Arentzen 2012 - Schliemann en Nederland. Een leven vol verhalen

7/23/2019 Arentzen 2012 - Schliemann en Nederland. Een leven vol verhalen

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5. Ndstlrgnd 2> ;. Dlt llf mlltcl euip 2<>1. Swnrl tkcglf :2>>. Ilrlf, ilrlf, ilrlf 5?>=. Gnt kh ``kt elt jliuh dnj sdnhlf `d Jrklhs tl ilrlf ;7>?. M.E. _oeròglr & O`. ;:>7. Iugwkj _oeikldnff >1<><. @p z`lh fnnr zkcf lkjlf mlflf >>=>2. Elt llrstl cnnr >>;>:. @vlr Mkdns _npnf lf Oòekflni >=7>5. Gl nfglr ellbt elt nitkcg bùt >=;>;. Znt _oeikldnff kf >572 vlrgklfgl >?==1. Gl llrstl jr`tl rlks >?:=>. Llf Rrùw0 >75==. Ndlrkhn >5<1->5<= ><1=?. Snhlf zkcf znhlf ><2=7. Gl vlri`hhkfjlf glr wltlfsoenp >2==<. Fnnr gl @rkèft >2<=2. Llf pr`bkctlikch tusslfspli >2;=:. Gl wlrligrlks >:?=5. Jlig d`lt cl nitkcg kf gl jntlf eùglf >57=;. Llf twllgl mlz`lh nnf lxli >55



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Gl glbkfktklvl mk`jrnbkl vnf Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ks t`t fu t`l fklt jl-soerlvlf lf dgnt zkcf pnpklrlf fnintlfsoenp f`j stllgs fklt jlelli ft-si`tlf ks hnf elt ``h f`j wli llf tkcgcl gurlf v``r gnt jlmlurt. Niil t`tfu t`l vlrsoelflf mk`jrnbklèf elmmlf, `h ni w`rgt gnt vnnh fklt nnfjl-jlvlf, llf teldn. Nis v``rmllig vlrwkcs kh eklr lvlf fnnr gl mlinfjrkch-stl mk`jrnbklèf. Ldkil Iugwkj wlrg jlàftrkjllrg g``r gl jr``tvlrgklflr_oeikldnff lf znj eld gnnrg``r nis llf soentjrnvlr. Lrfst Dlylr wkiglllf v``rmllig v``r gl Guktsl clujg lf jnb `fs gnnr`d _oeikldnff nisgl plrblotl Guktslr. Gnvkg rnkii ks lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt _oeikldnff llfbrnuglur ks lf jlmrukht zkcf mk`jrnbkl `d gkl stliikfj tl `fglrmùwlf.Mk`jrnblf nis d Orlp`f lf Zkibrklg Mòihl lf Zìbjnfj ]koetlr jnvlflxtrn nnfgnoet nnf gl Dlohilfmurjlr plrk`gl vnf zkcf ilvlf. ]`mlrtQnyfl lf Onrìkfl D``relng soerlvlf dlt elt ``j `p llf j`lgl vlr-h``p vnf euf lkjlf wlrh. Elkfrkoe Nilxnfglr _tìi, Krvkfj _t`fl lfIyff & Jrny Q`ìl vlrnfglrglf _oeikldnff kf llf r`dnfbkjuur. Glzlikcst zù jldnhhlikch dlt f`j llf jr``t nnftni v``rmlliglf uktjlmrlkghufflf w`rglf. Gl jldllfsoenpplikchl lkjlfsoenp vnf ni glzl mk`jrn-bklèf ks gnt jllf vnf gl nutlurs `pjllbt vnfukt wlih plrsplotklb ekc fnnr_oeikldnff hkcht.

Gkt hnf kf s`ddkjl jlvniilf t`t dlrhwnnrgkjl vlrtlhlfkfjlf ilkglf.

Elt stlrhstl v``rmllig eklrvnf vkfglf wl mkc Enfs Lkfsil. Glzl soerllbllf Mk`jrnpeksoelr ]`dnf `vlr _`pekn _oeikldnff. Znffllr dlf gktm`lh illst mikcht ni sfli gnt fklt _`pekn, dnnr ennr dnf gl e``bgbkjuurvnf glzl r`dnf ks. Znffllr _oeikldnff stlrbt ks _`pekn ?5. Sl stlrbtuktlkfglikch kf >;?= `p 51-cnrkjl illbtkcg. R``r glzl 7= cnnr ellbt Lkfsilprlokls < pnjkfn‛s f`gkj.

@d tl v``rh`dlf gnt gl ilzlr nnf elt lkfg vnf gkt m`lh dlt fkltwnnrjldnnhtl vlrwnoetkfjlf noetlrmikcbt wki kh lr eklr lxpikoklt `p wkc-zlf gnt ``h gkt fklt gl glbkfktklvl _oeikldnffmk`jrnbkl ks. E`lwli gktm`lh `vlr _oeikldnff jnnt ks fklt ekc, dnnr Flglrinfg gl wlrhlikchl

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>1 -

Flglrinfg eng lf e`l lr vnfukt Flglrinfg fnnr eld jlhlhlf wlrg.kcglfs elt wlrhlf nnf gkt m`lh millh ni sfli gnt gl mr`fflf llf zllrvlrsfkpplrg mllig vnf _oeikldnff pilvlrlf. @d gkt mllig v``r gl d`-glrfl ilzlr mljrkcplikch tl dnhlf elm kh elt nnfjlvuig dlt dntlrknni ukt

nfglrl _oeikldnffmr`fflf. Eklrg``r `ftstnnt llf dkf `b dllr o`d-piltl mk`jrnbkl vnfukt Flglrinfgs plrsplotklb.Elt llrstl jlgllitl vnf gkt m`lh olftrllrt zkoe r`fg _oeikldnffs

nnfh`dst lf vlrmikcb kf Flglrinfg lf gl znhlikchl rlintkls wnnrdll ekcvnfukt Ndstlrgnd kf nnfrnhkfj hwnd. Kf elt twllgl jlgllitl vnf eltm`lh zklf wl e`l _oeikldnffs nroelì`jksoe wlrh eklr tl infgl mlspr`-hlf wlrg lf e`l gkt wlrh fkluwl vlrmkfgkfjlf dlt Flglrinfg t`t stnfgmrnoet.

@dgnt _oeikldnff gl jlw``ftl eng `d kf llf jr``t nnftni tnilf tlsoerkcvlf lf infj fklt klglrllf glzl tnilf niildnni dnoetkj ks elm kh niil

tlhstlf, v``r z`vlr gnt zkffkj ks, fnnr elt Flglrinfgs vlrtnnig. @dgnt glilzlr, wnt mltrlbt elt ilvlf vnf _oeikldnff, elt vlrenni hrkcjt z`nis kh gntvnfukt gl mr`fflf `ftwkhhlig elm, `ftstnnt lr eklrg``r jllf lxtrn sum-

clotklvl innj lf illh dkc gkt jllf mlzwnnr. Kh elm kf gl v`ltf`tlf dkcfmr`fflf nnfjljlvlf z`gnt klglrllf gkl gnt wki hnf o`ftrìlrlf b kh dkcfklt tl vlli vrkcelglf jlplrdkttllrg elm. Kf llf hilkf nnftni jlvniilf,wnnrkf gnt nis vlrstlrhkfj wlrhtl, elm kh llf oktnnt kf gl ``rspr`fhlikchg``r _oeikldnff jlmrukhtl tnni `pjlf`dlf. Gl Flglrinfgsl mr`fflfelm kh, zkc elt eklr wnt kfjlh`rt, d tl vlli vlrinppkfjlf tl v``rh`dlfwnnr gnt fklt zkffkj ks, kf euf `rkjkflil v`rd `pjlf`dlf.

@`h elm kh kf gl v`ltf`tlf, v``r z` vlr dkc mlhlfg, vlrwlzlf fnnrnfglrl nutlurs gkl vnnh uktjlmrlkglr `vlr elt g``r dkc mlenfgligljlsoerlvlf elmmlf, `b gkl gnnr llf nbwkchlfgl dlfkfj `vlr elmmlf.Eklrg``r elm kh jlp``jg `d llf kfzkoet lf t`ljnfj tl jlvlf t`t gl ml-stnnfgl _oeikldnffiktlrntuur.

Elt gnjlikchs ilvlf vnf llf dlfs ks tl o`dpilx `d kf zkcf t`tniktlktvnst tl iljjlf. @dgnt dlfslf tòe euf wnnrfldkfjlf lf lrvnrkfjlfdlt nfglrl dlfslf wkiilf glilf g`lf zkc gkt g``rdkggli vnf vlrenilfwnnrkf gl lsslftkl vnf gnt wnt zl wkiilf dlglglilf w`rgt vnstjliljg. Khmlf kf elt hnglr vnf gkt m`lh fklt jlàftlrlssllrg kf ’gl wnnrelkg— `b ’gl

ilujlf—. Kf tljlfstliikfj t`t llf nnftni nfglrl _oeikldnff`fglrz`lhlrsilj kh _oeikldnff fklt infjs llf d`rlil dlltint. Kh vlrjlikch gl vlrenilfgkl ekc `vlr zkoezlib vlrtligl dlt gnt wnt lr ukt nfglrl mr`fflf `vlr glzljlmlurtlfksslf mlhlfg ks lf vlrvìjlfs dlt gl vlrenilf gkl lr tkcglfszkcf ilvlf kf Flglrinfg vlr eld vlrtlig wlrglf. Gkt m`lh t``ft fs gntniils wnt wkc `vlr _oeikldnff glfhlf tl wltlf uktlkfglikch fklt dllr ksgnf llf `pllfstnplikfj vnf vlrenilf. Gkt ks llf vlrenni `vlr vlrenilf.

Kh elm tkcglfs elt soerkcvlf vnf gkt m`lh vnf zllr vlli dlfslfeuip jlhrljlf. Kf elt mkcz`fglr wki kh eklr mlgnfhlf3 Gr. FntniknR`jlkh`bb-Mr`jnf lf Gr. Lilbtelrkn Gnilzkù vnf gl Jlffngkus Ikmrnry



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kf Ntelfl, Gr. Z. Mòihl lf J. Q`einf vnf elt Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf lf _.Z.].C. vnf Mingli Lrbj`lgolftrud GkLQ kfG`rgrloet. Dkcf jr``tstl gnfh jnnt uktlkfglikch ukt fnnr dkcf rlgnotlur,

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Ekc vlrtlit zkcf ilzlrs gnt ekc `p =< gloldmlr >5=>/2 cnfunrk >5== > jlm`rlf wns kf Nfhlrsenjlf, llf hilkf pinntscl kf Dlohilfmurj,Guktsinfg, wnnr zkcf vnglr g`dkfll wns. S`nis fnjlf`lj niil g`dkflls

eng zkcf vnglr fljlf hkfglrlf lf jllf jlig lf `dgnt zkcf tkcg stlrh kfmlsinj jlf`dlf wlrg g``r zkcf wlrh eng ekc jllf tkcg `b d`jlikchelkg`d gl c`fjl _oeikldnff lfkj `fglrwkcs tl jlvlf. =

Kf >52; soerllb _oeikldnff zkcf llrstl nroelì`jksoel m`lh, Ktenhn,glr Qli`pp`ffls ufg r`cn, Nroeçì`jksoel B`rsoeufjlf. Ekc mljkft gktm`lh dlt llf hilkfl nut`mk`jrnbksoel soelts. `lf ekc kf >551, `p elte``jtlpuft vnf zkcf r`ld el Okty nfg Oùftry ` tel r`cnfs pumikollr-gl iklt ekc gkt v``rnb jnnf g``r llf vlrglrl uktwlrhkfj vnf glzl nut`mk-`jrnbksoel soelts. Glzl vlrskl ks vlli uktjlmrlkglr, dnnr wkcht kf gl `vlr-llfh`dstkjl jlgllitlf fklt nb vnf gkl ukt >52;. Gl kf Kik`s jlpumikollrgl

mk`jrnbkl wlrg kf >5;=, fn _oeikldnffs g``g, g``r _`pekn _oeikldnff(>5<=->;?=) jlmrukht nis elt mljkf vnf gl g``r ennr uktjljlvlf mk`jrn-bkl vnf ennr dnf. Gkt wns elt mllig gnt _oeikldnff wkigl gnt gl wlrligvnf eld eng.

Kf glzl `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl millh ekc fklt niillf lrjlfs nfglrs jlm`-rlf tl zkcf, dnnr wns ``h elt hlrfteldn vnf zkcf clujg vlrnfglrg. Gkthllr wns ekc `p 2 cnfunrk >5== kf Flu-Muoh`w, llf hilkf pinntscl kfDlohilfmurj-_oewlrkf jlm`rlf. Skcf vnglr, Lrfst _oeikldnff wns eklrg`dkfll lf wlrg kf glzl zlibgl bufotkl kf >5=? kf Nfhlrsenjlf mlr`l-plf. Kf gkt ``rg mrnoet _oeikldnff gl llrstl noet cnrlf vnf zkcf ilvlf

g``r. Ekc flkjgl, fnnr lkjlf zljjlf, vnf fnturl t`t elt jlelkdzkffkjllf w`fglrmnnrikchl lf glzl flkjkfj vlrnfglrgl g``r gl w`fglrlf gkl lrkf gkt pinntscl tl vkfglf wnrlf kf llf wnrl pnsskl.?

> Zlmlr >;7= jnnt lr vnf ukt gnt elt nut`mk`jrnbksoel jlgllitl vnf gkt rlkscùrfnnifn tlrujh`dst kf ]usinfg jlsoerlvlf ks. Kf ]usinfg jlmrukhtl dlf gl Cuiknnfslhnilfglr tlrwkci dlf kf Zlst-Lur`pn gl Jrlj`rknnfsl hnilfglr jlmrukhtl. Qns kf>;>5 jkfj ]usinfg ``h `p gl Jrlj`rknnfsl hnilfglr `vlr.

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>2 -

Lf gnnrdll zkcf wl gnf gkrlot mkc elt jr`tl pr`milld vnf elt soerkcvlfvnf llf _oeikldnffmk`jrnbkl mlinfg. _oeikldnff ellbt jlgurlfgl zkcfilvlf llf jr``t nnftni nut`mk`jrnbksoel uktsprnhlf jlgnnf. Ekc soerllbzkcf nut`mk`jrnbksoel soeltslf fklt v``r `fs, elt fnjlsinoet, dnnr v``r

zkcf tkcgjlf`tlf. Ekc soerllb glzl nut`mk`jrnbksoel soeltslf fklt dlt eltg`li gnt dlf kf gl t`lh`dst prlokls zù wltlf wkl ekc wns, dnnr `d lrv``r tl z`rjlf gnt zkcf tkcgjlf`tlf prlokls gnt mllig vnf eld hrljlf gntekc wkigl gnt zl vnf eld engglf.

Kf gl llrstl mlsoerkcvkfj ukt >5<1->5<> zklf wl gl znhlfdnf_oeikldnff. Llf clujg z`fglr jlig lf `pilkgkfj. Znt ekc mlzkt ellbt ekcjlelli p lkjlf hrnoet vlrw`rvlf. Rnf hrnftlfc`fjlf t`t dkic`fnkr8 hnfllf jlsinnjg znhlfdnf zkoe llf mltlrl ov wlfslf0 Kf elt twllgl vlrsinjukt >551 zklf wl gl nroelì``j, gkl vnfnb zkcf vr`ljl clujg jlàftlrls-sllrg wns kf gl rnngslilf ukt zkcf `djlvkfj. Glzl mk`jrnbkl jnnt vlrvì-

jlfs vlrglr dlt llf nnftni snjlf lf iljlfglf ukt Nfhlrsenjlf z`gnt lihlilzlr dltllf wllt gnt zkcf z`lhtòet fnnr r`cl zkcf w`rtlis kf gl clujgvnf gl `fglrz`lhlr ellbt.

Znnr mk`jrnbkl ëëf gl znhlfdnf vlrh``pt, vlrh``pt mk`jrnbkl twllgl nroelì``j. Mlkgl vlrsinjlf elmmlf uktlkfglikch euf lkjlf pr`mil-dlf wnffllr dlf zl `fglrz`lht.

Kf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl mljkft ekc dlt gl bùtl jlm``rtl-pinnts. _oeikldnff ks, z`nis gl twllgl nut`mk`jrnbkl dligt, `p 2 cnfunrk>5== kf Flu Muoh`w jlm`rlf. Ekc wns elt vkcbgl hkfg vnf Lrfst Cènff

Ngìb _oeikldnff (>:51->5:1) lf Iùksl elrlsn _`pekn Mùrjlr (>:;?-

>5?>). Gl _oeikldnffs wnrlf llf typksoel Mklglrdlklr dkgglfhinsslbndkikl, gl vnglr llf glsp`tksoel eukstkrnf lf gl d`lglr gl grnnjstlr lfvlrz`rjstlr vnf gl hkfglrlf. @p >> dlk >5=? vlreuksgl gl bndkikl fnnr

Nfhlrsenjlf. Rnglr _oeikldnff eng lr, dlt mleuip vnf wnt stllhplf-fkfjlf, v``r jlz`rjg gnt ekc kf glzl wlivnrlfglr jldllftl llf nnfstli-ikfj hrllj.7 Gl c`fjl Elkfrkoe wns flt llf cnnr t`lf ekc kf glzl pinntshwnd w`flf lf elt ks vnf gnnrukt tl mljrkcplf gnt gkt pinntscl dllr v``reld mltlhlfgl gnf zkcf wlrhlikchl jlm``rtlpinnts. Gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nu-t`mk`jrnbkl ks `h fklt elt lfkjl stuh wnnrkf ekc Nfhlrsenjlf nis jlm``r-tlpinnts iklt `pfldlf. Kf z`wli >57? nis >572 soerllb gl o`fsui vnf

Dlohilfmurj kf Ndstlrgnd llf pnsp``rt v``r eld ukt lf `p mlkglfstnnt nis jlm``rtlpinnts Nfhlrsenjlf vlrdlig.<

7 Orlp`f & Mòihl >;;1, >= ’R`f ><? nmjljlmlflf, kd Zneipr`t`hìi fndlftikoenubjlbùertlf _tkddlf lftsoelkglf skoe ><1 bùr glf Rntlr Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs... Lrfst _oeikldnff XenttlT gld ]lvklrcçjlr Dùiilr =11 ]lkoestnilr jljlmlf ...―gnÐ lr gkl Ilutl enml mlrlglf ufg jut mlwkrtelf dùsslf, ud kef zud Qrlgkjlrzu wçeilf‛.—

< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl G, M`x >/>.



>:

Nfhlrsenjlf wns lf ks llf hilkf g`rp, dnnr jlikchtkcgkj llf jr`tljldllftl. Rnglr _oeikldnff eng gl mlw`flrs vnf glzl jldllftl fkltv``r fklts jltrnhtllrg. Gnt wns llf j`lgl kfvlstlrkfj. Gl hlrh vnf

Nfhlrsenjlf eng vlli jr`fg kf mlzkt lf gl rlvlfulf gnnrvnf wnrlf v``rgl g`dkfll lf zkcf jlzkf mlg`lig.2

Elinns v``r Elkfrkoe eng vnglr _oeikldnff llf pr`milld dlt eltjlm`g vnf gl hukselkg gnt ekc nis g`dkfll prllhtl. Ni tkcglfs gl fljlfglzwnfjlrsoenp vnf zkcf vr`uw jkfj lr kf Nfhlrsenjlf elt jlruoet gnt ekcwli lrj vrkc dlt llf vnf gl gklfsdnnjglf `d jkfj. `lf zkcf vr`uw fngl jlm``rtl vnf gkt fljlfgl hkfg `vlrillg lf vnglr _oeikldnff lr ni-

illf v``rst`fg millh ni sfli gnt gl jlruoetlf wnnr wnrlf. Ekc fnd fuelli `plfikch gl gklfstdnnjg, _`pekl _oewnrz, nis dnætrlssl. Gkt wnstlvlli v``r zkcf jldllftl. Glrjlikch kdd`rlli jlgrnj h`f dlf fklt t`-ilrlrlf. Lr `ftst`fg llf rli lf zkcf jldllftl wkigl fklt dllr mkc eldhlrhlf. Elt ks tl mljrkcplf gnt dlf kf gl e`jlrl loeli`fs vnf vnglrs

2 ]koetlr >;;=, ?= ’Gns Nttrnhtkvl gklsls \dzujs inj kfgls wlfkjlr kd Zloesli glsinfgsoenbtikoelf Dkiklus nis vklidler kf glr Nusskoet nub gkl v`f glf udikljlfglfJùtlrf ufg G`dçflf zu lftrkoetlfglf Jlig- ufg Fnturrniilkstufjlf, gkl wlktnusjùfstkjlrl Lxkstlfzmlgkfjufjlf vlrsprnoelf. Ekfzu hnd lkf fkoet ufmlglutlfglr

Hkroelfnohlr v`f lkfkjlf eufglrt D`rjlf Infg ...—

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf.



>5 -

hlrh gnnr fklt jliuhhkj dll wns. Rnglr _oeikldnff iklt zkcf dkffnrlsvlrgwkcflf lf stuurgl, `d zkcf enfglf vrkc tl elmmlf v``r elt jlvloetdlt zkcf dllrglrlf, zkcf z``f fnnr zkcf mr`lr, Brklgrkoe _oeikldnff,kf Hnihe`rst. Eklr wlrg ekc g``r llf euksilrnnr v``rmlrlkg `p elt t`l-

intkfjslxndlf vnf elt jydfnskud. Kf glzl tkcg zù ekc v``r elt llrstdlt gl mnsksrljlis vnf elt Jrklhs lf Intkcf kf nnfrnhkfj jlh`dlf zkcflf zù ekc v``r elt llrst stuhhlf ukt gl Kikns jlilzlf elmmlf. Ekc sinnj-gl v``r zkcf t`lintkfjslxndlf lf jkfj kf >5?? fnnr elt jydfnskud kfFlustrlikz. Ekc mlj`f kf gl elrbst, dnnr ni sfli millh gnt zkcf vnglr zkoedlt zkcf lsonpngls vlrglr kf gl soeuiglf jlwlrht eng gnf j`lg wns v``rzkcf bndkikl. Kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl vlrtlit _oeikldnff zkcf ilzlrs gnt

cukst `p elt d`dlft gnt ekc fnnr elt jydfnskud jkfj zkcf bndkikl g``rllf zwnnr `fjliuh jltr`bblf wlrg. @dgnt ekc vrllsgl gnt zkcf vnglr fklt`vlr vìg`lfgl dkgglilf zù mlsoekhhlf d eld llf jr``t nnftni cnrlf

`p elt jydfnskud lf gl \fkvlrsktlkt tl fglreùglf vlriklt ekc glzl kf-stliikfj fn grkl dnnfglf lf jkfj ekc fnnr gl dkgglimnrl soe`ì.: @b gl

c`fjl _oeikldnff wlrhlikch mlwust llf ufkvlrsktnkrl t`lh`dst `pjljl-vlf ellbt `b gnt lr g``r jlmrlh nnf dkgglilf jllf nfglrl d`jlikchelkgwns zuiilf wl eklr kf elt dkgglf intlf.5

Znffllr wl fnnr elt jlgrnj vnf zkcf vnglr hkchlf hufflf wl `fsnbvrnjlf b _oeikldnff gl lkjlfsoenp d tlhstlf v``r llf jlwlfst g`linnf tl pnsslf fklt vnf eld jlillrg ellbt. Znffllr ekc kf Endmurj ksmlz`lht ekc gl vr`ljlrl dkffnrls vnf zkcf vnglr. ’Noe Elkfrkoe—, zljtzl, ’kh wns llf nrd g`rpsdlkscl, llf hfloet eng dkcf llr jlr``bg, dkcf

euwlikchscnrlf injlf noetlr dkc lf t`lf m``g dkc llf jlillrg lf jl-noet dnf, kldnfg wnnr gukzlfglf nnfgnoetkj fnnr iukstlrglf nis ekc eltw``rg J`gs vlrh`fgkjgl, llf g`dkfll, dkc zkcf iklbgl nnf. Ekc zw`lrmkc niil elkikjlf gnt ekc dlt dkc zù trùwlf—.;

Gnt Lrfst lf Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff fklt gl lfkjlf wnrlf gkl euf tlh-stlf nnfpnstlf hufflf wl gukglikch zklf nnf gl inntstl rljli vnf m`vlf-stnnfg oktnnt. Kf ennr vlrglgkjkfj hikfht _`pekl _oewnrz `fsoeuigkjlrgnf zl jlwllst hnf zkcf. Gl mlw`flrs vnf Nfhlrsenjlf wnrlf lr kddlrsvnf `vlrtukjg gnt glzl nbbnkrl ni mlj`fflf wns t`lf _oeikldnffs d`l-glr f`j illbgl lf gl g`dkfll gus f`j jltrùwg wns.

: _oeikldnff>5;=, 5-;.5 Skl v``r gl jlsoeklglfks vnf Lrfst _oeikldnff lf _`pekl _oewnrz lf gl gnnrmkc

h`dlfgl h`stlf Mòihl >;55. Skl v``r _oeikldnffs soe`ì`pilkgkfj Dlylr >;?7.

; Mòihl >;55, <<.



>;

=. Llf mlsiukt v``r elt ilvlf0

S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf ks elt vnnh d`lkikch fn tl jnnf wnt lr vnf glvlrenilf gkl _oeikldnff kf zkcf gkvlrsl mk`jrnbklèf soerllb wnnr ks lfwnt fklt. `lf ekc kf >52; nis kfilkgkfj `p zkcf Ktenhn, glr Qli`p`fflsufg r`cn zkoezlib nnf zkcf pumiklh v``rstligl v`ligl ekc zkoe jlr`lplf`d ukt tl iljjlf wnnr`d ekc glzl Nroelì`jksoel rlks `fglrf`dlf eng.Elt jkfj niildnni tlruj t`t zkcf clujg, t`t >5?= t`lf ekc mkc zkcf ``d kfHnihe`rst w``fgl. Ekc wns tklf cnnr lf ekc jnb zkcf vnglr nis hlrstonglnullf kf siloet Intkcf jlsoerlvlf `pstli `vlr gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j lf gl

nv`fturlf vnf @gysslus. Ekc eng lr t`lf jllf kgll vnf gnt ekc ?2 cnnrintlr gl wlrlig llf jlsoerkbt zù nnfmklglf wnnrkf elt zlibgl `fglrwlrpmlenfglig wlrg lf gnt fngnt ekc gl iòntkl wnnr glzl ``ri`j zkoe engnbjlspllig lf elt vnglrinfg vnf gl g``r E`dlrus `fstlrblikch jldnnhtleliglf jlzklf eng.>1

Elt llrstl wnt `pvnit ks gnt _oeikldnff gkt hllr Nfhlrenjlf uktmllig jlsoe`vlf ellbt. Gkt ks `pvniilfg wnffllr wl hkchlf fnnr e`lekc glzl jlsoeklglfks kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl wllrjllbt. Eklr mljkftekc dlt uktjlmrlkg ukt tl iljjlf e`l ekc nis hkfg jlàftrkjllrg wlrg g``rgl snjlf lf iljlfglf gkl kf gl `djlvkfj vnf Nfhlrsenjlf splliglf.

Noetlr elt euks wnnr ekc w``fgl wns llf dllrtcl wnnrukt r`fg dkg-glrfnoet llf c`fhvrùw dlt llf zkivlrlf soenni `pg``h lf lvlf muktlfelt g`rp wns llf jrnbeluvli wnnrkf llf r``brkgglr zkcf iklvlikfjshkfg kfllf jùglf wklj mljrnvlf zù elmmlf. Gl c`fjl _oeikldnff jli``bgl`fv``rwnnrglikch kf glzl snjlf lf vlrmnnsgl zkoe lr`vlr gnt zkcf vnglr,nis ekc jligz`rjlf eng, glzl zkivlrlf soenni `b jùglf wklj fklt `pjr`lb.

Znnr elt g`rp eld kf o`ftnot mrnoet dlt gl jlelkdlf vnf elt i`hnilvlrilglf z`rjgl zkcf vnglr lrv``r gnt ekc kf o`ftnot hwnd dlt gl nftklhlouituur. Skcf vnglr wns wlikswnnr jllf bkiì``j `b nroelì``j, dnnr ekcwns wli zllr jlàftlrlssllrg kf gl ùgelkg. Ekc vlrtligl vnnh enrtstòe-

tlikch `vlr gl `fglrjnfj vnf Elrouinflud lf Q`dplck. R``r eld wn-rlf gl dlfslf gkl gl tkcg lf gl dkgglilf engglf `d glzl `pjrnvkfjlftl jnnf zklf gl jliuhhkjstlf. Ekc vlrtligl ``h vnnh dlt mlw`fglrkfj`vlr gl gnglf vnf gl e`dlrksoel eliglf lf gl jlmlurtlfksslf ukt glr`cnnfsl ``ri`j. _oeikldnff wlrg eklrg``r llf jr``t iklbelmmlr vnf glr`cnnfsl jlsoeklglfks. Ekc wns gnf ``h zllr mlgr`lbg t`lf zkcf vnglreld vlrtligl gnt r`cl jlelli vlrfkltkjg wns, gnt elt z`fglr elt jlrkfj-stl sp``r fn tl intlf vnf gl nnrgm`gld vlrgwlflf wns. Kf >5=; hrllj

>1 _oeikldnff, >52;, x.



=1 -

gl t`lf noet cnnr ùgl Elkfrkoe vnf zkcf vnglr, v``r hlrst, llf lxldpinnrvnf Gr. Jl`rj Iugwkj Clrrlr‛s (Cènff Elkfrkoe Dlyfklr >:27->5=<)Zlitjlsoekoetl ùr Hkfglr . Gnnrkf st`fg llf pinntcl vnf elt mrnfglfglr`cl dlt zkcf e`jl durlf. Nlflns viuoettl gl _hçksoel p``rt ukt dlt

zkcf vnglr Nfoeksls `p gl ruj lf gl hilkfl Nshnf`ks nnf gl enfg. ’Hkchvnglr—, rklp gl c`fjl _oeikldnff, ’cl d`lt cl vlrjkst elmmlf. Clrrlr d`ltr`cl jlzklf elmmlf, nfglrs eng ekc lr tòe jllf tlhlfkfj vnf hufflfdnhlf0— ’Fll dkcf z``f—, nftw``rggl gl vnglr, ’gnt ks llf bnftnskl-pinntcl.— `lf gl c`fjl _oeikldnff vlrvìjlfs zkcf vnglr vr`lj `b gldurlf vnf r`cl wlrhlikch z` e``j jlwllst wnrlf nis zl `p elt pinntclst`fglf mlvlstkjgl gl vnglr gnt. ’Dnnr vnglr—, jkfj gl c`fjlf vlrglr,’nis lr ``kt zuihl durlf jlwllst zkcf, gnf hufflf gkl tòe fklt jlellivlrfkltkjg lf vlrgwlflf zkcf, gnf d`ltlf zl tòe f`j `fglr elt st`b lfpukf vnf lluwlf vlrm`rjlf ikjjlf.— Fu mlwllrgl zkcf vnglr wli gnt gkt

fklt z` wns, dnnr gl c`fjl _oeikldnff millb vnst vnf zkcf kgll vlrtukjg.Ekc mlsi``t gnnr`p gnt ekc ``kt r`cl zù jnnf `pjrnvlf.>> Lf z` wns glnroelì``j jlm`rlf f`j v``r ekc Intkcf jlillrg eng.

Elt ks llf prnoetkj vlrenni, dnnr z`nis mkc vlli vnf _oeikldnffs vlr-enilf hufflf ``h eklr wllr gl f`gkjl vrnjlf jlstlig w`rglf. Znffllrwl ilzlf wnt Clrrlr `vlr gl iòntkl vnf r`cl zljt hufflf wl `fs nbvrnjlf`b gl c`fjl _oeikldnff elt m`lh ni jlilzlf eng t`lf ekc lr vnf uktjkfjgnt Clrrlr glzl stng jlzklf d`lst elmmlf t`lf ekc gl nbmlligkfj v``rzkcf m`lh tlhlfgl. Clrrlr vlrtlit zkcf ilzlrs fndlikch gnt r`cl tljlf`vlrJrklhlfinfg nnf gl hust vnf Hilkf Nzkè inj. Lrjlfs kf gl `djlvkfj vnf

gl eukgkjl vlrstlrhkfj nnf gl Gnrgnfliilf, Ênfnhhnil. Clrrlr ks elt loe-tlr wli dlt _oeikldnffs vnglr llfs. Niil sp`rlf vnf glzl mlr`ldgl stngzkcf vlrgwlflf. Gnnrg``r hnf fkldnfg dlt zlhlrelkg zljjlf wnnr ekc``kt prlokls jliljlf ellbt.>=

Gl hilkfl _oeikldnff hlfgl t`lf ekc Clrrlr ins f`j jllf Intkcf lf/`bJrklhs. Skcf vnglr eng, `d g`dkfll tl w`rglf, Intkcf d`ltlf ilrlf. Kftljlfstliikfj t`t wnt _oeikldnff gl ilzlrs vnf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk-`jrnbkl vlrtligl, gllg zkcf vnglr, vìjlfs gl `bbkokèil vlrskl zkcf uktlrstlmlst `d glzl hlffks `p zkcf z``f `vlr tl grnjlf. Gkt wlrg f`j mltlr t`lf_oeikldnff mkc zkcf vnglrs mr`lr kf euks ils hrllj vnf llf prkvëilrnnr, gl

bkiì``j Onri NfgrlÐ (>515->55<). Glzl z`rjgl lr v``r gnt _oeikldnff,kf >5?=, elt ni jlf`ldgl `pstli v``r zkcf vnglr h`f soerkcvlf.>?

Hnf llf nroelì``j gkl mlr`ldg ks jlw`rglf dlt gl `pjrnvkfj vnfr`cl zkoe llf mltlrl clujg wlfslf0

>> _oeikldnff >5;=, 7-<. Llf vlrh`rtl vlrskl vnf glzl jlsoeklglfks ks tl vkfglf kfllf mrklb vnf _oeikldnff nnf zkcf uktjlvlr Mròhenus vnf >: Nuj. >5:5. Dlylr>;?2, ><=-><7.

>= Jlsktllrg mkc Krdksoelr >;51, 22<.

>? _oeikldnff >5;=, 5.



=>

@`h _kjdufg Brlug (>5<2->;?;) rnnhtl `fglr gl kfgruh vnf gktvlrenni. Kf >5;; soerllb ekc lr`vlr kf llf mrklb nnf zkcf vrklfg ZkielidBiklss (>5<5->;=5). R`ijlfs Brlug wlrg _oeikldnff jliuhhkj t`lf ekcgl soent vnf Qrkndus v`fg dgnt niillf elt vlrvuiilf vnf llf vlrinfjlfukt gl hkfglrtkcg kldnfg jliuhhkj hnf dnhlf.>7

Fu zkcf vlrenilf gkl mkcfn tl d``k zkcf `d wnnr tl zkcf dllstli fkltwnnr lf elt ellbt lr niil soekcf vnf gnt gkt v``r _oeikldnffs mlsoerkcvkfjvnf zkcf clujg ``h elt jlvni ks.

Lr ks kf jllf vnf gl g``r _oeikldnff fnjlintlf nnftlhlfkfjlf `bmrklvlf vnf v``r ekc nroel`i``j wlrg ``h dnnr klts tl vkfglf gnt lr `pgukgt gnt ekc llf jr`tlr g`li eng gnf enfgligrkcvlf lf jlig vlrgklflf.@b ekc Clrrlrs Zlitjlsoekoetl ùr hkfglr wlrhlikch nis hkfg kf zkcf mlzkt

>7 Jloktllrg kf Guoeãfl >;;2, =1.

Nlflns, Nfoeksls lf Nshnfk`s viuoetlf ukt elt mrnfglfgl Wr`cl.

Clrrlrs Zlitjlsoekoetl bùr Hkfglr.



== -

jleng ellbt ks `fgukglikch. Lr mlstnnt llf lxldpinnr dlt zkcf enfgtlhl-fkfj `p gl tktlipnjkfn, dnnr gnt ks gl enfgtlhlfkfj vnf llf vìwnsslfdnf.>< Elt ks j`lg d`jlikch gnt ekc gkt lxldpinnr pns `p intlrl illbtkcgjlhòet ellbt, dnnr gnt hnf lvlfdkf dlt zlhlrelkg vnstjlstlig w`rglf

nis gnt ekc elt nis hlrstjlsoelfh jlhrljlf ellbt.>2

>< Skl v``r llf nbmlligkfj vnf glzl tktlipnjkfn dlt enfgtlhlfkfj Fklglrinfg >;2:,=17, H`rrls >;:7, Qi.= `b Krdsoelr >;51, 22>. Dlylr >;2;, >? ’Fòe elutlikljt gns soednil Mùoeilkf kd FnoeinÐ ufg trçjt v`f fòe ufjlilfhtlr Enfgglf Fndlfszuj gls Cufjlf.— rnkii >;5<-52, =7 lf rnkii >;;?, ?; ’Gkstrustkfjdy `wf kdprlssk`f tent tel skjfnturl wns tent `b nf nguit K rlqulstlg Gnvkg O.Or`wl `b _norndlft`, n enfgwrktkfj lxplrt, t` lxndkfl kt. El rlp`rtlg3 ―el shkii,glxtlrkty nfg nppnrlft prnotkolg j``g wrktkfj qunikty wùig slld t` ml mly`fg telwrktkfj nmktkty `b n m`y `b lkjet.—

>2 Krdsoelr >;51, 22< ’_` sler dnf bùjikoe gkl ufjlmròelfl, h`ftkfuklrikoel, cnerzleftlinfj nfenitlfgl Fnoewkrhufj v`f _oei kldnffs lrstld r`cnlrilmfkswkrg kf Swlkbli zklelf dùsslf, gkl ]lniktçt gklsls Lrilmfkssls hnff fnoe gldR`rjltrnjlflf wèi hnud fòe mlstrkttlf wlrglf.— rnkii, >;5<-52, =? nfg rnkii>;;?, ?; ’el rlnikty `b tel Clrrlr kfokglft ns glsorkmlg kf Kik`s dny ml o`fbkglftiy

gksdksslg.—



=?

?. Llf hilkfl kftliilotulli kf llfhrukglfklrswkfhli

Fngnt _oeikldnff zkcf `pilkgkfj vìt``kg eng wlrg ekc illrikfj kfgl hrukglfklrswkfhli vnf Enfs el`g`r Eùohstçgt (>5>=->5:=) kfBùrstlfmlrj. Gkt wns llf hilkflrl znnh wnnr ekc niillf dlt gl g``rsfllmurjlr vnf zkcf tkcg kf o`ftnot hwnd. Fnnr lkjlf zljjlf vlrjnt ekc eklrwnt ekc jlillrg eng, dnnr zkcf iklbgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp mleklig ekc wli.>: Llf hilkfl, fwltlfgl kftliilotulli kf llf hrukglfklrswkfhli. Nnfjlzklf

zkcf mnns intlr llf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb v``r eld soerllb d`lt ekc kf glzltkcg tòe elt llf lf nfglr `vlr elt hrukglfklrsvnh jlillrg elmmlf. @vlre`l glzl plrk`gl nnf zkcf lkfg hwnd mlstnnt lfkjl vlrwnrrkfj, dgnt wl``h eklr wllr twll tljlfstrkcgkjl vlrskls vnf _oeikldnffs enfg elmmlf.Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl ukt >551 tkigl ekc llf tl zwnnr vnt `pwnnrg``r ekc llf mlsoengkjkfj kf zkcf m`rst piklp. Ekc spuujgl mi`lg lfh`f fklt dllr wlrhlf. Jlelli vlrtwkcblig iklp ekc fnnr Endmurj. Gnnrv`fg ekc llf mnnf dlt llf cnnrsninrks vnf >51 Dnrh.>5

Nis`b gkt ni fklt grndntksoe jlf`lj ks w`rgt elt kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfslnut`mk`jrnbkl f`j flt llf tnfgcl lrjlr. Zl hrkcjlf eltzlibgl vlrenni,

dnnr fu w`rgt lr uktgruhhlikch mkc jlzljg gnt ekc `ftsinjlf wlrg `dgntekc fklt dllr vnf fut h`f zkcf v``r zkcf mnns.>;

Fnnst glzl twll vlrskls ks lr f`j llf glrgl. @p =1 blmrunrk >57=soerllb _oeikldnff vnfukt Ndstlrgnd llf mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs wnnrkfekc vlrsinj gllg `vlr niils wnt eld kf elt inntstl cnnr wns `vlrh`dlf.=1 \kt glzl mrklb mikcht gnt ekc zkcf zustlrs ni llrglr ukt Bùrstlfmlrj jlsoerl-vlf eng gnt ekc dlt gl ellr Ndtdnff ùrhl vnf ùrhse`b mkc Iyoelfeng nbjlspr`hlf `d dlt eld lf zkcf z``f, llf ùgl soe`ìvrklfg, `p

>: _oeikldnff>5;=, >1.>5 _oeikldnff>5;=, >1->>.>; Zlmlr>;7=, 7.=1 Dlylr >;<?, ?1? f``t =. ’_oeikldnffs òetlr, Brnu Nfgr`dnoel Dlins-Nrelf,

eçit kef dòjikoelrwlksl bùr lkflf Ùmufjsnubsntz.— _oeikldnff eng kfglrgnng gljlw``ftl `d, nis ekc llf tnni nnf elt ilrlf wns, nis `lblfkfj `pstliilf tl soerkcvlf.Glzl mrklb ks loetlr kf elt Gukts jlsoerlvlf, llf tnni gkl _oeikldnff vnf euksukt mlellrstl, llf tnni wnnrkf ekc zkoe fklt e`lbgl tl `lblflf. @`h zkttlf lr kfglzl mrklb, kf tljlfstliikfj t`t gl mlhlfgl `lblf `pstliilf, jllf jr`tl e`lvlli-elkg o`rrlotkls. @`h hlfflf wl jllf `lblf `pstliilf kf gl v`rd vnf llf mrklb.Elt mikcbt loetlr d`jlikch gnt Nfgr`dnoel Dlins jlikch ellbt `dgnt glzl mrklb kf_oeikldnffs fnintlfsoenp ks jlv`fglf wnt fklt kf gl ikcf glr vlrwnoetkfjlf ikjt

wnffllr ekc wlrhlikch nnf gl zustlrs jlstuurg ks.



=7 -

=< cuik dlt elt Endmurjlr Qnhlt soekp vnf hnpktlkf Q.F. Qnuislf fnnrFlw [`rh kf F``rg Ndlrkhn tl rlkzlf. Gnt wlrg loetlr fklts `dgnt_oeikldnffs vnglr jllf t`lstlddkfj wkigl jlvlf.=>

Lf z` zkttlf wl gnf fu dlt gl vrnnj wnt lr fu loet jlmlurg ks.

Jliuhhkj ellbt _oeikldnff elli vlli vnf gl mrklvlf gkl ekc `ftvkfj ml-wnnrg lf z` zkcf lr f`j dllr mr`fflf gkl `fs kfb`rdntkl `vlr glzl pl-rk`gl hufflf jlvlf. @p ?1 nprki >57> soerllb zkcf vnglr eld vnf uktJleisg`rb wnnr ekc fu w``fgl. Rnglr ks gukglikch `ftstldg g``r zkcf`fgnfhmnrl z``f. Ekc ellbt ni vlli d`lktl jlgnnf `d llf hnft``rmnnfkf ]`stòh v``r zkcf z``f tl vkfglf. Ekc ellbt o`ftnot dlt jlrlf`d-dllrgl znhlf lf e``pt sp`lgkj llf j`lg mlrkoet tl hufflf sturlf, zlhlr`dgnt ekc mli``bg ellbt eld mle``rikch tl zuiilf `fglreùglf. @b glzlmnnf ni v``r Cènffks , =7 cufk, r`fg ks vnit loetlr tl mltwkcblilf. Rnglrks gnf ``h zllr `ftstldg gnt _oeikldnff zkcf eukgkjl mnnf plr Cènffks

`pjlzljg ellbt. @`h ks pn lr fklt jliuhhkj dll gnt _oeikldnff zlib ``hwnt enfgliseukzlf kf ]`stòh mlfnglrg ellbt. Gnt hnf flrjlfs t`l ilk-glf lf niillf dnnr jlig h`stlf.==

Rìjlfs glzl mrklb vnf Elkfrkoes vnglr ks lr jllf sprnhl vnf llf`fjliuh `b `ftsinj. _oeikldnff ellbt zlib, tljlf gl zkf vnf zkcf vnglr,`ftsinj jlf`dlf. Gl c`fjl _oeikldnff eng `vlrkjlfs fklt niillf `vlrzkcf vlrinfjlf fnnr llf mnnf kf ]`stòh nnf zkcf vnglr jlsoerlvlf. Ekceng ``h klts `vlr Endmurj jlzljg lf gnt mlvkli vnglr _oeikldnff f`jdkfglr. ’Jn fklt fnnr Endmurj dkcf z``f. Znffllr cl gnt g`lt jn cl cl`fjliuh tljld`lt. Cl vkfg lr jllf mnnf, cl jlig rnnht `p lf cl h`dt kf

gl jr``tstl pr`mildlf—. Rnglr hlfgl Endmurj f`j mltlr gnf ]`stòhlf ekc hlfgl vlli v``rmlliglf vnf c`fjliklglf gkl gnnr jllf nnfstliikfjengglf hufflf vkfglf. Gkl wlrglf lr g``r ikst `b `fglr gwnfj t`l jl-mrnoet `d llf o`ftrnot tl tlhlflf wnnrmkc zl v``r vkcb cnnr nis sìgnnt`b sinnb fnnr Ndlrkhn jkfjlf. ’Nis cl tljlf dkcf wki tòe fnnr Endmurjjnnt gnf zui cl zklf gnt kh jlikch elm—.=?

Znt _oeikldnff ``h `vlr Endmurj nnf zkcf vnglr jlsoerlvlf dnjelmmlf, elt ks gukglikch gnt ekc fklt `d t`lstlddkfj v``r llf rlks fnnr

Ndlrkhn jlvrnnjg eng. Znffllr ekc gnt wli jlgnnf eng zù gl wnnr-soeuwkfj vnf zkcf vnglr flrjlfs `p sinnf. Kf gnt jlvni eng ekc jllf

mnnf kf Endmurj f`gkj jleng lf gus ``h fklt mnfj elmmlf e`lvlf tlzkcf gnt ekc gkl fklt v`fg. Znffllr wl gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs d`jlfjli`vlf iukstlrgl _oeikldnff fklt fnnr zkcf vnglr lf fnd ekc `ftsinjkf Bùrstlfmlrj. Elt ks gukglikch gnt ekc lr wlj wkigl, dnnr `b ekc ``hni prlokls wkst wnt ekc gnnrfn jkfj g`lf ks gl vrnnj. Lfl ellr Ikft uktJnfsll zòet llf mlgklfgl kf zkcf znnh. Ekc eng jle``rg gnt _oeikldnffukt Bùrstlfmlrj wlj wkigl lf stuurgl eld llf mrklb dlt gl vrnnj `b

=> Dlylr >;<?, ;.== Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x>/=.

=? Jlffngkun Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x >/=.



=<

_oeikldnff mkc eld wkigl h`dlf wlrhlf.=7 @`h eklr wllr jllf tlhlfgnt _oeikldnff `fjlsoekht wns `d zkcf wlrh tl g`lf. Znffllr wl glzlmrklb ilzlf hrkcjlf wl gl kfgruh gnt gl ellr Ikft _oeikldnff jrnnj wki-gl. Ekc mklgt _oeikldnff llf sninrks vnf 21 enilr.=< Mkc gl `dwksslikfj

vnf gl enilr kf gl Dnrh `p ?> gloldmlr >5:> jìg llf h`lrs vnf >11stnnt t`t >:< dlt gl Juiglf. Ëëf enilr wns gus b >,:<. Gkt zù mltlhl-flf gnt _oeikldnff llf cnnri``f vnf b >1< nnfjlm`glf wlrg.

@dgnt lr vlrglr fklts mlhlfg ks `vlr glzl mnnf d`ltlf wl lr vnfuktjnnf gnt _oeikldnff fklt `p elt nnfm`g kfjljnnf ks.

Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs jkfj ekc fnnr ]`stòh `d gnnr ilstl jnnf fldlf kf m`lheùglf lf Lfjlis `p elt Elkfrkoe _oewnfmlohEnfgiufjs-Kfstktut.=2 _oeikldnff ks f``kt llf mlsoelkglf dlfs jlwllstlf nis wl eld jli`vlf d`jlf wns ekc gnnr mltlr gnf wlihl illrikfj ``h.R``r zkcf dlglglikfj gnt ekc gl oursus kf gl elibt vnf gl tkcg gkl lr v``r

st`fg vìt``kgl ks t`t fu t`l jllf mlvlstkjkfj jlv`fglf. Slhlr ks loetlrgnt ekc kf slptldmlr >57> fnnr Endmurj rlksgl.

=7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x >/?.=< @b elt eklr wlrhlikch `d enilr jnnt ks fklt jlelli zlhlr `dgnt gl duft nnfguk-

gkfj kf glzl mrklb fklt loet j`lg tl ilzlf ks. Nnfjlzklf gl enilr pns `p ?>->=->5:> g``r gl Dnrh vlrvnfjlf wlrg ks elt nnffldlikch gnt dlf kf Dlohilfmurj glQrluÐksoel enilr jlmrukhtl.

=2 ]koetlr >;;=, :?. ’Elkfrkoe _oewnmloh enttl >5=< slkf Enfgiufjs-Kfstktut zur Nusmkigufj gls hnubdçffksoelf Fnoewuoesls glr Enfslstngt mljrùfglt ufgls soe`f fnoe zlef Cnerlf jrùfgikoe rlb`rdklrt, ud ls glf stçfgkj wnoeslfglf Nfsprùoelf gklslr skoe s` ilmenbt b`rtlftwkohlifglf Mrnfoel kf niilf slkflf

lkimlrlkoelf nfzupnsslf.— Skl ``h ]koetlr >;57.



=2 -

7. Endmurj

Gl Dlohilfmurjlrs illbglf ni lluwlf kf e``bgznnh vnf gl infgmùw.Kf _oeikldnffs clujg wns elt f`j llf sldkbl`gnil sndlfilvkfj. Eltikcblkjlfsoenp wns lr pns llf cnnr v``r _oeikldnffs jlm``rtl, kf >5=1,nbjlsoenbt.=: Gkt ikcht nnrgkj, dnnr kf gl prnhtkch eng gkt gl v``rdnikjlikcblkjlflf fklt vlli j`lgs jlmrnoet. Sl wnrlf vrkcl dlfslf jlw`rglf,dnnr engglf jllf infg jlhrljlf. Znnr vr`ljlr gl infgngli v``r euf`fglreùg eng d`ltlf z`rjlf st`fglf zl lr fu niillf v``r. Rnf ikcblkjl-flf wnrlf zl infgnrmlkglrs jlw`rglf gkl niillf mltnnig hrljlf wnffllr

lr wlrh v``r zl wns. G``rgnt klglrllf fu v``r zkoe zlib d`lst z`rjlf`ftst`fg lr `fdkggliikch llf `vlrvi`lg nnf wlrhwkiikjl infgnrmlkglrswnffllr lr lrjlfs mle`lbtl nnf euf gklfstlf wns. Glzl `vlrvi`lg z`rj-gl lr `p zkcf mlurt v``r gnt gl infgngli gl i`flf fnnr llf nmsìuut dk-fkdud h`f tlrujmrlfjlf. Dlf eng kddlrs jllf lfhli pr`milld `dnnf plrs`flli tl h`dlf. Dlt euf vrkcelkg wns ``h gl e`fjlr llf vllijlzklfl jnst nnf euf tnbli jlw`rglf. Gkt niils z`rjgl lrv``r gnt vlli vnfglzl infgnrmlkglrs euf elki kf Ndlrkhn lf Nustrnikè jkfjlf z`lhlf.=5 \ktgl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs ukt >57= ikcht elt `b _oeikldnff zkoe mkc glzlldkjrntkljìb wkigl nnfsiuktlf, dnnr g``r wnt ekc f`j dllr nnf zkcf zus-

tlrs soerllb hufflf wl gnnr tòe llf gukglikch vrnnjtlhlf mkc pinntslf lf`ftstnnt elt mllig gnt Endmurj kf llrstl kfstnftkl zkcf lkfgg`li wns.

Ekc dnnhtl gl rlks vnf ]`stòh fnnr Endmurj jr`tlfgllis plr h`lts.=; @fglrwlj mlzòet ekc Flu-Muoh`w lf Hnihe`rst wnnr ekc nbsoelkg fndvnf zkcf fkoetcl _`pekl.?1 Znffllr wl zklf e`l ekc zkcf nnfh`dst kfEndmurj mlsoerkcbt hrkcjt dlf `fdkggliikch elt jlv`li gnt gkt elt g`livnf zkcf rlks wns lf fklt siloets llf envlf vnf wnnrukt ekc zù vlrtrlh-hlf. Gl h`lts eklig twll dkci v``r Endmurj enit v``r gl fnoet. `lf_oeikldnff gl vìjlfgl òetlfg ukt elt rnnd hllh znj ekc kf gl vlrtlgl vkcb e`jl t`rlfs vnf Endmurj. G``r gl `fglrikfjl nbstnfg vnf glzl

t`rlfs h`f ekc zklf e`l jr``t glzl stng wli fklt wns. @fmlsoerkcblikchl

=: Kf Zlst Lur`pn wns elt ikcblkjlfsoenp nnf elt lkfg vnf gl dkgglilluwlf vnf zlib`vlr jljnnf kf pnoet, `dgnt infglkjlfnrlf iklvlr jlig gnf j`lglrlf engglf.

=5 ]koetlr >;;1, =7? ’Gkl Nmskoet _oeikldnffs, slkfl wkrtsoenbtikoel Lxkstlfz nubndlrkhnfksoelf M`glf zu mljrùfglf, lftsprnoe lkfld rlfg, glr zu Mljkff glrvklrzkjlr Cnerl gls >;. Ce. uftlr slkflf Infgsilutlf skoe soe`f niijldlkf nmzlkoe-flfg, kd Inubl gls Cnerzleftls skoe glrnrt nuswlktltl, gnÐ jlrngl v`f lkflr lrstl Zliil glr dlohilfmurjksoelf Nuswnfglrlrmlwljufj jlspròelf wlrglf hnff.

=; Dlylr >;<?, >1.?1 Dlylr >;<?, >= ’Eklr jlsoene lkf rùerlfglr Nmsoeklg, koe grùohtl lkf pnnr

jiùelfgl Hùssl nub Oùskfoelfs Dufg, stklj kf glf Znjlf, glr Hh. hfniitl gkl

Qblrgl nf, ufg b`rt jkfj ls ...—



=:

jlv`lilfs dnnhtlf zkoe vnf eld dllstlr t`lf ekc elt g`li vnf zkcf rlksv``r `jlf znj. Gkt wns gl stng wnnr ekc zìnfj vnf jlgr``dg eng, gktwns gl stng gkl kf gl znhlfwlrlig m`vlfnnf st`fg. Dllr gnf llf uurst`fg ekc fnnht v``r elt rnnd. G``r elt zklf vnf Endmurj v`ligl ekc

zkoe kf gl eldli, g``r elt zklf vnf Endmurj wns ekc kf llf gr`dlrvlrnfglrg.?>

S`nis wli vnhlr `vlrgrllb _oeikldnff kf ni zkcf lfteùsknsdl,Endmurj wns fklt elt olftrud vnf gl znhlfwlrlig. Gnt wns I`fglf`p gkt d`dlft. Endmurj wns loetlr wli rukdsoe``ts gl jr``tstl en-vlf vnf Guktsinfg. `lf _oeikldnff lr kf >57> nnfhwnd eng elt f`je``bgznhlikch zkcf dkgglilluwsl struotuur dlt zkcf e`jl eùtlf eukzlflf zkcf sdniil strntlf.?= R``r _oeikldnff gkl f`j f``kt llrglr z`‛f jr`tlstng jlzklf eng wns niils fkluw lf vlrwligkjlfg. @d lib uur ―s oetlfgsrlglf zl `fglr gl stngsp``rt g``r Endmurj mkfflf. Sl st`ptlf mkc gl

pnnrglfdnrht, v``r elt ZlkÐlf ]`Ð. Elt llrstl wnt eld `pvkli wns gle`lvllielkg dlfslf gkl eklr `p lf fllr iklplf kf gl strntlf. Klglrllfiklp eklr, fll klglrllf rlfgl eklr. Elt wns llf jlgrnfj vnf clwlistl, llfjlwligkjl oen`s. @f`peùglikch e``rgl cl vlrh`plrs soerlluwlf gklpr`mllrglf `d euf wnrlf nnf gl dnf tl mrlfjlf. Dlt llf h`rb `p eufe``bg rlfglf zl g``r gl strntlf, tusslf gl rntlilfgl rkctukjlf g``r gklkf llf fnjlf`lj `f`fglrmr`hlf rkc g``r gl strntlf rlglf. Gl iklbikchlhinfhlf vnf gl hi`hhlfsplilf `p gl p``rtlf vlrg``bglf gl `rlf z`gntdlf zkcf lkjlf w``rglf fklt h`f vlrstnnf.??

Gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs ukt >57= ks elt lfkjl vlrsinj gnt wl `vlr

_oeikldnffs plrk`gl kf Endmurj elmmlf. Zl elmmlf ni jlzklf lf wlzuiilf elt intlr pfkluw zklf, gnt glzl mrklb fklt nitkcg lvlf mltrùwmnnrks. _oeikldnff soerllb jllf blktlikch vlrsinj v``r zkcf zustlrs, dnnr vkfjgl jlmlurtlfksslf kf llf vlrenni wnnrdll ekc kf llrstl kfstnftkl elt mlligvnf llf suoolsvìil lf wlrligwkczl mr`lr wkigl `vlrmrlfjlf. Rìjlfsglzl mrklb mlj`f _oeikldnff f`j gl zlibgl gnj dlt gl cnoet `p llf mnnflf gnt ks llf gukglikchl kfgkontkl gnt ekc fklt gkrlot glzl stng wllr wkiglvlrintlf. Znffllr ekc wlrhlikch t`t gl jr`lp Dlohilfmurjsoel ldkjrnf-tlf mle``rg eng zù ekc jllf mnnf, dnnr llf soekp jlzòet elmmlf.Fngnt ekc llf skdpli dkggnjdnni jlfuttkjg eng jkfj ekc lfkjl nnfmlvl-

ikfjsmrklvlf, gkl ekc vnf Eùohstçgt jlhrljlf eng, wljmrlfjlf.?7 Kf llfnnfmlvlikfjsmrklb jllbt gl soerkcvlr zkcf dlfkfj `vlr gkljlfl wnnrv``rekc gl nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb jlsoerlvlf ellbt. @dgnt ekc jnrnft stnnt v``rgl kfeùg vnf gl mrklb hnf ekc zkoe fklt tlvlli `vlrgrkcvkfj vlr``ri`vlf.Gljlfl gkl nnfmlvìlf w`rgt d`lt plr si`t vnf rlhlfkfj gl kfeùg

?> Dlylr >;<?, >=.?= Glzl dkgglilluwsl struotuur jkfj kf blmrunrk >57= mkc gl jr`tl stngsmrnfg jr`tlf-

gllis vlri`rlf. Skl mv. Hrusldnf >57=.?? Dlylr >;<?, >?.

?7 Dlylr >;<?, >?.



=5 -

wnnr hufflf dnhlf. Fu ellbt llf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb niillf zkf wnffllrekc p`sktklb vnf t``f ks, nfglrs hnf dlf eld mltlr wljj``klf lf zkcfjliuh z`fglr gkl mrklb mlpr`lvlf. Nnf elt blkt gnt _oeikldnff lfkjlnnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf vnf Eùohstçgt jlhrljlf eng hufflf wl gus zklf

gnt ekc fklt `ftsinjlf ks `dgnt ekc fklt infjlr ks stnnt wns `d zkcf wlrhtl g`lf. Eùohstçgt d`lt z` tlvrlglf `vlr eld jlwllst zkcf gnt ekc eldmkc dlfslf gkl ekc hlfgl gurbgl nnf tl mlvlilf. Glzl mrklvlf zkcf ``hllf kfgkontkl gnt _oeikldnff fnnr Endmurj jlh`dlf wns `d gnnr llfmnnf tl z`lhlf, gnt wki zljjlf v``r infjlrl tkcg tl mikcvlf. Znffllr ekceng wkiilf ldkjrlrlf zù ekc wli `p z`lh jljnnf zkcf fnnr nnfmlvlikfjs-mrklvlf v``r zkcf fkluwl ’vnglrinfg—.

Gl nnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf wlrhlf lf ni gl vìjlfgl gnj hrkcjt_oeikldnff llf mnnf mkc gl bkrdn _.E. Ikfgldnff cr. kf Endmurjszustlrstng Nite`fn. Elinns soekcft gkt fklt gl mnnf jlwllst tl zkcf gkl

_oeikldnff jrnnj wkigl lf wnnr ekc zkoe kf ]`stòh `p v``rmlrlkg eng.Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl wns ekc tl zwnnr lf hrllj ekc dlt-llf wllr pr`mildlf dlt zkcf jlz`fgelkg. Skcf jlz`fgelkg jkfj dltllfwllr noetlrukt lf ekc h`f zkoe gnnrg``r fklt futtkj dnhlf v``r zkcffkluwl mnns. Fn vllrtklf gnjlf wlrg ekc wllr `ftsinjlf. Ekc hrllj llfQruksksoel gìinr dll?< lf d`lst wllr `pfkluw `p z`lh fnnr llf mnnf.?2 Dkf `b dllr gkt zlibgl vlrenni vkfglf wl ``h kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbklukt >551, dlt nis lfkj vlrsoeki gnt ekc fu zkcf mnnf dnnr llf wllh wllttl eùglf.?:

@`h kf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs sprllht _oeikldnff `vlr llf pr`mil-

dntksoel jlz`fgelkg. Ekc vlrtlit eklr gnt ekc llf hnft``rmnnf mkc llfznnh kf hì`fknil wnrlf eng. Eklr wns loetlr z` wlkfkj tl g`lf gnt ekc``h elt vlrv`lr lf gl `psinj kf elt pnheuks v``r zkcf rlhlfkfj d`lstfldlf. Elt wlrh nnf gl ekcshrnnf wns loetlr tl zwnnr v``r zkcf ikoenndlf ekc vrllsgl gnt ekc `pfkluw m`rsthinoetlf zù hrkcjlf wnffllr ekceklrdll g``r jkfj. Gnnr`d fnd ekc ni fn grkl gnjlf `ftsinj.?5

Nnf elt lkfg vnf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs ukt >57= h`dt _oeikldnfftlruj `p zkcf jlz`fgelkg. Kf gl v`rkjl wkftlr eng ekc v``rtgurlfg twllwìilf `fglrmr`lhlf, llf hnttlfvli lf twll eldglf jlgrnjlf. Ekc engv``rtgurlfg mi`lg jlspuwg lf wns lr, nis ekc dnnr lvlf e`lsttl, vnf

`vlrtukjg jlwllst gnt ekc tumlroui`sl eng. Fu wns ekc loetlr hlrfjl-

?< Znnr`d _oeikldnff eklr `vlr ’ Qrussknf gìinrs— sprllht ks `fgukglikch. Kf >57>inj Nit`fn kf _oeilswkj-Eìstlkf. Qns kf >522 wlrg elt `fglrglli vnf Qrukslf. ’Qrussknf gìinrs— elmmlf m`vlfgklf f``kt mlstnnf, kf mlkgl jlmklglf mltnnigl dlfdlt ]lkoesdnrhlf.

?2 Zlmmlr >;7=, 7.?: _oeikldnff >5;=, >>.

?5 Dlylr >;<?, >:.



=;

z`fg. Llf gkfj wns zlhlr, gl wntlrhuur gkl ekc kf ]`stòh jlgnnf eng lfgl hùgl mnglf wnnrdll ekc kf Endmurj t`t =7 f`vldmlr g``rjljnnfwns, engglf eld jlenrg.?;

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff zklh ukt Bùrstlfmlrj fnnr ]`stòh

jlh`dlf wns lf gnt ekc gnnr llf wntlrhuur jlgnnf eng d mltlr tl w`r-glf. G``rgnt ekc mi`lg `pjnb `ftstnnt ni jnuw elt kgll gnt ekc tumlrou-i`sl eng. Gkt ks loetlr fklt nnffldlikch. Znffllr llf tumlroui`slpntkèftllfdnni elt stngkud vnf mi`lgspuwlf mlrlkht ellbt ks gl zklhtl, z`fglrnftkmk`tkon, `vlr elt nijldllf bntnni. @`h wlrht gl g``r _oeikldnffjlvìjgl mlenfglikfj, hùgl mnglf, mkc tumlroui`sl llrglr fljntklb gnfmlv`rglrikch. Zlihl nnfg`lfkfj _oeikldnff wlrhlikch kf Bùrstlfmlrjjleng ellbt ks `fgukglikch, elt eng eld loetlr vnf gl elkiznndelkg vnfgl mnglf `vlrtukjg lf ekc millb gkt gl rlst vnf zkcf ilvlf g`lf wnffllrelt dnnr lvlf h`f.

Znffllr _oeikldnffs vrllsgl v``r zkcf jlz`fgelkg wns gnt uktlr-nnrg vlrvlilfg, dnnr vìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl eng ekc jliuh-hkj sfli wllr llf fkluwl mnnf. Gkt hllr mkc L.I. Glyohl Cr. Eklr mljrllpdlf gnt _oeikldnff jllf zwnnr wlrh h`f g`lf lf gus jnvlf zl eldllf mnnf nis m`lheùglr. Elinns, gl nrdl _oeikldnff h`f glzl bufotklfklt wnnrdnhlf `dgnt ekc fnuwlikchs h`f soerkcvlf lf z` wlrg ekc ``heklr fn vllrtklf gnjlf wllr `ftsinjlf. 71 Zl zuiilf eklr dnnr fklt tl vlliw``rglf nnf mlstlglf3 llf c`fjlf gkl zkcf dkgglimnrl soe`ì vìt``kgeng lf fnuwlikchs kf stnnt wns `d zkcf fnnd tl soerkcvlf. Elt ks dnnrj`lg gnt zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl pns kf >;7= jlpumikollrg ks lf gnt

_oeikldnffs ilrnrlf eld gus f``kt elmmlf hufflf ilzlf. Kf zkcf `b-bkokèil mk`jrnbkl sprllht _oeikldnff fklt `vlr llf twllgl mnnf, dnnr kfgl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs w`rgt gkl wli jlf`ldg. @`h vìjlfs glzl mrklbhrkcjt ekc llf mnnf mkc L.I. Glyohl Cr., glzl mnnf ellbt loetlr llf ml-e``rikch fnglikjl hnft, ekc ks z`fglr sninrks.7>

Llf mnnf z`fglr sninrks hikfht tljlfw``rgkj w`fglrikch, dnnr wns kfgkl tkcg fklt fjlmrukhlikch. Kf klglr enfgliseuks kf Lur`pn wlrhtlf t`lfdlfslf v``r fklts. Sl wlrglf gnnr g``r euf vnglrs fnnrt`l jlstuurg`d elt vnh tl ilrlf lf h`ftnhtlf v``r gl t`lh`dst tl iljjlf. Zl zklfgktzlibgl blf`dllf ``h kf Duitntuik‛s Dnx Envlinnr ukt >521. Mntnvus

Gr``jst`ppli z`lht kldnfg v``r gl Guktsl o`rrlsp`fglftkl. Ekc wkifklt llf wkiilhlurkjl, ni kf Ndstlrgnd nnfwlzkjl, Guktslr nnffldlf.Elt d`lt llf mlltcl llf flttl, mltrùwmnrl c`fjlf zkcf. Ekc soerkcbt funnf Iugwkj _tlrf, llf znhlfrlintkl ukt Endmurj, lf mklgt gl mnnf nnfgklfs z``f nnf3

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... gnt kh gl llr eng jleng vnf glf ellr _nfililr tl vlrfldlf - _nfililrrlkst v``r _tlrf - gnt gl jlnoetl oel glr rdn, gl ellr Iugwkj _tlrf,llf z``f eng, glf ellr Lrflst _tlrf, gkl tlr vìdnhkfj zkcflr o`d-dlrokèil hlffks, lfkjlf tkcg kf llf Eìinfgs euks wlfstl jlèdpi`yllrg

tl zkcf ... gnt kh ... fklts iklvlr wlfstl gnf glf ellr Lrflst _tlrf mlinsttl zklf dlt gl Guktsl o`rrlsp`fglftkl vnf `fs euks.

\kt hklselkg vlrdllg kh niil t`lsplikfj p e`f`rnrkud sninrks. Dnnrkh v`ljgl lr mkc3

Gnt, kfgklf gl ellr Lrflst _tlrf elt vlrmikc tlf `fzlf eukzl -Inurklrjrnoet f`. ?: - wkigl v``r ikl fldlf, dkcf vrùw zkoe mlrlkgvlrhinnrgl nis llf d`lglr v``r eld tl z`rjlf ...7=

Elinns eng _oeikldnff jllf h`st lf kfw`fkfj lf d`lst ekc v``r zkcf lk-

jlf fglreùg z`rjlf. Elt mllig vnf llf fklt jlelli jlz`fgl c`fjlf pz`lh fnnr llf mnnf dnj wnt trlurkj hikfhlf, dnnr gnt wki fklt zljjlf gnt_oeikldnffs vlrmikcb kf Endmurj `h wlrhlikch trlurkj wns. Znffllr wlgl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs d`jlf jli`vlf wns Endmurj llf stng wnnr dlfzkoe uktstlhlfg vlrdnhlf h`f. Ni dltllf `p gl llrstl nv`fg dnnhtl glwnnrg vnf zkcf elrmlrj eld nttlft `p llf elli mlr`ldgl gnfsjliljlf-elkg. _oeikldnff nt sfli zkcf ltlf `p lf jkfj lr ellf. Ekc wns f`j dnnrflt kf gl mlwustl strnnt nnfjlh`dlf `b iukgl duzklh vlrtligl eld nikf wlih jlmùw ekc zkcf d`lst. Ekc jkfj fnnr mkfflf, dlf vr`lj 5s nnflftrll, dnnr ekc vlrtligl elf gnt ekc llf vrlldglikfj wns gkl elt noetstl

wlrligw`fglr wlfstl tl zklf. Ekc hwnd fklt `d tl gnfslf, dnnr wkiglniillf gl znni mlhkchlf. Dlf v`ligl zkoe, z`nis ekc zkcf zustlrs soerllb,vlrllrg lf ekc dòet jrntks fnnr mkfflf. Elt wns lr wlrhlikch prnoe-tkj, gl znni wns wli twll hllr z` jr``t nis gl Npìi`znni kf ]`stòh.Gl wnfglf wnrlf jlelli mlglht dlt spkljlis gkl lkfgli``s gl >=1 vnfjnsikoet v``rzklfl hr``fiuoetlrs vlrdlfkjvuigkjglf. Gl vi`lr mlst`fgukt Dne`fkleùt lf rusttl `p vlrlf. Kf elt dkgglf vnf gl znni stnnf glelrlf, gkl niildnni euf e``bg mlglht elmmlf, fkldnfg glfht lr nnf dzkcf e`lg nb tl fldlf. Infjs gl duur zkttlf `p d``kl st`lilf gl gndlstl wnoetlf t`t zl tlf gnfs jlvrnnjg w`rglf. Znffllr dlf ni fklt ml-

t`vlrg ks g``r gl prnoet lf prnni vnf gl znni `b g``r gl vnf gl mnih`fsh`dlfgl duzklh, gnf w`rgt dlf gnt wli g``r gl nnfmikh vnf glzl gn-dls. Elt ks wlrhlikch nis`b dlf gl ùgl bllèfwlrlig v``r zkoe zklt. Slmlt`vlrlf gl vrlldglikfj `p gl llrstl mikh dlt hilgkfj vnf iùtlr zkcgllf sntkcf wnnrv``r llf hlkzlrkf zkoe fklt zù e`lvlf tl soendlf. Lf gnfks lr euf jlzkoet lf enis vnf wnrdl sflluw dlt wnfjlf gkl dlt hnr-dkcfr`gl soedkfh wnt r`glr jldnnht zkcf, ji`lklfgl ikpplf, wlfhmrnu-

7= Duitntuik >521->;2;, =?.



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wlf gkl lr uktzklf nis dlt @`st-Kfgksoel kfht jlsoekiglrgl enivl m`jlflf m`vlf `p gkl prnoetkjl e``bgcls llf wkrwnr vnf i`hhlf gkl z` zwnrtzkcf nis gl Ljyptksoel fnoet.7?

Zl hufflf `fs nbvrnjlf wnt gl zustlrs, gkl f`j f``kt muktlf

Dlohilfmurj jlwllst wnrlf, vnf glzl mlsoerkcvkfj jldnnht elm-mlf lf `b _oeikldnff wlrhlikch f``kt ks wlzlf gnfslf. E`l gnf ``h,_oeikldnffs dkgglilf wnrlf vnf elt mljkf nb nnf mlplrht lf `b ekc fujkfj gnfslf `b fklt, zkcf jlig rnnhtl `p. Ekc pr`mllrgl wnt jlig vnf zkcf``d kf Hnihe`rst tl ilflf, dnnr gkl v`ligl lr fklts v``r `d zkcf fllb kfilvlf tl e`uglf.

7? Dlylr >;<?, ><.



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<. Llf d`jlikchelkg kf Sukg Ndlrkhn

Znffllr wl gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs d`jlf jli`vlf znt elt _oeikldnffdll. Ekc hwnd llf dnhlinnr tljlf lf gkl vr`lj eld `b ekc ni llf mnnfeng. _oeikldnff zlk cn lf gl dnhlinnr mltrlurgl elt gnt ekc tl inntwns. Ekc eng _oeikldnff nfglrs nnf llf j`lgl mnnf kf In-Junyrn kfOì`dmkn hufflf eliplf. Elt ks fklt elildnni gukglikch `p wlihl mnnf_oeikldnff dlt zkcf cn gukgt. Elt ks d`jlikch gnt ekc eklr `p gl mnnf

z`fglr sninrks g`lit, dnnr gnt ks fklt jlelli nnffldlikch, `dgnt ekc wkstgnt ekc jlig d`lst vlrgklflf lf elt zkoe fklt h`f vlr``ri`vlf gnnrv``rllf mltnnigl mnnf tl intlf soekltlf. `lf ekc elt w``rg Oì`dmkn e``r-gl wns ekc vlrhòet. Ni zkcf ùgl rlkslf soellpsbnftnsklèf hwndlf,fngnt zl vklr cnnr jlsiukdlrg engglf, wllr m`vlf. Ekc nftw``rggl gldnhlinnr gnt ekc wlikswnnr llf mnnf eng, dnnr gnt ekc dltllf `ftsinjzù fldlf wnffllr ekc lr llf kf Oì`dmkn h`f hrkcjlf.77 Elt nv`ftuurrklp. Nnfjlzklf elt `fgukglikch ks wnt _oeikldnffs v``ruktzkoetlf `pgnt d`dlft wnrlf ks elt ``h `fgukglikch wlih rksko` ekc fnd.

Gl jl`jrnbksoel hlffks vnf _oeikldnff lf zkcf Endmurjsl mlhlf-

glf soekcft wnt noetlrennig tl zkcf jlwllst. In Junyrn ks gl envlf vnfOnrnons. Onrnons wlrg kf >5=>, fngnt elt `fnbenfhlikch wns jlw`rglfvnf _pnfcl, llf `fglrglli vnf gl vrkcstnnt Oì`dmkn. Glzl sktuntkl vlr-nfglrgl t`lf kf >5?> gl rlpumiklh Rlflzulin jlstkoet wlrg. Kf >57> injIn Junyrn kf Rlflzulin lf fklt kf Oì`dmkn. Elt wns dnnr llf ellihilkf pinntscl. Kf >5;> eng Onrnons mkcfn :=.111 kfw`flrs lf w``fglflr kf In Junyrn >.<11 dlfslf. Rkcbtkj cnnr llrglr zuiilf gnt lr fjltwkc-blig f`j vlli dkfglr jlwllst zkcf.

