dh tks /kj.kk izLrqr dh xbZ gS] njvly og deZ osQizHkko ls eqfDr dh vkn'kZ fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa ckS¼ utfj;k gSA

blh rjg lka[; ehekalk vkSj mlls Hkh igys dh osnkafrdfopkj&ijaijk dks Hkh uke dk ftØ fd, fcuk gh is'k fd;k x;k gS(xhrk 15%15] xhrk osQ 13osa vè;k; osQ pkSFks 'yksd esa czãlw=k osQmYys[k ls bldh iqf"V gksrh gSA) blls yxrk gS fd ;g xzaFk bZlki'pkr lu~ 150&350 osQ chp otwn esa vk;kA oSls ckn okyhrkjh[k osQ vkl&ikl blosQ otwn esa vkus dh vf/d laHkkouk gSAblesa lHkh iqjkus fopkj is'k fd, x, gSa] ysfdu 'kk;n HkfDr dh

15

/kj.kk ubZ gSA xhrk dh Hkk"kk maQps Lrj dh laLÑr gS] tks xqIr oa'kosQ 'kklu dky ls igys bLrseky ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA gkykafdf=kLVqHkksa osQ Nan dgha&dgha csrrhc gaS (xhrk 8-10] 8- 11c] 15-3v] vkfn)A oSls ,slh csrjrhch iwjs egkHkkjr esa ns[kus dks feyrhgSA xhrk dh jpuk osQ FkksM+s le; ckn] ;kuh xqIr dky osQ 'kkunkjnkSj dh laLÑr esa dkO;&jpuk lko/kuh ls dh tkrh FkhA

;g rF; lcdks ekywe gS fd mQij crk, x, nkSj esa egkHkkjrvkSj iqjk.kksa esa cM+s iSekus ij la'kks/u fd, x,A [kklrkSj ij egkHkkjrHk`xq oqQy osQ czkã.kksa osQ gkFk esa Fkk vkSj mUgksaus gh mls mlosQ ekStwnkvkdkj rd c<+k;kA (gkykafd mlosQ c<+k, tkus dk flyflyk cknesa Hkh pyrk jgkA) oqQN czkã.koknh mikluk&i¼fr;ksa dks 'kkfeydjus osQ fy, iqjk.kksa dk fy[kk tkuk vkSj nqckjk fy[kk tkuk Hkh tkjhjgkA eq[; iqjk.k lewg dh vafre izfrfØ;k xqIrdky esa ns[kus dksfeyrh gSA xqIroa'k ml le; rd iSQtkckn vkSj iz;kx osQ chpLFkkuh; 'kkld osQ rkSj ij 'kklu dj jgk FkkA og lanHkZ Hkh xhrkosQ lkFk fcyoqQy lVhd cSBrk gSA

xhrk dh ekStwnxh dk ,glkl djkus okyk lcls igyk ftØ'kk;n àsulkax us fd;k gSA og lkroha lnh esa Hkkjr vk;k FkkA mlus,d ,sls czkã.k dk ftØ fd;k gS] ftlus vius jktk osQ dgus ij,d ,sls gh ewy ikB (tks 'kk;n izkphu dky dk Fkk) dk udyh:i rS;kj fd;k Fkk vkSj ftls mUgha fnuksa ,d ;q¼ NsM+us osQ fy,<wa< fudkyk x;k FkkA gdhdr ;g gS fd v'oY;u x`Þ; lw=k osQ nkSjesa Hkkjr vkSj egkHkkjr ;s nksukas xzaFk ekStwn FksA ekStwnk egkHkkjr dhizLrkouk esa Hkh ;gh tkudkjh bl :i esa nh xbZ gS fd bl cM+slaLdj.k dks izpfyr fd, tkus osQ le; esa Hkh 24]000 'yksdksaokyk iqjkuk laLdj.k Hkh izpfyr FkkA nksuksa laLdj.kksa dks fy[kus dkJs; O;kl dks nsus dh gj dksf'k'k dh xbZA dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksausbu xzaFkksa osQ foLrkj dk egku dk;Z fd;kA mUgsa yxHkx lHkh iqjk.kksadks fy[kus dk Js; Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA 18 dh la[;k bl rkus&ckus

16

dh yxHkx lHkh phtksa ls tqM+rh gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd bl iwjhtfVyrk vkSj mlls tqM+s czkã.kksa osQ fy, bl la[;k dk fo'ks"k egRoFkkA czkã.kksa osQ 18 eq[; xks=k&oqQy Fks] gkykafd eq[; Íf"k osQoylkr FksA 'kk;n ;gh otg gS fd bu 18 xks=kksa esa ls dbZ bl <kapsesa okftc <ax ls 'kkfey gksrs ugha yxrs] tSls osQoy (;k osQoY;)HkkxZo vkSj osQoy vafxjlA iqjk.kksa dh la[;k 18 gS vkSj egkHkkjr esa18 ioZ gaS (gkykafd izLrkouk ls irk pyrk gS fd igys blesa 100lxZ Fks)A Hkkjr ;q¼ 18 fnuksa rd pyk Fkk vkSj blesa nksuksa rjiQ ls18 v{kkSfg.kh lsuk us Hkkx fy;k FkkA xhrk esa Hkh 18 vè;k; gSaA

,slk csotg ugha fd;k x;k gksxkA bl ckr dh mEehn ugha dh

17

tkuh pkfg, fd iqjkus Hkkjr egkdkO; esa ,d cfuLcr NksVh] ysfduekStwnk xhrk tSlh gh xhrk jgh gksxhA gks ldrk gS fd mlesa ;q¼djus dk vkàku fdlh :i esa 'kkfey gksA ekStwnk xhrk osQ nwljsvè;k; osQ 37 osa 'yksd esa ;g vkàku 'kkfey Hkh gS % ¶vxj rqeekjs x, rks LoxZ feysxk vkSj ;fn thrs rks /jrh (dk jkt)A blfy,gs oqaQrh&iq=k] mBks vkSj ;q¼ esa è;ku yxkvksA¸ ;s iafDr;ka iwjh rjgekSosQ osQ eqrkfcd gSaA yM+kbZ ls igys bl rjg osQ vkàku djus dkpyu gj txg vkSj gj oDr esa jgk gS (;gka rd fd csgnnqfu;knkj fdLe osQ vFkZ'kkL=k eas Hkh ,slk djus osQ fy, dgk x;k gS]10%3)_ vkSj blosQ fy, izkFkZuk] ra=k&ea=k] HkkVksa osQ xk;u] equknh rFkkdIrku ;k jktk osQ Hkk"k.k tSls rjhosQ viuk, tkrs jgs gSaA ysfdu ;gpht fcyoqQy eqefdu ugha yxrh fd tc ,d&nwljs dh iQkStksa dksyydkjrs gq, 'ka[k iwaQosQ tk pqosQ gksa vkSj yM+us&ejus ij mrk: nksfo'kky lsuk,a ,d&nwljs ls Vdjkus osQ fy, vkxs c<+ jgh gksa] mlgkykr esa uSfrdrk osQ bl tfVy n'kZu ij rhu ?kaVs rd laokn oSQlsgqvk gksxkA ;q¼ osQ ,d yksdfiz; xhr osQ :i esa viuh jhfr dks ubZ'kDy&lwjr nsus dh dksf'k'k esa yxs fdlh czkã.k dks gh ;g eqefduyx ldrk gSA

nks Vwd yÝtksa esa dgk tk, rks xhrk dh mi;ksfxrk mldh bl[kkl <ax dh [kkeh esa gh fNih gSS vkSj og [kkeh gS csesy phtksa esarkyesy cSBkukA egku nsork (Ñ".k) yxkrkj vfgalk dk xq.kc[kkurs gSa] blosQ ckotwn iwjk laokn ;q¼ osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSAblhfy, xhrk osQ nwljs vè;k; osQ 19osa 'yksd esa dgk x;k gS fdu rks fdlh dks ekjuk eqefdu gS vkSj u gh fdlh osQ gkFkkas ekjktkukA vkRek Bhd oSls gh iqjkuk 'kjhj cnyrh gS] tSls dksbZ u;kdiM+k iguus osQ fy, iqjkuk diM+k mrkj nsrk gSA bls u rks gfFk;kjdkV ldrs gSa vkSj u gh vkjk] ikuh vkSj vka/h bl ij vlj Mkyldrs gaSA xhrk osQ 11osa vè;k; esa Hk;Hkhr vtZqu ns[krk gS fd nksuksavksj osQ ;ks¼k Ñ".k osQ vuxfur eqagksa esa lek jgs gSa vkSj os eqag

18

mudks fuxy ;k pck jgs gSaA os Hk;kud nsork uSfrdrk dk ;gmins'k [kqn nsrs gSa (xhrk 11%33)% ;q¼ osQ eSnku esa ekStwn mu lHkh;ks¼kvksa dks njvly os [kqn ekj jgs gSa] blfy, vtqZu dk mudksekjuk rks egt ,d jLe&vnk;xh gksxh] ftlosQ cnys esa mls/u&nkSyr ls Hkjiwj jkt feysxkA

gkykafd xhrk esa vkerkSj ij ;K esa nh tkus okyh cfy dks rksde egRo fn;k x;k gS ;k fcyoqQy egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS] ijblosQ rhljs vè;k; dk 14oka 'yksd mlosQ egRo dks fiQj LFkkfirdjrk yxrk gSA blesa mls o"kkZ djkus okyk crk;k x;k gS] ftlosQfcuk u rks [kkus&ihus dh phtsa iSnk gks ldrh gSa vkSj u gh thoupy ldrk gSA ;g pkykdh&Hkjh ekSdkijLrh iwjh fdrkc esa utjvkrh gSA blfy, bl ij vpjt ugha gksuk pkfg, fd cgqr&lsxhrk&izseh blh jax esa jaxs utj vkrs gSaA ,d ckj ;g euok ysus ijfd nqfu;k dh gdhdr egt ,d Nykok gS] ckdh phtsa cM+hvklkuh ls le>k nh xbZ gSa vkSj osQoy ijLij&fojks/h fopkjksa osQ?kky&esy dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA lkiQ tkfgj gS fd xhrk ,d ubZjpuk gS vkSj ;g fdlh iqjkus rFkk cfuLcr NksVs /kfeZd mins'k dkfoLr`r :i Hkj ugha gSA

vc eSa ;g lkfcr d:a xk fd xhrk ftl edln ls fy[kh xbZFkh] og dbZ lfn;ksa rd gkfly ugha fd;k tk ldkA

edln gkfly djus esa ukdke;kc

;g t:jh Fkk fd fupys rcosQ osQ yksx xhrk dks lquas] vkSj ml iqjkus;q¼ osQ ;ks¼kvksa dh cgknqjh osQ xhr lquus osQ fy, yksx vk, HkhAblls ;g dkO; czkã.kksa osQ fy, muosQ fdlh Hkh eupkgs fl¼kar dksblesa 'kkfey djus dk lcls lqfo/ktud lk/u cu x;kA ;qxksaiqjkuh mikluk vkSj fopkj i¼fr;ksa dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ;giqjk.kksa dks nqckjk fy[kus ;k u, iqjk.k fy[kus ls Hkh csgrj lk/u FkkAmuosQ fy, ljy laLÑr Hkk"kk dkiQh lqfo/ktud Fkh] D;ksafd izkÑr

