Aula 13 - Lingua Inglesa - Aula 01

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    AULA 1

    Text 1 - Happy New Year

    The mantra in Washington, DC is simple: spend billions now, pay later.Congress has been crafting ambitious plans for energy, health care andtransport. But the mood in state capitals has been different. Forty-six stateshad a deadline of June 30lh to pass their budgets. Just as important, those

    5 budgets had to be balanced. With the sole exemption of Vermont, America'sstate governments, unlike the federal one, are not allowed to run deficits. Junewas an agonizing month.

    On the morning of July 1st, the first day of the new fiscal year for most

    states, taxpayers had reason to be glum. Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio10 had passed temporary extensions. California, Arizona, Pennsylvania and Illinois

    did not have a balanced budget as required. Most states that did pass budgetsimposed painful cuts, higher taxes and fees on everything from pesticides inMinnesota to hunting licences in Maine.

    Matters would be worse if it were not for Washington's stimulus package,15 which provides more than $135 billion to support state budgets. Most money,

    $87 billion, is for Medicaid, the governments health-care programme for thepoor. A further $48 billion created a State Fiscal Stabilisation Fund, mostly forschools and universities.[Source: www.economist.com/ - July 2nd, 2009 - Adapted] MPOG / EPPGG/ 2009

    1. According to pr.1,a) ambitious plans have been devised by state governments.b) June was a very worrying and upsetting month.c) deficits have been closed by forty-six states.d) lower revenue collections had been forecast up to June 30th.e) on June 30lh, 46 states had already trimmed their budgets.

    2. According to pr.2, "taxpayers had reason to be glum". In other words, theya) would rather be depressed.

    b) ought to feel worried, but also relieved.c) were understandably disappointed and sad.d) might well be cautiously optimistic.e) could reasonably seem hopeful.

    3. According to pr.3,a) Washington's stimulus package was slashed.b) lay-offs and furloughs have been prevented.c) a stimulus package is going to be provided.d) state budgets are being supported.

    e) states are going to close their deficits.

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    VOCABULARY POST TEST FROM HAPPY NEW YEAR

    Try to translate the following fragments:(Depois confronte seu trabalho com o meu no final desta)

    1. crafting ambitious plans___________________________________________________________

    2. for energy, health care and transport___________________________________________________________

    3. the mood in state capitals has been different___________________________________________________________

    4. had a deadline of June 30th to pass their budgets___________________________________________________________

    5. those budgets had to be balanced___________________________________________________________

    6. With the sole exemption of Vermont

    ___________________________________________________________7. unlike the federal one, are not allowed to run deficits

    ___________________________________________________________

    8. the first day of the new fiscal year for most states___________________________________________________________

    9. did not have a balanced budget as required___________________________________________________________

    10. Matters would be worse if it were not for___________________________________________________________

    11. stimulus package, which provides more than $135 bn to support statebudgets

    ___________________________________________________________

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    Text 2: Private Savings, Domestic Consumption

    Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said China and the U.S. agreed on abroad framework for economic policies and reform. The United States willadvocate for increases in private savings as part of an effort to lower its fiscaldeficit and put in place a more stable, more resilient financial system. At the

    5 same time, China and other countries whose economies have largely beenbased on exports and overseas demand will need to shift the source of growthmore to domestic demand.Those are necessary complements; they have to work together. And I think

    thats the most important strategic achievement here, and its critically10 important to the rest of the world. Its not something that China and the U.S.

    can do on their own, but unless we do it, it wont be possible for the rest of theworld as well, Geithner said.

    careful, as we work together to help move the global economy back from

    With this framework, both countries hope to build the foundation for a moresustainable, more balanced global recovery, he said. We want to be very

    15

    crisis to growth, that we dont lay the seeds of future crises.The Treasury secretary said China is becoming more integrated into the

    world economy, and during the talks in Washington Chinese officials laid out avery ambitious set of reforms to shift the sources of future growth away from

    20 the kind of heavy investment-intensive, also carbon-intensive, export-intensive

    sources of growth, towards an economy more reliant on services [and] moreconsumption. [By Stephen Kaufman - 29 July 2009]Visit:http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/July/

    ANALYSIS OF TEXT 2

    1. Translate the title of text 1: Private Savings, Domestic Consumption__________________________________________________________________

    2. The expression in bold means : Its not something that China and the U.S.can do on their own(L-10/11) - ______________________________

    3. Qual o significado do phrasal verb laid out (L-18/19)?__________________________________________________________________

    4. Translate the following fragments:

    a) agreed on a broad framework for economic policies and reform__________________________________________________________________

    b) will advocate for increases in private savings_____________________________________________________________

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    c) as part of an effort to lowerits fiscal deficit_____________________________________________________________

    d) put in place a more stable, more resilient financial system_____________________________________________________________

    e) whose economies have largely been based on exports and overseas demand_____________________________________________________________

    f) shift the source of growth more to domestic demand_____________________________________________________________

    g) thats the most important strategic achievement here_____________________________________________________________

    h) it wont be possible for the rest of the world as well_____________________________________________________________

    i) build the foundation for a more sustainable, more balanced global recovery_____________________________________________________________

    j) move the global economy back from crisis to growth,

    _____________________________________________________________

    k) a very ambitious set of reforms to shift the sources of future growth_____________________________________________________________

    l) towards an economy more reliant on services & more consumption_____________________________________________________________

    USEFUL TIPS

    From Private Savings, Domestic Consumptionas part of an effort to lower its fiscal deficit(L-3/4)Como parte de um esforo para diminuir o dficit fiscal

    As palavras indicativas dos ups and downs dos mercados caso de lower(reduzir, abaixar)vivem pipocando nos textos de provas.No deixe de estudaro resumo dos rise & fall verbs que apresento nesta aula. E mais ainda,procure anotar alguns outros exemplos extrados de textos onde estes verbosaparecem com frequncia.