_oeikldnff vlrtligl zkcf zustlrs gnt ekc g``r glzl njlft fnnr gl rl-glrs Hr`jdnff & Znoesdute jlstuurg wns. Gkl vlrtliglf eld gnt zl

ni vklr wlhlf llrglr nnf twkftkj dnhlinnrs `pgrnoet jljlvlf engglf dllf c`fjldnf v``r euf vrklfglf kf In Junyrn, gl elrlf Gloiksur &Mòvkfj, tl z`lhlf. Rnf gl zlse`fglrg c`fjlikfjlf gkl `p gkt d`dlft,vnfwljl elt siloetl cnnrjltkcgl, z`fglr wlrh zntlf eng lr loetlr fkltllf jlwkig. _oeikldnff d`lst lfkjl znhlfmrklvlf kf elt Gukts, Brnfslf Lfjlis soerkcvlf lf t`lf gkl j`lg milhlf tl zkcf zlkglf zl gnt ekczkoe ukt d`lst rustlf. Euf soekp, gl G`r`teln `fglr jlznj vnf hnpk-tlkf _kld`fslf wns hinnr `d tl vlrtrlhhlf. _oeikldnff h`f nnf m``rg

77 Dlylr >;<?, >5.



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jnnf wnffllr ekc gnt wkigl, ekc eng llf vrkcl `vlrtòet, dnnr `vlr eltsninrks h`fglf zl fklts zljjlf. Euf vrklfglf engglf elf jlsoerlvlfgnt zl fnnr prlstntkl mli``fglf. Gl vìjlfgl gnj hrllj _oeikldnff llfnnfmlvlikfjsmrklb vnf glzl rlglrs lf t`lf h`f ekc zkcf jliuh fklt dllr

`p.7<

Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs eng _oeikldnff gus llf mnnf kf InJunyrn v``r ekc ukt Endmurj vlrtr`h.Kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl h`dt _oeikldnff dlt llf t`tnni nf-

glr vlrenni. `lf ekc jlelli nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcf Intkcf wns elrkfflrglekc zkoe gnt llf illrikfj vnf zkcf vnglr, gl ellr Zlfgt, soellpsdnhlinnrwns kf Endmurj. Ekc zòet glzl dnf `p lf vr`lj `b gkl lr fklt v``rh`f z`rjlf gnt ekc llf mnnf hrllj nis soellpsc`fjlf `p llf m``t fnnr

Ndlrkhn. Gl ellr Zlfgt `ftvkfj eld vrklfglikch lf vlrtligl eld gntkldnfg gkl mi`lg spuwgl jllf soellpsc`fjlf h`f w`rglf, dnnr gnt ekczkcf mlst zù g`lf `d lr v``r tl z`rjlf gnt _oeikldnff nis pnssnjklr

dll zù hufflf dlt gl mnrh ’G`r`teln—, gkl gl vìjlfgl gnj `fglro`ddnfg` vnf hnpktlkf _kd`fslf fnnr Injunyrn kf Rlflzulin, Sukg

Ndlrkhn, zù vlrtrlhhlf. Gl ellr Zlfgt sprnh f`j glzlibgl gnj dlt gllkjlfnrlf vnf glzl m``t, gl elrlf Znoesdute & Hr`jdnff lf enniglelf `vlr `d _oeikldnff nis pnssnjklr dll tl intlf vnrlf `p euf soekpv``r =1 Qruksksoel gìinrs.72

Rìjlfs glzl nut`mk`jrnbkl wns lr gus jllf `ftd`ltkfj dlt llfnjlft lf jllf mnnf kf Sukg Ndlrkhn. Gkt hllr wns elt _oeikldnff zlibgkl euip zòet `d ukt zkcf mlfnrgl bkfnfokèil sktuntkl tl h`dlf.

Znffllr wl fnnr zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl hkchlf vlrnfglrt gl jlsoekl-

glfks `pfkluw. Gkt hllr iuht elt eld `d dlt mleuip vnf gl soellps-dnhlinnr C.B. Zlfgt `d llf mnnf nis soellpsc`fjlf nnf m``rg vnfgl G`r`teln tl hrkcjlf. Gkt soekp zù fnnr In Junyrn kf Rlflzulinvnrlf.7:

Kf gl fu vìjlfgl gksousskl zuiilf wl zklf wnt lr vnf glzl vlrskls fuwnnr ks lf wnt fklt. Llf gkfj ks loetlr zlhlr, kf f`vldmlr >57> wlrg lrkf Endmurj llf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb v``r eld jlsoerlvlf v``r gl elrlfGlioiksur & Mòvkfj kf In Junyrn. Kf glzl mrklb vlrtlit gl bkrdn E`lbwlrt& O`. nnf euf vrklfglf gnt gl ellr _oeikldnff fnnr In Junyrn rlkst

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`d gnnr llf mnnf tl vkfglf. @b euf vrklfglf gl ellr _oeikldnff wkiilfeliplf. Elt sprllht v``r zkoe gnt zkc eltzlibgl v``r gl elrlf Glioiksur &Mòvkfj zùglf g`lf wnffllr gnt f`gkj dòet mikchlf.75

\kt glzl nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb w`rgt gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff jllf

mnnf kf In Junyrn `b kf lfkjl nfglrl pinnts kf Sukg Ndlrkhn engt`lf ekc Endmurj vlriklt. Elt ks fklt dllr gnf llf stnfgnnrgmrklb gkl_oeikldnff mkc glzl bkrdn kftr`guollrt. Gkt ks fklt gl lfkjl nnfmlvl-ikfjsmrklb gkl _oeikldnff eng. Lr mlstnnf f`j grkl nfglrl mrklvlf. Glellr Iug _tllfbnst soerkcbt mkcv``rmllig `p >; f`vldmlr >57> ukt fnndvnf zkcf vrklfg Zlfgt nnf gl ellr Ng Znppnfs kf Qulrt` Onmlii`. Ekczù zkoe zllr vlrpikoet v`lilf wnffllr dlf gl ellr C.E. _oeikldnffmleuipznnd zù wkiilf zkcf mkc elt vkfglf vnf llf mnnf kf In Junyrn `bQulrt` Onmlii`.7;

Gkt ks gl lfkjl mrklb wnnrkf gl fnnd vnf Zlfgt jlf`ldg w`rgt.

Glzl dnf ks llf wnt rnngslinoetkj bkjuur. Zl zuiilf eld intlr f`jllf hllr tljlfh`dlf. Ekc ellbt gukglikch llf mlinfjrkchl rì jlsplligkf _oeikldnffs ilvlf, dnnr wl wltlf lkjlfikch fklts `vlr eld. Eltks gnnrg``r ``h `fgukglikch wnnr`d Zlfgt _oeikldnff hllr `p hllreklip. Rìjlfs gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl iklp gl vlrmkfgkfj vnf_oeikldnff dlt Zlfgt vkn _oeikldnffs vnglr. Zlfgt zù llf illrikfjvnf _oeikldnffs vnglr jlwllst zkcf t`lf glzl kf _tlrfmlrj w``fgl,f`j v``r ekc g`dkfll wlrg.<1 Kf gl mrklb wnnrkf _oeikldnffs vnglr zkcfz``f v``r gl jlvnrlf vnf Endmurj wnnrsoeuwgl w`rgt gl fnnd vnf

Zlfgt loetlr fklt jlf`ldg. Znffllr Zlfgt wlrhlikch llf illrikfj vnf

Lrfst _oeikldnff jlwllst ks d`ltlf wl `fs nbvrnjlf wnt zkcf ilrnnrwli fklt v``r eld jlgnnf eng gnt ekc zkoe z`vlli cnrlf intlr z` v``rgklfs z``f kfzlttl. Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs iklp gl vlrmkfgkfj vkn_oeikldnffs d`lglr.<> Iùksl elrlsn _`pekn Mùrjlr wns kf _tlrfmlrjjlm`rlf. Sl eng gnnr Lrfst _oeikldnff `ftd`lt lf wns kf >5>?, t`lfzl twkftkj wns, dlt eld jltrùwg lf fnnr Flu Muoh`w vlreukst. Eltks d`jlikch gnt zkc kf ennr clujg kf _tlrfmlrj o`ftnot ellbt jleng dlt

Zlfgt, dnnr elt ks fklt nnffldlikch gnt zl eld fn ennr euwlikch f`j

75 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry, _lrkl L, M`x >/7. Kf elt t`tnni hlfflf wl vklr nnfmlvlikfjsmrkl-vlf v``r glzl plrk`gl. Grkl w`rglf lr kf gl Jlffngkus Ikmrnry mlwnnrg lf ëëf kfelt Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Duslud kf Nfhlrsenjlf. _tìi >;<5, ?1<. (FlustrliktzlrSlktufj >557, Fr. >1->?, fnoe glr flujrkloeksoel Slktsoerkbt Elstkn)3 ’Lr zlkjtlufs nuoe lkfkjl Mrklbl ...lkflf grkttlf v`f lkfld Hnubdnff (vlrdutikoe kf InJunkrn), glr ked kf slkflr Cujlfg lkflf cçerikoelf Ièf v`f bùfbufgvklrzkj Qbufgzusnjtl. Gklslr Mrklb ent mlk lkfld _oekbbmruoe jlikttlf ufg kst v`d _llwnsslrzktr`flfjlim jlw`rglf, nmlr _oeikldnff mlwnert kef s`rjbçitkj nub ufg zlkjtkef clgld Mlsuoelr dkt _tìz nis Mlwlks gls jlrkfjlf Nfbnfjs.’ Glzl g``r _tìijlf`ldgl mrklb ks t`t fu t`l fklt tlruj jlv`fglf lf jllf vnf gl f`j mlstnnfglnnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf ellbt wntlrsoengl.

7; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry, _lrkl L, M`x >/7.<1 Zlmmlr >;7=, <.

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`ftd`lt ellbt. Kf >57> wns _oeikldnffs d`lglr ni tklf cnnr g``g. Glinntstl `ftd`ltkfj dlt Zlfgt d`lt `p gnt d`dlft, gus `p zkcf dkfst=5 cnnr llrglr elmmlf pinnts jlv`fglf. Znt _oeikldnffs d`lglr mltrlbthrkcjlf wl gus dkf `b dllr glzlibgl vrnnj nis mkc _oeikldnffs vnglr, `b

d`ltlf wl lr vnfukt jnnf gnt Zlfgt eltzlibgl jlgnnf z`u elmmlf v``rniil hkfglrlf vnf zkcf clujgvrklfglf0

E`l gl vlrmkfgkfj tusslf _oeikldnff lf Zlfgt ``h prlokls znt, vkneld eng _oeikldnff llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt gl Endmurjlr rlglrs lf wlzuiilf vlrglr`p zklf e`l mlinfjrkch gnt v``r elt vlrglrl vlri``p vnf zkcfilvlf wns.

Gnt lr wlrhlikch llf soekp mlstnnf ellbt gnt gl ’G`r`teln— ellttlw`rgt gukglikch ukt Znitlr Hrlssls _llsoeks-Rlrzlkoefks glr Endmurjlr

]llglrlklf >5=7->555 .<=

@p =1 f`vldmlr >57> pinntstl llf soellpsdnhlinnr llf ngvlrtlf-tkl kf gl Qrkvkiljkrtl wòoelftikoel jldlkffùtzkjl Fnoerkoetlf v`f ufg ùrEndmurj . Eklrkf glligl ekc dll gnt niils wnt fnnr In Junyrn vlrv`lrgd`lst w`rglf mkc eld kfjlilvlrg h`f w`rglf, z`gnt elt g``r hnpktlkf

C. _kld`fslf kf gl d``kl, sflizlkilfgl, vnf llf dlt h`plr mlsinjlf m`-gld v``rzklfl mrkh gl G`r`teln vlrv`lrg h`f w`rglf.

@p ?1 f`vldmlr >57> dliggl gl _tnnts ufg Jlilertl Slktufj glsEndmurjksoelf ufpnrtelkksoelf O`rrlsp`fglftlf gnt gl G`r`teln `p =5f`vldmlr vlrtr`hhlf wns3<?

<= lki =, _.=2>. Ls wlrglf b`ijlfgl Nfjnmlf jldnoet3 Lkjflr3 Znoesdute &Hr`jdnff. rnjbçekjhlkt3 on. >11 OI ( O`ddlrsinstlf, gkl Endmurjlr OI kstlkf JlwkoetsdnÐ ufg lftsprkoet 21111 Qbufg). Lrmnut >57> v`f Murdlstlr kfMinfhlflsl. Mklimrklb (Ùmlrfnedl lkfls Flumnus) nd >>.=.>57>. Glr Sklienblfkerlr lrstlf ]lksl uftlr Hnpktçf C. _kd`fslf wnr Injunyrn (_ùgndlrkhn). Rlri`rlf>57=. Gl G`r`teln w`rgt ``h vlrdlig kf gl ]ljkstrl Rlrktns vnf >57> (jlpumik-ollrg kf >57=). Sl eng llf vlrjuffkfj v``r gl Ntinftksoel vnnrt lf gl hustlf vnfF``rg-Ndlrkhn, Sukg-Ndlrkhn lf Zlst Nbrkhn.

<? Nnfjlzklf lr kf glzl plrk`gl f`j jllf pnssnjklrs ikcstlf jlmrukht wlrglf ks elt

`fd`jlikch `d vnst tl stliilf `b _oeikldnff ni gnf fklt nnf m``rg wns.

Qrkvkiljkrtl wòoelftikoel jldlkffùkjl Fnoerkoetlf v`f ufg bùr Endmurj.



?2 -

Rnfukt Ndstlrgnd vlrtligl _oeikldnff zkcf zusslf gnt ekc `p gl=?stl vnf klglrllf gkl ekc kf Endmurj hlfgl nbsoelkg jlf`dlf eng lfnnf m``rg wns jljnnf. Gl mldnffkfj wns `p gnt d`dlft ni nnf m``rglf dlf wnoettl p llf jufstkjl wkfg d ukt tl vnrlf. Kf llrstl kfstnftkl

millb gl wkfg tljlf zkttlf, dnnr `p gl =:stl grnnkgl ekc lf gl hnpktlkfmlsi``t gnt zl `p gl =5stl z`uglf vlrtrlhhlf.<7

<7 Dlylr >;<?, >;.



?:

2. Nv`ftuur `p `plf zll

_oeikldnff eng jllf jliuh dlt zkcf llrstl zllrlks. Elt wns llf jr``tnv`ftuur. Zl e`lvlf lr `fs gnf ``h fklt `vlr tl vlrmnzlf gnt ekc kf_oeikldnffs intlrl ilvlf llf mlinfjrkchl pinnts jkfj kffldlf lf v``rhilurrkchl vlrenilf z`rjgl. Ekc ellbt glzl rlks grkl hllr mlsoerlvlf. Glllrstl lf dllst uktjlmrlkgl vlrskl vkfglf wl kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs ukt>57=, gl twllgl kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl ukt >5<1->5<> lf glglrgl kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl ukt >551.

Ni dltllf kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs w`rgt gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff

llf dllr gnf jldkgglig tnilft v``r vlrtliilf eng. Elt vlrsinj gnt ekc kfglzl mrklb vnf zkcf rlks jllbt ks jlelli kf gl trngktkl vnf gl r`dnftksoelrlksvlrsinjlf ukt gl intl noettklfgl lf vr`ljl fljlftklfgl lluw. Dlfglfhl mkcv``rmllig nnf C.]. Zyss‛ Glr _oewlkzlrksoel ]`mkfs`f `glr glrsoekmrùoekjl _oewlkzlr-Qrlgkjlr ufg slkfl Bndkikl << ukt >5>= `b gl ml-soerkcvkfj vnf gl strnfgkfj p Ndlinfg vnf gl Gllfsl euurikfj Brkglrkh_oenigld`sl z`nis glzl gkl kf >5=2 kf zkcf ]lkslr `j Lvlftur k rlddglInfgl mlsoerllb. Elt llrstl llf r`dnf, elt twllgl llf vlrsinj vnf llfnv`ftuurikch ilvlf, kf mlkglf llf grndntksoe mlsoerlvlf soekpmrluh.

Elt ks, ukt niils wnt _oeikldnff `fs fnjlintlf ellbt, gukglikch gnt

ekc llf j`lg jlelujlf v``r gltnkis eng, dnnr z`nis wl ni jlzklf elmmlfvuigl ekc gkl gltnkis dlt lfkjl rljlidnnt nnf dlt `fglrglilf gkl ekc zlibmlgnoet. Eklrg``r `ftst`fg, `d elt znoet tl zljjlf, llf vnnh m`lklfgdnnr fklt jlelli mltrùwmnnr vlrenni. Elt ks ukt niils gukglikch gnt elt_oeikldnff kf llrstl kfstnftkl d elt vlrenni jkfj. Skcf zustlrs d`lstlfwltlf e`l j`lg euf mr`lr elt gllg. Nnf elt lkfg vnf glzl mrklb jlmrukhtekc zlibs gl stnfgnnrg`pi`sskfj `d bkotkl wlrhlikchelkg tl intlf ikchlf.Ekc stuurt llf mrklb vnf gl bkrdn Hilkw`rt Jlmrùglr lf gl rlhlfkfj vnfllf Ndstlrgnds zklhlfeuks dll.<2

`lf _oeikldnff glzl jlmlurtlfks kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl p-

fkluw mlsoerllb eng ekc vlrd`lglikch gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs fklt mkc glenfg `d fn tl hkchlf wnt ekc t`lf jlsoerlvlf eng. Gkt zù lfkjl vnfgl nbwkchkfjlf kf glzl vlrskl hufflf vlrhinrlf. _oeikldnff h`f zkoe glgltnkis fklt dllr z` gukglikch elrkfflrlf. Gkt nrjudlft hnf, z`nis wlzuiilf zklf, loetlr fklt jlmrukht w`rglf `d gl nbwkchkfjlf kf elt vlr-sinj vnf glzl rlks kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl tl vlrhinrlf.

<< Gkt m`lh ks mltlr mlhlfg `fglr zkcf Brnfsl tktli3 Il ]`mkfs`f sukssl ù Cùrfni g‛uf pårl gl ndkiil fnurnjë nvlo sls lfnfts .

<2 Dlylr >;<?, ??. Elinns zkcf glzl mlwkczlf t`t `p elglf fklt tlruj jlv`fglf.



?5 -

Kf gl fu vìjlfgl gksousskl zni mikchlf gnt kf niil grkl gl vlrskls tl-jlfstrkcgkjelglf zkttlf. Kf niil grkl gl vlrskls ellbt _oeikldnff blktlflf bkotkl vlrdlfjg. <:

Zl mljkfflf dlt _oeikldnffs `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl ukt >551. S` wkigl

ekc gnt gl wlrlig elt vlrenni vnf zkcf rlks dlt gl ’G`r`teln— hlfgl.Gl rlks mljkft eklr `p =5 f`vldmlr >57> dlt jufstkjl wkfg. Glzlsi`lj loetlr fn llf pnnr uur `d lf gnnrg``r d`lstlf zl, mkc Minfhlflsl,grkl gnjlf `p gl Liml mikcvlf ikjjlf. @p > gloldmlr si`lj gl wkfg`pfkluw `d. Mkc Ouxenvlf mlrlkhtlf zl gl `plf zll. lr e``jtl vnfElijìnfg grnnkgl gl wkfg fnnr elt wlstlf lf gnt millb z` t`t >= glold-mlr. Dlf d`lst v``rtgurlfg invlrlf, dnnr hwnd fnuwlikchs v``rukt.Kf gl fnoet vnf gl >>gl `p gl >=gl gloldmlr iklplf zl tlr e``jtl vnflxli `p llf znfgmnfh kf ’gl Lkinfgsoel Jr`fg—. Fn tnii`zl jlvnrlf lffngnt zl urlf kf llf hilkfl plf m``t p gl w`lstl jìvlf r`fgjlgrlvlf

engglf, wlrg gl jlelil, ukt fljlf plrs`flf mlstnnfgl mldnffkfj, jl-rlg. _oeikldnff mli``bgl zkcf zustlrs gnt ekc j`g lluwkj zù gnfhlf mkcgl elrkfflrkfj nnf elt d`dlft wnnr`p gl hilkfl m``t g``r gl mrnfgkfj`p llf znfgmnfh flt v``r gl hust vnf lxli jlw`rplf wlrg lf lkfglikchniil jlvnnr noetlr gl ruj wns. @p wlihl hust zl jlw`rplf wnrlf wkstlfzl fklt, dnnr elt wns gukglikch llf vrlldg infg. Ekc eng elt jlv`li gntgl vi`lg eld p gkl znfgmnfh vlrtligl gnt elt tkc v``r eld jlhllrg wns.F`j gklzlibgl gnj wlrg glzl `vlrtukjkfj mlvlstkjg. Gl hnpktlkf lf glrlst vnf gl mldnffkfj vlri`rlf niils wnt zl mlzntlf, dnnr _oeikldnffv`fg zkcf h`bblr dlt hilgkfj lf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf fmlsoengkjg tlruj.

G``r gkt t`lvni hrllj ekc, zìnfj zl `p lxli vlrmilvlf, gl fnnd C`fns.Sl wlrglf niilrvrklfglikchst `ftvnfjlf g``r gl o`fsuis _`fglrg`rp lf]nd. `lf gkl loetlr v``rstliglf gnt _oeikldnff, sndlf dlt gl rlstvnf gl mldnffkfj vkn Enrikfjlf fnnr Endmurj tlruj zù rlkzlf, wllsekc gkt vnf gl enfg. Ekc wkigl fklt tlruj fnnr Guktsinfg wnnr ekc z` `f-jliuhhkj wns jlwllst. Ekc jli``bgl gnt Flglrinfg zkcf mlstlddkfj wnslf ekc wkigl fnnr Ndstlrgnd.<5

Gktzlibgl vlrenni hi`fh glrtkj cnnr llrglr kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`-jrnbkl flt klts nfglrs. Gkt hllr vlrtr`hhlf zl `p gl =7stl f`vldmlr lfinjlf zl wljlfs siloetl wkfg vklr gnjlf stki `p gl Liml v``r Minfhlflsl.

@p gl =5stl f`vldmlr grnnkgl gl wkfg lf vlrtr`hhlf zl. @d tklf uur ―sòetlfgs pnssllrglf zl Ouxenvlf lf `d twll uur znjlf zl elt Lfjlisl

<: Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, ?:. ’Mut _oeikldnff wns kii, ikhl nf nioèìko, n oekig d`-ilstlr, `r n g`pl-bklfg. El gkg f`t hf`w tel gkbblrlfol mltwllf rkjet nfg wr`fj. Zl dust ml tenfhbui b`r eks kiiflss. Kt dngl ekd jrlnt.— Elt ks zllr gl vrnnj `b gljlt``fgl vlrgrnnkkfjlf kf gl gkvlrsl vnrknftlf jlf`lj zkcf `d glzl stliikfj stnnfgltl eùglf.

<5 _oeikldnff >5;=, >>->=.



?;

lkinfg Elijìnfg.<; `lf zl `d vklr uur Elijìnfg mlrlkhtlf grnnkgl glwkfg pi`tslikfj vnf elt zukg``stlf fnnr elt f``rgwlstlf, wnnrg``r zlinvlrlf d`lstlf. ljlf gl nv`fg stnh lr llf zwnrl st`rd `p wnnrg``relt soekp stlrh rìgl lf soeuggl. Glzl st`rd eklig `f`fglrmr`hlf nnf

t`t vkcb gloldmlr. Ni gkl tkcg inj _oeikldnff zllzklh `p zkcf dntrns lfh`f ekc fklts ltlf. Gl vkcbgl gloldmlr wns llf hnidl gnj wnnr`p ekcv``r elt llrst wllr wnt t`t zkoe h`f fldlf. @p gl zlsgl stnh gl st`rdloetlr wllr `p lf gkl eklig nnf t`t gl libgl. @p gl libgl eng gl st`rdzkoe t`t llf `rhnnf `ftwkhhlig lf rìgl lf stndptl elt soekp vlrsoerkh-hlikch. Jlgurlfgl glzl elil rlks wns gl z`f fklt tl zklf lf h`f dlf zkcfp`sktkl fklt mlpnilf. @p gl libgl mrnhlf `d vklr uur ―s dkggnjs kf eltwlstlf gl wìhlf llf mlltcl lf strnnigl gl z`f kf ni ennr soe``felkgnis`b zl nbsoelkg wkigl fldlf.

Gl z`f wns f`j fklt vlrgwlflf `b elt wlrg z` g`fhlr nis gl fnoet.

’Kh jkfj fnnr dkcf h``k `d tl rustlf. Kh eng skfgs Ouxenblf f`j fkltz` j`lg jlsinplf nis gkl nv`fg—. ]`fg dkgglrfnoet wlrg ekc pi`tsl-ikfj jlwlht g``r elt hrnhlf vnf elt soekp lf gl hnpktlkf gkl rklp gntzl vlri`rlf wnrlf. ’]lg clzlib!— ]kiilfg vnf soerkh spr`fj ekc ukt zkcfh``k kf llf onmkfl gkl enib `fglr wntlr st`fg. Dlt vlli d`lktl mlrlkhtlekc gl trnp lf hr``p ekc elt glh `p wnnr ekc g``r llf dnoetkjl jìb, gklvnf gl rloetlrhnft vnf elt soekp hwnd, fnnr gl ikfhlrhnft jlsp`ligwlrg. Ekc zù `vlrm``rg jlsp`lig zkcf nis ekc zkoe fklt nnf gl tukjnjleng hufflf vnsteùglf. Ekc hr``p wllr fnnr gl nfglrl hnft vnf eltsoekp wnnr ekc zkoe dlt llf tùw gnt gnnr ekfj vnstm`fg. Ekc eng niillf

llf wìilf fnoeteldg nnf. Gl jìvlf sp`liglf v``rtgurlfg `vlr eldellf lf ekc vlrwnoettl lih d`dlft tl stlrvlf. Elt soekp mlj`f dllr lfdllr tl hrnhlf lf z`fh gklplr mkc lihl vìjlfgl jìb. Gl hnpktlkf engjllf o`ftrìl dllr `vlr gl mldnffkfj. Elt wns llf lf ni vlrwnrrkfjlf vlrsoerkhhkfj. Gl lfl eukigl, gl nfglrl mng, wllr llf nfglr vi`lhtl`b pr`mllrgl zkoe d`lg kf tl grkfhlf. _`ddkjl mldnffkfjsilglf pr`-mllrglf gl jr`tl m``t tl wntlr tl intlf, dnnr gl vlrwnrrkfj wns z` jr``tgnt zl gl m``t i``grloet fllr ikltlf, z`gnt ekc dltllf g``r gl jìvlfvlrzwìjlf wlrg t`lf ekc elt wntlr rnnhtl. Gl twllgl m``t pr`mllrgldlf nnf gl hnft vnf gl wkfg tl wntlr tl intlf, dnnr gkl wlrg dltllf

tljlf elt soekp hnp`t jlsinjlf. Lf gus millb niillf gl hilkfl m``t gklnnf gl noetlrstlvlf ekfj `vlr. G``rgnt elt soekp o`fstnft rìgl e``rgldlf v``rtgurlfg gl soellpsmli iukglf gkl llf zlldnfsjrnb soellf tlv``rspliilf. Gkt zni z`‛f twll uur jlguurg elmmlf lf t`lf hi`ddlfgl hnpktlkf lf gl mldnffkfj kf gl dnstlf. Elt wns llf g`fhlrl hù-gl fnoet lf gl sflluw vkli kf hilkfl vi`hcls. Qi`tslikfj iklp elt soekpvnst `p llf znfgmnfh lf elt vìjlfgl `jlfmikh si`lj elt kf gukzlfglf

<; Rnf >5>7 t`t >5;1 wns Elijìnfg llf `fglrglli vnf Jr``t Mrkttnffkè. Ouiturllimle``rgl elt loetlr ni gkl tkcg t`t elt Guktsl tnnijlmklg. Kf >57> soerllb E`bbdnff

v`f Bniilrsilmlf tkcglfs zkcf vlrmikcb `p gkt lkinfg elt Glutsoeinfgiklg .



71 -

stuhhlf uktllf. Gl mldnffkfj znj gkt d`dlft nnfh`dlf lf spr`fjkf gl hilkfl m``t. _oeikldnff zlib vkli kf elt wntlr, dnnr wlrg g``r gltwllgl stuurdnf kf gl m``t jlelslf. Gl tùwlf wnnrdll glzl m``tvnstznt wlrglf jlhnpt lf llf jlwligkjl jìb v`lrgl zl wlj. Sl grlvlf

nis llf hurh `p gl jìvlf tlrwkci zl dlt euf enfglf elt wntlr ukt glm``t soelptlf. wll mldnffkfjsilglf wnrlf vlrgr`fhlf. Sl zntlf dltzkcf vllrtklflf kf gl hilkfl m``t lf elt wns llf w`fglr gnt gkl fkltz`fh, wnft ekc stnh f`j dnnr fnuwlikchs llf enfg m`vlf elt wntlr ukt.Sl engglf jllf r`lkspnflf lf wnrlf `vlrjlilvlrg nnf gl jrkiilf vnf glzll lf gl wkfg. Mkc klglrl jìb vrllsglf zl `pfkluw gnt gl m``t `d zùsinnf. Elt guurgl zlvlf urlf v``r lr nnf glzl vlrsoerkhhlikchl `dstnf-gkjelglf llf lkfg hwnd g``rgnt zl `p elt strnfg vnf lxli jlw`rplfwlrglf. Gl mlw`flrs vnf elt lkinfg wnrlf gnnr mlzkj `d niils wnt nnf-sp`ligl tl stlilf. Kf llf hilkfl wnjlf wlrglf zl fnnr elt euks vnf llf

Flglrinfglr, Cnf Mrnfs, jlmrnoet. Gnnr mrnfggl llf vuur lf hrljlf zlh`bbkl lf mrukf mr``g. Rnf gl lkjlfnnr vnf elt euks hrllj _oeikldnffllf pnnr hi`dplf, llf jlsoelurgl ikfflf mr`lh lf llf sinnpduts. Slmilvlf grkl gnjlf kf gkt euks. _oeikldnff v`ligl zkoe fklt zklh, e`lwliekc grkl tnfglf vlri`rlf eng. @p >< gloldmlr iklplf zl fnnr llf nfglrlpinnts, ’Murj-lxli—, wnnr gl o`fsuis _`fglrg`rp & ]nd w``fglf. Gklvlrtliglf eld gnt ekc gl vìjlfgl gnj vkn Enrikfjlf lf Enjl 21 fnnrEndmurj tlruj zù hlrlf. _oeikldnff st`fg lr loetlr `p `d g``r tlrlkzlf fnnr Ndstlrgnd. Sl jnvlf eld gnnr`p llf mrklb v``r gl o`fsuivnf Dlohilfmurj kf Ndstlrgnd, gl ellr unoh. Gl vìjlfgl gnj rlksgl

_oeikldnff dlt llf hilkfl m``t fnnr Ndstlrgnd.2>

Elt dllst uktjlmrlkgl vlrsinj vnf glzl rlks soerllb ekc `p =1 blmrunrk>57= kf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs. Gl elil jlsoeklglfks eng zkoe f`j fkltz` infj gnnrv``r nbjlspllig lf d`lst gus f`j elli vlrs kf zkcf jlelujlfikjjlf. Ekc mljkft dlt zkcf zustlrs tl vlrtliilf e`l j`lg gl ’G`r`teln—wns. Elt wns llf ji`lgfkluwl grkldnstlr dlt llf dlt h`plr mlsin-jlf m`gld. Elt soekp wns sploknni jlmùwg `d sfli dll tl zlkilf lfwns vìjlfs hnpktlkf _kd`fslf d``klr gnf wlih Endmurjs soekp gnf``h.2=

Llf Mrkjj ellbt f`rdnni jlspr`hlf dnnr twll dnstlf. @dgnt

_oeikldnff `fs eklr vlrtlit gnt gl ’G`r`teln— grkl dnstlf eng hnf eltfklt nfglrs gnf gnt gkt soekp Qìnorl jltukjg wns.2? Glzl dnfklr vnf

21 ’Enjl— ikjt kf @`stbrklsinfg, F``rg-Guktsinfg. Gl mldnffkfj rlksgl gus `vlrinfg tlruj fnnr Endmurj.

2> Zlmlr >;7=, <-5.2= Dlylr >;<?, >;.2? Ouivlr >;?2, =1;. ’el Q inorl ... eks rkj ks `b Dlgktlrrnflnf `rkjkf nfg stkii

lxksts. Kt wns ldpi`ylg kf Lfjinfg ns intl ns bkbty ylnrs nj` (on. >551). Kts plouikn-rktkls wlrl tent usuniiy kt onrrklg terll pìl dnsts wkteùt onps `r or`sstrlls nfg n

m`wsprkt o`fskstkfj `b `fl pklol.—



7>

tukjlf wlrg jlmrukht d elt soekp sfliilr tl dnhlf. Gkt siukt uktstlhlfgnnf mkc gl ngvlrtlftkl wnnrkf gl lkjlfnnr vnf gkt soekp ’_oefliisljlif—nis ennr stlrhl hnft f`ldgl.

Elt soekp ellttl ’G`r`teln— fnnr gl zustlr vnf Znoesdute, gl

vrùw vnf Hr`jdnff. Gl hncukt wns r`fg lf gl wnfglf, gl vi`lr lf gldlumlilf wnrlf ukt dne`fkleùt jldnnht. Elt eng llf mldnffkfj vnfnoettklf dnf lf grkl pnssnjklrs, gl Endmurjlr dlumlidnhlr Nimrloet,gklfs z``f lf _oeikldnf. Gl pnssnjklrs engglf euf sinnppinntslf (H`k27)kf gl hncukt, flt nis gl hnpktlkf lf gl mlkgl stuuriuk. Gl wkfg wns `f-jufstkj lf zl h`fglf fklt vlrtrlhhlf t`t ekc `p gl =:stl grnnkgl lf zlgl =5stl wljv`lrlf. ―s D`rjlfs `d vklr uur hwndlf lr twll i``gslfnnf m``rg. Elt soekp wlrg i`s jldnnht lf tusslf gl lr `dellf ikjjlfglsoelplf g``r fnnr `plf wntlr jlmrnoet. Gl hnff`flf vnf gl envlfg`fglrglf tlf nbsoelkg lf euf lkjlf hnf`fflf mlnftw``rgglf glzl

jr`lt. Gl rlks mlj`f. Elt soekp zwllbgl dlt g``r gl wkfg jlmìgl zlk-ilf `vlr gl g`fhlrl jìvlf vnf gl Liml. Elt jkfj z` enrg gnt elt d``klEndmurj sp`lgkj kf elt d`rjlfjrnuw vlrgwllf. Ni `d tklf uur wnrlfzl tlr e``jtl vnf Jiùohstngt wnnr zl `p nnfrnglf vnf gl i``gslf eltnfhlr ikltlf vniilf `dgnt lr tl wlkfkj wntlr kf gl Liml wns `d `vlr gleklr nnfwlzkjl `fgklptlf tl h`dlf.2<

Eklr zklf wl llf elli gukglikch v``rmllig vnf e`l _oeikldnffoikoeës jlmrukhtl `d zkcf vlrsinj tl vlrbrnnklf. Kf gl >;gl lluw engllf o`ddlrokèil Mrkh jllf hnf`fflf nnf m``rg. Slibs ni eng dlf kfEndmurj gl jlw``ftl jleng d niil soelplf gkl eklr gnjlikchs vlrtr`h-

hlf nis nbsoelkgsjr`lt llf sniuut tl jlvlf, gnf f`j eng gl ’G`r`teln—gnt fklt hufflf mlnftw``rglf. Hnf`fflf hwndlf kf glzl plrk`gl ni-illf f`j v``r `p Dnrkfl Mrkjjs, dnnr elt ks zllr gl vrnnj `b gkl ``kt llfsniuut hrljlf. Gkl wlrglf fndlikch niillf v``r `pilkgkfjsg`lilkfglfjlmrukht.

―s Nv`fgs hrljlf zl tljlf wkfg, gkl ``h `p gl =5stl lf =;stl nnfekliglf pns `p gl ?1stl kf llf v``r elf jufstkjl e`lh grnnkgl. ―s @oetlfgs`d noet uur wlrg elt nfhlr jlikoet lf elt zlki jlelslf. Lr w`lk llf juf-stkjl ``stlfwkfg lf elt soekp soe``t pkcisfli v``r ukt. Ni `d hwnrt `vlrtklf pnssllrglf zl elt vrklfglikchl g`rp Ouxenvlf dlt gl d``kl, e`jl

27 H`cl, _oeikldnff jlmrukht eklr gl F``rg Guktsl uktsprnnh.

2< Dlylr >;<?, >;.



7= -

vuurt`rlf. @d enib lib pnssllrgl dlf elt lkinfg Fluwlrglr.22 Elt wnsprnoetkj wllr, gl eldli wns eliglr lf gl z`f soellf. Elt mli``bgl llfv``rsp`lgkjl rlks tl w`rglf. _oeikldnff v`fg elt llf prnoetkj jlzkoet`d elt hilkfl soekp nis llf spllimni `p gl uktjlstrlhtl oen`tksoe mlwl-

jlfgl zll fglr gl e`jl eldli tl zklf. Elt jnb eld llf gukglikch jlv`livnf gl fkltkjelkg vnf gl dlfs tlf `pzkoetl vnf J`gs nidnoet. Gl wkfgwlrg elbtkjlr lf elt soekp jkfj stllgs sfliilr. Elt gllg lib dkcilf kf vklrurlf. _p`lgkj pnssllrglf zl ``h Fluwlrh lf pns `d twnnib uur znjlfzl wllr llf vnst puft t`lf zl gl i``gslf `p llf ikoetsoekp nbzlttlf. @dvklr uur ―s dkggnjs znjlf zl Elijìnfg lf gnt millb twll uur infj z`. Slhwndlf t`t p twll dkci vnf gkt lkinfg lf h`fglf j`lg zklf gnt elt fkltdllr gnf llf r`ts ks wnnr`p llf pnnr eukzlf stnnf. Gl wkfg millb ``h ―sfnoets ukt gl j`lgl e`lh wnnklf. _oeikldnff v`ligl zkoe llf mlltcl guk-zlikj, dnnr eng f`j jllf inst vnf zllzklhtl. Gnt hwnd pns `p gl twllgl

gnj t`lf gl wkfg grnnkgl lf ukt elt F.F.Z. jkfj minzlf. Elt soekpd`lst eklrg``r invlrlf lf inj elt lfl d`dlft `p gl lfl lf elt nfglrld`dlft `p gl nfglrl zkcgl. Sllzklhtl ks llf vlrsoerkhhlikchl zklhtl gkllrv``r z`rjt gnt cl v``rtgurlfg d`lt mrnhlf, zlibs nis lr fklts dllr kf cldnnj zkt lf cl niillf f`j dnnr jni huft pjlvlf. Gl wkfg wlrg uur fnnruur elbtkjlr lf ―s nv`fgs st`rdgl elt. Gl jìvlf wnrlf eukzlfe``j._oeikldnff wns ni gkl tkcg nnf glh jlwllst dnnr fu wlrg ekc z` zklh gntekc zkoe dlt llf lddlr kf zkcf h``k tlruj tr`h. Gl st`rd guurgl noetgnjlf lf ni gkl tkcg wns _oeikldnff zllzklh. Noet gnjlf nt ekc fklts lfvlriklt ekc niillf zkcf h``k d zkcf mle`lbtlf tl g`lf. Dlt gl nfglrl pns-

snjklrs jkfj elt flt z`, gkl hrlufglf flt nis ekc. `lf wlrg elt lkfglikchwkfgstki lf mlw``j elt soekp dkfglr. Gl zllzklhtl jkfj gnnrg``r `vlr._oeikldnff h`f lkfglikch wnt ltlf lf mrnoet gl elil gnj `p elt v``rglhg``r. Elt wns zlvlf gloldmlr, elt wns kcshùg, dnnr gl iuoet wns eli-glr lf gl zll wlrg jing. Gl hnpktlkf eng dlt glzl tljlfwkfg ukt v``r-z`rj v``rtgurlfg fnnr `plf zll jlstuurg. Sl wnrlf `p gkt d`dlft `p>11 dkci vnf Ouxenvlf lf `p 21 dkci vnf Euii.2: ljlf gl nv`fg stnh lrllf jufstkjl ``stlfwkfg `p, niil zlkilf wlrglf jlelslf lf tlrwkci gl ml-dnffkfj cukoetl vi``j elt soekp v``rwnnrts. Rì vlrinfjlf wnoettl dlft`t zl g``r elt hnfnni zùglf zkcf, gnnrfn wns lr jllf jlvnnr dllr. Dlt

jufstkjl wkfg h`f dlf gnt vnfukt Endmurj kf grkl gnjlf mlrlkhlf,

22 Kh elm elt lkinfg Fluwlrglr fklt hufflf i`hnikslrlf. Rìjlfs gl ’\lmlrskoets Hnrtlglr Cngl, Zlslr & Lim Dùfgufjlf— vnf gl Hòfkjikoe QrluÐksoelf Ngdkrniktçt (>5<;)ks elt llrstl lkinfg v``r Ouxenvlf Fluwlrh lf gl twllgl _oenreòrf. @p d`glrflhnnrtlf ikjt _oenreòrf `p elt Flu Zlrglr Zntt. Rlrd`lglikch jkfj _oeikldnfflr vnf ukt gnt _oenreòrf Fluwlrglr eltl `dgnt elt `p elt Flu Zlrglr Znttikjt. Lkfkjl dkcilf v``rmkc _oenreòrf inj elt Ikoetsoekp wnnr gl i``gs vnf m``rgjkfj. Elt ks loetlr ``h d`jlikch gnt gl i``gs llf ikoetsoekp tusslf Fluwlrh lf_oenreòrf jlmrukhtl, kf gnt jlvni d`lt _oeikldnff llf gr``jjlvniilf stuh vnf eltGueflr Zntt v``r elt lkinfg Fluwlrglr nnfjlzklf elmmlf.

2: Gkt ks llf p`sktkl `p gl G`jjlrsmnfh.



7?

dnnr zkc wnrlf, `fgnfhs niil gnjlf gkl zl ni `fglrwlj wnrlf, f`j stllgsgkoetlr mkc Endmurj gnf mkc elt hnfnni. Gl hnpktlkf iklt gnnr`d, kf gle``p gnt gl wkfg j`lg zù mikcvlf, S.Z. sturlf. Elinns stnh lr ―s nv`fgsst`rd `p gkl ukt elt f``rglf hwnd. Niil zlkilf wlrglf jlstrlhlf lf zl

d`lstlf, `dgnt zl fklt tlruj h`fglf, z` e``j d`jlikch F.Z. eùglf.@p gl ;gl wlrg gl st`rd f`j elbtkjlr, gl jìvlf jkfjlf v``rtgurlfg`vlr elt glh. Elt soekp dnnhtl vlli wntlr lf dlf d`lst v``rtgurlfgp`dplf. _oeikldnff v`ligl zkoe fklt zllzklh, dnnr eng gnnrlftljlf llfjlwligkjl e`fjlr, gkl ekc dlt soellpsmlsoeukt stkigl. Ekc znt gl elil gnjkf gl e`lh vnf gl hncukt, wnnr ekc llf st`li vnstjlm`fglf eng, lf illrgl_pnnfsl enfglismrklvlf tl soerkcvlf. Elinns eng ekc gl ploe `d rljli-dntkj `d tl vniilf wnnrmkc ekc zkoe bikfh mlzllrgl. Gl nfglrl pnssnjklrsinjlf prlttkj kf euf h``klf.

@p gl >1gl w`lk gl st`rd f`j stllgs vnfukt elt f``rglf. @dgnt

zl elt mrndzlki v`lrglf hwndlf zl dnnr infjznnd v``rukt lf wlrglfzl g``r gl st`rd dllr lf dllr fnnr elt zukglf jlguwg. Gkt jkfj g``rt`t `p gl dkggnj vnf gl >>gl. `lf znjlf zl llf `fjlw`fl e`lvlli-elkg zlldlluwlf vikljlf, wnt zl nis llf siloet v``rtlhlf mlsoeùwglf.@`h znjlf zl zlle`fglf. Gl wkfg hwnd ukt gl vlrhllrgl e`lh, elt wnskcshùg lf elt sflluwgl v``rtgurlfg. Elt p`dplf jkfj gnj lf fnoetg``r lf gl zll jkfj vrlslikch tl hllr. ljlf vkcb uur vlrnfglrgl gl st`rdkf llf `rhnnf. Gl jìvlf wnrlf t`rlfe``j lf elt soekp wlrg nis llfvllrtcl de``j jlj``kg d vlrvìjlfs wllr fnnr mlflglf tl vniilf. @dzls uur soelurgl elt mrndzlki lf klglrllf vrllsgl v``r gl fnoet wnft elt

soekp hwnd stllgs dllr `p z‛f hnft tl ikjjlf. Gl Jkttnu25 E & M wlr-glf jlspnfflf. Glzl soelurglf loetlr fdkggliikch wnnrg``r zl wlkfkjfut engglf lf elt soekp nnf gl jìvlf `vlrjlintlf d`lst w`rglf. Glpnssnjklrs injlf kf euf h``klf tl sinplf. Sl wkstlf fklt wnt lr `p eltglh jlmlurgl lf wnrlf zkoe vnf jllf jlvnnr mlwust.2;

Fu h`dlf wl nnf llf `pvniilfg stuh kf glzl mrklb. E`l h`f_oeikldnff wltlf wnt lr jlmlurgl tlrwkci ekc siklp lf zkoe vnf jllf jl-vnnr mlwust wns0

Gl mldnffkfj wns ni skfgs gl dkggnj v``rtgurlfg nnf glh jlwllst.@d zlvlf uur mrnoet gl soellpsc`fjlf elf tell lf soellpsmlsoeukt.

Ekc eukigl `dgnt ekc gnoet gnt gkt elt inntstl wns gnt ekc elf ``kt zùmrlfjlf. @d tklf uur hwndlf gl hnpktlkf lf gl twllgl stuurdnf fnnrgl hncukt. Sl enniglf gl hnnrtlf tl v``rsoekcf lf gl hnpktlkf t``fgl gltwllgl stuurdnf wnnr zl vìjlfs eld wnrlf. Nnf zkcf mikh h`f dlfzklf gnt ekc zkoe z`rjlf dnnhtl. Qi`tslikfj hwnd gl llrstl stuurdnfmkfflf `d tl zljjlf gnt ekc kf gl vlrtl ikoet znj. Gl hnpktlkf rlfgl fnnrm`vlf lf iklt gl mlkgl nfhlrs uktwlrplf. Gl nfhlrhlttkfjlf mrnhlf loe-

25 Jkttnu 4 Jlktnu `b Jlktùw. ùw wnnrdlgl elt zlki vnf gl rn jlennig w`rgtwnffllr dlf elt zlki wki ekcslf.

2; Dlylr >;<?, =1-==.



77 -

tlr nis`b zl vnf jnrlf wnrlf lf elt soekp jkfj pkcisfli vlrglr. _oeikldnffgr``dgl fnnr lkjlf zljjlf vnf gl Oì`dmknnfsl vliglf lf wns zkoe vnfjllf jlvnnr mlwust.

]`fg dkgglrfnoet hwnd gl hnpktlkf fnnr gl hncukt lf rklp gnt gl

pnssnjklrs sfli fnnr m`vlf d`lstlf h`dlf `dgnt lr jr``t jlvnnr grlkj-gl. Ekc eng gkt f`j dnnr flt jlzljg `b llf vlrsoerkhhlikchl soe`h `f-glrstrllptl zkcf w``rglf. Niil rndlf kf gl hncukt mrnhlf. _oeikldnffspr`fj z` sfli ekc h`f ukt zkcf h``k, dnnr t`lf ekc zkoe nnf wkigl hilglfstr``dgl elt wntlr ni vnf niil hnftlf fnnr mkfflf. _iloets dlt jlvnnrv``r lkjlf ilvlf h`f ekc fnnht elt glh mlrlkhlf. Ekc wlrg gnnr g``r llfjr`tl jìb jltr`bblf gkl eld vnf mnhm``rg fnnr stuurm``rg sp`ligl. Ekcrnnhtl gnnrmkc jlw`fg, dnnr wkst zkoe nnf stuurm``rgzkcgl vnst tl mkf-glf. Elt zlibgl jlmlurgl ``h dlt gl nfglrl pnssnjklrs, dnnr gkl wnrlfz` vlrstnfgkj jlwllst `d euf hilrlf fklt ukt tl g`lf. @`h gkl m`fglf

zkoe dlt fnnr mlflglf enfjlfgl tùwlf vnst. Gl hnpktlkf lf gl ml-dnffkfj wnrlf mlzkj `d gl dkgglf `p elt glh ikjjlfgl jr`tl m``t tlwntlr tl intlf. Gl vlrwnrrkfj lf gl nfjst wnrlf loetlr z` jr``t gnt dlffklt wkst wnt dlf gllg. Gl llrstl m``t wlrg nnf stuurm``rg fllrjlin-tlf, dnnr gl st`rd z`rjgl lr v``r gnt ekc ni vì wntlr znt v``r ekc gl zllrnnhtl. Gl twllgl, vlli jr`tlrl m``t iklt dlf nnf mnhm``rg fllr. Ekchwnd j`lg mlflglf, dnnr iklp gnnr ``h dltllf vì.

Lihl e``p `p rlggkfj wns t`lf vlri`rlf `dgnt lr fklts dllr `vlrwns wnnrdll dlf zkoe zù hufflf rlgglf. _oeikldnff wlrg g``r llfvlrsoerkhhlikchl nfjst mlvnfjlf. Rr`ljlr eng ekc, nis elt fklt j`lg dlt

eld jkfj, wli llfs fnnr gl g``g vlrinfjg, dnnr fu mljrllp ekc gnt z`-klts `fzkf wns. Ekc mljrllp gnt dlf pns wllt e`l z`lt elt ilvlf ks nis glg``g vlrsoekcft. Ekc vlrtligl zkcf zustlrs gnt wnffllr dlf eld `p gntd`dlft v``r gl hluzl jlstlig eng `d zkcf jlelil ilvlf jlhltlfg kf llfjlvnfjlfks g``r tl mrlfjlf `b `d tl stlrvlf ekc v``r elt llrstl jlh`zlfeng. Gl zustlrs d`ltlf `p gnt d`dlft vnf eld jlgr``dg elmmlf,wnft ekc ellbt nnf fkldnfg nfglrs jlgnoet. Kf jlgnoetlf eng ekc vnfelf nbsoelkg jlf`dlf, zkcf zkli nnf j`g nnfmlvìlf lf zkcf ikoennd nnfgl ennklf vlrdnnht.

R``r zkcf jlv`li inj ekc z` wli llf uur `p elt glh tlrwkci gl jìvlf

`vlr eld ellf sp`liglf, dnnr t`lf wlrg ekc wllr eliglr. Ekc soeuggl gls`dmlrl jlgnoetlf vnf zkoe nb lf mlsi``t gl g``g tl tr`tslrlf. Gl dlu-mlidnhlr, gkl hnteìklh wns, rklp v``rtgurlfg d Dnrkn lf niil elkikjlf,dnnr gkl vlrsoelflf fklt lf elt jlvnnr wlrg dlt gl slo`fgl jr`tlr.

Gl mldnffkfj wns t`t `p gnt d`dlft rustkj jlmilvlf lf eng glmlvlilf vnf gl hnpktlkf `pjlvìjg. `lf zl loetlr jllf rlggkfj dllrznjlf mlj`fflf zl vrlslikch tl vi`lhlf lf nfglrlf eukiglf lf rklplf `deuf bndkikl. Elt soekp hrnnhtl vlrsoerkhhlikch lf gnt z`rjgl lr vlrd`l-glikch v``r gnt gl soellpshi`h, nis g``r llf `fzkoetmnrl enfg mlgklfg,`f`peùglikch iukggl.



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Gl fnoet wns hùg, fklt dllr gnf zlvlf á noet jrnglf lf gl eldliwns llf zwnrtl wìh wnnrukt jlstngkj gl sflluw kf bkcfl vi`hhlf vkli.

Elt soekp z`fh vlrglr lf vlrglr lf mkc klglrl jìb gkl lr `vlrellfsi`lj vlrwnoettl _oeikldnff gl g``g. Gl mldnffkfj hi`d kf gl dns-

tlf `d gnnr `p gl òetlfg tl wnoetlf. @`h _oeikldnff jli``bgl gntekc gnnr vlkikjlr zù zkcf lf dnnhtl zkoe i`s `d ``h kf llf dnst tl huf-flf hikddlf. @p gnt d`dlft wlrg ekc g``r llf lf`rdl jìb vlrm``rgjlsp`lig. Ekc vlrgwllf kf gl gklptl, dnnr hwnd sp`lgkj wllr m`vlf.Elt iuhtl eld `d llf iljl grkcvlfgl t`f tl pnhhlf tl hrkcjlf. Gnnrdllgrllb ekc `p gl jìvlf. Gnf wllr jkfj ekc `d e``j lf gnf wllr fnnrmlflglf. Gkt guurgl z ‛f vklr uur lf t`lf wlrg ekc p llf znfgmnfh jl-w`rplf. Ekc wns vìsinjlf uktjlput lf mlsi``t eklr `p gl g``g tl wnoe-tlf, dnnr gkl hwnd fklt. `lf elt lkfglikch òetlfg wlrg znj ekc infg.Ekc wkigl lr ellf jnnf, dnnr elt jkfj fklt. Ekc wkigl r`lplf, dnnr ekc

eng jllf stld. `lf znjlf gl dlfslf `p elt strnfg eld lf lr hwndlfdnfflf dlt llf m``t gkl eld vnf gl znfgpinnt enniglf.

Sl vr`ljlf eld vnf niils, dnnr ekc vlrst`fg zl fklt lf h`f zl gusfklt nftw``rglf. Gl nnfjlgrlvlf pinfhlf lf t`fflf sprnhlf loetlrv``r zkoe zlib. Ekc wlrg fnnr elt Lkinfgseuks (Kfslienus) jlmrnoet. Sltr`hhlf eld zkcf eldg ukt lf iljglf eld kf mlg. Sl jnvlf eld h`bbkl

Elt Lklrinfgsleuks on. >;=1. W`lf _oeikldnff eklr wns mlst`fg gl vuurt`rlf f`j fklt.



7:

gl wnnrg llf ùgl `fglrmr`lh, llf jlsoelurgl cns lf llf pnnr hi`d-plf. Gl vìjlfgl òetlfg wlrg ekc `p llf wnjlf jlzlt lf vlrtr`h ekcdlt gl dntr``s fnnr Glf Murj. Gl hnpktlkf millb f`j `dgnt ekc `p ml-rkoet ukt Endmurj wnoettl. _oeikldnff vr`lj nnf gl wnnrg b gkl, wnf-

fllr lr llf mrklb v``r eld ukt Endmurj hwnd, glzl g``r wkigl sturlffnnr gl o`fsui vnf Dlohilfmurj kf Ndstlrgnd, wnft ekc eng mlsi`tlf`d gnnr fnnrt`l tl jnnf. Kf Glf Murj jkfj _oeikldnff fnnr gl o`f-suis _`fglrmurj & ]nd lf vlrtligl euf gnt ekc fnnr Ndstlrgnd wkigl._oeikldnff lf ]nd h`fglf uktstlhlfg dlt lihnnr kf elt Brnfs sprlhlflf _oeikldnff hrllj gnf ``h z`fglr d`lktl llf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb v``rgl Dlohilfmurjsl o`fsui kf Ndstlrgnd vnf eld.:>

_oeikldnff vlrtlit gnt ekc, flt v``r gl soekpmrluh, llf gr``d eng.Gl kfeùg vnf gkl gr``d vlrtlit ekc fklt kf glzl mrklb. Lr mlstnnt loetlrllf f`tktklm`lh gnt ekc kf Ndstlrgnd jlmrukhtl `d Ktniknnfs tl ilrlf.

Gnnrkf vlrtlit ekc glzl gr``d dlt vlli g``renikfjlf lf o`rrlotkls.Elt vlrenni mljkft wllr kf gl st`rd wnnrg``r zl kf gl `djlvkfj vnf

gl Flglrinfgsl hust jlh`dlf zkcf. Elt wns gl fnoet vnf gl>>gl `p gl>=gl gloldmlr >57>. _oeikldnff wns `p tkcg fnnr mlg jljnnf lf engf`j f``kt z` gklp jlsinplf nis gkl fnoet. Kf zkcf gr``d wns ekc kf elt

:> Dlylr >;<?, ==-=2.

_oeikldnff‛s rlks fnnr Wlxli



75 -

infg vnf mlstlddkfj nnfjlh`dlf. Elt soekp inj f`j fklt kf gl envlf bekc g``h `vlrm``rg lf dkgglf tusslf gl ennklf zw`d ekc fnnr gl hust.Ekc viuoettl lf hwnd kf gl mkfflfinfglf tlrloet wnnr ekc nis sinnb `pllf pinftnjl wlrh v`fg. Ekc gr``dgl gnt gl vrùw vnf gl lkjlfnnr vnf

gl pinftnjl vlriklbg `p eld wlrg lf gnt zl jlzndlfikch mlsi`tlf `d gllkjlfnnr tl vlrjkbtkjlf. Gnt glglf zl gnf ``h, h`limi`lgkj lf enfgkj.Fn zkcf g``g trùwglf zl lf illbglf zl sndlf. Ekc gr``dgl loetlrgnt ekc fnnst zkcf vrùw ``h f`j llf rlintkl eng dlt llf zwnrtl sinvkf.lrwkci ekc gkt gr``dgl wlrg ekc g``r llf vlrsoerkhhlikchl soe`h jlwlhtlf vi``j ekc elt mlg ukt. Elt soekp wns `p llf hikp jli`plf lf elt wntlrstr``dgl dltllf fnnr mkfflf. ’Kh rlfgl, niillf kf llf hnt`lflf eldgjlhillg, elt glh `p, wnnr kh g``r llf vlrsoerkhhlikchl jìb `dvlr jl-sp`lig wlrg—. := Gl rlst vnf elt vlrenni i``pt gnf wllr pnrniili nnf wntwl ni hlfflf.

Znffllr wl fnnr gl kfeùg vnf glzl gr``d hkchlf ks elt mljrkcplikchgnt ekc gkl fklt kf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs `pfnd. Elt blkt gnt ekc glzlgr``d, llf pnnr cnnr intlr, jlmrukhtl `d zkcf Ktniknnfs tl `lblflf inntzklf gnt gl `fglrjnfj vnf gl ’G`r`teln— f`j infj kf zkcf bnftnskl fnjl-wlrht ellbt. Kf elt vlrsinj vnf glzl gr``d, gnt _oeikldnff uktsiuktlfgv``r zkoezlib soerllb, zklf wl gnt ekc `p zkcf dkfst ëëf hllr llf gukgl-ikch oikoeë jlmrukhtl `d gl jlmlurtlfks tl mlsoerkcvlf. Gl ’G`r`teln—ks, z`nis llf j`lg soekp gnt tlf `fglr jnnt g`lt, `p gl hikpplf jli`plf._oelplf i`plf fu llfdnni `p gl hikpplf, ``h ni zkcf glzl flrjlfs nnfgl Flglrinfgsl hust tl vkfglf lf ks gl ’G`r`teln— `p llf znfgmnfh

jli`plf.Kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs jlmrukht _oeikldnff z`vlli fnutksoel tlr-

dlf, gnt dlf mkcfn elt jlv`li hrkcjt gnt ekc llf loetl zlldnf wns. Slhlr`p gl zustlrs, gkl f`j f``kt p zll jlwllst wnrlf, zuiilf glzl gltnkis eltjlelli llf lxtrn jlv`li vnf nutelftkoktlkt jljlvlf elmmlf. Znffllr wl

:= Fklglrinfg >;27/2<, <::. ’Glr jilkoel rnud lrsoelkft nf lkflr nfglrlf _tliil ufgkf nmjlwnfglitlr Bnssufj kf intlkfksoelr _prnoel. Kf gklslr wkrg gkl Mlsoerlkmufjgls ògkpnilf Rlrmrloelfs vlrdklglf, clgòe lkf nfglrls Gltnki ekfzujlbùjt3 ’...f`x tlflmr`sn lrnt, fuiiudqul skjfud o`lik vksu lrnt ... ûnsk trnotn dnfu kfvk-

skmkik ondpnfn fnvks usqul ng uitkdud d`dlftud s`fnmnt - sùkt - qunsk vìiltpiusnrl ng bufus f`strud - lxslquknl f`strnl.— Kf Fklglrinfg >;2;, =>7 ilzlf wlnis inntstl zkf3 ’K puiilg dyslib up nfg bnstlflg dyslib wkte r`pls (t` n mnrrli)...Klxplotlg t` gkl wkte lvlry flw wnvl. —

Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==< f``t >2 ’Fklglrinfg oùig gntl teks jrùp `b infjunjllxlroksls f` d`rl prloksliy tenf mltwllf >5<5 nfg >52=. N d`rl splokbko gntl`b intl >52> nfg lnriy >52= b`r telsl lxlroksls wns dngl p`sskmil terùje telpnkfstnhkfj ontni`jukfj `b _oeikldnff‛s kfo`dkfj o`rrlsp`fglfol o`dpiltlg nbtlrpntklft w`rh `vlr slvlrni ylnrs my tel _oeikldnff nroekvkst nt tel Jlffnglk`f,Drs Oerkstkfn Rnrgns. Kf tel oktlg infjunjl lsxlroksls, _oeikldnff grnbts n ilttlrt` eks brklfg Oùft Onri` Mnssk kf wekoe el rlblrs t` ilttlrs rlolkvlg br`d Mì`jfn`b tel =:te `b tel prlvkùs d`fte nfg br`d Rklffn `b tel =;te `b tel ourrlftd`fte8 telsl lxtnft ilttlrs nrl gntlg =: F`vldmlr >52> nfg =; Gloldmlr >52>,

rlsplotkvliy.—



7;

loetlr fnuwhlurkj ilzlf wnt ekc soerllb w`rgt elt d`lkikch tl jli`vlfgnt ekc kldnfg gkl hlffks vnf znhlf ellbt eklrdll zù hufflf `vlrtuk-jlf. Intlr vlrtligl ekc nnf llf i``gs gnt ekc kf zkcf clujg soellpsc`fjlfjlwllst wns, dnnr gnt wlrg fklt jli``bg. :?

Gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs wlht gl kfgruh gnt ekc ukt gnjm`lhnnftlhl-fkfjlf sndlfjlstlig ks gkl tlr pinntsl `pjlsoerlvlf zkcf. Kf wlrhlikch-elkg jnnt elt eklr loetlr `d llf mrklb gkl kf niil rust kf Ndstlrgndslhndlr jlsoerlvlf ks.:7

Rnfukt gkt plrsplotklb d`ltlf wl `fs nbvrnjlf wlihl jljlvlfs lr fuloet ukt zkcf jlelujlf hwndlf lf wlihl ekc lrnnf t`ljlv`ljg ellbt `dlr llf d``k lf nv`ftuurikch vlrenni vnf tl dnhlf.

:? Dlylr >;2;, <7. ’ Dkt Rlriòw, Elrr, g`r wnrglf _l wìi fkoet t` gòoet elwwf,g`r elwwf _l hlf Hfnhlf t`8 _l sùfg dnf vòr gl _oerkwstuw j`g.—

:7 Iugwkj >;?=, <;. ’... lr nfniysklrt dkt glr _oeçrbl lkfls _llilfnrztls slkfl lkjflfLdpbkfgufjlf, ufg gnff kst lr zwlk D`fntl fnoeelr ... kdstnfgl, lkfl _oekiglrufjzu jlmlf wkl lkf jr`Ðlr Nut`r, ufdkttlimnr, bnrmkj ufg gòe vìih`ddlf ùmlril-

jlf, nis lrzçeitl lr lkfl Jlsoekoetl fnoe, gkl lkfld Brldglf pnssklrt wnr.—



<1 -

:. Gl strnfgkfj v``r lxli lf glrlggkfj

Znffllr wl fnnr gl gkvlrsl vlrskls vnf gkt vlrenni hkchlf vnit elt `p gntgl intlrl vlrskls jllf vlrh`rtl elrenikfj vnf elt vlrenni v``r gl zustlrszkcf. Elt teldn ks wlikswnnr `vlrni elt zlibgl, gnt zù ``h fklt nfglrshufflf, dnnr gl gltnkis vlrsoekiilf z`vlli vnf lihnnr, gnt elt ikcht nis`belt vlrsoekiilfgl vlrenilf zkcf. Glzl vlrsoekiilf zkcf z` jr``t gnt dlf zl`fd`jlikch nnf llf dlt gl cnrlf vlrvnjlfgl elrkfflrkfj hnf wkctlf.

@d elt elli gukglikch tl hrkcjlf hkchlf wl fnnr elt nnftni plrs`flfgnt nnf m``rg wns lf wnt gnnrdll ks jlmlurg.Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs wnrlf lr noettklf zlliklglf lf grkl

pnssnjklrs. _oeikldnff, gl hnpktlkf lf ëëf dntr``s `vlrilvlf glzl ontn-str`bl, gl nfglrlf jnnf dlt elt soekp tlf `fglr. Kf elt t`tnni wnrlf lrgus fljlftklf sinoet`bblrs.

Kf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl sprllht _oeikldnff vlr llf mldnffkfjvnf zlstklf h`pplf. kcglfs gl `fglrjnfj vnf gl ’G`r`teln— vlrgrkfhlflr twll lf mlrlkhlf lr vllrtklf gl hust.

Kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl ks elt nnftni mldnffkfjsilglf tlruj jl-

mrnoet t`t fljlf. Kf glzl vlrskl `vlrillbt klglrllf gl strnfgkfj.Elt zni v``r klglrllf gukglikch zkcf gnt elt fklt d`jlikch ks `d nnfgl enfg vnf _oeikldnffs jljlvlfs vnst tl stliilf wnt lr fu wlrhlikch jl-mlurg ks.:< Jliuhhkj zkcf wl fklt nbenfhlikch vnf wnt _oeikldnff ellbt`pjlsoerlvlf wnffllr wl wkiilf wltlf wnt lr prlokls dlt gl ’G`r`teln—jlmlurg ks. Elt mùwlf, uktrustlf lf `fglreùglf vnf llf soekp h`stvlli jlig lf nis z`‛f soekp vlri`rlf jnnt vlriklst gl rlglr zkcf kfvlstl-rkfj. Elt vnit tl mljrkcplf gnt ekc gnf wltlf wki wnt lr prlokls jlmlurgks. Gnnrmkc h`dt gnt ``h t`lf ni soelplf vlrzlhlrg wnrlf lf llf vlr-zlhlrkfjsdnntsoenppkc wki nitkcg jrnnj wltlf `b lr fklt klts jlmlurg ks

:< Iugwkj >;?=, <=-<?. ’Zns gnff jlsoene, kst kf clfld infjlf Mrklbl glsSwnfzkjcçerkjlf zuvlriçsskjlr jlsoekiglrt nis kf gld lftblrftlf ]ùohmikoh gls Noetufgbùfbzkjcçerkjlf, glff nuoe lkf s` elrv`rrnjlfgls Jlgçoetfks duÐ fnoelkfld infjlf, wloeslivìilf Ilmlf lkflf `bbkzkliilf Mlrkoet stçrhlr stkiksklrlfnis fnoe wlfkjlf D`fntlf lkflf kftkdlf nf gkl _oewlstlrf.— ]koetlr >;;=, ;:.’Nuoe kf gld Mrklb nf gkl _oewlstlrf lrsoelkft glr Swnfzkjcçerkjl mkswlkilf nisJr`Ðsprloelr ufg Nubsoeflkglr, gòe enmlf wkr wlktnus wlfkjlr \rsnoel, glf Znerelktsjlenit slkflr g`rt glf Bndkiklfnfjleòrkjlf dktjltlkitlf Lrilmfkssl kfSwlkbli zu zklelf, nis gkls mlk lkfkjlf Qnssnjlf glr vklr Cnerzleftl spçtlr bùr lkfmrlktls Ilslpumikhud zurloetjldnoetlf Dld`krlf glr Bnii kst.— Oniglr >;:=, ?7<F`tl <=. ’el lxkstlfol `b fudlrùs gksorlpnfokls kf tel vnrklg nooùfts lfoù-

rnjls gùmt `b tel weìl.—



<>

wnnrg``r zl fklt e`lvlf tl mltnilf. Lf gnf ks lr f`j gl hnpktlkf, gkl wki

iklvlr fklt gl soeuig hrkcjlf vnf z`‛f `fglrjnfj. Lr zkcf gus dllrglrldlfslf gkl lr mlinfj mkc elmmlf gnt z`‛f jlmlurtlfks j`lg vnstjliljgw`rgt. @fnbenfhlikch eklr vnf ks lr ``h f`j gl stnnt. Nis dlf `p eltstrnfg klts vkfgt gnt wnnrgl ellbt gnf wki gl stnnt gnnr jrnnj ``h zkcfglli vnf elmmlf. Lf gnf zkcf lr ``h f`j gl hrnftlf gkl euf ilzlrs kfb`r-dlrlf `vlr vnf niils lf f`j wnt gnt kftlrlssnft v``r zl zù hufflf zkcf.Kf llf infg gnt nnf gl zll ikjt vnit llf soekpmrluh gnnr nitkcg `fglr.

Zl mljkfflf dlt twll gòudlftlf gkl gl hnpktlkf g``r f`tnrks Cènffks Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt (>5>1->5:5):2 `p lxli iklt `pstliilf.

@p >? gloldmlr >57> jkfj gl hnpktlkf niillf fnnr Glf Murj wnnr

glzl f`tnrks w``fgl3

:2 Hkhhlrt wlrg jlm`rlf `p lxli `p >: cnfunrk >5>1 lf `vlrillg kf Dnnrsslf `p>; blmrunrk >5:5. Ekc fnd nis `bbkoklr glli nnf gl klfgnnjsl Rligtòet tljlfMlijkè kf nujustus >5?>. Intlr wns ekc f`tnrks, wlteùglr, jrkbbklr vnf elt hnf-t`fjlrloet, ikg vnf Qr`vkfoknil _tntlf vnf F``rg-Eìinfg, vkolo`fsui vnf Mlijkèlf o`fsui vnf _nrgkfkè. Ekc soerllb gl mròeurl ―Hust kf jlvnnr‛. Kf >52? jnb ekcllf ùgl infghnnrt vnf lxli `pfkluw ukt lf f`tllrgl gnnr`p niil soellpsstrnf-gkfjlf tusslf >575 lf >521. Ekc mlkcvlrgl zkoe v``r gl vlkikjelkg mkc elt mlvnrlfvnf gl Lklrinfgsl Jr`fglf. G``r zkcf kfspnffkfjlf hwnd gl rlnikslrkfj vnf glOòhsg`rplr vuurt`rlf t`t stnfg. Ekc `ftstnh elt ikoet `p > f`vldmlr >527. Skl

vlrglr Hkhhlrt >;;2.

F`tnrks Cènffks Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt.



<= -

Gkt lkinfg ks < urlf infj lf = urlf mrllg, >5.:2? mufglrs jr``t lfmlvnt rukd 2111 kfw`flrs, gkl kf elt vilh :: Glf Murj, lf gl g`r- plf Glf E``rf, Gl H``j, @`stlrlkfg, @ugl _oekig, Gl Znni lf GlOòhsg`rp lf llfkjl hilkfl jleuoetlf vlrgllig zkcf, lf jr``tlfgllis

vnf infgmùw, vll`hhlrkc, vkssoelrkc lf soellpvnnrt ilvlf8 zkc `fglr-soelkglf zkoe g``r llflf nnfdlrhlikchlf trnp vnf mlsoenvkfj, lf `f-glr elf zkcf zllr vlil wlijlstligl iklglf. Gl e``gpinnts Glf Murjks llf zllr rnnk, mlvniikj jliljlf, j`lg mlpinft lf mlstrnnt vilh, kfglf v`rd vnf llflf okrhli nnfjliljg, wnnrvnf gl elrv`rdgl hlrhelt dkgglipuft uktdnnht, lf dlt 7 pilkflf, >1 strntlf lf rukd >711F`tnrkskfw`flrs. Elt g`rp ellt vlrsoelkglfl iklgngkjl jlstkoetlf lfniilrnnfjlfnndstl wnfglikfjlf.:5

Hnpktlkf Cùrjlf _kd`fslf iklt `p glzl gnj eklr elt jlmrukhlikchl `bbkok-lil Sllpr`tlst pdnhlf3

Elglf glf glrtklfglf Gloldmlr Noettklf e`fglrg llf lf vllrtkj o`d- pnrllrgl v``r Cènffks Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt `plfmnnr F`tnrks rlskgl-rlfgl `p elt Lkinfg lxli, nrr`fgkssldlft Nihdnnr, pr`vkfokl F``rgEìinfg, tlr prlslftkl vnf gl fn tlf`ldlf jltukjlf

Onptlkf Curjlf _kd`fslf

w`flfgl tl Endmurj, jlv`lrg elmmlfgl elt Endmurjlr MrkhsoekpG`r`teln, dlt gkfilrlftl j`lglrlf, vnf Endmurj fnnr Injunrn jlglstkfllrg.

l hlfflf jlvlfgl gnt ekc dlt elt jlgnoetl Mrkhsoekp, kfelmmlfgl llfl pnrty gkfilrlftl j`lglrlf, glf Rklr lf twkftkjstlf F`vldmlr inntst-ilglf vnf Endmurj fnnr zll jlstlvlfg, lf kf glf d`rjlf vnf glfwnniglf Gloldmlr gnnrnnfvìjlfgl kf gl Lylrinfgsoel jr`fglf ksh`dlf tl vlrvniilf lf g``r gl lildlftlf glr zll elt soekp dlt gls zliskfelmmlfgl ingkfj nis f`j kf jldligl jr`fglf ks zkttlfgl lf gnt ekcO`dpnrnftllrlfg ks fnglr dlt mle``rikchl mlwkczlf tl pr`mlrlf, gntzuihs muktlf zkcfl soeuig ks vlr``rznnht.

Lf vlrhinnrgl ekc O`dpnrnft v``r `fs F`tnrks lf jltukjlf tl pr`tls-tlrlf z``nis ekc pr`tlstllrg mkc glzl tljlf gl ldìudlftlf Xh`stlfT glr

Sll @ftvnfjlrs Xgl gklfst gkl gl mlinstkfj `ftvkfj `vlr niils wnt dltgl zll tl dnhlf engT, nnglrs Xgl dlfslf gkl elt soekp illj d`lstlfenilfT lf niil nfglrlf, wlihl eklrnnf llfkj glli d`jtlf elmmlf `vlrhrkcjlf, wljlfs niil soenglf, `p gkl wkczl nnfjlh`dlf wljlfs niilh`stlf, soenglf lf kftlrlsslf gnnrukt ftstnnf vlrglr tl vìilf lf jl-flrnikch vnf lf `vlr niils wnnrvnf ` `vlr dnnr llfkjzkfgs fnnr rljl-ilf prnhtkchlf hnf mle``rg tl w`rglf jlpr`tlstllrg, glslr f`ldglgl vlrenikfj gnnr vnf gnnr lf wnnr zuihs zni mle`rlf.

:: pinntscl.

:5 lrwlf >5<<, 5;-;1.



<?

Znnrvnf Notl

Jldnnht lf jlpnssllrg mkfflf gl jldllftl vnf lxli, tlf eukzl lfhnft`rl vnf `fs F`tnrks nnf glf Murj, tlf tkcgl kf elt e``l jldligXmkc elt jlrloetse` kfjlsoerlvlfT kf tljlfw``rgkjelkg vnf glf ellr

Hinns Hnnf murjlrdnf, w`flfgl tl Zklrkfjlrwnnrg lf ZkiildHrnp scùwlrdnf, w`flfgl nnf glf Murj nieklr, nis jltukjlf eklrt`lvlrzòet.

Lf ks glzl dkfutl Xgl ``rspr`fhlikchl nhtl vnf gl f`tnrksT fnjlgn-fl v``rilzkfj `fglrtlhlfg g``r glf O`dpnrnft, gl jltukjlf lf `fsF`tnrks.

H. Hnnf Cùrjlf _kd`fslf Zkiild Hrnp

Cè. Iuv. Hkhhlr

F`tnrks :;

Dlt gkt Sllpr`tlst mlsoelrdgl gl hnpktlkf zkoezlib tljlf wlihl bkfnfok-lil nnfsprnhlf gnf `h, gnnrv``r d`lst dlf mkc gl rlglr zkcf. Elt soekpwns tlf jlvìjl vnf llf `fjliuh vlri`rlf jljnnf lf gnt zù ekc mlwkczlf.Eld vkli fklts tl vlrwkctlf.