19

vusd {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ :i esa VwV jgh FkhA blosQ vykok maQpsrcosQ osQ yksx laLÑr dk vf/d ls vf/d bLrseky djus yxs FksAoqQ"kk.k vkSj lrokgu oa'k osQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku iRFkj dh ikfV;ksa ijfy[ks x, ys[k vke fHk{kqvksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh cksypky dh Hkk"kkesa fy[ks x, gSa] ysfdu lu~ 151 osQ ckn ,d u, <ax dk jktkfn[krk gS] tks viuh dke;kfc;ksa vkSj laLÑr osQ Kku dk c[kkucM+h gh ltkoVh laLÑr esa djrk gSA (,sls jktk ftuesa vf/dka'kjQnzneu dh rjg fons'kh ewy osQ FksA) ckS¼ksa osQ f'k{kd us mUgsa vkeyksxkas dh Hkk"kk bLrseky djus dh f'k{kk nh Fkh] ysfdu mUgksaus mlsutjvankt djuk 'kq: dj fn;k vkSj laLÑr dks viuk fy;kAnjvly] mPp&Lrjh; laLÑr dk lqugjk nkSj v'o?kks"k dh jpukvksadh rjg osQ Hkko&Hkjs ukVdksa vkSj dforkvksa osQ lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSAmu fnuksa laLÑr dks leFkZu nsus okyk oqQyhu rcdk vkSj laLÑr dkstkuus okyk iqtkjh rcdk nksukas ekStwn FksA

egkHkkjr esa dFkk,a vkSj midFkk,a tksM+us ij fdlh us ,rjktugha fd;kA oSls Hkh egkHkkjr osQ ckjs esa dgk x;k gS fd mls uSfe"kou esa mxzlzkol uke osQ ,d HkkV us lk/q&larksa osQ tekoM+s osQ vkxslquk;k vkSj mlus ogh phtsa nqgjkb± ftUgsa lat; /`rjk"Vª dks lqukpqdk FkkA ckn esa mUgsa O;kl us tuest; dks lquk;kA czkã.kksa dks xhrkdh izkekf.kdrk dks ysdj dksbZ ,rjkt ugha Fkk] cfYd os blfy,uk[kq'k Fks fd mUgsa mlls mEehn osQ eqrkfcd iQk;ns ugha fey ik jgsFksA blhfy, mUgsa egkHkkjr osQ 14 osa vè;k; (v'oes/ ioZ) esavuqxhrk osQ :i esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ dM+h tksM+uh iM+hA vtZqu lsdgyok;k x;k fd og ;q¼ ls igys Ñ".k }kjk fn, x, lHkh vPNsmins'kksa dks Hkwy pqdk gSA og muls fiQj mins'k nsus dh fourhdjrk gSA bl ij Ñ".k dgrs gSa fd [kqn muosQ fy, mUgsa ;kn djikuk ukeqefdu gS vkSj ml egku iz;kl dks nqgjkus dh dksf'k'kdjuh Hkh ugha pkfg,A [kSj] mldh txg ,d csgn jíh fdLe dhnwljh xhrk is'k dh xbZ] tks osQoy czkã.kksa vkSj czkã.kokn dh rkjhiQ

20

djrh gSA lkiQ tkfgj gS fd egkHkkjr dk foLrkj djus okyksa dksml oDr bldh t:jr eglwl gqbZ] gkykafd vktdy mls dksbZ ughai<+rk vkSj igyh xhrk ls bldk dksbZ eqdkcyk gh ugha gSA

nwljk rF; ;g gS fd vxj dksbZ {kf=k; ;q¼ lkeus gksus dhgkyr esa viuk è;ku m/j ls gVkdj bldk ,d va'k Hkh le>usosQ fy, viuk vPNk&[kklk oDr yxkrk] rks Hkh ;g mlosQ fy,'kk;n gh ennxkj lkfcr gksrhA xhrk ls lkiQ rkSj ij ;g lh[kfeyrh gS& iQtZ dh ekax gks rks fdlh tTckr esa cgs fcuk vius HkkbZdks Hkh ekjks_ vxj rqEgsa eq>esa (bZ'oj esa) ;dhu gS rks rqEgkjs lHkhiki ekiQ gSaA Hkkjr dk bfrgkl crkrk gS fd xíh osQ fy, HkkbZ&HkkbZrks D;k] cki&csVs Hkh vkil esa csfgpd YkM+s&ejs gSa vkSj blosQ fy,mUgsa fdlh fdLe osQ bZ'ojh; funsZ'k dh t:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA banzus vius gh firk dks iSjksa ls jkSank vkSj ekj Mkyk (ÍXosn 4%18%12)vkSj mlosQ ml dkjukes dh czkã.k okenso us rkjhiQ dhA ex/ osQjktk vtkr'k=kq us xíh ikus osQ fy, vius firk fcafclkj dks oSQn djfy;k] fiQj ml cw<+s dks oSSQn esa gh ekj MkykA mlosQ ckotwn ckS¼ksavkSj tSfu;ksa us vkSj muosQ lkFk gh c`gnz;d mifu"kn (2%1) us ,dvdyean vkSj dkfcy jktk osQ rkSj ij mldh rkjhiQ dhA mlusHkkjr esa igyk fo'kky lkezkT; dk;e fd;k FkkA vFkZ'kkL=k esa(v%1%17%18) bl rjg osQ egRokdka{kh mÙkjkf/dkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa,d iwjk vè;k; gh gSA mlesa crk;k x;k gS fd ;fn mÙkjkf/dkjhdks rkt iguus dh tYnh gks rks og jktk dks oSQls ekSr ns ldrk gSA[kqn Ñ".k dks oqQjQ{ks=k esa nq'eu i{k dh vksj ls yM+ jgh viuh;kno lsuk osQ uk'k osQ fy, mldh vksj osQoy b'kkjk Hkj djuk FkkA/eZ xzaFkksa osQ vuqlkj] varr% ;kno vkil esa gh yM+&fHkM+dj [kRegks x,A mlls igys Ñ".k us vius ekek oaQl dk o/ fd;k FkkA bldgkuh ls rc ,d u;k eryc vkSj vlj tkfgj gksus yxrk gS] tcge bl igyw ij xkSj djrs gaS fd ekr`lÙkk okys nkSj esa u;k ljnkjges'kk Hkkatk gksrk FkkA

21

rhljk rF; ;g gS fd egkHkkjr esa Ñ".k ftl :i esa fn[kkbZnsrs gSa] ml :i esa og fdlh uSfrd fl¼kar dh O;k[;k djus osQfy, csgn xSjokftc 'k[l yxrs gSaA bl egkdkO; osQ lcls cM+s ioZ('kkafr) ij egkHkkjr osQ lcls lEekfur pfj=k Hkh"e firkeg Nk,gq, gSaA mlesa og rhu egRoiw.kZ eqíksaµ jktdyk (jkt&/eZ)] vkifÙkdky ls fuiVus dh dyk (vkin~&/eZ) vkSj eqfDr (eks{k&/eZ)µosQ ckjs esa uSfrd f'k{kk nsrs gSaA izfrfuf/ 'kkld osQ :i esa mUgksausml jkT; dk jkt&dkt laHkkyk] ftl ij ls mUgksaus viuk vf/dkjviuh ethZ ls NksM+ fn;k FkkA ftanxhHkj mudh oiQknkjh ij dksbZlokfy;k fu'kku ugha yxkA mudh cgknqjh dk dksbZ tokc ugha FkkvkSj mUgksaus vrqyuh; ohjksfpr xkSjo dk ifjp; fn;kA fdlh Hkhbalku dks osQoy bl ckr ij viQlksl gks ldrk gS fd ,d ,slkbalku] tks lkgh (,d tkuoj) dh rjg vius gh dkaVksa ij yVdkgqvk ekSr dh ?kfM+;ka fxu jgk gks] mlls brus lkjs 'kCn dgyok,x,A

vc tjk Ñ".k dks nsf[k,A ;q¼ esa tc Hkh ladV dh ?kM+h vkbZ]rks mUgksaus /wrZrk dh bargk&Hkjh lykg nsdj thr fnykbZ vkSj mudhlykg dh otg ls yksxksa osQ lkFk ,slh phtsa gqb±] tks muosQ lkFkdHkh ugha gksrhaA Hkh"e dks ekjus osQ fy, <ky osQ rkSj ij f'k[kaMhdk bLrseky fd;k x;k] ftl ij lgh ek;us esa ohj dgk tk ldusokyk og ;ks¼k (Hkh"e) blfy, gfFk;kj ugha mBk ldrk Fkk fdf'k[kaMh fdUuj FkkA nzks.k dks ml le; ekSr osQ ?kkV mrkjk x;k] tcog vius csVs dh ekSr dh tku&cw>dj nh xbZ >wBh [kcj lqudjlUu gks x, FksA d.kZ dks cgknqjh osQ lHkh mlwyksa dks rkd ij j[kdjml le; ekj fxjk;k x;k] tc og jFk ls uhps mrjk gqvk vkSjfugRFkk FkkA nq;ksZ/u dks ekjus osQ fy, xnk&;q¼ osQ fu;eksa osQfoijhr mldh tka?k rksM+ nh xbZA ;g muosQ vU;k;ksa dh iwjh lwphugha gSA 'kY; ioZ osQ var esa tc mu ij ;q¼ dh e;kZnk rksM+us dkbYtke yxk;k tkrk gS rks os csfgpd dgrs gSaµ mu yksxksa dks fdlh

22

vkSj rjhosQ ls ugha ekjk tk ldrk Fkk vkSj ,slk fd, fcuk ;q¼ ughathrk tk ldrk FkkA vFkZ'kkL=k esa diV osQ tks uis&rqys rjhosQ crk,x, gSa] os Hkxon~xhrk osQ bl nSoh fl¼kardkj osQ dk;ks± esa iwjh rjg>ydrs gSaA blhfy, xhrk osQ vk/qfud O;k[;kdkj jktk th (lh-jktxksikykpk;Z) tc [kqysvke ?kks"k.kk djrs gSa fd vfgalk lÙkkgfFk;kus dk cgqr vPNk rjhdk gS] ij lÙkk gkfly gksus osQ ckn mlsR;kx fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rks os Ñ".k dh lksp dks gh tkfgj djrs gSaAjktk th dgrs gSaµ ¶tc vki dkspoku dh lhV ij cSBs gksa] rks dksM+sdk bLrseky djuk pkfg,A¸

Ñ".k gh D;ksa\

ftl rjg egkHkkjr dk bLrseky ,d tfj, osQ rkSj ij blfy, fd;ktk ldk fd yksx ;q¼ dh dgkuh lquus vkrs Fks] mlh rjg Ñ".k HkhrHkh iQk;nsean lkfcr gks ldrs Fks] tc muosQ HkfDr&laiznk; dhyksdfiz;rk c<+ jgh gksrhA ysfdu fcuk fdlh fNiko osQ yksxksa dks

vius lkaps esa u, fljs ls <kyusosQ fygkt ls og ml le;rd v/dpjh gky esa FkkA ukjk;.klaiznk; esa lkiQrkSj ij dbZmikluk&ijaijkvksa osQ chp rkyesycSBk;k x;k FkkA ukjk;.k ls ljksdkjdk;e djus osQ fy, ewy:i esavyx igpku j[kus okyh dbZmikluk&ijaijkvkas dks ,d ghmikluk&ijaijk osQ :i esa Lohdkjdj fy;k x;kA bl dksf'k'k osQrgr dbZ yksddFkkvksa dks Ñ".kdFkk esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k]Hkys gh muosQ uk;dksa dk Ñ".k