    No deixe de fazer o exerccio sobre este assunto no final desta aula.

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    and its taxpayers.

    Text 3: Protecting the EU's Financial Interests

    In brief - Cigarette smuggling, counterfeit euro coins, diversion of aid forKosovo, subsidies for oranges grown on farms which do not exist -all thesedefraud European taxpayers. The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) has morethan 300 officials looking after the financial interests of the European Union

    5

    OLAFs mission is to protect the financial interests of the European Union, tofight fraud, corruption and any other illegal activity, including any misconductwithin the European institutions with financial consequences.

    OLAF investigates several hundred cases each year where the EU is being10 cheated out of revenue or its funds have been misused. More than half the

    cases opened by OLAF result in follow-up measures. These can be prosecutionby national authorities, disciplinary proceedings or administrative sanctions.

    Past examples of fraud include cheating on the value-added tax payable onused cars and mixing illegal imports of cane sugar with legitimate imports of

    15 beet sugar. OLAF has also investigated complaints about money being used todevelop tourist facilities in a region so remote no tourist is ever likely to visit it,and double claims for money for the same developing country project - oncefrom the European Commission and then again from member states. Casesrelating to agriculture and external aid account for nearly half the allegations

    20 investigated by OLAF.

    Visit:http://europ.eu.int./pol/fraud/print_overview_en.htm

    VOCABULARY PRE TEST

    Faa uma leitura rpida do texto 1 e correlacione as colunas A & Bsem utilizar um dicionrio:

    A B1. smuggling of goods a. ( ) verbas malversadas

    2. counterfeit coins b. ( ) dupla reivindicao de verbas3. misconduct within the Union c. ( ) conduta errada dentro da UE4. misused funds d. ( ) contrabando de mercadorias5. double claims for money e. ( ) moedas falsificadas

    ANALYSIS OF THE TITLE OF TEXT 3

    Translate this title: Protecting the EU's financial interests________________________________________________________

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    ANALYSIS OF TEXT 3

    Responda em portugus:

    1. Sucintamente, qual a misso do OLAF?____________________________________________________________

    2. Escreva trs atividades criminosas mencionadas no texto:____________________________________________________________

    3. Que medidas podem se seguir a uma investigao do OLAF?

    ____________________________________________________________

    4. Quais casos investigados pelo OLAF correspondem a quase 50% das queixasformalizadas?____________________________________________________________

    VERB FORMS FROM TEXT 3

    1. Escreva 5 construes verbais no present simple:____________________________________________________________

    2. O modal verb can (L-12) est usado para expressar:____________________________________________________________

    WORD FORMATION

    A) THE PREFIX MIS-

    From text 3:

    including any misconduct within the European institutions(L-8)...or its funds have been misused. (L-10)

    Este prefixo, acrescentado a verbos e substantivos, indica algo feitoerradamente ou mal feito. Nos casos do texto misconduct uma condutaerrada, e misused mal usado. Estude os exemplos a seguir e traduza aspalavras ou expresses em negrito.

    Sorry, I misunderstoodyou.Perdo, eu______________________.

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    She said that youve mispronouncedher name.Ela diz que voc___________________________.

    You showed that you were totally misinformed.Voc demonstrou que estava _______________________.

    The reporter clearly misinterpreted the senators words.A reprter claramente __________________________

    B) THE SUFFIX ABLE (IBLE)

    From text 1:include cheating on the value-added tax payable on used cars(L-10)incluem burlar o valor do ICMSpagvelsobre os automveis usados

    O sufixo ABLE (IBLE) forma adjetivos geralmente correspondendo emportugus s terminaes vel, -vel, -ivel. Estude os exemplos a seguir etraduza as palavras ou expresses em negrito:

    Dont try to turn those buttons. Theyre notadjustable.No tente girar aqueles botes. ____________________________.

    Shes responsible for the whole department.Ela_________________________ departamento inteiro.

    Those bonds can be easily convertible.Esses ttulos podem ser _________________________.

    It will be hard to change this messy hut into a livable place.Vai ser difcil transformar esta cabana bagunada em _____________.

    Some of your stories are quite readable, others are just trash.Algumas das suas histrias so ________________, outras so um lixo.

    The obstacles you will have to surpass are unimabinable.Os obstculos que voc ter que ultrapassar so ____________________.

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    LEARNING FROM PAST EXAMS

    Fixing Finance

    As if collapsingprices were not enough, American mortgage firms now haveto cope with home rage. Borrowers vent their fury on the system that isrepossessing their properties by smashing holes in walls and tipping paint overliving-room carpets. Something similar is going on in the house finance built.Faith in open markets has been poisoned by a crisis that has spread from oneasset to the next. First there was disbelief and denial. Then fear. Now comesanger.

    For three decades, public policy has been dominated by the power of

    markets - flexible and resilient, harnessing self-interest for the public good,and better than any planner-in-chief. Nowhere are markets deeper and moreliquid than in modern finance. But finance has stumbled and there are growingcalls from all sides for bold re-regulation.

    New rules become inevitable the moment the Federal Reserve rescued BearStearns and pledged to lend to other Wall Street banks. If taxpayers arerequired to bail out investment banks, the governments need to impose tighterlimits on the risks those banks can take. [Source: The Economist (Adapted) Apr3rd 2008] - ESAF / APO / MPOG -2008

    1. In paragraph 1, the text reports that faith in open marketsa) has remained untouched.b) will undoubtedly be reassured.c) is going to be seriously affected.d) had been cautiously restored.e) has been negatively affected.