G``r gkt Sllpr`tlst wltlf wl fu zlhlr gnt gl ’G`r`teln— wlrhlikch`p gl Lklrinfgsl jr`fglf v``r gl hust vnf lxli jlstrnfg ks. _oeikldnff

eng gl fnnd vnf glzl jr`fglf bùt vlrstnnf `b jlsoerlvlf, dnnr gnt kstl mljrkcplf. R``r kldnfg gkl jllf `b siloets zllr wlkfkj Flglrinfgsvlrstnnt ikchlf gl w``rglf Lklrinfg lf Lkinfg sprlhlfg `p lihnnr._oeikldnff soerllb glzl mrklb, z`nis ni llrglr jlzljg, kf Ndstlrgnd lft`lf wns ekc flt mlj`fflf dlt elt ilrlf vnf Flglrinfgs. Znffllr ekclr flt noetlr jlh`dlf wns gnt elt w``rg Lkinfg ’Kfsli— mltlhlfgl d`ltLkinfgsljr`fglf elli i`jksoe jlhi`fhlf elmmlf. Kf wlrhlikchelkg wn-rlf glzl jr`fglf loetlr jlf`ldg fnnr elt f``rglikchstl stuh vnf lxli,elt Lklrinfg. Lklrinfg wns vnf gl >?gl t`t gl >2gl lluw llf lkinfgjlwllst. Kf >2=;->2?1 wlrg elt `p mlvli vnf gl _tntlf g``rdkggli

vnf llf znfggkch vlrm`fglf dlt lxli. G``r nnfstukvkfj `ftst`fg lrkf gl i``p glr cnrlf nnf gl wlstzkcgl vnf glzl gkch llf gukflfrkc lfllf mrllg strnfg. Nnf gl ``sthnft `ftst`fglf soe`rrlf gkl sp`lgkj zè``j wnrlf gnt dlf lr wnt vll h`f wlkglf. Kf >5?< wlrglf glzl soe`r-rlf g``r gl fnnr Flglrinfg vlreuksgl Mlij Fkoìns C`slpeus gl Oòh(>5=;->52;) kfjlpìglrg wnnrg``r grklgukzlfg elotnrl fkluw infg ft-st`fg. Gkt wlrg kf gl gnnr`p vìjlfgl cnrlf vlrjr``t g``r gl pìglrsGl Llfgrnjt lf Gl Rìenrgkfj. Eklr `ftst`fg kf gkl plrk`gl llf fkluw

:; ]kchsnroeklb v``r gl Qr`vkfokl F``rg Eìinfg. Nroeklb F`tnrks Hkhhlrt F. :?<.



<7 -

g`rp, Oòhsg`rp.51 G``r glzl kfpìglrkfjlf wlrg Lklrinfg llf kftl-jrnni `fglrglli vnf lxli. Gkt jlmklg `ftillfgl zkcf fnnd nnf gl cnnr-ikchs tlrujhlrlfgl jr`tl mr`lghì`fkls vnf zllv`jlis. Glzl wnrlf lo`f`-dksoe vnf mlinfj dgnt dlf lr lklrlf rnnptl, gkl kf Ndstlrgnd wlrglf

vlrhòet. Kf elt slkz`lf >5=2 wlrglf lr mkcv``rmllig tusslf gl <111lf 2111 lklrlf jlrnnpt. Glzl wlrglf kf Ndstlrgnd plr <1 v``r ëëfjuiglf vlrhòet.5> Gkt vlrzndlilf jlmlurgl vnf ukt gl inntstl m`lrglrkcvnf lxli, elt Lklrinfgsl euks. Gkt wns llf soenplfm`lrglrkc wnnrvnf gleuurglr elt rloet eng `d gl lklrlf tl vlrzndlilf, dnnr nis tljlfprls-tntkl `p st`rdnoetkjl fnoetlf llf vuur `p elt inntstl gukf mrnfglfgld`lst eùglf.5= Gl mlw`flr vnf elt llrstl euks p elt vìjlfgl lkinfg,Riklinfg, gllg elt zlibgl. Gkt wnrlf wnnrsoekcfikch gl twll vurlf wnnr-`vlr _oeikldnff kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs sprllht.

@p >2 gloldmlr >57> jkfj gl hnpktlkf `pfkluw fnnr Glf Murj.

Gkt hllr fnd ekc gl jlelil mldnffkfj lf wnnrsoekcfikch ``h gl pns-snjklrs dll. Fu iklt ekc g``r gl f`tnrks gl mlwkczlf v``r zkcf `fsoeuigf`tlrlf3

Elglf glf zlstklfglf Gloldmlr noettklf e`fglrg llf lf vllrtkj, o`d- pnrllrglf v``r Cènffks Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt, `plfmnnr F`tnrks, rlskgl-rlfgl `p elt lkinfg lxli, Nrr`fgkssldlft Nihdnnr, pr`vkfokl F``rgEìinfg, kf tljlfw``rgkjelkg vnf gl fn tl f`ldlf jltukjlf3

>.Cùrjlf _kd`fslf, soellpshnpktlkf =.Qkltlr Cènf F`dlfs, `pplrstuurdnf

?.C`noekd Dlylr, twllgl stuurdnf7.Brlglrkh Infjl, tkddlrdnf w`flfgl niil tl Endmurj <.Dnrtlf Dlylr, h`h, w`flfgl tl Mrufsmuttli 2.W`dns Insslf, dntr``s, w`flfgl tl _kcit :.Enfs Oerkstknnf Dntzlf, dntr``s, dlgl w`flfgl tl _kcit 5.O`rfliks Brlglrkohl, dntr``s, w`flfgl tl Minfhlflzl ;.Onrli Oerkstknf Iugwkj, dntr``s, w`flfgl tl Muzlf,niil vkc inntst jlf`ldglf nnf gl Gllfsoel hust >1.Jl`rjl Brldlf, ikjtdntr``s, w`flfgl tl Bledlrf nnf gl @`stzll >>.Onrli _oentt, ikjtdntr``s, w`flfgl tl Iugwkjsikcf m`vlf Mlrikcf>=.Cuikus Cnfo`vkus, ikjtdntr``s, w`flfgl tl Inusltsl, dlgl m`vlf

Mlrikcf>?.Iùks Zkiild Nfgrlns Qltlrslf, ikjtdntr``s, w`flfgl tl Endmurj

51 Skl Hkhhlrt>;;2, >:.5> @`h h`fkcflf v`rdglf llf j`lgl mkcvlrgklfstl. Nohlrgkcoh >5?1, >>: ’ Gl h`fkc-

flf zkcf eklr z`fglr tni, dlf zklt zl mkc soennrlf i``plf. Dlf vnfjt lr `p Lkclrinfgtwll t`t grkl gukzlfg cnnrikchs.—

5= Nohlrgkcoh >5?1, >>5 Xlxli, ? _lpt. >5=2T ’Kf glf tkcg glr lkclrlf jnnrt dlf lrgkhwkcis >111 t`t ><11 gnnjs ... Gl tkcg ks vnf enib Dlk t`t => Cufkc8 nis dlf intlrv``rtjkfj zùglf zl fklt dllr j`lg zkcf, lf zùglf gl v`jlis nbfldlf.— Skl ``h

Bly >;;?/>=;;7, =?-=<.



<<

wlihl h`dpnrnftlf5? fn niv`rlfs p glf zlstklfglf F`vldmlr inntstil-glf tl Endmurj jld`fstlrg tl zkcf, uktdnnhtlf gl jlzndlikchl lhwk- pnjl XlqukpnjlT 57 vnf elt Endmurjlr Mrkhsoekp, jlfnndg G`rlteln,tl euks mle``rlfgl tl Endmurj jldlig, lf nignnr dlt llfl ingkfj

gkfilrlftl J`lglrlf mlinglf, fnnr gl Injunkcrn XIn JunkrnT nnf glOì`dmknnfsoel Hust jlglstkfllrg.

l hlfflf jlvlfgl3

Gnt gls llrstlf H`dpnrnfts Mrkhsoekp, G`rlteln, wnnr`vlr nnf eldelt mlvli wns `pjlgrnjlf lf wlihl m`gld jlelli fkluw, j`lg gkjt lfwli jloninnt 5< wns, dnstlf lf p`dplf dlt j`lgl gummlil hrnjlf52 v``rzklf, lf v``rts vnf ni elt jllf fnnr wlttlf lf jlmrukhlf vlrglrlf dllrglr t`t wntlrhlrkfj f``gznhlikch lf gklfstkj wns `d h``p-dnfs j`lglrlf `vlr zll tl v`lrlf, tl Endmurj dlt llfl ingkfj gkfil-rlftl j`lglrlf, vnf glf twkftkjstlf @ot`mlr t`t glf vklrlftwkftkjstlf

F`vldmlr glzls Cnnrs wlrg mlinglf lf jlglstkfllrg fnnr Injunyrn.

Gnt zkc H`dpnrnftlf, fn gnt niils wns kfjlinglf lf jlstuwg z``nis zuihs mle``rt lf fngnt dlf niils eng jlglht dlt prlslffkfjlf5: lf gkjt eng t`ljlsoenidg,55 glf gnnr `p vìjlfglf gnj, zkcfgl glfvkclftwkftkjstlf F`vldmlr, dlt llfl jufstkjl jliljlfelkg, lf llflfi``gs nnf m``rg, Endmurj vlrikltlf, lf nnfjlzklf gl wkfg tljlf lflr jllf wntlr jlf`lj `p gl rkvklr wns, fklt vlrglr nvnfollrglf gnf t`tMinfhlflzl.

Gnt nnfjlzklf elt wlglr lf gl jliljlfelkg elt zligl mill, zkc,

H`dpnrnftlf, vlrpikjt wlrglf t`t glf noetlftwkftkjstlf F`vldmlrnignnr tl mikcvlf ikjjlf, wnffllr zkc vnnrt dnnhtlf, pnsslrlfgl_tntlftni gls fndkggnjs twll urlf vnf gklf gnj lf intlfgl gls nv`fgsokron noet url elt nfhlr vniilf v``r elt g`rp @`st.

Gnt kf gklf fnoet gl wkfg fnnr elt F``rg @`stlf iklp lf zkc,H`dpnrnftlf, gls d`rjlfs vnf glf fljlflftwkftkjstlf zlki dnnhtlf,lf rllgs `d twnni url vnf gklf gnj elt vuursoekp `p gl Livl XLimlT pnssllrglf, wnffllr gl I``gs elt m``rg vlriklt. Okron vklr url plkildlf Elijìnfg F``rgf``rg@`st `p nfglrenivl dkci nstnfgs lf zlttlglf h`lrs Zlst F``rgwlst, mlrlhlfgl gnnr`p gnglikch euf mlstlh.

5? Gl jlfl gkl gkt stuh soerllb, gl f`tnrks zlib0, wns fklt nitkcg lvlf vnst kf zkcfspliikfj.

57 mldnffkfj.5< jlhnibnnt , jlmrllwg, gl fnglf gkoet jldnnht dlt tllr.52 hrnnj3 llf `djlm`jlf rnfg vnf llf muks, wnnrdll glzl nnf llf nfglrl muks vnst

jldnnht w`rgt.5: jltllrg zlkig`lh gnt dlf `vlr gl iukhlf vnst zlt.

55 soenidlf3 elt wntlrgkoet siuktlf vnf elt rukd.



<2 -

Glf glrtkjstlf F`vldmlr engglf zkc, H`dpnrnftlf, glf wkfg ukt elt Sukgwlstlf, wlihl stllgs kf elvkjelkg t`l fnd, z``gnt niil glrlvlf5; kf gl Dnrszlkilf;1 wlrglf jlst`hlf,;> ikjjlfgl nis t`lf Zlstwnnrts vlrlf i``glfgl jlgurlfgl twll lf twkftkj á grkl lf twkftkj vngld;= wn-

tlr, llfkjl tkcg gnnrfn >7, >?, >= vngld wntlr, wnnrg``r zkc mlv`f-glf `p gl G`jjlrsmnfh tl zkcf lf z`fglr llfkjl dlrhwnnrgkjl mkcz`f-glrelglf tl `ftd`ltlf mill elt wlglr lf gl wkfg stllgs ukt elt ZlstF``rgwlst lf Sukg Zlst t`t glf fljlfglf Gloldmlr c`fjstilglf, niswnffllr gl zlivl t`t elvkjlf _t`rd t`lfnd ukt elt F``rglf, wnnr`pgl Slkilf wlrglf gkjt jlrllg.;?

Gnt gl llrstl H`dpnrnft dlt zkcfl @oklrlf `p gklf gnj `mslrvntklellt hufflf fldlf lf mlv`fglf ukt llf lf nfglr gnt euf mlstlh kf glvìdnnhstl rgl wns, zlttlfgl gnnrfn h`lrs Sukg Zlst tlf Zlstlf. Gntgnnr`p gls fnoets gl st`rd kf elvkjelkg t`l fnd, dlt llfl e``jl `f-stukdkjl Sll, wnnrg``r zkc, H`dpnrnftlf, mlvrllsg wlrglf niils `vlr-m``rg tl zuiilf zlkilf. Skc rlsìvllrglf glsenivl elt soekp wlst wnnrtsv``rjlrkoet Mrkohzlki mkc tl iljjlf, tlf lkfgl gnnrg``r z``vlli d`jlikchvnf gl Eìinfgsoel Hust n tl eùglf, elt soekp grll loetlr enrg wlj,eltjllf mkc elt i``glf, gnt tlihlfs `d gl twll jinzlf;7 wlrg vlrrkjt,wlrg jl`mslrvllrg.

Gnt `p glf klfglf Gloldmlr elt `fstukdkjl wlglr nnfeklig dltzwnrl muylf ukt elt F``rgwlst lf F``rg F``rgwlst, i``glfgl jlgu-rlfgl `p grkl lf twkftkj lf vklr lf twkftkj vngld gklptl sikhjr`fg, lfikjjlfgl nis t`lf Zlst lf wlst tlf Sukglf.

Glf liglf Gloldmlr gnnrnnf mill elt `fstukdkj wlglr lvlf nis glfv`rkjlf gnj v``rt w`lglf, dlt elvkjl _t`rdvinjlf, z``gnt dlf dlt jllfl d`jlikchelkg zlki h`fgl v`lrlf, elt wlih kf glf fnoet `p gklgnj f`j nnffnd, i``glfgl gnnrfn vnf tkcg t`t tkcg dkfglr gklptlnis vnf vkctklf t`t glrtklf vngld, z``gnt zkc, h`dpnrnftlf, gnnrg``r`ftwnnrglf gl Eìinfgsoel hust tl fnglrlf, wnnr`p ni gnglikch wlrg jlrlsìvllrg,;< fklt tljlfstnnfgl elt `fstukdkjl wlglr, dlt hrnoet vnf Slkilf vnf gl Hust n tl eùglf, elt wlih gnf ``h dlt ni dllr lf dllr Slkilf mkc tl zlttlf, ni gnglikch wlrg uktjlv`lrg, z``gnt elt soekp g``rglf vrllsslikchl wkfg jlelli `p zkcgl inj, gòe fklt tljlfstnnfgl glzlnnfjlwlfgl p`jkfjlf milvlf zkc, H`dpnrnftlf, stllgs vlriklzlf, lfi``gglf ni dkfglr lf dkfglr gklptl - Kf glzlf niilr fnnfjlfnndstlft`lstnfg i``gglf zkc `dstrllhs vklr url tklf vngld wntlr lf siloets llfhwnrtklr uurs gnnrfn rìgl llfl zwnrl jr`fgzll `vlr elt soekp, tlr-

5; `plfkfjlf kf elt zlki wnnrdll gl `pplrvinhtl jr`tlr `b hilkflr jldnnht hnfw`rglf.

;1 gl m`vlfstl zlkilf.;> i`s jldnnht.;= Rngld 4 >,5=5 dltlr.;? `pjlrìg.;7 ëëf jins ks llf enib uur.

;< mlsi`tlf.



<:

wkci elt zlivl `p gnt ``jlfmikh niilr vrllsslikchs st``ttl, lf ni st``tlfgllkfglikch vnst mill zkttlf, z``gnfkj, gnt zkc, H`dpnrnftlf mlguoetwlrglf, gnt gl dnstlf lf niils `p elt glh zùglf `vlrm``rg sinnf.Gl zëëf rìglf `vlr elt soekp lf mlglhtlf elt zlivl jlelli, z``gnt kf

gklf t`lstnfg dlt elt jr``tstl jlvnnr lf dlt gl jr``tstl kfspnffkfj, gl jr``tl m``t wlrg `vlrm``rg jlzlt, wlihl m``t dllr gnf llfs `p elt glhvì wntlr, lf gkhwkcis jlelli wlrg `djlsinjlf -

Gnt gnnr`p gl llrstl stuurdnf dlt llfkjl dnfsoenpplf zkoe tussoelfglhs mljnvlf `d gl rkldlf glr jr``tl m``t tl enilf, wlihl, vnf gnnrtlruj h`dlfgl, gl tkcgkfj mrnjtlf gnt rllgs elt wntlr p gl ingkfj wns,lf gl wntlrvntlf grkcvlfgl wnrlf, wlsenivl niil e``p t`t mleùg vnfsoekp lf ingkfj jlelli vlri`rlf wns.

Gnt gnnr`p gl Lqukpnjkl kf gl m``t viujtl lf gl O`dpnrnft Hnpktlkfwlihl fklt jlfljlf wns, ` iklvlr zllr `fjnnrfl zkcflf nnf eld vlr-

trùwglf m`gld gnf kf glf e``jstlf f``g, fklt wkigl vlrintlf, g``rglzlivl Lqukpnjkl grkfjlfg wlrg nnfjlzòet zkoe dlgl kf gl m``t tlmljlvlf, wnnr nnf gnf ``h lkfglikch, tlrwkci niil zkoe mlrlkgs kf gl-zlivl mlv`fglf, g``r eld wlrg vìgnnf.

Gnt gnnrfn zkc, H`dpnrnftlf, fngnt gl m``t gkhwkcis mkcfn vì wntlrwns jlsinjlf, fn zllr vlli jlvnnr lf fklt z`fglr gl jr``tstl kfspnffkfjvnf hrnoetlf, lkfglikch kf glf d`rjlf vnf glf wnniglf Gloldmlrinntst ilglf, `d on eni zlvlf \rl, `p elt vnstl strnfg nnf hwndlf,wnnr`p zkc `ftglhtlf nnf elt Lylrinfgsoel _trnfg `p elt lkinfg lxlitl zkcf,;2 lf nignnr zkcfgl gl Ellrlf Sufglrg`rp lf ]nf, soellps

Njlftlf tl lxli, zkoe mkc glf H`dpnrnft Hnpktlkf vlrv`ljglf, wlihlEllrlf ekc, H`dpnrnft, t`t zkcfl nskstlftkl ellt jlf`dlf, z`` dlgl,`d rlglflf gnt elt soekp mlrlkgs nnf stuhhlf wns, gl Njlftlf vnf gl_trnfgv`fglrkc, tlf lkfgl g``r euffl tussoelf h`dst ni elt d`jlikchlt`t mlrjkfj glr Ingkfj lf ukjnjkl zùgl w`rglf nnfjlwlfg.

Gnt ekc H`dpnrnft Hnpktlkf zkoe `p glf glrtklfglf glzlr ellt mljlvlf fnnr elt g`rp glf Murj lf nignnr elt jlw``fl Sllpr`tlst ellt jlpnssllrg, lf mkc zkcfl tlrujh`dst fnmkc gl strnfgkjspinnts `p glfRllrtklfglf gnnr nnf `ftglhtl, gnt elt soekp rllgs `djlsinjlf wns,lf llfkjl pinfhlf ukt glf m`lj nignnr vlrsprlkg injlf, lf mkc fnglr

`fglrz`lh eld, h`dpnrnft, ks jlmilhlf, gnt lr vnf elt soekp fklts dllr jlrlg ` jlm`rjlf h`fgl w`rglf, niz`` niils `fglr elt znfg jlst`rt `vlri`rlf ks.

Gnt ekc H`dpnrnft `p elglf dlt zkcfl Lqukpnjkl vnf Lylrinfg ksvlrtr`hhlf fnnr elt g`rp glf Murj jldlig, `d nignnr ni elt jlmlurgl

;2 Nohlrgkcoh >5?1, >>5->>; ’ Znffllr lr soelplf kf glzl strllh vlr`fjliuhhlf,w`rglf gl dlfsoelf lf j`lglrlf kf elt Lkclrinfgseuks `pjlf`dlf8 gl mlw`flrellbt `pzlttlikch pnnrglf, `d mkc gkl jliljlfelkg tl jlmrukhlf. @p lih jlgllitl glrhust ks mlpnnig, wnnr gl dlfsoelf lf j`lglrlf w`rglf vlrz`rjg, wnffllr soelplf

strnfglf. Zkc znjlf mkc gkt euks f`j stuhhlf vnf vlrjnfl soelplf ikjjlf.—



<5 -

kf vlrhinrkfj tl pnsslrlf, lf gnnrfn gl Lqukpnjkl tl g`lf vlrtrlhhlf,lkfgkjlfgl gl O`dpnrnftlf eklrdlgl euffl vlrhinrkfj, zwlrlfgl,v``r rlglflf vnf wltlfsoenp ni elt v`rlfstnnfgl tl elmmlf jlzklf,`fglrv`fglf lf mkcjlw``fg lf niils nis f`j kf j`lg jlelujlf tl elm-

mlf, tlrwkci zkc vlrglr vlrhinrlf niils, z`` wlitlzndlf, nis klglr n-z`fglrikch, kf niil `pzkjtlf eufflf pikjt tl elmmlf mltrnoet, lf tlvlfseuffl uktlrstl p`jkfj tl elmmlf nnfjlwlfg t`t mleùg vnf soekp lfingkfj, tlrwkci elt `fjliuh euf `vlrjlh`dlf, niillf nnf gl jlgurkjl`f`peùglikchl st`rdlf, lf zwnrl str``dlf, lf ni z`` fklt nnf vlr-hllrgl mlrlhlfkfj pikoet vlrzukd ks t`l tlsoerkcvlf , mlrlkg zkcfgl glglujglikch gnnrvnf tlf niilf tkcgl sìldflli ;: tl mlvlstkjlf.

Znnrvnf Notl

Jldnnht lf jlpnssllrg, tlf rnngeukzl vnf lxli, nnf glf Murj dllr jldlig, kf tljlfw``rgkjelkg vnf O`rfliks D``clf lkinfgsm`gl lf

Dnnrtlf Gnniglr njlft vnf gl Custktkl, mlkgl w`flfgl nnf glf Murjdllr jldlig, nis jltukjlf tlf glzl lxprlsslikch vlrzòet.

Lf ks glzl dkfutl fn jlgnfl v``rilzkfj `fglrtllhlfg g``r gl h`dpn-rnftlf, gl jltukjlf lf fs f`tnrks, vlrhinrlfgl loetlr gl vkcgl h`dpn-rnft, fklt tl hufflf soerkcvlf ` fnndtllhlflf.;5

Elt jlelli w`rgt g``r gl nnf elt mljkf jlf`ldgl zlliklglf `fglr-tlhlfg. Nnfjlzklf gl fnnd vnf _oeikldnff eklr `ftmrllht hufflfwl dlt zlhlrelkg zljjlf gnt ekc fklt nis soellpsc`fjlf nnf m``rg wns.

Rlrglr ks elt gukglikch gnt niil zlliklglf glzl rlks `vlrillbg elmmlf. Glenfgtlhlfkfjlf vnf lvlftulil pnssnjklrs `ftmrlhlf lf wl hufflf gnf``h fklt dlt zlhlrelkg vkn gkt gòudlft vnststliilf gnt _oeikldnff nnfm``rg wns.

Znt mltrlbt gl fnutksoel jljlvlfs ukt gkt stuh hufflf wl lr jlrustvnf uktjnnf gnt zl cukst zkcf. Gkt stuh wns mlstldg v``r dlfslf gklwkstlf wnnr elt `vlr jkfj lf bùtklvl jljlvlfs zùglf `fdkggliikch `p-vniilf lf lrv``r z`rjlf gnt gl hnpktlkf kf llf hwnng gnjikoet hwnd tlstnnf. @b gl mldnffkfj wlrhlikch z`‛f d`lktl d`lst g`lf `d eld vnfm``rg tl hrkcjlf intlf wl kf elt dkgglf. Llf j`lgl hnpktlkf jnnt fu

llfdnni dlt zkcf soekp tlf `fglr lf jllf lfhlil hnpktlkf zni ``h dnnrgl kfgruh wkiilf wlhhlf gnt ekc zkcf soekp tl vr`lj vlrintlf ellbt.Fnnst glzl vlrsinjlf ks lr f`j llf glrgl vlrsinj `pjldnnht `p lxli.

Gkt stndt vnf gl _trnfgv``jg, gl ellr M`h3

;: Qiloetkj.

;5 ]kchsnroeklb v``r gl Qr`vkfokl F``rg Eìinfg. Nroeklb F`tnrks Hkhhlrt F. :?5.



<;

@fglrwlrp _trnfgkfj _oekp G`rlteln

lxli >= Gloldmlr >57>

Kh jll dkc gl Llr uwl Lxoliilftkl tl rnpp`rtlrlf gnt elglf d`rjlf

kf gl Lylrinfgsoel mnfhlf ks vlrvniilf;; elt Endmurjlr MrkhsoekpG`r`teln vnf Endmurj fnnr Inynkrn8 dlt stuhj`lglrlf, Hnpktlkf C._kd`fslf8 gl inntstl ks dlt gl Lqukpnjl lf ? pnssnjklrs, tlf jltnil vnf>2 Dnf mleùglf nnf elt Lylrinfgsoel Euks jlh`dlf lf ellt glEuip glr _trnfgv`fglry kf jlr`lplf, soe``f elt zllr twkclinoetkj ks,` vnf elt H`stmnrl _oekp lf Ingkfj klts zni tl rlgglf zkcf.

Gl `pplrstrnfgv`fglr vnf elt ]lss`rt vnf lxli

M`h >11

Lf z` wltlf wl gnt lr grkl pnssnjklrs nnf m``rg wnrlf lf gnt ``h gkl glrlks `vlrillbg elmmlf. _oeikldnff‛s fnnd w`rgt fklt jlf`ldg, e`fglrgpròlft zlhlrelkg elmmlf wl gus fklt.

@`h vkn gl hrnftlf h`dlf wl lr fklt noetlr `b _oeikldnff funnf m``rg wns `b fklt. Gl llrstl vlrdligkfj vnf gl `fglrjnfj vnf gl’G`r`teln— vkfglf wl kf Gl Sllp`st vnf >7 gloldmlr >57>3

lxli >? Gloldmlr. Gl Endmurjlr Mrkh G`r`teln, Hnpt. _kd`fslf,vnf Endmurj dlt _tuhj`lg fnnr Injunyrn, ks jkstlrlf fnoet, fn elvkjl st`rdlf g``rstnnf tl elmmlf, kf gl Lkclrinfgsoel Jr fglf jlstrnfg,eltzlivl zkt zllr jlvnnrikch lf zni jlelli wlj zkcf, gl Lqukpnjl ks jlrlglf `p Lkclrinfg nnfjlh`dlf, vnf gl ingkfj zni dlf z`` vlli d`jlikchtrnoetlf tl mlrjlf.>1>

@p gl vkcbtklfgl gloldmlr wlrg gkt mlrkoet w``rglikch vlrjlf`dlf g``rz`wli gl Ndstlrgndsl Oùrnft nis gl Fkluwl Ndstlrgndsl Oùrnft .

;; Rnst h`dlf tl zkttlf.>11 ]kchsnroeklb v``r gl Qr`vkfokl F``rg Eìinfg. Nroeklb Qr`vkfokl Mlstuur F``rgEìinfg >57>, stuh >;;2 F<5. Hkhhlrt >;;2, 2>-2= ’Mkc elt fnprntlf Xmkc llfvlrjnglrkfj vnf gl minuwl hf``pT vlrtligl Hkhhlrt gnt Zkiild M`h Xgl z``f vnf`fzl M`hT ... lfkjl gnjlf gnnrvÿÿr kf hlfflikchl stnnt vnf gr`fhlfsoenp eng zkt-tlf `psfkcglf `vlr zkcf jninftl nv`ftuur dlt llf jltrùwgl vrùw `p Riklinfg.XG`dkflT Eukzkfjn mlsi`t M`h slfk`r tl `fglreùglf `vlr elt jlgrnj vnf zkcfz``f lf eld gukglikch tl dnhlf gnt gl M`hhlf gl g``psjlzkfgl jldllftl ...tl soenfgl engglf jldnnht. Gnt vkli fklt kf j`lgl nnrgl. M`h mlt``jgl gnt eltvlrenni llf vìstrlht bùtl wllrjnvl vnf gl wlrhlikchelkg m``g. Lf wnnr mld`lkglg`dkfll zkoe lkjlfikch dll0 R``rtnnf w``fgl gl bndkikl M`h gl gklfst mkc kf gljr`tl (elrv`rdgl) hlrh vnf Glf Murj.—

>1> Kf _oeikldnffs nroeklb z`nis gnt kf gl Jlffngkus Ikmrnry mlwnnrg w`rgt mlvkfg

zkoe llf lxldpinnr vnf glzl hrnft.



21 -

@p gl zlstklfgl vlrsoellf elt kf gl ]`ttlrgndsl Oùrnft lf `p glzlvlftklfgl kf elt Brnfs kf gl Cùrfni gl in In Enyl 3

Gnfs in fukt gu >= nu >? gl ol d`ks, il mrkoh endmùrjl`ks G`r`teln,onpktnkfl _kd`fslf, niinft gl Endmùrj n In-junyrn, n ëoeùë surils mns `fgs gl i‛Lylrinfg. Ki slrn pr`mnmildlft plrgu. I‛ëqukpnjl lst pnrvlfu á sl snuvlr lt n nttërk á Lylrinfg.

Kf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs vlrtligl _oeikldnff gnt gl hnpktlkf v``r eldllf mrklb nnf Zlfgt kf Endmurj jlsoerlvlf eng. Glzl mrklb ks t`t p el-glf fklt tlrujjlv`fglf, dnnr elt nftw``rg vnf Zlfgt nnf _oeikldnffmlstnnt f`j wli. _oeikldnff `ftvkfj glzl mrklb kf Ndstlrgnd, dnnrnnf gl ngrlszkcgl ks gukglikch tl ilzlf gnt ekc ``rspr`fhlikch fnnr ’Elrrf

Cènfks Mrnf— `p ’lxli Lklrinfg Eìinfg— jlstuurg wns. Ekc wns `p>: gloldmlr >57> kf Endmurj jlsoerlvlf. Zlfgt ellbt _oeikldnffsmrklb `ftvnfjlf lf mltrlurt gnt gklfs rlks z` `fjliuhhkj jlèkfgkjgks. _oeikldnff hnf zkoezlib loetlr jliuhwlfslf gnt ekc elt `vlrillbg

ellbt.>1=

Rkn glzl mrklb wltlf wl fu zlhlr gnt _oeikldnff nnf m``rg vnf gl’G`r`teln— wns t`lf glzl v``r lxli vlrjkfj. Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf glzustlrs vlriklt _oeikldnff p >: gloldmlr dlt elt mlurtsoekp vnf soekp-plr Glyohdnff elt lkinfg. Ekc v`lr vlr gl Sukglrzll fnnr Ndstlrgnd.]nd eng gl rlks v``r eld mltnnig.>1?

Gnt lr kfglrgnng dnnr elli wlkfkj vnf gl ’G`r`teln— jlrlg h`f w`r-glf w`rgt gukglikch ukt gl ngvlrtlftkl gkl _oellps Njlftlf _`fglrg`rp& ]nd `p =? gloldmlr >57> kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming ikltlf pinnt-slf. @fglr ilkgkfj vnf f`tnrks Hkhhlrt zù lr `p =5 gloldmlr `d lib

uur ―s òetlfgs nnf gl envlf llf ’fkluwl jr``tl M``t lf llf hilkfpnrtkctcl zwnnr mlsoengkjg Ikfflf lf Hnt`lf— nbh`dstkj ’vnf elt kf glLkclrinfgsoel jr`fglf jlstrnfgl lf vlrmrkczligl Mrkhsoekp G`r`teln,Hnpktlkf C. _kd`fslf, vnf Endmurj fnnr Injuynrn jlglstkfllrg— jl-vlkig w`rglf.

>1= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x >/:.

>1? Dlylr >;<?, =2.

Ndstlrgndsl Oùrnft ><->=->57>.



2>

5. Ndstlrgnd

Kf gl zlvlftklfgl lluw wns Ndstlrgnd elt lo`f`dksoel enrt vnf glwlrlig. Rkn gl R@O lf gl Mnitksoel enfgli vlrgklfglf gl Ndstlrgndslenfglinrlf b`rtukflf. Dlt gkt jlig mùwglf zl iuxl eukzlf infjs gljrnoetlf lf jnvlf zl Ndstlrgnd elt uktlrikch wnnr elt fu f`j mlr`ldg`d ks. S`nis mkcfn niil mlz`lhlrs vnf glzl stng rnnhtl ``h _oeikldnff`fglr gl kfgruh vnf glzl jrnfglur. Rì lfteùsknsdl soerkcbt ekc lr`vlrnnf zkcf zustlrs. ’Cuiikl elmmlf wlrhlikch jllf kgll vnf gl prnoet lfprnni vnf gl jlmùwlf gkl eklr stnnf, fòe vnf gl liljnftkl vnf euf

kfrkoetkfj. Elt euks vnf E`ynoh, wnnrkf `fs hnft``r ks, ks llf vnf gld``kstl `p gl Hlkzlrsjrnoet. Gl e`jl trnp fnnr gl glur, gl eni lf niilnfglrl trnpplf zkcf vnf dnrdlr—.>17

Gnt glzl jlmùwlf gl ji`rkl vnf llf vlri`rlf vlrilglf vlrtljlf-w``rgkjglf soekcft _oeikldnff `ftjnnf tl zkcf. Kf gl noettklfgl lluwwns gl noetlruktjnfj kfjltrlglf. Flglrinfg millh tl hilkf tl zkcf `dniils wnt zl kf gl v`rkjl lluw kf enfglf jlhrljlf engglf tl mleùglf.Elt infg h`f zkoe elt lf`rdl iljlr, gnt f`gkj wns `d euf mlzkttkfjlfkf Nzkè lf Ndlrkhn tl mlsoelrdlf, fklt vlr``ri`vlf. Jr``t Mrkttnffkèst`fg lr wnt gnt mltrlbt mltlr v``r. Euf dnrkfl ellrstl `vlr gl wlrlig

zllèf3]uil, Mrktnffkn! Mrktnffkn, ruil tel wnvls8Mrkt`fs flvlr senii ml sinvls.Wl fntk`fs f`t s` milst ns tell,_enii kf telkr turfs t` tyrnfts nii8Zekil teù senit ùrkse jrlnt nfg rll,Wl grlng nfg lfvy ` teld nii.>1<

Elt olftrud vnf gl enfgli vlrsoe``b vnf Ndstlrgnd fnnr I`fglf.Jlgurlfgl gl Fnpìl`ftksoel ``ri`jlf lf elt gnnrmkc mle`rlfgl o`f-tkflftnil stlisli, vnf >512 t`t >5>7, hrllj Ndstlrgnd vlrvìjlfs gljlfnglhinp. Kf elt mljkf vnf gl fljlftklfgl lluw wns Ndstlrgnd llfstng kf vlrvni. Gl pnrtkcenfgli wns vlri`rlf jljnnf lf gl vlil soellps-wlrvlf, llfs gl tr`ts vnf gl envlf, wnrlf fnjlf`lj niildnni vlrgwlflf.lfjlvìjl vnf gl lo`f`dksoel noetlruktjnfj ellrstl lr llf oer`fksoelwlrhli``selkg lf d`lst llf jr``t jlgllitl vnf gl mlvìhkfj ilvlf vnf

>17 Dlylr >;<?, ?>.

>1< Cndls e`ds`f (>:11->:75).



2= -

gl mlglikfj.>12 Kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs hrkcjlf wl llf gukglikch mlligvnf glzl hnft vnf Ndstlrgnd. _oeikldnff zlib soekcft elt fklt z` `pjl-vniilf tl zkcf, dnnr wkc hufflf elt dltllf zklf nnf wnt ekc zkcf zustlrs`vlr zkcf llrstl `ftd`ltkfjlf kf Ndstlrgnd soerkcbt. @p gl ’lxlisoelf

Onclf—>1:

vlriklt ekc elt mlurtsoekp. Dltllf `p gl hngl `ftd`lttl ekc glllrstl soe`lfp`ltslrs. Gnnrvnf wnrlf lr, z`nis ekc zkcf zustlrs vlrtlit,zllr vlli kf Ndstlrgnd. Mlenivl soe`lflf p`ltslf glglf glzl dlfslfniilrilk hiuscls. @vlr elt nijldllf wlrg lr dlt glzl dlfslf jlsp`t `d-gnt zl `p gl mrujjlf st`fglf lf tljlf klglrllf rklplf ’Dkcf ellr soe`ldnhlf0— G``rgnt _oeikldnff lr kf zkcf kf lxli jlhrljlf hilgkfj niilsmlenivl bi`rkssnft uktznj gnoetlf zl gnt ekc llf t`lh`dstkjl oìiljn wnslf wnrlf zl mnfj v``r o`fourrlftkl.>15

Zlrhli``selkg lf gl gnnrukt v``rtvi`lklfgl nrd`lgl wnrlf fklt eltlfkjl pr`milld wnnrdll Ndstlrgnd kf glzl tkcg eng tl hndplf. Gl

stng wlrg jltlkstlrg g``r nioèìksdl lf gl gnnrmkc mle`rlfgl pr`mil-dlf. usslf >51; lf >5>< gr`fh gl jldkggligl Ndstlrgnddlr ?7,:iktlr clflvlr, >: iktlr mklr lf 2,5 iktlr wkcf plr cnnr.>1; Dlf gr`fh kf

Ndstlrgnd loetlr fklt niillf `d gl trlurfks vnf elt mlstnnf tl vlrgrkc-vlf, dlf gllg elt ``h `d jlz`fg tl mikcvlf. Gl lfkjl mr`f vnf wntlrgkl dlf kf Ndstlrgnd eng wnrlf gl jrnoetlf lf nnfjlzklf gkl ``h jl-mrukht wlrglf nis nbv`lr v``r niils wnt lr kf z`‛f stng ni fklt nbjlv`lrgd`lt w`rglf hnf dlf fnjnnf e`l `fjlz`fg gkt wntlr wns. Zntlr grkf-hlf gllg dlf kf glzl stng gnf ``h fklt. Fnnst elt ni jlf`ldgl jrnoet-wntlr vkfj dlf ``h wntlr `p vkn gl gnhlf. Gkt wns loetlr g``r elt vlil

i``g gnt kf gnhj`tlf lf pkcplf jlmrukht wlrg zwnnr jkbtkj lf h`sttl cnnrikchs llf nnftni dlfslf elt ilvlf.>>1 Elt zù wli llfs hufflf gnt eltjlmrukh vnf nioèì kf glzl plrk`gl vnf gl Ndstlrgndsl jlsoeklglfksdllr ilvlfs vlrilfjg gnf vlrh`rt ellbt. Niillf zllr wlivnrlfgl dlfslfh`fglf elt zkoe vlr``ri`vlf d wntlr tl grkfhlf. Gkl hòetlf fndlikchwntlr gnt plr m``t nnfjlv`lrg wns vnfukt \trloet. Kf gkl stng eng dlf

>12 C`fhlr >;;2, ::. ’el muih trngl bi`ws eng d`vlg nwny b`r j``g, nfg tel inrjllxp`rt-`rklftlg slot`r `b pròlsskfj kfgustrkls, sekpynrgs nfg dnfubnoturkfj bkrdswktelrlg t` n enfgbui `b bkrds subbkoklft t` dllt iòni nfg rljk`fni fllgs. Ns n

rlsuit, ldpi`ydlft rldnkflg i`w nfg enpenznrg, o`fskjfkfj n glsplrntliy inrjlpnrt `b tel p`puintk`f t` n ikbl `b oer`fko p`vlrty.— C`fhlr >;;2, <7. ’... kb glsork-mkfj tel Ndstlrgnd lo`f`dy gurkfj tel bkrst enib `b tel >;te olftury kf tlrds`b stnjfntk`f nfg gloikfl, `fl dust mlnr kf dkfg tel terkvkfj kfgustrkni notkvktklsj`kfj `f kf slvlrni slot`rs nt tel sndl tkdl.—

>1: Iugwkj >;?=, <5-<; rnnhtl kf zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl strnfgkfj vnf gl ’G`r`teln—kf gl wnr g``r gl fnnd vnf glzl hngl. ’Eklr, fnel glr Hùstl v`f lxli, wkrg_oeikldnff, ufjlwkÐ, w` lr skoe mlbkfglt, v`f eliblfglf Nrdlf wljjltrnjlf ... Zkr enttlf nf glr Mrùohl glr lxlisoelf Injlr nfjliljt . _` vlriklÐ koe gns _oek bbufg mlsoerktt gkl Mrùohl. Dlerlrl nub glr Mrùohl stlelmfgl _tklbliputzlr ...— Lfz` h`dt _oeikldnff mkc Iugwkj rloetstrllhs vnf gl ’G`r`teln— kf Ndstlrgnd.

>15 Dlylr >;<?, =2-=:.>1; Gl Dkrnfgn >;==, >7>.

>>1 Dlylr >;<?, ?>.



2?

llf `vlrvi`lg nnf j`lg wntlr, dnnr g``r gl h`stlf vnf elt trnfsp`rtwlrg gkt, wnffllr elt kf Ndstlrgnd nnfjlh`dlf wns, llf iuxl pr`guot,gnt dnnr g``r wlkfkjlf jlhòet h`f w`rglf.>>>

Kf elt twllgl jlgllitl vnf gl fljlftklfgl lluw, gl plrk`gl wnnrkf

_oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd w``fgl, mlj`f dlf infjznnd wllr ukt eltgni `p tl hrnmmlilf. Infjznnd mlj`f dlf nnfsiuktkfj tl hrkcjlf mkc glkfgustrkèil rlvìutkl, gkl kf Lfjlinfg ni dkfstlfs llf enivl lluw v``rllf wlivnrlfgl hinssl vnf znhlfiklglf z`rjgl. Llf vnf gl llrstl tlhlflfgnt Flglrinfg nnfsiuktkfj hrllj mkc gl d`glrfl wlrlig wns gl mùwvnf gl sp``rikcf vnf Ndstlrgnd fnnr Ennrild. Dlf wns eklr kf >5?;dll mlj`fflf lf niils wns gus f`j ji`lgfkluw t`lf _oeikldnff lkfg>57>, mljkf >57= fnnr gl st``diò`d`tklb jkfj hkchlf.>>= _kfgs >2>5eng eklr llf p``rt jlstnnf, dnnr dgnt gkl tl mùwvniikj wlrg eng dlfgkl kf >5?: jlsi``pt lf wns dlf dlt gl mùw vnf llf fkluwl p``rt

mlj`fflf. Glzl wns `p =: f`vldmlr >571, llf gnj v``r gl kfeuigk-jkfj vnf h`fkfj Zkiild KK, jl`plfg. @d gl fkluwl h`fkfj vnst tl lrlff`ldgl dlf eld gl Zkiildsp``rt, dnnr kf gl vìhsd`fg millb elt glEnnrilddlrp``rt. `lf _oeikldnff eklr v``r elt llrst fnnr elt vlrtrlhglr trlkflf jkfj hkchlf wns dlf f`j mlzkj dlt gl mùw vnf elt stntk`f.Gkt hwnd kf gl i``p vnf >57= jlrllg.>>?

Znffllr wl gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs d`jlf jli`vlf vkli elt _oeikldnfffklt p gnt Ndstlrgnds ji`rklgnjlf ni vlr noetlr ennr injlf. Nis wl eldd`jlf jli`vlf wns niils lr prnoetkj. Zl d`ltlf `fs eklr mlglfhlf gntEndmurj gl jr``tstl stng wns gkl _oeikldnff t`t p gkt d`dlft jlzklf

eng. Endmurj eng kf tljlfstliikfj t`t Ndstlrgnd zkcf Dkgglilluwsl kf-brnstruotuur mleùglf lf elt kf nnfilj zlvlftklfgl lluwsl Ndstlrgnd,dlt zkcf vlli mrlglrl strntlf, d`lt gnnrmkc vlrjlilhlf lr kf _oeikldnffs`jlf elli d`glrf uktjlzklf elmmlf. Gnnrfnnst d`ltlf wl fntuurikch``h mlglfhlf gnt _oeikldnff zkcf zustlrs llf zllr p`sktklb mllig vnfzkoezlib wkigl jlvlf lf gnnr e``rgl ``h llf jlwligkjl noetlrjr`fg mkc.@`h wnt elt wlrh mltr`b wns niils kf Ndstlrgnd jlwligkj lf E`ynoh lfO`., wnnr ekc vìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs wlrhtl, wns elt niilrmlstl.ûn jr``ttl h`f jllf vnf gl enfglisbkrdn‛s kf Ndstlrgnd, cn, jllf vnfgl enfglisbkrdn‛s kf gl wlrlig tljlf elf `p. Lr wns fndlikch jllf twll-

gl znnh gkl z`vlli dlglwlrhlrs eng lf z`vlli `dzlt grnnkgl nis glzl.Gnjlikchs jkfjlf lr vlil e`fglrggukzlfglf juiglfs g``r. ’Ne, wnt llfvlrsoeki dlt Bùrstlfmlrj, wnnr zl ni mikc jlwllst wnrlf nis lr `p llf gnj?1 ]t>>7 mkfflf hwnd—.>><

>>> Qns dlt gl `prkoetkfj vnf gl Ndstlrgndsl Gukfwntlr Dnntsoenppkc kf >5<? hrllj Ndstlrgnd mltrùwmnnr wntlr.

>>= Dlylr >5<?, ?=.>>? Qns kf >5:5 tr`h dlf glzl ikcf g``r fnnr elt puft wnnr kf >55; elt Olftrnni

_tntk`f jlmùwg wlrg.>>7 ]lkoestnilr

>>< Dlylr >;<?, ?=.



27 -

_oeikldnff ks f`j dnnr fnuwlikchs kf Ndstlrgnd nnfjlh`dlf `bekc vlrllfzlivkjt zkoe lr ni t`tnni dll. Ndstlrgnd ellbt gl jr``tstl enf-gliseukzlf tlr wlrlig lf _oeikldnff ks gnnr llf `fglrglli vnf. Kh h`dvlrglr`p f`j `p gkt lf nfglrl Ndstlrgndsl enfgliseukzlf, gkl llf rì

kf _oeikldnffs ilvlf jlspllig elmmlf, tlruj lf wkcs lr eklr niillf tlf`vlrvi`lgl f`jdnnis `p gnt gl rì vnf Ndstlrgnd g``r I`fglf wns`vlrjlf`dlf. R``r _oeikldnff wns Ndstlrgnd loetlr gl d``kstl stnggkl ekc zkoe v``rstliilf h`f. Eklr eng dlf niils. Nis ekc ―s nv`fgs hinnrwns `p hnft``r jkfj ekc g``r gl stng wnfglilf. Gnt v`fg ekc prnoetkj,wnft niil strntlf lf niil eukzlf, t`t lf dlt gl wkfhli vnf gl lklrenfgl-innr wlrglf dlt jns vlrikoet.>>2

Nis wl _oeikldnff eklr d`jlf jli`vlf wns gl elil stng ―s nv`fgsvlrikoet, dnnr gnt hnf fnuwlikchs elt jlvni jlwllst zkcf. usslf >:;<lf >5<1 wns elt nnftni mlw``fgl eukzlf tlrujjli`plf vnf =2.711 fnnr

=<.5::. Lr d`ltlf gus llf jr``t nnftni illjstnnfgl lf `fvlrikoetl euk-zlf jlwllst zkcf gkl _oeikldnff lr`p engglf hufflf wkczlf gnt fkltniils v``rsp`lg wns kf glzl stng. _oeikldnff t``fgl zkcf zustlrs loetlrfklts gnf wlivnnrt lf w`fglr. Mkc gl hnpplr st`fglf vklr t`t zls prnoe-tkjl vrùwlikchl nut`dntlf dlt d``kl hnpslis kf gl ltninjl gkl gl elilgnj g``r r`fg grnnkglf. Gl zustlrs engglf jllf kgll e`l d``k gnt lr ―snv`fgs mkc jnsikoet uktznj.>>:

>>2 Dlylr >;<?, ?=.

>>: Dlylr >;<?, ?=. Znnr _oeikldnff eklr `p g`lit elm kh fklt hufflf noetlrenilf.



2<

;. Dlt llf mlltcl euip

@p >; gloldmlr >57> hwnd _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd nnf. Ekc wnsfklt gl llrstl lf zlhlr fklt gl lfkjl c`fjl Guktslr gkl fnnr Ndstlrgndjlh`dlf wns `d lr zkcf jliuh tl z`lhlf. Zl e`lvlf dnnr kf gl DnxEnvlinnr mkc elt ni llrglr jlf`ldgl vlrenni vnf Gr``jst`ppli lf gklfsz`lhtòet fnnr kldnfg v``r gl o`rrlsp`fglftkl dlt Guktsinfg tl hkchlf`d tl zklf kf wnt v``r wlrlig _oeikldnff tlrloet hwnd3

Gnt v``rni zkoe gl mle`ltl gllg jlv`lilf nnf nts`lfikchl, wli`pjl-v`lgl c`fjliklglf, v``r gl o`rrlsp`fglftkl kf elt Gukts. Gnt wlikswnnrvlli Guktsl c`fjlikfjlf, kf Ndstlrgnd nnfwlzkj, eklrt`l gl vlrlkstlmlhwnndelglf mlzntlf, dnnr gnt llf euks gnt zkoe rlsplotllrt ...

―t Ks gl zukvlrl wnnrelkg!

... mkc gl t`lfldlfgl ikoetzkffkjelkg lf fzlglikchelkg fglr gl clujg,mkc elt gnjlikchs nnfjr`lklf vnf elt jltni `rtukfz`lhlrs, lf dlt elt``j p gl f``gznhlikchelkg d sìkgktlkt vnf jlgrnj, enfg nnf enfg tlg`lf jnnf dlt sìkgktlkt kf gl uktv`lrkfj vnf gl jljlvlf `rglrs ...

―t Ks, wnnrnoetkj, niils gl zukvlrl wnnrelkg!

... gnt zuih llf euks - kh mlg`li Inst & O`., dnhlinnrs kf h`l,Inurklrjrnoet f . ?: - fklt `dzkoetkj jlf`lj wlzlf h`f dlt elt lfjn- jlrlf vnf suclttlf.

Gnt niils ks gl zukvlrl wnnrelkg, ilzlr! Zllt jl wli, gnt gl c`fjlGuktslr, gkl `p gl mlurs mkc pkinnr >: st`fg, wljjli`plf ks dlt glgòetlr vnf Musslikfoh & Zntlrdnf0 >>5

S`nis wl ni jlzklf elmmlf dnnhtl Gr``jst`ppli jllf jlmrukh vnf elt ninnfwlzkjl nnfm`g dnnr fnd ekc gl z``f vnf llf Guktsl oìiljn kf gklfst

gkl z`fglr sninrks v``r eld hwnd wlrhlf. Elt ks tljlf glzl noetlrjr`fggnt _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd `p z`lh d`lst fnnr llf mnnf. S` tl zklfllf mkcfn `fd`jlikchl znnh.

R``r _oeikldnff millb Ndstlrgnd nitkcg llf mkcz`fglrl stng, dnnrv``r Ndstlrgnd wns _oeikldnff fklt dllr gnf ëëf vnf gl vlilf gklpnssllrglf lf wl e`lvlf `fs lr gnf ``h fklt `vlr tl vlrmnzlf gnt ekclr jllf sp`rlf kf gl jldllftlikchl nroeklvlf ellbt fnjlintlf. Hrktksoeilzlf vnf wnt _oeikldnff zlib `vlr glzl plrk`gl ellbt pjlsoerlvlf ks ni-

>>5 Duitntuik >521->;2;, ==-=?.



22 -

ils wnt wl hufflf g`lf. Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl eng ekc llfgukglikchl rlglf `d fklt dlt gl mldnffkfj dll tlruj fnnr Endmurjtl jnnf dnnr vnf lxli fnnr Ndstlrgnd tl rlkzlf, ekc wkigl gnnr sìgnntw`rglf.>>;

Elt ks gl vrnnj e`l rlèli gkt vlrinfjlf wns. Gl inntstl hllr gntFlglrinfg sìgntlf f`gkj eng wns jlgurlfgl gl Mlijksoel ]lvìutkllf gl gnnrmkc mle`rlfgl vligtòet vnf >5?1. Fn glzl vligtòet rnnhtlelt Flglrinfgsl iljlr kf vlrvni lf pns fn >5:1 wlrg mlj`fflf dltgl vlrfkluwkfj. `lf _oeikldnff kf Flglrinfg nnfhwnd zòet dlfmkc elt Flglrinfgsl iljlr mlsikst jllf Guktsl c`fjlfs `d sìgnnt tlw`rglf. Dllr hnfs zù _oeikldnff jleng elmmlf mkc elt H`fkfhikchFlglrinfgsoe-Kfgkls Iljlr (HFKI). Gkt wns kf >5?1 `pjlrkoet.Rnfwljl gl e`jl stlrbtl g``r `.n. tr`pksoel zklhtlf wns gkt iljlr ni-ils mlenivl kf trlh mkc gl Flglrinfglrs lf gnnr`d wklrb dlf notklb kf

Mlijkè, Guktsinfg lf Swktslrinfg. Kf gl plrk`gl tusslf >5>< lf >;1;gklfglf lr =7.111 Guktslrs vkn gkt iljlr kf Flglrinfgs Kfgkè. Elt ks ni-illf gl vrnnj `b _oeikldnff wlrhlikch nnf gkt iljlr gnoet t`lf ekc fnnr

Ndstlrgnd hwnd. Nis ekc zkoe wlrhlikch mkc elt HFKI eng wkiilf nnf-dliglf eng ekc g``r d`ltlf vnrlf fnnr Enrglrwkch, wnft niillf gnnrh`f dlf zkoe lr v``r nnfdliglf. Fnnst glzl `pdlrhkfj zkcf lr jllfnnfwkczkfjlf gnt ekc wlrhlikch dlt gl jlgnoetl jlspllig ellbt `d eltiljlr kf tl jnnf. Kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs w`rgt glzl d`jlikchelkg fkltjlf`ldg. Ekc wki, vìjlfs glzl mrklb, zls cnnr kf Ndstlrgnd mikcvlf `dllf jr`fgkjl hlffks vnf elt znhlf g`lf tl vlrhrkcjlf. Gnnrfn wki ekc vkn

Mntnvkn fnnr Cnpnf rlkzlf `d gnnr zkcf b`rtukf tl dnhlf.>=1 Gkt ks llfgukglikchl kfgkontkl gnt ekc gl d`jlikchelglf vnf elt HFKI fklt hlfgl.

Znffllr _oeikldnff wlrhlikch `p gl e``jtl jlwllst wns vnf gkl d`-jlikchelglf, gnt eng ekc jlwltlf gnt ekc niillf e`lbgl tl tlhlflf `d kfMntnvkn tl h`dlf. Fn zls cnnr wns ekc gnf vrkc jlwllst `d tl g`lf lftl intlf wnt ekc wkigl. Nis nnfh`dlfgl Guktsl znhlfdnf zù elt wnnr-soekcfikch d`lkikchlr v``r eld w`rglf `d v`lt nnf gl jr`fg tl hrkcjlfkf Mntnvkn gnf nis v``rdnikj HFKI sìgnnt. Elt Flglrinfgsl d`f`pìklv``r gl enfgli `p Flglrinfgs Kfgkè mlst`fg wlikswnnr fklt dllr, dnnrgl Flglrinfgsl ]ljlrkfj gllg tòe zkcf uktlrstl mlst `d muktlfinfgsl

enfglinrlf muktlf gl glur tl eùglf. Gnt jìg fklt v``r lx-HFKI sì-gntlf. Znt Cnpnf mltrlbt wnrlf gl znhlf zlibs f`j o`dpilxlr. Elt ksgukglikch gnt _oeikldnff fklt prlokls wkst e`l gl enfgli dlt Cnpnf vlr-iklp t`lf ekc nnf zkcf zustlrs soerllb. usslf >2<1 lf >5<7 wns lr dnnrëëf Cnpnfsl envlf `plf v``r enfgli dlt gl rlst vnf gl wlrlig lf kf gkl

>>; _oeikldnff >;5=, >=.>=1 Dlylr >;<?, ?=. _oeikldnff v`lrgl llf jr``t jlgllitl vnf gkt pinf ukt kf >52?-

>527. Skl Dùeilfmruoe =115, >5-=>. Skcf b`rtukf eng ekc t`lf loetlr ni jldnnht.Llf jlgllitl vnf glzl rlks mlsoerllb _oeikldnff kf >52: kf zkcf In Oekfl lt il

Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft . Skl mv. _tì >;<5, >=:->57 `b Mrustjk >;57.



2:

envlf, Glsekdn, wlrglf niillf Flglrinfgsl soelplf t`ljlintlf. Qns kf>5<7 wns gl Zlstlrsl gruh `p Cnpnf z` jr``t jlw`rglf gnt dlf zkoejlgw`fjlf v`ligl `d ``h soelplf ukt nfglrl infglf t`l tl intlf. Nis_oeikldnff kfglrgnng fn zls Flglrinfgsl cnrlf, kf >575, fnnr Cnpnf

eng jlwkig, eng ekc lr v``r d`ltlf z`rjlf gnt gl Flglrinfgsl rljlrkfjeld lr ellfz`fg. Gl ``rspr`fj vnf elt kf gl mrklb uktjlgruhtl vlrinf-jlf vnf _oeikldnff h`dt wnnrsoekcfikch v``rt ukt zkcf kgll gnt llf jr``tjlgllitl vnf gl Flglrinfgsl wlivnnrt tl gnfhlf wns nnf gl enfgli `pelt @`stlf.

Kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl jllbt _oeikldnff llf dllr rlniks-tksoe mllig vnf zkcf vlrwnoetkfjlf. Rìjlfs glzl mk`jrnbkl eng ekc dlt-llf fn zkcf strnfgkfj `p lxli nnf Zlfgt jlsoerlvlf `d tl zklf `b gkleld nnf llf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb v``r llf enfgliseuks kf Ndstlrgnd h`feliplf.>=> _oeikldnff mljrllp gnt ekc, dlt ni gkl nfglrl c`fjl Guktslrs

gkl ``h llf mnnf zòetlf, mlst wnt euip zù hufflf jlmrukhlf. Znffllr elt `p zkcf llrstl gnjlf kf Ndstlrgnd nnfh`dt soeltst ekc

kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl llf s`dmlr mllig vnf zkoezlib lf zkcf `dstnf-gkjelglf. Skcf nnfh`dst kf glzl stng wns niils mlenivl vllimli`vlfg.Elt wns wkftlr lf gl hilrlf gkl ekc kf lxli jlhrljlf eng m`glf fnu-wlikchs mlsoeuttkfj tljlf gl hù. @p lxli lf `fglrwlj kf Lfheukzlfeng ekc llf pnnr juiglf mkc lihnnr jlmlglig. Rnf gl Dlohilfmurjsoelo`fsui kf Ndstlrgnd, gl ellr ûnoh, eng ekc ``h f`j llfs twll juiglfjlhrljlf. Gkt jlig wns loetlr gkrlot vlrtllrg kf gl elrmlrj vnf dlvrùwJrnnidnf kf gl ]ndsh`y, wnnr ekc `fglrgnh eng jlv`fglf. >==

Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl wns elt zlibs f`j grndntk-soelr. G``r tljlfwkfg h`sttl elt eld grkl gnjlf `d vnf lxli fnnr

Ndstlrgnd tl h`dlf. @p gl >:gl st`ptlf zl kf Lfheukzlf lf pns `pgl >;gl hwndlf zl kf Ndstlrgnd nnf. Ni gkl tkcg illg ekc hù. Llfdnnikf Ndstlrgnd jkfj ekc `fdkggliikch dlt zkcf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb fnnrgl o`fsui vnf Dlohilfmurj. Gnnr mligl ekc nnf, dnnr gl mlgklfgl gkl`plfgllg gnoet gnt ekc llf mlglinnr wns lf gllg dltllf gl glur wllrgkoet. Ekc mligl `pfkluw lf z` jnuw nis gl mlgklfgl gl glur `plf gllgwklrp ekc zkcf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklb fnnr mkfflf lf rklp gnt zl gkl nnf glo`fsui d`lst jlvlf. Sl gllg gkt. Gl o`fsui jnb eld twll juiglf lf

iklt eld zljjlf gnt ekc f``kt dllr tlruj dòet h`dlf. Ekc jkfj tlrujfnnr gl mlurtsoekpplr lf gkl stuurgl eld fnnr gl ]nndh``y wnnr ekc`fglrgnh v`fg v``r llf juiglf plr gnj. Fn twll gnjlf rnnhtl ekc kf glpr`mildlf t`lf gl wnnrgkf, gl wlguwl Jrnnidnf, `ftglhtl gnt zkcfjlig `p wns. Sl wkigl eld `p strnnt zlttlf lf _oeikldnff wkst fklt wntekc g`lf d`lst.>=?

>=> Zlmmlr >;7=, ;->1.>== _oeikldnff >5;=, >=->?.

>=? Zlmlr >;7=, 5-;.



25 -

Kf mlkgl vlrskls w`rgt _oeikldnff f`jni siloet mlenfglig g``r glellr ûnoh. òe soekcft gkt kgll pns kf zkcf intlrl ilvlf mkc eld `p-jlh`dlf tl zkcf. Kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs ks lr fklts gnf i`b v``r glzldnf. Gkt hllr jkfj ekc `p nnfwkczkfj vnf gl soekpplr llrst fnnr llf i`-

jldlft kf gl ]ndsh`y. Ekc mlsoerllb zkcf sktuntkl nnf gl wnnrg lf vr`lj`d soerkcbdntlrknni. Ekc hrllj pnpklr lf plf lf _oeikldnff soerllbkf elt Brnfs llf mrklb nnf gl o`fsui vnf Dlohilfmurj. Ekc soekiglrglgl nhlikjl sktuntkl wnnrkf ekc zkoe mlv`fg lf vr`lj `d euip. Gl nnf-mlvlikfjsmrklb vnf _`fglrg`rp & ]nd gllg ekc lrmkc. Rlrvìjlfs jkfjekc fnnr gl o`fsui gkl kf llf pnilksnoetkj euks nnf gl Ndstli w``fgl.S`fglr vlrglr klts tl zljjlf jnb ekc zkcf mrklb nnf gl o`fsui. Glzl inseld, jnb eld tklf juiglf, wlls eld llf j`lg i`jldlft lf mli``bgl``h vlrglr v``r eld tl zuiilf z`rjlf. _oeikldnff h`f eld nitkcg `p glmlurs `pz`lhlf, ekc st`fg `p fr. ?7. Rlrvìjlfs jkfj _oeikldnff fnnr

llf enfglinnr kf twllglenfgs hilgkfj lf hòet llf cns, llf mr`lh, llfvlst, hùslf, soe`lflf lf llf e`lg. Fltcls jlhillg jkfj ekc fnnr elteld g``r gl o`fsui jlwlzlf i`jldlft `d zkoe gnnr tl vlrbrksslf.>=7 Nisgnt jllf vrklfglikchl o`fsui ks0 Znt dllr hnf llf nrdl soekpmrluhlikfjkf glf vrlldgl vnf zkcf o`fsui vlrinfjlf0

Rnf elt mljkf nb nnf znj _oeikldnff d`jlikchelglf v``r zkoezlibkf Ndstlrrgnd lf t`lf ekc `p =1 blmrunrk >57= nnf zkcf zustlrs soerllbvr`lj ekc elf `d euf mr`lr Iùks lr `p tl wkczlf gnt lr v``r eld ``hd`jlikchelglf kf Ndstlrgnd wnrlf. _oeikldnff h`f eld wli eliplfmkc elt vkfglf vnf llf mnnf, dnnr gnf d`lst zkcf mr`lr eld wli twll kf

elt Lfjlis jlstligl lf llf Guktsl znhlfmrklb sturlf. @b ekc gkt loetlr niv``r Qnslf r`fg h`f hrkcjlf wkst ekc fklt zlhlr.>=<

Gkt ikcht dkc llf jlwnnjgl uktsprnnh v``r kldnfg gkl f`j dnnr fltkf Ndstlrgnd nnfjlh`dlf ks lf zlib f`j dnnr fnuwlikchs vnstl jr`fg`fglr zkcf v`ltlf ellbt. Elt soekcft gnt ekc mkc elt wnnrdnhlf vnf glzluktsprnnh `p gl euip vnf gl ellr ûnoh rlhlfgl. Kf elt _oeikldnff-nroeklb z`nis gnt kf gl Jlffngkus Ikmrnry kf Ntelfl>=2 mlwnnrg w`rgtmlvkfgt zkoe llf zwnnr mlsoengkjg, `fjlgntllrg hingcl vnf llf mrklb nnfgl ellr ûnoh. Elt ks kf elt enfgsoerkbt vnf _oeikldnff lf zù lrjlfsukt >57= b >57? hufflf gntlrlf. Ekc ks eklrkf lrhlftlikch v``r niil euip

gkl ekc `ftvnfjlf ellbt lf vrnnjt `b gl ellr ûnoh ``h klts v``r zkcfmr`lr hnf g`lf. Glzl ellbt mkc lfkjl mlinfjrkchl znhlf kf Dlohilfmurj

>=7 Dlylr >;<?, =:.>=< Dlylr >;<?, ??.>=2 R``r gl jlsoeklglfks vnf gl _oeikldnff oìilotkl kf gl Jlffngkus Ikmrnry zkl

Hlffli =11:.



2;

jlwlrht lf wki fu fnnr Ndstlrgnd h`dlf.>=: Eklrg``r hufflf wl lrvnfukt jnnf gnt _oeikldnff zkoe j`lg mlenfglig v`ligl g``r ûnohnfglrs zù ekc tòe f``kt gklfs euip v``r zkcf mr`lr vrnjlf.

@`h dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t gl elrmlrj wnnr _oeikldnff fn nnfh`dst

kf Ndstlrgnd vlrmillb ks lr llf `fgukglikchelkg. Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnfgl zustlrs jkfj ekc llrst fnnr llf elrmlrj kf gl ]nndsh``k lf vlrvìjlfsfnnr llf fnndi`zl elrmlrj gkl eld g``r gl o`fsui jlwlzlf wns. Kf glzlvlrskl sprllht _oeikldnff dlt llf fnndi`zl elrmlrjklr kf gl ]nndsh``klf dlt llf fnndi`zl elrmlrjklrstlr kf gl twllgl elrmlrj. Kf gl nfglrltwll vlrskls sprllht ekc rlsplotklvlikch dlt gl Zlguwl Jrnnidnf `b dltDlvrùw Jrnnidnf. Eklr i`plf wl tljlf llf dlrhwnnrgkj pr`milldnnf. Kf elt Ndstlrgndsl mlvìhkfjsrljkstlr h`dt kfglrgnng llf OntrkfnDnrjnrlttn Jrnnidnf v``r. Skc wns gl gòetlr vnf Cnf Jrnnidnf lf

Nffn Ontrkfn Elkhlf lf zl w``fgl `p gl ]nndsh``k f`. >1. Elt

ikcht lr gus `p gnt _oeikldnffs vlrenni hi`pt, dnnr lr ks llf pr`milld.Ontrkfn Dnrjnrlttn Jrnnidnf wns `fjltrùwg lf stklrb `p =? dlk >5?:`d grkl uur s‛ dkggnjs. Sl wns gus ni vkcb cnnr g``g t`lf _oeikldnff kf

Ndstlrgnd nnfhwnd. E`l _oeikldnff nnf ennr fnnd hwnd lf wnnr-`d ekc gkl jlmrukhtl ks llf rnngsli.>=5 @pvniilfg ks ``h gnt _oeikldnffglzl fnnd kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs fklt f`ldt.

Fu _oeikldnff zkcf llrstl pr`mildlf `vlrw`fflf eng wlrglf gljlvìjlf vnf gl soekpmrluh gukglikch. Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbklbkfjllrgl ekc, t`lf zkcf jlig `p wns, gnt ekc zklh wns, lf wlrg ekc gnnr-`p fnnr elt zklhlfeuks nbjlv`lrg.>=; Elt ks fklt elildnni gukglikch wnt

_oeikldnff eklr nnf zkcf ilzlrs pr`mllrt ukt tl iljjlf, dnnr elt ikcht lr`p gnt ekc pr`mllrgl `d gl wnnrgkf `p tl ikoetlf g``r tl g`lf nis`b ekczklh wns lf gnt zkc zkoe ukt gl sktuntkl rlggl g``r eld fnnr elt zklhlf-euks tl intlf mrlfjlf. @p glzl dnfklr hikfht elt fklt loet `vlrtukjlfg.Fnnst gl jlw`fl nrdlf wnrlf lr kf Ndstlrgnd nitkcg wli llf nnftni muk-

>=: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl N, B iglr <,>/77(n). Glzl f`tktkl ks nnf gl ikfhlrhnft

zwnnr mlsoengkjg. Gl Jlffngkus soerkcbt eld t`l nnf Iùks _oeikldnff, dnnrnbjlzklf gnt gkt kf vlrmnfg dlt gl kfeùg `fi`jksoe zù zkcf ks elt enfgsoerkbt`fdkshlfmnnr gnt vnf Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff.

>=5 Rìjlfs elt `vlrilkglsolrtkb konnt gnt mlwnnrg w`rgt kf elt Jldllftl Nroeklb vnf Ndstlrgnd wns Ontrkfn Dnrjnrlttn Jrnnidnf =? cnnr ùg lf z`fglr mlr`lp t`lfzl `vlrillg. Elt ks ``h gl vrnnj `b gl ]nndsh``k >1 wli llf elrmlrj wns. Rìjlfsgl stngsmlsoerkcvkfj vnf >5?: wlrg gl ]nndsh``k vnf > t`t 2 lf vnf : t`t ><jlfuddlrg. Gl eukzlf ; lf >1 wnrlf sndlfjlv`ljg.

F`. = wns elt i`jldlft vnf Gkrh Nimlrs ìhlf. F`. ? wns gl elrmlrj vnf Elfgrkh Grnnylr. F`. 5 wns elt i`jldlft vnf Indmlrtus Qlys. F`. >> wns elt i`jldlft vnf Elkf Gllsblftrnft. F`. >? wns gl elrmlrj lf i`jldlft vnf O`rflikn _kd`ffl rnhslf.

>=; _oeikldnff >5;=, >?.



:1 -

tlfinfgsl zlliklglf elt ks gus e``jst fwnnrsoekcfikch gnt elt zklhlfeuksdlfslf `pfnd wnnrvnf dlf wkst gnt zl fklt h`fglf `b wkiglf mltnilf.Sùglf zl gnt wli g`lf gnf wnrlf zl jljnrnfgllrg nitkcg `vlrvì.

Gl vlrskl ukt gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl ks wnt gnt mltrlbt `vlr-

tukjlfglr. @`h eklr g`lt ekc, wnffllr zkcf jlig `p ks, nis`b ekc zklh ks.Kf gkt jlvni vr`lj ekc loetlr nnf gl wnnrgkf `d nnf gl o`fsui tl vrn-jlf `b gkl lrv``r h`f z`rjlf gnt ekc kf elt zklhlfeuks (jnsteuks `p gl@uglzygsnoetlrmurjwnii) pjlf`dlf zù w`rglf. Gl wnnrgkf gkl mnfjwns gnt gl pìktkl ennr zù gwkfjlf `d gl nrdl _oeikldnff kf euks tleùglf gllg wnt ekc ennr vr`lj. Sl z`rjgl lrv``r gnt ekc f`j glzlibglgnj llf nttlst vnf gl o`fsui hrllj lf ―s nv`fgs wlrg _oeikldnff `pjl-f`dlf kf mlg f`. 22.>?1

Elt zklhlfeuks `p gl @uglzkcgs Noetlrmurjwni ks elt MkfflfJnsteuks lf lr ks kf euf nroeklb fklts tl vkfglf `vlr sploknil v``rzklfkf-

jlf v``r fklt mltnilfgl pntkèftlf. Kf vlrskl twll ks gkt pr`milld loetlrukt gl wlrlig jleìplf. Zl zkttlf eklr niillf f`j dlt elt jljlvlf gnt_oeikldnff nnfjllbt gnt zkcf zklhtl jlbkfjllrg wns. Sù llf zklhlf-euks gnnr loet kf trnpplf0 Gnt hikfht fklt loet jli``bwnnrgkj. Nnfjlzklf_oeikldnff, skfgs gl ’G`r`teln— `plf zll eng mlrlkht, wljlfs zllzklhtlfnuwlikchs eng jljltlf lf vlrvìjlfs llf soekpmrluh eng dlljldnnht kselt fklt `fnnffldlikch gnt ekc uktjlput wns jlrnnht lf gnt gl jlvìjlfgnnrvnf v`limnnr wlrglf t`lf zkcf llrstl pr`mildlf `vlrw`fflf wnrlflf ekc gl tkcg hrllj d rust tl fldlf. Znffllr tkcglfs zkcf strnfgkfj kf-glrgnng zkcf v``rtnfglf nbjlmr`hlf wnrlf ks elt dllr gnf nnffldlikch

gnt glzl jkfjlf `ftstlhlf. @p lxli zni lr wlkfkj nnfgnoet v``r gl dl-gksoel pr`mildlf vnf gl grlfhlikfjlf jlwllst zkcf. Qns kf >5:7 vlstkjglzkoe v``r elt llrst llf g`htlr p gkt lkinfg.>?> Elt kgll gnt ekc zkcf zklhtlbkfjllrgl ikcht dkc fklt eùgmnnr lf gnnrg``r lxtrn kftlrlssnft. Glzlvlrskls wnrlf jlsoerlvlf v``r llf pumiklh vnf wlijlstligl dlfslf dltkftlrlssl kf gl hinssklhlf lf v``r (]ussksoel)znhlfiklglf. Dlt gkt pu-miklh v``r `jlf ks elt `pvniilfg gnt ekc kf mlkgl nut`mk`jrnbklèf vlrtlitgnt ekc zkcf t`lviuoet t`t pikoetlrkc zòet. Gnt ks tòe llf dlrhwnnrgkjlnnfmlvlikfj v``r z`wli llf nroelì``j nis llf znhlfdnf.

Kf gl mrklb nnf zkcf zustlrs vkfglf wl llf t`tnni nfglr vlrenni. Gnnr

hrkcjt ekc inst vnf w`fgh``rts lf vlrsoerkhhlikchl tnfgpkcf dltllf fn-gnt ekc kf Ndstlrgnd t`t rust hwnd. `lf ekc llfdnni kf mlg inj h`fekc lr fklt dllr ukt h`dlf. @p gl glrgl gnj hrllj zkcf mlz`rjgl wnnr-gkf elt jlv`li gnt elt wli llfs llf infjgurkjl zklhtl zù hufflf w`r-glf. Sl wns gnnr`d vnf dlfkfj gnt ekc fklt h`f mikcvlf Ekc d`lstfnnr elt zklhlfeuks (Jnsteuks b _klhlfeuks), wnnrv``r ekc t`lstlddkfjvnf gl o`fsui f`gkj eng. Sl jkfj fnnr gl o`fsui lf gkl jnb t`lstld-

>?1 Zlmmlr >;7=, ;.

>?> Hkhhlrt >;;2, <1.