23

ls dksbZ laca/ u jgk gksA oSls ,d fcyoqQy u;k laiznk; cukus dht:jr ugha Fkh] D;ksafd czkã.kksa dk è;ku Ñ".k dh vksj tkus lsigys Hkh vke yksxksa esa mudh iwtk dk dksbZ :i ;k dbZ :i pyuesa FksA bl rjg dk lcls csgrj vkSj rktk mnkgj.k lR;&ukjk;.k];kuh vlyh ukjk;.k dk gSA mudh dFkk iwjs ns'k esa csgn yksdfiz;gS] ysfdu /eZxzaFkksa esa mldk dksbZ ftØ ugha feyrkA 200 lky igysrd mldk mYys[k dgha ugha fd;k x;kA cs'kd] bldh 'kqjQvkrcaxky osQ lR; ihj ls gqbZ gSA mudh dgkuh ogka dkiQh yksdfiz; gSA/hjs&/hjs lR; ihj lR;&ukjk;.k cu x,A

osnksa esa fo".kq dk ftØ gS] ij ukjk;.k dk ughaA ukjk;.k 'kCndk tUe bl dYiuk osQ vk/kj ij gqvk yxrk gS fd os cgrs gq,ty (uj) ij lksrs gSaA dYiuk dh xbZ gS fd os fcyoqQy fLFkjfLFkfr esa lksrs gSaA ;g dYiuk iwjh rjg izkphu bjkd (eslksiksVkfe;k;k lqesfj;k) osQ nsork bZvk ;k b±dh ls feyrh gSA dbZ lqesfj;kbZdFkkvksa vkSj izrhdksa osQ eqrkfcd og nsork ikuh osQ chp fLFkr viusd{k esa lksrk gSA ikuh osQ fy, bLrseky fd;k x;k 'kCn ^uj*(cgqopu) Hkkjrh;&vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dk ugha gSA ukjk;.k nsork vkSj uj'kCn bu nksuksa dk rkYyqd fla/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk ls yxrk gSA bl'kCn dk laLÑr esa dkiQh ckn esafn[kuk osQoy ;g tkfgj djrk gSfd ukjk;.k&dFkk dk pyu djusokyksa dk lkekftd /kjk esa 'kkafriw.kZlfEeyu dkiQh ckn esa fd;k x;kAoSls 'kq: osQ rhu vorkjksa eRl(eNyh)] dPNi (dNqvk) vkSjokjkg (lqvj) dk fj'rk izy; (Hkkjhck<+) vkSj l`f"V (lekt dh jpuk)ls tksM+k x;k gSA ekulwuh o"kkZ lsxgjk laca/ j[kus okys ns'k esa ;g

24

csgn LokHkkfod yxrk gSA bu vorkjksa dk rkYyqd fuf'pr rkSj ijml nkSj osQ vkfne lekt ls yxrk gS] tc VksVe (vkfne lektesa gj dchyk fdlh tkuoj] i{kh ;k izÑfr dh fdlh pht dh iwtkdjrk FkkA mls VksVe dgk tkrk gSA) dh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA eRL;osQ Hkh lqesfj;kbZ tksM+hnkj gSaA xhrk esa Ñ".k bu ukjk;.k dk ,d dk;Zdjrs utj vkrs gSa] vkSj og gS fo'o :i n'kZu] ftlesa og fn[kkrsgSa fd iwjk lalkj bZ'oj esa lek;k gqvk gS_ vkSj og futh rkSj ij gjuLy (iztkfr) dh lcls csgrj pht osQ uqekbans gaSA gkykafd yksxbl ckjs esa xhrk osQ tfj, okfdiQ gSa (xhrk 10%11)] ij bl ckjsesa egkHkkjr esa gh ,d dkiQh iqjkuk C;kSjk feyrk gS] ftlesa Ñ".k dkdksbZ ftØ ugha gS(egkHkkjr 3- 186- 39&112)A mlls ekywe gksrkgS fd loZO;kih ukjk;.k dks dkiQh igys gh bZtkn dj fy;k x;k FkkA

ÍXosn dh ,d e'kgwj ysfdu dkiQh ckn esa jph xbZ Ípk esa

25

ok.kh dh nsoh okxkaHk`.kh dgrh gS fd ogh jQnz dk /uq"k /kj.k djrhgSa vkSj ogh mudk lkse (,d izdkj dh efnjk) ,oa nqfu;k dh lHkhloZJs"B phtksa esa ekStwn rRo gSaA njvly] gj izdkj osQ oqQdeZ djusosQ ckotwn lHkh ikiksa ls cjh ekus tkus okys ewy nsork mifu"knksa osQbanz gSaA og izrnZu fnoksnkl ls dgrs gSa] ¶rqe osQoy eq>s tkuks] esjk;g dguk fcyoqQy lp gS fd balku dh lcls vf/d HkykbZ eq>stkuus ls gh gksxhA eSaus rhu fljksa okys RokL=k dk o/ fd;k]vjQjek?k rifLo;ksa dks HksfM+;ksa osQ vkxs isaQd fn;k vkSj vusdlaf/;ksa dk mYya?ku djosQ vkSj [knsM+&[knsM+ dj izÈkn oqQy osQyksxksa dk LoxZ esa] ikSykse oqQy osQ yksxksa dk mQijh ok;qeaMy esa vkSjdyoaQt oqQy osQ yksxksa dk i`Foh ij uk'k fd;kA rc ls ysdj vcrd eq>esa jÙkh Hkj cnyko ugha vk;k gSA blfy, tks eq>s le>rkgS] mlosQ lkalkfjd thou dks dksbZ uqdlku ugha gks ldrk] pkgs ogviuh lxh eka dks ekjs] vius lxs cki dks ekjs] Mkdk Mkys] Hkzw.k

26

gR;k djs ;k vius jax&:i dks eq>kZ nsus okyk dksbZ vkSj iki djsA¸(dkSl] czã mifu"kn 3-2)A xkSjryc gS fd ftu jktkvksa osQ fy,vFkZ'kkL=k fy[kk x;k Fkk] muosQ fy, Hkh laf/;ksa dk mYya?ku djukvke ckr FkhA gkykafd mlh fdrkc esa ;g Hkh fy[kk x;k gS fdiqjkus tekus esa osQoy tckuh rkSj ij dh xbZ laf/ Hkh ifo=k (;kuhykxw) ekuh tkrh FkhA banz us ;s lHkh f?kukSus dk;Z oSfnd ijaijk osQrgr gh fd,] ij og ijaijk muls dgha Hkh ;g ugha dgyokrh fdos HkfDr osQ vafre y{; gSaA

njvly iki vkSj HkfDr] oSfnd /kj.kk,a gSa gh ughaA dksbZ HkhoSfnd nsork ml rjg dk iw.kZ {keknku ugha ns ldrk] tSlk Ñ".knsrs gaSA xhrk osQ 18osa vè;k; osQ 66osa 'yksd esa og dgrs gSa% ¶lHkh(vU;) fo'oklksa] /kfeZd fof/;ksa vkSj jhfr;ksa dks R;kx dj osQoyesjh 'kj.k esa vkvks_ eSa rqEgsa gj iki ls eqfDr fnykmaQxk] Mjks erA¸Ñ".k dh rjg bUnz ;g oknk blfy, ugha dj losQ fd iqjkus ;qxdk og nsork vufxur oSfnd lwDrksa ls f?kjk vkSj ;K&vfXu osQ/kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa (fof/;ksa) ls ca/k gqvk FkkA og mu ccZj vk;ks± osQyM+kowQ usrk dh felky Fkk] tks vius leFkZdksa osQ lkFk efnjk ihdjmUgsa ;q¼ esa thr fnyk ldrk FkkA mldh ped dks ckS¼ /eZ usdkiQh ean dj fn;kA ckS¼ksa us ;K dks iwjh rjg [kkfjt dj fn;k vkSjuSfrdrk rFkk lkekftd U;k; dh fcyoqQy ubZ /kj.kk is'k dhA banzdk rkYyqd iwjh rjg ls dkals ls cus gfFk;kjksa&vkStkjksa vkSj lkekuksadk bLrseky djus okys nkSj ls FkkA ml oDr dk lekt eq[; :ils pjokgk lekt Fkk] tks Ñf"k mRiknu okys lekt osQ fodkl dhotg ls feV x;kA

lkekftd cnyko dh otg ls gksus okys Vdjko dh >ydÑ".k] ;k ;wa dgsa fd dbZ Ñ".kksa esa ls ,d Ñ".k esa Hkh ns[kus dksfeyrh gSA banz ls mudh nq'euh dh >yd ÍXosn esa ml txgfn[kkbZ nsrh gS] tgka ywVekj djus okys vk;ks± vkSj ;gka vk;ks± osQ vkusls igys ls cls dkys yksxksa osQ ,sfrgkfld ;q¼ dk ftØ gSA oSls

27

dkyk jax dksbZ cgqr cM+h jQdkoV ugha FkkA Ñ".k vafxjl uke osQ,d oSfnd Íf"k dk mYys[k gSA ^;nq* uke dk ,d oSfnd oqQy HkhFkk] ysfdu ,slk ugha yxrk fd mlls fdlh Hkh Ñ".k dk rkYyqdFkkA gkykafd ;q¼canh osQ :i esa mudk mYys[k (^canh ;nq*) feyrkgSA NkanksX; mifu"kn 3-17&17 osQ vuqlkj] nsodh&iq=k Ñ".k dks ?kksjvafxjl Íf"k us oqQN uSfrd mins'k fn, FksA egkuqHkko iaFk osQ yksxlehikf.k dks Ñ".k dk xqjQ ekurs gSa vkSj oqQN yksx muosQ xqjQvksa dhlwph esa Øks/h nqokZlk dks Hkh 'kkfey djrs gSaA oaQl dks ekjus okykdljrh Ñ".k v[kkM+s esa fdlh dks Hkh iNkM+us dk ne j[krk FkkAHkys gh og Ñ".k u gks ftlus eFkqjk osQ ikl dh ;equk unh esaminzo epk jgs vusd fljksa okys dkfy; ukx dk eku&enZu fd;kFkkA floaQnj osQ geys osQ oDr ;wukfu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa Ñ".k&HkfDrtc bl :i esa fn[kh rks mUgksaus LokHkkfod :i esa mudh rqyukvius gsjkDyhl ls dhA