    2. In paragraph 2, the author says that public policy and the power of marketshave beena) perfunctorily followed.b) entirely re-regulated.c) closely linked.c) thoroughly analysed.e) comprehensively reviewed.

    3. In paragraph 3, according to the author,a) new regulations have been adopted.b) the Federal Reserve publicly promised to loan.c) taxpayers are proud to bail out investment banks.d) governments have set stricter regulations.e) the Federal Reserve has denied financial support.

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    Se voc achar que no consegue ainda enfrentar o nvel de vocabulrio deum texto como Fixing Finance (Acertando as Finanas), sugiro voc se apieno glossary a seguir. Uma forma bastante simples de estud-lo seria cobrir aslinhas com a traduo e verificar o quanto consegue compreender.

    VOCABULRIO DE APOIO - FIXING FINANCE

    1. As if collapsing prices were not enoughComo se no bastassem os preos em queda (desmoronando)

    2. American mortgage firms now have to cope with home rageas empresas hipotecrias nos EUA agora tm de enfrentar a ira domstica

    3. Borrowers vent their furytomadores de emprstimo extravasam sua fria

    4. on the system that is repossessing their propertiescontra o sistema que est desapropriando seus imveis

    5. smashing holes in walls and tipping paint over living-room carpetsfazendo buracos nas paredes e derramando tinta s/ o carpete da sala de estar

    6. Something similar is going on in the house finance builtalgo est ocorrendo na construo do financiamento imobilirio

    7. Faith in open markets has been poisoned by a crisisA f nos mercados abertos foi envenenada pela crise

    8. spread from one asset to the nextespalhouse de um bem para outro

    9. there was disbelief and denial

    houve descrena e recusa10. Then fear. Now comes angerem seguida, medo e agora, raiva

    11. For three decades, public policy has been dominatedH trs dcadas a poltica pblica tem sido dominada

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    12. by the power of markets - flexible and resilient

    pelo poder dos mercados flexvel e resistente

    13. harnessing self-interest for the public good, and better than any planner-in-chief

    Aproveitando, canalizando o interesse pessoal em prol do bem pblico, emelhor do que qualquer planejador-chefe

    14. Nowhere are markets deeper and more liquid than in modern financeEm nenhum lugar os mercados so mais profundos e mais lquidos do que nosetor das finanas modernas

    15. finance has stumbledas finanas entraram em colapso

    16. there are growing calls from all sides for bold re-regulationH clamores de todos os setores por novas e ousadas regulamentaes

    17. New rules become inevitableNovas regras tornam-se inevitveis

    18. the moment the Federal Reserve rescued Bear StearnsNo momento em que o FED socorreu o Bear Stearns

    19. pledged to lend to other Wall Street banksprometeu emprestar para outros bancos em Wall Street

    20. If taxpayers are required to bail out investment banksSe os contribuintes tiverem que socorrer os bancos de investimentos

    21. governments need to impose tighter limits on the risks those banks can

    takegovernos tm de impor limites mais rgidos sobre os riscos que esses bancospossam correr

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    VOCABULARY BUILD UP - RISE & FALL VERBS

    From the text Fixing Finance:As ifcollapsing prices were not enough(L-1)Como se no bastassem os preos despencando

    But finance has stumbled (L-11)Porm as finanas entraram em colapso, desmoronaram

    Considero importantssimo o estudo dos diversos verbos ingleses queindicam subida ou queda; seja de ndices, coeficientes, volume de moeda, delucros ou prejuzos; a verdade que esses verbos esto sempre pipocando nos

    textos. To begin with, faa o exerccio de classificao dos verbos seguintes:

    Classify the verbs according to whether they mean RISE or FALL:

    advance tumble dip drift drop climbease hike jump leap plummet declinerally rebound recover revive plunge shrinksink slip slump surge soar (sky)rocket

    Meaning rise: _________________________________________________

    Meaning fall: __________________________________________________

    Meaning to rise after falling: ____________________________________

    Translate the HEADLINES below:

    1. Fed poised to cut rates again Associated Press_____________________________________________________________

    2. Oil steady above $106 after steep fall Associated Press_____________________________________________________________

    3. Home Depot Inc. has first annual sales dip Associated Press_____________________________________________________________

    4. US home foreclosures soar in January Associated Press_____________________________________________________________

    5. Supply concerns drive oil near $100. Associated Press_____________________________________________________________

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    VOCABULARY BUILD UP

    Mini-text 1: Brazil's Remarkable Journey

    Complete the text with one of the words from the box:

    enable putting improve pushlaunched leading benefit sent

    Over the past two years, strong fiscal and external accounts and lowerinflation have allowed Brazil to ___________ (1) from a favorable external

    environment. Of course, there are still challenges, related notably to the size ofthe public debt. But efforts to further ___________ (2) macroeconomicconditions will continue, as illustrated by the ambitious initiative,___________ (3) in March 2005, to reduce the deficit of the social securityscheme for private sector workers, and the three-year budget directive law(known as LDO) ___________ (4) to Congress in April 2005. This lawconfirms the primary surplus targets, while ___________ (5) a lid on taxesand establishing a ceiling for expenditure in 200608. A sound macroeconomicenvironment will___________ (6) the government to improve the allocationof resources and___________ (7) ahead with its structural reform agenda,

    ___________ (8) to the accumulation of physical and human capital andgreater social inclusion.(From A quarterly magazine of the IMF June 2005, Volume 42, Number 2 Finance &Development, June 2005 - by Pablo Fonseca P. dos Santos Brazil's RemarkableJourney)Visit:http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/06/fonseca.htm

    EXPLOITATION OF MINI TEXT 1

    1. Como voc traduz os seguintes fragmentos:a) the size of the public debt _______________________________________

    b) the deficit of the social security scheme ____________________________c) the primary surplus targets ______________________________________d) improve the allocation of resources ________________________________

    II. Busque no texto exemplos de verbos (regulares ou irregulares) queestejam no:

    A) present simple - ______________________________________________B) present perfect - ______________________________________________C) future simple - _______________________________________________

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    MOCK TESTTeste Simulado

    Read the text below in order to answer questions 1 to 5.