:>

dkfj `d _oeikldnff fnnr elt zklhlfeuks tl intlf mrlfjlf. Ekc soerllb_oeikldnff llf vrklfglikch mrklbcl lf jnb eld f`j llfs tklf juiglf.Glzl mltnnigl gnnr`p gl wnnrgkf lf gkl iklt eld vlrvìjlfs dlt llf sillfnnr elt zklhlfeuks mrlfjlf. Gnnr mrnoet ekc gl hlrstgnjlf g``r tlrwkci

ekc vlrsoerkhhlikchl pkcf illg. @p hlrstnv`fg wlrglf gl w`rtlis vnf zkcfnbjlmr`hlf tnfglf ukt zkcf d`fg jlenht. Gl pkcf wns z` lrj gnt ekc eltuktsoerlluwgl.>?=

Gnt _oeikldnff fklts tljlf zkcf pkcf hrllj wns fklts mkcz`fglrs kfgkt zklhlfeuks. Gl t`lstnfglf wnrlf lr kf gkl tkcg fklt ni tl prlttkj. Glzklhlf injlf kf fvlrwnrdgl znilf kf hrkmmlf infjs gl wnfg. M`vlf elfekfj elt ikfflfj`lg tl gr`jlf. @plrntkls wlrglf `p gl znni kf nnfwl-zkjelkg vnf nfglrl pntkèftlf lf fkluwsjklrkjlf uktjlv`lrg. Gl nrts O.M.kinfus>?? st`fg lr `d mlhlfg gnt ekc llf hlkzlrsfll dlt ëëf enni vnfelt dls h`f uktv`lrlf. Elinns vlrillbgl siloets ëëf p gl tklf vrùwlf

wnnrmkc ekc glzl `plrntkl t`lpnstl gl kfjrllp. Elt vlrpiljlfg plrs`fllieng gl jlw``ftl `d pntkèftlf tl sinnf nis zl jllf b``klf hrljlf. Slntlf elt ltlf v``r gl pntkèftlf `p lf siklplf tkcglfs euf wnoet. Sl jn-vlf gl v``rjlsoerlvlf dlgkokcflf fklt, dnnr gl pntkèftlf h`fglf wlid`rbkfl h`plf.>?7

Elt ks gukglikch gnt gl vlrskl ukt gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs elli wnt jl-i``bwnnrgkjlr hikfht gnf gkl ukt gl twll nfglrl nut`mk`jrnbklèf. @dgntekc nnf elt lkfg vnf glzl mrklb soerkcbt gnt ekc, `d tl mlwkczlf gnt ekcgl wnnrelkg sprllht, gl rlhlfkfj vnf elt zklhlfeuks dllstuurt>?< huf-flf wl lr ``h zlhlr vnf zkcf gnt ekc fklt jrntks kf gkt zklhlfeuks h`f

vlrmikcvlf.Dnnr cukst fu elt lr ukt mljkft tl zklf nis`b elt fklt siloetlr hnf ml-

jkft elt jliuh _oeikldnff t`l tl inoelf lf vlrnfglrt elt jlelli kf llfhinssklh hlrstvlrenni. Ekc hrllj `pfkluw llf mrklb vnf Zlfgt. lf glzl_oeikldnffs mrklb ukt lxli `ftvkfj futtkjgl glzl flt dlt llf nnftnivrklfglf llf bllstlikchl dnnitkcg. Klglrllf illbgl dll dlt _oeikldnffs`fjliuh. Lr wlrg llf kfzndlikfj jleùglf gkl =71 juiglf `pmrnoet.Gkt mlgrnj wlrg fu vkn o`fsui ûnoh nnf _oeikldnff jlstuurg.>?2

>?= Dlylr >;<?, =:.>?? Oerkstknnf Mlrfenrg kinfus (>:;<->55?) Ekc wns `pjlilkg nnf gl \trloetsl

E`jlsoe`ì wnnr ekc kf >5>5 jlpr`d`vllrg wns. Kf >5=5 wlrg ekc nnfjlstlig nise``jilrnnr elli- lf vlri`shufgl `p elt Ndstlrgndsl Ntelflud Kiiustrl, wnnr ekct`t >5:? millb. Elt vlrmikcb kf elt Mkfflf-Jnsteuks wns kf gkl cnrlf fklt jlelliz`fglr rksko`. kinfus >52<, >5. ’... vnf >57>->52? zkcf kf elt Mkfflf-Jnsteuks p;<.2>: ikcglrs >>.5<7 `vlrilglf 4 >3:,;— Gkt hwnd `dgnt dlf pns mkc gl uktlrstlf``g fnnr gkt zklhlfeuks jkfj.

>?7 Dnteyslf =11=, >=<.>?< Dlylr >;<?, ??.

>?2 _oeikldnff >5;=, >?.



:= -

Kf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl hrkcjlf wl dkf `b dllr eltzlibglvlrenni, niillf gl dnfklr wnnr`p elt jlig w`rgt `vlrjldnnht ks gnnrnfglrs. Eklr hrllj _oeikldnff llf hrlgkltmrklb vnf gl jlmr`lglrsHilkfw`rte ukt Endmurj `p gl bkrdn E`ynoh & O`. kf Ndstlrgnd.

Glzl inntstlf e``rglf vnf o`fsui ûnoh gnt _oeikldnff kf elt zklhlf-euks inj. Sl stuurglf eld dltllf llf mlrkoet dlt elt j`lgl fkluws._oeikldnff eng `p gnt d`dlft llf wllh kf elt zklhlfeuks jliljlf.>?:

@`h kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs vkfglf wl dkf `b dllr eltzlibgl vlr-enni, dnnr gkt hllr hrkcjlf wl vlli dllr gltnkis. Fu h`dt o`fsui ûnoh`p gl llrstl hlrstgnj `d _oeikldnff llf mrklb tl mrlfjlf. Glzl mrklbwns vnf Zlfgt. Gkl eng _oeikldnffs mrklb ukt lxli `ftvnfjlf lf lrdlt gl elrlf Hr`jdnff & Znoedute `vlr jlspr`hlf. Ekc eng euf jl-vrnnjg `d _oeikldnff v``r zkcf rlhlfkfj vkn euf njlft `p lxli v``r-i`pkj glrtkj juiglf ukt tl mltnilf. Sl wkiglf gnt jrnnj g`lf lf zùglf

gnnr`vlr dltllf nnf euf hnpktlkf soerkcvlf. Gnnrfnnst eng Zlfgt llfr`fgsoerkcvlf g`lf uktjnnf lf e``ptl `p gkl dnfklr dlt mleuip vnfwnt vrklfglf lfkjl e`fglrglf juiglfs mkc lihnnr tl mrlfjlf. _oeikldnffd`lst eld soerkcvlf wnt ekc vnf pinf wns. Rìjlfs eld wns elt elt mlstlwnffllr _oeikldnff fnnr Ndstlrgnd jkfj.>?5

Dlt glzl inntstl pdlrhkfj i``j _oeikldnff tljlf zkcf zustlrs. Zlfgteng fndlikch jlsoerlvlf gnt elt eld elt mlstl illh wnffllr _oeikldnffdlt gl mldnffkfj dll tlruj fnnr Endmurj hwnd. Dòet elt loetlr z`zkcf gnt zkoe kf Flglrinfg llf d`jlikchelkg v``r _oeikldnff v``rgllg,gnf d`lst ekc Zlfgt gnnr`vlr soerkcvlf. Gnf h`f gkl zklf wnt lr vlrglr

jlgnnf d`lst w`rglf. ljlf gkl tkcg zù ekc gnf ``h wltlf e`lvlli jligekc dlt zkcf okrouinkrl mkc lihnnr jlhrljlf eng.>?; Zlfgt‛s rnng hwnd tlinnt. _oeikldnff eng ni mlsi`tlf `d kf Ndstlrgnd tl mikcvlf lf gl ml-dnffkfj wns ni `fglrwlj fnnr Endmurj. @p gl twllgl hlrstgnj `ft-vkfj _oeikldnff `pfkluw llf mrklb vkn gl o`fsui. Gkt hllr llf gkl ekcvkn gl ellr I. E`ynh `ftvnfjlf eng. Gkt wns elt nftw``rg vnf gl jl-mr`lglrs Hilkfw`rgt `p gl mrklb gkl ekc nnf Zlfgt jlstuurg eng. Glzlelrlf glliglf eld dll gnt zl llf hrlgklt v``r >11 juiglf v``r eld mkcI. E`ynoh & O`. jl`plfg engglf. Ekc h`f gnnr`vlr mlsoekhhlf lf zlrnglf eld nnf `d lr v``rzkoetkj dll `d tl jnnf.>71

Llf hilkf lkfgcl vlrglr kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs vkfglf wl gl lkfg-`pmrlfjst vnf Zlfgts kfzndlinotkl. Llf pnnr gnjlf v``r ekc zkcf mrklbnnf elf soerllb eng _oeikldnff `pfkluw llf mrklb vnf Zlfgt `ftvnf-jlf. Glzl eng sndlf dlt gl jlmr`lglrs Hilkfw`rt zkcf Ndstlrgndslmnns, gl ellr Z. Elpflr, jlspr`hlf t`lf gkl kf Endmurj wns. Glzl engeld vlrtlig gnt dlf nmsìuut tlvrlglf wns dlt _oeikldnff. Zlfgt

>?: Zlmmlr >;7=, >1.>?5 Dlylr >;<?, =5.>?; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x >/:.

>71 Dlylr >;<?, =5.



:?

z`wli nis gl jlmr`lglrs Hilkfw`rt wnrlf v``r _oeikldnff mikcvlf oì-ilotlrlf. Gkt eng, dlt gl >11 juiglf , gkl _oeikldnff ni ftvnfjlf eng,kf elt t`tnni Bi. =<1,<1 `pjlmrnoet.>7>

Nnfjlzklf gl twll nut`mk`jrnbklèf lf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs dkf `b

dllr eltzlibgl vlrenni vlrtliilf ks elt zllr nnffldlikch gnt _oeikldnfffn zkcf nnfh`dst kf Ndstlrgnd vkn Zlfgt bkfnfokèil euip `ftvkfj.Rlrglr`p zni kh pr`mlrlf ukt tl vkfglf e`l jr``t glzl euip prlokls wns,dnnr v``r elt `jlfmikh hufflf wl lr wli vnfukt jnnf gnt _oeikldnfffn hlrst >57> jllf gkrlotl bkfnfokèil f``g eng. Glzl bkfnfokèil `fglr-stlufkfj zni loetlr fklt z` jr``t jlwllst zkcf gnt ekc fklt z` sfli d`jlikchllf mnnf d`lst z`lhlf. Gnt zni loetlr fklt z` llfvùgkj jlwllst zkcf.

Znnr elt f`rdnnijlspr`hlf g``r gl jr`tl wlrhli``selkg ni d`lkikch jl-wllst zni zkcf wns elt fu lxtrn d`lkikch `dgnt elt enrtcl wkftlr wns. Glenvlf lf gl jrnoetlf wnrlf gkoetjlvr`rlf z`gnt lr jllf trnfsp`rt `vlr

wntlr dllr d`jlikch wns.>7= Lbblotklb inj gl enfgli kf glzl tkcg vnf elt cnnr stki.

Jliuhhkj eng _oeikldnff lfkjl j`lgl vrklfglf. Gl O`. vnf E`ynh& O`. wns gl Qruksksoel o`fsui kf Ndstlrgnd, gl ellr Z. Elpflr. Glzlz`rjgl lrv``r gnt _oeikldnff llf mnnf hrllj `p elt hnft``r vnf glbkrdn B.O. ûklf.>7?

Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl wns elt fklt gl bkrdn B.O.ûklf, dnnr gl bkrdn _oeròglr & O`.>77

E`lwli gl twll mlrkoetlf lihnnr, wnt gl fnnd vnf gl bkrdn wnnr_oeikldnff llf mnnf v`fg, tljlfsprlhlf ks elt gukglikch gnt gl bkrdn

E`ynh & O`., wnnr _oeikldnff g``r Zlfgt jlàftr`guollrg wns, llfmnnf v``r eld v`fg. Rìjlfs gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs loetlr stliglf zleld zlibs `p euf lkjlf hnft``r nnf. @p vlrz`lh vnf gl jlmr`lglrsHilkfw`rt fndlf zl gl z`rj v``r _oeikldnff p zkoe. Elinns h`fglf zleld fklt dltllf llf mnnf jlvlf, dgnt euf znnh stkiinj, vnfwljl gl jl-strldgl soellpvnnrt. Ekc dòet loetlr mkc euf `p hnft``r h`dlf t`t zlwnt nfglrs v``r eld jlv`fglf engglf. Znffllr ekc nnf euf vlrwnoe-tkfjlf vìgllg gnf zùglf zl eld loetlr ``h dlt pilzklr eùglf.>7<

>7> Dlylr >;<?, ?1.>7= Flglrinfsoel _tnntsoùrnft =5-1>->57= ’Mkc Loh lf Zkli jnnf rkctukjlf lf

pnnrglf `vlr elt kcs glr rkvklr.— Flglrinfgsel _tnntsoùrnft 17-1=->57= ’@p glFlglrinfgsoel rkvklrtnhhlf jnnt gl `prukdkfj `b vlrfkltkjkfj vnf elt kcs infjznndmlflglfwnnrts v``rt ...—

>7? _oeikldnff >5;=, >?. Kf zkcf `vlrikcglfsmlrkoet vnf >< f`vldmlr >52; stnnt 3 B.Z.Elpflr, O`fsui Jlflrnni vnf gl F``rg- Guktsoelf M`fg.— Gl F`rgglutsoelrMufg wns kf >522 `ftstnnf lf `dvnttl gl == Guktsl stntlf tlf f``rglf vnf glDnkf. Gl h`fkfj vnf Qrukslf wns gl prlskglft vnf glzl m`fg z`gnt kf gl prnhtkchQrukslf elt v``r elt zljjlf eng kf glzl m`fg.

>77 Zlmmlr >;7=, >1.

>7< Dlylr >;<?, =;.



:7 -

Gl enfgli inj stki `dgnt gl envlf gkoet jlvr`rlf ks.>72 Eklrg``r wnselt hnft``r vnf E`ynoh & O`. jlgurlfgl gl wkftlr jlsi`tlf. òe jn-vlf zl _oeikldnff llf mnnf lf nis ekc gkl fnnr mle`rlf vlrvuigl dòetekc mikcvlf. E`l ks gnt d`jlikch0 E`l d`lt _oeikldnff intlf zklf wntekc hnf nis lr fklts tl g`lf ks `dgnt lr jllf enfgliswnnr mkfflf hnfh`dlf0

Elinns elmmlf wl jllf `fnbenfhlikchl mr`fflf v``r glzl plrk`glkf _oeikldnffs ilvlf lf z` mikcbt elt `fgukglikch wnt lr fu prlokls kfglzl plrk`gl dlt eld jlmlurgl. Rnf llf intlrl gntud, >52=, mlstnnt lrllf mrklb wnnrkf _oeikldnff gl Ktniknnfsl jrnnb Mnssk klts `vlr zkcf ilvlfkf Ndstlrgnd vlrtlit. Rìjlfs glzl vlrskl eng gl ellr Z. Elpflr dl-glikcglf dlt eld lf z`rjgl ekc lr v``r gnt _oeikldnff llf mnnf hrlljmkc gl bkrdn B.O. ûklf. `lf _oeikldnff gkt kf >5:= soerllb wns ekc lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt ekc zkoe g``r zkcf wlrh v``r glzl bkrdn Elpflrs v``r-

sprnnh wnnrgkj eng jlt``fg.>7:

>72 Gl inntstl Onrjn-Ikcst v``r >57> wnnr`p E`ynoh v``rh`dt wlrg `p =; f`vldmlrjlpumikollrg kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming lf gl llrstl v``r >57= vlrsoellf `p =2dnnrt kf gkl zlibgl hrnft.

>7: Dlylr >;<?, >>?. Kf >5<5 rlksgl _oeikldnff sndlf dlt gl jlmr`lglrs Mnssk vnf

Onkr` fnnr Clruznild.

E`ynoh & O` - Ellrlfjrnoet =52. Kf tljlfstliikfj t`t wnt lr `p elt elrkfflrkfjsm`rg

stnnt ellbt _oeikldnff eklr f``kt jlw``fg.



:<

Gl hnfs gnt _oeikldnff wlrhlikch llf mnnf jleng ellbt mkc gl bkrdnE`ynoh & O`. ks mltrlhhlikch hilkf. Fnnst gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs w`rgtglzl bkrdn flrjlfs jlf`ldg. Zli ks gukglikch gnt Z. Elpflr >75 llf ml-infjrkchl rì jlspllig ellbt kf gl llrstl dnnfglf vnf _oeikldnffs vlr-

mikcb kf Ndstlrgnd. _oeikldnff ellbt gkt kf dllrglrl mrklvlf mlvlstkjglf eklig o`ftnot dlt Elpflr t`t gklfs g``g kf >52;. \kt llf mrklb gkl_oeikldnff kf >5<? vnf Elpflr `ftvkfj hrkcjlf wl llf jikdp vnf glzlplrk`gl kf zkcf ilvlf tl zklf. Elpflr mlgnfht _oeikldnff v``r gl kftl-rlssl gkl glzl kf eld lf zkcf vrùw ellbt. Ekc ks mikc gnt ekc _oeikldnffkfglrtkcg jleìplf ellbt lf nis ekc zklt wnt lr vnf _oeikldnff jlw`rglfks gnf ks elt gukglikch gnt gkl zkcf euip wnnrg ks jlmilhlf.>7;

Elt ks fklt elildnni zlhlr `b _oeikldnffs llrstl Ndstlrgndsl mnnfkfglrgnng mkc gl B.O. ûklf wns, dnnr elt ks e``jst wnnrsoekcfikch. Eltw`rgt nnfjlennig kf gl jlsoeklglfks vnf elt euks ûklf z`nis gkl v``r

gl bndkikl jlpumikollrg wlrg kf >;?;. Eklrmkc d`ltlf wl `fs fntuurikchwli mlglfhlf gnt _oeikldnffs r`ld t`lf ni infj lf mrllg jlvlstkjg wnslf gnt ekczlib eng vlrtlig gnt ekc mkc glzl bkrdn jlwlrht eng. Llf `fnb-enfhlikchl mr`f hufflf wl gkt kf jllf jlvni f`ldlf3

F`t`fs qul il jrnfg nroeëì`jul _oeikldnff (Elfry) (nroeëì`jul lteliilfkstl niildnfg, fë á Flu-Muoh`w, oëiëmrl pnr sls gëoùvlrtls glsrukfls gl i‛nfoklffl r`kl lt gl Dyoëfls >5==->5;1), rlftrn o`ddlldpi`yë vlrs >571, gnfs in Dnks`f, B.O. ûklf. Fùs p`ssëg`fs piu-sklurs ilttrls gl iuk ëorktls vlrs >5<2 nu d`dlft qu‛ki sl trùvnkt áQëtlrsmùrj lt nksnkt gl jrnfgls trnfsnotk`fs nvlo B.O. ûklf gnfs

i‛kfgkj`.><1

Eklrmkc d`lt nnfjltlhlfg w`rglf gnt _oeikldnff elt lfkjl fklt-bn-dkiklikg ks gnt lfkjl nnfgnoet hrkcjt kf gkt m`lh. Elt ks gukglikch gnt dlfzkoe jrnnj dlt z`‛f mlr`ldgl dnf vlrm`fglf znj.

@p glzl dnfklr stnrttl _oeikldnff, dlt gl euip vnf Zlfgt lfElpflr, z`fglr ni tl vlli d`lktl zkcf onrrkårl nis znhlfdnf kf Ndstlrgnd.Lr zuiilf `fjltwkcblig Guktsl c`fjlfs kf glzl stng jlwllst zkcf gkl gl-zlibgl `b zlibs mltlrl hwniktlktlf engglf, dnnr _oeikldnff eng klts wntzkc fklt engglf, vrklfglf dlt kfvi`lg.

>75 Rnf ukt elt zlibgl ngrls wlrhtl Z. Elpflr ``h nis njlft v``r gl Hlkzlrikch lfH`fkfhikch jlprkvkiljkllrgl Ngrkntksoel Rlrzlhlrkfjs-O`dpnjfkl (]lufk`fl Ngrkntkon Gk _kourtn) tl rkèst . Skl Nijldllf Enfglisming vnf =7->=->57=.

>7; Dlylr >;<?, <>.><1 ûklf >;?;, 51. Kh gnfh elt Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf gnt zl

dkc nnf h`pklèf vnf gl ûklf mrklvlf ukt >5<2->5<:, ukt elt mlzkt vnf Lrkoe_oeikldnff, elmmlf jljlvlf. Lr w`rgt kf glzl mrklvlf zlhlr z`vlli `vlr Dllhrnpnis `vlr Kfgkj` jlsoerlvlf, gl jr``tstl enfgli soekcft loetlr kf wksslis jlwllst tl

zkcf.



:2 -

>1. Swnrl tkcglf

Kf gl fljlftklfgl lluw wlrhtl dlf infj lf wnrlf gl kfh`dstlf mltrlh-hlikch innj. Mkc elt mlrlhlflf vnf jldkggligl i`flf jkfj dlf ukt vnfwlrhwlhlf vnf >11 urlf. Elt nnftni urlf gnt dlf wlrhtl vlrsoekigl`vlrkjlfs plr mlgrkcbstnh. Kf Ndstlrgnd wlrhtlf gl gkndnftsikcplrs jl-dkgglig >= á >< uur plr gnj. Kf gl Snnfstrllh wlrhtl dlf kf gl gkvlrsldìlfs jldkgglig >7 á >2 uur plr gnj. Kf Ekivlrsud st`fglf hkfglrlfjldkgglig >: uur plr gnj kf gl spkfflrkclf. Gnnrkf tljlf wlrhtlf gl

Ndstlrgndsl mnhhlrs siloets >= á >7 uur plr gnj.><> Dlf wlrhtl fklt

lihl wllh elt zlibgl nnftni urlf. G``r wllrskfvi`lglf wkiglf eklr f`jwli llfs vlrsoekiilf kf `ftstnnf. Kf gl wkftlr wlrglf lr `vlr elt nijl-dllf, g``r elt dkfglrl ikoet, dkfglr urlf jlwlrht gnf kf gl z`dlr.Infgnrmlkglrs engglf eklr elt dllstl inst vnf, gkl engglf vlr elt nijl-dllf ―s wkftlrs elildnni jllf wlrh lf gnt mltlhlfgl `h jllf kfh`dlf.

Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff gl jlw``ftl eng `d zkcf kfh`dlf plr cnnr `ptl jlvlf d`lt lr wnt jlrlhlfg w`rglf `d vlrjlikchmnrl mlgrnjlf v``rnfglrl mlr`lplf tl vkfglf. Niil eklr jlf`ldgl mlgrnjlf zkcf ji`mnni.

Kf >5<? vlrgklfgl llf nrmlkglr kf llf pnpklrbnmrklh kf F``rg Eìinfgbi. ?,<1 plr wllh, gnt ks on. >5= plr cnnr. Llf tùwsinjlr vlrgklfgl kf

gntzlibgl cnnr bi. 7,<1 plr wllh, gnt ks on. bi. =?7 plr cnnr. Kldnfg gkl `pllf ìkldìlf wlrhtl jkfj dlt 5 juiglf plr wllh fnnr euks, gnt ks on.7>2 juiglf plr cnnr. kddlriklglf vlrgklfglf plr wllh bi. >,15, wnt `pon. bi. >12 plr cnnr fllr h`dt. Gkt mlgrnj hnf llf stuh injlr ukth`dlfwnffllr elt llf strlfjl wkftlr wns wnnrkf fklt jlwlrht h`f w`rglf.Elt kfh`dlf vnf llf infgnrmlkglr vnrkllrgl tusslf gl <1 olft plr gnjkf \trloet lf :1 olft plr gnj kf Brklsinfg, gnt w`rgt dlt zlvlf dnnf-glf wlrh kf elt cnnr klts tusslf gl ;1 lf >=< juiglf plr cnnr.><=

@d lfkj kfzkoet tl hrkcjlf kf wnt glzl sninrksslf mltlhlflf hkchlf wleklr lvlf fnnr gl jldkggligl uktjnvlf vnf llf nrmlkglr kf Ndstlrgnd.><?

Glzl eng jldkggligl =: olft plr wllh f`gkj v``r euur, <: olft v``rmr``g, ?= olft v``r nnrgnpplilf lf <2 olft v``r nfglrl ilvlfsdkggl-ilf. Kf elt t`tnni eng ekc gus on. 5; juiglf plr cnnr f`gkj `d tl w`flflf tl ltlf. Glzl mlgrnjlf zkcf lrj ji`mnni `dgnt zl nbjlilkg zkcf vnf glmlgrnjlf gkl dlf v``r llf jlzkf f`gkj eng, wnnrmkc gl hkfglrlf vnnhdkfglr jljltlf zuiilf elmmlf gnf gl vìwnsslflf. Elt mlgrnj gnt llf

><> Mrujdnfs >;<5, >12.><= Mrujdnfs >;<5 >=7->?=.><? Glzl mlgrnjlf zkcf nbjlilkg vnf gl mlgrnjlf gkl Mrujfnff >;<5, >21 f`ldt v``r

7 jlzkfflf vnf kf t`tnni dlt kf t`tnni 5 vìwnsslfl lf >< hkfglrlf.



::

vìwnsslfl f`gkj eng `d dlt llf gnh m`vlf elt e``bg lf z`fglr e`f-jlr g``r elt ilvlf tl h`dlf zni lrjlfs tusslf gl ;1 lf >11 juiglf plr

cnnr jliljlf elmmlf. Nnf gl ni llrglr jlf`ldgl jrnnb Mnssk dligl _oeikldnff gnt ekc kf

zkcf vklr Ndstlrgndsl cnrlf hlkenrg jlwlrht eng `fgnfhs gl d`lkikchlsktuntkl wnnrkf ekc vlrhllrgl. Rnf gl 711 juiglf gkl ekc gl llrstl twll cnnr vlrgklfgl jnb ekc gl elibt ukt nnf tnniilsslf lf vnf gl rlst illbgl ekcnis llf e`fg.><7 Kf >52= mlsoerllb ekc zkcf Ndstlrgndsl plrk`gl nis purlnrd`lgl.

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl ukt >551 mikcht gnt elt zlibs f`jlrjlr wns. Rìjlfs glzl mr`f eng ekc llf cnnrkfh`dlf vnf 511 Brnfh.@`h eklr vlrtlit ekc gnt ekc gl elibt f`gkj eng `d zkcf stugkl tl mltn-ilf. Rnf gl nfglrl elibt h`f ekc dnnr fnuwlikchs ilvlf. Skcf liilfgkjlzìglrhndlr, wnnr elt ―s wkftlrs mkfflf lvlf enrg vr``r nis muktlf lf

wnnr elt ―s z`dlrs mi`lgellt wns, h`sttl eld 5 Brnfh plr dnnfg. Skcf`ftmkct mlst`fg ukt pnp vnf r`jjldlli lf v``r zkcf dkggnjdnni mltnniglekc f``kt dllr gnf >2 Qblffkj.><< Elt wns llf zwnnr ilvlf, dnnr fkltszlt z` nnf t`t stuglrlf nis gl wltlfsoenp gnt dlf `p gkl dnfklr ukt glliilfgl hnf h`dlf.><2

_oeikldnff wns fklt vnfzlib llf rkch znhlfdnf lf llf mlr`ldg nr-oelì``j jlw`rglf. Ekc eng lr enrg v``r jlwlrht, ekc eng lr niils v``rjlgnnf wnt dlf d`jlikchlrwkczl h`f g`lf lf zlibs eng ekc f`j klts dllrjljlvlf. Gnt ks llf vlrenni wnnrdll cl fklt niillf llf nroelì``j nnf gldnf huft mrlfjlf, dnnr ``h llf znhlfdnf. òe vkfglf wl fklts `vlr

glzl nrd`lgl kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl.Fn zkcf nnfh`dst kf Ndstlrgnd eng _oeikldnff fklt niillf elt

f``gb`fgs gnt Zlfgt kf Endmurj v``r eld vlrzndlig eng, dnnr ``hf`j `fglrstlufkfj vnf Elpflr. Gkl jnb eld llf wnrdl wkftlrcns lff`gkjgl eld twll dnni kf gl wllh ukt d dll tl ltlf. Gl nfglrl gnjlfmlplrhtl _oeikldnff zkoe t`t mr``g.><: Ekc d`lst v``rzkoetkj zkcf dltzkcf jlig. Ndstlrgnd wns llf gurl stng. R``r llf hilkfl jldlumkillrglhndlr `p gl vkcbgl vlrgklpkfj, z`fglr hnoeli, d`lst ekc noet juiglfplr dnnfg mltnilf. Llf hilkfl jkltkczlrlf hnoeli, gkl ekc mkc llf sdkgeuurgl, h`stl eld < juiglf v``r gl wkftlr.><5

Gnt ekc vlr gl guurtl vnf elt mlstnnf kf Ndstlrgnd hinnjt ks, p gktd`dlft kf zkcf ilvlf, `vlrkjlfs `pvniilfglr gnf dlf kf llrstl kfstnftklzù glfhlf. Ekc eng, z`nis ekc zkcf zustlrs vlrtligl, llf mnnf mkc E`ynoh& O`. lf eng flt vkn gl euip vnf Zlfgt =71 juiglf `ftvnfjlf. Ekc

><7 Dlylr >;<?, >>?.><< _oeikldnff >5;=, >?->7.><2 _oeikldnff >5;=, >7.><: Dlylr >;<?, =;.

><5 Dlylr >;<?. ?>.



:5 -

eng llf mnnf lf gnnrfnnst eng ekc eltzlibgl mlgrnj nis llf tùwsinjlr kf

llf cnnr vlrgklfgl. Ekc dligt zkcf zustlrs gnt ekc mkc E`ynoh & O`. dnjmikcvlf wlrhlf lf gnt ekc fnnr prlstntkl mltnnig zni w`rglf.><;

@dgnt _oeikldnff twll hllr kf gl wllh g``r gl ellr Elpflr v``relt ltlf uktjlf`gkjg w`rgt lf vnf eld llf wnrdl cns hrllj, hufflf wl`fs nbvrnjlf `b _oeikldnff zkcf ilvlfs`dstnfgkjelglf, v``r gl zustlrs,fklt d``klr mlsoerllb gnf zl wnrlf0 Zns Elpflr z` vrklfglikch v``reld `dgnt ekc f`j fklt h`f mlwkczlf wnt ekc wnnrg wns0 H`f ekc f`jelildnni fklts vlrgklflf `dgnt gl znhlf wljlfs gl wkftlr f`j stllgsstki injlf0 Elt vlrenni v``r gl zustlrs h`f, wnnr ekc elt `vlr zkcf wlrhellbt, wli llfs dllr e``p gnf rlniktlkt vlrw``rglf. Elt zù wli llfs z`

hufflf zkcf gnt _oeikldnff `p gkt d`dlft jlelli vnf elt jlig gnt ekcukt Endmurj `ftvnfjlf eng d`lst ilvlf.

Gnt ekc fklt loet nnf gl jr`fg znt mikcht ``h ukt elt ngrls vnf zkcfhndlr3 Fkluwlzkcgs-R``rmurjwni Fr. 21 `p gl vkcbgl vlrgklpkfj.>21 Gktwns llf dkgglfhinssl iòntkl. _oeikldnff w``fgl fnnst elt F`tnrkseuks.Llf pnnr cnnr intlr vlreuksgl ekc zlibs fnnr llf llrstlhins iòntkl, glRkcjlfgnd.

><; Dlylr >;<?, =;.

>21 Dlylr >;<?, =;.

O`rfliks _prkfjlr (>5>:->5;>) - Fkluwlzkcgs R``rmurjwni. _oeikldnff w``fgl

kf elt twllgl euks vnf rloets.



:;

Intlf wl fu llfs hkchlf `b wl `fs llf kgll hufflf v`rdlf `vlre`l _oeikldnffs bkfnfokèil sktuntkl wlrhlikch wns. Gl mlgrnjlf gkl_oeikldnff elr lf glr f`ldt zkcf fklt ni tl llfvùgkj tl mljrkcplf,dnnr wl jnnf llf p`jkfj g`lf.

Ekc vlrtligl jrnnb Mnssk gnt ekc 711 juiglf vlrgklfgl kf gl llrstltwll cnnr, gnt ks =11 juiglf plr cnnr. Kf zkcf bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl vlrtlitekc zkcf ilzlrs gnt ekc llf cnnrkfh`dlf eng vnf 511 brnfh. Mltlhlft gktgnt =11 juiglf elt zlibgl ks nis 511 brnfh, `b zkcf glzl twll mlgrnjlffklt eltzlibgl0 Kf gl Lfjlistnikjl vlrskl vnf zkcf nut`mk`jrnbkl jllbt ekctwll hllr llf mlgrnj dlt gnnrnoetlr elt lqukvnilft kf p`fglf. Gl kfzn-dlikfj mrlfjt eklr =71 juiglf, gnt ks 51£ `p lf zkcf cnnrsninrks mlgr`lj511 brnfh b tl wli ?=£.>2> >£ ks gus >= juiglf b =< brnfhlf, > juiglf ksgus dkf `b dllr elt zlibgl nis = brnfhlf. Eklrukt zù gnf mikchlf gnt gltwll m`vlf jlf`ldgl jltniilf fklt eltzlibgl zkcf. Gl =11 juiglf gkl ekc

kf gl mrklb nnf jrnnb Mnssk f`ldt stnnt fu tljlf`vlr gl on. 711 juiglf kfzkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl. Rlrd`lglikch b`rduillrgl _oeikldnff wntsi`rgkj t`lf ekc jrnnb Mnssk sprnh lf wns zkcf cnnrkfh`dlf 711 juiglf.

Jliuhhkj ks lr f`j llf twllgl dnfklr `d lrnoetlr tl h`dlf `b glzl`drlhlfkfj hi`pt. Dlf wlrhtl kf gkl tkcg dlt gl jùglf stnfgnnrg.@dgnt kf gkt systlld lihl duft nnf llf vnst jlwkoet kf jùg jlh`ppligwns injlf gl wksslih`lrslf vnst. Kf Dlylrs Jr`Ðl H`fvlrsntk`fs-Ilxkh`fukt >;1; vkfglf wl gl vìjlfgl ikcst3

> r`lmli 4 1>,?1 juiglf

> p`fg 4 >=,=7 juiglf> brnfh 4 11,<1 juiglf> dnrh 4 11,21 juiglf

Gl vlreùgkfj gkl wl tusslf gl brnfh lf gl juiglf jlv`fglf eng-glf mikcht gus tl hi`pplf.

@p > dnnrt >577 wkssligl _oeikldnff vnf mnnf. Ekc wlrg fu o`r-rlsp`fglft lf m`lheùglr `p elt hnft``r vnf gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`.Ekc wlrg eklr nnfjlf`dlf v``r llf sninrks vnf >=11 brnfh plr cnnr. `lfdlf znj wnt _oeikldnff h`f lf e`l enrg ekc wlrhtl hrllj ekc llf sninrks

vlre`jkfj vnf 511 brnfh.>2=

Ekc mlj`f eklr gus dlt llf sninrks vnf 211 juiglf plr cnnr. Kf eltjlvni ekc mkc gl B.O. ûklf =11 juiglf vlrgklfgl wns gkt llf `psinj vnf?11% kf elt jlvni ekc 711 juiglf vlrgklfgl w`rgt gkt llf vlre`jkfj vnf><1%. Nnfjlzklf gkt twllgl mlgrnj wnt jli``bwnnrgkjlr vlrh`dt glfhkh gnt wl lr vnf ukt hufflf jnnf gnt _oeikldnff mkc gl B.O. ûklf 711juiglf plr cnnr vlrgklfgl. \ktlkfglikch vlrgklfgl _oeikldnff nnf elt

>2> _oeikldnff >55>m, ;.

>2= _oeikldnff >5;=, ><.



51 -

lkfg vnf zkcf Ndstlrgndsl plrk`gl gus >111 juiglf plr cnnr. S`nis wlnnf elt mljkf vnf glzl pnrnjrnnb jlzklf elmmlf wnrlf lr jlzkfflf dlt

vklr `b vkcb hkfglrlf gkl elt dlt elli wnt dkfglr d`lstlf g`lf.Intlf wl fu llfs hkchlf `b elt twllgl jlgllitl vnf zkcf uktsprnnhwnnr hnf zkcf, `b ekc wlrhlikch gl elibt vnf zkcf kfh`dlf `vlr eng `dnnf `fglrwkcs ukt tl jlvlf. Skcf hndlr h`sttl eld 5 juiglf plr dnnfg,gnt ks ;2 juiglf plr cnnr. Gl hnoeli h`sttl eld < juiglf euur v``r glwkftlr. Nnf w`flf wns ekc gus >1> juiglf hwkct. Gnt iklt eld >;; jui-glf v``r ltlf, `b tl wli <7 olft plr gnj. Gl jldkggligl nrmlkglr, gkl khnnf elt mljkf vnf glzl pnrnjrnnb `pjlv`lrg elm, mlstllggl =1,: olft nnfltlf plr gnj. _oeikldnff h`f gus rustkj gl elibt vnf zkcf kfh`dlf nnfstugkl uktjlvlf lf gnf f`j e`lbgl ekc jllf nrd`lgl tl ilkglf.

Rnfnb > dnnr >577, t`lf ekc mkc gl M.E. _oeròglr kf gklfst trngvlrgklfgl ekc 211 juiglf. Gkt mlgrnj wlrg fklt infj gnnrfn vlre``jgt`t >111 juiglf. Ekc jkfj fu `p gl Rkcjlfgnd w`flf lf `dgnt gktllf gukglikch mltlrl i`ontkl wns zni zkcf euur gnnr e`jlr jlwllst zkcf._oeikldnff jllbt v``r glzl plrk`gl jllf kfb`rdntkl `vlr zkcf uktjnvlfkf zkcf nut`mk`jrnbklèf `b mrklvlf, dnnr wl elmmlf wli llf nfglrl mr`fgkl `fs lfkj kfzkoet hnf jlvlf. Lr mlstnnt llf hilkf f`tktklm`lhcl vnf_oeikldnff wnnrkf ekc gl mlgrnjlf jlf`tllrg ellbt gkl ekc kf >577->57<nnf zkcf euksmnns v``r gkvlrsl znhlf d`lst mltnilf. @p pnjkfn > vkfglfwl gl v`ijlfgl ikcst3

_oeikldnff‛s Ndstlrgndsl hnsm`lhcl.



5>

? Dnnrt ? mr``gcls 1,1:< m`tlr 1,==

7 = mr``gcls 1,1<< = mr``gcls 1,1<2 = mr``gcls 1,1< lylrlf 1,><: = mr``gcls 1,1<5 = mr``gcls 1,1<; = mr``gcls 1,1< lylrlf 1,>< soe`lfp`ltslr 1,>1 mlt. 1,;;>2?

Lr zkcf llf nnftni gkfjlf kf gkt f`tktklm`lhcl gkl pvniilf. Elt vnit nisfli `p gnt _oeikldnff, gkl kf ]`stòh m`lheùglf jlillrg eng, f`jnisiloet wns kf `ptliilf. Znffllr wl m`vlfstnnfgl ikcst elrtliilf h`dlfwl t`t 1,;;< olft. Kf elt dlrlfglli vnf gl wllhikcstcls h`dlf wl llfvlrsoeki vnf tusslf gl enivl lf gl nfglr enivl olft tljlf. Gl pnp gklekc nis `ftmkct jljltlf zù elmmlf `ftmrllht kf niil ikcstcls lf kf pinntsgnnrvnf zklf wl twll `b dllr mr``gcls.

Jldkgglig jnb ekc plr wllh vkn zkcf euksmnns ëëf juiglf ukt. Rnfnbmljkf nprki stkcjt gkt jldkggligl t`t >,<1 juiglf. @p jr`fg vnf glzl

stkcjkfj ks elt nnffldlikch gnt gkt elt d`dlft wns wnnr`p ekc zkcf sn-inrksvlre`jkfj vnf =11 juiglf hrllj. Fnnst zkcf `ftmkctmlf`gkjgelglfvkfglf wl clflvlr, brukt, hnnrslf, turb, llf fnnig lf grnng. wll hllr kfgl wllh iklt ekc v``r llf gummlitcl zkcf soe`lflf p`ltslf. @p ?1 `ht`-mlr >57< hòet ekc zlibs v``r > juiglf llf elil bils wkcf.

Gl uktjnvlf kf gkt f`tktklm`lhcl hufflf loetlr fklt dllr gnf llfjlgllitl vnf zkcf uktjnvlf zkcf. R``r dkggnj- lf nv`fgltlf ks lr flrjlfsklts `pjlf`dlf. Gnt fnd ekc vlrd`lglikch muktlfseuks lf mltnnigl ekcgkrlot. Kf elt t`tnni jnb _oeikldnff vnf dnnrt >577 t`t dnnrt >57< ;=juiglf lf 2: olft ukt vkn zkcf euksmnns. Gnnr zni `fjltwkcblig muktlf gl

glur f`j llfzlibgl mlgrnj mkcjlh`dlf zkcf, z`gnt wl lr vnfukt hufflf

>2? Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl G, M`x >/=. @p gl mkfflfhnft vnf elt `dsinj stnnt3Gl Ellr _ikldnff. Gnnr`fglr kf elt ]ussksoe3 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Ndstlrgnd@ot`mlr =5, >577.

Kf Iugwkj >;?=, 2< vkfglf wl llf ikcstcl wnnr`p v``r gl gnjlf >> lf >= dlk ukt-jnvlf jlf`tllrg stnnf. Gkt ikcstcl ks `vlr `vlrjlf`dlf kf Orlp`f & Mòihl >;;1 lfRnfglfmlrj >;;<. Gkt ikcstcl ks loetlr fklt tlruj tl vkfglf kf elt m`vlf jlf`ldglf`tktkl m`lhcl. Elt d`lt g``r Iugwkj sndlfjlstlig zkcf ukt gl jljlvlfs vnfdllrglrl vlrsoekiilfgl gnjlf. Nbjlzklf eklrvnf ks elt dkc ``h llf rnngsli wnnr`dIugwkj llf ikcstcl gnt ukt twll gnjlf mlstnnt nbsiukt dlt ’dnoet kf glr Zòel gkl

_uddl v`f—.



5= -

jnnf gnt _oeikldnff kf gkt cnnr z`‛f =11 juiglf nnf zkoezlib mlstllg znielmmlf. @p llf cnnrkfh`dlf vnf >111 juiglf eklig ekc f`j z`‛f 511juiglf v``r stugkl `vlr. Znt ekc wlrhlikch nnf stugklh`stlf uktjljlvlfellbt vnit fklt vnst tl stliilf. @p 5 nujustus jnb ekc ?1 olft ukt nnf elt

kffnnklf vnf llf m`lh lf p >= slptldmlr iklt ekc v``r =1 olft llf m`lhkffnnklf. Gkt zkcf gl lfkjl p`stlf gkl fnnr llf stugkl zùglf hufflfvlrwkczlf.

Nnf elt soerkbt kf gkt f`tklm`lhcl hufflf wl zklf gnt _oeikldnffvnf >; cnfunrk t`t >2 blmrunrk >57< zklh wns. Elt soerkbt ks jr`tlr lfmkmmlrkjlr lf zklt lr ukt nis`b ekc h``rts eng. Zkl wllt eng ekc llf zwnrljrklp.

`t fu t`l elm kh _oeikldnffs Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl muktlf glnfniysl jleùglf. Eklrkf vkfglf wl wllr nfglrl mlgrnjlf lf llf nf-glrl rlglf v``r zkcf nrd`lgl. Rìjlfs glzl mk`jrnbkl vlrgklfgl ekc nnf

elt mljkf vnf zkcf Ndstlrgndsl plrk`gl ?11 juiglf plr cnnr. Gkt zùeltzlibgl zkcf nis ><< Skivlr ]`lmlis. Rnf gkt mlgrnj d`lst ekc niils ml-tnilf, ltlf, `fglrgnh, hilgkfj lf ilsslf. G``r niil h`stlf gkl ekc eng ntekc elt llrstl cnnr zliglf klts nfglrs gnf mrukf mr``g lf gr`fh ekc wntlr.Ekc w``fgl gnt cnnr kf llf jldlumkillrgl hndlr wnnrv``r ekc 7 juiglfplr dnnfg d`lst mltnilf, dnnr t`lf intlr zkcf sninrks stllj fnd ekc llfd``klrl hndlr vnf >1 juiglf plr dnnfg. òe millb ekc, ``h t`lf zkcfsninrks stllj, spnnrznnd lf jnb ekc f``kt dllr ukt gnf =1 olft v``r zkcfgkflr. Ni elt jlig gnt ekc spnnrgl stuurgl ekc nnf zkcf nrdl bndkikl kfGuktsinfg, gkl ekc skfgs lkfg >57= `fglreklig.>27

Kh zkl eklr vlrglr nb vnf llf nfniysl vnf glzl okcblrs, dnnr wkcs lrwli `p gnt _oeikldnff eklr mlvlstkjt gnt ekc fnnr llf guurglrl hndlrvlreuksgl.

Gnt _oeikldnff fklt wlrhlikch nrd wns jlgurlfgl zkcf Ndstlrgndslplrk`gl hufflf wl ``h llfvùgkj nbilkglf ukt elt blkt gnt ekc zkcf mlstgllg `d kf glzl stng ``h llf mnnf v``r zkcf mr`lr Iugwkj tl vkfglf.Elt kgll `d zkcf mr`lr `vlr tl intlf h`dlf d`lt, z`nis ni llrglr jlzljg,lrjlfs lkfg >57= `b >57? `pjlh`dlf zkcf lf hwnd t`t vìt``kkfj dltgklfs h`dst kf >57<.

>27 Zlmmlr >;7=, >>. Dlylr >;2;, 75 ’Kd Cnerl >5<1 ent lr ked Xzkcf vnglrT gkl lrstl

jligikoel \ftlrstùtzufj jlsoekht, glr gnff spçtlr fòe jnr dnfoel jlbìjg kst—.



5?

>>. Ilrlf, ilrlf, ilrlf

Gl fljlftklfgl-lluwsl wltlfsoenpplr eng llf jr`tl iklbgl v``r tnilf. Zl hufflf gkt gukglikch zklf nnf gl e``bgbkjuur kf Cuils Rlrfls R`ynjlnu olftrl gl in tlrrl ukt >5273

... pr`lss`r Ikfglfmròh d`lst elt wli wltlf, wnft dlf eklig eldv``r llf jr``t tnnihlfflr. Zli sprnh ekc gl =111 tnilf lf 7111 t`fj-vniilf, gkl `p gl `pplrvinhtl glr nnrgl kf jlmrukh zkcf, fklt vi`lklfg,dnnr ekc wkst lr tòe nnrgkj wnt vnf.>2<

Nnf gl t`p vnf gl rnfj`rgl st`fglf gl hinssklhl bkiì`jlf, tlfdkfstlgnt v`fglf gkl zlib. Gkt wns llf infjgurkjl lf gurl stugkl wnnrmkc dlf`pjlilkg wlrg v``r llf bufotkl dlt vlli prlstkjl lf `vlr elt nijldllffklt ni tl e`jl vlrgklfstlf. H`rt`d gkt wns llf vnhjlmklg wnnrv``r dlfvnf euks ukt wlivnrlfg d`lst zkcf. @dgnt gkt elt tlrrlkf vnf gl liktlwns hrljlf Intkcf lf Jrklhs vnfzlib ``h llf lxtrn wnnrgl. Elt wlrglfliktl tnilf wnnr jlw`fl stlrvlikfjlf zkoe fklt dll d`lstlf mld`lklf.Sl z`rjglf lr ``h v``r gnt gl wltlfsoenpplf euf lxoiuskvktlkt mlekli-glf. S`fglr llf j`lgl mlellrskfj vnf elt Jrklhs lf Intkcf h`f lr jllfwltlfsoenp mlgrlvlf w`rglf. S` wlkjlrgl _oeikldnffs vrklfg ]ugìb

Rkroe`w (>5=>->;1=)>22 ]`mlrt Hòe (>57?->;>1) nis stuglft `dgntglzl `fvìg`lfgl elt Jrklhs lf Intkcf mlellrstl.>2: Gnt Hòe `fgnfhsgnt tòe mlr`ldg wlrg nis gl `ftglhhlr vnf gl mnotlrkèf gkl dkitvuur(>5::), tumlroui`sl (>55=) lf oeìlrn (>55?) vlr``rznnhtlf ks llf tlhlfgnt gl tkcglf nnf elt vlrnfglrlf wnrlf.

Kf gl znhlfwlrlig iklt dlf zkoe dkfglr g``r prlstkjl gnf g``r prnh-tksoel `vlrwljkfjlf ilkglf, dnnr ``h gnnr st`fg gl hlffks vnf tnilf `pgl llrstl pinnts. Ni `p zkcf dkgglimnrl soe`ì, gkl zkcf illrikfjlf `pilkg-gl v``r llf murjlrikch mlr`lp, illrgl _oeikldnff Lfjlis lf Brnfs. Skcfelrbstrnpp`rt ukt >5?< mlstnnt f`j stllgs3

R`f @stlrf mks Dkoenliks >5?<

Nufiùerufj 3 jut.]likjk`f 3 mldlrht.Jl`dltrkl Nrktedltkh 3 mldlrh, gòe wkrg lr mlk jròÐlrlr

Nfstrlfjufj soefliilr ufg ilkoetlr nufinsslf.

>2< Rlrfl >;>;, 5.>22 Skl @ttnwny >;:?. R``r Rkro`w lf _oeikldnff zkl Dlylr >;<<.

>2: \fjlr >;7?.



57 -

Qeyskh u. Oeldkl 3 leilf dlkst, gòe nuoe eklr duÐ lr slimstglfhlf.

Fnturjlsoekoetl 3 zurklglf, zlkjt Wlkifnedl.Jl`jrnpekl 3 jlet nf.

Jlsoekoetl 3 zurklglf.Glutsoel _prnoel 3 Gkl Nusçtzl wnrlf dlkst lkÐkj jlnrmlktlt.Brnfzòsksoel _prnoel 3 zurklglf.Intlkfksoel _prnoel 3 mlrklgkjtl fkoet8 gkl Ùmlrsltzufj ùoetkj

ufg soewùistkj.Lfjiksoel _prnoel 3 jlet nf. Slkoeflf 3 infjsnd.Ilslf 3 ufmlglutlfg.Hniikjrnpekl 3 lrrluikoel B`rtsoerkttl.

Rlrsçudt3 == _tufglf.>25

Gkt rnpp`rt t``ft gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff llf g``rsfll illrikfj wnslf gl pdlrhkfj kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl mk`jrnbkl gnt ekc dkf b dllr nfni-bnmllt wns e`lvlf wl gnf ``h fklt slrklus tl fldlf. Gnnrfnnst ks eltgukglikch gnt ekc zkcf llrstl hlffks vnf elt Lfjlis lf Brnfs ni `p zkcfdkgglimnrl soe`ì eng `pjlgnnf.

@p soe`ì eng _oeikldnff e``j Gukts jlillrg, dnnr ekc sprnh ``helt i`hnil Dlohilfmurjlr - F``rgguktsl gknilot. `lf ekc niinfj nis nr-oelì``j r`ld eng jl``jst jlmrukhtl ekc gkt gknilot f`j wnffllr ekcnnf g``rsfll Dlohilfmurjlrs soerllb. Gkt gknilot stnnt gkoetlr mkc elt

Flglrinfgs gnf elt e``j Gukts lf ekc zni lr vlrd`lglikch vlli pilzklr nnfmlillbg elmmlf kf zkcf llrstl gnjlf `p lxli. Kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrssoerkcbt ekc gnt ekc Lfjlis sprnh dlt gl mlw`flr vnf elt Lklrinfgsleuks.Gkt wns llf m`lr gkl glzl m`lrglrkc euurgl lf elt ks gus zllr gl vrnnje`lvlli Lfjlis glzl sprnh. Elt ks j`lg d`jlikch gnt _oeikldnffs soe`ì-lfjlis mltlr wns.

Lr wnrlf, z`nis wl ni jlzklf elmmlf, vlli Guktslrs kf Ndstlrgnd lf_oeikldnff zni zkoe eklr uktstlhlfg dlt zkcf Gukts elmmlf hufflf rlg-glf. Gnt Gukts vrkc nijldllf jlspr`hlf wlrg kf glzl stng w`rgt ``hgukglikch ukt elt blkt gnt _oeikldnff kf >57< kf elt Gukts nnf zkcf euks-

mnns soerllb. Znffllr _oeikldnff loetlr wkigl intlf zklf gnt ekc dllrtl mklglf eng gnf gl jldkggligl Guktsl c`fjlf `p z`lh fnnr llf mnnf,gnf d`lst ekc Flglrinfgs ilrlf. Kf llf fklt g``r zlib`fglrsoenttkfj jl-pinnjg jlgllitl vnf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs soerkcbt ekc gnt ekc gl bkrdnE`ynoh & O`. vlrtlig ellbt gnt ekc gl gummlil m`lheùgkfj lf gl enf-gliso`rrlsp`fglftkl kf vklr tnilf mlellrst, lf gnt ekc gl vkcbgl tnni, eltFlglrinfgs, sp`lgkj ``h zni mlellrslf.>2;

>25 Dlylr >;?7, =>1-=>7. @`h kf _tìi >;<5, ?2-?: lf Orlp`f & Mòihl >;;1, 7?.

>2; Dlylr >;<?, =;.



5<

Gnt _oeikldnff kfglrgnng mlj`fflf wns dlt elt ilrlf vnfFlglrinfgs ks gukglikch kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs tl zklf. Ekc jlmrukhteklrkf llf nnftni hlrlf Flglrinfgs `d zkcf vlrenni ’oùilur iònil— tljlvlf. Kf gl nflhg`tl vnf gl soe`lfp`ltslrs gkl kf eld llf o`fourrlft

znjlf jlmrukhtl ekc gl lfkjszkfs hrluplil Flglrinfgsl rljli ’Dkcf ellrse`lf dnhlf—. @pdlrhlikchlr f`j gnf gkt ks llf mkcfn w``rglikch jlh`-pkllrgl ngvlrtlftkl gkl ekc kf zkcf mrklb `vlrfnd3

Llf C`fjldnf, w`flfgl kf llf nnfjlfnnd g`rp kf Sukg-Eìinfg,ùg :; cnrlf, vnf gl ].O. J`gsgklfst, wlfsoet kf hlffks tl h`dlfdlt llf Dlkscl vnf >7 t`t >2 cnrlf, lf z`` elt zkcf hnf, zkoe dlt ennrkf elt Euwlikch tl mljlvlf. @p jlig zni fklt jlzklf w`rglf, (tlrwkciekc llf hnpktnni vnf =1/d mlzktt) dnnr niillf `p llf j`lg eudlur,zlglikch jlgrnj lf vnf llf nts`lfikchl nh`dst. Rnf gl stkptstl jlelkdeùgkfj hnf dlf zkoe vlrzlhlrg eùglf.>:1

Glzl ngvlrtlftkl stndt ukt elt Nijldllf Enfglisming vnf >= blmrunrk>57=. @dgnt lr lfkjl dlrhwnnrgkjl lf v``r dkc `fvlrhinnrmnrl vlrnf-glrkfjlf kf _oeikldnffs vlrskl vnf glzl ngvlrtlftkl zkttlf jllb kh fu gl`rkjkflil tlhst3

LLF C@FJDNF, w`flfgl `p llf nnfjlfnnd G`rp kf SukgEìinfg, ùg =; cnrlf, vnf gl ].O J`gsgklfst, wlfsoet kf hlffks tlh`dlf dlt llf DLK_CL vnf >5 t`t =7 cnrlf, lf z`` elt zkcf hnf, zkoedlt ennr kf elt Euwlikch tl mljlvlf. @p jlig zni fklt jlzklf w`rglf(tlrwkci ekc llf hnpktnni vnf =1/d. mlzkt) dnnr niillf `p llf j`lg eu-dlur, zlglikch jlgrnj lf vnf llfl nts`lfikchl nh`dst. Rnf gl stkptstl jlelkdeùgkfj hnf dlf zkoe vlrzlhlrg eùglf. Mrklvlf brnfo` fglriltt N.M., Murlnu Enfglisming.>:>

Znnr`d _oeikldnff glzl ngvlrtlftkl, dlt gl gnnrkf `pjlf`dlf vlrnf-glrkfjlf, kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs `pfnd ks dkc llf rnngsli. Qr`mllrglekc elf `vlr tl enilf `d ``h fnnr Flglrinfg tl h`dlf0 Dnnr wnnr`dgnf llf =;-cnrkjl kf llf :;-cnrkjl vlrnfglrg0 Lf wnnr`d gl illbtkcg vnf

>:1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl MM, M`x >/>. Dlylr ellbt gkt jlgllitl fklt `pjlf`dlfkf zkcf pumikontkl. Kh gnfh Gr. Z. Mòihl gnt ekc dkc `p gkt jlgllitl nttlft jldnnhtellbt.

>:> Nijldllf Enfglisming >=-1=->57=.



5:

]@L]GND, : Dnnrt. Elt ks dlt llfl wnrl mlinfjstliikfj gnt wkchufflf mlrkjtlf, gnt glf Ellr gl Dnjfll, soe``fsoerkcvlr vnf S.D.glf H`fkfj, kf `fzl stng ks nnfjlh`dlf ...>:2

Fn ]`ttlrgnd jkfj Dnjfël fnnr Glf Ennj lf p =? nprki h`fgkjt ekc kfelt Nijldllf Enfglisming zkcf h`dst fnnr Ndstlrgnd nnf3

ljlf elt lkfgl vnf Nprki w`rgt eklr tlr stlgl vlrwnoet gl Ellr gl Dnjfël, Oniikjrnnpe gls H`fkfjs, gkl, fn kf Brnfhrkch, Mlijkl lf kfllf jlgllitl vnf Eìinfg elt soekttlrlfgstl suools tl elmmlf mlennig,tenfs ``h eklr llflf oursus vnf oniikjrnpekl zni `plflf. Zkc elmmlfgl ukth`dstlf jlzklf, wlihl glzl mlhwndl soe``fsoerkcvlr `p ëiåvlsvnf >1 lf >= cnrlf lrinfjt8 zkc zkcf wnnrikch mlw`fglrlfswnnrgkj8 kf>< ` =1 urlf wlrh, jllt ekc nnf elt hkfg, eltwlih f`j fkddlr llfl plf kf enfglf ellt jleng, llfl w`fglrsoe``fl enfg, lf kf =1 ilsslf

vnf llf uur vlrnfglrt ekc jlelli lf ni gkl vnf glf vìwnsslf plrs``f,wlihl gl `fillsmnnrstl enfg soerll. Lr ks jllfl enfg, zlis gl wllr-spnffkjstl, gkl fklt kf wlkfkjl urlf g``r zkcfl dlte`gl gkl zlhlrelkglf mukjznndelkg vlrhrkcjt, wlihl t`t gl rljlidntkjelkg glr ilttlrtlhlfsz`` f``gznhlikch zkcf.

Dlf ellt zkoe v``rn kf tl intlf soerkcvlf mkc gl Ellrlf Brnfs Bufin & S``f, niwnnr Qr`splotus lf R `rwnnrglf tlr kfznjl ikjjlf.>::

R``r niil zlhlrelkg, gkt ks llf ngvlrtlftkl, jllf rlgnotk`flli stuh, gl-jlfl gkl gl ukth`dst jlzklf ellbt ks Dnijrël zlib. @p : dlk h`dt ekc

wlrhlikch kf Ndstlrgnd nnf. Gnt elt eklr fklt z`dnnr `d kldnfg jnnt,dnnr `d gl hniikjrnnb gls H`fkfjs hnf dlf gukglikch nnf gl ngvlrtlftklzklf. Glzl ks kf elt Brnfs jlstlig3

O‛lst nvlo uf vërktnmil pinkskr qul fùs fùs ldprlss`fs g‛nff`f-olr i‛nrrkvël lf olttl Rkiil gl Dr. GL DNJFËL, Oniikjrnpel gl _. D. Jukiinudl KK8 ki ùvrkrn á o`ddlrolr il 2 Dnk, tr`ks oùrs glOniikjrnpekl gl : á ; elurls gu dntkf pùr ils Dlssklurs lt gl dkgká ufl elurl pùr ils Gndls8 ki sl rlfgrn lf Rkiil pùr ufl rlufk`fgl 7 á 2 Qlrs`ffls. Ils pr`jrås ët`ffnfs lt rnpkgls qu‛ki nkt nkrlá sls ëiåvls fùs gksplfslft gl tùt ëi`jls. O‛lst ufl m`ffl `rtufl pùr ils Qlrs`ffls, quk vùgr`ft rë`rdlr ilur ëorkturl, pùr ils Qlrlsgl Bndkiils, lt pùr ils Kfstktutlurs qul il v`ynjl gl olt lxoliilftOniikjrnpel gnfs f`s durs. Fùs lspër`fs qul s`f sëcùr s‛y prì`fjlrnlt qu‛ki fl dnfqulrn pns g‛òonsk`f g‛y rëpnfgrl s`f mlnu tnilft. @fs‛kfsorkt g‛nvnfol oelz i‛Nutlur, E`tli g‛\trloet, `û `f plut prlfgrlo`ffnkssnfol gu pr`splotks lt gls o`fgktk`fs.>:5

>:2 Nijldllf Enfglisming 1;-1?->57=.>:: Nijldllf Enfglisming =?-17->57=.

>:5 Nijldllf Enfglisming 1:-1<->57=.



55 -

Gl oursusslf w`rglf llf suools. @p 5 nujustus h`fgkjt ekc nnf gntekc zkoe jlgw`fjlf zklt `d llf fkluwl slrkl ilsslf `p tl stnrtlf lf `p 7`ht`mlr jllbt ekc gl Ndstlrgnddlrs f`j llf inntstl hnfs `d zkcf oursustl vìjlf. @p ’elrennig lf grkfjlfg nnfz`lh— d`lt ekc ``h ’nnf gl kf-

jlzltlflf vnf nfglrl v``rfndl stlglf— ils jnnf jlvlf3... Elt ks gnf ``h siloets v``r lvlf zllr mlplrhtlf tkcg gnt mlinfjelm-mlfglf zkoe f`j zkcf vlrmikc hufflf tlf futtl dnhlf kf `fzl e``g-stng, vnf wnnr ekc gl tlvrlglfelkg lf glf gnfh zni dlt zkoe grnjlfvnf llf jltni vnf rllgs fu dllr gnf nfglrenib e`fglrg, z`` Gndlsnis Ellrlf, gkl niilf ukt ëëflf d`fg kf elt jltukjlfks kfstlddlf,gnt gl ukth`dstlf vnf zkcfl lvlf zlhlr nis sfli wlrhlfgl illrwkczl gle``jstjlspnfflf vlrwnoetkjlf vlrtrlfilf.>:;

_oeikldnff zni gus lrjlfs tusslf dnnrt lf `ht`mlr gl twkftkj ilsslf

vnf Dnijrël jlvìjg elmmlf. Elt dnj kf llrstl kfstnftkl dlrhwnnrgkjikchlf gnt kldnfg gkl ’lrbrluikoel B`rtsoerkttl— kf soerkcvlf jldnnht engkf Ndstlrgnd mlj`f dlt elt `phfnpplf vnf zkcf enfgsoerkbt, dnnr gntw`rgt wnt dkfglr dlrhwnnrgkj wnffllr dlf mlglfht gnt _oeikldnff`p soe`ì f`j elt ùgl Guktsl, J`tksoel soerkbt jlillrg eng. Gkt soerkbtjlmrukht ekc ``h kf gl mrklb nnf gl zustlrs. Elt ks gus j`lg d`jlikch gnt_oeikldnff mkc Dnijrël jlelli `pfkluw ellbt d`ltlf ilrlf soerkcvlf`dgnt elt soerkbt gnt ekc jlillrg eng fklt kf Ndstlrgnd jlmrukht wlrg.

Mkc gl hniikjrnbkl gkl Dnijrël `fglrwlls d`ltlf wl `vlrkjlfs, nb-jnnfgl `p _oeikldnffs enfgsoerkbt, fklt tl vlli nnf gl ilttlrikchl mltl-

hlfks vnf elt w``rg glfhlf. _oeikldnff ks f``kt llf soe``fsoerkcvlrjlw`rglf. Znffllr wkc zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl d`jlf jli`vlf jkfj

_oeikldnff pns loet nnf gl jnfj fngnt ekc eng ilrlf soerkcvlf. @d tlmljkfflf illrgl ekc o`rrlot Gukts sprlhlf lf soerkcvlf. Rlrvìjlfs illrglekc Flglrinfgs lf gnnrfn Brnfs, Lfjlis, _pnnfs, Ktniknnfs lf Q`rtujlls.>51 @vlr e`l _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd Gukts illrgl zuiilf wl eklr vlrglrdnnr jllf w``rglf vuki dnhlf.

Kf zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl hrkcjlf wl llf wnt uktjlmrlkglr vlrsinj vnfzkcf tnilfstugkls. Eklr mljkft ekc dlt Lfjlis. Ekc `ftwkhhligl gnnrv``r

zlib llf dlte`gl gkl ekc vlrvìjlfs gl rlst vnf zkcf ilvlf zù jlmrukhlf.@d tl mljkfflf d`lt dlf vlli enrg`p ilzlf. Dlf d`lt jllf vlrtnikf-jlf dnhlf lf gnjlikchs llf uur ils fldlf. Dlf d`lt stllgs `pstli-ilf soerkcvlf `vlr kftlrlssnftl `fglrwlrplf lf gkl `fglr ilkgkfj vnfllf ilrnnr vlrmltlrlf. Gkl `pstliilf d`lt dlf vlrvìjlfs ukt elt e``bgilrlf. @d sfli llf j`lgl uktsprnnh tl `ftwkhhlilf jkfj _oeikldnff ―sz`fgnjs twll hllr fnnr gl hlrhgklfst kf gl Lfjlisl hlrh. lrwkci ekc fnnrgl prllh iukstlrgl sprnh ekc lih w``rg znoetcls fn. Znffllr ekc v``r zkcf

>:; Nijldllf Enfglisming 17->1->57=.

>51 Zlmlr >;7=, >1.



5;

mnns m``tsoenpplf d`lst g`lf iklp ekc nitkcg dlt llf stugklm`lh kf glenfg wnnrukt ekc klts illrgl, zlibs nis elt rljlfgl. Ekc wnoettl f``kt `pelt p`sthnft``r z`fglr klts tl ilzlf. @p glzl dnfklr vlrmltlrgl ekc zkcfjlelujlf z` stlrh gnt ekc fn grkl dnnfglf, `p klglrl ils gkl ekc mkc zkcf

ilrnrlf, gl elrlf nyi`r lf e`dps`f, fnd, twkftkj jlgruhtl pnjkfn‛sLfjlis pr`zn ukt zkcf e``bg h`f `pzljjlf, wnffllr ekc gkl grkldnni `p-ilttlfg eng g``rjlilzlf.>5>

Elt jnnt eklr `d gl elrlf Lgwnrg nyi`r>5= lf Cndls e`dps`f.>5? R``r z`vlr kh fn elm hufflf jnnf jnvlf glzl elrlf `fnbenfhlikch vnflihnnr ils. nyi`r pinntstl kf z`wli cnfunrk nis `ht`mlr lf gloldmlr >57=ngvlrtlftkls kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming 3

LFJLI_OEL NNI

N[I@]_ ILL]ZKCSL

Elt `rkjkflli vnf glf vìjlfglf Mrkl mlvkfgt zkoe kf elt mlzkt vnf L.nyi`r, @.S. Noetlrmurjwni, mkc gl E``jstrnnt, F`. >;?.

’_kr. - K onff`t rlbrnkf br`d lxprlsskfj dy tenfhs b`r yùr lx-oliilft dlte`g `b tlnoekfj, wekoe ens, kf n blw d`fte, lfnmilgdl t` splnh tel Lfjikse Infjunjl wkte tìlrnmil ulfoy, nfg t`wrktl wkte bnokikty `f nfy sumclot, t` tel nst`fksedlft `b nii te`slwe` hf`w, tent skx d`ftes nj`, K gkg f`t ufglrstnfg n w`rg `bLfjikse—

Ndstlrgnd, = F`v. >57= E-_-

Rlrglrl nnfprkczkfj zù `vlrm`gkj zkcf!

@p Dnnfgnj, glf >;glf Gloldmlr, w`rgt llfl fkluwl Hinssl, v``rLlrstmljkfflfglf, jl`plfg. R``rwnnrglf 2 v``r =1 Ilsslf.>57

>5> _oeikldnff >5;=, >7. Kf _oeikldnff >55>, >1 w`rgt niillf nyi`r vlrdlig. Dlylrs Jr`Ðls H`fvlrsntk`fs-Ilxkh`f >;1; ’... gkl lmlfbniis sler jutl, ùmlrenupt

glr fntùrikoelf _prnoelrilrfufj ltwns dler nfjljikoelfl Dlte`gl _oeikldnff(bùr Lfjiksoe, Brnfzòsksoe, Ktniklfksoe, _pnfksoe), gkl mls`fglrs nuoe kf gkni`jk-soelr B`rd gkl Enuptjlmkltl gls d`glrflf Ilmlfs, wkl Bndkikl ufg Enus, _tngt

ufg Infg, _oeuil ufg Dkiktçr, liljrnpe ufg lilpe`f lto., systldntksoe lròrtlrt,guroe dòjikoestl Rnrkklrufj glr Brnjlf ufg Nftw`rtlf soerkbtikoel ùmufjlf lft-mlerikoe zu dnoelf suoet ufg flulrgkfjs guroe Mlkjnml v`f Jrndd`pe`fpinttlfnuoe gkl rkoetkjl Nusprnoel kf mkselr ufjlneftlr Zlksl bòrglrt.—

>5= Nijldllf Enfglisming >=-15->52?. ’Elglf `vlrillg fn llf h`rt gòe elvkjl `f-jlstligelkg kf glf ùglrg`d vnf 21 cnrlf, dkcf jliklbgl Loetjlf``t, gl EllrLgwnrg nyi`r Qnrhkfs, gklp mltrlurg g``r dkc, zkcfl llfkjl Gòetlr lf vlrglrlMltrlhhkfjlf

Ndstlrgnd, 5 Nujustus >52?. L.D. Jnrokn - Zlg. L. nyi`r.—>5? Nijldllf Enfglisming >;-1:->55;. ’Elglf `vlrillg tl Mruddlf, t`t `fzl gklpl

gr`lbelkg, `fzl jliklbgl Rnglr, Mleuwg- lf Jr``tvnglr Cndls e`ds`f, ùg-Illrnnr kf gl Lfjlisoel tnni tl Ndstlrgnd.

\kt niilr fnnd E@s. J. e`ds`f - Ndstlrgnd, >: Cuik >55;.—

>57 Nijldllf Enfglisming >7->=->57=.



;1 -

Lr zkcf uktlrnnrg llf jr``t nnftni fndlf gkl gl kfktknilf E._. v`rdlf,dnnr elt ks fklt `fnnffldlikch gnt zl eklr v``r Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffstnnf. Znffllr gkt wnnr ks lf elt Lfjlis kf glzl ngvlrtlftkl vnf eld ks,gnf ellbt ekc kfglrgnng kf llf enib cnnr `pvniilfg j`lg Lfjlis jlillrg.

Znffllr wl fnnr gl ngvlrtlftkl hkchlf gkl nyi`r `p =2 slptldmlr kfelt Nijldllf Enfglisming pinntstl gnf zklf wl gnt ekc twll hllr plr cnnrllf oursus stnrttl, kf dlk lf kf `ht`mlr.>5< Znnrsoekcfikch ks _oeikldnffgus kf dlk >57= dlt zkcf oursus Lfjlis mkc nyi`r mlj`fflf. Znt’nyi`rs illrwkczl— prlokls kfe`ugt lf kf e`lvlrrl gkl dlt gl dlte`gl_oeikldnff tl vlrjlikchlf ks elm kh elinns fklt hufflf `ftglhhlf.

Gl llrstl ngvlrtlftkl gkl kh vnf Cndls e`ds`f jlv`fglf elm ks vnf2 nprki >5?5. Kfb`rdntklvlr ks v``r `fs llf ngvlrtlftkl vnf =< `ht`mlr>57>3

NR@FG O\]_\_ - LFJLI_OEL NNI

Gl @fglrjltllhlfgl mlrkjt elt jlèlrgl Qumiklh glzlr _tng, gnt ekc

v``rfldlfs ks zkcf ZKFL] O\]_\_ tlf zkcflf eukzl tl `plflf,dlt prkd` F`vldmlr, lf wli v``r C@FJL ELL]LF klglrl Dnnfgnjlf G`fglrgnj, vnf 5 t`t >1 url, lf v``r C@FJL C\BR]@\ZLFklglrlf Gkfsgnj lf Rrkcgnj, vnf 2 t`t 5 url8v``r lihl Oursus < plr dnnfg Grklh`fkfjsstrnnt, F`. >:. CNDL_ E@D_@F @fglrwkczlr glr Lfjlisoel Gknh`fkl _oe``i.>52

>5< Nijldllf Enfglisming =2-1;->57=.

>52 Nijldllf Enfglisming =<->1->57>.

Gkt ks vlrd`lglikch gl llrstl jlpumikollrgl tlhst vnf _oeikldnff.



;>

Kf >57? ellbt ekc fklt jlngvlrtllrg, dnnr lr zkcf jllf nnfwkczkfjlf gntekc t`lf jllf ils jnb.

Kh innt eklr lvlf gl oer`fì`jkl vnf _oeikldnffs ilvlf i`s d tl zklfwnt gl ellr ]uytlr ukt Z`lrglf kf >;== `vlr m`vlfjlf`ldgl jlmlurtl-

fks tl vlrtliilf eng3lr nnfvuiikfj vnf uw dlglgllikfj mltrlfilfgl elt vlrmikc vnfElkfrkoe _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd, glli kh u elt vìjlfgl dlgl,gnt kh `fjlvllr <1 cnnr jlilglf plrs``fikch vnf glf ellr CndlsW`ds`f, illrnnr kf gl Lfjlisoel tnni lf ilttlrhufgl tl Ndstlrgnd,elm vlrf`dlf.

Fngnt _oeikldnff mkc lxli soekpmrluh eng jlilglf, vlrv`ljgl ekczkoe tl Ndstlrgnd mkc glf o`fsui vnf Qrukslf, gkl eld nis i``pc`f- jlf kf gklfst fnd. S`` sp`lgkj d`jlikch mlj`f ekc zkoe `p gl hlffks

vnf vrlldgl tnilf t`l tl iljjlf lf wlfggl zkoe t`t glf ellr W`ds`f`d ilkgkfj mkc gl stugkl kf elt Lfjlisoe. Ekc v`ljgl lr loetlr mkc, gntekc fklt vlli mltnilf h`f. Gl ellr W`ds`f wns t`lf illrnnr nnf glEnfglissoe`ì tl Ndstlrgnd, wlihl glstkcgs gl llfkjl kfrkoetkfj vnfgklf nnrg kf fs infg wns lf lvlf nis intlr kf gl enfglishrkfjlf vnf gle``gstng zllr jufstkj st`fg nnfjlsoerlvlf. Elt ks gus tl mljrkcplf, gntgl ellr W`ds`f, vnf wklfs fnnd nis gòlft llf j`lglf r`lp uktjkfj,fklt ikoet llf uur v``r llf fkluwlf illrikfj mlsoekhmnnr h`f stliilflf gnt ekc glf c`fjlf _oeikldnff dlt llf ’K‛vl f` tkdl!— p``jgl n tlwkczlf. Dnnr _oeikldnff iklt zkoe fklt ukt elt vlig sinnf. Ekc h`f wlih`dlf `p urlf, wnnr`p nfglrlf jllf ils wkiglf fldlf.

@p zkcf nnfgrkfjlf zlk gl ellr W`ds`f tlf inntstl3 ’H`f gnf d`r- jlfòetlfg `d 2 uur.— ―t Zns kf ―t enrtcl vnf Gloldmlr lf mkttlr hùglf Ndstlrgnd ks p gnt uur jlw``fikch f`j kf gklpl rust. @`h dllfglgl ellr W`ds`f, gnt _oeikldnff wli fklt p glf njlspr`hlf tkcg nnf-wlzkj zù zkcf. Elt tljlfglli wns loetlr elt jlvni. @d < dkfutlf v``r2 iklp _oeikldnff rllgs ellf lf wllr p glf Fkluwlzkcgs R``rmurjwnimkc gl Qkcistllj, kf gl muurt, wnnr gl murllilf vnf elt ’Enfglisming—lf intlr gkl vnf elt ’Fkluws vnf glf Gnj— jlvlstkjg wnrlf, lf t`lf glhi`h vnf elt H`fkfhikch Qnilks p glf Gnd glf llrstlf sinj vnf 2 gllge``rlf, mligl _oeikldnff mkc zkcf illrdllstlr nnf ...>5:

Kf llrstl kfstnftkl ikcht elt nis`b gkt vlrsinj vnf llf vlrenni gnt gl soerkc-vlr ukt gl llrstl enfg vlrf`dlf ellbt nis mlvlstkjkfj v``r _oeikldnffsvlrenni zù hufflf gklflf. Lr zkttlf loetlr llf jr``t nnftni dlrh-wnnrgkjelglf kf. Znnr`d wnoettl _oeikldnff `p gl FkluwlzkcgsR``rmurjwni tlrwkci e`ds`f p gl @uglzkcgs Noetlrmurjwni w``fgl0Gl twll strntlf ikchlf qun fnnd `p lihnnr, dnnr ikjjlf tòe vlr jlf`ljukt lihnnr gnt dlf zkoe fklt d`lt vlrjksslf nis dlf `p tkcg d`lt zkcf.

>5: Elt Olftrud >:-1>->;==. @vlrjlf`dlf ukt gl FXkluwlT ]X`ttlrgndslT OXùrnfTt.

Kh elm elt ``rspr`fhlikchl nrtkhli fklt hufflf vkfglf.