Ñ".k&dFkk (feFkd) dh ,d ?kVuk Hkkjrh;ksa dks vc Hkhmy>u esa Mkyrh gS] ysfdu ;wukuh bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa ls vPNhrjg okfdiQ jgs gSaA vorkjh Ñ".k dks muosQ ikao esa rhj ekjdjftl rjg ekSr osQ ?kkV mrkj fn;k x;k] og ?kVuk Hkkjrh; ijaijk osQfy, fcyoqQy vuks[kh gS_ ysfdu ,fdyhl vkSj dkaL; ;qx osQ vU;uk;dksa dks Hkh ,slh gh ekSr feyh FkhA blosQ vykok vf/drj C;kSjksaesa mu ij rhj pykus okys tjk dks Ñ".k dk vk/k HkkbZ crk;k x;kgSA Li"V gS fd og vius firk }kjk R;kxh gqbZ larku Fkk] ftls viuscM+s tqM+ok HkkbZ dks ekjuk iM+kA Ñ".k [kqn Hkh iNrkos ls Hkjs viusgR;kjs dks fnyklk nsrs gSa vkSj mls ;g dgdj iki eqDr dj nsrs gSafd mudk [kqn dk le; iwjk gks x;k gS] ifo=k jktk* dh fe;kn iwjhgks pqdh gSA ;g vankt yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd banz vkSj 'kk;n Ñ".k}kjk Hkh cqfu;knh rkSj ij fd, x, v{kE; iki njvly ekr`lÙkk dhjhfr;ksa dk mYya?ku FksA vkfne lekt esa ,slk lkspuk Hkh ukeqefduFkkA ij mUgksaus os iki fd, vkSj viuh thr dk Madk ctkrs gq,

28

dk;e jgs] cfYd ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mUgksaus tks iki fd,]muosQ eqdkcys esa ckdh lHkh iki iQhosQ iM+ tkrs gSaA Ñ".k dhijofj'k xksoqQy esa gqbZ FkhA ogka pjokgksa dk leqnk; Fkk] tgka fuf'pr:i ls fir`lÙkk FkhA ysfdu mUgksaus yhyk,a oankou esa dha] tgka nsoheka dh lÙkk FkhA rqylh osQ ikS/s dks nsfo;ksa osQ ,d lewg (oank) osQizrhd osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA Ñ".k dks ml nsoh ls fookg djukiM+kA vc Hkh gj o"kZ mlls mudk fookg djk;k tkrk gS] gkykafdmls Ñ".k dh lkekU; ifRu;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA 'kqjQvkrhnkSj esa nsoh dh uqekbanxh djusokyh iqtkfju dk fdlh ls izrhdkRedfookg djk;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mlosQ iqjQ"k laxh dh gj o"kZ cfy ns nhtkrh FkhA ckn esa Ñ".k dh cfy nsus dh ijaijk lekIr gks xbZ vkSjmUgsa ifr eku fy;k x;kA gsjkDyhl vkSj Fkhfl;l dh rjg Ñ".k Hkhizkphu jhfrfjoktksa dks rksM+us okys yxrs gaSA

gsjkDyhl us Hkh gkbMªk dk flj dkVk Fkk] ftls izkphu dky dhlqesfj;kbZ uDdk'kh esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ij Ñ".k }kjk ukx dk ekuenZu

29

fd, tkus dh ?kVuk ls 'kk;n vf/d xgjk eryc fudyrk gSA ukxml txg dk laj{kd nsork FkkA 'kk;n ogka mldh iwtk djus dhLFkkuh; ijaijk Hkh FkhA ukx dks ekjus dh ctk; osQoy jkSanus(ekuenZu) dh ?kVuk ls laosQr feyrk gS fd fdlh u fdlh :iesa ukx&iwtk dh ijaijk dk;e jgh] ftldh rqyuk efg"kklqj efnZuh(nqxkZ) ls dh tk ldrh gSA bl rjg dh mikluk&ijaijk,a vkt Hkhdk;e gSaA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] mM+hlk esa ef.kukx dh iwtk dhijaijk lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh gSA uhykRer&ukx d'ehj dk vkfnensork FkkA czkã.kksa us ml ij vyx ls ,d iqjk.k gh fy[k MkykAFkkuslj osQ jktk iq";Hkwfr dks Jhdkar ukx ls ;q¼ djuk iM+kA blrjg osQ laj{kd ukxksa dk otwn 10oha lnh esa fy[kh xbZ jpukuolg'kad dfjrks esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj gekjs uk;d(Ñ".k) osQ HkDrksa dh vPNh&[kklh tekr Hkkjr esa bZlk ls rhu lnhigys Hkh ekStwn FkhA

'kaqx oa'k osQ 'kkludky osQ ckn osQ nkSj esa mUgsa Hkkxor~ dgktkus yxk Fkk] tks cqfu;knh rkSj ij cq¼ dh mikf/ FkhA Hkhy osQutnhd ekStwn ,d LraHk ij [kqns ys[k esa ,d ;wukuh nwr gsyhMksjÑ".k&mikluk dks Lohdkj djus dh ?kks"k.kk djrk feyrk gSA Ñ".kdk laca/ vk;ks± osQ vkus ls igys ls cls yksxksa ls Fkk] ;g rF;ikf.kuh osQ ,d lanHkZ ls Hkh Li"V gksrk gS (ikf.kuh 4-3-98] ikf.kuhosQ fVIi.khdkj ikratfy us bldks Hkqyk fn;k gS)A blesa dgk x;k gSfd u rks Ñ".k dks {kf=k; ekuk tkrk Fkk] u gh vtqZu dksA ysfdublesa 'kd ugha fd os dkiQh iqjkus nsork gSa] D;ksafd ogh ,sls nsorkgaS] tks gfFk;kj osQ rkSj ij gkFk ls isaQosQ tkus okys /kjnkj pØ dkbLrseky djrs gSaA osnksa esa bl vL=k (isaQdk tk ldus okyk gfFk;kj)dk ftØ ughaA cq¼ osQ le; esa Hkh bldk bLrseky ugha fd;k tkrkFkkA bfrgkl esa bldh ekStwnxh dk lcwr osQoy fetkZiqj dh ,dxqiQk esa cus fp=k ls feyrk gSA blesa ?kksM+s&tqrs jFkksa ij lokjgeykojksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gS (tks lkiQ rkSj ij iRFkj ;qx osQ mu

30

vkfnoklh fp=kdkjksa osQ nq'eu Fks)] ftuesa ls ,d blh rjg dk pØisaQd jgk gSA ml ?kVuk vkSj ml fp=k dks bZlk ls de ls de 800o"kZ igys dk ekuk tk ldrk gSA ml le; rd gekjs ';ke jax osQnsork (Ñ".k) vkfnoklh ugha jg x, FksA mUgsa nsonwrksa dh tekr esa'kkfey dj fy;k x;k FkkA

nwljh lnh esa o`.kh uke osQ ,d oqQy dh ekStwnxh dk lcwr nsusokyk ,d flDdk iatkc esa gksf'k;kjiqj osQ ikl fLFkr fczfV'kE;qft;e esa j[kk gSA Ñ".k dh tekr osQ yksx tjkla/ osQ Mj lseFkqjk NksM+us ij etcwj gq, Fks vkSj mUgsa igkM+ksa ls f?kjs gq, }kjdk'kgj dks clkus osQ fy, if'pe dh vksj tkuk iM+k FkkA vf/dlaHkkouk ;g gS fd og 'kgj dkfB;kokM+ canjxkg osQ ikl ugha]cfYd viQxkfuLrku esa ekStwn njokt osQ ikl FkkA

ckS¼ /eZ osQ egke;wjh ea=k esa (rhljh lnh osQ yxHkx) fo".kqdks }kjdk dk j{kd ;{k dgk x;k gSA ml ea=k esa }kjdk osQ :i esapkgs ftl 'kgj dk ftØ fd;k x;k gks] ij [kkl pht ;g gS fdmlesa Ñ".k dk ugha] cfYd fo".kq dk ftØ fd;k x;k gS (flYoSuysoh] ,f'k;kfVd tjuy] lu~ 1915- 19&138] laLÑr ikB~; dh13oha iafDr)A tgka rd nD[ku (dukZVd vkSj mlosQ vkl&ikl dk{ks=k) osQ ;knoksa dk loky gS] rks ftu czkã.kksa us muls ';ke o.khZnsork (Ñ".k) dk laca/ tksM+us okyh oa'kkoyh x<+h] mudk edlnosQoy ml oqQy osQ eqf[k;k dks vkl&ikl dh vkcknh ls cM+klkfcr djuk FkkA

xhrk osQ pkSFks vè;k; osQ lkrosa 'yksd esa ,d mi;ksxh elhgkbZigyw Hkh ekStwn gSA izkphu dky osQ dbZ Ñ".kksa vkSj iqutZUe esa yksxksaosQ ekStwnk ;dhu gksus dh otg ls fofHkUu /kjkvksa dk leUo;djosQ vorkjksa dks x<+uk eqefdu gks ldkA mudh otg ls HkDr;g Hkjkslk dj ldrs gSa fd mUgsa lalkj dh rdyhiQksa ls NqVdkjkfnykus osQ fy, ,d u;k vorkj iSnk gksxk] Bhd oSls gh] tSls fdmls vxys tUe esa eqfDr ikus dh mEehn jgrh gSA

31

leUo; dc dkjxj gksrk gS\

fo".kq ukjk;.k osQ vorkjksa dh gh rjg vusd Ñ".kksa us Hkh dbZmikluk&i¼fr;ksa dks ,d gh mikluk&i¼fr esa 'kkfey djuk eqefducuk fn;k vkSj ,slk djus osQ fy, fdlh rjg dh fgalk] rksM+&iQksM+vkSj yM+kbZ&>xMs+ dk lgkjk ugha ysuk iM+kA oSls uV[kV vkSj I;kjsls pjokgs Ñ".k dk dbZ ifRu;ksa osQ xSj&ekewyh enkZuxh okys ifrÑ".k ls dksbZ rkyesy ugha cSBrkA njvly mudh ifRu;ksa osQ :iesa ftu ukeksa dk ftØ feyrk gS] gdhdr esa os LFkkuh; Lrj dhnsfo;ka Fkha vkSj mu lcdk viuk&viuk izHkko FkkA muosQ ^ifr*(;kuh Ñ".k) dh enn ls ekrk dh lÙkk okyh O;oLFkk dks firk dhlÙkk okyh O;oLFkk esa cnyuk vklku gks x;kA blls cqfu;knhmikluk&i¼fr;ksa dks FkksM+s fupys Lrj ij tkjh j[kuk Hkh eqefdu gksx;kA f'ko&ikoZrh osQ ekeys esa ;g dkjhxjh vf/d csgrj <ax lsfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA f'ko osQ ,d :i dks v/Z&ukjh'oj (vk/k f'ko]vk/k ikoZrh)] ;kuh mHk;fyaxh :i esa Hkh fn[kk;k x;kA ,slk djus