    Private Savings, Domestic Consumption

    Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said China and the U.S. agreed on abroad framework for economic policies and reform. The United States willadvocate for increases in private savings as part of an effort to lower its fiscaldeficit and put in place a more stable, more resilient financial system. At the

    5 same time, China and other countries whose economies have largely been

    based on exports and overseas demand will need to shift the source of growthmore to domestic demand.Those are necessary complements; they have to work together. And I think

    thats the most important strategic achievement here, and its critically10 important to the rest of the world. Its not something that China and the U.S.

    can do on their own, but unless we do it, it wont be possible for the rest of theworld as well, Geithner said.

    careful, as we work together to help move the global economy back from

    With this framework, both countries hope to build the foundation for a moresustainable, more balanced global recovery, he said. We want to be very

    15

    crisis to growth, that we dont lay the seeds of future crises.The Treasury secretary said China is becoming more integrated into the

    world economy, and during the talks in Washington Chinese officials laid out avery ambitious set of reforms to shift the sources of future growth away from

    20 the kind of heavy investment-intensive, also carbon-intensive, export-intensivesources of growth, towards an economy more reliant on services [and] moreconsumption.[By Stephen Kaufman - 29 July 2009]Visit:http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/July/

    1. According to the author, it is imperative that China, among other export-

    dependent economies,a) increase its exports and overseas demand.b) put in place a more resilient economic infrastructure.c) lower its fiscal deficits.d) base its sustained economic growth on the domestic demand.e) decrease its domestic consumption.

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    2. According to the text, the Chinese economic reforms to achieve futuregrowth must be more dependent ona) services and more consumption.b) carbon-intensive sources.c) export-intensive sources.d) heavy investment-intensive sources.e) overseas exports.

    3. When the author says that we dont lay the seeds of future crises(L-16) he is concerned abouta) spreading the seeds for pulling out of this recession.

    b) how long it will take for the recovery from the recession to occur.c) the rest of the world showing reluctance to work together.d) creating the conditions for the repeat of the current financial crisis.e) this set of reforms being too ambitious to solve this crisis.

    4. The word unless (L-11), as a discourse marker, is indicatinga) contrast.b) additionc) emphasis.d) condition.

    e) concession.

    5. After reading the text you can say that The US and China are intent ona) building the foundation for more sustainable economies worldwide.b) improving diplomatic and commercial relations.c) establishing a very ambitious set of reforms to shift the sources of futuregrowth.d) moving towards economies less reliant on domestic consumption.e) reaching an agreement on ample economic policies and reform.

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    PICTURE TEST

    Can you [a) say / b) tell] apart the rational fromthe irrational animal?

    USEFUL TIPS

    No caso do Picture Test acima bastava conhecer o phrasal verb to tellapart (distinguir) para responder a questo. Simplesmente no se usa essacombinao verb + particle com o verbo to say. Another example:

    John and Eric are twins; its very hard to tell them apart.John e Eric so gmeos. muito difcil distinguir entre os dois.

    Vou falar sobre collocations / combinations comuns em ingls, durantenosso curso. Procure reconhecer e anotar os famosos word chunks, blocos depalavras, usados pelos native speakers. Fique atento para o seuaparecimento nos textos que analisarmos. From text 1: ambitious plans(planos ambiciosos, ousados), balanced budget (oramento equilibrado), rundeficits (incorrer em dficits), imposed painful cuts (impuseram dolorososcortes)

    Volto a insistir: para o seu estudo, pouco importa que estejamos falando decollocations or combinations, o importante anotar bons exemplosextrados de suas leituras e estud-los repetidas vezes.

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    EXERCISES

    I. MODAL VERBS - Analise as frases, traduza-as e explique o sentidodos modais em negrito:

    1. You can do it. __________________ ________________________2. You should do it. __________________ ________________________3. You must do it. __________________ ________________________4. You might do it. __________________ ________________________5. You have to do it. __________________ ________________________6. You would do it. __________________ ________________________7. You could do it. __________________ ________________________

    8. You will do it. __________________ ________________________9. You dont have to do it. ______________ ________________________10. You mustnt do it. __________________ ________________________

    II. Complete the sentences with the correct PAST FORMS OF THEIRREGULAR VERBS in brackets.

    1. When the president arrived at the auditorium he _______ hands with manycongressmen. [SHAKE]_____________________________________________________________

    2. The decline in the U.S. housing sector has not _______ its course yet,declared the US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson. [RUN]_____________________________________________________________

    3. The fall of the subprime mortgage market and its impact on the financialsector have surprised policymakers, John Kirton ________ USINFO. [TELL]_____________________________________________________________

    4. G7 officials have _______ with representatives of China and many other

    countries. [MEET]_____________________________________________________________

    5. In recent years sovereign wealth funds have _______ in number and sizewith reserves estimated between $2 trillion and $3 trillion. [GROW]_____________________________________________________________

    III. Complete the following sentences using the ING or ED of theverbs in bold:

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    PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

    1. We all felt so discouraged. All we had heard were _______________ news.

    [DISCOURAGE]_____________________________________________________________

    2. The movie was based on a very ______________ book. [INTEREST]_____________________________________________________________

    3. The hurricane destroyed many dwellings. It will take time to repair the________________ buildings. [DAMAGE]

    _____________________________________________________________

    4. Our boss did not convince anybody. He did not tell us a ______________story. [CONVINCE]_____________________________________________________________