;= -

Rlrd`lglikch wns elt vlrenni `vlr _oeikldnff kf gl vkcbtkj cnnr gnt eltkf elt jlelujlf vnf ellr ]uytlr znt llf lkjlf ilvlf jnnf ilkglf, z`gntblkt lf bkotkl g``r lihnnr zkcf jnnf i`plf lf lr jllf lfhlil zlhlrelkg ml-stnnt `vlr wlih `fglrglli cukst lf wlih fklt cukst ks.

Mkc zkcf stugkl vnf elt Lfjlis dnnhtl _oeikldnff jlmrukh vnf twllm`lhlf, @ikvlr Jìgsdkte‛s (>:?1->::7) el Rkonr ` Znhlklig lf _kr Znitlr _o`tt‛s (>::>->5?=) Kvnfe`l . Llf jlgllitl ukt gkt llrstl m`lhd`lt _oeikldnff mlhlfg v``rjlh`dlf zkcf3

nhl dy ngvkol. Dy sekp snkis t`-d`rr`w `r Ndstlrgnd8 Znt k yù j` kf elr ns n pnsslfjlr0 Wl d`dlft yù infg nii yù envl t` g` kst` tlnoe tel Gutoedlf Lfjikse, nfg K‛ii wnrrnft yù‛ii jlt pupkis nfgd`fly lfùje. K supp`sl yù ufglrstnfg Lfjikse, ngglg el, my tekstkdl, `r tel gluol ks kf kt. K o`fglftiy nssurlg ekd ` tent8 mut lx- prlsslg n gùmt weltelr tel Gutoe wùig ml wkiikfj t` ilnrf Lfjikse.

El nrdlg wkte nf `nte tent tely wlrl `fg ` kt t` gkstrnotk`f8 nfgup`f tent nrdntk`f K njrllg wkte eks pr`p`sni, nfg ldmnrhlg telflxt gny t` tlnoe tel Gutoe Lfjikse kf Eìinfg. Wl wkfg wns nkr,ùr v`ynjl se`rt, nfg ntlr envkfj pnkg dy pnssnjl wkte eni dy d`vl-mils, K ùfg dysli, niilf ns r`d tel shkls, n strnfjlr kf `fl ` tel prkfokpni strllts ` Ndstlrgnd. Kf teks sktuntk`f K wns ufwkiikfj t` iltnfy tkdl pnss ufldpi`ylg kf tlnoekfj. K nggrlsslg dysli telrl`rl t`tw` `r terll ` te`sl K dlt, we`sl npplnrnfol slldlg d`st pr`dkskfj8mut kt wns kdp`sskmil t` dnhl ùrslivls dutuniiy ufglrst``g. Kt wnsf`t tkii teks vlry d`dlft K rloìilotlg, tent kf rglr t` tlnoe GutoedlfLfjikse, kt wns flolssnry tent tely seùig rst tlnoe dl Gutoe.>55

Elt ks v``rstlimnnr gnt elt ukt elt e``bg ilrlf vnf glzl zkfflf mkcgrnnjtnnf gl hlffks gkl llf znhlfdnf f`gkj ellbt `d dlt llf Lfjlisdnf vnfjlgnoetlf tl wksslilf `vlr klts wnt ekc wki h`plf `b vlrh`plf. Dlt llfnnftni jlgllitlf ukt Kvnfe`l ikjt gnt loetlr jlelli nfglrs. @d zkcf ekst`-rksoel vlrtliikfj wnt `vlrtukjlfglr tl dnhlf iklt _o`tt zkcf bkjurlf dltlfkjl rljlidnnt llf s``rt Likznmltenf Lfjikse>5; sprlhlf3

K e`pl, _kr Hfkjet,‛ snkg tel elrdkt, teù enst jkvlf f` j``g rlns`f `rtey surfndl tel _iujjnrg. K g` pr`dksl tell K susplot tell jrklvùsiy.

Flvlrtelilss, teù nrt dy julst, nfg K wkii f`t put tey dnfe``g t` tel pr`` wkteùt tekfl `wf rll wkii.>;1

>55 Jìgsdkte >5><, >?;.>5; ûllf Likznmlte K ( ><??->21?).

>;1 X_oe`ttT >577, 5?.



;?

`lf _oeikldnff fn llf enib cnnr elt Lfjlis vìg`lfgl mlellrstl jkfjekc `vlr `p gl stugkl vnf elt Brnfs. `lf ekc ``h glzl tnni `fglr glhfkl eng vìjglf _pnnfs, Ktniknnfs, Q`rtujlls lf uktlkfglikch ]ussksoe.Fnnrdntl ekc dllr tnilf illrgl jkfj elt stllgs sfliilr.>;>

>;> ]`mkfs`f =11=, >:->5. ’Rlry s``f, kt wns `mvkùs tent Dkoenli XRlftrksT eng nfufusuni binkr b`r infjunjls. Kf nguit ikbl, el wùig ilnrf Lur`plnf infjunjls kf ndnttlr `b wllhs nfg d`fte8 tel d`rl infjunjls el sp`hl, el `fol tìg n brklfg,

tel lnsklr kt mlondl t` pkoh up n flw `fl.—



;7 -

>=. Gnt kh ``kt elt jliuh dnjsdnhlf `d Jrklhs tl ilrlf

Elt e``bgteldn vnf _oeikldnffs `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl ks zkcf f``ktnbintlfgl iklbgl v``r E`dlrus lf gklfs eliglf. Gkt wns fklt niillf eltteldn vnf zkcf clujg, dnnr ``h kf zkcf zwnrtstl gnjlf kf Bùrstlfmlrjeklig elt eld, nis wl zkcf nut`mk`jrnbkl d`jlf jli`vlf, `p gl mllf._oeikldnff jllbt `fs eklr gl prnoetkjl dltnb``r vnf gl gr`fhlf dìl-fnnrsillrikfj. Glzl eng, flt nis _oeikldnff, zkcf jydfnskud fklt huf-

flf vìt``klf. Gnt eng eld vlrmkttlrg jldnnht lf gnnrg``r wns ekcnnf gl grnfh jlrnnht. @fgnfhs gkt niils eng ekc E`dlrus loetlr fkltvlrjltlf. @p llf nv`fg hwnd ekc mkc _oeikldnff kf gl wkfhli `d llfjins mrnfglwkcf tl grkfhlf. @b ekc lr ni llrglr wnt jlgr`fhlf eng vlr-tlit _oeikldnff fklt, dnnr gl v``rdnikjl jydfnsknst sonfgllrgl dltniil pnte`s gkl d`jlikch ks llf e`fglrgtni rljlis vnf gl jr`tl gkoetlr.E`lwli ekc lr fklts vnf vlrst`fg dnnhtlf glzl dli`gksoel zkfflf llfjr`tl kfgruh `p _oeikldnff. Ekc eukigl eltl trnflf `d gl `fjliuhhkjlsktuntkl wnnrkf ekc zkoe mlv`fg lf mlstllggl gl pnnr ’Qblffkjl—, gkl zkcfelil mlzkt uktdnnhtlf, nnf jinzlf mrnfglwkcf v``r glzl dìlfnnrsillr-

ikfj, p v``rwnnrgl gnt ekc glzl zkfflf f`j llfs gloindllrgl. Rnfnb gnt`jlfmikh nb gllg _oeikldnff fklts nfglrs gnf t`t j`g mkgglf dlt eltvlrz`lh `d ``kt gl jlfngl tl d`jlf sdnhlf `d glzl tnni tl ilrlf.>;=

Elt ks dlt gkt vlrenni flt nis dlt gl dllstl d``kl vlrenilf, elt zùwnnr hufflf zkcf, dnnr gl hnfs ks jr`tlr gnt elt fklt wnnr ks. Elt blkt gnt_oeikldnff gl dìlfnnrsillrikfj mkc fnnd f`ldt ks jllf lfhlil jnrnf-tkl. Ekc zù mlsikst fklt gl llrstl zkcf gkl llf wlrhlikch mlstnnfg plrs``fkf llf bkotklvl jlmlurtlfks `pflldt. Znnr wl wli wnt dllr `vlr huf-flf zljjlf ks zkcf iklbgl v``r E`dlrus lf gklfs eliglf. Elmmlf glzleld loet skfgs zkcf vr`ljstl clujg tlrzkcgl jlstnnf0 Znrlf zl mkc eld

t`lf ekc kf Ndstlrgnd zkcf tnilf illrgl0 Kf elt jlgllitl gnt ekc kf zkcf`bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl nnf Ndstlrgnd wkcgt w`rgt dlt jllf w``rg vlrJrklhs jlspr`hlf. Dnnr cn wnt zù llf nnfh`dlfg znhlfdnf ``h dltùg Jrklhs d`ltlf, fkluw Jrklhs zù f`j llf bufotkl hufflf elmmlf,ni wns gkt infg t`lftlrtkcg f`j ëëf vnf gl dllr noetlrjlmilvlf jlmklglfvnf Lur`pn.>;?

>;= _oeikldnff >5;=, >1.

>;? Gkt infg wns pns kf >5=; `fnbenfhlikch jlw`rglf.



;<

Zl elmmlf loetlr llf nnfwkczkfj gnt _oeikldnff kf glzl gnjlf el-ildnni fklt nnf gl E`dlrksoel eliglf gnoet. Llf vnf gl m`lhlf gkl ekcjlmrukhtl `d Brnfs tl ilrlf wns vnf Brnfo`ks gl _nikjfno gl in D`telBëfëi`f‛s (>2<>->:><) Nvlfturls gl ëiëdnqul ukt >2;;.>;7 Bëfëi`f eklig

zkoe jlgurlfgl zkcf ilvlf e``bgznhlikch mlzkj dlt elt `fglrgruhhlfvnf eujlf`tlf, dnnr ekc soekcft llf dkfglr jr``t r`ynikst jlwllst tlzkcf gnf dlf `p jr`fg vnf glzl mlzkjelkg zù vlrwnoetlf. Skcf nv`f-turlf vnf lildnj`s wnrlf llf vlrm`rjlf hrktklh `p I`glwkch gl UKR.Qns fn zkcf g``g, kf >:>:, vlrsoellf elt m`lh v``r elt llrst kftljrnni.@fjlnoet zkcf pìktklhl m``tsoenp wlrg elt llf kftlrfntk`fnil mlstsli-ilr lf vlrtnnig kf fnjlf`lj niil Lur`plsl tnilf. Elt e`lbt `fs gnf ``hfklt tl vlrmnzlf gnt _oeikldnff eltzlibgl m`lh kf ]ussksoel vlrtnikfjjlmrukhtl t`lf ekc ]ussksoel illrgl.

lildnoe`s wns gl z``f vnf @gysslus lf ks nis z`gnfkj mlhlfg mkc

klglrllf gkl gl @gyssll llf wnrd enrt t`lgrnnjt. @d tl hkchlf e`lgukglikch gl e`dlrksoel vlrmkfgkfj ikjt hkchlf wl lvlf fnnr elt mljkfvnf gkt m`lh3

Oniyps` fl pùvnkt sl o`fsìlr gu gëpnrt g‛\iyssl. Gnf sn gùilur, liilsl trùvnkt dnielurlusl g‛ãtrl kdd`rtliil. _n jr`ttl fl rës`ffnkt piusgu gùx s`f gl sn v`kx. Ils fydpels quk in slrvnklft f‛`snklft iuk pnr-ilr. Liil sl pr`dlfnkt sùvlft sluil sur ils jnz`fs lurks, g`ft uf prkf-tldps ëtlrfli m`rgnkt s`f æil. Dnks ols mlnux iklux, i`kf gl d`gllrlr sn

>;7 _oeikldnff >5;=, ><.



;2 -

gùilur, fl nksnklft qul iuk rnpplilr il trkstl sùvlfkr g‛\iyssl, qu‛liil y nvnkt vu tnft gl `ks nuprås g‛liil. _ùvlft liil gldlurnkt kdd`mkilsur il rkvnjl gl in dlr, qu‛liil nrr`snkt gl sls inrdls, lt liil ëtnkt snfsolssl tùrfël vlrs in o÷tl û il vnksslnu g‛\iyssl, lfgnft ils fgls, nvnkt

gkspnru á sls ylux.

>;<

Lf z` mljkft elt m`lh dlt Oniyps` gkl trlurt `d elt vlrtrlh vnf@gysslus. Llf fklt tl dksslf vlrwkczkfj fnnr llf vnf zkcf eliglf lftòe zljt _oeikldnff lr fklts `vlr. Gkt ks lxtrn `pvniilfg `dgnt elt_oeikldnff zlibs dlt tlrujwlrhlfgl hrnoet fklt `pjlvniilf ks gnt ekceklr gl kglnil d`jlikchelkg eng `d ``h kf gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf zkcf il-vlf kf Ndstlrgnd llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt gl e`dlrksoel eliglf tl iljjlf.@dgnt ekc glzl vlrmkfgkfj kf >551 `vlr elt e``bg znj hufflf wl lrwli vnfukt jnnf gnt ekc glzl vlrmkfgkfj kf >57= lf >57? ``h fklt jlzklf

ellbt.Rnf llf vlrinfjlf d Jrklhs tl hufflf ilrlf soekcft ekc kf Ndstlrgndjllf inst jleng tl elmmlf.

>;< Bëfëi`f 0, <-2.



;:

>?. M.E. _oeròglr & O`.

Elt llrstl Ndstlrgndsl enfgliseuks gnt _oeikldnff tl zklf hrllj wnsgl bkrdn E`ynoh & O`. Gkt wns llf dkgglijr`tl bkrdn. Elt mllig gnt_oeikldnff vnf glzl bkrdn nnf zkcf zustlrs jnb wns gukglikch vlrtlhlfg.Ekc stligl gl znhlf nnfzklfikch jr`tlr v``r gnf zl wnrlf. @fgnfhs gntjllbt ekc loetlr wli llf nnrgkj mllig vnf e`l lr kf glzl enfgliseukzlfjlwlrht wlrg. Dlf mlj`f ―s òetlfgs `d tklf uur. Gl mnzlf vlrsoel-flf loetlr pns `d lib uur. Rlrvìjlfs soerllb dlf t`t grkl uur wnnrfndlf fnnr gl mlurs jkfj. Glzl si``t `d vklr uur. @d vkcb uur jkfj dlf

dkggnjltlf lf `d enib zls wns dlf gnf wllr `p hnft``r wnnr dlfg``rwlrhtl t`t noet uur. ―s Z`lfsgnj lf ―s S`fgnjs w`rgt elt hnft``r ―sdkggnjs, gnt ks vnf enib zls t`t noet, jlsi`tlf. Dlf enfglit mkc E`ynoh& O`. kf jrnnf lf g`lt mnfhznhlf, dnnr nis gl dnrht jufstkj ks enfglitdlf ``h kf hì`fknil wnrlf, kf elt mkcz`fglr kfgkj`.>;2

Gl vìjlfgl bkrdn gkl _oeikldnff f`ldt, gl llrstl bkrdn wnnr ekcwlrhlikch wlrhtl, ks B.O. ûklf. Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil mk`jrnbkl d`lst ekcv``r elf kf gl stng wksslis intlf stldplilf lf kfonsslrlf `b mrklvlf fnnrgl p`st mrlfjlf `b `penilf. >;:

Brlglrko Oenrils ûklf wns kf >:51 kf Ndstlrgnd jlm`rlf. Skcf

vnglr mlznt llf nnftni soelplf lf dnnhtl zkcf b`rtukf dlt gl enfgli `pKfgkè. Kf >:;5 hrllj B.O. ûklf llf mnnf mkc gl Bkrdn _oer`lglr. Kf>517 wlrg ekc gl dnfnjlr vnf glzl bkrdn lf kf >5>> gl lkjlfnnr. Rnfnbgkt d`dlft ellt glzl bkrdn fnnr eld, B.O. ûklf. Kf >571 hwndlf ``hzkcf z``f Onri Brlgrko lf zkcf mr`lr Jl`rj mkc glzl bkrdn wlrhlf. Lfkjl

cnrlf intlr wlrglf mlkglf pnrtflrs. Dlf enfgligl kf z` `fjlvllr niilswnnrkf dnnr jlenfglig h`f w`rglf. Kf llf prkcsikcst ukt >5?; w`rglf glvìjlfgl pr`guotlf jldlig3 hnt`lf, kfgkj`, vlrbeùt, enrs, dltnni, h`b-bkl, sukhlr, rkcst, hrukglf, f``tdushnnt, plplr, tkf r`zkcflf, ndnfglilf,vkcjlf, vksìkl, ns, illr, eukglf, tnmnh, onon` lf znglf.>;5 Elt jkfj elf

v``r gl wkfg. Kf >571 engglf zl llf hnpktnni vnf 711.111 juiglf. Kf>5<? wns gkt nnfjljr`lkg t`t 511.111 juiglf. Fnnr elt zkoe nnf innt zklfwns _oeikldnffs hlffks vnf gl bndkiklmltrlhhkfjlf mkfflf gl bndkiklûklf fklt dllr gnf pplrvinhhkj. Kf llf f``t mkc zkcf bbkokèil nut`mk`-

>;2 Dlylr >;<?. ?1-?>.>;: _oeikldnff >5;=, >?.

>;5 ûklf >;?;, :;.



;5 -

jrnbkl dlrhtl ekc `p gnt B.O. ûklf fklt dllr illbt dnnr gnt gklfs twllz`flf, Oenrils lf Jl`rjl uklf, gkl kf >57= t`lf _oeikldnff lr hwndni pnrtflrs wnrlf, f`j stllgs ilvlf.>;;

_oeikldnff wlht gl kfgruh gnt ekc i``pc`fjlf wns mkc glzl bkrdn.

Gkt ks fklt jlelli jli``bwnnrgkj, zkcf sninrks wns lr, `d dnnr klts tlzljjlf, vlli tl e``j v``r. M`vlfgklf wns ekc ``h ni tl ùg v``r llfglrjlikchl mltrlhhkfj. I``pc`fjlf wnrlf kf gkl tkcg wlrhlikch c`fjlfs.M`vlfgklf fnd dlf zl siloets e``jstzliglf kf gklfst. @vlr elt nijl-dllf pkhtl dlf zl vnf gl strnnt wnffllr dlf zl f`gkj eng lf ml-tnnigl dlf zl zìnfj dlf wlrh v``r zl eng. Elt wlrh gnt _oeikldnff`pf`ldt, wksslis kfflf lf fnnr gl p`st jnnf wns ``h dllr elt wlrhvnf gl illrikfjlf. Eklr hufflf wl `pfkluw zklf gnt _oeikldnff j`lglvrklfglf eng. Elt ks fnuwlikchs nnffldlikch gnt wlih enfgliseuks kf

Ndstlrgnd gnf ``h llf t`tnni `fmlhlfgl Guktsl c`fjlf `p zù grnjlf

`d wksslis v``r elf tl kfflf. Gkt iklt dlf f`rdnnijlspr`hlf g`lf g``rdlfslf gkl euf i`yniktlkt nnf gl znnh mlwlzlf engglf, dlfslf wnnr-vnf dlf zlhlr wkst gnt zl lr fklt dlt elt g``r elf jlàfgl jlig vnfg``rzùglf jnnf. _oeikldnffs rlblrlftkls d`ltlf gus z` j`lg jlwllst zkcfgnt gl bkrdn B.O. ûklf lrvnf uktjkfj gnt lr fklts dks h`f jnnf. Elinns`ftmrlhlf ``h eklr gl mr`fflf `d dlt zlhlrelkg tl hufflf zljjlfwnt _oeikldnff prlokls gllg mkc glzl bkrdn. Fnnr lkjlf zljjlf wkigl ekcloetlr dllr lf h`f ekc zkcf mnzlf lr fklt vnf `vlrtukjlf gnt zl eld gntd`lstlf intlf g`lf. Gkl v`fglf gnt ekc zkcf wlrh nis hnft``rmlgklfglfklt fnnr mle`rlf vlrrkoettl lf v``r llf e`jlrl bufotkl gus elildnni

fklt zù glujlf.=11

@b ekc wlrhlikch zkcf wlrh fklt fnnr mle`rlf gllg ks gl vrnnj wnf-fllr dlf zklt gnt ekc mkc zkcf vìjlfgl mnns `fdkggliikch dlt llf e`jlrsninrks hnf mljkfflf. _oeikldnff soerllb zlib zkcf ’dksiuhhlf— t`l nnfelt blkt gnt ekc o`fstnft nnf elt stuglrlf wns lf zlibs nitkcg ilzlfg p eltp`sthnft``r kf gl wnoetrkc st`fg. Gkt hwnd v``rt ukt elt jljlvlf gntniils kf gkt jlgllitl vnf zkcf bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl kf elt tlhlf vnf ilrlfstnnt. Elt ks gnnrg``r, mkc jlmrlh nnf nfglrl mr`fflf, d`lkikch vnst tlstliilf `b ekc wlrhlikch llf siloetl hnft``rmlgklfgl wns `b gnt gkt `pjl-v`lrg w`rgt `d elt teldn vnf gkt jlgllitl vnf zkcf vlrenni tl vlrstlr-

hlf. Nnfjlzklf ekc gkt hllr euip hrllj vnf llf znhlfdnf ukt Mrldlf, C.E. Mniinub, lf llf mnfhgkrlotlur ukt Dnffelkd, Iùks _tìi.=1> ks eltnnffldlikchlr gnt ekc j`lg wns kf zkcf wlrh gnf gnt ekc lr llf p`tcl vnfdnnhtl. G``r vnf mnnf tl wksslilf stkcjt zkcf sninrks vnf 711 fnnr 211juiglf. Lf gnnr elmmlf wl gnf elt prnoetkjl vlrenni vnf ëëf mnns gklglfht gnt _oeikldnff lr gl hnftcls vnfnb i``pt lf llf nfglr gkl mikc ksgnt ekc eld hnf hrkcjlf.

>;; _oeikldnff >55>, ;, f``t ;.=11 _oeikldnff >5;=, ><.

=1> _oeikldnff >5;=, >< lf _tìi >;<5, ?>< lf ?>:.



;;

Gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr lf O`. wns vlli jr`tlr gnf gl Bkrdn‛s vnfE`ynoh & O`. lf gl B.O. ûklf. _oeròglr wns `fglrglli vnf wnt wlfu llf duitkfntk`fni zùglf f`ldlf. Elt _oeròglr-kdplrkud wns kf>:?1 jlstkoet g``r Nft`f _oeròglr kf ûnhlfmrùoh. Gl znnh mi`lkgllf ekc wlrg llf mlinfjrkch dnf kf gkt pinntscl. Ekc eng vkcb z`flf lf grkl

gòetlrs. Gl dllrglrelkg vnf gl z`flf stnptl kf vnglrs v`ltstnpplf,dnnr zl glglf gnt niildnni kf llf nfglrl pinnts. @dgnt wl eklr fklt gljlsoeklglfks vnf gl _oeròglrs mlsprlhlf hkchlf wl eklr niillf viuoetkjfnnr Oerkstknf Dnttekns _oeròglr. Glzl mlj`f kf >:2= sndlf dlt zkcfmr`lr Cènf Brklgrkoe gl bkrdn Dnttekns _oeròglr & O`. kf Endmurj.Ekc eng noet hkfglrlf wnnrvnf vklr z`flf ``h gl enfgli kf jkfjlf3

Oerkstknf Dnttekns KK wlrg pnrtflr kf zkcf vnglrs znnh kfEndmurj.

Nfte`f Gklgrkoe wlrg ``h llf pnrtflr kf zkcf vnglrs znnh kfEndmurj.

•

•

M.E. _oeròglr & O` ‟ Ellrlfjrnoet =52 .



>11 -

Cènf Brklgrkoe stkoettl gl C.B. _oeròglr & O`. kf I`fg`f.Elrdnff Lfjlimlrt stkoettl E.L. _oeròglr & O`. kf _t. Qltlrsmurj.Gkt wlrg intlr Nilx Dnes & O`.

Cènf Elkfrkoe (Cèf Elfry) wlrg pnrtflr mkc C.B. _oeròglr kf

I`fglf. Kf >5>5 stkoettl ekc gl C. Elfry _oeròglr & O`. kf I`fglf,kf >5>; gl C.E. _oeròglr & O`. kf Endmurj lf kf >5?; gl C.E._oeròglr & O`. kf Ikvlrp`ì. Kf >5=2 nssòkllrgl ekc zkoe kf zkcfEndmurjsl bkrdn dlt gl mr`lr vnf zkcf vrùw. Glzl bkrdn ellt vnf-nb gkt d`dlft _oeròglr, Dnes & O`. Kf >57= wlrg c`fjlrl mr`lrvnf zkcf zwnjlr, Fkhìnnus Dnes, llf pnrtflr kf C.E. _oeròglr &O`. kf Ikvlrp`ì.Jl`rj Zkielid stkoettl gl J.Z. _oeròglr & O`. kf ]kjn.=1=

Lf gkt ks gnf f`j dnnr llf tnh vnf glzl bndkikl. M.E. _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd mle``rgl t`t llf nfglrl tnh. Kh elm v``rni m`vlfstnnfgl tnhnis v``rmllig jlf`dlf `d gukglikch tl dnhlf gnt gl bkrdn _oeròglr/Dnes, kf tljlfstliikfj t`t wnt _oeikldnff intlr vlrtligl, `h kf ]usinfgnnfwlzkj wns. Nis gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. znhlf dlt ]usinfg wkiglg`lf gnf h`f dlf llfvùgkj o`ftnot `pfldlf dlt Nilx Dnes & O`.

Kf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl vlrtlit _oeikldnff fklts `vlr zkcf onr-rkårl mkc gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. Kf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrn-bkl gnnrlftljlf hrkcjlf wl llf ji`rklus vlrenni. S` ji`rklus gnt wl `fshufflf nbvrnjlf `b elt wli wnnr ks. Ekc hwnd nis kldnfg gkl f`j d`lstilrlf soerkcvlf, dnnr t`lf ekc gnt llfdnni h`f millh ekc jlwligkj tl zkcf.Ekc dnnhtl `fjlvllr klglrl dnnfg pr`d`tkl lf wns mkfflf twll cnnrllrstl hilrh dlt vkcbtklf hilrhlf `fglr zkoe.=1?

@d llf kfgruh tl hrkcjlf vnf wnt _oeikldnffs bufotkl mkc glzlbkrdn wns hkchlf wl wllr fnnr zkcf sninrks. Ekc mlj`f dlt >=11 brnfhlf hrllj ni sfli llf vlre`jkfj vnf 511 brnfh. Nnf elt lkfg vnf >577eng ekc gus llf kfh`dlf vnf =111 brnfh `btlwli >111 juiglf plr cnnr.Elinns hlfflf wl gl sninrksstruotuur vnf gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`.kf Ndstlrgnd fklt, dnnr elt ks nnffldlikch gnt euf hnft``r dkf `bdllr elt zlibgl jl`rjnfksllrg wns nis gnt vnf C. Elfry _oeròglr & O`.kf I`fglf. Eklrvnf ks gl sninrksstruotuur wli mlhlfg. Znffllr wl fu

_oeikldnffs Ndstlrgndsl sninrks `drlhlflf, gnf zù ekc £5> vlrgklfgelmmlf. Kf >5<> vlrgklfgl dlf elt vìjlfgl kf I`fglf3

cufk`rs £:?ilgjlr oilrhs £>=7o`rrlsp`fglfol oilrhs £>;?=17

=1= ]`mlrts >;;=, >?. Skl ``h _oeròglr >;;1, =>:-==5.=1? Zlmmlr >;7=, >1.

=17 ]`mlrts >;;=, :5.

••

•

•

•••



>1>

R``r llf ’dkggil oinss— mlstnnf kf I`fglf eng dlf dkfkdnni £21 plr cnnr f`gkj, wnt wki zljjlf gnt niil dlglwlrhlrs vnf C. Elfry _oeròglr& O`. zkoe llf flt eukscl lf llf jlzkffltcl h`fglf vlr``ri`vlf, h`rt`dgnt lr fklts `p elt plrs`flli nnf tl dlrhlf wns. _oeikldnff mlj`f dlt

£7; p`fg gus nis nnfh`dlfg ’cufk`r— lf wns nnf elt lkfg vnf elt cnnrllf vìwnnrgkj ’cufk`r— `b zlibs llf nnfh`dlfg ’ilgjlr oilrh—.Lr ks wlkfkj mlwnnrg jlmilvlf vnf _oeikldnffs llrstl gnjlf mkc gl

bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr, dnnr lr zkcf llf pnnr nnfwkczkfjlf gnt ekc wlrhl-ikch elildnni `fglrnnf mlj`fflf ks. Lr zkcf vkcb kglftklhl mrklvlf kf eltenfgsoerkbt vnf _oeikldnff wnnr`p gl fnnd vnf gl oikèft lf elt mlgrnj`ftmrllht.=1< Glzl mrklvlf wnrlf mlg`lig `d hinftlf `vlr gl stnfg vnfeuf rlhlfkfj tl kfb`rdlrlf. Elt zkcf stnfgnnrgmrklvlf wnnrvnf dlf lr`fjltwkcblig nitkcg llf nnftni kf v``rrnng eng lf wnnr dlf niillf fnnd lfmlgrnj `p e`lbgl kf tl vuiilf wnffllr dlf llf hinft wkigl kfb`rdlrlf.

Glzl mrklvlf zuiilf g``r illrikfjlf, kf gkt jlvni _oeikldnff, vlrvnnr-gkjg zkcf `p elt d`dlft gnt lr fklts nfglrs tl g`lf wns. Rlrglr mlstnntlr ``h f`j llf prkcsoùrnft kf elt enfgsoerkbt vnf _oeikldnff.=12 Gkt ksfklts nfglrs gnf h`pkllrwlrh. Lih Ndstlrgnds Enfgliseuks stuurgl dltlfkjl rljlidnnt zkcf hinftlf llf prkcsikcst. Jr`tlrl prkcsikcstlf wlrglf jl-gruht, hilkflrl wlrglf dlt gl enfg jlh`pkllrg. Glzl prkcsikcstlf niillfz`rjglf lr ni v``r gnt lr kf Ndstlrgnd llf hilkf iljlrtcl vnf soerkcvlrsnnf elt wlrh millb.

Mkc _oeròglr `ftglhtl _oeikldnff elt jnt kf gl dnrht gnt eld ukt-lkfglikch rkch zù dnhlf. Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl illrgl

ekc kf elt glrgl cnnr gnt ekc mkc elf wns ]ussksoe. Gkt wns gl d`lkikch-stl vnf niil tnilf gkl ekc t`t `p gnt d`dlft jlillrg eng. ]ussksoe ilrlfwns lxtrn d`lkikch `dgnt lr kf Ndstlrgnd fkldnfg tl vkfglf wns gklglzl tnni hlfgl lf ekc gus jlelli `p m`lhlf nnfjlwlzlf wns.=1: G``rvlli enrg`p tl ilzlf rnnhtl ekc loetlr sfli vlrtrùwg dlt glzl tnni lffn zls wlhlf stugkl wns ekc kf stnnt llf enfglismrklb kf elt ]ussksoe tlsoerkcvlf.=15

Rìjlfs _oeikldnffs Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl wns ekc gkrlot kf>57= mkc _oeròglr mlj`fflf tl wlrhlf, elt glrgl cnnr ks gus >57<.

Nnfjlzklf ekc kf dnnrt >577 mkc _oeròglr kf gklfst wns jlh`dlf wlrh-

tl ekc gnnr gus `fjlvllr llf cnnr v``rgnt ekc dlt zkcf stugkl ]ussksoemlj`f.

=1< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>7-?1=.=12 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>2-?1?.=1: Ouly-Fn-Jnli >;15, == -=7. ’elrl wns n plfeìglr kf tel r``d, s` went K fllglg

wns `fiy fkms. Envkfj nirlngy wkte duoe pnkf dngl dy slilotk`f nd`fj tel envlyù‛s, K f`w i``hlg up fkm kf tel gkotk`fnry. Fkm wns rlprlslftlg my bkvl w`rgs,terll `b wekoe slldlg ikhliy lfùje t` ml rkjet, k.l. flm, puft, nfg sfnvli ... Zntwù Dkcfellr0 Dkcfellr, K rlturflg, o`fbkglft ... Dnj kh \ mlillbg vlrz`lhlf dkcdlgl tl gllilf, vlrh``pt cuiikl flmmlf - `b flms0—

=15 Zlmmlr >;7=, >>.



>1= -

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl h`f ekc kf Ndstlrgnd dnnr grkl]ussksoel m`lhlf vkfglf8 llf ùgl Jrnddntkon, llf w``rglfm`lh lfllf siloetl vlrtnikfj vnf Nvlfturls gl ëiådnqul . @`h fu wllr hnf ekcfkldnfg vkfglf gkl eld ils wki jlvlf. Mlenivl gl vkolo`fsui, gl ellr

nfflfmlrj, gkl jllf ils wkigl jlvlf, wns lr fkldnfg kf Ndstlrgnd tlvkfglf gkl ``h dnnr llf w``rg ]ussksoe sprnh. Ekc gllg elt gus z`fglrilrnnr lf illrgl dlt mleuip vnf zkcf jrnddntkon, kf llf pnnr gnjlf, glprnoetkjl ]ussksoel ilttlrs lf euf uktsprnnh. Rlrvìjlfs jkfj ekc wllrvìjlfs zkcf lkjlf, mlpr`lbgl dlte`gl nnf gl sinj. Niillf eng ekc fu fkl-dnfg `d zkcf `pstliilf tl o`rrkjlrlf. Gl bùtlf gkl eklrmkc `ftst`fglfo`rrkjllrgl ekc g``r gl elil ]ussksoel vlrtnikfj vnf ëiådnqul ukt zkcfe``bg tl ilrlf. @dgnt ekc elt kgll eng gnt elt sfliilr zù jnnf nis lr kl-dnfg wns gkl fnnr eld iukstlrgl euurgl ekc v``r 7 Brnfh plr nv`fg llfùgl c``g gkl lr fklts vnf vlrst`fg dnnr tòe iukstlrlf d`lst. @dgnt

gl pinb`fgs kf gl dllstl eukzlf ukt fklt dllr gnf llf innj pinfhlfmlst`fglf vlr``rznnhtl ekc dlt zkcf lkfgli`zl gloindntkls vlli `vlrinstv``r gl nfglrl euurglrs. Gkl mlhinnjglf zkoe gnf wllr mkc gl euksmnnslf gnnrg``r d`lst ekc tkcglfs zkcf stugkl ]ussksoe twll hllr vlreukzlf.@fgnfhs ni glzl pr`mildlf wns ekc loetlr fn zls wlhlf z` vlr jlv`r-glrg gnt ekc llf ]ussksoel mrklb h`f soerkcvlf nnf Znsskik Qi`tfkh`bb,gl I`fglfsl njlft vnf gl kf kfgkj` enfglilfgl jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf uktD`shù. @`h wns ekc ni z`vlr jlv`rglrg gnt ekc dlt gl ]ussksoel enfgl-inrlf Dntwlclw lf Brì`w kf euf d`lglrtnni h`f prntlf t`lf gkl fnnrgl kfgkj`vlkikfjlf kf Ndstlrgnd hwndlf.=1;

Elinns ellbt gl nrdl c``g jllf elrkfflrkfjlf fnjlintlf lf elmmlf``h gl gkvlrsl euksjlf`tlf fklts `p soerkbt jlstlig. Zl d`ltlf elt eklrgus dlt _oeikldnffs vlrskl vnf gl jlmlurtlfksslf g`lf. wll hllr vlr-eukzlf kf zls wlhlf ks wnt vlli, dnnr wkl wllt.

@vlr llf gkfj zkcf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl z`wli nis gl `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrn-bkl elt llfs, lr wns kf Ndstlrgnd fkldnfg tl vkfglf gkl _oeikldnffh`f eliplf mkc zkcf stugkl vnf elt ]ussksoe. Gkt ks pvniilfg dgnt ekc kf>57= nnf zkcf zustlrs jlsoerlvlf eng gnt gl Flglrinfglrs vnf fnturl iukwnrlf. Dlf eng gnnr`d kf Ndstlrgnd llf v``rhlur v``r muktlfinfglrsnis plrs`flli. @p niil hnft`rlf wlrhtlf gnnr Guktslrs, ]usslf, Swlglf

=1; _oeikldnff >5;=, >2->:. Ouly-Fn-Jnli >;15, >=->? ’Envl yù0 Zlii8 tent ks f`ts` skdpil ns kt i``hs. K o`fsuitlg tel Jrnddnr, nfg wns nppniilg t` sll tel ndnzkfjvnrklty `b oe`kol nbb`rglg t` nfy `fl kf Eìinfg we` o`ftldpintlg nshkfj tekskffòlft qulstk`f.

elmt jkc, elmt \, elmt jkc(iklglf) elmt jl, ellbt \ elm cl, ellbt \Lglil elm ckc ellbt \l ellbt \ës K i``hlg onrlbuiiy nt teks ourkùs b`rd. [ls, welrlvlr kt òourlg, telrl wlrl dnrhs

`b pnrlftelsks tklg rùfg tel (iklglf). E`w wns K t` pr`fùfol te`sl mrnohlts0—



>1?

lf _pnfcnnrglf.=>1 Znt wns lr jlmlurg dlt gkl ]usslf gkl kf >57= f`j`vlrni kf Ndstlrgnd wlrhtlf0 Znrlf zl niildnni fnnr euks jljnnf0 Lfe`l jkfj gnt v``rgnt _oeikldnff ]ussksoe illrgl mkc _oeròglr0 Dlfwlrhtl ni skfgs cnnr lf gnj v``r gl ]ussksoel dnrht. M`vlfgklf `fglr-

ekliglf zl h`ftnhtlf dlt gl ]ussksoel enfglinrlf gkl v``r gl gkvlrslvlkikfjlf fnnr Ndstlrgnd hwndlf.Gl llrstl ]ussksoel mrklb gkl _oeikldnff mlwnnrgl ks vnf 5 nprki

>57<3

Nnf gl elrlf M.E. _oeròglr & O . kf Ndstlrgnd

Jlnoetl ellr

Kh elm uw mrkl vnf 7 nprki `ftvnfjlf, wnnrv``r kh u enrtlikch gnfh.Kh e``p gnt kh u elt rnpp`rt glzl dnnfg hnf sturlf. Kh mlf mnfj gnt

kh, tlfjlvìjl vnf gl I`fglfsl vlkikfjlf, fklt kf stnnt zni zkcf `d glstnrt vnf uw vlkikfjlf mkc tl w`flf. Kh vrnnj u gnnr`d vrklfglikch ù v``r dkcf euks, J.J. lf v``r gnt vnf gl jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf, glrtkjhkstlf kfgkj` wkit h`plf.

Z. Qi`tfkh`fi =>>

Glzl mrklb ks kf elt ]ussksoel jlsoerlvlf lf lr stnnt, z`nis wl zklfhufflf, fklts kf wnnrukt mikcht gnt gl soerkcvlr vlrmnnsg `b vlrelujg ksgnt ekc glzl tnni jlmrukhlf hnf. Gl soerkcvlr, Z. Qi`tfkh`bb , wns guk-glikch jlwlfg `d kf elt ]ussksoe nnf gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. tl

soerkcvlf. Lr d`lt gus, v``rgnt _oeikldnff glzl tnni jlillrg eng, dkf-stlfs ëëf kldnfg mkc _oeròglr jlwllst zkcf gkl ]ussksoe h`f ilzlf lfsoerkcvlf. Gnt _oeikldnff wlrhlikch ]ussksoel illrgl kf gkt cnnr ks `vl-rkjlfs ``h gukglikch. @p >= slptldmlr >57< `ftvnfjt ekc llf mrklb vnf_lrjl Jkvnj` gkl lxpikoklt nnf eld jlrkoet ks. D`fsklur M.E. _oerlglr& O` Ndstlrgnd - D`fsklur _oeikddnf.=>= Eklrdll w`rgt tlvlfs nnf-jlt``fg gnt _oeikldnff onrrkårl jldnnht eng lf lkfg >57< `vlr lk-jlf hinftlf mlsoekhtl. Nnfjlzklf lr kf _oeikldnffs nroeklb llf nnftni]ussksoel mrklvlf mlwnnrg w`rglf ks elt nnffldlikch gnt ekc zkcf pr`-

=>1 Dlylr >;<?, =;.=>> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>5-5;. Kh gnfh Kj r M`jgnf`v v``r elt vlrtnilf

vnf gl ]ussksoel mrklvlf. Fkluwl ]`ttlrgndsoel Oùrnft =;->=->57<. ’ Cnvn Kfgkj`.Gkt nrtkhli vlrhllrgl mkc elt mljkf gls cnnrs kf llfl iustli`zl stlddkfj, z`gnt dlfllflf fjufstkjl nbi``p glr v``rcnnrs-vlkikfjlf wnoettl8 gòe gl fv``rzklfl wki-ikjl nbi``p glr lfjlisoel vlkikfj eng llflf jufstkjlf kfvi`lg `p `fzl cnvns``rtlf,wnnrg``r v``rni gl dkgglihwniktlkt kf gl Nprki-vlkikfjlf vlli h``piust `fglrv`f-glf, lf >1 á =1 o. e``jlr gnf kf _lptldmlr >577 mltnnig wlrglf8 jlgurlfglglf z`dlr millb gkt v``rtgurlf, g``rgklf dlf llflf hilkflf ``jst kf Mlfjnilfwnoetlfgl wns8 eklrg``r milvlf gl prkczlf kf gl Fncnnrs-vlkikfjlf stnnfgl, lf g``rkfjlh`dlfl `rglrs wlrglf gl s``rtlf gkl v``r ]usinfg jlsoekht zkcf, ``h wlglrdlt llfl vlre``jkfj vnf >1 á ?1 o. tljlf gkl vnf Nprki, jlf`dlf.—

=>= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=2-?:.



>17 -

d`tkl kfglrgnng nnf elt ilrlf vnf glzl tnni tl gnfhlf eng. Lr ks loetlrtl wlkfkj vnf gl bkrdn _oeròglr mlwnnrg jlmilvlf d fn tl jnnf e`l ml-infjrkch gl ]ussksoel dnrht v``r elf wns. Zl elmmlf jllf kgll e`lvllimrklvlf lr kf wlihl tnni jlgurlfgl ëëf cnnr mkc _oeròglr mkfflfhwndlf

lf uktjkfjlf. Slibs elt nnftni ]ussksoel mrklvlf gnt _oeikldnff mlwnnrgellbt hnf fklt dllr gnf llf brnotkl zkcf vnf wnt lr kf gnt cnnr g``r zkcfenfglf jljnnf d`lt zkcf.



>1<

>7. Iugwkj _oeikldnff

S`nis wl ni jlzklf elmmlf gllg _oeikldnff ni kf >57= zkcf mlst `d zkcfmr`lr fnnr Ndstlrgnd tl intlf h`dlf. Gkt dnnht `fdkggliikch gukglikchgnt gl `dstnfgkjelglf wnnr`fglr _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd d`lst il-vlf mltlr wnrlf gnf gkl kf Dlohilfmurj. Rlrd`lglikch wns mr`lr Iugwkjflt nis Elkfrkoe kf Dlohilfmurj mkc llf hilkfl dkgglfstnfglr kf gl illr.

Znffllr elt kgll gnt ekc fnnr Ndstlrgnd zù h`dlf wlrhlikch slrkluswlrg ks `fgukglikch, dnnr `p > nprki >57< ks niils r`fg. Iugwkj vìjtzkcf mr`lr fnnr Ndstlrgnd. Dlt llf jlgkoet flldt ekc nbsoelkg vnf zkcf

ùglrl zustlr Hnrìkfl Iuksl Liksl Nujustl (>5>2->5;1).Ls fnelt mng gkl rlffufjsstufgl Gkl ufs vkliilkoet nu kddlr soelkglfg skoe lrhiçrt ...Fnoe Ndstlrgnd zklest dkoe, koe hnff fkoet sçudlfLs trlkmt dkoe `rt, koe wlkÐ fkoet wkl,Fnoe clflr _tngt, w` guroe enfgli niil Rìohlr skoe vlrlkflfGn duÐ koe ekf, gn wlrg koe wlkilf.Glr Mruglr wèft kfdkttlf clflr DnulrfLr suoet dkt _lefsuoet dlkflr Nfhuft Skli

... =>?

Elt ks fklt loet llf jlgkoet `d tl `fteùglf, dnnr elt dnnht wli guk-glikch gnt Iugwkj _oeikldnff jllf nfnibnmllt wns. Znt v``r soeìkfjekc jlf`tlf eng ks loetlr, flt nis gl rlst vnf zkcf clujg, llf rnngsli.

Znnr Iugwkj kf Ndstlrgnd jnnt wlrhlf ks fklt gukglikch. Rìjlfsmr`lr Elkfrkoe wnrlf tnilf gl silutli t`t elt h``pdnfsoenp. Zkl dllrgnf hrukglfklr wkigl w`rglf d`lst dlt muktlfinfgsl hinftlf lf ilvl-rnfoklrs hufflf sprlhlf. Elt ikjt v``r gl enfg gnt Iugwkj gl zlibgltloefklh jlmrukht nis zkcf mr`lr. Zl elmmlf eklr zlibs llf rlglikch stlrhl

nnfwkczkfj v``r. Lr mlstnnt f`j stllgs llf kf rlglikch siloet Lfjlis jl-soerlvlf mrklbcl nnf zkcf mr`lr. Elt ks jlsoerlvlf `p mrklbpnpklr vnfRlrh``peuks Rkcjlfgnd F`. #>3

=>? Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl L, M`x >/=, <<. Gkt jlgkoet stnnt gukglikch kf gl zlibgltrngktkl nis Iugwkj Qbnu‛s (>5=>->5;7) Glr Nuswnfglrlr.

G`rt soenut ekflkf kf‛s Nmlfgr`te,Grkf kst vlrsufhlf ufsrl F`te8G`rt jiçfzt kd D`rjlfikoet lkf _trnfg,

Gn miùet lkf fluls Rntlrinfg.



>12 -

Glnr Mr`telr! >> Glomr >57<

Inst fkjet, welf K wns skttkfj up`f dy oendmr, nfg elnrg tel grlng- uiiy st`rd, K rloiiutlg dy wkte jrlnt likfjs f tel e`rrkmil eùrls nfggrlnguiiy st`rd, wekoe [ u englt cust fùw teks fkjet, ùr ylnrs nj`,

nfg wekoe mrùjet [ù kf suoe n e`rrkmil sktuntk`f t` Ndstlrgnd.

_urliy teks fkjet wkii niwnys rldnkf kf [ùr nfg dy dld`ry pnrtkou-inry ns [ùr o`dkfj ektelr, ens ùsoelg t` yùr jrlntlst ngvnftnjl nfg `rtuf.

Zent g` [ u sny t` tel ilttlrs ` ùr glnr skstlrs0 Wly wkii envl dngl[ù olrtnkfiy duoe c`y nfg nwnhlfg tel skfolrlt llikfjs, t` sll teldnii njnkf0

@ teks nfg `telr tekfjs `f s`fgny d`rl, welf K senii o`dl t` [ u nt

eni pnst vl Zkte skfolrliy i`vl

[ùr nfilotk`flg I. _oeikldnff =>7

=>7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/<1-?1< ->2>.

Rkcjlfgnd >5;1 - b`t` Cno`m @ikl.



>1:

Iugwkj ks vnf dlfkfj gnt zkcf mr`lr zkcf b`rtukf rllgs jldnnht eng.Dnnr gkl glfht gnnr zlib tòe elli nfglrs `vlr. Ndstlrgnd wns j`lgv``r llf `pilkgkfj, dnnr `d wlrhlikch vlrglr tl h`dlf d`lst dlflr fklt mikcvlf. Kf elt zlibgl cnnr wnnrkf _oeikldnff zkcf mr`lr fnnr

Ndstlrgnd ellbt intlf h`dlf mljkft ekc zlib tl hkchlf e`l ekc gkl stngwllr ukt h`dt. Kf cnfunrk >572 vlrtrlht Elkfrkoe gnf kfglrgnng fnnr _t.Qltlrsmurj. Iugwkj mikcbt kf Ndstlrgnd.

Gl twll mr`lrs soerkcvlf lihnnr lf nnf elt blkt gnt Iugwkj `p =5dnnrt >572 vnf ukt Ndstlrgnd llf mrklb kf elt Flglrinfgs soerkcbt huf-flf wl zklf gnt ekc flt nis Elkfrkoe dnhhlikch tnilf h`f ilrlf3

Znnrgl mr`lglr!

_lglrt grkl wlhlf vlrwnoetl kh vnf gnj t`t gnj \wlf =>< twlXlTglfmrkl kf

wlihl jkc dkc `vlr niils elli fnuwhlurkj soerkcvlf wkiglt, dnnr vlrjlls, lf kh d`lt dkc gnnr`d t`t elglf dlt \wlf Llrstlf vnf >7Blmrunrkc lf elt dkc g``r glf Ellr vnf Hldplf vnf tkcg t`t tkcg vnf\ dlgljlglligl vlrjlf`ljlf. Kh hnf \ dlt jllfl w``rglf mltukjlfe`l kh vnf vrlujgl g``rgr`fjlf mlf gnt jkc llfl z`` jliuhhkjl rlkzl jlgnnf elmt lf zkoe v``r \ llfl z`` ji`rkXlTrkchl i``pmnnf tl `plflfsoekcft. E`l jnnrfl lf dlt e`lvlli mlinfjstliikfj zù kh dllr vnf \vlrfldlf, wnt jkc nnf gl Ellrlf _oeròglr soerkct, dnnr gkt jnnt fklt,lf kh gur dkc siloets klglrl noet gnjlf vlr``ri`vlf mkc elf vnf \ tlvrnjlf.

S`fglr vikclrkc XvilklrkcT wnt ``h kfX―Tt jlelli fklt dkcfl jlw``ftl ks,d`lt kh \ plfikch mlhlfflf gnt dlf fu llrst vlli, dnnr nitkcg dlt gl jr``tstl noetkfj, cn gkhwkcis XdltT mlw`fglrkfj vnf \ sprlhlf e``rt lfelt v``r dkc `h llf jr``t v``rglli ks lf vlli tlr dkcflr rlo`ddnfgntklkf klglrl znnh mkcgrnXnTjt. Cukst gkt elm kh f`j h`rtlf tkcg jlilglf jl-zklf, tlrwkci kh z`fglr pinnts wns lf g``r dlglwlrhkfj vnf glf Ellr_oeròglr gnglikch vlrglr jlpinXntTst wlrg. @`h gl Elrlf E`ynoh &O`. eng kh eklr`d vlrzòet, dkc p \ mlr`lplfgl, lf gkl XelmmlfT dkc``h gl vrklfglikchstlf t`lzljjkfjlf glglf XjlgnnfT.

Sùgl \wl twllgl mrkl mkc `ftvnfjst glzlr f`j fklt njljnnf zkcfz`` vlrz`lh XkhT \ vrklfgglikch XvrklfglikchT dkc gnglikch dnnr zllruktv`lrkj tl soerkcvlf, ``h Q`rtlflr dkcf llfkjl mlstl Rrklfg eklr vnfwklfs wlijldllfglf j`lglf rnng kh kf niils pr`tllr vlrz`lht grkf- jlfgs gnnr`d.

_lglrt `fzl soelkgkfj ellt zkoe ``h dkcfl Onrrklrl zllr tlf dkcflf jufstl lf v``rglli vlrnfglrt. Glf =2 Blmrunrkc, cukst twll gnjlf fn-

=>< Kf gl Guktsl mrklvlf nnf zkcf mr`lr jlmrukht Iugwkj o`fslqulft gl Gu v`rd,wl d`ltlf lr gnf ``h vnf ukt jnnf gnt ekc kf elt Flglrinfgs niillf gl \ v`rd

jlmrukhtl `dgnt ekc gl Cl v`rd fklt hlfgl.



>15 -

gnt kh \wlf mrkl `ftvkfj, eng kh `vlr llfl fklts mlgukglfgl znnh kftljlfw``rgkjelkg vnf glf Ellr Hlrohe`fi llfl w``rglf wksslikfj dltJnmrkli, wnnrkf gl llrstl zkoe dlfjgl lf wnnrmkc kh fklt fnintlf h`feld f`j dkcfl dllfkfj `vlr Jnmrkli lf nfglrl znhlf ukt tl sprlhlf,

wnnrmkc kh ``h `p gl dkc v``r llfkjl dnnfglf mli``gl vlre``jkfjvnf _ninrkc X_ninrksT tlruj hwnd, elt wlih dkc `h fu jlwlkjlrg wlrg,XwTnnr`p kh dkcfl grkt fklt dntkjlf h`f & euf gnglikch glf gklfst`pzlkgl. Glf zliglf gnj pnhtl kh dkcf vnikls lf glf nfglrlf òetlfgfn gnt kh llf j`lg jltukjsoerkt lf dkcf jlig `ftvnfjlf eng, vlriklt khelt Rlrh``peuks. Gl Ellr Hlrhe`fi XskoT si`lj dkc zlis t`t twll hllr t`lv``r z`` infj t`t kh llfl nnfglrl XnfglrlT pinnts eng kf dkcf mltrlh-hkfj tl mikcvlf dnnr kh h`f dkc kfjlvìjl zkcflr dllfkfj, nnfjnnfglelt _ninrkdlft X_ninrksT fklt gnnrt`l vlrstnnf, z`` fnglikj dkc dkcflsp`lgkjl vlrnfglrkfj, z`fglr llfkj v``ruktzkjt v``r dkc zù hufflfzkcf.

Kh euurgl dkc mkc \imrkoe (Znrd`lsXsTtrnnt) llf hndlrtcl t`t >. Nprki,wnnrv``r kh <.- pXlTr Dnnfg mltnXnTi lf wns gnglikch `p niil d`jl-ikchl wkczl mlgnoet, sp`lgkj llfl pinnts `p llf j`lg hnft``r tl vkfglf.Kh mljn dkc fnnr Brlfzli, stligl eld dkcfl p`sktkl v``r lf vlrzòet`p elt vrklfglikchstl glf Ellr _oeròglr kf dkcflf mlinfj tl sprlhlf,soerll nnf E`ynoh & O`., O`fsui nfflfmlrj =>2 lf dllr nfglrlf.Mkc t`lvni e``rgl kh vnf Hròednff, gnt twll gnjlf jlilglf llfl pinnts mkc glf Ellr J. Bkhlfsoelr, Mlkclrsoel O`fsui =>: `plf jlh`dlfwns, gkl wli v``r dkc zùgl pnsslf. _p`lgkj soerll kh nnf glf EllrBkhlfsoelr llflf mrkl lf mlrklp dkc `p gl Ellrlf M.E. _.&O` & E.

Hlrhe`fi, lf `ftvkfj fngnt glzl zkoe fnglr mkc gl Ellrlf _oeròglr jlkf`rdllrg eng glzl pinnts, wnnr kh slglrt glf ? Dnnrt wlrhznndmlf lf e``jstwnnrsoekcfikch <11.- vlrgklflf zni. Dnnfgnj glzlr`ftvnfj kh eklr`vlr mlpnnig nftw``rg lf twkcli fklt nnf llf j`lglfuktsinj.

@fzl enfgli mlstnnt dllst kf ]lkstjrnflf Xrlkst lf jrnflf 0T lf gkt`nrtkhliXlTf, gkXlT wkc vnf `fzl eukzlf kf Nroenfjli XNroenfjlishT(Jrkmnf`fi B`ftnkfls & Illhrs) _. Qltlrsmurj (Iùks M`kss`fflt) ]kjn,\stckljn X0T (Cno`fi Jrlmnf`fi _èfl) @glssn (Lrflst Dnes & O`.)dllXsTt z`fglr ildkltl XikdkltlfT `ftvnfjlf. Lvlfz`` ks elt dlt `fzl

eukzlf kf Gnfzkj XJgnŇsh T, _tlttkf X_zozlokfT, Nfoind X0T, ]`stòh(Dnrtkf H`lstlr) Zksdnr, Flustngt lfz8 dlt wlihl wkc jr``tlfgllis kf jrnflf g`lf. Dkcfl mlzkjelkg ks dllst `fzl vrklfglf `vlr `fzl dnrhttl `fglreùglf, Bnoturlf kf lf ukt tl soerkcvlf, @rglrs tl f`tllrlf, glhilkfl soerkcvlrkclf lf elt O`fsuinnt tl mlz`rjlf, lfz. @`h jn kh grkl

=>2 nfflfmlrj wns e``bgmlndmtl `p elt ]ussksoel o`fsuinnt kf Ndstlrgnd.=>: J`ttiklm Oerkstknf Onri Oerkst`pe Bkhlfsoelr (>511->5:=). Nijldllf Enfglisming

1:-12->57? ’Gl @fglrjltllhlfgl ellbt gl llr tlr hlffks vnf glf Enfgli tl mrlf-jlf, gnt gl Rnnrt `p elt Iygwkj-Hnfnni vnf Mndmlrj t`t Furlfmlrj, slglrt < Dlkn.o. dlt elt dllst jlwlfsoet suools ks jl`plfg ... Ndstlrgnd, 2 Cufy >57? Gl

H`f. Mlylrsoel O`fsui Bkhlfsoelr.—



>1;

hllr pXlTr wllh dlt dkcflf Qrkfokpnni p gl H`X`Trfmlurs lf gnjlikchs`p gl Fkluwl mlurs.=>5

Jkc jli``t fklt dlt e`lvlli pilzklr kh kf dkcfl fkluwl, dkc Xv``rT 7wllhlf f`j jlelli `fmlhlfgl mltrlhhkfj wlrh, lf e`l zllr kh kfzkl,

e`l futtkj dkc glzl kf vlrjlikchkfj dlt dkcf llfvùgkjl mlzkjelkg kfelt Rlrh``peuks zkcf hnf. Kh jli`` gnt jkc dkc gkt `h zuit t`lstlddlflf dkc dlt glzl `ddlhllr vlli jliuh zuit wlfsoelf, gnnr zkc dkc eltuktzkjt XuktzkoetT jllt \ kfX―Tt vlrvìj dlt v``rglli kf \wl lljlflXlkjlflT nfinkrl tl jld`lt tl h`dlf.

Gl vlil tkcg gkXlT kh tenfs kf vlrjlikchkfj dlt dkcfl vr`ljlrl mltrlh-hkfj `vlr elm jlmrukh kh dlt glf jr``tstlf kcvlr t`t dkcfl stugklf kfgl Eìinfgsoel & Brnfsoel tnilf (O`fvlrt XO`fvlrsntkl0T), nis ``ht`t nnfillrkfj vnf vlrglrl H``pdnfs wltlfsoenpplf lf jli`` `p glzlwkczl sp`lgkj vlrglr tl h`dlf.

Sùgl elt fklt d`jlikch zkcf, gnt kh dkssoeklf ni fn llf eni cnnr, wnf-fllr kh dlt `fzl znhlf jlelli mlhlfg zni zkcf, kf gl znhlf glr Ellrlf_oeròglr tl h`dlf0 Kh jli`` zlhlr, wnffllr jkc kf llflf prkvnnt mrklfn vlri``p vnf llfkjl wlhlf glzl Ellrlf eklr`d vrklfglikch vlrzòet.Kh e``rgl v``r llfkjl wllhlf vnf eufflf eukshfloet, gnt gl Ellr_oeròglr tljlf vnf Hldplf jlzljg eng, ekc wkigl dkc jnnrfl pinntslf,dnXnTr elt wns eld kf gl X`p eltT `jlfmikh `fd`jlikch. Rnf Hldplf jli`` kh vlrinnt euf euks glzlf z`dlr lf zùgl elt `p \w vrklfglikchnnfz`lh zllr j`lg nnfjnnf, gnt kh nisgnf v``r llfl g``r zkcf vlrtrlh`plfvniilfgl pinnts jllfjnjllrg wlrg. Kh vlrwnoet eklr`vlr \wl dll-

fkfj lf zùgl jliuhhkj zkcf dkcfl wlfsoelf vlrvuig tl zklf, dnnrsoerkc vìstrlht fklt, gnt kh \ eklr`d vlrzòet elm.

Rnf `fzlf j`lglf Rnglr `ftvkfj kh wlkfkjl gnjlf fn \wlf mrklllf infj soerkcvlf, wnnrkf ekc dkc v``rfnndikch zkcfl vrlujgl `vlr\ uktsprllht, dnnr zllr mlglfhlikch `vlr \wl vlrmkfgkfj dlt Jkvnj`soerll, wlihl jkc eld zlhlr fklt jlf`lj vlrhinnrg elmt. Jkc zuit eldmkc zkcf jr``t vlrgrklt llfl jr``tl gklfst mlwkczlf, wnffllr jkc eldsp`lgkj soerkct.

E`l wns elt jlgrnj vnf `fzlf Qnui0

\wl ùgl tnnidllstlr lr ]lle`rst, G‛Lslhlflhl, Dlrnfklr, nXiTs ``h Dnroenfg, kf`rdllrlf zkoe zllr gkhwkcis fnnr \, lr ]lle`rst & Dnroenfg soekcftlf XsoekcflfT skoe XzkoeT zllr tl vlrw`fglrlf f`j jllfl tkcgkfj vnf \ `ftvnfjlf tl elmmlf. Dnnfgnj ?1 glzlr trlh khkf llf I`jks Xnnf glT Ellrlfjrnoet XtljlfT`vlr gl Eukglfstrnnt F`.>=: wnnr kh llf zllr d``kcl Xd``klT hndlr dlt vlfstlrs wnnrvnf =v``rukt Xnnf gl v``rhnft0T elm, lf siloets 2 > /

= pXlTr dnnfg mltnni.

=>5 Znt Iugwkj eklr prlokls mlg`lit ks `fgukglikch. Gl ’Fkluwl Mlurs— ks gl Mlursvnf Mlrinjl lf gl H``rlf Mlurs st`fg `p gl pinnts wnnr dlf gl Mlurs vnf Mlrinjl

jlmùwg ellbt.



>>1 -

Hlft jkc dksoeklf glf Ellr Duiglr, Dnhlinnr, zwnjlr vnf dkcflfOel lf huft jkc wlf XnisT elt z`` ks klts t`t zkcf v``rglli kf soellps-mlvrnoetkfjlf g`lf0 Ekc ks nitkcg zllr vrklfglikch cljlfs dkc lf zlkgldlt \ kf _oelvlfkfjXlfT mlhlfg jlw`rglf tl zkcf. Cnfslf ks slglrt 2

wllhlf kf Endmurj jllfjljllrg XjlèfjnjllrgT, lf d`lt llf zllr v``r-gllikjl ruki jldnnht elmmlf.

Kh rlhlfl zlhlr p djnnfgl uktv`lrkjl dlglgllikfjlf, wlfsoel \ eltmlstl jliuh kf niil \wl `fglrfldkfjlf lf vlrmikc nitkcg \w

`prljtl vrklfg lf mr`lglr Iùks _oeikldnff Ngrls glf Ellr J. Bkhlfsoelr H`fji Mlkclrsoe O`fsui =>;

@vlr wlihl vlrmkfgkfj tusslf Elkfrkoe lf Jkvnj` Iugwkj eklr

sprllht ks `fgukglikch. Dlf zù eklrukt elt vlrd`lglf hrkcjlf gnt glzltwll tòe sndlfwlrhtlf, dnnr gnnr ks vlrglr jllf lfhlil nnfwkczkfjv``r. Rlrd`lglikch g`lit Iugwkj eklr `p elt sndlfwlrhkfjsvlrmnfgJkvnjl-_oeikldnff-_oeròglr gnt fklt t`t stnfg ks jlh`dlf.

Zl hrkcjlf kf glzl mrklb llf elil rkc ’tnnidllstlrs—, dnnr elinns elmkh fklt vnst hufflf stliilf kf wlihl tnni wkl ils jnb. Rnf ni glzl fn-dlf elm kh niillf H.Q. tlr ]lle`rst hufflf tlruj vkfglf. Glzl ellbtllf jr``t nnftni tnnijkgslf jlsoerlvlf. Kf >57; pumikollrgl ekc3 Jkgs` Enfgm`lh v``r H``piklglf, ]lkzkjlrs, Slliklglf, Infgvlreukzlrs,Jùgz`lhlrs, _oeìlf, Jydfnskuds, Kfstktutlf, nnidkffnnrs, lfz.,

kf zls nilf3 Eìinfgsoe, Lfjlisoe, Guktsoe, Brnfsoe, Ktniknnfsoe lf_pnnfsoe, dlt \ktsprnnh, Jligh`lrslf, lf llf Q`rtujllsoe Mkcv`ljsli v``r_oellpmrluhlikfjlf, á b>,=<. @b glzl dlfslf fnnst _oeikldnff ``h nf-glrlf ils jnvlf ks `fgukglikch, zl elmmlf kf klglr jlvni jllf ngvlrtlftklsjlpinntst `d nnf illrikfjlf tl h`dlf.

Kf >57: w`rgt elt tkcg gnt mr`lr Qnui dlt zkcf `pilkgkfj t`t znhlf-dnf mljkft. Gl zustlrs kfb`rdlrlf mkc Elkfrkoe wnt elt mlstl v``r eldks. Glzl ks vnf dlfkfj gnt ``h Qnui fnnr Ndstlrgnd d`lt jnnf. Gnt ksgl pinnts `d znhlfdnf tl w`rglf. Ekc vlrtlit Qnui prlokls wnt gkl niil-dnni zni d`ltlf g`lf `d elt gnnr tl dnhlf, dnnr gnt soerkht eld f`j

ni nb. Ekc jnnt fklt fnnr Ndstlrgnd `dgnt ekc zkoe fklt kf stnnt v`lit `dnnf gl lkslf vnf zkcf mr`lr tl vìg`lf. Dlt mr`lr Qnui h`dt elt uktlkf-glikch fklt j`lg. Ekc i``pt tljlf llf `fjliuhhkjl iklbgl `p lf pilljt kf>5<= zlibd``rg.==1

Lkfg >57: hllrt Iugwkjs jliuh. Ndstlrgnd inoet fklt fnnr eld z`-nis elt gnt fnnr zkcf mr`lr jlgnnf ellbt. Ekc vlriklst zkcf mnnf. Kf _t.Qltlrsmurj jnnf gl znhlf `fglrtusslf j`lg lf gus vrnnjt ekc zkcf mr`lr

=>; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/<1, ?12 - >>5 - 7>5.

==1 Mòihl =1>>, >;<.



>>>

`b gkl jllf wlrh v``r eld ellbt. Glzl zklt gnt loetlr fklt zkttlf. Iugwkjellbt vìjlfs eld fklt vìg`lfgl tnilft v``r elt ilrlf vnf tnilf. ’Khzù fklts nnf Iugwkj elmmlf—, soerkcbt Elkfrkoe nnf zkcf vnglr, ’elt zùzlhlr grkl cnnr gurlf v``r ekc ]ussksoe jlillrg eng lf ni gkl tkcg zù ekc

fklt vnf fut hufflf zkcf—.==>

Kf >575 vlrsoekcflf lr `vlrni kf Lur`pn elli nnfi`hhlikchl mlrkoetlfkf gl hrnftlf. Mlrkoetlf gkl vlli c`fjl Lur`plsl c`fjlfs ni sfli kf eufmnf hrkcjlf3

Elt fkluwl infg vnf Mli`tl

Llf mlrkjt ukt I`fglf, vnf glf >?. Gloldmlr, gllit elt vìjlfgl dlgl3’l Dnzntinf ks llf soekp vnf _nf Brnfokso` nnfjlh`dlf, wnnrdlglgl dllst nmlinoetkjl mlrkjtlf zkcf nnfjlmrnoet, mltrlfilfgl gl z``j-lfnndgl jùgstrllh kf Onik`rfkè8 lr zù fndlikch llf e`lvllielkg

jùg tlr wnnrgl vnf _ 21,111 á _ >11.111 gnjlikchs (0) jljrnvlfw`rglf. @vlr elt nijldllf rlhlfgl dlf, gnt llf dnf llf `fs gnnjsv`fg8 elt ks vnf fjlvllr =? hnrnnt. Jlf`ldg soekp mrnoet lr :< p`f-glf vnf dlgl. Kf gkl strlhlf inj llf >2tni soelplf, wlihlr lqukpnjlswnrlf jlglslrtllrg lf gl wlj engglf kfjlsinjlf fnnr gl jùgstrllh. Nignnr mltnnit dlf nnf dnoekfkstlf lf infgiklglf, gkl lr zllr soennrszkcf _ < á _ 2 plr gnj, nnf zlliklglf _ ;1 plr dnnfg lf nnf h`hs _>11 plr dnnfg. Lr zkcf 711 minfhlf lf siloets wlkfkjl Kfgknflf kfgl dkcflf wlrhznnd. ===

@`h Iugwkj mlsiukt `d fnnr Ndlrkhn tl jnnf. Nnf zkcf vnglr lf zus-tlrs soerkcbt ekc gnt ekc vnf pinf ks `d kf Onikb`rfkè llf znnh tl mljkf-flf. @dgnt ekc jllf stnrthnpktnni ellbt vrnnjt ekc zkcf vnglr `b ekc zkcfd`lglrikch lrbglli hnf hrkcjlf. Skcf vnglr wlkjlrt. Ekc vlrtrlht z`fglrstnrthnpktnni fnnr Ndlrkhn. Elt guurt infj v``r gl zustlrs klts vnf eufmr`lr ukt Ndlrkhn e`rlf. Qns kf `ht`mlr >57; soerkcbt ekc elf `vlr zkcfnv`fturlf. Ekc wlrht dlt llf nnftni vrklfglf kf gl jùgvliglf. Elt kszwnnr wlrh lf zl zkcf ni llf nnftni hlrlf `vlrvniilf. M`vlfgklf ks elthikdnnt lr zllr `fjlz`fg lf ellrst `vlrni jlil h``rts.==? Kf dnnrt >5<1hrkcjt _oeikldnff, z`nis wl vlrglr`p f`j zuiilf zklf, mlrkoet gnt zkcfmr`lr kf _norndlft` nnf tybus ks `vlrilglf.

==> Mòihl =1>>, >;>.=== Gl Flglrinfglr =;->=->575.==? jlil h``rts ks llf kfblotkl vnf llf vnf gl ilglf binvkvkrus jr`lp. Iugwkj _oeikldnff

vlrjkstl zkoe vlrd`lglikch kf gl fnnd vnf gl zklhtl gkl lr ellrstl. Gkt vkrus h`dt

fklt kf gl `djlvkfj vnf _norndlft` v``r.



>>= -

><. @p z`lh fnnr zkcf lkjlf mlflf

Kd Cnfunr >572 soekohtlf dkoe dlkfl v`rtrlkoelf Qrkfokpnil niskerlf Njlftlf fnoe _t. Qltlrsmurj ... ==7

Elt eklrv``rjnnfgl ks elt `bbkokèil vlrenni. Znt gnt mltrlbt zkcf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl lf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl elt nmsìuut dlt lihnnrllfs. _oeikldnff wlrg g``r gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. ukt Ndstlrgndfnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj jlstuurg `d gnnr v``r elf nis njlft tl wlrhlf. Gkthikfht i`jksoe, _oeikldnff sprnh vi`lklfg ]ussksoe, wkl zù dlf nfglrs

d`ltlf fldlf. Gnt wki zljjlf, nis zl llf lkjlf njlft kf _t. Qltlrsmurjwkiglf. S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf wnrlf lr ni llf nnftni ’_oeròglrs— kf_t. Qltlrsmurj gkl vi`lklfg ]ussksoe sprnhlf. Gl struotuur vnf gl bn-dkikl _oeròglr wns z` gnt gl Ndstlrgndsl bkrdn elildnni jllf njlftkf _t. Qltlrsmurj f`gkj eng `dgnt gnnr ni llf nnf _oeròglr vlrwnftlbkrdn, Nilx Dnes & O`., znt. Znffllr wl fnnr gl ngrlsslf vnf gl llr-stl mrklvlf hkchlf gkl dlf kf >572 vnfukt Ndstlrgnd nnf _oeikldnffkf _t. Qltlrsmurj stuurgl, gnf zklf wl gnt gkl vkn Nilx Dnes & O`.jkfjlf. Elt ks wnnrsoekcfikch gnt gl M.E. _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd dltklglrllf kf ]usinfg wlrhtl gkl elf `pgrnoetlf stuurgl lf gnnr`d ``h

dlt _oeikldnff wkigl wlrhlf, dnnr elt ks fklt loet nnffldlikch gnt zlllf lkjlf njlft kf ]usinfg wkiglf lf _oeikldnff `vlrenniglf `d gnnrv``r elf fnnrt`l tl jnnf. Intlf wl gus fu pr`mlrlf ukt tl vkfglf e`l_oeikldnff gnf wli kf ]usinfg hwnd.

S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf `ftvkfj _oeikldnff `p =1 slptldmlr >57<llf mrklb vnf gl ]ussksoel znhlfdnf _lrjy Jkvnj` (Sekvnj`).

Glzl llrstl f`j mlstnnfgl mrklb vnf Jkvnj` ks llf jlw`fl znhlf-mrklb. Jkvnj` zkt `p gnt d`dlft kf Glf Ennj lf ekc jllbt _oeikldnffgl pgrnoet d v``r zkcf rlhlfkfj v``r vklrgukzlfg zkivlrlf r`lmlis nnfkfgkj` tl h`plf lf gkl fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj tl vlrsoelplf. Gl rlhlfkfj

d`lt nnf Jkvnj` jlstuurg w`rglf lf lr w`rgt mltnnig vkn llf hrlgklt-mrklb `p _oeròglr Dnes kf Endmurj. Dòetlf lr pr`mildlf `pgukhldgnf h`f _oeikldnff Jkvnj` kf E`tli gl Fkluwl G`lilf kf Glf Ennjmlrlkhlf.==<

Elt jnnt eklr `d llf g``gjlw`fl znhlfmrklb z`nis _oeikldnff lrkf gl i``p glr cnrlf e`fglrglf `ftvnfjlf d`lt elmmlf. \kt glzl mrklbw`rgt gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff t`t p zlhlrl e``jtl fnbenfhlikch bufo-

==7 _oeikldnff >5;=, >:.

==< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=;-71.



>>?

tk`fllrgl mkfflf gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. Jkvnj` wns zkcf hinft.Elildnni fnbenfhlikch kf zkcf g`lf lf intlf wns ekc wnnrsoekcfikch fklt.Gl mrklb vnf Jkvnj` wns kf elt ]ussksoe lf _oeikldnff dnnhtl lr llfflttl Guktsl vlrtnikfj vnf. Glzl lf nfglrl vlrtnikfjlf ukt elt ]ussksoe

wnrlf wnnrsoekcfikch mlg`lig v``r zkcf dllrglrlf, gkl wkiglf wltlf wntv``r znhlf ekc nbsi``t. Znnr`d _oeikldnff Jkvnj` kf Glf Ennj `pzòet ks `fmlhlfg.

Elt ks niillf gukglikch gnt ekc elt gllg lf gnt ekc dlt Jkvnj` prnnttl.Jkvnj` stuurt eld vlrvìjlfs llf mrklb wnnrkf gkt jlsprlh mlvlstkjgw`rgt. _oeikldnff ellbt Jkvnj` vlrtlig gnt ekc nis njlft vnf gl M.E._oeròglr & O`. fnnr D`shù wki. Ekc ks lr loetlr ``h lrj eukvlrkj v``r`dgnt ekc lr fkldnfg hlft. Gnf ks elt d`lkikch znhlf g`lf, wnft clelmt jllf kgll wkl ks jlrlsplotllrg lf wkl fklt, wkl hnf cl hrlgklt jlvlflf wkl fklt0 Jkvnj` h`dt ukt D`shù, gkl hlft gl stng lf gl dlfslf.