32

dk edln osQoy bruk Fkk fd nksuksa mikluk&i¼fr;ksa esa dksbZvyxko eglwl u gksA dHkh Lora=k lÙkk osQ :i esa iwth tkus okyhml nsoh }kjk ekjs x, vlqj] efg"kklqj (eglksck) dh muosQ eafnjosQ ikl dHkh&dHkh (tSls fd iq.ks esa) ikoZrh igkM+ksa dh rygVh esavc Hkh iwtk gksrh gSA dgha&dgha (tSls] ohj esa) ml vlqj dks ,dvU; nsoh tksxw ckbZ dk ifr crk;k tkrk gSA vc ml nsoh dks nqxkZdk gh ,d :i eku fy;k x;k gSA nwljh vksj ikl gh dh ,d vkSjigkM+h ij ,d vU; nsoh rqdbZ dks mls HkSalsuqek vlqj dks ekjrs gq,fn[kk;k x;k gSA xkSjryc gS fd mls Hkh nqxkZ dk ,d :i ekuk tkrkgSA izkphu dky esa ukx&iwtk dk cgqr cM+s iSekus ij pyu FkkA mlsvius nk;js esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, ukx dks f'ko osQ xys esa igukfn;k x;kA mls ,d ,sls Nrjh okys fcNkSus dk :i ns fn;k x;k]ftl ij ty esa rSjrs ukjk;.k fujarj lksrs jgrs gSaA vkSj mls x.ks'kosQ gkFkksa esa Hkh Fkek fn;k x;kA f'ko dks uanh lkaM dh ihB ij lokjfn[kk;k tkrk gS] ij ml :i esa f'ko dks n'kkZ, tkus ls dkiQh igysls gh iRFkj ;qx osQ yksx uanh dh iwtk djrs jgs gSaA ewfrZ&foKku dhisphnfx;ksa vkSj nso&ifjokjksa dk vè;;u djosQ bl lwph dks vkSjc<+k;k tk ldrk gSA x.ks'k osQ tkuojksa osQ lj vkSj balku osQ ftLedks ns[krs gq, mudh rqyuk ;wjksi dh xqiQkvksa esa fge;qx osQ ekuo}kjk cuk, x, tknw&Vksus okys iS'kkfpd fp=kksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA

;g [kwch ^Hkkjrh; pfj=k* esa 'kkfey gS vkSj xhrk osQ n'kZu esaHkh ;gh utfj;k fn[krk gSA oSfnd ;Kksa osQ vykok igys ls pys vkjgs fdlh vU; fl¼kar osQ f[kykiQ fgalk dk lgkjk ugha fy;k x;kA,d csgn ltx fnekx us lHkh fl¼karksa ls t:jh phtsa yhaA mlesarkyesy cSBkus okys utfj, ls mu lHkh dk xgjkbZ ls vè;;u djusdh dkfcfy;r FkhA mlus fcuk dksbZ Vdjko iSnk fd, lHkh fl¼karkasdh vko';d phtksa osQ chp leUo;dkjh oqQ'kyrk vkSj lkfgfR;ddkS'ky ls rkyesy cSBk;k vkSj mUgsa HkfDr osQ lhesaV ls ,d&nwljsls tksM+ fn;kA ysfdu Hkkjrh; pfj=k us bl lgu'khyrk dk ifjp;

33

ges'kk ugha fn;kA ,sls Hkh nkSj vk, gSa] tc yksx fl¼karksa] /kfeZdfof/;ksa vkSj mikluk&i¼fr;ksa dks ysdj ,d&nwljs ls yM+s&fHkM+s gSaAdUukSt osQ lezkV g"kZo/Zu f'kYkkfnR; (lu~ 600&640 osQ yxHkx)dks xkSjh] ekgs'oj f'ko vkSj lw;Z dh mikluk ,d lkFk djus esa dksbZfnDdr eglwl ugha gksrh FkhA og ckS¼ /eZ dks Hkh iwjk laj{k.k nsrkFkkA ysfdu mlosQ nq'eu ujsanz xqIr 'k'kkad us ex/ ij caxky ls/kok cksy fn;kA mlus x;k osQ cksf/&o`{k dks dkV Mkyk vkSj tgkadgha Hkh eqefdu gqvk] ckS¼ laLFkkvksa dks usLrukcwn dj fn;kA

;g iQoZQ D;ksa fn[krk gS\ iqjkus xzaFkksa ls lkfcr gksrk gS fd uosQoy g"kZ] cfYd dbZ nwljs yksxksa us Hkh bu nksuksa /eks± dks ,d lkFkviuk;kA fiQj bu nksuksa osQ chp rkyesy D;ksa ugha cSB ldk\

esjk ekuuk gS fd bldh otg vkfFkZd dfBukb;ka FkhaA ewfrZ;ksaesa dkiQh vf/d ek=kk esa mi;ksxh /krqvksa dk bLrseky gksus yxk FkkAxqIr&dky osQ ckn ckS¼&eB vkSj eafnj LFkkuh; Lrj ij [kkyhiuiSnk dj dkiQh nwj&nwj rd iSQy x,_ ysfdu mUgksaus mRiknu dksc<+kok nsus osQ fy, u rks dksbZ fodYi is'k fd;k vkSj u gh fdlhvU; <ax ls {kfriwfrZ dhA urhts osQ rkSj ij Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk tkslcls cM+k ewfrZ&rksM+d iSnk gqvk og g"kZ uke dk ,d vU; jktkFkk (lu~ 1089&1101)A mlus d'ehj dh lHkh ewfrZ;ksa dks rksM+MkykA osQoy pkj ewfrZ;ksa dks lkcqr NksM+kA bl eqfge osQ fy, mlusnsoiru uk;d uke osQ ,d ea=kh dks [kklrkSj ij rSukr fd;kA bleqfge dh dksbZ /kfeZd otg Hkh ugha crkbZ xbZ] gkykafd ,slh dksbZotg vklkuh ls crkbZ tk ldrh FkhA bu lcosQ ckotwn ogd'ehjh jktk lH;rk osQ flagklu ij cSBk jgk vkSj laLÑr lkfgR;vkSj dyk osQ laj{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgkA 'kk;n mlus xhrk Hkhi<+h FkhA ij mls LFkkuh; Mkejk ljnkjksa ls yM+us osQ fy, /u dhl[r t:jr FkhA mldh og eqfge dke;kc jgh] ftlosQ urhts osQrkSj ij lkearokn igys osQ fdlh Hkh nkSj osQ eqdkcys vkSj etcwrgqvkA

34

fu"d"kZ osQ rkSj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd lekt osQ mQijh <kapsesa jiwQxjh rHkh dh tk ldrh gS] tc cqfu;knh <kaps osQ erHksndkiQh cM+s u gksaA blfy, xqIr&oa'k osQ 'kkludky osQ 'kqjQvkrh nkSjesa xhrk okdbZ bLrseky esa ykbZ tk ldus okyh pht FkhA ml le;iSQyrh gqbZ xzkeh.k cfLr;ka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh oasQnzh; ljdkj dks nkSyrgkfly djus dk u;k tfj;k eqgS;k djk jgh FkhaA O;kikj Hkh rjDdhdh jkg ij FkkA mu gkykr esa vusd iaFk dk;e jg ldrs Fks] D;ksafdmUgsa Hkjiwj vkfFkZd lk/u gkfly gks ldrs FksA g"kZ f'kykfnR; dkle; vkrs&vkrs gkykr iwjh rjg cny pqosQ FksA gkykafd eBksa dksmnkjrk osQ lkFk dbZ nku ml le; Hkh fn, x,A xkao dekscs'kvkRefuHkZj Fks vkSj mudh t:jrsa vius gh lk/uksa ls iwjh gksrh FkhaA

dkiQh gn rd osQanz ls lapkfyr gksus okys vkSj O;kikfjd eanhdh gkyr >sy jgs jkT; osQ fy, dj (VSDl) mxkgh vkenuh dkiQk;nsean tfj;k ugha jg xbZA otg ;g Fkh fd izfr O;fDr osQfygkt ls mRiknu vkSj udn O;kikj de gks x;kA bldk lcwr mlnkSj osQ ?kfV;k ntsZ osQ flDdksa ls feyrk gSA lkearksa vkSj eBksa osQ ikllksuk] pkanh vkSj tokgjkr tek gks jgs Fks] blosQ ckotwn oqQ"kk.k vkSjlkrokgu 'kklu osQ foykflrk dh oLrqvksa osQ egRoiw.kZ oasQnzhÑrO;kikj eas fxjkoV vk xbZ FkhA fdlh tekus dk 'kkunkj iVuk 'kgjmRiknu osQ fygkt ls egRo [kksdj [kaMgjksa ls Hkjs xkaoksa dh 'kDyesa fc[kj pqdk FkkA mu xkaoksa osQ [kaMgjksa ls mlosQ vrhr dh >ydfeyrh Fkh vkSj yksx mUgsa foQUgha xSj&ekewyh balkuksa dk dfj'ekekurs FksA lcosQ fy, i;kZIr lk/u miyC/ ugha jg x, FksA urhtsosQ rkSj ij ,d leqnk; nwljs leqnk; dks ihNs Bsyus esa yxk FkkA ,slkgh ,d mnkgj.k] gfj&gj dh mikluk&i¼fr gS] ftlesa vk/k :if'ko dk vkSj vk/k :i fo".kq dk gSA FkksM+s le; rd mudh miklukdkiQh pyu eas jgh] ij uoha lnh osQ ckn viuh yksdfiz;rk [kkscSBhA gfj vkSj gj osQ vuq;kf;;ksa dks vius fgr ,d&nwljs ls dkiQhvyx yxsA urhts osQ rkSj ij 'kSo&oS".ko la?k"kZ 'kq: gks x;kA

35

eqxy 'kkludky dh le`f¼ osQ nkSj esa vdcj nhu&,&bykghtSls leUo;dkjh iFk osQ lius ns[k ldrk FkkA ysfdu vkSjaxtsc dksviuh yxku dh fxjrh gqbZ vkenuh c<+kus osQ fy, /kfeZd mRihM+u]dj vkSj nwljs etgc osQ yksxksa ij tft;k yxkus tSls rjhdksa dklgkjk ysuk iM+kA

la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd xhrk dks fy[kuk osQoy ,sls nkSjesa gh laHko Fkk] tc lgh ek;us esa mldh t:jr gh ugha FkhA 'kadjdks viuk edln gkfly djus osQ fy, tcnZLr oknfookn esamy>uk iM+k vkSj 'kkL=kkFkZ djus iM+sA vxj lHkh utfj;ksa osQ ckjs esalgu'khy joS;k viukdj mudks ,d gh utfj, osQ nk;js esa 'kkfeydjus esa dke;kch gkfly gksrh gS] rks bldk eryc ;g gS fdmRiknu osQ lk/uksa osQ Lrj ij vf/d xgjk ladV ekStwn ugha gSAtc mRiknu bruh ek=kk esa ugha gksrk fd fopkjksa dh vf/d [kqyhmM+ku Hkjh tk losQ vkSj rkyesy dk rjhdk mRiknu c<+kus esaennxkj lkfcr ugha gksrk] rc rkyesy cSBkuk vkSj lgu'khy joS;kviukuk ukeqefdu gks tkrk gSA nsorkvksa vkSj nsfo;ksa dh 'kknh djusdk rjhdk 'kqjQvkrh nkSj esa blfy, dke;kc gks ldk fd ekrk dhlÙkk vkSj firk dh lÙkk osQ rgr futh tk;nkn osQ vyx&vyx:iksa osQ erHksn bl rjhosQ ls gy gks tkus osQ ckn cus la;qDr lektosQ mRiknu esa dkiQh c<+ksrjh gks xbZ FkhA

f'ko vkSj fo".kq osQ ifjokjksa esa vkfne nsorkvksa dks 'kkfey djfy, tkus ls [kkus&ihus osQ lkeku tqVkdj ftanxh clj djus okysvkfnokfl;ksa dks ,d dkiQh cM+s [kk| mRiknd lekt esa 'kkfeydjuk eqefdu gks x;kA nwljk rjhdk ;gh gks ldrk Fkk fd mUgsaxqyke cuk;k tkrk ;k ekj Mkyk tkrkA bu nksuksa mik;ksa dks viukusls fgalk gksrh vkSj ml le; osQ mRiknu dk;ks± esa Hkkjh jQdkoVvkrhA oSfnd vk;ks± us vkfnokfl;ksa osQ f[kykiQ igys rkdr dkbLrseky fd;k] ij vkf[kjdkj mUgsa muosQ lkFk esy&feyki djukiM+kA xhrk ls 'kkld oxZ osQ oqQN rcdksa osQ erHksnksa dks gy djus