    5. The referendum surprised many citizens. The ____________ results wereannounced on TV. [SURPRISE]_____________________________________________________________

    6. Prof. Larkin usually gives __________ and long explanations. [TIRE]_____________________________________________________________

    IV. RISE & FALL VERBS - HEADLINES

    1. OIL DIPS ON SIGNS OF GROWING INVENTORIES - (Associated Press)_____________________________________________________________

    2. EXXONMOBIL PROFIT SLUMPS 66% - (AFP)_____________________________________________________________

    3. A SURGE IN GOLD PRICES LIFTED SHARES OF MINING COMPANIES -(Reuters)_____________________________________________________________

    4. STOCKS SLIP AS TRADERS TAKE PROFITS AFTER SURGE(Associated Press)_____________________________________________________________

    5. THE AMERICAN STOCK MARKET, AFTER SIX PLUMMETING MONTHS, HASREBOUNDED,(L-26/27)_____________________________________________________________

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    6. EUROPEAN STOCKS ADVANCE, FTSE ABOVE 5,000 POINTS (AFP)_____________________________________________________________

    7. EUROPE CLIMBING OUT OF RECESSION, SAYS EU (AFP)_____________________________________________________________

    V. Choose the word or phrase that best matches the DEFINITIONSbelow.

    depression exchange rate gross domestic productfree trade money supply securities

    1. _______________The total value of a nations output, income, or expenditure produced within itsphysical boundaries

    2. _______________A severe decline in general economic activity in terms of magnitude and/orlength.

    3. _______________Price, at which one countrys currency is exchanged for the currency of another

    country

    4. _________________The absence of tariffs and regulations designed to curtail or prevent tradeamong nations.

    5. _________________The amount of money (coins, paper currency, and checking accounts) that is incirculation in the economy.

    6. _________________Paper certificates (definitive securities) or electronic records (book-entrysecurities) evidencing ownership of equity (stocks) or debt obligations (bonds).

    VI. Use the appropriate PREFIX.

    1. No wonder I couldnt find any of my garden tools; they were all ___ placed.No toa que eu no conseguia achar nenhuma das minhas ferramentas do

    jardim; estavam todas colocadas em lugar errado.

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    2. As the CEO of the company Mr. Norton had to make some ___ populardecisions, which certainly did not please everybody.Como CEO da companhia o Sr Norton teve que tomar algumas decisesimpopulares que certamente no agradaram a todo mundo.

    3. Jane is one hour late. Im afraid she may have ____-slept again.Jane est 1h atrasada. Temo que possa ter dormindo demais de novo.

    4. The American dollar has been ___ valued against the Euro once more.O dlar americano se desvalorizou em relao ao euro uma vez mais.

    5.There is one factor that ___

    weighsall the others; namely, the price.H um fator que pesa mais do que os demais; qual seja: o preo.

    VII. Fill in the blanks with one of the particles from the box so as toform a PHRASAL VERB with PUT:

    across about up off aside

    1. I heard that the game was put _____ (postpone) till next week.

    _____________________________________________________________

    2. Donna just couldnt put ______ with (tolerate) this situation at the officeany more. So, she quit.

    _____________________________________________________________

    3. My wife and I have been putting ______ (saving) some money for our tripnext year.

    _____________________________________________________________

    4. I wonder who has put______ (spread) such a story. Its simply not true._____________________________________________________________

    5. Professor Rawlings had a lot of difficulty putting his theory _________(convey) to the other members of the scientific society.

    _____________________________________________________________

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    ANSWERS & COMMENTS

    Text 1: Happy New Year

    1.B - O autor do texto diz que June was an agonizing month. PortantoJune was a very worrying and upsetting month (Junho foi um ms quecausou muita preocupao e inquietao). Nas demais opes l-se: em (a),planos ambiciosos foram concebidos por governos estaduais; em (c), dficitsforam fechados para 46 estados; em (d), menores arrecadaes de receitasforam previstas para 30 de junho; em (e), em 30 de junho, 46 estados jhaviam cortado seus oramentos.

    2.C No fragmento "taxpayers had reason to be glum" (os contribuintestinham razo para se sentirem infelizes) quer dizer que eles estavamcompreensivelmente tristes e decepcionados. Uma vez mais chamo suaateno para o uso dos modal verbs (ought to, might, could) nas demaisopes: em (a), prefeririam ficar deprimidos; em (b), deviam sentir-sepreocupados mas tambm aliviados; em (d), poderiam estar cautelosamenteotimistas, em (e), poderiam parecer razoavelmente esperanosos.

    3.D De acordo com o texto esses assuntos relativos a oramentos seriamainda piores se no fosse pelo pacote de estmulo do governo; assim, correto

    dizer-se que os oramentos estaduais esto tendo apoio. Nas demais opes:em (a), o pacote de estmulo econmico de Washington foi cortado; em (b),as demisses e as licenas foram evitadas; em (c), um pacote de estmuloser oferecido; em (e), os estados iro eliminar seus dficits.