Ekc h`dt fu dlt llf v``rstli nnf _oeikldnff. Znnr`d mljkfflf zlfklt sndlf llf znnh kf D`shù, gl bkrdn Jkvnj` & _oeikldnff. Jkvnj`zni llf vlrd`jlf vnf vkcbtkj t`t zlstkj gukzlfg zkivlrlf r`lmlis kfmrlf-jlf lf _oeikldnff zni vlrglr ni elt wlrh g`lf. R``rwnnrgl ks wli gnt_oeikldnff elt njlftsoenp v``r gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. lf lvlftulilnfglrl bkrdn‛s hrkcjt. Jkvnj` gruht eld `p elt enrt `d lr j`lg `vlr fntl glfhlf lf elt vlrvìjlfs nnf zkcf mnns v``r tl iljjlf. Niillf nis glellr _oeròglr elt j`lghlurt hnf elt wnt w`rglf. Flld gl rnng vnf clmnns nis ilkgrnng rnngt Jkvnj` _oeikldnff nnf, niillf `p gkl dnfklr hnfelt wnt w`rglf.==2

Elt ks llf v``r _oeikldnff zllr vilklfgl mrklb.==: Ekc mlwnnrgl ``helt rkjkflli lf nis wl gnt lrfnnst iljjlf mikcht gnt ekc v``r _oeròglr llffnjlf`lj w``rglikchl vlrtnikfj dnnhtl. Lr ks loetlr llf `pvniilfg vlr-soeki. Kf gl `rkjkflil mrklb ==5 sprllht Jkvnj` `vlr llf mlgrnj vnf vllrtkjá vkcbtkj gukzlfg lf gkt ks kf gl vlrtnikfj pi`tslikfj jljr`lkg t`t vkcbtkjá zlstkj gukzlfg. Eng _oeikldnff d`lktl dlt gl ]ussksoel jltniilf `bgnoet ekc `p glzl dnfklr flt klts dllr kfgruh `p _oeròglr tl dnhlf0

Znffllr wl glzl mrklb ilzlf hrkcjlf wl gl kfgruh gnt elt Jkvnj` wlrhl-ikch `d llf pnrtflrsoenp dlt _oeikldnff jkfj, dnnr elt ks gl vrnnj `bgnt wnnr wns. @p 2 `ht`mlr soerllb ekc `pfkluw nnf _oeikldnf. Jkvnj`

ks fu kf Mrussli. Ekc mlgnfht _oeikldnff v``r niil euip gkl ekc vnfeld jleng ellbt jlgurlfgl zkcf vlrmikcb kf Glf Ennj. Elt soekcft gnt_oeikldnff f`j fklt jlnftw``rg eng. Jkvnj` h`dt lr kf llf pnnr zkf-

==2 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?>-7?.==: rnkii nfg M`jgnf`v >;;;, ?7. ’_lrjly Sekvnj` wns f`t `fiy nglpt nt tykfj eks tkl

nfg ruffkfj eks mnfh Xllf vlrwkczkfj fnnr Qnstlrfnh‛s Gr. Sekvnj`T8 el wns nis`j``g nt skzkfj up pl`pil. Gurkfj eks blw gnys kf Ndstlrgnd XskoT el snw kf yùfj_oeikldnff (telf `fiy =?) n dnf `b lxtrn`rgkfnry ndmktk`f, rlngy nfg lnjlr b`r noeniilfjl ... Sekvnj` trklg t` plrsungl _oeikldnff t` j` t` ]usskn, pr`dkskfj ekdd`rni nfg bkfnfokni supp`rt.—

==5 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?1-7=.



>>7 -

flf `p tlruj. Elt zù prlttkj zkcf wnffllr gl ellr _oeròglr, kf llfmrklb fnnr D`shù, zù mlvlstkjlf gnt Jkvnj` gnnr zkcf znhlf hnf ml-enrtkjlf. _oeikldnff d`lt vrnjlf `b _oeròglr Jkvnj` nis pnrtflr wki.

Znffllr ekc zklt gnt _oeròglr gnnr fklt kf jlàftlrlssllrg ks d`lt ekc

eld lr vlrglr fklt dll st`rlf, dnnr gnt nnf Jkvnj` intlf wltlf.==;

\ktglzl twllgl mrklb ftstnnt llf elli nfglr mllig gnf ukt gl llrstl. Eklruktw`rgt gukglikch gnt elt Jkvnj` kf llrstl kfstnftkl `d llf pnrtflrsoenpdlt _oeròglr jkfj lf gnt _oeikldnff dkssoeklf llf `fglrglli vnf glznnh, dnnr zlhlr fklt elt g`li wns. Fu w`rgt gl znnh tòe elli wntdkfglr vilklfg v``r _oeikldnff gnf ekc ``rspr`fhlikch illh. Glzl `ft-d`ltkfj dlt Jkvnj` ikcht, nis wl fu tlruj hkchlf, vnf g``rsinjjlvlfgmlinfj jlwllst tl zkcf kf _oeikldnffs ilvlf. Elt mikcbt loetlr gl vrnnj.

Znffllr wl gl mrklvlf ukt glzl plrk`gl ilzlf gkl _oeikldnff mlwnnrgellbt `ftstnnt elt mllig gnt elt kgll `d Ndstlrgnd tl vlrintlf ni llrglr

mkc _oeikldnff `ftstnnf wns.@p >? `ht`mlr >57< `ftvkfj ekc llf mrklb vnf llf hlffks ukt Qnrkcs,

Brnfz Eùiidnf. Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff ni lfkjl tkcg llrglr jlsoerl-vlf eng, wnft Eùiidnf mljkft zkcf mrklb dlt zkoe tl vlr`ftsoeuigkjlfv``r zkcf vlrintl nftw``rg. Rlrvìjlfs vlrtlit ekc _oeikldnff e`l jliuh-hkj ekc dlt zkcf eukgkjl mnnf ks, elt ks fklt gl d`lktl wnnrg `d fnnr kltsnfglrs ukt tl hkchlf. Ekc siukt gkt jlgllitl vnf zkcf mrklb nb dlt ukt tl ilj-jlf e`l d`lkikch elt ks `d kf Qnrkcs llf mnnf tl vkfglf. Slhlr wnffllrelt llf j`lgl mnnf mltrlbt. Gkl zkcf wlrhlikch elli d`lkikch tl vkfglf.Ekc hlft dlfslf gkl ni dllr gnf twll dnnfglf fnnr z`‛f mnnf `p z`lh

zkcf.=?1

\kt glzl mrklb `ftstnnt gl kfgruh gnt _oeikldnff mkc Eùiidnf fnnrllf mnnf kf Qnrkcs jlàfb`rdllrg eng lf gnt glzl eld lr fu `p wlls gntgkt jllf `ptkl wns. Zl wltlf fklt wnffllr _oeikldnff nnf Eùiidnfsoerllb, dnnr wl hufflf lr z` fjlvllr zlhlr vnf zkcf gnt gkt pinf ni dkf`b dllr i`sjlintlf wns v``r _oeikldnff glzl mrklb ukt Qnrkcs ftvkfj. @p: `ht`mlr eng _oeikldnff llf mrklb jlsoerlvlf nnf Z_ _oeròglr kfrkèst. Eklrkf eng ekc uktjliljg gnt ekc fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj wkigl jnnflf eng ekc zkoe zlib nnfmlvìlf `d gnnr nis euf njlft `p tl trlglf. Ekcvr`lj zkoe nb `b gl elrlf dlt eld wkiglf wlrhlf. Rnfnb glzl gntud ks

elt gukglikch, _oeikldnff ellbt mlsi`tlf `d fnnr ]usinfg tl jnnf. @p=? `ht`mlr hrllj ekc nftw``rg ukt rkèst. Dlf gllg lr wlkfkj znhlf dlt_t. Qltlrsmurj. Elt millb dkf `b dllr mkc jlgr``jgl _oednoh =?>. Sl wki-glf loetlr jrnnj dlt _oeikldnff sndlfwlrhlf lf vnfnb cnfunrk zùglfzl eld dnnfglikchs euf prkcsoùrnft sturlf. @p niil `pgrnoetlf gkl ekc

==; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?7-7<. Kh gnfh Kj`r M`jgnf`v v``r gl vlrtnikfjvnf glzl mrklb.

=?1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>5-?<.=?> _oednoh 4 sudnh. Gl minglrlf vnf gl ]eus o`rknrkn `b gl ]eus jinmrn. Glzl

minglrlf wlrglf jlmrukht mkc elt r``g vlrvlf vnf guf illr.



>><

nnfmrnoet zùglf zl eld >% pr`vkskl mltnilf. Gl mrklb siukt nb dlt eltvlrz`lh `d klglrllf kf Ndstlrgnd gl jr`ltlf tl g`lf.=?= E`lwli glmrklb `fglrtlhlfg ks dlt Z_ Dntt _oeròglr wltlf wl fklt wkl eldprlokls jlsoerlvlf ellbt. Glzl ’enfgtlhlfkfj— ks fklt dllr gnf gl ml-

grkcbsfnnd. _oeikldnff d`lt loetlr, nnf gl inntstl rljlis tl ``rglilf,wli jlwltlf elmmlf wkl gl wlrhlikchl soerkcvlr wns. Glzl inntstl rljlisintlf ``h `fdkggliikch zklf e`l kftlrfntk`fnni gl enfgli kf elt nijl-dllf lf gl _oeròglr-jr`lp kf elt mkcz`fglr `plrllrgl. Gl soerkcvlr kfrkèst eng llrglr kf Ndstlrgnd jlwlrht.

_oeikldnff mlplrhtl zkoe kf zkcf z`lhtòet fnnr t`lh`dstkjl hinf-tlf fklt t`t ilglf vnf gl _oeròglr-jr`lp. Kf gl zlibgl plrk`gl stuurglekc ``h llf mrklb nnf Rnf Ilfflp & O`. kf _dyrfn. =?? Gkt wns llf vnf``rspr`fj Ndstlrgndsl bkrdn lf _oeikldnff soerllb euf llf mrklb kfelt Flglrinfgs3

Ndstlrgnd =? @ot`mlr >57<

Gl Elrlf Cno`m vnf Ilfflp & O`. _dyrfn

Dkcfl Elrlf

Fn llf vllicnrkj vlrmikc kf elt Enfgliseuks vnf gl Elrlf M.E._oeròglr & O`. nieklr, elm kh tenfs elt v``rfldlf `pjlvnt dkc kf gldnnfg Cnfunry nnfstnnfgl tl _t. Qltlrsmurj nis Njlft vnf jlf`ldgl rdn tl vlstkjlf.

Nnfjld`lgkjt g``r gl vikclfgl rlo`ddnfgntkl mkc \wl vnf dkcflOels flld kh gl vrkcelkt \wl dkcfl gklfstlf kf m`vlfstnnfgl e`lgn-fkjelkg vrklfglikch nnf tl mklglf, enrtlikch wlfslfgl ``h \w e``j-stnnfgl rdn tl d`jlf rlhlflf `fglr gkljlfl dlt wkr kfstlddkfj khdkc rllgs vlrllrg zkl.

Jr`fgkjl hlffks glr enfgliznhlf jlv`ljg mkc t`lrlkhlfgl dkgglilflf glf jr``tlf kcvlr v``r gl mlinfjlf vnf gl eukzlf, wlihl kh `p gl pinnts dkcflr mlstlddkfj zni vlrtljlfw``rgkjlf, zkcf gl wnnrm`rjlf,wlihl kh dkc vikcl gnt vìg`lfgl zuiilf zkcf d dkc `h uw v``rf`ldg

`fglrfldlf tl vlrjlvlf. D`jt u jlfljlf zkcf nnf dkcf vurkjl wlfsoe `d v``r \wl wlrhznndtl zkcf tl mlnftw``rglf, gnf zni dkc jnnrfl `djnnfgl mlrkoet `ft-

=?= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?2-?=5.=?? Jlgurlfgl gl zlstklfgl lf zlvlftklfgl lluw `ftwkhhliglf _dyrfn lf O`fstnftkf`pli

zkoe t`t gl mlinfjrkchstl envlfs v``r gl enfgli `p gl Ilvnft. Kf _dyrfn mlv`fgzkoe llf rlglikch jr`tl oì`fkl Zlst Lur`plnflf dlt euf lkjlf enfgliseukzlf. GnvkgJl`rjl vnf Ilfflp wlrg eklr kf >:?: jlrljkstrllrg nis `fnbenfhlikch enfglinnr. R``rgl jlsoeklglfks vnf gl vnf Ilfflps kf _dyrfn zkl Rnf Ilfflp, Elfgrkh =11:Jlflì`jkl vnf gl bndkikl Rnf Ilfflp. Rìudl >2 vnf Zlrhlf uktjljlvlf g``r elt

H`fkfhikch Flglrinfgsoe Jlf``tsoenp v``r Jlsinoet- lf Znplfhufgl .



>>2 -

vnfjlf dlt `pjnvl dlkflr o`fgktkls, mlflvlfs lfkjl kf`rdntkl `vlrglf kf & vlrh``p vnf gl nrtkhlilf dlt wlihl glfslivl \wl pinnts kf_t. Qltlrsmurj jlenfglig w`rgt, e``jst nnfjlfnnd zkcf lf ji`` kh tlhufflf vlrzlhlrlf, gnt dkcfl vrklfgsoenpplikchl rlintkls dlt lfkjl glr

jr``tstl ]ussksoel eukzlf fklt wlkfkj zuiilf mkc grnjlf `d dkc kf stnnttl stliilf j`lgl lf v``rglikjl znhlf v``r \wl tl hufflf kfilkglf lfouitkvlrlf.

D`jt elt \lt mltlr o`fvlfkllrlf kf llf nfglrl gnf gl eìinfgsoeltnni dlt dkc tl o`rrlsp`fglrlf, z`` mlf kh gnnrt`l vìh`dlf t`t uwgklfst nnfjlzklf kh kf elt Lfjlis, Brnfsoe, E``jgukts lf Ktniknnfsoe jlikchlikch mlgrlvlf mlf.

\wl wnnrgl ilttlrlf dlt vlrinfjlf tl jld`lg zklfgl, flld kh nsoelkgdlt gl vìdnnhtl E``jnoetkfj

\wl Gw Gklfnnr Ey _oeikldnff =?7

Elt dnj zkcf gnt _oeikldnff‛s Flglrinfgs eklr lf gnnr wnt vrlldghikfht, dnnr niils mkc lihnnr mlwkcst glzl mrklb tòe wli gnt ekc glzl tnnielli nnrgkj mlellrstl. @pvniilfg ks gnt kf elt rkctcl nitlrfntklvl tnilf elt_pnnfs lf elt Q`rtujlls `ftmrlhlf.

Elt zklt lr fnnr ukt gnt M.E. _oeròglr wkst gnt _oeikldnff fnnr]usinfg wkigl jnnf, dnnr pns `p =: `ht`mlr >57< rlnjllrgl ekc`bbkoklli3

Ndstlrgnd =: @ot`mlr >57<.

Elrrf Ey _oeikldnff

Niieklr

Mlzujfledlfg nf ufslrl dùfgikoel \ftlrenitufj, mlstçtkjlf wkrKeflf eklrdkt glr @rgfufj enimlr, gnÐ wkr jlrfl jlflkjt skfg Keflfufslrl Jlsoeçtl ùr _t. Qltlrsmurj ufg D`shnu zu ùmlrtrnjlf, kf-s`lrfl _kl _koe gnslimst mldùelf wìilf ufs O`fskjfntk`flf uXfgT@rgrls v`f rlsplotnmilf Eçuslrf zuzuwlfglf, ufg, gnÐ wkr guroenus

fkoets gnjljlf lkfzuwlfglf enmlf, wlff _kl vlrlkft dkt elrrf _lrjlyJkwnj` nu jlgnoetl Zlksl ùr ufslr Kftrlssl wkrhlf.-

R`f niilf Nutrçjlf uXfgT O`fskjfntk`flf, gkl _kl ufs zuwlfglfuXfgT w`mly ufs zwlk pròlft O`ddksk`f milkmt, vlrjùtlf wkr Keflflkf pròlft.-

Dkt NoetufjM.E. _oeròglr & O`. =?<

=?7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl MMM, Rìudl >/>>.

=?< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?:-=1=.



>>:

_oeikldnff wlrg gus fklt g``r gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. fnnr _t.Qltlrsmurj jlstuurg, dnnr zl wkiglf wli dlt eld wlrhlf wnffllr ekcgnnr fnnrt`l jkfj. Kh elm fklt hufflf `ftglhhlf wnt lr prlokls dlt eltv``rstli vnf Jkvnj` jlmlurg ks, dnnr elt ks gukglikch gnt lr jllf pnrtflr-

soenp Jkvnj` & _oeikldnff `b Jkvnj` & _oeròglr `ftstnnf ks. E`lwlielt pinf fklt g``rjljnnf soekcft tl zkcf milvlf Jkvnj` lf _oeikldnffvrklfglf. Kf >5<< f`ldgl _oeikldnff zlibs zkcf llrstl z``f fnnr eld,_lrjl.

@p >< f`vldmlr `ftvkfj _oeikldnff mrklvlf vnf z`wli Nfte._oeròglr & O`. kf Il Envrl nis vnf Rnf Ilfflp kf _dyrfn. Mlkglffndlf _oeikldnffs v``rstli nnf, ekc dòet euf znhlf kf _t. Qltlrsmurjmlenrtkjlf. @b fu niils r`fg wns lf ekc zkcf rlks fnnr ]usinfg pinfgl`b gnt ekc tòe f`j lfkjl nnrzlikfj eng lf zkoe nbvr`lj `b ekc fklt mltlrtlruj h`f jnnf fnnr Dlohilfmurj ks fklt elildnni gukglikch. Ekc soerllb

llf mrklb nnf llf ugl vrklfg kf ]`stòh. Zl wltlf fklt wnt _oeikldnffsoerllb, dnnr elt nftw``rg vnf glzl vrklfg, E. Brklgrkoeslf, ks mlwnnrgjlmilvlf. Ekc ks mikc gnt ekc wnt vnf _oeikldnff e``rt. Ekc eng vr`ljlrvnnh mkc zkcf mr`lr fnnr eld jlàfb`rdllrg lf ekc eng stllgs wllr j`lglmlrkoetlf `vlr _oeikldnff `ftvnfjlf. Gnnr wns ekc elli mikc `d wnftmkc _oeikldnffs vlrtrlh fnnr Endmurj eng ekc wlkfkj e``p v``r eldjlh`lstlrg. Ekczlib wns f`j stllgs gl nijldlfl hrnoet mkc Muroeenrgtsoe_ukhlrbnmrklh lf w``j dlt llf j`lg jld`lg sf`lp lf str``p. Elt mlvklield uktstlhlfg. Znt znhlf mltrlbt wns niils kf ]`stòh llf stuh hilkflrgnf _oeikldnff `fjltwkcblig jlwlfg wns. M`vlfgklf wns gl dnrht kf

Dlohilfmurj ni vlrzngkjg dlt njlftlf v``r Ndstlrgndsl bkrdn‛s. Gklo`fourrllrglf z` elbtkj dlt lihnnr gnt lr kf hì`fknil wnrlf lkjlfikchfklts dllr tl vlrgklflf vkli. Elt jr``tstl jlgllitl vnf glzl mrklb w`rgtjlvuig dlt prkczlf gkl jldnnht zkcf v``r h`bbkl, rkcst, hrukglf lf eukglf.Brklgrkoeslf ks elinns fklt kf ]`stòh wnffllr _oeikldnff h`dt, dnnrekc mli``bt d ngrlsslf lf nnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf v``r jlrlf`ddllrgl bkr-dn‛s hinnr tl iljjlf.=?2

Elt ks gukglikch gnt gl enfgli kf ]`stòh kf vlreùgkfj t`t Ndstlrgnd dnnr zllr mlplrht ks. Znffllr _oeikldnff lr wlrhlikch `vlrjlgnoet ellbt `d fnnr zkcf vnglrinfg tlruj tl hlrlf gnf d`lt glzl mrklb

vìg`lfgl jlwllst zkcf `d eld gnnrvnf tl wllreùglf. ]`stòh wnsvlli tl hilkf v``r _oeikldnffs ndmktkl.

Elt mlj`f fu infjznnd nijldllf mlhlfg tl rnhlf gnt _oeikldnfffnnr ]usinfg zù jnnf `d gnnr v``r zkoezlib tl mljkfflf. Brnfê`ksEùiidnf ks mikc v``r zkcf vrklfg. Kf llf mrklb vnf =: f`vldmlr blikoktllrtekc _oeikldnff dlt gklfs t`lh`dst. Ekc ks mikc v``r zkcf vrklfg gnt nigklfs wlrh lf gkl urlf wnnrkf ekc zkoezlib ni stuglrlfgl vnf gl f`gkjl

=?2 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/72-=<2. Llf f`j vlrglr kfjlh`rtl vlrskl ks tl

vkfglf kf Dlylr >;<?, ?7.



>>5 -

sinnp mlr``bg ellbt fu uktmltnilf. Mkfflfh`rt ks ekc lkjlf mnns lf zni ekcplrs`flli kf gklfst elmmlf. Gnf ellbt ekc llf d``kl znnh lf hnf ekc zkoellf d``kl vrùw vlr``ri`vlf.=?:

R``r Eùiidnf ks elt jllf vrnnj, _oeikldnff w`rgt jllf wlrhfldlr

vnf _oeròglr kf _t. Qltlrsmurj, _oeikldnff mljkft zkcf lkjlf enfglis-euks. _oeikldnff dnnht gl spr`fj vnf mlgklfgl fnnr mnns.@p >> gloldmlr >57< soerkcbt _oeikldnff zkcf euksmnns lf zljt ekc

zkcf hndlr `p. Ekc zni lrjlfs tusslf gl >2 lf gl >5gl vnf gl vìjlfgldnnfg, cnfunrk >572, fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj vlrtrlhhlf. `t gkl tkcg zù ekcjrnnj wkiilf mikcvlf, dnnr gnf wki ekc wli plr gnj mltnilf.=?5

@fglrtusslf ks elt fkluws ``h t`t gl bndkikl g``rjlgr`fjlf. @pglrtklf gloldmlr soerkcvlf z`wli vnglr nis mr`lr Qnui llf mrklb nnfElkfrkoe lf Iugwkj kf Ndstlrgnd. Mr`lr Qnui ks mikc gnt Elkfrkoe `pzkcf rlks fnnr D`shù lf _t. Qltlrsmurj ``h mkc elf `p mlz`lh zni h`-

dlf.=?; Rnglr _oeikldnff w`rgt zlibs jlelli slftkdlftlli vnf jliuh. Kfelt mkcz`fglr `dgnt ekc lr vnf `vlrtukjg soekcft tl zkcf gnt zkcf z``fr`fg gl hlrst h`dt. Ekc vlrz`lht eld niillf `d lr v``r tl z`rjlf gntzkcf zustlrs ``h dllh`dlf. Noe wnt llf vrlujgl zù elt eld soelfhlf`d f`j llf hllr ni zkcf hkfglrlf r`fg zkoe vlrzndlig tl zklf.=71

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff vnf pinf wns `d vkn Dlohilfmurjfnnr Zlst QrluÐlf, wnnr zkcf vnglr `p gnt d`dlft w``fgl, lf vnf gnnrg``r fnnr ]usinfg tl rlkzlf. @fglrwlj wkigl ekc gnf llrst zkcf zustlrslf vlrvìjlfs zkcf vnglr mlz`lhlf. E`l elt h`dt gnt zkcf vnglr glfhtgnt ekc lr ni dlt gl hlrst zni zkcf tlrwkci _oeikldnff ni wkst gnt ekc pns kf

cnfunrk zù vlrtrlhhlf ks `fgukglikch.Elt ks ``h `fgukglikch wnt lr uktlkfglikch dks jkfj, dnnr zlhlr ks gnt

_oeikldnff zkcf zustlrs, vnglr lf mr`lr Qnui gkt cnnr fklt mlzòet.@p >< cnfunrk soerllb dlf twll nnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf v``r eld mkc

_oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd.=7> Fklt infj gnnrfn d`lt ekc Ndstlrgnd vlrin-tlf elmmlf wnft `p =1 cnfunrk `ftvkfj ekc, tlrwkci ekc mkc gl jlmr`lglrs_oeròglr kf Endmurj wns, llf mrklb vnf I.O. Dùfoe ukt Mrldlf.=7= Jlgurlfgl zkcf vlrmikcb kf Endmurj jkfj ekc ``h mkc Zlfgt infjs, dnnrfu eng ekc jllf euip dllr f`gkj. @p ?1 cnfunrk soerkcbt dlf vnfukt

Ndstlrgnd v``r elt llrst nnf _oeikldnff kf _t. Qltlrsmurj. Skcf fkluwl

onrrkårl ks mlj`fflf.

=?: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/7:->;.=?5 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl MMM, Rìudl >/>2.=?; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/<>-?2=.=71 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/<=-=2>.=7> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/2= lf 2?->(n) R``r gl Jlmrùglr ]npp lf

_tlpenfy & O`. mlkgl kf ]kjn.

=7= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/2<-:5.



>>;

>2. Elt llrstl cnnr

Lr ks fnuwlikchs `fglrz`lh jlgnnf fnnr _oeikldnff gl znhlfdnf.Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl hwnd ekc `p ?1 cnfunrk >572kf _t. Qltlrsmurj nnf. Slvlf gnjlf intlr rlksgl ekc g``r fnnr D`shù.Kf mlkgl pinntslf eng ekc suools lf z`g`lfgl h`f ekc zkoe lfkjl dnnf-glf intlr nis zlibstnfgkj jr``tenfglinnr, gkl v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj wlrhtl,vlstkjlf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj. Kf >572 rlksgl ekc vklr hllr fnnr D`shù.=7? Kf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl hrkcjlf wl f`j klts dllr kfb`rdntkl. Eklrvlrtlit ekc zkcf ilzlrs gnt ekc kf zkcf llrstl cnnr z` suoolsvì wns gnt ekc

zkoe ni mljkf >57: mkc elt jkigl vnf zlibstnfgkjl jr``tenfglinrlf kf h`fintlf soerkcvlf. Ekc wlrhtl fklt niillf v``r zkcf lkjlf rlhlfkfj, dnnr wnsgnnrfnnst, gl llrstl lib cnnr, njlft v``r M.E. _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd.@dgnt ekc kf Ndstlrgnd llf jr`fgkjl hlffks `pjlgnnf eng vnf glenfgli kf kfgkj` mlplrhtl ekc zkoe t`t gkt pr`guot.=77

Kf prkfokpl wnrlf lr twll dnfklrlf wnnr`p dlf kf gl enfgli jligh`f vlrgklflf.

Dlf h`f `ptrlglf nis Njlft. Kf gkt jlvni jkfj dlf `p z`lh fnnrhinftlf v``r kldnfg nfglrs lf hrllj dlf llf plrolftnjl vnf gl

wkfst.

=7? Zlmmlr >;7=, >=.

=77 _oeikldnff >5;=, >5.

N.

Gl Flvn kf _t. Qltlrsmurj >57>.



>=1 -

Dlf h`f v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj wlrhlf. Dlf hòet dlt lkjlf jlig lfhrllj mkc vlrh``p gl elil wkfst `b elt elil vlrikls.

@vlr elt nijldllf jlmrukhtlf enfgliseukzlf mlkgl `ptkls3

Ndstlrgnd g. ?1 Cnf >572 Hrnppl wnrlf slkt v`rkjlf Zòel ltwns dler jlrnjt ufg mrçoetlfmlk nfenitlfglf Mljlel lkflr mnigkjlf Mlsslrufj lftjljlf jlelfg, gngkl kd jiùohikoestlf Bnii <111 BçÐlr mltrnjlfgl Lrftl soeflii vlr- jrkfilf slyf dòoetl. Su glf Qrlkslf wkl _kl Nfstliiufj enmlf, e`filfwkr mlk mnigkjlf @rglrs fòe zu hnulf, nu lkfkjl jutl Qnrtelklfenmlf mlrlkts jlm`tlf, w`rùmlr kf glf fçoestlf njlf Nftw`rt lrwnr-tlf. _`mnig wkr fur wksslf, gnÐ g`rt ltwns zu dnoelf, wlrglf ufsfòe Lkfkjls skoelrlf ufg slelf glsenim Kerlf Fnoerkoetlf vlrinfjlfglftjljlf. >577ls Mlrnumtl mlstlf 7? á 72, Hilkfl lkfl ?; á 7=,

\fmlrnumtl ?7 á ?:. =7<

Kf gkt v``rmllig zklf wl e`l glzl dnfklr vnf wlrhlf kf gl prnh-tkch uktpnhtl. _oeikldnff ellbt _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd jlsoerlvlf gntekc v``r ëëf `b dllrglrl ]ussksoel hinftlf dllhrnp (]umkn tkfot`rud)z`lht. Ekc hnf gnnrmkc t`t llf mlpnnigl prkcs jnnf. Mkc _oeròglr zklf zlwli wnt kf glzl `rglr lf zl mli`vlf gnt zl `p z`lh jnnf `d klts v``r gklprkcs tl h`plf. Sl trlglf eklr gus, sndlf dlt _oeikldnff, nis njlft `plf h`plf v``r rlhlfkfj vnf llf `b dllrglrl ]ussksoel bkrdn‛s.

@dgnt zl vlrwnoetlf gnt gl prkcs vnf dllhrnp zni jnnf stkcjlf elm-

mlf zl nivnst wnt v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj jlhòet. Sl sturlf _oeikldnff llf`vlrzkoet vnf gl prkczlf wnnrv``r ekc hinftlf hnf jnnf z`lhlf. Kf gktjlvni ks _oeròglr gl lkjlfnnr lf trllgt _oeikldnff nis njlft `p.

Znt _oeikldnff mltrlbt wlrht elt systlld vnf njlft fnnr twll hnf-tlf. Ekc z`lht dllhrnp v``r ]ussksoel hinftlf lf ekc z`lht ]ussksoelhinftlf v``r gl dllhrnp vnf _oeròglr. Dlf d`lt mkc _oeròglr vlr-wnoet elmmlf gnt euf lkjlf dllhrnp dllr zù jnnf `pmrlfjlf gnfgl prkcs gkl _oeikldnff tl mklglf eng, nfglrs engglf zl euf pnrtkc wlijlmrukht `d kf _oeikldnffs vrnnj tl v``rzklf. Elt ks ``h d`jlikch gnt_oeikldnff llf nfglrl hwniktlkt zòet gnf dlf mkc _oeròglr eng.

R``r _oeikldnff wnrlf lr mkc glzl dnfklr vnf enfglilf loetlrtwll pr`mildlf. Znffllr dlf mkc _oeròglr elt pr`guot fklt eng, wkst_oeikldnff f``kt zlhlr b zl kf Ndstlrgnd elt g``r eld jlzòetl v``rgl g``r eld jlm`glf prkcs h`fglf h`plf. _oeikldnff d`lst gus dltdllrglrl enfgliseukzlf wlrhlf kf gl e``p gnt lr nitkcg ëëf mkc znt gkl glg``r eld jlv`fglf `pgrnoetlf h`f ilvlrlf. Rnfgnnr gnt _oeikldnffv``r zkcf vlrtrlh ni dlt llf nnftni enfgliseukzlf kf vlrsoekiilfgl pinnt-slf o`ftnot jliljg eng.

=7< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/2:-=1?.

M.



>=>

Elt twllgl pr`milld wns gl hwniktlkt. Znffllr llf enfgliseuksv``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj wlrhtl stuurgl dlf _oeikldnff d`fstlrs vnf wntdlf kf gl nnfmklgkfj eng. Gnnrdll h`f _oeikldnff kf ]usinfg zkcfhinftlf intlf zklf wnt lr kf Ndstlrgnd tl hrkcjlf wns. Glzl d`fstlrs

h`fglf loetlr ``h tljlf eld jnnf wlrhlf, `dgnt elt rljlidntkj glvrnnj wns `b dlf, tljlf gl tkcg gnt dlf gl `rglr mkfflf eng, gkl hwnik-tlkt f`j stllgs eng b gnt gkl fglrtusslf ni nnf llf nfglr vlrhòet wns.Gkl d`fstlrs d`lstlf plrsi`t plr soekp vnf Ndstlrgnd fnnr Qltlrsmurjjlstuurg w`rglf lf gnt h`sttl vlli tkcg. Niil `rglrs d`lstlf gus vrkc-mikcvlfg zkcf `dgnt dlf, `b gl jlzòetl hwniktlkt fklt h`f h`plf, `bni vlrhòet eng. Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff zkoe gnnr kf elt mljkf wlillfs kf vlrjkst ellbt. @p =2 dnnrt >572 vlrzòet gl M.E. _oeròglr kf

Ndstlrgnd _oeikldnff grkfjlfg `d jllf vnstl vlrh``po`ftrnotlf nb tlsiuktlf. Sl zùglf kf gl pr`mildlf hufflf h`dlf nis gl h`plr prlokls

gl hwniktlkt vnf gl d`fstlrs wkigl.=72 D`fstlrs wnrlf llf rkoetikcf, fkltdllr gnf gnt.

S`nis wl ni llrglr jlzklf elmmlf v`rdglf gl _oeròglr bkrdn‛s sn-dlf dlt gl gnnrnnf vlrwnftl bkrdn‛s llf fltwlrh. Znffllr dlf kf

Ndstlrgnd fklt h`f ilvlrlf jkfj dlf hkchlf `b llf vnf gl vlrwnf-tl bkrdn‛s glzl `pgrnoet ukt h`f v`lrlf. Gkt mljkft ni dltllf fngnt_oeikldnff v``r elt llrst fnnr D`shù ks jlrlksg. @p >1 dnnrt >572soerkcbt dlf vnfukt Ndstlrgnd nnf eld gnt dlf vnf gl `pgrnoet vnf=11 p`fg Qug=7: Mkdns _npnf eùt v``r gl jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf llfhwnrt v``r Bi. 5?/

5 hnf h`plf. Gl rlst wkiilf zl, v``r glzlibgl prkcs,

fldlf ukt llf pnrtkc gkl mkc _oeròglr kf Endmurj ikjt. Gnt wki zljjlfnis gkl pnrtkc lr f`j ks. E`l gnf ``h, _oeikldnff d`lt gl jlmr`lglrsDniutkf dnnr vlrtliilf gnt dlf euf `pgrnoet dlt z`rj zni uktv`lrlf.=75 _oeikldnff ellbt M.E. _oeròglr lf O`. llf `rglr nnfjlm`glf. Dlf wkiglzl kf Ndstlrgnd jrnnj nnffldlf, dnnr dlf ellbt elt jlvrnnjgl pr`-guot fklt. Dlf e``pt loetlr llf glli lr vnf tl hufflf h`plf, dnnr lrsoekcft fklt vìg`lfgl `p gl dnrht tl zkcf v``r gl elil `pgrnoet. Dlfwllt loetlr gnt lr kf Endmurj f`j llf pnrtkc tl h``p ks lf e``pt fu gntgkl f`j fklt vlrhòet ks. G``r llf twllgl bkrdn mkc glzl znnh tl mltrlh-hlf e``pt dlf gnt wnt _oeikldnff z`lht tl hufflf ilvlrlf. @dgnt gkl

twllgl bkrdn `fglrglli vnf gl _oeròglr jr`lp ks wllt dlf zlhlr gnt lrjllf pr`mildlf `vlr gl mltnikfj zuiilf `ftstnnf `dgnt niil _oeròglrbkrdn‛s lihnnr hrlgklt jlvlf.

=72 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>>=-=?7.=7: Gl Qug `b Q``g ks llf ugl ]ussksoel Dnnt. > Qug ks jlikch nnf 71 Buft (]ussksoel

p`fglf) ks jlikch nnf >2, ?5 Hki`.

=75 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/5>-=>1.



>== -

_`ds ks elt loetlr fklt d`jlikch d elt ftmrlhlfgl jlgllitl mkc llfoìiljn nnf tl h`plf. Kf gnt jlvni w`rgt llf t`tnil `pgrnoet nnf llf nf-glr vlr jlgnnf. S` ellbt _oeikldnff mkc Nilxlclbb =7; llf jr`tl pgrnoetv``r vlrbeùt i`s jlhrljlf. Dlf wki eld gnnr jrnnj mkc eliplf, dnnr

lr ks llf pr`milld. Sl hufflf elt jlvrnnjgl Ondploel minuweùt,gl Mkdns _npnf lf gl Hurhudn ilvlrlf. Elt _t. Dnnrtlfeùt lf eltG`dkfj` minuweùt elmmlf zl loetlr fklt, dnnr zl stliilf v``r `d gntjlgllitl vnf glzl `rglr g``r tl jlvlf nnf gl Nfte. _oeròglr & O`. kfIl Envrl.=<1

@p glzl wkczl hrkcjt ``h gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd`pgrnoetlf vnf nfglrl (_oeròglr) bkrdn‛s. @p =5 dnnrt >572 pinntstl_oeikldnff llf pgrnoet mkc Nfte. _oeròglr & O`. kf Il Envrl.=<> Dlfhnf glzl `rglr kf Il Envrl fklt uktv`lrlf, dnnr kf pinnts vnf eld nnf_oeikldnff tlruj tl jlvlf stuurt dlf eld g``r fnnr Ndstlrgnd wnnr

dlf elt wli hnf. Rnfukt Ndstlrgnd soerkcbt dlf >5 nprki nnf _oeikldnffgnt zl gl g``r Il Envrl jlzòetl <111 pug Oumn lf flt z`vlli ldpko`jllieùt gkl _oeikldnff v``r Nilhslclbb z`lht, hnf ilvlrlf.=<=

@p glzl dnfklr h`fglf _oeikldnff lf gl gkvlrsl bkrdn‛s wnnrdllekc wlrhtl elt rksko`‛s gnt zl fklt h`fglf ilvlrlf innj eùglf lf jlikchtkc-gkj mkc euf hinftlf gl kfgruh wlhhlf gnt zl nitkcg niils engglf.

@dgnt gl hinftlf niillf fklt mkfglfgl rglrs h`fglf pinntslf splli-glf zl eltzlibgl spli. Sl pinntstlf euf `rglrs mkc vlrsoekiilfgl njlftlf`b vlrsoekiilfgl enfgliseukzlf lf fndlf uktlkfglikch gnt wnt euf qunhwniktlkt lf prkcs elt mlstl ukthwnd. Gkt h`f lrv``r z`rjlf gnt vlrsoeki-

ilfgl eukzlf `p vlkikfjlf v``r glzlibgl hinft tljlf lihnnr `pm`glf.Kf Ndstlrgnd v`fg dlf gnt _oeikldnff gl jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf d`lstuktiljjlf gnt elt kf euf lkjlf mlinfj wns nis zl euf `rglrs niillf mkceld pinntstlf. @p gkl dnfklr h`f ekc v``rh`dlf gnt gl prkcs lxtrn `p-jlgrlvlf wlrg.=<?

Kf llf lfhli jlvni hwnd elt loetlr ``h v``r gnt dlf `fgnfhs niilsllf `pgrnoet fklt uktv`lrlf h`f. @p =? dnnrt wkigl Q._. Nilxlclbb >1hkstlf zkivlrjrkczl Cnvn Oòelfkiil á ?2< h`plf lf <1 mi`hhlf Mnfgn kfv``r Bi. <? n <7. Gnt inntstl e``ptl dlf kf Ndstlrgnd v``r Bi. <? tlhufflf h`plf, dnnr zkivlrjrkczl Cnvn Oòelfkiil wns v``r gl jlm`glf

prkcs fklt tl h``p. Nis Nilxlclbb gnt wkigl d`lst ekc loet zkcf m`g vlre`-jlf. @b _oeikldnff gnnr dnnr v``r z`rjlf wkigl.=<7

=7; El soekcft gnt dlf mkc gl gkvlrsl _oeròglr bkrdns llf pr`milld eng dlt gl trnfs-orkptkl vnf glzl fnnd. Kf gl mrklvlf vnf M.E. _oeròglr vkfglf wl Nilxolbb lf Nilxlclbb. Kf gl mrklvlf ukt Il Envrl vkfglf wl Niënolbb lf kf gkl ukt Endmurj Nilhsylbb. Kf zk cf rlkscùrfnni ukt >572 soerllb _oeikldnff Nilxlkbb.

=<1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>>=-=?7.=<> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>>:-?>7.=<= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>7:-=7=.=<? Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/;<-==;.

=<7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>11-=?>.



>=?

Rkn gl mrklvlf gkl _oeikldnff ukt Ndstlrgnd `ftvkfj wlrg ekc `pgl e``jtl jle`uglf vnf wnt lr `p gl dnrht wns lf e`l elt dlt gl ukt-v`lrkfj vnf zkcf `pgrnoetlf st`fg. Elt wnrlf nms`iutl znhlfmrklvlf. Lrks dnnr llf mrklb kf niil f`j mlstnnfgl mrklvlf ukt Ndstlrgnd wnnrukt

wl hufflf zklf gnt _oeikldnff zkcf o`rrlsp`fglftlf plrs``fikch hlf-gl. @p < blmrunrk >572 siukt N. Qrlnzli zkcf mrklb dlt llf plrs``fikchlf``t nb3

Fnoemnr v`f Hldplf s` wkl gns jnfzl Qlrs`fni insslf _kl elrzikoe jrùÐlf s` wkl koe ... =<<

=<< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/25n-=17.



>=7 -

>:. @vlr Mkdns _npnf lfOòekflni

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl mlplrhtl _oeikldnff zkoe wnt glpr`guotlf wnnrkf ekc enfgligl t`t kfgkj` `dgnt ekc gnnr kf Ndstlrgndllf jr`tl hlffks `vlr eng vlrjnnrg.=<2 G``r glzl `pdlrhkfj soeklp_oeikldnff v``r zkoe zlib elt kdnj` gnt ekc llf enfglinnr kf kfgkj`wns.=<: Znnr`d _oeikldnff wkigl gnt gl wlrlig eld z` znj ks `fgukgl-ikch. Lr ks t`t `p elglf f`j dnnr elli wlkfkj nnfgnoet nnf _oeikldnff

nis enfglinnr mlstllg. Kh elm niillf gl f`j mlstnnfgl enfglismrklvlf ukt>572 jlilzlf. Elt ks d`jlikch gnt zkoe kf intlrl cnrlf llf nfglr pntr``fkf _oeikldnffs wlrh `ftwkhhlig ellbt, dnnr kf elt llrstl cnnr mlplrhtl_oeikldnff zkoe mlsikst fklt t`t llf lfhli pr`guot. Kfgkj` wns kf >572fklt dllr gnf ëëf vnf gl pr`guotlf wnnrkf ekc enfgligl. Gl lrvnrkfjgkl ekc mkc gl bkrdn _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd `pgllg d`lt ``h vlli ruk-dlr jlwllst zkcf. Dlf enfgligl gnnr, wnffllr wl gl dnrhtmlrkoetlfgkl zl nnf euf hinftlf stuurglf d`jlf jli`vlf, kf llf jr``t nnftnipr`guotlf. @p ?> gloldmlr >577 stuurgl dlf llf twll pnjkfn‛s jr``tmlrkoet r`fg. Elt lxldpinnr kf elt _oeikldnff nroeklb ks mlsoengkjg lf

gnnrg``r ks elt d`lkikch `d tl noetlrenilf `vlr e`lvlli pr`guotlf lrprlokls jlspr`hlf w`rgt. Gukglikch illsmnnr zkcf f`j stllgs >: pr`guot-jr`lplf gkl kf elt t`tnni 72 pr`guotlf vlrtljlfw``rgkjlf.=<5 Elt nnftnipr`guotlf wnnrkf dlf enfgligl wns ``h t`lf vlrd`lglikch ni vlli jr`-tlr. @p =: Nprki >572 iklt dlf kf Ndstlrgnd llf ’Qrkol-Ourrlft— gruh-hlf. \kt glzl ikcst mikcht gnt dlf sndlfwlrhtl dlt =: nfglrl bkrdn‛s lfjlzndlfikch mrnoetlf glzl bkrdn‛s <71 vlrsoekiilfgl nrtkhlilf `fglr glnnfgnoet vnf euf hinftlf.=<; _oeikldnff h`f gus kf ]usinfg hinftlfz`lhlf v``r ni glzl pr`guotlf lf M.E. _oeròglr & O`. kf Ndstlrgndh`f gkl `pgrnoetlf gnf mkc gl gkvlrsl mlgrkcvlf, wnnrdll zl sndlf gl

prkcsoùrnft uktjljlvlf engglf, `fglrmrlfjlf.

=<2 _oeikldnff >5;=, >5.=<: D``rlelng >;;7, =2 ’Zent grlw _oeikldnff t` ]usskn wns kfgkj`, tel gnrh miul

fnturni gyl kdp`rtlg br`d Cnvn nfg Kfgkn kf wekoe _oeròglr & O`. eng o`rflrlgtel dnrhlt.— rnkii >;;<, =? ’]liykfj `f tel lxplrtksl nfg o`ftnots kf tel kfgkj`trngl tent el eng glvli`plg kf Ndstlrgnd, _oeikldnff mukit up eks `wf muskflssstlngkiy my rlstrkotkfj ekdslib kfktkniiy t` trnfsnotk`fs kf tent o`dd`gkty—.

=<5 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>2n-?1?.

=<; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/><:-=7:.



>=<

Znffllr wl fnnr gl fu f`j mlstnnfgl o`rrlsp`fglftkl v``r >572hkchlf zklf wl gnt _oeikldnff kf e``bgznhlikch llf tklftni pr`guotlfenfgligl. Kh jllb zl eklr kf llf stnntcl dlt elt nnftni hlrlf gnt lr`vlrjlsoerlvlf w`rgt3

Dllhrnp <> hllrO`oekflni ?;Kfgkj` ?:Hnt`lf ?7

H`bbkl ?7Mkdns _npnf ?=_ukhlr ?=Mnfhn kf >5_t. Dnnrtlf e`ut >5nmnh >7

Gnnrfnnst zkcf lr f`j llf nnftni pr`guotlf gkl dnnr llf `b twll hllrjlf`ldg w`rglf.

Llfkjl vnf gl pinftlf wnnrkf _oeikldnff enfgligl.



>=2 -

\kt gkt stnntcl w`rgt `fdkggliikch gukglikch gnt dlf mkc _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd kf >572 iklvlr hinftlf v``r dllhrnp lf Oòekflni gnf v``rkfgkj` eng. Znffllr wl fnnr gl nbrlhlfkfjlf v``r gkt cnnr hkchlf mikchtgnt _oeikldnff kf gkt cnnr elt dllstl vlrgklfgl dlt dllhrnp. Eklrmkc

d`lt kh loetlr llf sinj `d gl nrd eùglf `dgnt elt gukglikch ks gntfklt niil rlhlfkfjlf mlwnnrg jlmilvlf zkcf lf elt gnnrg``r `fd`jlikchks `d vnst tl stliilf e`lvlli lr prlokls vnf wlih pr`guot kf gkt cnnr vlr-enfglig wlrg.

Znffllr wl fnnr m`vlfstnnfg ikcstcl hkchlf zklf wl gnt zls vnf glpr`guotlf gkl lr`p stnnf tl dnhlf elmmlf dlt gl hilurst`bpr`guotkl._oeikldnffs enfgli mlst`fg v``r llf jr``t jlgllitl ukt jr`fgst`bblfv``r fntuurikchl hilurst`bblf. @dgnt Zkiiknd Elfry Qlrhkf (>5?5->;1:) kf >5<2 gl nfkikflvlrb uktv`fg lf glzl skfgs >5;: o`ddlroklli pgl dnrht jlmrnoet ks, hlfflf wl elt dlrlfglli vnf gl g``r _oeikldnff

vlrenfgligl pr`guotlf fu fklt dllr.Dllhrnp (]umkn tkfot`rud) w`rgt jlhwllht v``r gl w`rtlis. \kt glzl

w`rtlis wlrg llf r`gl hilurst`b jlw`fflf. Gkt pr`guot wlrg vlrenf-glig kf dllrglrl hwniktlktlf. Znffllr dlf gl w`rtlis dnnigl ellttlgkt ’ufmlrnumtlf Hrnpp—. Znffllr gl w`rtlis llrst jlsoekig wlrglf lfgnnrfn jldnilf sprnh dlf vlr ’mlrnumtlf Hrnpp—. Znffllr dlf dll-hrnp iklt rustlf wlrg gl kftlfsktlkt vnf gl hilur e`jlr. Dlf vlrenfgliglDllhrnp z`g`lfgl `p cnnr.=21

Oòekflni zkcf jlgr``jgl iukzlf vnf gl bndkikl Oòokgnl. Glzl iuksillbgl ``rspr`fhlikch kf Dlxko` `p gl @puftkn oòokfliikblrn dnnr

wlrg intlr ``h jlhwllht kf jlelli Dkgglf- lf Sukg Ndlrkhn, `p gl Zlstkfgksoel lkinfglf, `p Cnvn, kf Sukg Nbrkhn, kf Nijlrkcl lf kf _pnfcl.\kt gl jlgr``jgl iuks vlrvnnrgkjgl dlf hnrdkcf. Gl llrstl ``jst vnfelt cnnr wns elt mlstl. Glzl wlrg Snhhngkiil jlf`ldg. Kf gl mrklvlf nnf_oeikldnff ks niillf sprnhl vnf Cnvn Oòekflni, dnnr gkt gnf wli wllrkf dllrglrl hwniktlktlf.

Oòekfkiil ... nfjlh`dlfl =< HXkstlfT mlstlelf nus3> Hkstl Snoontkiil á 7=</?1> Hkstl jr`Ðhòrfkjl skimlrjrnul á ?;</711

>: Hkstlf hilkfhòrfkjl á ?71/?7<2 Hkstlf sler hilkfhòrfkjl ufg stnum á =;1/?>1=2>

Kf vlrmnfg dlt glzl Oòekflni enfgligl dlf ``h kf Mnfhn kf. Znffllr dlf fndlikch tkf nnf gl Oòekflni t`lv`ljt `ftstnnt llf gkl-plrl r`gl hilur.

=21 Skl mv. Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=?;-=2: wnnrkf z`wli dllhrnp ukt >57=nis ukt >57? w`rgt nnfjlm`glf.

=2> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=>?-=2>.



>=:

Mkdns _npnf lf _t. Dnnrtlfeùt mle`rlf dlt llf jr`tl jr`lp nf-glrl eùts``rtlf gkl kf gl mrklvlf jlf`ldg w`rglf t`t gl r`gl vlrb-eùtlf. Elt jnnt eklr `d s``rtlf vnf gl Onlsnipkfn bndkikl gkl z`wlikf Kfgkè nis kf Sukg Ndlrkhn lf `p gl Onrkmksoel lkinfglf v``rh`dlf.

\kt elt eùt vnf fnjlf`lj niil ilglf vnf glzl bndkikl hnf dlt llf r`glhilurst`b wkfflf, elt vlrsoeki kf hwniktlkt ks loetlr nnfzklfikch tusslfgl gkvlrsl s``rtlf, dnnr ``h mkfflf gl zlibgl s``rt. Gl _npnf s``rtlfhwndlf ukt Kfgkè lf Sukg- Ndlrkhnnfsl s``rtlf hrljlf llf infgnnfguk-gkfj, Mrnzkiknnfs eùt, Cndnkon eùt, _t. Dnnrtlf eùt, lto. G``rgnt glhwniktlkt d`lkikch tl jnrnfglrlf wns wnrlf glzl vlrbeùtlf llf d`lk-ikch pr`guot. Kf gl Ndstlrgndsl mrklvlf w`rglf gl vlrsoekiilfgl s``r-tlf vnnh nis llf pr`guot jlf`ldg. Kf llf nnftni mrklvlf w`rgt zlibsOndploeleùt kf glzl jr`lp `pjlf`dlf. Elt soekcft gnt dlf lr vnfuktjkfj gnt gl hwniktlkt z` d`lkikch tl jnrnfglrlf wns gnt llf `fglrvlr-

glikfj gl enfgli niillf dnnr d`lkikchlr zù dnhlf.Ondploeleùt h`dt vnf gl Enldnt`xyi`f Ondploeknfud ukt

Dlxko`. Gkt eùt ilvlrt llf minuwl hilurst`b `p.Lf gnf elmmlf wl f`j _oeikldnff‛s bnv`rkltl kfgkj`. Gkt pr`guot

h`dt vnf pinftlf vnf gl Kfgkj`blrn bndkikl. Glzl pinft ilvlrgl eltmlr`ldgl g`fhlrminuw gnt wl fu f`j vnf gl spkchlrmr`lh hlfflf.

Nbenfhlikch vnf wlih bndkiklikg dlf hwllhtl hrllj dlf llf jr`tlrl `bhilkflrl `pmrlfjst. Mlfjni-kfgkj`, gnt e``bgznhlikch kf I`fglf `p gldnrht hwnd eng gl e``jstl `pmrlfjst. Kf Ndstlrgnd enfgligl dlfe``bgznhlikch kf Cnvn-kfgkj` gnt ``h vnf e`jl hwniktlkt wns.

Nnfjlzklf ni glzl pr`guotlf kf llrstl kfstnftkl hilurst`bblf v``r gltlxtklikfgustrkl ilvlrglf ks elt fklt dllr gnf i`jksoe gnt dlf kf ZlstLur`pn ``h kf hnt`lf enfgligl. @pvniilfg jlf`lj w`rgt lr `p gl f`jmlstnnfgl prkcsikcstlf lf kf gl f`j mlstnnfgl mrklvlf flrjlfs `vlr wìjlspr`hlf. Rlrd`lglikch wns gkt pr`guot jlelli kf Lfjlisl enfglf.

H`bbkl, sukhlr lf tnmnh zkcf fklt jlrlintllrgl pr`guotlf, gkl loetlrwli nnf glzlibgl ]ussksoel rlintkls vlrhòet wlrglf. @b glzl eklr kf enf-gliglf `b elt v``r lkjlf jlmrukh hòetlf ks fklt gukglikch. Elt ks j`lgd`jlikch gnt ]ussksoel hinftlf ``h v``r lkjlf jlmrukh vkn _oeikldnfflf _oeròglr pr`guotlf nnfsoenbtlf3

R`f glf Okjnrrlf wkl eXlrrfT Jkvnj` lreklit enmlf wkr fkoets dlernd Injlr ufg wlrglf nuoe soewlrhkoe eklr ltwns fglf. =2=

=2= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>;1-=<?.



>=5 -

Kf gl mrklvlf w`rgt gnnrfnnst ``h `vlr hndblr,=2? mi`ldmìilf,=27 hnns,=2< enrkfj,=22 lf zlibs gkndnftlf=2: jlspr`hlf.

I`s vnf ni glzl pr`guotlf enfgligl dlf ``h kf jlig. Gl kf glzlplrk`gl `ph`dlfgl bnmrklhlf wnrlf v``r gl vlrh``p vnf euf pr`guo-

tlf nbenfhlikch vnf enfglinrlf. Glzl enfglinrlf `ftvkfjlf euf jlig`vlr elt nijldllf llrst fngnt gl jlelil trnfsnotkl nbjlr`fg wns lf gush`fglf zl ``h euf ilvlrnfoklrs pns nnf elt lkfg vnf gl rkt mltnilf. Gktilvlrgl v``r gl pr`guolftlf elt pr`milld `p gnt zl infj `p euf jligd`lstlf wnoetlf lf gnnrg``r pr`mildlf hrljlf dlt gl bkfnfoklrkfjvnf jr`fgst`bblf v``r euf vìjlfgl pr`guotkl. @d gkt pr`milld `p tli`sslf jnvlf gl enfgliseukzlf wksslis. Eklrdll jnrnfgllrgl llf enfgl-innr gnt ekc `p llf mlpnnigl gntud, dllstni fljlftkj gnjlf fn gl ukt-jkbtl, llf mlpnnig mlgrnj v``r glzl wkssli zù mltnilf. Glzl wkssli wnsllf wnnrglpnpklr lf h`f gnnr`d vlrhòet w`rglf. Elt mlpnilf vnf gl

wnnrgl wns llfvùgkj. E`l infjlr gl h`plr p zkcf jlig d`lst wnoetlf,e`l dkfglr ekc lrv``r mltnnigl. Dlf h`f gus jlig vlrgklflf g``r glzlmrklvlf tl h`plf lf vlrvìjlfs tl wnoetlf t`t zl uktmltnniglf. Llf twll-gl d`jlikchelkg wns mltnilf kf elt muktlfinfg. Znffllr llf ]ussksoelbkrdn _oeròglr d`lst mltnilf wns elt llf elli wlrh d ni elt mlf`gkjgljlig fnnr Flglrinfg tl hrkcjlf. Znffllr ekc loetlr `vlr llf wkssli `pllf Flglrinfgs mlgrkcb mlsoekhtl e`lbgl ekc gkl niillf nnf _oeròglr tlsturlf lf h`f dlf kf Ndstlrgnd z`fglr ni tl vlli d`lktl elt jlig mkcgkl Flglrinfgsl bkrdn enilf wnffllr gkl wkssli uktmltnnig wlrg. Gktwlrhtl z` j`lg gnt s`ddkjl enfgliseukzlf niillf v``r gkt g`li wksslis

uktjnvlf. Elt jr``tstl pr`milld dlt gkt systlld wns gnt elt fklt g``rllf rljlrkfj jljnrnfgllrg wlrg z`nis duftlf. Llf jr``t jlgllitl vnfgl wnnrgl vnf glzl wksslis ekfj gnnrg``r nb vnf gl mltrùwmnnrelkgvnf elt enfgliseuks gnt zl uktjljlvlf eng. Elt elil systlld wns jlmn-sllrg `p vlrtrùwlf. Kf Ndstlrgnd wns dlf niillf gnf mlrlkg `d llf]ussksoel wkssli tl noolptlrlf wnffllr glzl g``r Nilxlclbb jljnrnfgllrgwlrg. Kf nfglrl bkrdn‛s eng dlf jllf vlrtrùwlf.=25 R``r s`ddkjl enf-gliseukzlf, z`nis C. Ey _oeròglr & O` kf I`fg`f, wlrg gl enfgli kfwksslis z` mlinfjrkch gnt zl uktlkfglikch llf enfglismnfh wlrglf.

=2? `.n. Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=1>-=<:.=27 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?17-=5;.=2< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=71-=25.=22 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=71-=25.=2: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=22-=:5.

=25 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=:7-=5=.



>=;

>5. Gl nfglr ellbt elt nitkcg bùt

G``rgnt _oeikldnffs nut`mk`jrnbksoel jlsoerkbtlf, z`nis wl jlzklf elm-mlf, infj fklt nitkcg nis nmsìutl ekst`rksoel mr`fflf tl jlmrukhlf zkcf kslr ni elli wnt jlgksousskllrg `vlr _oeikldnffs d`rnni. Kf glzl pnrnjrnnbzuiilf wl llfs hkchlf wnt lr vlr gl d`rnni vnf _oeikldnff lf _oeròglrtl zljjlf vnit wnffllr elt `vlr znhlf g`lf jnnt.

@p < blmrunrk >572 jllbt dlf _oeikldnff vnfukt Ndstlrgnd ngvkls`vlr e`l ekc llf pnrtkc dllhrnp d`lt vlrh`plf. Elt jnnt eklr `d ><vntlf bkcfl, hilkf jldnilf dllhrnp gkl dlf nis vnf gl e``jstl hwniktlkt

hnf vlrh`plf. Elt h`st bi. ?2.- , dnnr elt dnj fklt fglr gl bi. ?:.- vlr-hòet w`rglf. Znffllr ekc v``r gkt mlgrnj jllf hinftlf hnf vkfglf,gnf dnj ekc wnt `dinnj jnnf dlt gl prkcs. Ekc d`lt lr gnf loetlr v``rz`rjlf gnt gl hinft elt kgll hrkcjt gnt ekc `p gnt d`dlft llf nfglrl,j`lgh`plrl lf hwniktntklb dkfglrl pnrtkc kf gl nnfmklgkfj ellbt.=2;

Dlf ks lr zkoe kf Ndstlrgnd mlwust vnf gnt glzl pnrtkc fklt vnf gle``jstl hwniktlkt ks, dnnr _oeikldnff d`lt g`lf nis`b gnt wli elt jlvniks. Dòetlf gl hinftlf gnnr fklt kftrnpplf gnf hnf ekc elt rustkj llfpnnr gnjlf intlr v``r llf injlrl prkcs nnfmklglf. Ekc d`lt lr gnf loetlrwli v``r z`rjlf gnt zl glfhlf gnt elt d llf nfglrl pnrtkc jnnt. Sl d`-

jlf fndlikch fklt wltlf gnt gl prkcs `dinnj jljnnf ks. Elt kgll noetlrgkt ngvkls ks gukglikch. @d tl mljkfflf dnj gl hinft fklt wltlf gnt lrdnrjl v``r fglrenfglikfj ks. Kf gnt jlvni zù ekc wli llfs hufflf jnnfglfhlf gnt gl hwniktlkt vnf glzl pnrtkc dkfglr ks gnf dlf elf wki g`lfjli`vlf. Znffllr ekc gus zljt gnt elt nnfjlm`glfl tl guur ks jn cl fnnreuks. Llf pnnr gnjlf intlr h`d cl gnf tlruj dlt llf injlrl prkcs v``r llf’fkluwl— pnrtkc. Gl hinft glfht gnt ckc v``r eld `p z`lh jljnnf mlftfnnr klts gnt v``rglikjlr ks lf ellbt elt jlv`li gnt cl j`lg v``r zkcf znhlfmlft. @fglrtusslf elm ckc jlw``f cl pnrtkc vlrhòet. Glzl zlibgl d`rnnipnstl dlf stllgs wllr t`l3

Dkt d`rjlflr _tlndlr lrenitlf _kl lkfl Guroesoefktts Qr`ml v`f ?2Bnes >57=, >57?lr Mlrnumtl wlioelr á 77 zu hnulf skfg, lrflr v`f 5Bnes >57? Mlrnumtlr á 77 & >= Bnes r`tel >577 \fmlrnumtl á ?1,;lreçitikoe. Gn gklsl ltwns mkiikjlr skfg wkl rùelrlf Qnrtlklf, s` wì-ilf _kl mlk Dniutkfs v`rskoetkj slyf ufg glfslimlf fur glff v`riljlf,wlff gklsl fnoe gld Ldpnfj glr 71 Bnes fòe Hnuust enmlf. =:1

=2; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/25n-=17.

=:1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=?;-=2:.



>?1 -

_oeròglrs d`tt` ks gukglikch3 dnnh gl hinft fklt wkczlr gnf ekc ks.S`nis ni llrglr jlzljg ks gl mrklbwksslikfj, z`nis wl gkl fu f`j elmmlf,zllr llfzkcgkj lf kfo`dpillt. Zl hlfflf niillf gl mrklvlf gkl dlf vnfukt gl gkvlrsl bkrdn‛s nnf _oeikldnff stuurgl, _oeikldnffs hnft vnf gl

o`rrlsp`fglftkl ks t`t `p elglf fklt tlrujjlv`fglf. Elt ks gnnrg``r`fd`jlikch `d prlokls vnst tl stliilf wnt lr wnffllr jlmlurg ks. Zlrgdlf mkc gl Dniutkfs tòe wkczlr `b wns lr klts nfglrs dks dlt glzl pnrtkcdllhrnp. Gukglikch ks gnt _oeikldnff, fklt infj fngnt ekc m`vlfstnnfglmrklb `ftvkfj, kf d`lkikchelglf jlrnnhtl dlt glzl bkrdn. Fnnr elt zkoennf innt zklf i`stl _oeikldnff gkt pr`milld `p g``r zl h`rtkfj tl jlvlfz`fglr gnt ekc gnt llrst dlt Ndstlrgnd vlriljg eng. Mkc M.E. _oeròglrwnrlf zl gnnr fklt mikc dll. Gnnr wns dlf vnf dlfkfj gnt gl jlmr`lglrsDniutkf euf tl jrnzlf jlf`dlf engglf. Gnt wki zljjlf wnffllr_oeikldnff fklt mli``bg eng `d elt vlrhòetl tlruj tl fldlf wnffllr

zl elt uktlkfglikch tòe fklt wkiglf. Znffllr _oeikldnff gnt fklt jl-gnnf ellbt mljrkcplf zl fklt wnnr`d ekc llf h`rtkfj vnf <% t`ljlstnnfellbt. Sl elmmlf zlib gl d`fstlrs vnf gl dllhrnp jlf`dlf, gkl dlf mkcDniutkf jlnoolptllrg ellbt. Sl wltlf gus zlhlr gnt gl hwniktlkt vnf eltjlilvlrgl j`lg ks. Gnt zl mkc Dniutkf h`rtkfj wkiilf hnf niillf h`dlfg``rgnt lr llf tlrujjnfj kf gl o`fcufotuur ks `b `dgnt _oeikldnff tlvlli mli``bg ellbt.=:> Dlt llf tlrujjnfj kf gl o`fcufotuur mlg`lit dlfkf Ndstlrgnd gnt zl lr mkc Dniutkf noetlr jlh`dlf zkcf gnt dlf glzlib-gl hwniktlkt dllhrnp ``h v``r llf injlrl prkcs hnf hrkcjlf. Rìjlfs glM.E. _oeròglr zkcf lr dnnr twll d`jlikchelglf, gl Dniutkfs wkiilf `f-

glr gl h``p ukt `dgnt zl `ftglht elmmlf gnt zl eltzlibgl v``r llf injlrmlgrnj hufflf hrkcjlf b _oeikldnff ellbt dllr mli``bg gnf ekc dòet.Dlf ks kf Ndstlrgnd lrj m``s. Nis niil znhlf gnnr z` iklplf gnf zùglfzl f``kt dllr klts dlt wkl gnf ``h kf ]usinfg g`lf. _oeikldnff d`lto`ftnot `pfldlf dlt elt e``bg vnf elt jkigl vnf zlibstnfgkjl enfglin-rlf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj lf pns nis gkl elt dlt gl Dniutkfs llfs ks dnj_oeikldnff h`rtkfj jlvlf.=:= \kt glzl inntstl `pdlrhkfj w`rgt gukgl-ikch gnt zl kf Ndstlrgnd dkssoeklf wli e`plf gnt elt e``bg vnf elt jki-gl nnf euf hnft zni stnnf, dnnr gnt zl lr ni rlhlfkfj dll eùglf gnt gktfklt elt jlvni zni zkcf. @pvniilfg ks gnt zl glzl pnrtkc `fglr jllf mlgkfj

tlruj wkiilf. Zl hufflf fs nbvrnjlf b lr fklt tòe klts dlt glzl pnrtkcdks ks. Sl soekcflf zlhlr tl wltlf gnt _oeikldnff lr jllf fkluwl hinftv``r zni hufflf vkfglf. \ktlkfglikch soekcflf gl Dniutkfs tòe jlikchjleng tl elmmlf `b dkssoeklf engglf zl jlw``f dllr dnoet kf _t.Qltlrsmurj. Mkc _oeròglr kf Ndstlrgnd hlurlf zl uktlkfglikch gl h`rtkfjj`lg. Sl hufflf fklt nfglrs.=:?

=:> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=2<-=:2.=:= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=2<-=:2.

=:? Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=22-=:5.



>?>

@dgnt wl _oeikldnffs jlgllitl vnf gl o`rrlsp`fglftkl fklt hlfflfwltlf wl fklt wnt zkcf nftw``rg jlwllst ks. @`rspr`fhlikch ekliglf zl,z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, gl d`jlikchelkg `plf gnt elt zkcf soeuig wns`dgnt ekc tl vlli mli``bg eng, dnnr gnt mllig soekcft ekc wljjlf`dlf

tl elmmlf. Ni sp`lgkj h`dt gl zwnrtl pklt jlelli mkc gl Dniutkfs tl ikj-jlf. Elt soekcft gnt glzl, ``h fn gl h`rtkfj gkl zl jlhrljlf elmmlf,f`j fklt tlvrlglf zkcf, dnnr fu elmmlf zl lr kf Ndstlrgnd jlf`lj vnf.Sl elmmlf gl g``r _oeikldnff nnfjlm`glf h`rtkfj jlhrljlf lf dllr ksfklt d`jlikch. Gnt zl twllgl hwniktlkt dllhrnp jlstuurg elmmlf tlrwkcizl llrstl hwniktlkt vlrhòet elmmlf ks `fzkf, gnt ks llf jr`tl ilujlf. Niszl gkt fklt tlrujfldlf e`lbt Qi`ttfkh`bb, euf kfh`plr, kf elt v``rcnnr`b wnffllr gnf ``h fklt dllr fnnr Flglrinfg tl h`dlf. Sù ekc gntwli g`lf gnf zùglf zl eld wli llfs g``r gl Flglrinfgsl wlt hufflfintlf vlrvìjlf. Gnf zùglf zl eld flt zìnfj vnst intlf zlttlf t`t ekc

mltnnig eng.=:7

Elt ks gukglikch gnt dlf mkc Dniutkf vnf dlfkfj wns gnt dlf fklt`ftvnfjlf eng wnt dlf jlhòet eng. Gnnrkf engglf zl vlrd`lglikchjlikch nis wl lr vnfukt jnnf gnt elt e``bg vnf elt enfglinrlfjkigl eufhnft h``s. @`h elt jljlvlf gnt dlf mkc _oeròglr glzl pnrtkc `fglrjllf mlgkfj tlruj wkigl jllbt llf nnfwkczkfj gnt lr klts dll dks wns.@b _oeikldnff uktlkfglikch gl mlgrlkjkfj ukt Ndstlrgnd `vlrjlmrnoetellbt ks `fmlhlfg. Eklrfn h`dt dlf kf gl f`j mlstnnfgl mrklvlf fkltdllr `p glzl znnh tlruj.

G``rgnt wl glzl znnh eklr kf niil gltnkis mlhlhlf elmmlf ikcht elt

nis`b elt eklr `d llf jr``t o`fbikot jnnt, dnnr gnt ks fklt wnnr. Kf glo`ftlxt vnf glzl mrklvlf ks elt fklt dllr gnf llf hilkfl soelrdutslikfjz`nis gkl wli vnhlr v``rhwnd. Elt zklt lr fnnr ukt gnt gkt llf vnst `f-glrglli vnf elt znhlf g`lf wns lf gnt klglrllf gnt wkst. Gl o`ftnotlftusslf gl bkrdn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. lf gl jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf ilglflr fklt zkoetmnnr `fglr. @`h wlrglf lr gkt cnnr, vnf ukt Ndstlrgnd,dllrglrl `ftlrloetl nnfvniilf `p _oeikldnff jlgnnf, dnnr ``h gnt ml-kfvi`lgl gl rlintkl tusslf gkl twll fklt zkoetmnnr.

Ëëf gkfj w`rgt jinseliglr wnffllr dlf glzl mrklvlf illst. Zntelt pr`milld gnt lr `ftstnnt ``h ks, gl ``rznnh ikjt f``kt mkc gl M.E.

_oeròglr & O`. ukt Ndstlrgnd.

=:7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/?=<-=;:.



>?= -

>;. Znt _oeikldnff kf >572vlrgklfgl

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl wns _oeikldnff llf v``rzkoe-tkj dlfs. Sìnfj zkcf b`rtukf `fglr gl =11.111 Brnfh, gnt ks £ 5.111wns jnb ekc niillf hrlgklt nnf h``piklglf dlt gl niilrmlstl rlputntkl.Gnnrg``r d`lst ekc tlvrlglf zkcf dlt siloets llf zllr hilkfl wkfst, dnnrwnrlf zkcf znhlf jlelli zlhlr.=:<

Znffllr mk`jrnblf `vlr _oeikldnffs ]ussksoel cnrlf sprlhlf elm-

mlf zl elt e``bgznhlikch `vlr _t. Qltlrsmurj. _oeikldnff mlplrhtl zkoeloetlr fklt t`t gl enfgliseukzlf kf glzl stng. Rlli vnf zkcf hinftlf zntlfkf D`shù. Dltllf kf zkcf llrstl cnnr, >572, rlksgl ekc gnnr ni vklr hllrellf `d hinftlf tl vkfglf.=:2

@`h ukt gl mrklvlf gkl ekc ukt Ndstlrgnd `ftvkfj mikcht gnt_oeikldnff vlli hinftlf kf D`shù eng. \kt gl ngrlsslrkfj vnf glzlmrklvlf mikcht gnt ekc `p => blmrunrk, =2 dnnrt lf 7 dlk kf D`shù wns.Gnnrfn ks ekc lr vlrd`lglikch lfkjl tkcg fklt jlwllst, dnnr elt ks zlhlrgnt ekc lr kf slptldmlr >572 wllr wns. Znffllr wl vlrvìjlfs llf ikcstcl`pdnhlf vnf _oeikldnffs jr``tstl hinftlf sndlf dlt gl pinnts wnnr

zl w``fglf w`rgt ni jnuw gukglikch gnt kf zkcf llrstl ]ussksoel cnnrD`shù wnnrsoekcfikch mlinfjrkchlr v``r eld wns gnf _t. Qltlrsmurj3

Zingkdkr Nilxlclbb _t. Qltlrsmurj Jlmr`lglrs Dniutkf D`shù_lrjl Jkvnj` D`shùQ._. Nilxlclbb D`shù

R``r gl gukglikchelkg d`lt eklrmkc `pjldlrht w`rglf gnt ni glzl bkr-dn‛s vlstkjkfjlf kf mlkgl stlglf engglf lf gnt gl eklr jlf`ldgl pinnts-

fndlf gl e``bgvlstkjkfjlf wnrlf. _t. Qltlrsmurj wns i`jksoelrwkcs ``h_oeikldnffs uktvnimnsks v``r gl enfgli `p D`shù `dgnt niils wnnrkfekc enfgligl vkn glzl envlf ]usinfg mkfflfhwnd. Gnt _oeikldnff eltjr``tstl jlgllitl vnf zkcf hinftlf kf D`shù v`fg w`rgt ``h mljrkc-plikch wnffllr wl mlglfhlf gnt gl nnf _oeròglr vlrwnftl bkrdn NilxDnes & O`. ni cnrlf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj nnf elt wlrh wns. Glzl zni gldnrht gnnr wli z` `fjlvllr kf enfglf jleng elmmlf lf `d zkcf rlintklsdlt gl gkvlrsl _oeròglr bkrdn‛s j`lg tl eùglf zni _oeikldnff elf fklt

=:< _oeikldnff >55>m, >=. Glzl zkf `ftmrllht kf _oeikldnff >5;=.

=:2 Zlmmlr >;7=, >>->=.



>??

tl vlli fglr euf gukvlf elmmlf wkiilf soekltlf. D`shù w`rgt z` vnnhjlf`ldg kf gl znhlfmrklvlf gnt dlf zù vlrd`lglf gnt _oeikldnffgnnr w``fgl wnffllr elt dlrlfglli vnf glzl mrklvlf fklt fnnr _t.Qltlrsmurj wns jlstuurg.

]lkzlf ks f``kt loet j`lgh``p jlwllst lf D`shù lf _t. Qltlrsmurjikjjlf 2=5 hki`dltlr ukt lihnnr. \kt elt blkt gnt _oeikldnff stllgs wllrfnnr D`shù rlksgl w`rgt `fdkggliikch gukglikch gnt gkt jr`tl hinftlfwnrlf lf gnt ekc vkn euf elt jlig v``r glzl rlkzlf tlrujvlrgklfgl. Eltwns gukglikch gl d`lktl wnnrg `d llf glrjlikchl infjl rlks tl `fglrfl-dlf. Znffllr wl `fs gnnrfnnst rlnikslrlf gnt _oeikldnff kf gl wkftlrvnf >572 llf jr`tl rlks g``r Zlst Lur`pn dnnhtl ftstnnt gl kfgruh gntekc gkt llrstl cnnr ni dltllf j`lg vlrgklfgl.

Elinns elmmlf wl _oeikldnffs hnsm`lh v``r gkt cnnr fklt lf ks eltgnnrg``r fklt d`jlikch `d tl zklf e`lvlli ekc prlokls vlrgklfgl. Zl huf-

flf loetlr wli pr`mlrlf `d vkn gl kfb`rdntkl ukt gl Ndstlrgndsl mrkl-vlf llf kgll tl hrkcjlf. Elt dlrlfglli vnf gl mrklvlf gkl _oeikldnffvnf gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. `ftvkfj sprlhlf `vlr d`jlikchl prkczlf lfdnnr zliglf w`rgt lr jlspr`hlf `vlr jlrlniksllrgl prkczlf. Lr mlstnnfloetlr llf pnnr mrklvlf wnnrkf gl rlhlfkfj `pjldnnht w`rgt. Dlt vlli`dsinoetkjelkg lf vrnnjtlhlfs hufflf wl eklr llf ji`mnni mllig uktjlflrlrlf. Kf elt t`tnni mlstnnf lr f`j fljlf mrklvlf wnnrkf gl nbrl-hlfkfjlf v``r vlrsoekiilfgl bkrdn‛s stnnf. Elt jnnt eklr `d h`pklèf lfjlgllitlikchl h`pklèf vnf rlhlfkfjlf gkl vnfukt _oeròglr nnf gl hinftlfjlstuurg zkcf. Elt ks gukglikch gnt vlli vnf gl znhlf gkl wl kf gl mrklvlf

vkfglf fklt kf glzl rlhlfkfjlf tlrujh`dlf. E`lwli elt fklt gukglikchks `b niil kf gl mrklvlf mlenfgligl mlstliikfjlf ``h wlrhlikch uktjlv`lrgzkcf, ks elt wli gukglikch gnt gl f`j mlstnnfgl nbrlhlfkfjlf siloets llfjlgllitl vnf niil trnfsnotkls mlsinnf. @dgnt gkt gl lfkjl mlgrnjlf zkcfwnnrvnf kh nmsìuut zlhlr mlf mlplrh kh dkc eklr t`t glzl nbrlhlfkfjlf3



>?7 -

gntud nnftni

nbrlhlfkfjlf

h`ddksskl t`tnni

=2-1?->572=:: 7 ?7,?;

a >=>,>7

1 =?7,=<

11 71,?1

1 7?1,15

><-1<->572=:5 7 >5=,>=

11 >5,?1

?5;,21

:=,>7

27=,>2

=;-1<->572=:; 2 >71,;5

>=5,:?