36

esa enn feyh gksxhA ;g Hkh eqefdu gS fd blosQ vanj ekStwnfopkjksa osQ Vdjko us oqQN vlk/kj.k lekt lq/kjdksa dks izsfjr fd;kgksxk fd os mPp oxZ osQ yksxksa ls ,d ubZ lPpkbZ dcwy djk,a vkSjmUgsa vius nk;js esa u, lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, jkth djasAysfdu og gdhdr ls ijs Fkh vkSj mlesa roZQ dh dlkSVh ij [kjhmrjus okyh fLFkjrk Hkh ugha FkhA blh otg ls og 'kk;n u rksmRiknu osQ rkSj&rjhdksa esa dksbZ cqfu;knh cnyko yk ldh vkSj u ghHkkjrh; lekt dh ewy leL;kvksa osQ gy dk dksbZ jkLrk crk ldhA

HkfDr dh lkekftd Hkwfedk

ysfdu xhrk us ,d ,slh ubZ pht is'k dh] tks ckn osQ nkSj dht:jrksa dks dkiQh vPNh rjg iwjh djrh Fkh] vkSj og pht FkhHkfDr ;kuh futh leiZ.kA ml xzaFk dh ftl fdlh us Hkh jpuk dhgksxh] mlosQ fy, osQoy ,d nSoh lzksr ls lHkh utfj, iSnk gksus dhokftc otg HkfDr FkhA vuqxhrk dh ekax osQ :i esa ge bl ,glkldk btgkj ns[k pqosQ gSa] gkykafd og csgn ?kfV;k ntsZ dh Fkh vkSjedln dks iwjk ugha djrh FkhA ysfdu ckn osQ nkSj esa egku osaQnzhÑrlkezkT; lekIr gks x,A blh dM+h dk vafre lezkV g"kZ FkkA osaQnzhÑrlkezkT;ksa osQ VwVus osQ ckn tks u, jkT; otwn esa vk,] os mQij lsuhps rd lkearh O;oLFkk osQ <kaps esa <ys FksA iwjh rjg fodflrlkearokn futh oiQknkjh osQ /kxs esa xaqFkk gqvk FkkA ;gh og /kxk Fkk]tks dj olwyus okys lsod dks eqf[k;k ls] fdjk,nkj dks Lokeh lsvkSj lkear dks jktk ;k lezkV ls tksM+rk FkkA ;g oiQknkjh osQoy[k;kyh ugha Fkh] cfYd mRiknu osQ lk/uksa vkSj laca/ksa] tehu osQekfydkus] lSfud lsok] dj mxkgh vkSj /fudksa }kjk LFkkuh; mRiknudks eky esa cnyus osQ flyflys tSlh Bksl cqfu;kn ij fVdh gqbZFkhA ;g O;oLFkk NBh 'krkCnh ls igys laHko ugha FkhA bllslacaf/r eq[; 'kCn ^lkear* dk eryc lu~ 532 rd ^iM+kslh'kkld* FkkA lu~ 592 vkrs&vkrs bldk bLrseky lkearh ljnkjksa osQ

37

fy, gksus yxkA u, ^lkearh ljnkj* jktk osQ izfr futh rkSj ijftEesnkj Fks vkSj dj mxkgh O;oLFkk osQ vax FksA xkSjryc gS fdeuqLe`fr osQ jktk dk dksbZ lkear ugha gksrk FkkA mls gj pht [kqn ;kLora=k gSfl;r u j[kus okys dkfjanksa ls djkuh iM+rh FkhA

lkearokn osQ uhps ls vkSj fodflr gksus dk eryc ;g Fkk fdxkaoksa osQ Lrj ij ,d oxZ osQ yksxksa dk tehu ij [kkl rjg dk gdgksrk Fkk (;g gd [ksrh djus] tehu ij dCts ;k fojklr ls tqM+kgksrk Fkk)A os lSfud lsok nsus vkSj dj mxkgh dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksAbl rjg osQ lekt vkSj mldh jkT;&lÙkk dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+sj[kusokyk lcls vPNk /eZ ogh gks ldrk Fkk] tks HkfDr dks egRonsA gkykafd bl HkfDr&Hkjs leiZ.k osQ y{; esa lkiQ rkSj ij [kkfe;kautj vkrh FkhaA

eè;;qx esa ;q¼ esa ekjs x, mu ;ks¼kvkas dks vufxur vui<+iRFkjksa osQ tfj, ;kn fd;k x;k gS] tks vke rkSj ij eos'kh pqjkusokyksa osQ geys esa ekjs x, FksA bu ;ks¼kvksa dh gSfl;r vke xkaookyksa ls mQij gksrh FkhA iqjkus tekus esa fugRFks xkao okyksa dhfgiQktr osQ fy, bykosQ dh xqYe fdyscanh dh tkrh FkhA gfFk;kj/kj.k djus (blosQ lkFk gh t:jr iM+us ij lSfud lsok nsus dhftEesnkjh Hkh tqM+h gqbZ Fkh) dk vf/dkj vc xkaoksa esa jgus okys ,doxZ dks ns fn;k x;k FkkA iRFkj dh ifê ð;ksa ij [kqns dbZ ys[kksa esa xaxkfdukjs osQ mu lkearh ljnkjksa dk xq.kxku fd;k x;k gS] ftUgksaus viusjktk osQ iQk;ns osQ fy, fdlh ewfrZ osQ vkxs vius flj dh cfy nsnhA vusd f'kykys[kksa esa LFkkuh; ;ks¼k iDdk bjknk tkfgj djrsfn[krs gSa fd vius eqf[k;k dh ekSr osQ ckn os Hkh ftank ugha jgsaxsA13oha lnh esa ikaM~;k oa'k osQ 'kkludky dh ?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esaekdksZ iksyks us fy[kk gS fd mu fnuksa lkear [kqn dks jktk dh fprkesa >ksad nsrs Fks] rkfd mlosQ 'ko osQ lkFk [kqn Hkh HkLe gks tk,aA ;sphtas HkfDr osQ fetkt ls [kwc esy [kkrh FkhaA bl rjg dh oiQknkjhccZjrk ls Hkjh gqbZ FkhA ij fdlh izkphudky osQ dchys dk ljnkj

38

vius leFkZdksa ls ,slh oiQknkjh gkfly gksus dh mEehn ugha djldrk FkkA

gkykafd HkfDr lkearoknh n'kZu dh cqfu;knh t:jr Fkh] ijlcdks bldk ,d tSlk iQk;nk ugha feykA 12oha lnh vkrs&vkrslkearoknh O;oLFkk dkiQh gn rd fdlkuksa ls fy, tkus okys dj ijfuHkZj gks xbZA ;s fdlku 'kkuks&'kkSdr ls Hkjs egyksa dh gh ugha] mueafnjksa dh Hkh vkfFkZd t:jrsa iwjh djrs Fks] tks u osQoy egyksaftrus gh vehj Fks] cfYd muls Hkh vf/d lts&laojs FksA czkã.koknfuf'pr :i ls lkekftd O;oLFkk dh pksVh ij [kM+k FkkA ;ggdhdr ml le; dh nks egRoiw.kZ ladfyr jpukvksa ls tkfgj gksrhgSA muesa ls ,d laxzg ÑR; dYirjQ osQ ladyu&drkZ HkDry{eh/j Fks (tks lu~ 1150 osQ yxHkx dUukSt ij 'kklu djus okysxksfoan panz xgMoky osQ ea=kh Fks)A ,d lnh osQ ckn gsekfnz us HkhprqoZxZ fparkef.k uke osQ yxHkx oSls gh ,d vU; xzaFk dk ladyufd;kA og nsofxfj (nkSyrkckn) osQ vafre ;kno 'kkldksa osQfoÙkea=kh FksA mUgsa csfelky x.kdkxzgh (oaQI;wVj) dh mikf/ nh xbZFkhA tYnh fglkc yxkus esa ennxkj dbZ igkM+ksa dks muosQ uke lstksM+k tkrk gSA mudk uke ejkBh ijaijk esa vukt osQ rkSj ij cktjhosQ vke bLrseky] ?klhVekj 'kSyh dh eksnh o.kZekyk vkSj vkl&ikllVs cxSj xkjk yxs lfn;ksa iqjkus vusd ;kno eafnjksa ls Hkh tksM+k tkrkgS] gkykafd blesa dksbZ lPpkbZ ugha gSA njvly bu eafnjksa dksblfy, cukuk iM+k fd csrjrhc <ax ls cus dherh lktkslkeku okysNksVs&NksVs iqjkus eafnjksa dks O;ofLFkr :i fn;k tk losQA ;gflyflyk 12oha lnh rd pyrk jgkA bu lHkh phtksa osQ ckotwnmudk og egRoiw.kZ xzaFk u rks nwljk vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj u gh ,d vU;vkbus&vdcjh cu ldkA mls Hkkjr dk dkiZl twfjl flofyl(ukxfjd U;k; lafgrk) Hkh ugha dgk tk ldrkA og iwjh rjg lsczkã.koknh vuq"Bkuksa ls lacaf/r gS] ftlesa deZdkaM (/kfeZdfof/;ksa) dks iqjk.kksa ,oa vU; ekU;rk&izkIr /kfeZd iqLrdksa osQ