    VOCABULARY POST TEST / ANSWERS

    1. crafting ambitious planselaborando planos ambiciosos

    2. for energy, health care and transportpara energia, sade e transporte

    3. the mood in state capitals has been differento humor em capitais de estados tem sido diferente

    4. had a deadline of June 30th to pass their budgetstinham um prazo fatal a cumprir em 30/06 para aprovar seus oramentos

    5. those budgets had to be balancedesses oramentos tinham de ser equilibrados

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    6. With the sole exemption of VermontCom a nica exceo de Vermont

    7. unlike the federal one, are not allowed to run deficitsdiferentemente do governo federal, no tm permisso para incorrer em dficit

    8. the first day of the new fiscal year for most stateso primeiro dia do novo ano fiscal para a maioria dos estados

    9. did not have a balanced budget as requiredno tinham um oramento equilibrado conforme exigido

    10. Matters would be worse if it were not forEssas questes seriam piores se no fosse por

    11. stimulus package, which provides more than $135 bn to supportstate budgets

    pacote de estmulo que oferece mais de $135 bn para apoiar os oramentosestaduais

    ANALYSIS OF TEXT 2

    1. Translation of the title of text 1: Private Savings, DomesticConsumption (Poupana Privada, Consumo Interno

    2. A expresso sublinhada em Its not something that China and the U.S.can do on their own significa sozinhos, por si ss.

    3. O phrasal verb laid out usado no sentido de traar, projetar.

    4. Translation of the fragments:

    a) agreed on a broad framework for economic policies and reformconcordaram com um amplo sistema de polticas econmicas e reformas

    b) will advocate for increases in private savingsdefender aumentos na poupana privada

    c) as part of an effort to lowerits fiscal deficitcomo parte de um esforo para baixar seu dficit fiscal

    d) put in place a more stable, more resilient financial systeminstalou um sistema financeiro mais resistente e mais estvel

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    e) whose economies have largely been based on exports and overseas demandcujas economias se baseiam grandemente nas exportaes e na demanda

    externa

    f) shift the source of growth more to domestic demandalterar a fonte de crescimento mais para a demanda interna

    g) thats the most important strategic achievement hereesse o mais importante triunfo estratgico aqui

    h) it wont be possible for the rest of the world as wellno ser possvel para o resto do mundo tambm

    i) build the foundation for a more sustainable, more balanced global recoveryconstruir as bases para uma recuperao mundial mais equilibrada e maissustentvel

    j) move the global economy back from crisis to growth,trazer a economia mundial da crise para o crescimento

    k) a very ambitious set of reforms to shift the sources of future growthum ambicioso grupo de reformas para alterar as fontes de um crescimento

    futuro

    l) towards an economy more reliant on services & more consumptiondirecionado para uma economia mais dependentes de servios e de maisconsumo

    TEXT 3 - VOCABULARY PRE TEST - MATCHING COLUMNS A & B

    A B

    1. smuggling of goods a. (4) verbas malversadas2. counterfeit coins b. (5) dupla reivindicao de verbas3. misconduct within the Union c.(3) conduta errada dentro da UE4. misused funds d.(1) contrabando de mercadorias5. double claims for money e.(2) moedas falsificadas

    ANALYSIS OF THE TITLE OF TEXT 3

    Protecting the EU's financial interestsProtegendo os interesses financeiros da UE

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    ANALYSIS OF TEXT 3

    1. Sucintamente, qual a misso do OLAF?Proteger os interesses financeiros da UE.2. Escreva trs atividades criminosas mencionadas no texto:Contrabando de cigarros, falsificaes de moedas de euro, desvio de ajudahumanitria, subsdios para plantio de laranjas em fazendas que no existem,adulterao do valor do VAT (ICMS) sobre carros usados, misturar importaoilegal de cana de acar com importaes legais de aucar de beterraba,dinheiro desviado para desenvolver instalaes para o turismo em regies dedifcil acesso, dupla solicitao de verbas para o mesmo fim. (quaisquer trsdestas)

    3. Que medidas podem se seguir a uma investigao do OLAF?Instaurao de processo pela promotoria nacional, medidas legais disciplinarese sanes administrativas.4. Quais casos investigados pelo OLAF correspondem a quase 50% das queixasformalizadas?Aqueles relacionados com a agricultura e ajuda externa.

    VERB TENSES FROM TEXT 3

    1. present simple: do not exist / has / defraud / investigates / result /

    include / account (for)2. O modal verb can est usado para expressarpossibilidade:

    WORD FORMATION

    A) PREFIX MIS-

    Sorry, I misunderstoodyou.Perdo, eu entendi voc mal.

    She said that youve mispronouncedher name.Ela diz que vocpronunciou o nome dela errado.

    You showed that you were totally misinformed.Voc demonstrou que estava totalmente mal-informado.

    The reporter clearly misinterpreted the senators words.A reprter claramente interpretou erroneamenteas palavras do senador.

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    B) SUFFIX ABLE / -IBLE-

    Dont try to turn those buttons. Theyre notadjustable.No tente girar aqueles botes. Eles no so ajustveis.

    Shes responsible for the whole department.Ela a responsvel pelo departamento inteiro.

    Those bonds can be easily convertible.Esses ttulos podem ser facilmente conversveis.

    It will be hard to change this messy hut into a livable place.Vai ser difcil transformar esta cabana bagunada num lugar habitvel.

    Some of your stories are quite readable, others are just trash.Algumas das suas histrias so agradveis de ler, outras so um lixo.

    The obstacles you will have to surpass are unimabinable.Os obstculos que voc ter que ultrapassar so inimaginveis.

    FIXING FINANCE / ANSWERS

    1.E - O autor nos relata que em funo da conjuntura adversa, com preosem queda, com a questo das hipotecas, etc. a f dos cidados no mercadoaberto foi envenenada portanto has been negatively affected (foi afetadanegativamente). No se pode dizer que esta f: em (a), permaneceu intocada;em (b), foi sem dvida reassegurada; em (c), vai ser seriamente afetada; ouque, em (d), havia sido cautelosamente restabelecida.

    2. C - No 2pargrafo o autor diz que polticas pblicas e o poder dosmercados estiveram intimamente ligados. Nas demais, diz-se que foram: em(a), desinteressadamente seguidos; em (b), inteiramente regulamentados denovo; em (d), analisadas detalhadamente; em (e) revisadas exaustivamente.