:=,=<

55,1<

==2,?7

71,1?

2;2,?5

1?-12->572=51 = 7;,72

75,21;5,12

1;-12->572=5> > 71,5;

>2-12->572=5= > >1>,:1

>1-1:->572=5? > =<;,2>

=>-1:->572=57 > >>?,?<

tnni3 =?5=,=?

n =:: m=:5 o=:; g =51 l=5> b =5= j =5? e=57

=:: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>>=n-==<. H`ddksskl ks vìjlfs `pjnvl =%.=:5 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>5>m->2;. H`ddksskl ks vìjlfs `pjnvl =%.=:; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=1<-=<;. \ktjnnfgl vnf llf h`ddksskl vnf

>%.=51 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=>1-=21. \ktjnnfgl vnf llf h`ddksskl vnf

>%.=5> Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=>5-=2=. \ktjnnfgl vnf llf h`ddksskl vnf

>%.=5= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/==;n-=27. \ktjnnfgl vnf llf h`ddksskl vnf

>%.=5? Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=2>-=::. H`ddksskl vìjlfs `pjnvl =%.

=57 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/=:1-=51. H`ddksskl vìjlfs `pjnvl =%.



>?<

Mkc gl rlhlfkfjlf ?, 7, < lf 2 w`rgt fklt pjljlvlf wnt _oeikldnffso`ddksskl wns. Kh elm eklr >% jlrlhlfg. Slibs wnffllr wl elli v``r-zkoetkj zkcf lf gl d`jlikchelkg kf oniouilrlf gnt glzl o`ddksskl in-jlr wns, hufflf wl lr, nbjnnfgl `p glzl jltniilf, zlhlr vnf zkcf gnt

_oeikldnff kf >572 dlt zkcf enfgli vkn gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. kf Ndstlrgnd `p dkfstlfs =111 juiglf vlrgklfgl.Fu wns gkt fklt gl lfkjl bkrdn wnnr _oeikldnff dll wlrhtl. Kh elm

gl f`j mlstnnfgl o`rrlsp`fglftkl dlt nfglrl bkrdn‛s fklt kf gltnki ml-stugllrg, dnnr kh elm elt dlrlfglli vnf gl f`j mlstnnfgl mrklvlf ukt>572 tòe wli jlilzlf. @d lfkjl kfgruh tl jlvlf `vlr wnt v``r mlgrn-jlf elt mkc glzl nfglrl bkrdn‛s jkfj hkch kh eklr lvlf fnnr Nfte. _oeròglr& O`. kf Il Envrl lf gl _oeròglr Jlmrùglr kf Endmurj.

Zl mljkfflf dlt _oeròglr kf Il Envrl3=5<

... ils bnoturls pùr D. Qkltlr Niënolfi

=1 snos gl J`ddl gu _lfëjni mns gu luvl, d`ftnft á b 1?;:?,:<

>? Bøts Q`kvrl gl onylffl b 1=2<:,:1

:72 muoels m`ks gl Ondpóel oùp g‛Lspnjfl b 1<7>:,:1

b >=17:,><=5<

Zl d`ltlf eklr wli mlglfhlf gnt glzl rlhlfkfj kf Brnfsl brnfhlf

ks kf tljlfstliikfj t`t gl rlhlfkfjlf ukt Ndstlrgnd gkl kf juiglfs zkcf. Znffllr wl lr vnf ukt jnnf gnt _oeikldnff >% o`ddksskl hrllj gnf`ftvkfj ekc v``r glzl `rglrs >=1,7: Brnfsl brnfhlf. S`nis wl jlzklfelmmlf wns > brnfh `fjlvllr <1 olft. _oeikldnff hrllj eklr gus 21juiglf lf =? olft v``r.

Fu hkchlf wl lvlf fnnr llf nbrlhlfkfj vnf gl _oeròglr Jlmrùglrukt Endmurj3=52

Bnoturl bùr elrff Qkltlr _ldlf`wktsoe Nilhsylfi

<<7 _çohl Oekik _nipltlr

;27=,51

Bnoturl bùr elrrf Dniutkf Jlmrùglr D`sonu2:? _çohl Oekik _nipltlr

=5:7=,>=

Bnoturl bùr elrrf Z. Nilhsylfi kf D`sonu

= Bneslr lftenitlfg ; Mnrrlf _kimlr

?1=5=,>1=52

2522:,1= Dnrh

=5< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>57-?>5.

=52 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/>:7.



>?2 -

\ktjnnfgl vnf >% ks gl pr`vkskl `p gkt mlgrnj 252,2: Dnrh. ËëfDnrh ks z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf zlstkj olft. _oeikldnff ftvkfj eklr gus7>= juiglf v``r.

Lr zkcf tl wlkfkj mrklvlf vnf glzl bkrdn‛s mlwnnrg jlmilvlf `d

``h dnnr llf kgll tl hrkcjlf vnf gl t`tnil `dvnfj vnf gl `rglrs gkl_oeikldnff mkc elf pinntstl. Kh jn lr eklr v``r elt jldnh vnfukt gnt_oeikldnff vkn niil nfglrl bkrdn‛s wnnrdll ekc wlrhtl kf >572 lvlfvllivlrgklfgl nis vkn gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. Kh glfh gnt wl lr, `p jr`fgvnf m`vlfstnnfgl okcblrs, jlrust vnfukt hufflf jnnf gnt _oeikldnff kf>572 kf elt t`tnni 7111 juiglf vlrgklfgl.=5: Gkt ikcht dkc llf elli v``r-zkoetkjl soenttkfj lf kh noet elt e``jst wnnrsoekcfikch gnt elt kf wlrhl-ikchelkg dllr jlwllst ks.

Gnt _oeikldnff wlrhlikch elli mle``rikch vlrgklfg d`lt elmmlfhufflf wl ``h zklf nnf llf wkssli gkl dlf kf Ndstlrgnd v``r eld

uktsoerllb3 Ndstlrgnd =: @otg >572

... wkr XenmlfT gns Rlrjfùjlf ... Keflf mlkjlsnfg lkfl Noorlgktkr Mrklv`f £ >11 _tlri (eufglrg Qufg _tlrikfj) zu Kerld Jufstlf nueXlrrfT C. Elfry _oeròglr & OX`T kf I`fg`f zu mleçfgkjlf ... =55

@djlrlhlfg jnb dlf _oeikldnff kf Ndstlrgnd gus llf wkssli v``r>==7 juiglf wnt dlf tòe zlhlr fklt jlgnnf zù elmmlf wnffllr dlffklt zlhlr jlwltlf zù elmmlf gnt ekc lr j`lg v``r wns.

=5: Iugwkj >;?=, :< ’... mlrlkts kd lrstlf russksoelf Cnerl niilkf Xvlrgklft lrT mlk_oer`lglr ufg fur mlk >/

=% soe``f :<11 Juiglf ..., nis` lkflf \dsntz v`f > >/

=

Dkiik`flf ...— Znnr Iugwkj glzl okcblrs jlv`fglf ellbt ks dkc `fgukglikch.

=55 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/??2-?1?.



>?:

=1. Gl llrstl jr`tl rlks

Rìjlfs zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl vlrtr`h _oeikldnff `p > `h-t`mlr >572 v``r llf rlks g``r Lur`pn `d zkcf znhlikchl o`ftnotlf tlvlrstlrhlf. Ekc rlksgl vkn Iùmloh, Endmurj, Mrldlf, Ndstlrgnd lf]`ttlrgnd fnnr I`fglf. Rlrvìjlfs mlzòet ekc Ikvlrp`ì, Il Envrl,Qnrkcs, Mrussli, Hluilf, Gùsslig`rb lf Hrlblig. Rkn Ndstlrgnd, Endmurjlf Mlrikcf hllrgl ekc fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj tlruj. @p >7 gloldmlr >572wns ekc wllr tlruj.=5;

_oeikldnff h`f glzl rlks `fglrfldlf `dgnt ―s wkftlrs kf elli

F``rg Lur`pn, flt nis kf Ndstlrgnd, vnfwljl gl gkoetjlvr`rlf envlfs,gl enfgli stki inj. Jlgurlfgl glzl rlks eklig ekc llf rlkscùrfnni mkc. Khhkch eklr kf llrstl kfstnftkl fnnr wnt ekc `vlr zkcf elrfkluwgl hlffksdn-hkfj dlt Flglrinfg soerkcbt. _oeikldnff hwnd vnfukt Mrldlf, `p >?`ht`mlr, dlt gl p`sth`lts fnnr Nrfeld nnf. Ekc jkfj dltllf g``r fnnrelt stntk`f. Nrfeld wns, z` f`tllrgl ekc, llf d``kl pinnts gkl `drkfjgwlrg g``r gl muktlfpinntslf vnf gl iònil rkchlf. Nrfeld wns elt llrstlstuhcl Flglrinfg gnt ekc skfgs ekc kf cnfunrk vlrtr`hhlf wns, znj. Ekcrnnhtl zllr `fglr gl kfgruh vnf niil d``kl eukzlf, gkl lr vnf muktlf z`j`lg `fglreùglf uktznjlf, dlt vlrs jlsoekiglrgl glurlf lf soe`fl

rndlf. Ekc fnd lr llf vlrbrksskfj lf vlrtr`h t`lf fnnr Ndstlrgnd. E`lsfli gl trlkf ``h jkfj, ekc eng gl kfgruh gnt elt infjznnd wns `dgntekc z` `fjlguigkj wns. Fn llf rkt vnf twll lf llf enib uur mlrlkhtl ekcgl p``rt vnf gl e``bgstng. Ekc euurgl llf h`ltscl lf iklt zkoezlib fnnrgl d`gkluzl elrmlrj ’Okty Limlrblig— mrlfjlf. Ekc v`fg elt ellrikch`d gl Ndstlrgndsl strntlf lf jrnoetlf wllr tl zklf. Sl elrkfflrglfeld nnf niil vrlujgl lf vlrgrklt gkl v``rmkc jljnnf wnrlf. Elt illhnis`b gl eukzlf hilkflr jlw`rglf wnrlf, gnt hwnd `dgnt ekc fu ukt glvlli mlinfjrkchlrl pinntslf _t. Qltlrsmurj lf D`shù hwnd. R``rni nnfgl Rkcjlfgnd, wnnr ekc mkc llf m`lhenfglinnr jlw``fg eng, gnoet ekc

`d vlrsoekiilfgl rlglflf dlt pilzklr tlruj. Fn gkl vlrsoekiilfgl rlgl-flf mikcbt elt loetlr jksslf, ekc vlrtlit lr vlrglr fklts `vlr. Ekc fnd llfhilkfl hndlr kf gl elrmlrj, vlrhillggl zkoe lf jkfj gkflrlf. Gnnrfnjkfj ekc fnnr elt ùgl hnft``r vnf _oeròglr & O`. Gkl wnrlf flt fnnrllf fkluw jlmùw nnf llf nfglrl jrnoet vlreuksg. lf ekc gkt `ftglhtljkfj ekc fnnr elt fkluwl jlmùw lf gnnr sprnh ekc dlt zkcf ùgl mnns.Ekc vlrtligl eld vlr niil jr`tl pinfflf gkl ekc eng lf zkcf vr`ljlrl mnnsmli``bgl eld mkcstnfg wnnr gnt d`jlikch wns mkc elt `ftwkhhlilf vnf

=5; Zlmmlr >;7=, >=.



>?5 -

llf j`lgl rlintkl dlt Z. N ilxol .=;1 Ekc stligl _oeikldnff v``r nnf zkcfvrùw, llf d``kl, fklt ni tl jr`tl c`fjlgndl vnf >5 cnnr. Sl vlrtliglf_oeikldnff `vlr gl rlks gkl zl gl v`rkjl z`dlr fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli jl-dnnht engglf lf `vlr e`l siloet gl wljlf jlwllst wnrlf. _oeikldnff

millb llf enib uur mkc gl ellr _oeròglr lf jkfj t`lf `p z`lh fnnr zkcfvr`ljlrl oìiljn‛s. Ekc v`fg zl kf llf onbë tlrwkci zl gkfllrglf. Sl wnrlfvlrmnnsg eld tl zklf `dgnt zl eld pns gl vìjlfgl gnj vlrwnoettlf._ndlf jkfjlf zl fnnr llf telntlr d llf mniilt tl zklf, dnnr _oeikldnffwns tl d`l `d lr loet vnf tl hufflf jlfkltlf. Llf vnf gl mlgklfglfvnf _oeròglrs hnft``r eng eld uktjlf`gkjg `d kf e`tli Ndlrkonf=;> dlt elf tl gkflrlf. Fn nbi``p jkfjlf zl fnnr h`bbkleuks ’Brnsontk— wnnrllf prnoetkj o`folrt jljlvlf wlrg.

=;1 _oeikldnff dllfgl gnt ekc sndlf dlt Nilxolbb llf lkjlf znnh kf D`shù zùmljkfflf. Mkc tlrujhllr kf D`shù millh ni sfli gnt eklr fklts vnf zù h`dlf.

=;> Fnnr wlih e`tli Ndlrkonf _oeikldnff eklr vlrwkcst ks fgukglikch. E`tli Ndlrkonf`p elt Ilkgslpilkf wlrg pns kf >55> jlmùwg. Elt wlrg kf >;1= jlsi``pt lf g``r

elt eukgkjl e`tli Ndlrkonf vlrvnfjlf.

Brnsontk on. >521.



>?;

@p =: `ht`mlr vlrtr`h _oeikldnff ukt Ndstlrgnd `d fnnr]`ttlrgnd tl jnnf. Ekc wkigl gnnr llf fnoet mikcvlf d gl vìjlfgl gnjdlt gl ’]nkfm`w— fnnr I`fglf tl vnrlf. Kf Ndstlrgnd wns ekc dnnrflt `p tkcg v``r gl trlkf. Ekc h`f fklt dllr zlib v``r elt trnfsp`rt vnf

zkcf mnjnjl z`rjlf lf jnb gkt nnf kldnfg vnf gl sp``rwljlf gkl ml-i``bgl gnt elt dlt gl p`sth`lts vnf ’H`lfs— jlstuurg zù w`rglf gkl`d dkgglrfnoet kf ]`ttlrgnd nnf zù h`dlf. _oeikldnff zlib rlksgldlt gl trlkf lf wnoettl kf ]`ttlrgnd `p gl p`sth`lts gkl zkcf h`bblrzù mrlfjlf. `lf gkl h`lts hwnd millh _oeikldnffs mnjnjl vlrjltlftl zkcf. Gnt wns uktlrst vlrvlilfg `dgnt niils wnt ekc f`gkj eng kf gklh`bblr znt lf ekc gl vìjlfgl òetlfg dlt gl st``dm``t dll d`lst. Ekceng jllf kgll wnt ekc d`lst g`lf. Znffllr gl f``g loetlr elt e``jstks, ks gl rlggkfj fnmkc. @d zlvlf uur ―s òetlfgs hwnd zkcf h`bblr dltgl fnoet p`sth`lts nnf. Glzl eng eld plr `fjliuh mkc elt sp``rwlj-

stntk`f kfjlinglf. lf ekc zkcf h`bblr `ftvnfjlf eng jkfj _oeikldnff`fdkggliikch fnnr gl st``dm``t, gnnr hwnd ekc loetlr rukdsoe``ts `ptkcg nnf `dgnt glzl g``r gl dkst fklt vlrtrlhhlf h`f. R``r ëëf jukflnlf zlvlf sekiikfjs (Bi. 27,=1) fnd ekc llf llrstlhins onmkfl. `lf glzlm``t lkfglikch vlrtr`h jkfj elt elli infjznnd, elt guurgl llf pnnr uurv``r zl gl Dnns ukt wnrlf.=;=

Kf vlreùgkfj t`t niils wnt _oeikldnff vlr I`fglf, Qnrkcs b Mrusslisoerllb ks elt jlgllitl vlr Ndstlrgnd dnnr elli hilkf. _oeikldnff hlf-gl glzl stng lf wnnr lr kf ni gkl nfglrl stlglf niilrilk t`lrkstksoel nttrno-tkls wnrlf `d tl mlz`lhlf, hlfgl ekc eklr niils.

R``r kldnfg gkl kf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl mlwllrgl gnt zkcfelil ilvlf kf elt tlhlf vnf r`cl jlstnnf eng ks elt `pvniilfg gnt lrmkc zkcf `ftd`ltkfj dlt _oeròglr lf gklfs vlrenni `vlr zkcf rlks fnnrO`fstnftkf`pli fklts stnnt. Fu ks O`fstnftkf`pli wlikswnnr fklt elt zlib-gl nis r`cl, dnnr elt ks lr tòe gkoet jlf`lj mkc `d llf vlrdligkfj tlvlrwnoetlf. Dnnr fll, O`fstnftkf`pli soekcft p gkt d`dlft fklt dllrgnf llf wkiilhlurkj pinnts tl zkcf.

Jlgurlfgl zkcf rlks g``r Lfjlinfg mlhkcht _oeikldnff gl d`glr-fl wlrlig. Flrjlfs zkcf gl pr`guotkldlte`glf z` v``ruktstrlvlfg niseklr. E`lwli elt fklts tl dnhlf ellbt dlt gl pr`guotlf wnnrkf ekc lf

zkcf hinftlf enfglilf z`rjt _oeikldnff lr v``r gnt ekc llf kftr`guotklhrkcjt `d llf bnmrklh wnnr dlf st``diò`d`tklvlf mùwt tl hufflfmlhkchlf. Ekc hrllj llf nrmlkglr dll gkl eld r`fgilkggl. Glzl nrmlkglrmrnoet _oeikldnff llrst fnnr gl mlflglfvlrgklpkfj wnnr gl dnoekflsukt gl vlrsoekiilfgl `fglrglilf wlrglf `pjlmùwg. Gl vlrsoekiilfglpintlf lf soer`lvlf lf wklilf wlrglf kf vlrsoekiilfgl nbglikfjlf vnfgl bnmrklh jldnnht. `lf _oeikldnff llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg trlkflf znjstnnf gkl jlrllg jldnnht wlrglf v``r Guktsinfg wlrg elt eld kf llf

=;= enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=



>71 -

hllr gukglikch e`lvlli v``ruktjnfj lr kf gl nbjli`plf =< cnnr kf gl wl-rlig jldnnht wns. Rr`ljlr eng gl enfgli jlilglf `fglr elt trnjl trnfs-p`rt vnf j`lglrlf lf mrklvlf. Fu wnrlf lr lkjlfikch jllf nbstnfglfdllr. Dlf h`f vnf elt dllst zukglikchl puft vnf Lfjlinfg kf llf gnj

fnnr elt dllst f``rglikchl puft, tlrwkci gl tliljrnnb elt fkluws dlt glsflielkg vnf gl mikhsld vlrstuurt. Fngnt ekc niils kf gkt jlgllitl vnfgl bnmrklh jlzklf eng wlrg ekc fnnr gl nbglikfj jlmrnoet wnnr dlf glsoer`lvlf lf stnvlf gkl f`gkj wnrlf v``r llf st``ddnoekfl jldnnhtwlrglf. Elt wns llf w`fglr `d tl zklf e`l elt kczlr eklr jlsflglf wlrg`b elt m`tlr wns lf p gkl dnfklr jlrllg jldnnht wlrg v``r niilrilk g`l-ilf. Skcf jkgs vlrtligl eld gnt lihl nrmlkglr zkcf lkjlf wlrh eng. Gl llfdnnhtl fklts nfglrs gnf hilkfl wklilf vnf llf mlpnnig s``rt, llf nfglrvnf llf nfglr s``rt lf z` dnnr g``r. Znffllr dlf vnf zkcf clujg nbllf s``rt wlrh g`lt w`rgt dlf gnnr elli j`lg kf lf gus e`lbt elt fkl-

dnfg tl vlrmnzlf gnt niils eklr plrblot jldnnht w`rgt dlt gl jr``tstlfnuwhlurkjelkg.=;?

Gkt inntstl hikfht mkcfn nis elt llrstl e``bgstuh vnf Ngnd _dkte(>:=?->:;1) Nf Kfqukry kft` tel Fnturl nfg Onusls ` tel Zlnite `Fntk`fs ukt >::2 kf wlrhkfj. Gl dlfs nis llf j`lg nbjlstlig pr`guotkl-dkggli. Kf glzlibgl stng znj _oeikldnff gl jlvìjlf vnf glzl dnfklrvnf wlrhlf. Ekc eng f`j f``kt z`vlli i`smnfgkjelkg lf d`rlli vlrvnijlzklf nis eklr kf Dnfoelstlr. Fnjlf`lj lihl gndl gkl ekc znj i`plf `bv``r ennr euks `b kf llf hrnnd stnnf t``fgl gl soe`hhlfgl hlfdlr-hlf vnf i`smnfgkjelkg lf elt gnnrmkc mle`rlfgl vlrikls nnf hrnoetlf.=;7

Lf gnnr elmmlf wl gnf wnt Brklgrkoe Lfjlis (>5=1->5;<) kf zkcf elO`fgktk`fs ` tel Z`rhkfj Oinss kf Lfjinfg ukt >57< elt ’iudplfprìl-tnrknnt— f`ldgl.

Rnfukt elt ni llrglr nnfjlennigl teldn vnf _oeikldnffs `bbkokèilnut`mk`jrnbkl hkchlf wl eklr wnt uktjlmrlkglr fnnr zkcf mlz`lh nnf eltMrktkse Duslud. Gkt Duslud ks `ftstnnf vnf ukt gl vlrzndlikfj vnf_kr Enfs _i`nfl (>221->:<?). S`nis niil vlrzndlikfjlf ukt glzl plrk`glwns gkt kf wlzlf llf rnrktlktlfhnmkflt, gnt `pjlgllig h`f w`rglf kfvklr jr`lplf8 m`lhlf, ltfì`jksoel mclotlf, fntuurekst`rksoel mclotlflf hinssklhl hufst. Fn gl g``g vnf _i`nfl wns glzl vlrzndlikfj jl-

hòet g``r gl Mrktsl rljlrkfj. Dlf wns g``rjljnnf dlt vlrzndlilf lfni sfli wlrg elt ``rspr`fhlikchl jlmùw tl hilkf. Elt wlrg tusslf >5=?lf >57: vlrvnfjlf g``r elt eukgkjl flòinsskokstksoel jlmùw. `lf_oeikldnff gkt kf >572 mlzòet znt dlf gus f`j kf gl vlrmùwkfj.Elt ks gnnrg``r fklt elildnni gukglikch wnt ekc zklf h`f lf wnt fklt.Mkc mkfflfh`dst soerllb ekc zkcf fnnd kf ]ussksoel ilttlrs kf elt jnstlf-

=;? enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=

=;7 enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=



>7>

m`lh.=;< Rlrvìjlfs dòet ekc jrntks fnnr mkfflf. Gl llrstl hndlr wnnrekc hwnd, st`fg vì dlt wnt ekc Oekflsl v``rwlrplf f`ldgl. Dlf enggnnr Oekflsl wnplfs, m`tlf, hilgkfj lf v``rwlrplf v``r eukseùgl-ikch jlmrukh.=;2 Elt ks `pvniilfg gnt _oeikldnff gkl nnf zkcf zustlrs jl-

soerlvlf eng gnt ekc fn zkcf vlrmikcb kf Flglrinfg fnnr elt vlrrl @`stlfwkigl jllf kgll jleng soekcft tl elmmlf `vlr e`l gl ukt glzl `djlvkfjnbh`dstkjl v``rwlrplf lr ukt znjlf. Ekc f`ldt eklr niil ltfì`jksoel`mclotlf Oekflls. Glzl `mclotlf wnrlf loetlr dlljlmrnoet g``r CndlsO``h (>:=5->::;) vnf zkcf rlkzlf g``r gl _tkiil Sukgzll lf zl stndglfvnf Ninshn kf elt f``rglf t`t Nustrnikè kf elt zukglf.=;: Sl wnrlf nb-h`dstkj vnf llf jr``t nnftni vlrsoekiilfgl ouiturlf, dnnr ukt Oekfn zntlr fklts mkc.

Rlrvìjlfs hwnd ekc kf llf hndlr dlt niil v`jlis gkl lr kf glzl wl-rlig mlst`fglf.=;5 Ekc jllbt t`l gnt gkt llf prnoetkjl oìilotkl ks wnnr

klglrllf dlt mlw`fglrkfj fnnr hkcht, ekc loetlr wns lr fklt vnf `fglrgl kfgruh lf gnoet nnf D`shù. Ekc wns niillf fnnr gkt duslud jlh`-dlf `d tl hufflf zljjlf gnt ekc lr jlwllst wns, gnt ekc zkcf tkcg futtkjmlstllg eng. Rlrvìjlfs hwnd ekc kf llf hndlr dlt gukzlfglf vksslf,vnf gl hilkfstl t`t gl jr``tstl. `lf kf gl hndlr dlt gkl vklrv`ltlrs,``h eklr engglf zl wllr niils, vnf gl duks t`t gl ìkbnft. Niildnni dltzllr vlli z`rjvuigkjelkg `pjlstlig. @p gl m`vlfstl jlgllitlf vnf glduur zntlf d``kl soekiglrkfjlf.=;; Elt ks gukglikch gnt mkì`jkl fkltloet _oeikldnffs mlinfjstliikfj eng8 gkt vlrnfglrgl loetlr t`lf ekc mkcgl pnil`ftì`jksoel oìilotkl nnfhwnd. Eklr znj ekc jkjnftksoel mllf-

glrlf gkl kf stllf vlrnfglrg wnrlf tlrwkci zl vlil lluwlf kf gl nnrglzntlf. Nnf gl `ftznjikchl jr``ttl vnf s`ddkjl vnf glzl mllfglrlf h`f

cl zklf gnt zl nnf gklrlf ukt llf tkcg vnf v``r gl soelppkfj t`lmle``rgengglf.?11

=;< XIlkje‛sT >5?1, =553 ’Qlrs`fs we` wkse t` sll tel Duslud, dust kfsorkml telkrfndls nfg pinols `b nm`gl kf n m``h hlpt b`r tent purp`sl8 up`f wekoe tely wkiiml se`wf kft` tel npnrtdlfts.— O`rrk, _tlpelf, Nroekvls Nsskstnft `b tel MrktkseDuslud kf llf mrklb vnf 1?-1?->;;: nnf gl nutlur3 ’Kt seùig ml f`tlg tent nttel lfg `b >57< D`ftnjy Eùsl (elt ``rspr`fhlikchl duslud jlmùw) wns gld`-

ikselg t` dnhl wny b`r tel ourrlft mukigkfj, nfg tel Rkskt`rs m``h wns wktegrnwfbr`d usl, K wùig susplot gul t` tel rnpkg kforlnsl kf vkskt`r fudmlrs dnhkfj suoen systld `b rlo`rgkfj ngdkssk`f kdp`sskmil t` `plrntl. \fb`rtufntliy tel Rkskt`rsm``h ens f`t survkvlg, niterùje K gùmt vlry dutoe tent kt wùig envl mllf kfpinol gurkfj >572 ns kf bnot tel Duslud niteùje stkii `plf, wùig envl mllf kfn rntelr trnfsklft stntl gul t` tel lxtlfskvl rld`gliikfj `b tel jniilrkls.—

=;2 enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, ;5=;: _yf`psks >5?5, ?-:.=;5 Dkiilr >;:? , =?;-=713 ’... ―telrl f`w stnfgs, d`rl `r ilss or`wglg, n pnrt `fiy

`b tel oìilotk`f `b mkrgs, tel rlst mlkfj prlslrvlg, ns ufstubblg shkfs, kf m`xls `rgrnwls.‛ el oìilotk`f, bkfl ns kt wns rlprlslftlg `fiy nmùt enib `b tel hf`wfsplokls `b mkrgs.—

=;; enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, ;;

?11 enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, ?1



>7= -

R``r `fs dnj elt dlrhwnnrgkj hikfhlf, gklrlf vnf v``r gl eukgkjlsoelppkfj, dnnr kf _oeikldnffs tkcg wns gkt llf elli jnfjmnrl vlrhin-rkfj. Rìjlfs gl Mkcmli eng J`g niils kf zls gnjlf jlsoenplf lf wns lr

skfgs gkl tkcg fklts dllr mkcjlh`dlf `b nbjljnnf. Gkt ilvlrgl llf nnftnipr`mildlf `p. Nis lr fklts mkc jlh`dlf wns lf Lvn gus gl lfkjl vrùw`p gl nnrgl wns, wnnr eng Hnàf gnf zkcf vrùw jlv`fglf0 Kf >2<< hwndKsnno In Qlyårl (><;2->2:2) dlt elt kgll vnf llf Qrl-Ngndktksoel wl-rlig. Lr d`lst llf soelppkfj jlwllst zkcf v``r gl soelppkfj gkl kf glMkcmli mlsoerlvlf w`rgt. Gl vrùw vnf Hnàf d`lst ukt llf vr`ljlrlsoelppkfj stnddlf. E`lwli gl pnus gkt kgll fklt znj zkttlf lf In Qlyårljlgw`fjlf wlrg elt tl elrr`lplf millh elt j`lg dlt gl vlrnfglrlfgl`dstnfgkjelglf dll tl hufflf jr`lklf lf h`f elt stllgs `pfkluw nisvlrhinrkfj v``r elt `fvlrhinnrmnrl jlmrukht w`rglf. @dgnt J`g `f-

blkimnnr wns h`f dlf `vlr elt nijldllf b`ssklil m`ttlf vnf `fmlhlfglgklrlf fklt g``r elt uktstlrvlf vnf glzl s``rtlf vlrhinrlf. \ktstlrvlfzù mltlhlflf gnt J`g zkcf wlrh fklt j`lg jlgnnf eng. Rlrw`lstlf vknllf z`fgvi`lg `b nfglrl ontnstr`bl jkfj gnnrlftljlf wli. @p glzl wkczlwkst gl Brnfsl pnil`ftì``j Jl`rjl Ouvklr (>:2;->5?=) elt kgll vnfllf prl-Ngndktksoel wlrlig tl elrv`rdlf t`t llf rllhs vnf ontnstr`blsgkl stllgs wllr llf jlì`jksoe tkcgplrh nbsi`tlf.

Fn glzl znni hwnd _oeikldnff mkc wnt `fs elt dllst kftlrlssllrt,gl znilf dlt Ljyptksoel, Jrklhsl lf ]`dlkfsl ùgelglf. R``rni glLjyptksoel v``rwlrplf tr`hhlf zkcf nnfgnoet. Sl t``fglf llf jr`-

Mùglwkcf Onsplr Jùgsdkt‛s

(>57;->;><) mlwlrhkfj vnf

Fkoìns Ondkiil Binddnrukf‛s

Il D`fgl nvnft in orëntk`f gl

i‛e`ddl ukt >552.



>7?

tl e`lvllielkg Ljyptksoel jrnbhkstlf gkl jlv`fglf wnrlf kf gl ùglpkrndkglf lf ontno`dmlf. Kf glzl hkstlf zntlf gl rlstlf vnf ùglLjyptksoel h`fkfjlf. Gnfhzkc gl mnisld lf gl hrukglf wnnrdll dlfgl ikchlf jlpnrbudllrg eng v``r zl mljrnvlf wlrglf wnrlf zl mlwnnrg

jlmilvlf. G``r gl tkcg lf gl jr`tl ekttl kf Ljyptl wnrlf zl z` enrg nisstllf jlw`rglf. Glzl duddkls, z`nis dlf zl f`ldgl, wnrlf jleuig kfllf ikchjlwnng lf znjlf lr ukt nis`b zl mljrnvlf wnrlf. Gl muktlfhnf-tlf vnf euf hkstlf wnrlf `vlrglht dlt ekèr`jiklblf gkl gl nv`fturlflf gl rlks vnf gl zkli fn gl g``g mlsoerlvlf. Gl durlf vnf glzl hndlrwnrlf mlglht dlt Ljyptksoel soåfls gkl dlf kf gl pkrndkglf jlv`f-glf eng. Glzl soåfls, gkl kf stllf jlmlktlig wnrlf, t``fglf vligsinjlfz`nis gkl kf elt vlrilglf jlv`lrg wnrlf. @p pinfhlf nnf gl durlf vnfglzl hndlr t``fgl dlf llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg cuwlilf gkl g``r gl ùglLjyptlfnrlf jlgrnjlf wlrglf lf gkl jlv`fglf wnrlf kf gl pkrndkglf

gkl zl jlmùwg engglf.?1>

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnffs hlffks vnf gl Ljyptksoel ùgelkgmlplrht wns. Znffllr wl loetlr kf gl _yf`psks ` tel O`ftlfts ` telMrktkse Duslud hkchlf, gkl ekc mkc nnfh`dst kf elt Duslud jlhòet eng,gnf zklf wl gnt glzl niillf ikcstlf dlt v``rwlrplf jllbt. Gl tloefklhvnf duddkbkolrlf z`nis ekc gkl kf zkcf cùrfnni mlsoerkcbt d`lt ekc guslrjlfs nfglrs jlv`fglf elmmlf. Elt ks ukt glzl lf zkcf `pdlrhkfj `vlrgl b`ssklil mllfglrlf gnt gukglikch w`rgt gnt ekc, e`l `pplrvinhhkj ``h,jlàftlrlssllrg wns kf `fglrwlrplf gkl fklts dlt zkcf wlrh tl dnhlfengglf.

Fngnt ekc llf hwnrtklr kf gl Ljyptksoel hndlr jlwllst wns jkfj ekcfnnr gl hndlr dlt gl Jrklhsl lf ]`dlkfsl vnzlf. Ni glzl vnzlf engglfllf fuddlr lf gnfhzkc gl jkgs gkl ekc mkc mkfflfh`dst jlhòet eng,h`f ekc zklf e`l ùg zl wnrlf. Znffllr ekc zl dlt glzl hlffks mlhllhh`f ekc zklf e`l gl vlrsoekiilfgl jr`tl infglf kf gl i``p glr tkcg mlltclmkc mlltcl v``rukt jljnnf wnrlf.?1=

Eklr ks elt gl d`lktl wnnrg `d gl g``r _oeikldnff nnfjlennigl_yf`psks lr llfs mkc tl enilf `d tl zklf wnt ekc eklr znj. Elt ellbt jllfzkf `d gl elil ikcst eklr `vlr tl fldlf, dnnr lr zkcf llf nnftni v``rwlr-plf gkl ekc jlzklf d`lt elmmlf, dnnr wnnr`vlr ekc fklt soerkcbt3

F`. >? Elng `b Qnrks nfg Elilf, kf nitr`-rliklvl.

F`. 7: N elng `b `fl `b tel E`dlrko elr`ls. Kt ks ekjeiy nfkdntlg,nfg ks i``hkfj upwnrgs, nppnrlftiy kf jrlnt njktntk`f.

F`. <7 N mns-rliklb, rlprlslftkfj Qrknd kf tel not `b suppikontkfj Noekiils t` glikvlr t` ekd tel m`gy `b eks s`f Elot`r.?1?

?1> enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, ;;.?1= enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, >11

?1? _yf`psks >5?5?2

, ><<.



>77 -

Nis lr lrjlfs llf d`jlikchelkg wns jlgurlfgl glzl rlks `d nnf gl pnssklukt zkcf clujg tl glfhlf gnf wns elt eklr wli.

`lf ekc vlrglr jkfj hwnd ekc `pfkluw mkc llf nnftni Ljyptksoelv``rwlrplf gkl dlt ekèr`jiyblf vlrglht wnrlf. Fnnst glzl v``rwlrplfengglf jlillrglf vlrtnikfjlf kf elt Jrklhs lf elt Elmrlluws `pjlenf-jlf, dnnr gnt eklip _oeikldnff fklts mkc elt mljrkcplf vnf glzl lluwlf`ugl kfsorkptkls. Elt ks gukglikch, ``h elt vlrinfjlf `d ``kt Jrklhs tld`jlf ilrlf soekcft eld `p glzl rlks vlrintlf tl elmmlf.

\ktlkfglikch ks elt niildnni fklt z` jlwligkj kftlrlssnft wnt ekc eklrzklt. Rlli vnf wnt ekc zklt ks mlsoengkjg. Lf gl sbkfxlf gkl ekc zklt zkcffklts fkluws gkl stnnf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj jlw``f nnf gl `lvlr vnf glFlvn.?17 Lf z` zkl cl dnnr wllr, lkjlfikch e`lb cl ]usinfg elildnni fklttl vlrintlf.

?17 enf`s & Nrlftzlf =1>=, >11.

Wel Mrktksoe Duslud on. >5;1.



>7<

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff fklt wkst gnt Ils Glsorkptk`fs glI‛Ljyptl ukt >51; llf Ljyptksoel rnjl kf Lur`pn eng i`sjldnnht gkl lr-v``r eng jlz`rjg gnt lr ``h kf _t. Qltlrsmurj sbkfxlf hwndlf. @`h eltvlrsoeki tusslf `rkjkflli lf rlpr`guotkl soekcft eld fklts tl zljjlf.

@pvniilfg ks gnt _oeikldnff `p z‛f dkfst llf grkltni ko`flf vnfelt Mrktkse Duslud fklt f`ldt8 gl Mnmlrkfk `b Q`rtinfg Rnsl, gl LijkfDnrmils lf gl ]`slttn _t`fl. G``rgnt elt duslud vlrmùwg wlrg kselt fklt gukglikch `b ekc glzl `mclotlf wli `b fklt zklf h`f. Znt gl LijkfDnrmils mltr`b wns lr loetlr llf twllgl d`jlikchelkg, glzl st`fglf kfjkpsh`pkl `pjlstlig kf el I`fg`f Qnf`rndn. _oeikldnff mlzòet gktpnf`rndn lf wns lr innklfg lfteùsknst `vlr. Flrjlfs h`f dlf I`fg`fz` d``k zklf nis gnnr. Gl Lijkf Dnrmils vlrgwkcflf eklr loetlr kf gl dl-glglikfj gnt lr ``h f`j llf tukf wns dlt gl `vlrmikcbslilf vnf nftklhltldplis.?1<

Gnt _oeikldnffs kftlrlssl kf gl `vlrmikcbslilf vnf gl Ljyptksoel lf Nftklhl ouituur siloets elli mlplrht wns mikcht ``h ukt zkcf mlsoerkcvkfjvnf wnt ekc kf elt Iùvrl zklt. Znt zl gnnr elmmlf ks vìjlfs _oeikldnffd``klr gnf gnt wnt zl kf I`fglf elmmlf, lf gnnrdll ks zkcf mlsoerkcvkfjvìt``kg. @vlr wnt ekc lr prlokls znj vlrtlit ekc fklts kf zkcf vlrsinj.

lruj kf ]usinfg wnoet eld llf tlilurstliikfj. Elt pnrtflrsoenpdlt Nilxolbb jnnt fklt g``r. _oeikldnff dligt gkt `.n. nnf _oeròglr kfEndmurj. Gnnr zkcf zl fklt vlrmnnsg. Lkjlfikch engglf zl elt wli vlr-wnoet, z`nis _oeikldnff jldlrht zù d`ltlf elmmlf t`lf ekc mkc eufwns. Sl vkfglf gnt _oeikldnff nmsìuut jllf dlfslfhlffks ellbt. Ekc

prnnt vlli, ekc mli``bt vlli lf vnit stllgs wllr v``r niilrilk bnftnsklèf, gklkf wlrhlikchelkg f``kt tl mlrlkhlf zkcf. Znffllr ekc glfht gnt ekc zkcfg`li mlrlkht ellbt w`rgt ekc jr`b lf nrr`jnft tljlf zkcf vrklfglf, tlrwkcigkl niillf elt mlstl dlt eld v``r elmmlf.?12 Gl mrklbsoerkcvlr jnnt f`jllf tkcgcl vlrglr kf gl zlibgl trnft lf e``pt vlrvìjlfs gnt _oeikldnff``kt llf j`lg znhlfdnf lf ikg vnf gl dnntsoenppkc w`rgt. @fgnfhsglzl hrktklh, wnnrukt dlf nb zù hufflf ilkglf gnt _oeikldnff jllf nitl mlstl znhlfdnf wns, millb elt eld v``r gl wkfg jnnf.

?1< Iugwkj >;?=, :5-:;3 ’Nis lr v`d Mrktkse Duslud sprkoet, kst slkf Kftlrlssl s`b`rtnub gkl Nusjrnmufjlf jlrkoetlt8 g`rt sne koe gkl çjyptksoelf Gkfjl, gkl dkoe dlerkftlrlssklrtlf nis niils, wns koe mkselr jlslelf enml. Ls skfg vklil çjyptksoel _çrjlgnruftlr, gkl dnf kf glf nitlf Qyrndkglf ufg Hntnh`dmlf bnfg‛. Bìjt nusbùr-ikoel Mlsoerlkmufj glr Dudklf ufg _nrh`penjl, s`gnff glr jrkloeksoelf ufgròdksoelf Rnslf ufg _huipturlf. Gkl Jlfnukjhlkt slkflr F`tkzlf zlkjt, gnÐ kefeklr hlkfl Jlgnfhlf nf D`shnulr Jlsoeçbtl nmzklelf8 lr soelkft lftrùoht, glfflr kst jnfz jlblsslit.—

?12 Dlylr >;<?, ?<. Rìjlfs Dlylr ks glzl mrklb vnf C.Z. _oeròglr ukt Endmurj. Zkl glzl Z.C. ks wllt kh fklt. _oeikldnff wns kf Endmurj mkc _oeròglr Jlmruglr& O`. Glzl mlst`fg ukt gl elrlf, Mlrenrg Ekrkoe, Oerkstknf lf Cènff ]ugìp

_oeròglr.



>72 -

@p >5 blmrunrk >5<1 rlksgl ekc v``r gl zlsgl hllr fnnr D`shù lf`p 7 dnnrt vlrtr`h ekc vnf gnnr vkn H`vf`, Judmkfjlf, Hòfkfjsmlrjlf Mlrikcf fnnr Ndstlrgnd. Fngnt ekc eklr llf wllh jlwllst wns rlksglekc vlrglr vkn I`fglf fnnr Lgkfmurj kf _oe`tinfg. Ekc mrnoet llf ml-

z`lh nnf Jinsj`w lf rlksgl plr st``dm``t vkn Jrllfòh fnnr Ikvlrp`ì.Rnfgnnr jkfj elt vkn Oelstlr fnnr Mnfj`r d gl Mrkttnfkn mrkgjl tl zklf.Rlrvìjlfs jkfj elt vkn I`fglf, Il Envrl, Qnrkcs, Ndstlrgnd. Endmurjlf Iùmloh tlruj fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj.?1:

Kf zkcf rlksvlrsinj soerllb _oeikldnff `vlr niils wnt ekc znj lf gllg. Znffllr wl loetlr wnt fnuwhlurkjlr fnnr gl kfeùg hkchlf `ftstnnt glkfgruh gnt ekc kf gl nnf glzl rlks v``rnbjnnfgl plrk`gl nbjlwlzlf ks g``rllf ]ussksoel vrùw. Nbjlwlzlf `dgnt ekc jllf ]us wns. R``rtgurlfgelrennit _oeikldnff kf gkt rlksvlrsinj gnt kf ]usinfg niils mltlr ks lfdllrglrl hlrlf g`lt ekc zkoe, nis ekc dlt vrùwlf sprllht, v``r nis llf

]us. Nnf llf Brnfsl vrùw gkl ekc kf gl trlkf fnnr Nftwlrplf `ftd`ltvlrtlit ekc gnt ]ussksoel dnfflf elli nfglrs zkcf gl Brnfsl. ]ussksoeldnfflf eùglf vnf llf eukslikch mlstnnf. Elt g`li vnf elt ilvlf vnfllf ]ussksoel dnf ks lrv``r tl z`rjlf gnt zkcf vrùw jliuhhkj w`rgt.

Znffllr ekc llf gkflr kf Ikvlrp`ì mlz`lh vlrtlit ekc gl gnnr nnfwlzkjlvrùwlf gnt zl lkjlfikch dnnr g`ddl jnfscls zkcf kf vlrjlikchkfj t`t gl]ussksoel vrùwlf. ]ussksoel vrùwlf sprlhlf `p zkcf dkfst grkl tnilfvi`lklfg lf splilf gnnrfnnst ``h f`j uktstlhlfg pknf`.?15

?1: Zlmlr >;7=, >=.

?15 Nrlftzlf =1>>, >:1->:>.



>7:

Clnf- Ië`f Jër÷dl (>5=7->;17).



>75 -

=>. Llf Rrùw0

Rìjlfs zkcf rlksvlrsinj vnf >572 stnh _oeikldnff kf Ikvlrp`ì, tkcglfsllf gkflr, gl i`btr`dplt v``r gl ]ussksoel vrùw. Sl wns fklt niillfd``k, dnnr ``h zllr kftliikjlft. Sl sprnh dkfstlfs grkl tnilf vi`lklfglf h`f gnnrfnnst ``h f`j llfs uktstlhlfg pknf` splilf. Gl ]ussksoelvrùw eng dnnr llf fnglli, zl eklig fklt vnf muktlfinfgsl dnfflf.

Znffllr wl gkt jljlvlf h`pplilf nnf _oeikldnffs p`jkfjlf `d v``rllf ]us g``r tl jnnf hrkcjt dlf ni sfli elt kgll gnt ekc llf fklt jlellijliuhhkjl lrvnrkfj dlt llf ]ussksoel vrùw noetlr gl ruj eng. Znffllr

wl vlrvìjlfs ilzlf e`l ekc tljlf llf Brnfsl vrùw kf gl trlkf fnnr Nftwlrplf llf jlelli `frlnikstksoe mllig vnf gl ]ussksoel dnf soeltstgnf `ftstnnt elt jlv`li gnt ekc f`j fklt niil e``p `pjljlvlf ellbt.Rìjlfs _oeikldnff ks elt g`li vnf elt ilvlf v``r gl ]ussksoel dnf `dlrv``r tl z`rjlf gnt zkcf vrùw gl eldli `p nnrgl hrkcjt. Elt eukslikchmlstnnf ks vìjlfs _oeikldnff elt e``jstl jliuh gnt llf dlfs mlrlkhlfhnf. @b ekc wlrhlikch `p gkt d`dlft ni llf vrùw `p elt ``j eng `b ni-illf dnnr gr``dgl ks `fgukglikch. Lkfg >57: mljkft zkcf strlvlf fnnreukslikch jliuh loetlr gukglikch vnstlrl v`rdlf nnf tl fldlf. lfdkfstlnis elt jlruoet gnt mr`lr Iugwkj jle``rg ellbt cukst ks3

Elglf e``rgl kh t`t dkcfl jr``tstl vlrw`fglrkfj vnf zliglf Ellr gntOupkg` \ jlvnfjlf jlf`dlf lf \ wlrhlikch vnf pinf wnnrt d trù-wlf tl jnnf. - C`fjl, c`fjl , zkc wnt v``rzkoetkj lf `vlrilj kf klglr `p-zkjt glf jr``tlf stnp, gkl \ g``r llfl zuihl vlrmkfgkfj g`lt. S``vlXlTinis kh dkc t`t glzlf ``jlfmikh eklrvnf vlrmlliglf hnf d`lt kh jli`vlfgnt \wl mrukg rkch ks lf \ dkssoeklf g``r ennr glf jr`fg t`t \wlfkluwl znhlf iljg, dnnr mlglfh dkcf j`lgl mr`lglr gnt gl rkchg`dfklt elt nnrgsjliuh uktdnXnTht lf \ glf ufpnrg`ffnmilstlf XLfjlis3ufpnrg`fnmil0T dksstnp mljnnt kfgklf \ llfl Loetjlf`tlf flldt v``rwlihl \ fklt ’ils slftkdlfts ils pius f`mil— v`lit. Dnnr mldkfg jkc

ennr wlrhlikch lf zkct dlt ennr Oenrnotlr lf jlv`lilfs noo``rg, fu z``zkc ks elt llf jliuh kfgklf zkc Rlrd`jlf dlgl mrlfjt. Dnnr zuit \ `hwli llflf j`lglf loetjlf``t uktdnhlf! lf jlf`ljzndl vlrlksoetelglfmlzktXtTlf d gl vlrinfjlfXsT vnf llf c`fjl vrùw tl vlrvuiilf! _oerkcdkc llfs kf vlrtrùwlf eklr`vlr - C`fjl wnt zuiilf `fzl zustlrs zljjlfkfgklf zkc sp`lgkj llfl c`fjl lf rkchl ]usskf t`t soe``fzustlr hrkcjlf,stuur elf lf dkc dnXnTr fklt tl vr`lj vlri`vkfjsonnrtcls t`l. E`plfgleklr`vlr sp`lgkj klts fnglrs vnf \ tl e`rlf wki kh v``r elglf eklrvnfzwkcjlf, gnnr kh f`j z`` zllr kf elt gukstlr mlf. ?1;

?1; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl M, M`x >/<1, ??1 - ?=; - ==:1.



>7;

E`l glzl jlsoeklglfks prlokls vlri``pt ks fklt elildnni gukglikch.Lrjlfs kf >575 soerkcbt ekc nnf zkcf zustlrs gnt ekc llf vrùw `p elt ``jellbt. Ekc ellbt fu, fnnr lkjlf zljjlf, elt t`ppuft vnf jliuh mlrlkht.Gl vrùw vnf zkcf gr`dlf spllit prnoetkj pknf` lf sprllht vi`lklfg grkl

tnilf. M`vlfgklf ks zl spnnrznnd z`gnt _oeikldnff vlrwnoet gnt ekc dltennr rkch hnf w`rglf.?>1 Znffllr wl glzl uktsprnnh dlt _oeikldnffssoe`bblrkfj vnf gl gndls kf Ikvlrp`ì vlrjlikchlf hufflf wl `fs nbvrn-jlf e`l infj ekc ni noetlr glzl cubbrùw nnfznt. ljlf elt lkfg vnf elt

cnnr soekcft niils r`fg tl zkcf. @p =5 `ht`mlr >575 soerkcbt _oeikldnffnnf zkcf vnglr gnt ekc vlri``bg ks. Ekc ellbt kf _t. Qltlrsmurj llf Gukts-]ussksoe dlkscl jlv`fglf, _`pkl Elohlr.

Kf glzlibgl tkcg w`rgt ekc g``r Jkvnj` nnf gklfs fkoet ClhntlrkfnQltr`wfn Iysekfn (>5=2->5;2) v``rjlstlig. Elt soekcft gnt Jkvnj``p llf euwlikch tusslf zkcf vrklfg lf zkcf fkoet nnfjlstuurg ellbt.

_oeikldnff wllt fklt wnt ekc d`lt g`lf. Ekc soerkcbt zkcf zustlrs `b lrfklt llf vlr hnf h`dlf d eld mkc zkcf hluzl tl eliplf.?>> \ktlkfglikchsoekcft ekc v``r _`pekl Elohlr jlh`zlf tl elmmlf, dnnr gnt wlrg fklts`dgnt zkc f`jni `p llf bbkoklr jlstlig wns. R``r _oeikldnff wns gkt llftlhlf gnt zl ikoetzkffkj wns lf ekc vlrmrnh gl vlri`vkfj.?>= Llf nfglrjlruoet zljt `vlrkjlfs gnt elt gl vnglr vnf gl vlri``bgl wns gkl zkcfgòetlr wllreklig `d dlt _oeikldnff tl trùwlf, `dgnt ekc llf rkchlsoe``fz``f wlfstl.?>?

?>1 Iugwkj >;?=, 5=-5?, gntllrg glzl jlmlurtlfks kf >57:. Dlylr >;2;, >71->7>jllbt elt zlibgl vlrenni z`fglr gntlrkfj.

?>> Qnyfl >;<;, 71-7>.?>= Iugwkj >;?=, 52-5:, Dlylr >;2;, >71->7>.

?>? rnkii >;;<, =?.



><1 -

==. Ndlrkhn >5<1->5<=

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl rlksgl _oeikldnff kf elt v``rcnnrvnf >5<1 fnnr Ndlrkhn `dgnt ekc jle``rg eng gnt zkcf mr`lr Iugwkj,gkl gnnr kf >57; fnnrt`l jljnnf wns, jlst`rvlf wns.?>7

Znffllr wl fnnr gl gntud, mljkf blmrunrk >5<1, hkchlf w`rgt `f-dkggliikch gukglikch gnt glzl dlglglikfj fklt hnf hi`pplf. Kf elt rlks-

cùrfnni, gnt ekc jlgurlfgl zkcf Ndlrkhn rlks mkceklig soerkcbt ekc gnt ekckf blmrunrk >5<1 v``r gl twllgl hllr g``r Zlst Lur`pn rlksgl. Rìjlfsgkt rlks cùrfnni vlrtr`h ekc pns `p >1 gloldmlr >5<1 ukt _t. Qltlrsmurj.

Nis rlglf v``r zkcf rlks jllbt ekc eklr zkcf `fwllrstnnfmnrl vlrinfjlf `dtl rlkzlf `p?>< wnt `fjltwkcblig siloets llf jlgllitl vnf gl rlglf wns. Znffllr Iugwkj _oeikldnff wlrhlikch klts dlt _oeikldnffs vlrtrlh

ukt ]usinfg tl dnhlf ellbt ks glzl gntud nnffldlikchlr. @p =1 Cuik>5<1 soerkcbt _oeikldnff nnf llf fllb `pgnt glzl zkcf zustlrs elt mlrk-oet vnf elt `vlrikcglf vnf euf mr`lr v``rzkoetkj `vlrmrlfjt. Ekc ellbtjle``rg gnt Iugwkj `p => dlk kf _norndlft` kf Onikb`rfkè nnf tybus`vlrilglf ks. Llf znhlfrlintkl ukt Flw [`rh, O.G. Mlerlfs, ellbt eldllf hrnft jlstuurg wnnrkf _oeikldnff gl vìjlfgl zkf v`fg3 ’@f tel=>st gklg kf _norndlft` Okty, `b ype`kg blvlr, Dr. Iùks _oeikldnff,

b`rdlriy `b Jlrdnfy, intl `b Flw [`rh Okty, njlg =< ylnrs.—?>2 Kf glzlmrklb dligt _oeikldnff gnt zkcf mr`lr kf h`rtl tkcg llf vlrd`jlf vnf:111 enilr?>: `pjlmùwg zù elmmlf. Ekc ellbt ni nnf llf nfglr bndk-ikl ikg jlsoerlvlf `d gl f`gkjl pnpklrlf tl rljlilf. Elt ks gl mlg`likfjgnt gl zustlrs vkn M.E. _oeròglr & O`. kf Ndstlrgnd pr`mlrlf `d gllrblfks vnf Iugwkj kf enfglf tl hrkcjlf. Gl dllstl mk`jrnblf jnnf lrvnfukt gnt _oeikldnffs rlks fnnr Onikb`rfkè llf rloetstrllhs jlvìj vnfIugwkjs g``g wns,?>5 dnnr kh elm gnnr jllf nnfwkczkfjlf v``r hufflfvkfglf.

?>7 _oeikldnff >5;=, >5?>< Zlmlr >;7=, >=.?>2 Dlylr >;<?, 7:-75.?>: > enilr wns ? Dnrh wns Bi. >,51.?>5 Iugwkj >;?=, 5;-;13 ’Grlk D`fntl fnoe ... XgldT iltztlf Mrklb lreçit _oeikldnff

lkfl Slktufjsf`tkz ùmlr glf `g gls Mruglrs ... Zlfkjl D`fntl spçtlr soekbbtskoe _oeikldnff lkf, ud gns Jrnm gls Mruglrs zu suoelf ufg gns Jìg v`fHnikb`rfklf.— Dlylr >;2;, >>73 ’Glr Rlrst`rmlfl z`j glf ùmlrilmlfglf Mruglrfnoe kf gkl Brldgl.— D``rlelng >;;7, ?=3 ’Kt wns Iùks we` wns rlsp`fskmilb`r tel flxt oenptlr kf _oeikldnff‛s ikbl ... Gloinrkfj tent el wns kftlfgkfj t`kfvlstkjntl went eng enpplfg t` Iùks‛s b`rtufl Xnbtlr eks glnteT, kf `rglr t` mrkfj

mnoh went el oùig snivnjl b`r eks skstlrs, el dngl pinfs t` snki b`r Flw [`rh ...—



><>

@p >; `ht`mlr >5<1 soerllb _oeikldnff llf wnt oryptksoel mrklbnnf llf mlhlfgl kf Flw [`rh. Ekc vrnnjt glzl `d plr hlrlfgl p`st kf-b`rdntkl tl vlrsoenbblf `vlr gl d`jlikchelglf gkl lr v``r llf hnpktnikstkf Onikb`rfkè nnf elt `ftstnnf zkcf. Llf vrklfg vnf eld, gkl `fjlvllr $

?1.111 mlzkt wki kf elt vìjlfgl v``rcnnr fnnr _nf Brnfokso` jnnf `dgnnr gnt mlgrnj z` j`lg d`jlikch tl mliljjlf. Elt ks llf c`fjl dnf dltvlli lflrjkl lf jr`tl hlffks vnf elt h``pdnfsmlr`lp. Ks elt d`jlikch`d gnnr zkcf jlig vìh`dlf zlhlr tl mliljjlf0 ’Jllbt u dkc nistumiklbtniil kfb`rdntkl gkl u ellbt `vlr gl d`jlikchelglf v``r llf enfglinnr kf_nf Brnfokso`—.?>;

@vlr wkl gkl vrklfg ks e`lvlf wl elt eklr fklt vlrglr tl elmmlf._oeikldnff ks vnf pinf `d fnnr Onikb`rfkè tl jnnf, fklt z`zllr `d-gnt zkcf mr`lr gnnr `vlrilglf ks, dnnr `dgnt ekc gnnr gl `dstnfgkj-elglf e``pt tl vkfglf `d zkcf d`jlikchelglf nis enfglinnr vlrglr tl

`ftwkhhlilf. Znnr`d ekc wlj wki ukt _t. Qltlrsmurj ks fklt gukglikch. Elt zù wli

llfs hufflf gnt gl vlrmr`hlf vlri`vkfj dlt _`pekl Elohlr lr dllr t`lellbt mkcjlgrnjlf gnf gl g``g vnf zkcf mr`lr. Rìjlfs llf mrklb nnf zkcfzustlrs vnf >1 f`vldmlr ks ekc jlrllg `d _t. Qltlrsmurj v``rj`lg tlvlrintlf. Ekc ellbt niils vnf wnnrgl vlrhòet z`gnt lr fklts dllr ks wnteld nnf _t. Qltlrsmurj mkfgt. Ekc e``pt mkfflf vllrtklf gnjlf ni eltjlig gnt ekc f`j d`lt hrkcjlf mkfflf tl elmmlf z`gnt ekc =7 f`vldmlrvlrtrlhhlf hnf. @b gl zustlrs euf nftw``rg plr mrklb nnf M.E. _oeròglr& O`. kf Ndstlrgnd wkiilf sturlf.?=1

Znt ``h gl ``rznnh ks wnnr`d _oeikldnff _t. Qltlrsmurj vlrinnt, zkcfmnfglf dlt gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`. ukt Ndstlrgnd elmmlf lr gukglikchfklt fglr jlilglf, e`lwli ekc fu fklt dllr kf stnnt zni zkcf d v``r euf`rglrs p gl ]ussksoel dnrht tl vkfglf. _oeikldnff rlkst kf llf hllr vnf_t. Qltlrsmurj fnnr Ndstlrgnd. Ekc vlrtr`h `p >1 gloldmlr lf mlrlkhtl`p >5 gloldmlr `d enib tklf ―s nv`fgs Mlrikcf. @dgnt ekc wkst gnt gltrlkf fnnr Hluilf d >1 uur vlrtr`h jkfj ekc gnnr `fdkggliikch fnnr t`l.Ekc wns `p tkcg lf pnssllrgl `d >> uur Q`tsgnd. @d vklr uur ―s fnoetspnssllrgl ekc Dnnjglfmurj, vlrvìjlfs hwnd ekc infjs Mrnufsoewlkj,Enff`vlr, Dkfglf lf nrrkvllrgl `d 2 uur ―s òetlfgs kf @mlrenuslf.

Eklr pnhtl ekc gl p`sth`lts vnf : uur gkl vkn Zlzli lf Lddlrkoe fnnr Nrfeld rllg. Ekc nrrkvllrgl eklr gl vìjlfgl òetlfg `d : uur lf fnd`fdkggliikch gl trlkf fnnr Ndstlrgnd. Ekc hwnd gnnr `d >> uur nnflf fnd ’z`nis jlmrukhlikch— llf hndlr kf e`tli ’gls Qnys-Mns—.?=> Qns kf

Ndstlrgnd nnfjlh`dlf fnd _oeikldnff lkfglikch wnt rust. Rlrvuigvnf j`lgl elrkfflrkfjlf wnfgligl ekc g``r gl soe`fl strntlf lf infjsgl prnoetkjl jrnoetlf. _oeikldnff rnnht vlrvuig vnf d``kl jlgnoetlf.

?>; Dlylr >;<?, 7;.?=1 Dlylr >;<?, <1.

?=> Zlmlr >;7=, >7.



><= -

’Elt hnf zkcf gnt dlf kf elt vlrilglf jlhwlig ks g``r gukzlfglf pr`m-ildlf, wnffllr dlf intlr tlrujhkcht zklt niils lr z` prnoetkj ukt gnt elt ks`b niils g``r llf r`zl siuklr `vlrglht w`rgt.— Ekc wlrg fu `ftr`lrg g``rgl hlrhhi`hhlf gkl kf Ndstlrgnd lih hwnrtklr iukglf. Elt ks wnnr gnt

_t. Qltlrsmurj vnfukt nroektlot`fksoe ``jpuft jlzklf niil stlglf kf glwlrlig `vlrtrlbt, dnnr Ndstlrgnd mklgt llf vlli nnfjlfndlr lf o`d-b`rtnmlilr ilvlf gnf gkl jr`tl hì`s vnf elt f``rglf.?== Elt ks gukglikchgnt _oeikldnff nbstnfg nnf elt fldlf ks vnf _t. Qltlrsmurj.

Ekc rust kf Ndstlrgnd wnt ukt lf rljlit vkn gl M.E. _oeròglr & O`.llf nnftni nnfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf v``r Ndlrkhn. @p => gloldmlr vlrtr`hekc plr trlkf fnnr ]`ttlrgnd. Gnnr vlrmillb ekc kf e`tli ’Mnte—. @p ==gloldmlr rlksgl ekc dlt gl ’@olnfko— fnnr I`fglf.?=? Kf I`fglf mrlfjtekc zkcf bkfnfokèil znhlf `p `rgl lf gnf hnf gl jr`tl rlks mljkfflf._oeikldnff rlkst dlt llf rngnrst``dsoekp. Enivlrwljl gl olnnf rnnhtl

gkt soekp kf llf st`rd vlrzlkig. Llf vnf gl rnglrlf vkli ukt lf elt soekph`f dlt gl wlkfkjl zlkilf gkl elt eng niillf v``r gl wkfg zlkilf lf gntmltlhlfgl kf gkt jlvni tlrujhlrlf. Elt soekp iljt nnf kf O`rh kf Klrinfg._oeikldnff rlkst fdkggliikch tlruj fnnr Lfjlinfg. Kf I`fglf e``rt ekcgnt llf vnf zkcf znhlf kf Ndstlrgnd f`j fklt nbjlr`fg ks.

Ekc mlsiukt dltllf wllr fnnr Ndstlrgnd tlruj tl hlrlf. @dgnt glgkrlotl st``dm``t fnnr ]`ttlrgnd ni vlrtr`hhlf wns fnd ekc gl trlkffnnr G`vlr. @p =< cnfunrk vlrtrlht ekc ―s nv`fgs fnnr @`stlfgl. Glzll wns gkl nv`fg e``j lf `fstukdkj lf gl m``t inj vlr ukt gl hust._oeikldnff wlrg hiltsfnt v``r ekc lkfglikch nnf m``rg wns. @p =2 cnfu-

nrk ―s òetlfgs nrrkvllrgl gl m``t kf @`stlfgl. _oeikldnff rlksgl `f-dkggliikch vkn Jlft fnnr Nftwlrplf wnnr ekc ―s dkggnjs `d grkl uur glp`sth`lts vnf Rnf Jlfg & I``s fnnr ]`ttlrgnd fnd. @d fljlf uur ―snv`fgs mlrlkhtl ekc Mrlgn. Eklr fnd ekc llf e`tlihndlr v``r gl fnoet.Gl vìjlfgl òetlfg `d vkcb uur vlrtr`h gl p`sth`lts wllr lf vkn Glibtmlrlkhtlf zl `d twnnib uur ―s òetlfgs ]`ttlrgnd. Eklr stnptl ekc `f-dkggliikch vlr p gl trlkf lf z` wns ekc d enib grkl kf Ndstlrgnd wnnrekc llf hndlr fnd kf elt ’]elkfksoel E`b—.?=7

Ekc rljlit zkcf znhlf lf rlkst gl vìjlfgl gnj vkn ]`ttlrgnd fnnrI`fglf lf vnf gnnr g``r fnnr Ikvlrp`ì. Eklr v`ljgl ekc zkoe wllr mkc

zkcf dlglrlkzkjlrs. Gl gnnr`pvìjlfgl gnj vlrtr`h elt jlzlisoenp `pfkluw fnnr Ndlrkhn. Gkt hllr vlri``pt gl rlks v``rsp`lgkj lf h`dlfzl z`fglr vlrtrnjkfj kf Flw [`rh nnf. Ekc ks fu jlelli kf rlksstlddkfjjlh`dlf. @p =? blmrunrk >5<> soerkcbt ekc vnf ukt Znsekfjt`f nnf zkcfvnglr. Ekc vlrtlit `vlr niils wnt ekc jlgnnf ellbt lf wnt ekc f`j jnntg`lf. Elt soekcft gnt ekc elt kgll `d jlig kf Onikb`rfkè tl jnnf vlrgk-lflf fu `pjljlvlf ellbt. Rìjlfs glzl mrklb wki ekc lr fklt infjlr gnf

?== Zlmlr >;7=, ><.?=? Zlmlr >;7=, ><.

?=7 Zlmlr >;7=, =1.



><?

llf pnnr wlhlf mikcvlf `d vlrvìjlfs llf soekp fnnr Onft`f kf Oekfntl fldlf. Rnf gnnr wki ekc vkn Kfgkè, Nrnmkè lf Ljyptl wllr fnnr Lur`pntlruj hlrlf. Elt ks llf rlks gkl vlli h`st, dnnr gl lrvnrkfjlf gkl ekc lrmkc `pg`lt zkcf `fmltnnimnnr.?=<

Fn llf uktjlmrlkg mlz`lh nnf Flw [`rh lf Znsekfjt`f rlkst_oeikldnff vkn Qnfndn fnnr Onikb`rfkè. Elt ks llf d`lkzndl tòetg``r gl cufjil, dnnr ``h eklr mikcbt _oeikldnff zkcf t`lrkstksoel fklu-wsjklrkjelkg vìjlf. Llfdnni kf Qnfndn mlsiukt ekc gl ruàfls vnf ùgQnfndn tl jnnf mlhkchlf. Ekc euurt v``r ? gìinr llf lzli lf vlrtrlhtsndlf dlt llf nfglrl rlkzkjlr gkl ``h llf lzli jleuurg ellbt fnnr glpinnts wnnr Qnfndn ``rspr`fhlikch inj. Elt wns ellt lf elt png fkltdllr gnf llf lzlisp``r gnt g``r elt m`s iklp. Fn nfglrenib uur znjlf zlgl hust fklt vlr vnf gl ruàfls vnf elt ùgl Qnfndn. `lf zl lr lkfglikchnnf hwndlf wlrglf zl tlilurjlstlig `dgnt lr fnjlf`lj fklts tl zklf

wns. Glzl stng wns twlle`fglrg cnnr llrglr jlelli g``r gl m`lhnfklrsvlrw`lst. ’Kf gl jr`tl ekttl gkl eklr ellrst jnnt elt vlrvni lvlf sfli nisgl jr`lk vnf gl pinftlf lf gnnrg``r ks lr fnjlf`lj fklts dllr tl zklfvnf gl ùgl stng—.?=2 Gkt ks llf vnf gl llrstl tlhlflf gnt _oeikldnffmlinfjstliikfj v``r `vlrmikcbslilf ukt elt vlrilglf ellbt.

Kf Onikb`rfkè nnfjlh`dlf rlkst _oeikldnff `fdkggliikch fnnr_norndlft` `d elt jrnb vnf zkcf mr`lr tl mlz`lhlf. Fn vlli d`lktl vkf-gt ekc elt. Ekc jllbt <1 gìinr nnf llf mljrnblfks`fglrfldlr `d lr llfdnrdlrlf jrnbstllf `p tl intlf zlttlf.?=:

_norndlft` mlvnit _oeikldnff, mkc mlsiukt d zkoe eklr tl vlstkjlf.?=5

Rnf eklrukt dnnht ekc llf rlks infjs gl jùgvliglf d zkoe p gl e``jtltl stliilf vnf e`l lr eklr jlwlrht w`rgt.?=; Ekc zklt jr`tl d`jlikchelglflf mlsiukt llf mnfh tl mljkfflf.??1 Ekc euurt llf pnfg lf pinntst llfngvlrtlftkl kf gl hrnft3

_kr3Zl nrl f`w rlngy t` puroensl nfy qunftuty ` Jìg Gust, nt tel ekje-lst prkols, `r wekoe wl pny prkfokpniiy kf Ndlrkonf O`kf, nfg Grntsgrnwf nt pnr `f _nf Brnfokso`.Zl wkii slii Dlssrs. ]`tesoekig‛s Mkiis ` Lxoenfjl `f tel \fktlg _tntlsnfg Lur`pl.

?=< Glzl mrklb ks `p =?/=7 dlk =11< mkc Hlttlr Hufst - Nuhtk f =;7, I t >??> vlr-hòet. Skl ``h Dlylr >;2;, >><.

?=2 Zlmmlr >;7=, 7=.?=: Zlmmlr >;7=, <<.?=5 Zlmmlr >;7=, <5. _oeikldnff soerkcbt ’Envkfj gltlrdkflg t` slttil g`wf plrdn-

flftiy kf _norndlft` Okty.— Mòihl dligl kf llf plrs``fikch jlsprlh dlt gl soerkc-vlr gnt ekc vnf dlfkfj ks gnt gkt mltlhlfg gnt _oeikldnff v``r j`lg kf Onikb`rfkèwkigl mikcvlf.

?=; Skl rnkii >;;1 lf rnkii =115.

??1 Zlmmlr >;7=, 2<.



><7 -

Zelf yù vkskt tel Okty _norndlft`,wl wùig rlsplotuiiy sìkokt yùr onii.

[ùr @mlgklft _lrvnfts,E. _oeikldnff & O`.

Mnfhlrs, kf tel Mrkoh Mukigkfj O`r. Cnfg Br`ft _trllts. ??>

_oeikldnffs mlsoerkcvkfj vnf zkcfvlrmikcb kf Onikb`rfkè ks fklt z`fglrpr`mildlf. Llf vnf gl `pvniilfgstljlgllitlf ks llf uktjlmrlkgl mlsoerkcv-kfj vnf gl stngsmrnfg gkl _nf Brnfokso``p 7 cufk >5<> tr`b.??= Elt elil vlrenni hikfht zllr nutelftklh, dnnr lrks llf pr`milld, lr wns jllf stngsmrnfg `p 7 cufk, glzl mrnfg wns `p 7

dlk. Gl o`foiuskl gnt _oeikldnff zkoe eklr llf dnnfg vlrjkstl zni elm-mlf ks fklt i`jksoe. Elt cùrfnni ks oer`fì`jksoe pjlmùwg lf elt eklrv``rstnnfgl stuh ks `p ?> dlk jlgntllrg ks. Elt vlrsinj `vlr gl mrnfgwlrg gus fn ?> dlk jlsoerlvlf. Elt zklt lr fnnr ukt gnt _oeikldnffzkoe eklr ellbt intlf kfspkrlrlf g``r llf vlrsinj ukt gl _norndlft` Gnkiy\fk`f vnf 2 dlk.???

Elt jnnt _oeikldnff kf Onikb`rfkè v``r gl wkfg, dnnr elt mlvniteld uktlkfglikch fklt. Elt wlrh kf gl mnfh vlrvllit eld, gl ekttl ksvlrsoerkhhlikch lf elt jlzlisoenp mlstnnt ukt fklts nfglrs gnf nv`fturklrsgkl fklts nfglrs wkiilf gnf rkch w`rglf. Jliuhhkj ks lr Qr`b. B. J. ]lljlr

gkl vlli vnf gl wlrlig jlzklf ellbt lf vi`lklfg Lfjlis, Brnfs, Gukts,Q`rtujlls, _pnnfs lf Flglrinfgs sprllht. _oeikldnff ks lr zlhlr vnf gntglzl dnf `h Jrklhs lf Intkcf sprllht, dnnr sprllht fklt vlr zkcf lkjlfwlfs `d glzl tnilf ``h tl ilrlf.??7 Znnr ekc nnf elt mljkf vnf zkcf rlkselt kgll vlstkjgl gnt ekc _t. Qltlrsmurj v``r j`lg vlrintlf eng, mljkft ekckf dlk >5<> tlhlflf vnf elkdwll fnnr glzl stng tl hrkcjlf. Ekc e``ptnnf elt lkfg vnf elt cnnr tlruj tl hlrlf, dnnr fklt z`fglr gl rlst vnfzkcf jlpinfgl wlrligrlks. Gl f`tktkl kf zkcf cùrfnni dlt mltrlhhkfj t`telt twllgl glli vnf zkcf rlks ks loetlr f`j ni dlrhwnnrgkj. @dgnt gl rlksfnnr Onikb`rfkè z`vlli jlh`st ellbt wki ekc tlruj rlkzlf vkn Oekfn `d `pgkl dnfklr klts vnf zkcf h`stlf tlruj tl vlrgklflf. Rnf ukt Oekfn wki ekcgnf vkn Kfgkè, Ljyptl lf Ktnikè fnnr Guktsinfg tlruj hlrlf. Gnnrfn wkiekc zkoe kf _t. Qltlrsmurj vlstkjlf `dgnt gkt gl d``kstl stng tlr wlrligks. Jlgurlfgl glzl rlks wki ekc ``h Clruznild mlz`lhlf, fklt ukt rlik-jkluzl `vlrtukjkfj, dnnr `d zkcf fkluwsjklrkjelkg tl mlvrlgkjlf.??<

??> Iugwkj >;?= tljlf`vlr ;=.??= Zlmmlr >;7=, 2?.??? rnkii >;:5, ?<1 ``h rnkii >;;?, 7?.

??7 Zlmmlr >;7=, 2>-2= kf elt _pnnfs, ;;->11 kf Lfjlisl vlrtnikfj.??< Zlmmlr >;7=, 2=/2? kf elt _pnnfs, >11 kf Lfjlisl vlrtnikfj.

Jùgdkcf kf Onikb`rfkè, Zkiiknd Elfry Cnohs`f on. >5:=.



><<

@fglrtusslf jnnf gl znhlf jlwligkj. Ekc dnnht wkfst `p llf jlwli-gkjl soenni. Nis ekc vr`ljlr jlwltlf eng gnt lr ``kt llf gnj zù h`dlfwnnr`p ekc llf hwnrt zù vlrgklflf vnf wnt ekc fu vlrgklft zù ekc zkoegl jliuhhkjstl dnf tlr wlrlig jlv`lig elmmlf. Dnnr elinns ekc ks >5.111

vlrst??2

vlrwkcglrg vnf _t. Qltlrsmurj wnnr ni zkcf e``p lf ni zkcf vlrinf-jlfs zkoe mlvkfglf.??:

Onikb`rfkè jnnt _oeikldnff dllr lf dllr tljlf stnnf. Elt hikdnntks lr ``h fklt j`lg v``r eld, ekc hrkcjt stllgs wllr h``rtsnnfvniilf. Ekcennit uktlkfglikch elt lkfg vnf elt cnnr fklt. @p : Nprki >5<= g`lt ekczkcf mnfh vnf gl enfg lf mljkft ekc nnf zkcf tlrujrlks fnnr ]usinfg.??5 Elt kgll d vkn Oekfn tl rlkzlf ellbt ekc `pjljlvlf. Rkn llf p`fteùgkf Flw [`rh lf llf mlz`lh nnf zkcf bndkikl kf Dlohilfmurj rlkst ekc gk-rlot fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj. @p =7 cuik >5<= f`tllrt ekc gl vlrd`lglikchlrlglf v``r gl t`t gkt d`dlft kf zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl cùrfnni jlt``fgl

jlv`lilfs v``r _t. Qltlrsmurj. Ni zkcf ùgl vrklfglf elmmlf eld enr-tlikch ftvnfjlf, zlibs cubbrùw Ontelrkfl Iysoekf, gkl eld vr`ljlr fkltznj stnnf, ellbt eld fu vrklfglikch `ftvnfjlf. Gnt mli``bt vlli j`lgsv``r gl t`lh`dst.??;

Glzl dlglglikfj dnnht elt e``jst wnnrsoekcfikch gnt _oeikldnff_t. Qltlrsmurj dlt iklbglsvlrgrklt vlrintlf eng lf lr fu wllr fkluwld`jlikchelglf zklt.