39

vk/kj ij lafgrk&c¼ (dksMhdj.k) fd;k x;k gSA lkr izdkf'krxzaFkksa esa ewy xzaFkksa dk yxHkx 60 iQhlnh fgLlk gSA ;fn dksbZ blesanh gqbZ nsoiwtk] panzxzg.k] vfrpkj (fu;eksa osQ mYya?ku ls yxusokys iki) ls eqfDr] iwtk&ikB] R;kSgkj ;k vU; ekSdksa ls lacaf/rfof/;ksa osQ nlosa fgLls dks Hkh vey esa ykus yxs] rks mlosQ iklvkSj oqQN djus osQ fy, oDr ugha cpsxkA ;g iwjh rjg va/fo'oklhvkjkeryc rcosQ dk xzaFk gSA bl fygkt ls bl le; rd ekywefdlh vkSj xzaFk ls bldh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA y{eh/j osQladyu dk ,d Hkkx U;k; osQ rjhdksa ls lacaf/r gSA mlls ekywegksrk gS fd ml le; [kklks&vke ij ykxw gksus okyk ,d dkuwu(dkeu ykW) vey esa yk;k tkrk Fkk vkSj gj tkfr] dchys vkSjbykosQ osQ ckjs esa muosQ jhfr&fjoktksa osQ eqrkfcd iSQlys fd, tkrsFksA ysfdu ladyu esa ^Le`fr* osQ gh fl¼karksa dks nqgjk;k x;k gSAmlesa u rks vey esa yk, tkus okys fdlh u, rkSj&rjhosQ dk ftØgS vkSj u gh fdlh Hkh ekeys ij Vhdk&fVIi.kh dh xbZ gSA

egkjk"Vª esa bl fopkj&ijaijk dk fojks/ nks leqnk;ksa us fd;kA;s nksuksa leqnk; Ñ".k&HkDr FksA [kkl ckr ;g gS fd mUgksaus viusleFkZu osQ fy, izkphu vkn'kks± dk lgkjk fy;kA ^egkuqHkko* ;k^euHkko* laiznk; dh LFkkiuk pØ/j us 12oha lnh esa dh FkhA mlusdck;yh rFkk lkeqnkf;d lekt osQ vkn'kks± dks viuk;kA os dkykdiM+k igurs Fks] tkfr&izFkk dks ugha ekurs Fks vkSj xks=k&lekt dhrjg NksVs&NksVs lewg cukdj jgrs FksA laiznk; osQ lnL; ,d&nwljsosQ lkFk lk>snkjh djrs Fks rFkk mUgksaus fookg osQ fy, Hkh dkiQhljy jhfr;ka (xM&cM&xqaMk) cuk j[kh FkhaA oSls ckn esa mlosQ oqQNusrkvksa us futh tk;nknsa dk;e dj yh FkhaA bldh otg fganqvksa lslEeku ikus dh mudh ykylk FkhA nwljs vkanksyu dks vkdkj vkSjrkdr lar Kkus'oj us nhA ia<kjiqj tkus okys ekSleh ojdkjhrhFkZ;kf=k;ksa ij mldk dkiQh vlj FkkA os ,d ,sls fjokt dks ekursFks] tks 'kk;n ml tekus ls pyk vk jgk Fkk] tc yksx ,d gh iRFkj

40

ls cus vkStkjksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk bLrseky djrs FksA viuk /eZ R;kxnsus okys fHk{kq dk iq=k gksus osQ dkj.k czkã.kksa us Kkus'oj ij ikcanhyxk j[kh FkhA muosQ cw<s+ eka&cki dks bruh rdyhisaQ >syuh iM+ha fdmUgksaus xaxk esa Mwcdj tku ns nhA [kqn Kkus'oj dh NksVh&lh ftanxhrdyhiQksa ls Hkjh jghA vkf[kjdkj mUgksaus vyanh esa vkuq"Bkfudfof/ ls izk.kR;kx fn, (vkRegR;k!)A

muosQ crk, jkLrs ij pyus okys ejkBh larksa us Kkus'oj dh ghrjg yksxksa dh Hkk"kk esa fy[kkA mUgksaus lHkh tkfr;ksa ls lacaf/r vkeyksxksa dh rdyhisaQ [kqn eglwl dhaA ukenso nthZ Fks] fiQj Hkh mUgksausbl u, fl¼kar dks csgn dke;kch osQ lkFk mÙkj Hkkjr esa dkiQh nwjrd igqapk;kA dgk tkrk gS fd mudh jpukvksa osQ oqQN va'k fl[kksaosQ izeq[k /eZxzaFk xqjQxzaFk lkgc esa lh/s&lh/s 'kkfey dj fy, x,gSa] ;k ;wa dgsa fd mUgksaus bruh nwj osQ bykosQ esa Hkh bl dnj meaxvkSj izsj.kk Hkj nh fd mlus iatkc osQ yksxksa osQ chp ,d egku/kfeZd vkanksyu dk :i ys fy;kA vNwr pks[kk esyk eaxyos/s dLcsdh nhoky fxjus ls mlosQ uhps ncdj ej x,A cw<+k gksus osQ ckotwnmUgsa ogka csxkj djus osQ fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA ,dukFk iSBu czkã.k FksA

41

Kkus'ojh dk ekStwnk ikB mUgha dh nsu gSA mlosQ vykok Hkh mUgksausejkBh dh dbZ csgrjhu dfork,a fy[khaA ij czkã.k gksus osQ ckotwnmUgksaus NqvkNwr osQ ckjs esa yxkbZ xbZ HkksaM+h ikcafn;ksa dks lHkh gnsayka?kdj rksM+kA mu lHkh larksa esa lcls egku Fks rqdkjkeA 16oha lnhdk og lar oqQukch fdlku vkSj vnuk&lk vukt O;kikjh FkkA mUgksausHk;kud vdky dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj vius oDr osQ yksd dfo;ksadh tyu rFkk czkã.kksa dh fgdkjr&uiQjr dk fu'kkuk curs jgsAvkf[kjdkj mUgsa unh esa Mwcdj tku nsuh iM+hA

;s yksx ,d ,sls yksd vkanksyu osQ uqekbans Fks] tks osQoy muosQlwcs vkSj mudh tqcku rd lhfer ugha FkkA vke rkSj ij nq[k&nnZesa Mwch mudh ftanxh crkrh gS fd os yksx ml oDr osQ vljnkjyksxksa dh f[kykiQr dj jgs FksA mUgksaus mu czkã.kksa dh rjg lÙkk esacSBs yksxksa dks [kq'k djus osQ fy, yVosQ&>VosQ ugha fn[kk,] ftUgsaiQk;nk fn[kus ij bu larksa dh mikluk&i¼fr dks c<+kok nsus lsijgst ugha Fkk] ij os nykyh ges'kk vehjksa dh gh djrs jgsA

ejkBksa vkSj ckn osQ fl[kksa dh iQkSth rkdr vly esa mudhcfuLcr lh/h&lh/h lkekftd ftanxh Fkh] ftlesa vkSjksa osQ eqdkcystkfr&ikafr rFkk xSjcjkcjh tSlh cqjkb;ka de FkhaA panzjko eksjs] HkksalysvkSj tk/o tSls 'kqjQvkrh nkSj osQ ejkBk lsukifr tkus&ekus [kkunkuksaosQ FksA tk/o rks nsofxfj osQ ;kno lezkVksa vkSj muosQ tfj, Ñ".k lsHkh viuk rkYyqd gksus dk nkok dj ldrs Fks] ij ckn osQ nkSj osQf'kans vksj xk;dokM+ tSls lsukifr mrus cM+s [kkunkuksa ls ugha vk,FksA ek/ojko gksYdj /ux<+ uke dh xM+sfj;k tkfr osQ FksA vkerkSjij ml tkfr osQ fdlh vkneh dks lsukifr vFkok csgn maQps Lrjdk jkT;&vf/dkjh cuus dk ekSdk ugha fn;k tkrk] D;ksafd mlls,d dne vkxs gh jktk dh xíh gksrh FkhA yxrk gS fd ejkBk lsukosQ Hkxok >aMs dh gh rjg uhps osQ rcosQ osQ yksxksa dks maQps infeyus dh Hkh otg oqQN gn rd ojdkjh ijaijk,a gh FkhaA

;g lp gS fd is'kok osQ tekus esa czkã.kokn iwjh rjg Nk;k

42

gqvk Fkk vkSj ml nkSj esa cM+os czkã.k iqtkfj;ksa dk cksyckyk FkkAmlosQ ckotwn ojdkjh rhFkZ;k=kh viuh ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku tkfr&ikafrvkSj HksnHkko dks egRo ugha nsrs FksA ij bu lq/kjksa vkSj muosQ fy,fd, x, la?k"kks± dk fu'kkuk lkearokn dHkh ugha jgkA blhfy, tc;s la?k"kZ dke;kc gq, rks mUgsa lkearokn dk laj{k.k feyus yxk] ijbldk urhtk ;g fudyk fd lkearokn osQ iru osQ lkFk gh budkHkh iru gks x;kA vkf[kjdkj ,d tuvkanksyu ,d&nwljs dks thrusosQ fy, yM+h tkusokyh yM+kb;ksa vkSj ywVekj dh va/sjh xfy;ksa esaHkVddj jg x;kA

dbZ fopkj/kjkvksa dks feyktqykdj rS;kj fd, x, xhrk osQn'kZu esa 'kk;n u, jkLrs ryk'kus dh xaqtkb'k Fkh] ij og gkykr dhckjhdh ls Nkuchudj lkekftd jQdkoVksa dks nwj djus okyk vkStkjdHkh ugha cu ldhA Kkus'oj dh ftanxh vkSj muosQ nq[kn var ls;g lPpkbZ iwjh rjg tkfgj gksrh gSA mUgksaus bZ'ojh; lans'k (xhrk)dk lh/k vuqokn ugha fd;k] cfYd mlosQ Hkko vkSj vFkZ dhO;k[;k viuh lksp osQ eqrkfcd vkSj mlh Hkk"kk esa dh ftls dksbZ HkhejkBh fdlku le> ldrk FkkA xhrk ij Kkus'oj dh lcls yachfVIi.kh mlosQ 13osa vè;k;] [kklrkSj ij mlosQ lkrosa vkSj 11osa'yksd osQ ckjs esa gSA os vè;k; [ksrh djus okys ls lacaf/r gSaAlkrosa 'yksd ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, rks og ewy xhrk osQ vlyh Hkkols dkiQh nwj pys vkus osQ fy, [kqn {kek ekaxrs gSaA bl 'yksd ijfVIi.kh djrs gq, og ;K esa cfy nsus okyksa dks cqjh rjg f>M+drsgSa (Kkus'ojh 13-314&338)A blosQ ckotwn Kkus'ojh osQ 13osavè;k; osQ 134&135oas nksgksa esa og bu cfy;ksa dks vius vkn'kZ(Ñ".k) dh gh rjg lk/kj.k vkSj t:jh /kfeZd fof/ ekurs gSaAmlosQ ckn Ñ".k vkSj Kkus'oj nksuksa vkxkg djrs fn[krs gSa fd nkuvkSj riL;k dh gh rjg ;K dk Hkh R;kx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,(xhrk 18-5 vkSj Kkus'ojh 18-149-152)A va/fo'oklksa dk ;g?kkyesy Kkus'ojh osQ 13oas vè;k; osQ 812 osa ls 822osa nksgs rd

43

esa cM+h vPNh rjg tkfgj gksrk gSA buesa dgk x;k gSµ ¶fdlkuviuh lgwfy;r osQ eqrkfcd ,d osQ ckn ,d mikluk&i¼fr;kaviukrk jgrk gSA fdlh [kkl {k.k esa mls ftl mins'kd dh f'k{kkHkkrh gS] og mlh dh crkbZ jkg ij pyus yxrk gS vkSj mldhjgL;Hkjh fof/;ka lh[kus yxrk gSA og ftank yksxksa dh vksj lscsijokg gksdj iRFkjksa vkSj ewfrZ;ksa ij Hkjkslk djus yxrk gS] ij muesals Hkh fdlh esa mldh lPph J¼k ugha gksrhA og ?kj osQ fdlh dksusesa esjh ewfrZ yxk nsrk gS vkSj mlosQ ckn fdlh vkSj nsork osQ rhFkZdh ;k=kk djus pyk tkrk gSA og jkst esjh izkFkZuk djrk gS] ijt:jr iM+us ij vius oqQy nsork dh vkSj 'kqHk voljksa ij vU;nsorkvksa dh mikluk Hkh djrk gSA og esjh mikluk&i¼fr viukrkgS vkSj mldh otg ls cjlh dh rkjh[kksa ij ozr j[krk gS] og viusiqj[kksa esa Hkh J¼k j[krk gSA ysfdu og ,dkn'kh dks ftl rjg gekjhiwtk djrk gS] mlh rjg iapeh dks ifo=k ukx dh Hkh iwtk djrk gSA