    3.B - No 3pargrafo nos informado que o FED aps ajudar o Bear Stearnsprometeu emprestar para outros bancos. No correto dizer que: em (a),novas regulamentaes foram adotadas; em (c), contribuintes estoorgulhosos por socorrer os bancos de investimentos; em (d), governostenham estabelecido regras mais rgidas; em (e), o FED se negou a dar apoiofinanceiro.

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    RISE & FALL VERBS

    Meaning rise: advance, (sky)rocket, jump, leap, surge, climb, hike, soarMeaning fall: tumble, dip, drift, drop, ease, plummet, decline, plunge,shrink, sink, slip, slumpMeaning to rise after falling: rally, rebound, recover, revive

    RISE & FALL VERBS TRANSLATION OF THE HEADLINES

    1. Fed poised to cut rates againFED preparado para cortar taxas de novo2. Oil steady above $106 after steep fall

    Petrleo firme acima dos $106 depois de queda forte3. Home Depot Inc. has first annual sales dip

    A Home Depot tem sua primeira queda nas vendas do ano4. US home foreclosures soar in JanuaryExecues hipotecrias nos EUA disparam em janeiro5. Supply concerns drive oil near $100Preocupaes com oferta levam o preo do petrleo a $100

    VOCABULARY BUILD UP

    Mini-text - Brazil Remarkable journey(A jornada notvel do Brasil)1. benefit / 2. improve / 3. launched / 4. sent / 5. putting / 6. enable / 7.push / 8. leading

    1. FRAGMENTS:

    a) the size of the public debto tamanho da dvida pblica)

    b) the deficit of the social security schemeo dficit do sistema de previdncia social

    c) the primary surplus targetsas metas de supervit primrio

    d) improve the allocation of resourcesmelhorar a alocao dos recursos

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    VERBOS (REGULARES OU IRREGULARES)A) present simple benefit / improve / confirms / push

    B) present perfect have allowedC) future simple will continue / will enable

    MOCK TEST / ANSWERS

    1. D De acordo com o autor fundamental que a China, dentre outraseconomias dependentes das exportaes, baseie seu crescimento econmicona demanda interna. No est correto afirmar-se que: em (a), aumente suasexportaes e a demanda externa; em (b), coloque em funcionamento umainfra-estrutura econmica mais resistente; em (c), reduza seu dficit fiscal;

    em (e), diminua seu consumo interno.

    2.A De acordo com o texto, as reformas econmicas chinesas para obtercrescimento futuro devem ser dependentes de: mais servios e mais consumointerno. Nas demais opes: em (b), fontes intensivas de carbono; em (c),fontes intensivas de exportaes; em (d), fontes ponderveis de investimentointensivo; em (e), exportaes para o mercado externo.

    3.D Quando o autor diz that we dont lay the seeds of future crises(para que no plantemos as sementes de futuras crises) sua preocupao

    que no se criem condies para uma repetio da crise financeira. Nas demaisopes tem-se: em (a), espalhar as sementes para sair desta recesso; em(b), quanto tempo levar para a recuperao dessa recesso ocorrer; em (c),o resto do mundo demonstrar relutncia em trabalhar em conjunto; em (e),que este grupo de reformas seja ambicioso demais para resolver a crise.

    4. D A conjuno unless (a menos que a no ser que), as a discoursemarker, est indicando uma condio. Nas demais opes l-se: em (a),contrast (contraste); em (b), addition (adio, acrscimo); em (c),emphasis.(nfase); em (e) concession (concesso).

    5.E Aps a leitura atenta do texto depreende-se que a idia central a deEUA e China chegarem a um acordo a respeito de um amplo espectro depolticas e reformas econmicas. Nas demais opes: em (a), muito amploafirmar-se que ambos buscam construir as bases para economias sustentveisno mundo todo; em (b), o texto no fala em melhoria de relaesdiplomticas, s comerciais; em (c), o estabelecimento de um ambiciosogrupo de reformas para alterar as fontes do crescimento futuro o autor dotexto menciona somente no que diz respeito China; em (d), caminhar nadireo de economias menos dependentes do consumo interno no oobjetivo nem de norte-americanos nem de chineses.

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    PICTURE TEST

    Can you (b) tell apart the rational from the irrational animal?Voc consegue distinguir o anima racional do irracional?

    EXERCISES

    I. MODAL VERBS

    1. You can do it. (Voc pode faz-lo) - capacidade2. You should do it. (Voc deve faz-lo)- recomendao

    3. You must do it. (Voc tem que faz-lo) - obrigatoriedade4. You might do it. (Voc podia faz-lo) - possibilidade remota5. You have to do it. (Voc tem que faz-lo) - obrigatoriedade6. You would do it. (Voc o faria)- futuro do pretrito7. You could do it. (Voc poderia faz-lo) - seria / foi capaz8. You will do it. (Voc o far) - idia de futuro9. You dont have to do it. (Voc no tem que faz-lo) - no h necessidade.10. You mustnt do it. (Voc est proibido de faz-lo) proibio

    II. PAST FORMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

    1.[SHOOK] - Quando o presidente chegou no auditrio, ele apertou a mo demuitos congressistas.

    2.[RUN] - A queda no setor habitacional nos EUA no cumpriu seu trajetotodo ainda, declarou o Secretrio do Tesouro Americano Henry Paulson.

    3.[TOLD] - A queda do Mercado de hipotecas de alto risco e seu impacto nosetor financeiro surpreendeu os polticos, John Kirton disse aUSINFO.

    4.[MET] - Membros do G7 encontraram-se com representantes da China e demuitos outros pases.

    5. [GROWN] - Nos ltimos anos os fundos soberanos tm crescido emnmero e tamanho com reserves estimadas entre $2 e $3 trilhes.

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    III.ING or ED

    1. We all felt so discouraged. All we had heard were discouraging news.Ns nos sentamos to desalentados. Tudo que ouvramos eram notciasdesalentadoras.

    2. The movie was based on a very interesting book.O filme era baseado num livro muito interessante.

    3. The hurricane destroyed many dwellings. It will take time to repair thedamaged buildings.

    O furaco destruiu muitas moradias. Levar tempo para consertar os prdiosdanificados.

    4. Our boss did not convince anybody. He did not tell us a convincing story.Nosso chefe no convenceu ningum. Ele no nos contou uma histriaconvincente.

    5. The outcome of the referendum surprised many citizens. The surprisingresults were announced on TV.O resultado final do referendum surpreendeu muitos cidados. Os resultados

    surpreendentes foram anunciados pela TV.

    6. Prof. Larkin usually gives tiring and long explanations.O Prof. Larkin geralmente d longas e exaustivas explicaes.

    IV. RISE & FALL VERBS - HEADLINES

    1. OIL DIPS ON SIGNS OF GROWING INVENTORIESPreos do petrleo caem com os sinais de estoques crescentes

    2. EXXONMOBIL PROFIT SLUMPS 66%Lucro da EXXONMOBIL despenca 66%

    3. A SURGE IN GOLD PRICES LIFTED SHARES OF MINING COMPANIESUma alta nos preos do ouro eleva as aes das CIAS mineradoras

    4. STOCKS SLIP AS TRADERS TAKE PROFITS AFTER SURGEAes caem medida que negociadores realizam lucros depois da alta

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    5. The American stock market, after six plummeting months, has

    rebounded(NewsWeek)O Mercado de aes dos EUA, aps seis meses de queda acentuada serecuperou

    6. EUROPEAN STOCKS ADVANCE, FTSE ABOVE 5,000 POINTSAes europias sobem, FTSE (*) acima dos 5.000 pontos(*) FTSE - Bolsa de Londres

    7. EUROPE CLIMBING OUT OF RECESSION, SAYS EUEuropa saindo da recesso, declara a UE

    V. DEFINITIONS

    1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (PRODUTO INTERNO BRUTO)The total value of a nations output, income, or expenditure produced within itsphysical boundaries

    2. DEPRESSION (DEPRESSO)A severe decline in general economic activity in terms of magnitude and/orlength.

    3. EXCHANGE RATE (TAXA DE CMBIO)Price, at which one countrys currency is exchanged for the currency of anothercountry

    4.FREE TRADE (LIVRE COMRCIO)The absence of tariffs and regulations designed to curtail or prevent tradeamong nations.

    5.MONEY SUPPLY (OFERTA DE MOEDA)

    The amount of money (coins, paper currency, and checking accounts) that is incirculation in the economy.

    6.SECURITIES (VALORES MOBILIRIOS)Paper certificates (definitive securities) or electronic records (book-entrysecurities) evidencing ownership of equity (stocks) or debt obligations (bonds).

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    VI. USE THE APPROPRIATE PREFIX

    1. No wonder I couldnt find any of my garden tools; they were all misplaced.No toa que eu no conseguia achar nenhuma das minhas ferramentas do

    jardim; estavam todas colocadas em lugar errado.

    2. As the CEO of the company Mr. Norton had to make some unpopulardecisions, which certainly did not please everybody.Como CEO da companhia o Sr Norton teve que tomar algumas decisesimpopulares que certamente no agradaram a todo mundo.

    3. Jane is one hour late. Im afraid she may have overslept again.

    Jane est uma hora atrasada. Temo que possa ter dormindo demais de novo.

    4. The American dollar has been devalued against the Euro once more.O dlar americano se desvalorizou em relao ao euro uma vez mais.

    5. There is one factor that outweighs all the others; namely, the price.H um fator que pesa mais do que os demais; qual seja: o preo.

    VII. PHRASAL VERB WITH PUT:

    1. I heard that the game was put offtill next week.Ouvi dizer que o jogo foi adiado para a semana que vem.

    2. Donna just couldnt putup with this situation at the office any more. So,she quit.Dona simplesmente no podia tolerar a situao no escritrio mais. Portanto,ela se demitiu.

    3. My wife and I have been puttingaside some money for our trip next year.Minha mulher e eu vimos poupando algum dinheiro para nossa viagem no ano

    que vem.4. I wonder who has put about such a story. Its simply not true.Gostaria de saber quem espalhou esta histria. Ela falsa simplesmente.

    5. Professor Rawlings had a lot of difficulty putting his theory across to theother members of the scientific society.O Prof. Rawlings teve muita dificuldade em transmitir a sua teoria para osoutros membros da sociedade cientfica.

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    Avalie se os seguintes objetivos da AULA 1foram alcanados.

    Raise your awareness of:Despertar sua conscientizao para:

    I. Study of text 1: Happy New YearEstudo do texto 1: Feliz Ano Novo

    II. Reading comprehension Questions & CommentsPerguntas de interpretao de texto & comentrios

    III. Study of Text 2 Private Savings, Domestic ConsumptionEstudo do texto 2: Pupana Privada, Consumo Interno

    IV. Word Forms Prefix MIS- / Suffixes ABLE / -IBLEFormao de Palavras Prefixo MIS- / Sufixos ABLE / -IBLE

    V. Learn From Past Exams Fixing FinanceAnlise de provas anteriores Consertando as Finanas

    VI. Rise & Fall Verbs

    Verbos indicativos de altas e baixas

    VII. Vocabulary Build Up Mini text 1: Brazil's Remarkable JourneyConstruo do vocabulrio Mini texto 1 A Caminhada Notvel doBrasil

    VIII. Mock TestTeste Simulado

    IX. Just for Fun Picture Test

    S para divertir Teste de GravurasX. Exercise SectionSeo de Exerccios

    XI. Answers & CommentsRespostas e Comentrios

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