44

x.ks'k prqFkhZ osQ fnu og iwjh rjg x.ks'k dk HkDr cu tkrk gS vkSjprqnZ'kh dks dgrk gS] ^eka nqxsZ] eSa osQoy rqEgkjk HkDr gwaA---* oguojk=k esa paMh dh Lrqfr djrk gS] jfookj dks ?kj osQ ckgj yksxksa dksHkkstu djkrk gS vkSj lkseokj dks f'kofyax ij csy p<+kus osQ fy,nkSM+rk gSA bl rjg yxkrkj izkFkZuk,a djrk jgrk gS] ,d iy osQ fy,Hkh [kkeks'k ugha gksrk] Bhd oSls gh tSls fd dksbZ os';k 'kgj osQnjokts ij xqgkj yxkrh jgrh gSA¸

oSls Kkus'oj osQ tekus esa dbZ nsorkvksa dh iwtk djus dk pyulekt osQ gj rcosQ esa FkkA vusd nsorkvksa dh iwtk dk pyu lektosQ ml dkiQh maQps rcosQ esa Hkh Fkk] ftuosQ fy, y{eh/j vkSjgsekfnz us vius Hkkjh&Hkjde ladyu rS;kj fd, FksA bl fygkt lsfVIi.khdkj us ?kqek&fiQjkdj tqYe djus okys maQps rcosQ osQ f[kykiQvkokt mBkbZ gSA Kkus'oj us vius <ax ls O;k[;k djosQ xhrk osQfl¼kar dks ,dne u;k eksM+ ns fn;k gSA Kkus'ojh osQ uosa vè;k; osQ460osa ls 470 osa nksgs rd esa os dgrs gSaµ

¶tSls iwjc ;k if'pe ls vkus okyh ufn;ksa dk vyx&vyxuke rHkh rd jgrk gS] tc rd fd os leqnz esa ugha fey tkrha]Bhd oSls gh {kf=k;] oS';] ukjh] 'kwnz vkSj vNwr dk vyx&vyxotwn rHkh rd jgrk gS] tc rd fd os eq>s izkIr ugha dj ysrsAtSls ikjl iRFkj osQ Nwrs gh yksgk lksuk cu tkrk gS] oSls gh balkudh lksp esa fdlh Hkh otg ls esjs izos'k djrs gh og eq> lekugks tkrk gSA blhfy, (xksoqQy dh) Xokfyuksa us vius lkalkfjd izse]oaQl us Hk;] f'k'kqiky us uiQjr] oklqnso vkSj ;knoksa us ukrsnkjh rFkkukjn] /zqo] vafxjk] lqd vkSj lur oqQekj us HkfDr dh otg ls eq>sizkIr fd;kA foJke dh vafre txg eSa gh gwaA blls dksbZ varj ughaiM+rk fd balku eq> rd HkfDr] okluk] lPps izse ;k nq'euh esa lsfdl jkLrs dks viukdj igqaprk gS& lgh jkLrs ls igqaprk gS ;k xyrjkLrs ls igqaprk gSA¸

;g vkd"kZd fVIi.kh xhrk osQ uosa vè;k; osQ 32osa 'yksd ij

45

vk/kfjr gS] ij u rks ml funZ;h 'yksd vkSj u gh cqfu;knh rkSj ijcsjgeh Hkjh Ñ".k&dFkk ls Mkg vkSj tyu ls fcyoqQy mQij mBtkus dk ,slk 'kkafr Hkjk lans'k vkSj iw.kZ HkfDr&Hkko >ydrk gSAysfdu vxys gh can esa fo}ku (Kkus'oj) egksn; czkã.kksa dkxq.kxku djrs utj vkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa /jrh ij nsorkvksa dkthrk&tkxrk :i crkrs gSaA Kkus'oj osQ oDr osQ czkã.kksa us mUgsaLohdkj ugha fd;kA xhrk dks ejkBh Hkk"kk esa is'k djus dh ,d [kklotg ;g Hkh t:j jgh gksxhA blosQ ckotwn os czkã.koknh oSfndf'k{kk gkfly djus dh gj dksf'k'k djrs jgs] tcfd tusmQ/kfj;ksa osQvykok ckdh lHkh osQ fy, mls gkfly djuk vkf/dkfjd rkSj ijeuk FkkA Kkus'oj dh [kqn dh 'kf[l;r esa vkilh fojks/ ls Hkjh gqbZ

bl rjg dh phtsa lekbZ gqbZ FkhaA blhfy,mUgsa lekt esa tks iQoZQ vkSj iQklysfn[ks] mUgsa xhrk esa ns[k ikus esa os ukdke;kcjgsA

bl csrjrhch dh otg ls gh mUgksauslkekftd leL;kvksa osQ gy osQ fy,vkanksyu rks NsM+k] ij 'kjhj dks vejcukus vkSj jgL;e; iw.kZrk izkIr djkusokys ;ksx&ekxZ dh xgjh tkudkjh gksus

46

osQ ckotwn muosQ fy, vkf[kj esa oqQN ugha cpk vkSj mUgsavkRegR;k djuh iM+hA mudh ek;wlh dh ,d otg 'kk;n ;g Hkhjgh gksxh fd tc eqlyekuksa us ;kno jkT; ij ,dk,d geyk djosQmuosQ /u&oSHko ls Hkjs vusd eafnjksa dks usLrukcwn dj fn;k] rcbZ'oj pqIih lk/s jgk vkSj ;kno jkT; dks cpkus osQ fy, dksbZvorkj ugha vk;kA

vkt osQ nkSj esa xhrk

Hkkjrh; lekt osQ lkeus eq[; leL;k vYykmíhu f[kyth vkSjvU; eqlyeku fotsrkvksa us [kM+h dhA mUgksaus Hkkjh dj yxkus 'kq:dj fn,A blosQ fy, dj&mxkgh dh vf/d vljnkj O;oLFkk dht:jr eglwl dh xbZA urhts osQ rkSj ij lkearokn osQ ,d u, :idks c<+kok feyk] tks igys ls vf/d rkdroj vkSj dkjxj FkkA oqQNyksx bl ckjs esa dkiQh vk'kkoknh utfj;k viukrs gSaA mudk ekuukgS fd vYykmíhu us xjhcksa dks iQk;nk igqapk;k] D;ksafd mlus osQoyvehjksa dks fupksM+k vkSj detksj cuk;kA ysfdu ml lksp esabZekunkjh ugha fn[krhA blesa bl vlfy;r dks utjvankt dj fn;ktkrk gS fd nksvkc osQ bykosQ ij vYykmíhu dk lh/k 'kklu Fkk]blosQ ckotwn fdlkuksa ij igys ls yns fdlh cks> dks de ughafd;k x;kA muls ,d vyx tfj, ls dj olwyk tkrk FkkA ysfdu;g lp gS fd fganw leqnk; osQ maQps oxZ dks oqQN le; osQ fy,ubZ mxkgh djus ls jksd fn;k x;kA lwcksa osQ fy, rks bruh rlYyhHkh ugha Fkh] D;ksafd fnYyh osQ r[r us thrs x, bykdksa ij Hkkjh djyxk fn, Fks vkSj bldh jÙkhHkj Hkh ijokg ugha dh fd mu bykdksaosQ vehj mls oSQls olwysaxs ;k ml dj osQ vykok vkSj fdrukolwysaxsA bykdkbZ iQkStksa dks ml gn rd ?kVk fn;k x;k] tgka ls osfnYyh dh gqowQer osQ fy, [krjk u cu losaQA blosQ ckotwn muesavius vlyh edln ;kuh dj&olwyh osQ fy, Hkjiwj rkdr FkhAFkksis x, djksa dks vnk fd;k x;k gks ;k u fd;k x;k gks] ij pqaxh

47

vkSj olwyh c<+rh pyh xbZA ,slk mu bykdksa esa Hkh gqvk tksdj&olwyh osQ nk;js esa ugha vkrs FksA r; lhek ls vf/d olwyhdjus okyk oxZ mls vius ikl gh j[k ysrk FkkA bl otg ls lkearhjkT; dh t:jrsa osQoy 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gh iwjh gks ldhaA

ml le; lkearokn us O;kikj vkSj u, <ax osQ Ñf"k mRiknudks c<+kok fn;k FkkA mlosQ ckn ladV c<+us yxk] ftls ,d vU;fons'kh geykoj us ;gka thr osQ >aMs xkM+dj nwj fd;kA mlus ,dcqtqZvk (iwathoknh) O;oLFkk dk;e dh] tks fcyoqQy vyx <ax dhO;oLFkk FkhA gekjs vk/qfud Lora=krk vkanksyu us bl O;oLFkk osQmRiknu osQ rkSj&rjhdkas dks pqukSrh ugha nhA mldh ekax osQoy bruhFkh fd lÙkk gky gh esa fodflr Hkkjrh; cqtZvk oxZ dks lkSai nhtk,A

vk/qfud thou foKku vkSj vktknh dh cqfu;kn ij fVdk gSAeryc ;g gS fd lHkh phtksa dk fupksM+ nks eqíksa eas 'kkfey gSµigyk] HkkSfrd lPpkbZ dk ,glkl (foKku)] vkSj nwljk] t:jrksa dksigpkuuk vkSj ekuuk (vktknh)A balku us tc oqQnjr osQ jkt dkstkuuk vkSj inkFkZ dh vufxur [kwfc;ksa dks [kkstuk ugha lh[kk Fkk]ml nkSj esa xhrk tSlh iqjk.k&dFkk vius xw<+ izrhdksa vkSj fcacksa dhotg ls mldh lksp ij vlj Mky ldrh FkhA ;g Hkh eqefdu gSfd mlus ml oDr fdlh vlk/kj.k izkÑfrd ?kVuk ;k oqQnjrhflyflys ij jks'kuh Mkyh gksA ysfdu /eZ bl rjg dh iqjk.k&dFkkvksadks nfd;kuwlh lksp (erka/rk) esa cny nsrk gSA

vktdy oqQN yksx ;g jkx vykirs gaS fd oSKkfudksa vkSjmudh [kkstksa dk bLrseky djus okyksa dks lkekftd uSfrdrk ughaR;kxuh pkfg,A bl ypj rdZ dh vkM+ esa ;g lkfcr djus dhdksf'k'k dh tkrh gS fd ^foKku dks /eZ dh t:jr gSA* ysfduuSfrd O;oLFkk cukus osQ fy, xhrk ;k ckbfcy dks [kaxkyus dht:jr ugha gSA mudh enn ls cuh uSfrd O;oLFkk rks egtva/fo'oklksa ls ljkcksj gksxhA bu fdrkcksa dks vc Hkh i<+k tk ldrk

48

gS] ij bUgsa osQoy muesa ekStwn lkfgfR;d lqanjrk dh otg ls i<+ktkuk pkfg,A buosQ ckjs esa blls vf/d fdlh pht dk nkok djusokys veweu gokbZ fdys cukdj yksxksa dh lksp dks tathjksa esatdM+us vkSj balku dh rjDdh jksdus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA

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