Clhntlrkfn Qltr`wfn Iysekfn zklt lr fu pi`tslikfj llf stuh nnftrlh-hlikchlr ukt. Gnt zl ukt llf rkchl bndkikl dlt vlrmkfgkfjlf fnnr glsnrlfbndkikl stndt zni v``r _oeikldnff ``h fklt `fmlinfjrkch jlwl-

lst zkcf. @`h gl nnftrlhhkfjshrnoet vnf _oeikldnff `p Clhntlrkfn lfennr ùglrs soekcft, g``r elt kf Onikb`rfkè vlrw`rvlf b`rtukf, stlrht`ljlf`dlf tl zkcf.?71

@p ?> gloldmlr >5<= soerkcbt ekc zkcf zustlrs `d elf tl vlrtliilfgnt lr zkoe llf jr`tl vlrnfglrkfj kf zkcf ilvlf ellbt v``rjlgnnf. @p>= `ht`mlr ks ekc gl loetjlf``t vnf cubbrùw Ontelrkfl Iysoekf, llf]ussksoel gndl dlt z`wli llf prnoetkj ikoennd nis llf j`lg vlrstnfgjlw`rglf. Ekc jlfklt fu vnf niil v``rglilf vnf llf eukslikch ilvlf.?7>

??2 > vlrst b wlrst ks >,1: hd. _norndlft` ks gus vìjlfs _oeikldnff >;.=21 hd vnf_t. Qltlrsmurj vlrwkcglrg. Kf llf rloetl ikcf ks gl nbstnfg tusslf glzl twll pinntslf5.:5= hd.

??: Zlmmlr >;7=, 2:.??5 rnkii >;:;, ?<?-?<7 lf rnkii >;;?, 7:-75 ks vnf dlfkfj gnt _oeikldnff jlgw`f-

jlf wlrg zkcf mnfh tl vlrh`plf `dgnt ekc `p mlgr`j mkc elt wljlf vnf jùgst`bmltrnpt wns. Skcf mlwkcsv`lrkfj ks loetlr z` guf gnt zkcf tel`rkl fnuwlikchs jli``b-wnnrgkj ks.

??; Zlmmlr >;7=, 5;.

?71 Lkfsil & Mòihl >;;2, 5;.?7> Zlmlr >;7=, 5;.



><2 -

=?. Snhlf zkcf znhlf

lruj kf ]usinfg fnd ekc zkcf ùgl znhlf wllr `p lf elt jkfj dltllfwllr j`lg. Ekc mlsoekhtl fu `vlr llf jr`tlr vlrd`jlf lf gus wlrglfgl znhlf ``h jr`tlr. ljlf elt lkfg vnf >5<= stkoettl ekc llf bkiknnikf D`shù v``r gl jr``tenfgli kf kfgkj`. Gkt hwnd `fglrilkgkfj vnf

Nilxlk Dntwlclw tl stnnf lf fn gklfs `vlrikcglf `fglr gnt vnf gklfsmlgklfgl Cutsoelfh`.?7=

_oeikldnff ks zkcf vlrilglf fklt vlrjltlf lf eùgt f`j stllgs o`f-tnot dlt Elpflr. Glzl soerkcbt eld `p 5 blmrunrk >5<? ukt Ndstlrgnd

`d eld dlt zkcf euwlikch tl blikoktlrlf. Ekc rnngt _oeikldnff nnf wntv``rzkoetkjlr tl w`rglf. Rrùwl B`rtufn ks llf fklt ni tl trùwl jliklbgllf ``h ni ellbt zl t`t fu t`l nnf _oeikldnfs zkcgl jlstnnf, zl hnf eldz` wllr vlrintlf. Dkssoeklf zù _oeikldnff klts nfglrs d`ltlf jnnfg`lf. Elt ks, z` soerkcbt Elpflr, lkjlfikch cnddlr gnt _oeikldnff jllfsoerkcvlr ks. Lr zkcf dnnr wlkfkj dlfslf gkl z`vlli dlljldnnht elmmlfnis ekc lf gus zkcf lr ``h dnnr wlkfkj dlfslf gkl kf stnnt zkcf flt zuihlkftlrlssnftl dld`krls tl soerkcvlf nis ekc. Dòet _oeikldnff lr `kt t`l`vlr jnnf `d zkcf nut`mk`jrnbkl tl soerkcvlf gnf wki Elpflr gnnr jrnnjllf lxldpinnr vnf elmmlf.?7?

Elt soekcft gnt Elpflr _oeikldnffs jlv`lilfs j`lg kfjlsoent ellbtlf gnt glzl elt jlv`li ellbt gnt lr klts vlrnfglrlf d`lt. Elt soekcft gntekc jlf`lj mljkft tl hrkcjlf vnf elt enfgligrkcvlf lf jlig vlrgklflf. Ekckfb`rdllrt fnnr gl d`jlikchelglf `d llf infgj`lg kf Dlohilfmurj tlh`plf.?77

snnr Fkoìnns K (>:;2->5<<) eng niil infjlrl tkcg llf ``jcl `p elt@tt`dnnfsl ]kch. Elt mlzkt vnf O`fstnftkf`pli zù mltlhlflf gnt]usinfg llf vlrzlhlrgl t`ljnfj t`t gl Dkggliinfgsl Sll zù elmmlf lfgnnrg``r dllr kfvi`lg kf glzl `djlvkfj. Gl Lfjlislf lf Brnfslf ml-jrlplf gnt gkt euf kfvi`lg kf gkt jlmklg lrfstkj zù nnftnstlf lf znjlf

fklts kf gkt s``rt pinfflf. Skc jkfjlf llf sndlfwlrhkfjsvlrmnfg nnf`d elt @tt`dnnfsl ]kch tl stluflf tljlf ]usinfg. Intlr si``t ``h elth`fkfhrkch _nrgkfkè zkoe eklr mkc nnf. Kf `ht`mlr >5<? mrnh gl ni infjgrlkjlfgl Hrkd``ri`j ukt. Ni sfli w`rglf gl lbblotlf vnf glzl ``ri`jg``r _oeikldnff lf nfglrl enfgliseukzlf jlv`lig. @p = cnfunrk >5<7mrlfjt _oeikldnff vlrsinj ukt vnf gl sktuntkl nnf M.E. _oeròglr & O`.kf Ndstlrgnd. Gl gnj lrv``r ks vnf ukt O`fstnftkf`pli vkn _lmnst`pì

?7= _oeikldnff >5;=, >5.?7? Dlylr >;<?, <>.

?77 Dlylr >;<?, <7-<<.



><:

elt mlrkoet jlh`dlf gnt gl vlrlfkjgl vi``t kf gl Swnrtl Sll ks nnfjl-h`dlf. Eklrg``r ks elt zlhlr jlw`rglf gnt lr llf Lur`plsl ``ri`j zniuktmrlhlf. R``r elt vìjlfgl v``rcnnr zni elt jllf zkf dllr elmmlf `dklts tl `fglrfldlf.?7<

@dgnt wl jlw``f zkcf `d `vlr gl Hrkd``ri`j tl sprlhlf ikchtelt llf iònni o`fbikot, dnnr _oeikldnff eng jlikch, elt wns llf t`tnilLur`plsl ``ri`j lf gl strkcg wlrg fklt niillf kf gl Swnrtl Sll lf `p glHrkd jlv`lrg. @p >5 blmrunrk >5<7 wkcst _oeikldnff llf v``rstli vnf

N. Brlfzli ukt Ndstlrgnd vnf gl enfg `dgnt elt tl jlvnnrikch w`rgt`d `p gl jlw`fl dnfklr znhlf tl g`lf. J`lglrlf vlrsturlf vkn Iùmlohellbt `fjlhlfgl rksko`‛s `dgnt dlf gl Lfjlisl vi``t ni kf mljkf dnnrtkf gl @`stzll vlrwnoet. Nis gkl lr ks zuiilf niil ]ussksoel envlfs jlmi`h-hllrg w`rglf lf ks niil f`rdniil enfgli `p ]usinfg uktjlsi`tlf.?72

Znffllr znhlfg`lf d`lkikch ks mltlhlft gnt ``h gnt lr vlli tl vlr-

gklflf ks v``r gkljlfl gkl glzl d`lkikchelglf wllt tl `vlrwkfflf._oeikldnff zklt zkcf hnfslf. Elt ks dltllf jlgnnf dlt zkcf kgll `dzkoe `p llf infgj`lg kf Dlohilfmurj tlruj tl trlhhlf.?7: _oeikldnffflldt zuihl rksko`‛s gnt gl jlvnrlf v``r llf bkfnfokèil `fglrjnfj zlibsz`fglr ``ri`j fklt glfhmlligkj zkcf. S` zuiilf gl jlmlurtlfksslf vnf 7`ht`mlr >5<7 v``rj`lg kf zkcf jlelujlf mikcvlf. @dgnt gl ]ussksoelenvlfs jlmi`hhllrg wnrlf d`lst niils wnt v``r _t. Qltlrsmurj mlstldgwns vkn gl envlfs vnf Hòfkfjsmlrj (Hnikfkfjrng) lf Dldli (Hinkpëgn)vlrv`lrg w`rglf. Rnfgnnr jkfj elt gnf `vlr infg vlrglr. _oeikldnffeng kf Ndstlrgnd llf jr`tl pnrtkc kfgkj` lf nfglrl znhlf jlhòet gkl

vkn Dlylr & O`. kf Dldli vlrstuurg wlrglf. _oeikldnff eng zlib kf Ndstlrgnd gl kfgkj`vlkikfjlf mkcjlw``fg lf wns `p wlj fnnr Dldlit`lf ekc `fglrwlj e``rgl gnt glzl stng gl v`rkjl gnj g``r llf vlr-soerkhhlikchl mrnfg jltr`bblf wns. `lf ekc kf Dldli nnfhwnd wlrggkt mlrkoet `p trlurkjl wkczl mlvlstkjg. Gl stng znj lr ukt nis llf hlrh-e`b wnnr`p gl zwnrt jlminhlrgl durlf lf soe``rstlflf gl jrnbzlrhlfv`rdglf. Sl st`fglf gnnr nis tlhlf gnt niils `p nnrgl vlrjnfhlikch ks.Rlrtwkcblig zòet _oeikldnff tusslf gl f`j r`hlfgl pukfe`plf fnnr glellr Dlylr. Fn lfkjl tkcg v`fg ekc eld, dnnr `p gl vrnnj e`l elt dltzkcf j`lglrlf st`fg wlls gl ellr Dlylr `p zkcf f`j sdluilfgl pnheuk-

zlf lf zlk3 ’Gnnr ikjt niils mljrnvlf.— Gl sinj wns zllr enrg, g``r hlkenrgtl wlrhlf eng _oeikldnff kf noet lf llf enib cnnr ><1.111 enilrf mkclihnnr vlrgklfg lf gkl zùglf fu pi`tslikfj niildnni vlri`rlf zkcf. Eltguurgl loetlr fklt infj `b ekc wns nnf gkt kgll jlwlfg. Elt kgll gnt ekcfkldnfg klts soeuigkj wns stldgl eld jlrust. Gl Hrkd``ri`j wns f`jdnnr flt mlj`fflf lf `dgnt gl enfglisd`jlikchelglf gnnrg``r zllr`fgukglikch wnrlf eng ekc niillf dlt lkjlf jlig jlhòet. Ekc eng llf

?7< Dlylr >;<?, <:.?72 Dlylr >;<?, <:.

?7: Dlylr >;<?, 21.



><5 -

j`lgl fnnd lf ekc zù zlhlr vnf _oeròglr hrlgklt hufflf hrkcjlf `d`pfkluw tl mljkfflf. Ekc wkigl flt `p gl p`sth`lts fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurjstnpplf t`lf pi`tslikfj llf vnf gl `dstnfglrs zkcf fnnd rklp. Elt wnsllf plrs`fllisikg vnf Dlylr & O`. lf glzl vlrtligl _oeikldnff gnt ekc

gl lfkjl wns gkl mkc gl mrnfg fklts vlri`rlf eng. Euf pnheuks wns vìjlwllst t`lf gl st``dm``t dlt _oeikldnffs j`lglrlf nnfhwnd. @d zltòe `p tl sinnf engglf zl sfli llf eùtlf soeuur `p gl hngl jlmùwglf gnnrkf inj fu zkcf elil mlzkt `fmlsoengkjg `p eld tl wnoetlf.?75

Glzl mrnfg wns z` `dvnfjrkch gnt ekc zlibs gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlfennigl3

Dldli, < @ot`mlr. Jkstlrlf nv`fg tussoelf 2 lf : url `ftst`fg nieklrmrnfg kf llf vinspnheuks, zllr fnmkc elt ùgl Mniinstpilkf, gkl g``rllf elvkjlf f``rgwlstlfwkfg nnfjlwnhhlrg, zkoe wligrn nnf llf ?11soerlglf vnf gnnr vlrwkcglrglf dìlf lf vnf gnnr nnf eùtdnjn-

zkcflf dlglglligl. Zligrn st`fg ``h elt euks vnf glf lkjlfnnr vnfelt vinspnheuks, glf h``pdnf Duttrny kf mrnfg, vnf wnnr gl vind-dlf zkoe fu vlrglr g``r gl stng vlrsprlkgglf. Gl Nitstngt ks mkcfn jlelli njlmrnfg, lf dlt ennr elt Hrlksjlrkoet, gl mnfh, elt tìhnft``rdlt gl mlrjpinntslf, gl e``gwnoet, gl soeùwmurj, gl vinswnnj, glIutelrsoel, Iktnuwsoel lf Jlrl`rdllrgl hlrhlf, niil soeìlf lf glh`fkfhikchl zùtdnjnzkcflf. Gl mrnfg hwnd z`` fvlrwnoet lf vlr-sprlkggl zkoe dlt zuih llfl sflielkg, gnt vlil ndkiklf fklts nis elt

?75 _oeikldnff >5;=, >;-=1. Gkt vlrenni w`rgt mlvlstkjg kf llf mrklb vnf zkcf vn-glr vnf ; `ht`mlr >5<7. Dlylr >;<?, 21-2>. Skl ``h gl mrklb vnf Dlylr nnf

_oeikldnff vnf =? `ht`mlr >5<7. Dlylr >;<?, 27-2<.

Dldli v``r gl _tngsmrnfg vnf >5<7.



><;

ilvlf jlrlg elmmlf. Gl pinnts vnf glf mrnfg ks rukd llf vklrgl dkciinfj8 zkc strlht zkoe ukt vnf elt @ugl Mniinstpilkf g``r gl jlellil stngt`t muktlf gl _tllfp``rt. Gl soengl mlgrnnjt dkiik`lflf. @vlr gl ``r-znnh ks f`j fklts mlhlfg jlw`rglf. (S`` nis dlf g``r dkggli vnf gl

tliljrnn wllt, ks dlf glf mrnfg lkfglikch dllstlr jlw`rglf.)

?7;

_oeikldnffs vlrenni t``ft gukglikch nnf gnt ekc gl rksko`‛s, gkl nnfelt `dzlkilf vnf gl mi`hhngl vnf ]usinfg vlrm`fglf wnrlf, v``r iklbwlfstl tl fldlf.?<1 Lr wns jlw``f tl vlli jlig dll tl vlrgklflf. Kfglzl plrk`gl gllg ekc jr`tl znhlf dlt kfgkj` lf nfglrl vlrbeùts``r-tlf. Gnnrfnnst kdp`rtllrgl ekc v``r elt iljlr snipltlr, zwnvli lf i``g.@dgnt nfglrl enfglinrlf v``rzkoetkj wnrlf wlrglf zkcf znhlf stllgs

?7; Fkluwl ]`ttlrgndsoel oùrnft >1->1->5<7. Gnjming vnf Sukgeìinfg lf ―sJrnvlfenjl >>->1->5<7 ’Mlrikcf 5 @ot`mlr. Llf tliljrnpeksoe mlrkjt ukt Mlrikcfeùgt kf, gnt dlf lkfglikch glf vrllsikchhlf mrnfg tl Dldli ks dllstlr jlw`rglf,lf gnt tenfs niil vlrglr jlvnnr v``r gl `vlrkjl jlspnnrg jlmilvlf wkchlf gklr stngjlwlhlf ks.— Fkluwl ]`ttlrgndsoel oùrnft >2->1->5<7 ’Brnfhb`rt, >? @ot`mlr.l Dldli ks nijldllf elt jlruoet kf `di``p, gnt gl c`fjstl mrnfg nnf hwnngwki-ikjelkg d`lt w`rglf t`ljlsoerlvlf. Dlf wki fndlikch, `p vlrsoelkglfl pinntslf,zlhlrl mrnfgmnrl st`bblf jlv`fglf elmmlf, gkl mkc gl jlrkfjstl gruhhkfj kf llfikoetl innkcl vind d`lstlf uktmrlhlf. Lr ks llfl mli``fkfj vnf >111 gnniglrs t`l-jlzljg v``r elt `ftglhhlf glrjlflf, gkl glzlf mrnfg jlstkoet zùglf elmmlf.—

?<1 Hlyslr >;;1, ==2 ’_oeikldnff dngl n vnst b`rtufl ns n wnr pr`bktllr kf telOrkdlnf Znr (>5<?-2) nfg Ndlrkonf Okvki Znr (eks kfvìvldlft >52>-7) glnikfj

kf snipltrl nfg o`tt`f ...—

Cndls ]`mlrts`f - ]ussksoel mnlrkc kf elt b`rt ]lgnf mkc _lmnst`pì.



>21 -

jr`tlr. Eklrg``r vlrgummligl ekc kf llf cnnr zkcf t`tnil vlrd`jlf.?<> Eltkgll gnt lr stllgs dllr vlrgklfg hnf w`rglf hrkcjt _oeikldnff fu jl-elli kf zkcf dnoet. Gl o`ftrnotlf dlt elt iljlr w`rglf stllgs jr`tlr.

Niillf ni kf Gkrsoenu nnf gl Zloesli (Gèrszlwý) ellbt ekc kf >5<1 v``r

llf dkic`lf p`fg nnf wnrlf ikjjlf.?<=

Rrlgl ks loetlr llf jlvnnr v``r zkcf enfgli. @p gnt d`dlft zùglfgl prkczlf vnf vlrbeùt, snipltlr lf i``g wnnrsoekcfikch wli dlt ?1%`dinnj jnnf. @d zkoe gnnr tljlf kf tl glhhlf hòet ekc `p gl vlkikf-jlf kf I`fglf lf Ndstlrgnd z`‛f <<1 hkstlf kfgkj`. @dgnt gl ``jstkf Nzkè tljlfjlvniilf ks zni gkt pr`guot zkcf wnnrgl wli mleùglf `bzlibs dlt > sekiikfj elt p`fg _tlrikfj stkcjlf. Fnnr lkjlf zljjlf elm-mlf jklrkjelkg lf elmzuoet eld fu z` kf gl dnoet gnt lr nnf llf infg-j`lg kf Dlohilfmurj fklt dllr tl glfhlf vnit. Sìnfj gl ``ri`j v``rtguurt zklt _oeikldnff jllf d`jlikchelkg `d zkoe vnf gl Dndd`f i`s

tl ruhhlf.?<?

Kf `ht`mlr >5<< mlsoerkcbt _oeikldnff gl sktuntkl nnf Zlfgt3

Cltzt ... w` ufs nii ufg clglr Orlgkt nmjlsoefkttlf ufg gns JlsoeçtnuÐlrgld guroe glf infjwklrkjlf ufg h`stpklikjlf Infgtrnfsp`rt s`sler lrsoewlr kst, fglt gkl Kdp`rtntk`f kf hilkflf DnnÐstnml stntt,ufg wlff dnf cltzt dkt jr`Ðlr Lflrjkl, R`rskoet ufg ltwns Jiùoh`plrkrt, gnff hnff dnf vkli Jlig zusnddlfsoeinjlf ... Zkl jlet lsKeflf glff, dlkf iklmlr Elrr Zlfgt0 Zns dnoet Kerl iklml Brnu0 u.wkl jlet ls dkt Kerlf iklmlf Hkfglrf0 ... _` jlrf dòjtl koe _kl mlsu-oelf, hnff nmlr ilkglr fkoet nmh`ddlf. H`ddl koe fkoet lelr, gnff

h`ddl koe clglfniis mlk lkftrltlfgld Brklglf ufg gnff w`dòjikoedkt Ontelrkfl. ?<7

Nnf elt mljkf vnf gl wkftlr vnf >5<7 mlrlkhlf gl Lfjlislf lfBrnfslf _lmnst`pì. Sl mlsiuktlf zkoe kf tl jrnvlf lf gl stng tl mlil-jlrlf. Gl sìgntlf ilkglf `fglr gl ]ussksoel wkftlrhù lf t`t `vlr-dnnt vnf rndp w`rglf zl `h f`j jltlkstlrg g``r mlsdlttlikchl zklhtlf.Gukzlfglf sìgntlf stlrvlf kf gl i``pjrnvlf. @`h nnf gl ]ussksoelhnft tklrlf gl zklhtlf wlikj. snnr Fkoìnns K i``pt llf i`fj`ftstlhkfj`p lf stlrbt. Ekc w`rgt `pjlvìjg g``r snnr Nilxnfglr KK (>5>5->55>).

Fn llf mlilj vnf tklf dnnfglf vnit _lmnst`pì. Gl Mrkttlf wkiilf f`jwli g``rvloetlf, dnnr gl Brnfslf elmmlf lr jlf`lj vnf lf z` h`dtglzl ``ri`j dlt gl vrlgl vnf Qnrkcs nnf zkcf lkfg. Kf elt t`tnni ellbtgl Hrkd``ri`j nnf 2<1.111 dnfflf elt ilvlf jlh`st. Elt rlsuitnnt ks

?<> _oeikldnff >5;=, =>.?<= Dlylr >;<?, 22.?<? Dlylr >;<?, 22-2:.

?<7 Dlylr >;<?, 2;-:1.



>2>

gnt gl Swnrtl Sll flutrnni jlmklg w`rgt. Lr d`jlf jllf ]ussksoel `burhsl ``ri`jssoelplf dllr vnrlf lf z` ellbt ]usinfg jllf t`ljnfjdllr t`t gl Dkggliinfgsl Sll.

Elt ks nbjli`plf dlt gl ``ri`jswkfstlf lf gl enfgli hllrt tlruj

fnnr f`rdnil `dstnfgkjelglf. _oeikldnff mljkft lr `pfkluw jlf`ljvnf tl hrkcjlf. Skcf vnglr vrnnjt eld `b ekc tòe jllf zkf ellbt `d llfinfgj`lg kf Dlohilfmurj tl h`plf. ’Cn—, nftw``rgt zkcf z``f8 fu glsiloetl tkcglf h`dlf ks glzl kftlrlssl wllr tlruj. Dkssoeklf ks zkcf vlr-infjlf fnnr llf infgj`lg f`j wli stlrhlr gnf ``kt tl v`rlf. @d wnt ukttl rustlf jnnt ekc kf gl elrbst llrst `p rlks. Dòet ekc `fglrwlj kf eltmuktlfinfg lrjlfs llf infgj`lg vkfglf wnnr ekc zkoe teuks v`lit gnf zniekc gnt h`plf lf zkcf vrùw intlf `vlrh`dlf. Ekc ellbt elt niildnni z`jlrljlig gnt ekc zlibs fklt tlruj e`lbt tl h`dlf fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj `dzkcf znnh `p tl elbblf. Gnt hnf gnf jlmlurlf g``r zkcf znnhwnnrfldlr.

Gkl vlrtrùwt ekc vìh`dlf.?<<

?<< Dlylr >;<?, 51.



>2= -

=7. Gl vlri`hhkfjlf glrwltlfsoenp

nilf wnrlf v``r _oeikldnff nitkcg llf euipdkggli jlwllst. Elt tnilft`d zl sfli tl ilrlf wns ëëf vnf gl pkcilrs vnf zkcf vlrd`jlf. Jlgurlfglgl Hrkd``ri`j eng ekc, d zkcf wlrh f`j mltlr tl hufflf g`lf, `h f`jSwllgs lf Q`ìs jlillrg.?<2

Kf zkcf nut`mk`jrnbkl vlrtlit _oeikldnff gl wlrlig gnt ekc nitkcg niJrklhs wkigl ilrlf, dnnr elt f``kt jlgnnf eng `dgnt ekc mnfj wns gnt

elt eld tlvlli vnf zkcf wlrh zù eùglf. Fu ks loetlr gl tkcg nnfjl-mr`hlf `d elt wli tl g`lf. _oeikldnff z`lht twll ilrnrlf lf illst glFkluw Jrklhsl vlrtnikfj vnf Qnui lt Rlrjkfkl . Sls wlhlf intlr mlellrstekc elt Fkluw Jrklhs.?<: Fu wns Jrklhlfinfg kf gkl plrk`gl llf noe-tlrjlmilvlf jlmklg gnt fklts pr`guollrgl wnnrv``r llf enfglinnr nis_oeikldnff zkoe kftlrlssllrgl, dnnr kf gl vlil jr`tl pinntslf zntlf h`-i`fkls Jrklhlf gkl zkoe dlt enfgli mlzkjekliglf. _oeikldnffs vlrinfjlf`d Fkluw Jrklhs tl ilrlf e`lbt gnf ``h fklt vlrhinnrg tl w`rglf uktllf vlrinfjlf fnnr gl hinssklhlf. Elt hnf jlw``f v``rtjlh`dlf zkcfukt zkcf vlrinfjlf `d zkcf d`jlikchelglf nis znhlfdnf tl vlrjr`tlf.

Zl hrkcjlf fu v``r elt llrst llf hilkfl nnfwkczkfj gnt _oeikldnffskfglrgnng E`dlrus hlfgl. @p >: dnnrt >5<2 soerkcbt ekc vnfukt _t.Qltlrsmurj nnf zkcf vnglr. Ekc vlrtlit uktjlmrlkg `vlr zkcf suoolsslf nisznhlfdnf lf zkcf vlrinfjlf `d zkoe `p llf infgj`lg tl vlstkjlf. Llrstwki ekc loetlr f`j wnt nfglrs g`lf3

... lel koe dkoe nfhnul, dòjtl koe s` jlrfl gkl Içfglr gls sùgikoelfLur`pns, mls`fglrs gns Rntlrinfg dlkfls Iklmikfjs E`dlr mlsuoelf,mls`fglrs gn koe gkl flujrkloeksoel _prnoel wkl glutsoe sprloel. NuoeKtniklf, _pnfklf, Q`rtujni, s`wkl Oniouttn dòjtl koe jlrfl slelf. ?<5

Llf mlwkcs gnt ekc kf zkcf clujg ni vlrtrùwg jlrnnht wns dlt E`dlrusks gkt fklt. Slhlr fklt `dgnt wl eklr jllf lfhlil nnfwkczkfj v``r zkcf

clujgkjl nbsprnnh dlt zkcf vnglr vkfglf. @vlr elt `pjrnvlf vnf r`clsprllht ekc eklr fklt. _tlrhlr f`j, Jrklhlfinfg w`rgt eklr `p llf ikcfjlstlig dlt gl nfglrl infglf nnf gl Dkggliinfgsl Sll.

?<2 Dlylr >;<?, 5=.?<: _oeikldnff >5;=, =>-==.

?<5 Dlylr >;<?, 5>.



>2?

@p >> cufk >5<2 soerkcbt _oeikldnff llf mrklb kf elt Fkluw Jrklhsnnf llf vnf zkcf ilrnrlf. Ekc mlgklft zkoe eklr vnf gl zlibgl _oeikldnff-dytel gkl wl ``h kf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nut`mk`jrnbkl jlilzlf elmmlf. Ekcvlrtlit elf gnt ekc kf zkcf ilvlf nitkcg jliuh jleng ellbt. Rkcbtklf cnnr

llrglr wns ekc llf soellpsc`fjlf z`fglr lfkjl `pilkgkfj. Ekc h`f fnu-wlikchs ilzlf lf soerkcvlf t`lf ekc tlfjlvìjl vnf llf soekpmrluh nnfelt lkfg vnf >57> kf Ndstlrgnd nnfhwnd.?<; @pfkluw jlmrukht ekc eltmllig vnf gl `fjlilttlrgl gkl zkoezlib `de``j jlwlrht ellbt. Kf glzldytel ks lr jllf pinnts v``r E`dlrus `b r`cl lf gnt tlrwkci gkt tòellf kglnil pinnts jlwllst zù zkcf `d gnnr`vlr tl mljkfflf, z‛f Jrklhslilrnrlf zùglf gnt tòe zlhlr `p prkcs jlstlig elmmlf.

_oeikldnffs kgllèf `d tl vlreukzlf zkcf ``h wllr t`t ilvlf jlh`-dlf. Llf muktlf kf Dlohilfmurj vkli fu loetlr nb. G``r gl ldkjrntkl-jìb, gkl gnnr pfkluw p jnfj jlh`dlf wns, iklp elt nnftni dlfslf gnt

`p llf infgj`lg h`fglf wlrhlf z` tlruj gnt elt tl guur wlrg. Gnnr wnsjllf wkfst dllr tl enilf. _oeikldnff kfb`rdllrt fnnr gl d`jlikchelglfkf Mrnzkikè. E`l wnrlf gl prkczlf vnf infglrkclf gnnr0 Zns gnnr f`j llfmlltcl j`lg plrs`flli tl hrkcjlf fu gl sinvlrfkc wns nbjlsoenbt0 Lf m`-vlfni, wns lr fòe llf mlltcl jlouitkvllrg jlzlisoenp tl vkfglf `d eltilvlf tl vlrnnfjlfndlf0 @b wns elt dkssoeklf mltlr `d klts kf urhkcl,Jrklhlfinfg `b Ljyptl tl h`plf0 Gl tnilf wnrlf jllf pr`milld. urhs`b Nrnmksoe h`f ekc ``h kf llf pnnr wlhlf ilrlf.?21 Llf pnnr wlrhlf in-tlr glfht ekc lr`vlr `d llf infgj`lg nnf gl ]kcf tl h`plf `d zkoe gnnrgl rlst vnf zkcf ilvlf nnf gl wltlfsoenp tl wkcglf. Ekc ks fu mlzkj dlt

elt vlrh`plf vnf zkcf mlgrkcb. Gnnrfn wki ekc llf rlks g``r gl @rkèftdnhlf `d vlrvìjlfs kf dlk >5<: zkoe kf Mnglf-Mnglf wllr mkc zkcfvrùw tl v`ljlf.?2> Lr w`rgt kf gl mrklvlf gkl jlpumikollrg zkcf fklt`vlr jlspr`hlf, dnnr tusslf gl rljlis g``r ks elt gukglikch gnt elt tusslf_oeikldnff lf zkcf vrùw fklt elildnni j`lg znt.

Fn gnt ekc elt Fkluw Jrklhs jlillrg ellbt illrt _oeikldnff v``r eltllrst llf tnni wnnr ekc nis znhlfdnf fklts nnf ellbt, @ug Jrklhs. Fud`ltlf wl `fs mlglfhlf gnt elt Fkluw Jrklhs gnt _oeikldnff illrglfklt elt zlibgl wns nis wnt wl fu Fkluw Jrklhs f`ldlf. _oeikldnffillrgl jllf gkd`tkhä ( ηκιΰχλγΦ οθφϏϏξ ), gl vìhstnni, dnnr hntenrlvùsn

( γξεξώμτΰόϏξ οθφϏϏξ ), gl zukvlrl tnni. Gkt wns llf nongldksoel o`f-struotkl gkl wlikswnnr d`glrflr wns gnf elt @ug- `b elt MyznftkcfsJrklhs, dnnr kf vlrjlikchkfj t`t gl jlspr`hlf tnni tòe f`j zllr nroen-ksoe. Glzl tnni ks f`j vrkc infj nis ’stngeukstnni— jlmrukht, dnnr uktlkf-glikch jlw``f uktjlst`rvlf. Rnfukt gkt hntenrlvùsn wns elt, zlhlr v``r_oeikldnff, rlintklb llfvùgkj `d @ug Jrklhs tl ilrlf. Ni sp`lgkj hnfekc gl Kikns lf @gyssll vnfukt elt @ug- kf elt Fkluw Jrklhs vlrtnilf.

?<; Dlylr >;<?, 5=.?21 Dlylr >;<?, 5>-5=.

?2> Dlylr >;<?, 57-5<.



>27 -

Gnnrfnnst illst ekc dlt vlli jlf`ljlf _`peòils (7;2-712 v.Oer.) lfgl Qli`p`flsksoel ``ri`j vnf euoygkgls (721-711 v.Oer.).?2= Lf gnnrmikcbt elt gnf mkc. Jllf vlrwkczkfj fnnr gl nbsprnnh gkl ekc dlt zkcf vnglrjldnnht eng. Jllf vlrinfjlf `d r`cl `p tl jnnf jrnvlf.

@b elt g``r elt @ug Jrklhs hwnd b g``rgnt gl enfgli mlj`f tljlftl vniilf fu elt vrlgl wns ks `fgukglikch, dnnr lr mljkft zkoe llf vlrnf-glrkfj kf _oeikldnff tl vìtrlhhlf. Ekc innt zkoe fu wnt zkcf tnilfstugklsmltrlbt g``r fklts dllr tljlfeùglf. Ekc illrt fu ``h f`j lvlf _invksoelf Gllfs. @`h p`ltst ekc zkcf Intkcf wllr `p. Rì tr`ts dligt ekc gnt ekcfu >< tnilf sprllht. Ekc ks fu vnstmlsi`tlf `d zkoe v``rj`lg ukt gl enf-gli tlruj tl trlhhlf `d kf M`ff tl jnnf w`flf. Gnnr wki ekc zkoe gnfdlt jlillrglf `djlvlf `d zkoe jlelli nnf gl wltlfsoenp tl wkcglf.?2? @b elt _oeikldnff wlrhlikch `d gl wltlfsoenp tl g`lf ks, `b `d glr`ld gkl gnnr mkc e``rt, ks `fgukglikch. G``r zkcf jlig lf euwlikch ks ekc

v``rukt jlh`dlf kf gl wlrlig lf fu wki ekc zkoe elildnni mkc gkl fkluwlwlrlig, dlt zkcf e`jlrl stntus, nnfsiuktlf. ―s S`fgnjs eùgt ekc `plfeuks v``r gkl vrklfglf gkl llf flkjkfj v``r wltlfsoenp elmmlf. Llfvnf zkcf kftkldstl vrklfglf ks, z`nis ekc tr`ts dligt, Qr`b. Gr. I`rlftz.?27 Glzl ks ni zlstklf cnnr prlskglft vnf elt Hlkzlrikch Qlgnj`jksoe Kfstktuutkf _t. Qltlrsmurj lf ks g``r zkcf m`lhlf llf nut`rktlkt kf elli Lur`pn.Glzl jnnt kf mljkf Cufk tlruj fnnr M`ff `d zkoe gnnr nnf fklts nfglrsgnf gl wltlfsoenp tl wkcglf.?2<

Elt dnj kf llrstl kfstnftkl, vnfukt gl znhlfdnf, ikchlf nis `b @ugJrklhs lf Intkcf tnilf z`fglr bufotkl v``r _oeikldnff wnrlf, dnnr kf

gkt s``rt jlzlisoenp zuiilf zl zlhlr dlljltlig elmmlf. Znnr ]ussksoev``r eld gl t`ljnfj t`t gl znhlf wlrlig wns jlmilhlf ks elt d`jlikchgnt ekc fu e``ptl gnt @ug Jrklhs lf Intkcf eld `p gl vìjlfgl trlglvnf gl dnntsoenpplikchl ingglr, gl wltlfsoenp, dlt ni ennr nnfzklf,zùglf mrlfjlf.

?2= Dlylr >;<?, 52.?2? Dlylr >;<?, 52-5:.?27 Brklgrkoe I`rlftz (>51?->52>) Qr`blss`r kf gl Jlsoeklglfks lf gl Qlgnj`jklh.

?2< Dlylr >;<?, 5:.



>2<

=<. Fnnr gl @rkèft

Kf >5<5 wns _oeikldnff lrvnf vlrtukjg gnt zkcf vlrd`jlf jr``t jlf`ljwns `d zkcf mlgrkcb `p tl elbblf. Ekc rlksgl vkn Swlglf, Glfldnrhlf,Guktsinfg lf Ktnikè fnnr Ljyptl. Gnnr v`lr ekc `vlr gl Fkci t`t nnf gltwllgl Ontnrnot (wntlrvni) kf Fumkè. @dgnt lr nnf m``rg vnf gl m``twnnrdll ekc rlksgl fklts nfglrs tl g`lf wns illrgl ekc Nrnmksoe. Ekcrlksgl g``r gl w`lstkcf tlruj fnnr Onkr` lf vnfgnnr fnnr Clruznild.Ekc mlzòet Qltrn lf rlksgl g``r _yrkè tlrwkci ekc v``rtgurlfg Nrnmksoesprnh. lruj kf _t. Qltlrsmurj jkfj ekc vlrglr dlt zkcf stugkl Nrnmksoe.

@b ekc elt vìjlfgl cnnr, >5<;, wllr fnnr gl @rkèft wkigl ks `fgukglikch.Ekc rlksgl gkl z`dlr `d tl mljkfflf fnnr _dyrfn lf jkfj vnf gnnr vkngl Oyoinglf fnnr Ntelfl. Llfdnni gnnr hrllj ekc llf zllr zwnrl h``rts-nnfvni lf d`lst ekc zkcf rlks nbmrlhlf.?22

S` mlsoerkcbt _oeikldnff zkcf llrstl fklt `p bkfnfokèil wkfst jlrkoetljr`tl rlks kf zkcf bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl. Elt rlksvlrsinj gnt ekc p glzl rlksmkceklig ks f`j fklt jlpumikollrg?2: lf elt ks gnf ``h fklt llfvùgkj `dllf j`lg mllig vnf glzl rlks tl hrkcjlf. Kf ]`dl soekcft ekc v``r elt llrstdlt gl nroelì`jkl kf nnfrnhkfj jlh`dlf tl zkcf. Kldnfg m``g eld nnf`d llf nftklh pnilks `p tl jrnvlf, dnnr `dgnt ekc fklt wkst wnnr ekc dlt

elt pukf fnnr t`l d`lst wlls ekc gkt v``rstli vnf gl enfg.?25 Ekc mlzòet

?22 _oeikldnff >5;=, =?.?2: Skl v``r llf mlsoerkcvkfj Dlylr >;2;, >2<->:7.

?25 Dlylr >;2;, >2<.

Lgwnrg Ilnr - Ntelfl >575->57;.



>22 -

Q`dplck lf mlhi`d gl Rlsuvkus.?2; Dllr gnf t`lrkstksoel kftlrlssl soekc-flf glzl mlz`lhlf fklt mkc eld `pjlwlht tl elmmlf. Kf llf mrklb nnfllf znhlfpnrtflr kf _t. Qltlrsmurj, wnnrkf ekc zkcf rlks mlsoerkcbt, w`rglfglzl znhlf fklt jlf`ldg. Zli jllbt ekc gnnrkf llf wnt rukdlr mllig vnf

e`l glzl rlks vlriklp. Ekc rlkst vìjlfs glzl mlsoerkcvkfj vkn _tòheìd,H`plfenjlf, Mlrikcf, Brnfhburt, Mnglf-Mnglf, ]`dl lf Fnplis fnnr_yrnousl. Rnf gnnr wki ekc g``r rlkzlf fnnr Dnitn, Nilxnfgrkè lf Onkr``d vlrvìjlfs vkn Clruznild lf _yrkè fnnr Ntelfl tl rlkzlf. Glzl rlks ksprlokls wnt ekc f`gkj ellbt fn niil `fnnfjlfnndelglf vnf gl Orksks?:1 Elinns ks elt v``r eld fklt d`jlikch `d zkcf elil ilvlf tl rlkzlf `b dltfkltsg`lf g``r tl mrlfjlf kf ]`dl, Qnrkcs `b Ntelfl. Ekc ks lr tlvlli nnfjlwlfg `d vnf gl vr`ljl d`rjlf t`t gl intl nv`fg tl wlrhlf. Elinns kselt ``h tl innt v``r eld `d f`j llf onrrkårl kf gl Zltlfsoenpplf `ptl mùwlf, gnnrv``r ks ekc tl infj enfglinnr jlwllst. Ekc eùgt wli vlli

vnf gl wltlfsoenp, dnnr `dgnt niillf tl g`lf zù eld ukt lkfglikchtòe jnnf vlrvlilf. M`vlfgklf zù zkcf vrùw f``kt kf llf nfglrl stnggnf _t. Qltlrsmurj jliuhhkj hufflf zkcf.?:>

@`h eklr wllr sprllht _oeikldnff `vlr gl wltlfsoenp z`fglr gnnr-mkc tl gkbblrlftkèrlf lf z`g`lfgl ks elt fd`jlikch d vnst tl stliilf wntekc gnnr `p gkt d`dlft `fglr vlrst`fg.

E`lwli _oeikldnff vnf pinf wns `d fnnr Ntelfl tl rlkzlf sprllhtekc fklt `vlr r`cl `b gl r`cnnfsl vinhtl.

Kf >5<< wns _oeikldnffs llrstl z``f, _lrjlc, jlm`rlf. _oeikldnffwns gukglikch llf tr`tsl vnglr, dnnr glzl jlm``rtl soekcft gl mnfg tusslf

gl ùglrs fklt stlrhlr jldnnht tl elmmlf. lrwkci gl vnglr kf Ljyptl wnswlrg zkcf twllgl gòetlr, Fntnikn, jlm`rlf. _oeikldnff dligt glzl jl-mlurtlfks nnf Elpflr, dnnr mljllbt zkoe fklt `p wlj fnnr euks. Elpflrv`lit zkoe jlr`lplf `d zkcf ùgl pr`tljë llf vnglrikchl rnng tl jlvlf.Ekc mljkft dlt _oeikldnff tl blikoktlrlf dlt gl jlm``rtl vnf zkcf gòe-tlr8 gnt zl g``r `p tl jr`lklf _oeikldnffs eukslikchl jliuh dnj vlrjr`-tlf. S`rj lr loetlr v``r, z` rnngt ekc _oeikldnff nnf, gnt u z` sfli d`-jlikch gkt jlsoelfh tl zklf hrkcjt lf gnt lr llf lkfg h`dt nnf elt infjljr`lfl wlguwlsoenp vnf zkcf vrùw. Ekc d`lt tòe loet llfs glfhlfnnf gl `ftmlrkfjlf gkl zkcf vrùw d`lt g``rstnnf g``rgnt ekc z` infj

wlj ks.?:=

_oeikldnff trlht zkoe loetlr fklts vnf gl lvlftulil `ftmlrkfjlf vnfzkcf vrùw nnf lf soekcft jllf ennst tl elmmlf `d zkcf gòetlr tl zklf.

Zl zuiilf vlrglr`p zklf gnt gl vlrwlhhkfj vnf zkcf twll gòetlrs vlr-

?2; Dlylr >;2;, >22.?:1 Znt _oeikldnff eklr prlokls dlt ’Orksl— mlg`lit ks v``r dkc fklt jlelli gukglikch.

Dlylr >;<?, ;< jnnt lr vnf ukt gnt gkt `p gl fnsillp vnf gl Hrkdd``ri`j sinnt,dnnr kh eùg elt v``r fklt `fd`jlikch gnt wl elt mljrkp jr`tlr d`ltlf zklf lf gnt``h _oeikldnffs euwlikch lr `fglr vnit.

?:> Dlylr >;<?, ;<.

?:= Dlylr >;<?, ;2.



>2:

d`lglikch fklt ni tl nnfjlfnnd wns vlri`plf lf gnt zù gnf gl rlglfhufflf zkcf gnt gl c`fjl vnglr jllf mle`lbtl v`ligl `d `p gkt d`-dlft zkcf vrùw tl zklf. _oeikldnff rlkst jlw``f g``r. Rnfukt Onkr`rlksgl ekc dlt twll Ktniknnfsl jrnvlf, grkl pnnrglf, twnnib hndlilf v``r

gl mnjnjl lf tklf mlgklfglf kf fljlftklf gnjlf g``r gl w`lstkcf fnnr Clruznild. Gl pnnsgnjlf millb ekc kf gl lluwkjl stng. Rlrvìjlfs rlksglekc dlt grkl Lfjlislf, vklr pnnrglf lf twnnib hndlilf g``r gl ]`dlkfslpr`vkfokl Nrnmkn Qltrnln (C`rgnfkè, gl _kfnà lf F``rg _n`lgk-Nrnmkè).@p gl tlrujwlj vìjglf zl gl hust vnf gl G`gl Sll. @pfkluw vlrmillbekc noet gnjlf kf Clruznild `d vlrvìjlfs niillf dlt grkl mlgklfglf,twll pnnrglf lf noettklf lzlis vkn Fnznrlte, elt dllr vnf Jnikiln, yrus,_kg`f, Mlkrut lf gl Ikmnf`f fnnr Gndnsous tl rlkzlf. Gnnrfn mlz`lhtekc Hilkf Nzkè, Jrklhlfinfg, urhkcl, @`stlfrkch.?:?

S`nis wl eklrm`vlf hufflf zklf hrkcjlf wl jllf uktilj mkc gl jl-

f`ldgl infglf. Ekc sprllht eklr fklt `vlr r`cl `b Dyhlfl lf wl huf-flf lr wli vnfukt jnnf gnt ekc gkl pinntslf fklt mlzòet ellbt, gnt ekc fkltnnf glzl pinntslf jlgnoet ellbt. E`dlrus soekcft eld ``h gkt hllr fkltvlrjlzlig tl elmmlf.

Gl Ktniknnfsl jrnvlf wnnrdll _oeikldnff vnf Onkr` fnnr Clruznildrlksgl wnrlf gl jlmr`lglrs Jkuik` lf Onri` Mnssk.?:7 _oeikldnff ekligf`j cnrlf infj o`ftnot dlt elf. Znffllr llf vnf glzl twll mr`lrs kf>52= fnnr Ndstlrgnd jnnt soerkcbt _oeikldnff eld `vlr gl tkcg gkl ekcgnnr ellbt g``rjlmrnoet3

... Koe mkf nuoe sler flujklrkj zu lrnerlf, wlioelf Lkfgruoh Ndstlrgnd nu _kl jldnoet ent8 lmlfs` slkfl eùmsoelf Dçgoelf.Zlff _kl nu glf Glkoelf nd Enlf spnzklrlfjlelf wlrglf, gnfflrkfflrf _kl skoe, gnÐ nuoe Ker Brlufg g`rt 7 Cnerl zu clglr Slktspnzklrlfjljnfjlf kst8 gls D`rjlfs mlkd Ilrflf glr _prnoelf, dktglflf lr glf Jrufgstlkf zu slkflr Hnrrklrl iljtl. Koe stugklrtl gndniszud Mr`tlrwlrm, glff koe hnd fnoe Ndstlrgnd vòiikj ufwksslfg kd Nitlr v`f =1 Cnerlf. Koe wnr slkflrzlkt nf M`rg lkfls _oekfils, gns fnoeInjunyrn kf _ùgndlrkhn mlstkddt wnr ufg gns kf glr Fçel glr Kfslilxli _oekfimruoe lriktt. Guroe lkf Zufglr wurgl koe jlrlttlt ufg koemljnm dkoe fnoe Ndstlrgnd, ud _ìgnt zu wlrglf. Elrr Z. Elpflr

v`f glr Bkrdn E`ynoh & O`. enttl Dktilkg dkt dkr ufg vlreni dkrzu lkflr Nfstliiufj kd Mùr` glr Bkrdn B.O. ûklf, ufg koe jinuml,koe enml slkflr Bùrsprnoel Lerl jldnoet8 zud dkfglstlf hnff koe_kl vlrskoelrf, gnÐ koe dkoe wçerlfg glr 7 Cnerl kf Ndstlrgnd dktlkslrflr Lflrjkl nmjldùet enml, glr F`t zud r`tz, kf glr koe dkoemlnfg ... Ndstlrgnd ent dkoe dkt `filflf Nrdlf nujlf`ddlf, niskoe g`rt fnohlfg nfhnd, nd >;. Glzldmlr >57>, lkf nrdlr ufwks-slfglr _oekfimrùoekjlr8 Ndstlrgnd vlrstnfg ls, dlkfl Bçekjhlktlf zu

?:? Dlylr >;<?, >1=.

?:7 Onri` Mnssk (>51:->5<2) wlrg mlhlfg nis lft`dì`jkst.



>25 -

wùrgkjlf. Ndstlrgnd ent dkoe nu glf Zlj zu dlkflr jiçfzlfglrHnrrklrl jlmrnoet8 Ndstlrgnd soeuigl koe niils wns koe wlkÐ ufg wnskoe enml ufg glsenim mkf koe Ndstlrgnd lfj jlùeisvlrmufglf ufgrul vìilr Mljlkstlrufj3 Eòe Ndstlrgnd! ?:<

_oeikldnff soerkcbt glzl mk`jrnbksoel soelts fngnt ekc Jrklhlfinfgmlzòet ellbt, dnnr elt teldn ks f`j stllgs eltzlibgl. Gl nrdl `fwl-tlfgl hfnnp gkl zkoe `p lkjlf hrnoetlf `de``j jlwlrht ellbt. @vlrlfkj vlrinfjlf fnnr r`cl ks f`j jllf sprnhl. Kh i``p fu loetlr `p gljlsoeklglfks v``rukt.

Rnf ukt elt Elkikjl Infg stuurt ekc mrklvlf lf sùvlfkrs nnf zkcfvnglr lf zustlrs. Llf jlgr``jgl mi`ld ukt gl tukf vnf Jltesldnfl?:2,llf stuh vnf gl vrùw vnf I`t, gnt wki zljjlf vnf gl zùtzuki wnnrkfzl vlrnfglrg ks.?:: _oeikldnff dligt zkcf bndkikl gnt ekc g``r wki rlkzlffnnr @glssn `d gnnr wnt infgj`lglrlf tl mlhkchlf. Dkssoeklf gnt ekcgnnr wnt wki h`plf.?:5

Kf Ntelfl nnfjlh`dlf w`rgt _oeikldnff, z`nis wl ni jlzklf elm-mlf, zklh. Sls gnjlf ikjt ekc dlt elvkjl h``rts kf mlg lf vrllst gnt ekcelt fklt zni `vlrilvlf. Gnf `ftvnfjt ekc grkl mrklvlf vnf _tlrhy, zkcfznnhwnnrfldlr, gkl eld vlrtlit gnt _ì`vklbb zkcf rlhlfkfj vnf =1.111zkivlrlf r`lmlis fklt wki vìg`lf. Ekc ellbt gkt jlig mkc elt jlrloet jlgl-p`fllrg lf wki fu zkcf elil soeuig vnf 5=.111 zkivlrlf r`lmlis nnfvloe-tlf. Ekc mlwllrt gnt ekc _oeikldnffs j`lglrlf fklt nis njlft `ftvnfjlfellbt, dnnr v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj jlhòet. _oeikldnffs rlhlfkfjlf zù-glf fklts dllr `b dkfglr gnf mlgr`j lf `pikoetkfj zkcf. _oeikldnffiklt zkoe fn elt ilzlf vnf glzl mrklvlf kf llf h`lts fnnr llf st``dsoekpkf Qkrnlus mrlfjlf. Gl vlrnfglrkfj vnf iuoet gllg eld j`lg lf t`lfekc kf O`fstnftkf`pli wns v`ligl ekc zkoe ni wllr wnt mltlr. Rnfgnnrrlksgl ekc `vlr gl G`fnu fnnr Qlst lf vlrglr vkn Qrnnj lf _tlttkf fnnr_t. Qltlrsmurj.?:;

?:< Dlylr >;<?, >>=->>?.?:2 Dlylr >;?2, >1:.?:: Dlylr >;?2, >>1.?:5 Dlylr >;?2, >1;.

?:; Dlylr >;<?, ;:.



>2;

=2. Llf pr`bkctlikch tusslfspli

Mljkf cuik >5<; v`ligl _oeikldnff zkoe, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, jl-gw`fjlf `d tlruj tl hlrlf fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj. Lr d`lst `rgl `p znhlfjlstlig w`rglf. Gl h``pdnf _tlpnf _ì`vklbb wns bnkiiklt jljnnf. Ekceng dlt _oeikldnff nbjlspr`hlf gnt ekc llf mlgukglfg mlgrnj wnt glzlf`j vnf eld hrllj kf tlrdkcflf kf vklr cnnr zù tlrujmltnilf. Fu eng ekcfklt niillf gl llrstl tlrdkcf fklt mltnnig, dnnr ekc wns ``h f`j fnnr eltenfglisjlrloet jljnnf lf eng gnnr llf pròlgurl tljlf _oeikldnff nnf-jlspnfflf. Gkt pròls wlrg mkfflf gl h`rtstl hlrlf g``r _oeikldnff

jlw`fflf.?51

Gl znhlf zkcf jlrljlig lf elt ilvlf hnf wllr vlrglr jnnf. Znt zkcfeukslikchl `dstnfgkjelglf mltrlbt soekcft niils fklt z` jlwllst tl zkcfnis dlf zù vlrwnoetlf. @`h fu wllt zkcf fkluwl gòetlr eld fkltkf _t. Qltlrsmurj tl eùglf. Rnf =: nujustus t`t 2 `ht`mlr >5<; rlkst_oeikldnff g``r _pnfcl. Ekc g`lt gkt kf llrstl kfstnftkl `d zkoe tl kf-b`rdlrlf `vlr gl d`jlikchelkg `d eklr llf infgj`lg tl h`plf. @`hvnf glzl rlks ks elt rlksvlrsinj f`j fklt jlpumikollrg,?5> dnnr elt ks wligukglikch gnt _oeikldnff ``h gkt hllr wllr niils mlhllh wnt lr tl mlhkc-hlf vkli. Niillf kf elt mljkf vnf gkt rlksvlrsinj, wnffllr _oeikldnff

kf Qnrkcs ks sprllht ekc kfgkrlot `vlr zkcf vrùw. Ekc zù jrnnj gl wkftlrkf Qnrkcs g``rmrlfjlf `d gnnr gl wltlfsoenpplikchl sni`fs tl hufflfmlz`lhlf. Noe, nis ekc tòe llf vrùw eng gkl dlt eld dll wkigl, gnfzù ekc jliuhhkj zkcf.?5=

Kf _t. Qltlrsmurj vlriklp elt pròls `fglrtusslf fklt z` sfli nis_oeikldnff jle``pt eng. Skcf `pp`flft jkfj mkc gl _lfnnt kf e`jlrmlr`lp. Llf glrjlikch mlr`lp fnd dkfkdnni grkl t`t vklr cnnr kf mlsinj._oeikldnff h`f fu fklt `p rlks `dgnt ekc mkc gkt pròls nnfwlzkj d`lstzkcf. @d zkoe kf gl tusslftkcg fklt tl vlrvlilf mrnoet ekc zkcf znnh wllrt`t ilvlf. Gkt hllr wnrlf zkcf znhlf f`j jr`tlr gnf ``kt tlv`rlf. Gl

wnnrgl vnf niil j`lglrlf gkl ekc tusslf dlk lf `ht`mlr >521 kdp`r-tllrgl `vlrtr`b gl tklf dkic`lf dnrh.?5?

Kf gl Rlrlfkjgl _tntlf mlst`fg lr llf gukglikch vlrsoeki tusslf glzukglikchl lf f``rglikchl stntlf. Kf elt zukglf eklig dlf zkoe e``bg-znhlikch mlzkj dlt gl vlrmùw vnf hnt`lf tlrwkci dlf kf elt f``rglfvlrglr jlàfgustrkniksllrg wns. Gl nijldlfl wlivnnrt wns eklrg``r kf elt

?51 _oeikldnff >5;=, =?-=7.?5> Skl v``r llf mlsoerkcvkfj Dlylr >;2;, >:<->5=.?5= Dlylr >;2;, >5=.

?5? _oeikldnff >5;=, =7.



>:1 -

zukglf noetlrjlmilvlf tlf `pzkoetl vnf elt f``rglf. Lr wns gnnrg``rkf elt zukglf elt jlv`li `ftstnnf gnt dlf vnfukt elt f``rglf `vlr-ellrst wlrg. Nmrnend Ikfoìfs (>51;->52<) strlvlf `d gl sinvlrfkc nbtl soenbblf, wnnrg``r kf elt zukglf gl vlrmùw vnf hnt`lf kf jlvnnr

zù h`dlf, wns gl gruppli. Kf >52> mlsi`tlf gl zukglikchl stntlf zkoenb tl soelkglf. Gl f``rglikchl stntlf wlfstlf glzl nbsoelkgkfj fklt tl no-olptlrlf lf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl Murjlr``ri`j wns llf blkt lf zù t`t >52<v``rtgurlf. Kf >52= stliglf gl f``rglikchl stntlf llf mi`hhngl vnf glzukglikchl envlfs kf `d z`g`lfgl gl lo`f`dkl vnf gl zukglikchl stntlft`t stkistnfg tl mrlfjlf. Eklrg``r `ftst`fg lr dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t glzukglikchl stntlf llf sktuntkl gkl _oeikldnff jlgurlfgl gl Hrkd``ri`jz` j`lg v``r lkjlf jlwkf eng wltlf tl mlfuttlf. Gl prkczlf vnf hnt`lfiklplf `p lf _oeikldnff wkst lr nnf tl h`dlf g``r gl mi`hhngl tl `d-zlkilf. Eklrg``r h`f ekc kf >52> lf >52= jr`tl znhlf kf hnt`lf g`lf lf

gnnrdll jr`tl wkfstlf dnhlf.?57

Elt g``r _ì`vklbb tljlf _oeikldnff nnfjlspnfflf pròls wki fglr-tusslf f`j fklt loet vi`ttlf lf e`lwli gl wkfstlf j`lg zkcf soekcft eltwlrhlf _oeikldnff tòe tljlf tl stnnf. Elt pròls sillptl zkoe v``rt.Elt jnnt fu `d llf mlgrnj vnf 51.111 zkivlrlf r`lmlis lf _oeikldnffmljkft spkct tl hrkcjlf gnt ekc fklt elt mldkgglikfjsv``rstli vnf zkcf tl-jlfstnfglr nnfjlf`dlf ellbt. Gkt pròls ellbt eld ni zlhlr v``r 51.111zkivlrlf r`lmlis liilfgl mlz`rjg.?5<

E`lwli elt g``rmrlhlf vnf gl F``rg-Ndlrkhnnfsl mi`hhngl lf eltpròls vlli vnf _oeikldnffs tkcg vlrjlf vkfgt ekc tòe f`j rukdtl `d

zkcf Ktniknnfs `p tl enilf. @`h fu wllr g`lt ekc gnt vkn elt soerkcvlf vnf`pstliilf. Elt ks kf llf vnf glzl `pstliilf gnt ekc v``r elt llrst `vlr eltmlinfj vnf `pjrnvkfjlf sprllht.

Gl jlmùwlf gkl gl ùglf mùwglf wnrlf stlrhlr gnf gl d`glrfleukzlf. Dlf e`lbt dnnr fnnr Oinugkus tl hkchlf. @dgnt glzl gl elrkf-flrkfj nnf Flr` jlelli wkigl uktwksslf iklt ekc gl m`vlfvlrgklpkfjlfvnf elt jùglf euks si`plf lf gl llrstl vlrgklpkfj vuiilf dlt nnrgl lfstlflf. Gnnr`vlrellf iklt ekc llf innj nnrgl vnf tklf v`lt gkhtl st`rtlf.Gnnr `p fu mùwgl ekc wnt wl fu elt mnglf vnf ktus f`ldlf. Fu zkcfgnnr niillf f`j dnnr ruàfls vnf `vlr, dnnr elt jùglf euks ks j`lg ml-

wnnrg jlmilvlf, ``h ni ikjt elt jlelli `fglr gl nnrgl. Llf tukfdnf engzkoe lr dlt mleuip vnf llf tùw kf intlf znhhlf. Ekc znj jr`tl hndlrsdlt prnoetkjl brlso`‛s `p gl durlf lf vì ùgl dlumlilf. Dlf zù gnnrzlhlr j`lgl spuiilf hufflf vkfglf. Llf jlw`fl tnbli ukt Flr`‛s tkcg zù

?57 _oeikldnff >5;=, =7.

?5< Dlylr >;<?, >1<.



>:>

fu kf Lfjlinfg zkcf jlwkoet kf jùg wnnrg zkcf. _oeikldnff vlrvi`lhtgl siloetl ]`dlkfsl `vlrelkg gkl elt kfgkvkgulf vlrmklgt `d `pjrnvkf-jlf tl g`lf.?52

@dgnt _oeikldnff intlr llf vnf gl jr`fgiljjlrs vnf gl nroelì`jkl

wlrg ks elt nnftrlhhlikch `d tl zljjlf gnt ekc rllgs kf >52> kftlrlssl kfglzl rkoetkfj eng. Elt ks loetlr gl vrnnj `b gnt wnnr ks `b gnt ekc eklrniillf `vlr llf d`jlikchelkg sprllht `d jlig tl vlrgklflf gkl g``r gl]`dlkfsl `vlrelkg nbjlsi`tlf ks. Elt ikcht lr `p gnt _oeikldnffs kftl-rlssl kf gl `vlrmikcbslilf ukt gl ùgelkg `p gkt d`dlft f`j e``bgznhl-ikch bkfnfoklli wns.

Nnf niils h`dt loetlr ``kt llf lkfg lf z` hnf _oeikldnff `p >< cufk >52> nnf jrnnb Mnssk dliglf gnt lr llf glbkfktklvl uktsprnnh ks. Gl_lfnnt ellbt eld vnf niil soeuig vrkc jlspr`hlf lf ellbt zkcf tljlfstnf-glr llf instlrnnr jlf`ldg. Sl elmmlf eld vlr``rgllig `d gl 51.111

zkivlrlf r`lmli nnf _oeikldnff tl mltnilf lf gnnrm`vlf`p, `dgnt ekcllf vnisl nnfhinoet ellbt kfjlgklfg, ``h f`j llfs =<% vnf gkt mlgrnjnnf gl stng.?5:

Kf gkt zlibgl cnnr w`rgt _oeikldnffs glrgl gòetlr, Fnglsegn,jlm`rlf.

Elt soekcft gnt ekc gl sdnnh vnf elt znhlfg`lf tòe wllr tl pnhhlfjlhrljlf ellbt. Znffllr lr kf gl hnt`lf fklt vìg`lfgl dllr tl vlrgkl-flf vnit wlrpt ekc zkoe `p gl tell.

Nis jlvìj vnf elt O`fjrls vnf Zlflf kf >5>< wns elt jr``tstl jl-gllitl vnf Qìlf llf ]ussksoe pr`tlot`rnnt jlw`rglf. Elt eng wlikswnnr

llf lkjlf jr`fgwlt lf llf lkjlf pnrildlft, dnnr gl uktlkfglikchl dnoetinj mkc gl mr`lr vnf snnr Nilxnfglr K (>:::->5=<), gl `fglrh`fkfjO`fstnftkcf Qnvi`vktsc (>::;->5?>). Kf >5?1 hwndlf gl Qìlf kf `p-stnfg lf zlttlf euf pnrildlft lf gl snnr nb. Gl ]usslf stuurglf llfiljlr lf gl Qìlf wlrglf t`t gl `rgl jlr`lplf. Kf cnfunrk >52? hwndlfzl `pfkluw kf `pstnfg lf ``h glzl hllr millh elt ]ussksoel iljlr tlstlrh. Jlgurlfgl glzl rlvìtl st`rttl v``r _oeikldnff gl enfgli kf. GlQ`ìsl C`glf jlmrukhtlf gl d`jlikchelglf gkl g``r gl `frust `ftst`f-glf `d jr`tl e`lvllielglf tell mlinstkfjvrkc ]usinfg mkfflf tl sd`h-hlilf. _oeikldnff d`lst mkc zkcf kdp`rtlf loetlr wli gl e`jl kdp`rt-

mlinstkfj mltnilf. Glzl o`fourrlftkl wns fklt tl wkfflf lf _oeikldnfftr`h zkoe dkf `b dllr jlgw`fjlf tlruj ukt gl tell. Ekc eng f`j 2111

?52 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==7. Kf >52= wns ]`dl f`j jllf `fglrglli vnf Ktnikè,dnnr mle``rgl elt t`l nnf elt Rntkonnf. Qns kf >5:1 wlrg elt mkc Ktnikè kfjlikcbg.Gys`f =112, ;< ’@f _lptldmlr =1, >5:1, tel sìgklrs b tel hkfj b Ktniy st`rdlgterùje Q`rtn Qkn `f tel lnstlrf lgjl `b tel okty, lfgkfj olfturkls `b pnpni ruil.]`dl ... f`w mlondl tel onpktni `b n buiiy ufktlg Ktniknf stntl ... tel Ktniknfs sltnmùt tel orlntk`f `b n olftrnikzlg murlnuorntko stntl tent wùig o`ftrì dnfynsplots `b j`vlrfdlft nfg sòklty, kfoiugkfj tel ngdkfkstrntk`f `b nroenlì`jkonirlsùrols.—

?5: Dlylr >;<?, >15.



>:= -

hkstlf kf zkcf pnheuks lf elt h`sttl vlli tkcg `d gkl dlt siloets jlrkfjlwkfst tl vlrh`plf. Kf gloldmlr >52? `ftvkfj ekc gl inntstl mltnikfj vnf_ì`vklbb. Dltllf gnnrfn mlj`f ekc `pfkluw zkcf znnh `p tl elbblf.?55

@b gl Q`ìsl c`glf wlrhlikch gl nnfilkgkfj wnrlf, z`nis _oeikldnff

kf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl dligt, ks gl vrnnj. Kf elli Lur`pn wns lrpìktklhl `frust lf gnt mli``bgl fklt vlli j`lgs v``r gl enfgli, z`nis wlhufflf ilzlf kf llf mrklb gkl _oeikldnff `p ; nprki >52? nnf _oeròglrkf I`fglf soerllb. Lr zkcf jlruoetlf `vlr llf ``ri`j tusslf Swlglf,Brnfhrkch lf ]usinfg. Nis gnt jlmlurt zni gl ]ussksoel lo`f`dkl eltfklt vlrilvlf. _oeikldnff e``pt gnt glzl jlruoetlf niillf kf gl wlrligjlmrnoet zkcf `d gl soenfglikchl lf ruàfluzl Dlxkonnfsl ``ri`j vnfI`glwkch Fnpìl`f M`fnpnrtl (hlkzlr Fnpìl`f KKK >515->5:?) nnf elt``j tl `fttrlhhlf. Gl eùgkfj vnf Brnfhrkch zni wli vlrnfglrlf wnf-fllr gl stng Dlxko` vnit. Gkt jlmlurgl ni sfli fngnt _oeikldnff glzl

mrklb soerllb. Swlglf wki Bkfinfg, dnnr zl hufflf, vìjlfs _oeikldnff,fklts tljlf ]usinfg g`lf wnffllr Brnfhrkch lf Lfjlinfg fklt dllg`lf.Bkfinfg ks m`vlfgklf nitkcg j`lg mlenfglig g``r ]usinfg lf ellbt gldllst ikmlrnil jr`fgwlt kf gl wlrlig. Gl Bkfflf wkiilf gus elildnnijllf nfglrl rljlrkfj lf zuiilf gnnr`d f``kt gl wnplfs tljlf ]usinfg`pfldlf. Elt pr`milld ks Qìlf. Llf sndlfsdlitkfj vnf vlrsoekiilfglstnntcls, z`nis kf Qruksksoe Qìlf, zni f``kt kf elt ]ussksoe jlgllitl vnfgnt infg pinntsvkfglf. Gnnr entlf zl lihnnr niildnni. _oeikldnff wlltzlhlr gnt gl ]ussksoel hlkzlr gl Qìlf llf zllr ikmlrnil jr`fgwlt wki jl-vlf lf plrsvrkcelkg, dnnr gl Q ilf wkiilf llf `fnbenfhlikch h`fkfhrkch

lf gl nfflxntkl vnf Iktùwlf lf gnt hnf Qrukslf f``kt t`lstnnf.?5; Elt zkcf `fzlhlrl tkcglf lf gnt ks nitkcg siloet v``r gl enfgli. Kf gkt

s``rt `dstnfgkjelglf ikjjlf gl vlriklzlf `p gl i`lr.

?55 _oeikldnff >5;=, =7-=<

?5; Dlylr >;<?, >=>->==.



>:?

=:. Gl wlrligrlks

Rìjlfs zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl wkigl _oeikldnff llrst f`j wnt vnfgl wlrlig zklf v``r ekc zkoe jlelli nnf zkcf clujggr``d jkfj wkcglf.?;1 Fu hlfflf wl _oeikldnffs bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl z` infjzndlrenfg lfz` zni elt fkldnfg vlrmnzlf gnt gl znhlf ``h eklr flt klts nfglrs ikjjlfgnf ekc intlr gllg v``rh`dlf.

Nnf znhlf g`lf vkli kf >527 fklt tl glfhlf. Gl hnfs `p vlrikls kstl jr``t. _oeikldnff mljkft dlt llf huur kf Nhlf. Kf llf mrklb gkl ekcvnf gnnrukt nnf _oeròglr kf Endmurj soerkcbt vlrtlit ekc gnt ekc zkoe fu

jlelli ukt gl enfgli ellbt tlrujjltr`hhlf, `dgnt ekc fklt kf stnnt ks `dzkcf e`fjlr fnnr hlffks f`j infjlr tl `fglrgruhhlf. Znffllr ekc zkcfhuur vìt``kg ellbt ks ekc vnf pinf `d vkn Jlfun fnnr ufks tl rlkzlf.Gnnr wki ekc zkoe llf mllig v`rdlf vnf gl d`jlikchelglf kf gkt infglf ennr rljlrkfj. Ekc wki wltlf e`l jr``t gl wlivnnrt lf gl liilfgl vnfelt vìh ks lf e`l elt hlffksfkvlnu ks lf `b zl euf stnntssoeuig hufflfmltnilf. Ekc mli``bt gnt ekc _oeròglr llf uktjlmrlkg rnpp`rt zni sturlf.@dgnt ekc vi`lklfg Nrnmksoe sprllht lf nis Nrnmklr jlhillg kf elt mkf-flfinfg rlkst ks ekc fklt mnfj v``r gl `fiustlf gkl lr hllr `p hllr glh`p `p stlhlf.?;> Rnf ukt ufks wki _oeikldnff vkn Ljyptl, @`stkfgkè,

Oekfn, Cnpnf lf Dlxko` fnnr Oumn lf Sukg Ndlrkhn rlkzlf. Rnf gnnrwki ekc gnf wllr tlrujhlrlf fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj `d gnnr, wnffllr gl `d-stnfgkjelglf zkoe vlrmltlrg elmmlf, zkcf znhlf wllr `p tl fldlf.?;=

Glzl rlks ks niillf llf dlte`gl `d prlttkj gl siloetl tkcg g``r tlh`dlf lf jlikchtkcgkj kfb`rdntkl kf tl wkfflf gkl enfgkj hnf zkcf wnf-fllr ekc zkcf znnh wllr `pstnrt. @vlr nroelì`jkl `b elt vkfglf vnf r`clw`rgt kf glzl mrklb fklt jlspr`hlf.

Gnt _oeikldnff jlgurlfgl glzl rlks f`j dlt zkcf znhlf mlzkj wnsw`rgt gukglikch jlàiiustrllrg g``r zkcf mlz`lh nnf llf kfgkj`pinftnjl lfvlkikfj kf Mlfjnilf.?;?

Ekc eklig jlw``ftljltrùw ``h gkt hllr wllr llf zllr uktjlmrlkgrlksvlrsinj mkc. @dgnt Kfgkè/Kfg`flskè kf gkl tkcg llf `fglrglli vnfFlglrinfg wns hkch kh eklr wnt infjlr fnnr wnt ekc vlr Mntnvkn f`tllrgl._oeikldnff mlj`f zkcf nnftlhlfkfjlf kf elt ]ussksoe, dnnr tkcglfs zkcf

?;1 _oeikldnff >5;=, =<.?;> uflskè wns skfgs ><:7 llf `fglrglli vnf elt @tt`dnnfsoelrkch. Fngnt kf elt ml-

jkf vnf gl fljlftklfgl lluw sinvlfenfgli lf pkrntlrkc vlrm`glf wlrglf vlrnrdglelt infg lf `ftst`fg lr llf mkcfn v``rtgurlfgl sktuntkl vnf `frust. Eklrnnf hwndkf >55> dlt gl mlzlttkfj g``r Brnfhrkch llf lkfg.

?;= Dlylr >;<?, >=7.

?;? Dlylr >;2;, >;5.



>:7 -

mlsoerkcvkfj vnf llf bllstlikchl mkcllfh`dst `p elt H`fkfjs-Qilkf stnptekc, z`fglr zkoetmnrl nnfilkgkfj, `vlr `p elt Flglrinfgs. Ekc ellbt llfmlltcl llf d`lkikchl stnrt, dnnr vlrvìjlfs i``pt elt uktstlhlfg3

GnXnTr splXlTiglXfT fXntuTurikch gl dkiktnkrXlfT lf `fglr noet ` tklftlftlf ` vligeutXtTlf vnf pnidm``dminglrlf zntlf cnvnflrs lf dn-inylr lf jnvlf dlt euffl ruwlf kfstrudlftlf `fmlsoenngl o`folr-tlf. Gl llf eng v``r zkoe XlTlf infjXlT nnf XlTlf vnt jlikchlfgXlTtr`ddli `p wlihl ekc `f`peùglikch (nnfeùglft) dlt llflf endlrsi`XlTj, gl nfglrl si`XlTj = oekflsksoel j`fjlf wlihl nnf elt gnh `p- jlenfjlf wnrlf, llf glrgl hi`ptl nnfeùglft dlt llflf endlr `pllf kfstrudlft vnf eùt kf XglT `rd vnf llf nnfmllig kf elt wlihm`vlf llfl dlt 2 h`plrpinntlf `vlriljgl vlrgklpkfj wns8 llf vklrglsi`XlTj dlt llflf endlr `p llf z``gnfkj kfstrudlft wlih dlt >1 `>> pinntlf `vlrspnfflf wns lf zkc dnXnThtlf llf z`` vlrsoerkhhlikch

hnttlf duzkch gnt dkcfl fklt gnnrnnf jlwlfgl ``rlf elt fklt h`f-glf ukteùglf lf kh dkc vlrwkcglrlf d`lst. Gnnr wnrlf vklr oònjfldnstlf ?;7 `pjlpinft, klglr vnf <1 v`lt e``jtl8 zkc wnrlf lfhlit mltni- pnidm``d ?;< stnddlf vnf euf mnst lf soe`rs mlr``g jingjldnnht lfmuktlfgklf f`j dlt sdllr ` vlt jldllrg, nnf wlihl m`vlf dkts gwnrs`vlr mlvlstkjgl r`lglf lf eùtlf mnfg nnf jlmrnjt wnrlf lf gnnr-nnf wnrlf spkchlrs, wnnrnnf dlt ikftjnrlf m`ftl j`rglis vnf hnt`lf` zkcgl jlm`fglf wnrlf, tlrwkci kf pnsjlpligl m``dminglrlf wlihlkf glf t`p (kf elt t`ppuft) glr dnstlf jlst`hlf wnrlf XlTlf infj lfzllr d``kc zkcglf j`rgli mlvlstkjt wns. Llf jr``t jltni- nnftni c`fjlfsvlrz`lhtl `f`peùglikch `p gl 7 dnstlf tl hikddlf dnnr elt jliuhtl

siloets gkljlflf wlihl dlt euip vnf llf h``rg (tùw) `pstljlf8 zkcm`fglf elt tùw `d glf dnst z`` gnt llf strkhhf``p flglrekfj lfstnXnThhlf glf v`lt gnnrkf, m`fglf vlrvìjlfs elt nfglrl lkfgl vnfglf tùw d glf m``d lf nnfst`fgs (z`` grnn nis) zkc glf v`lt gnnrkf jlzlt enXgTglf tr`hhlf zkc glf tùw t`t zkoe glf strkhhkfj `pi`sslfgllf v`lrlf z`` v``rt t`t zkc gl = st`hcls mlrlkhtlf wlihl mlflglf glg`lhcls wnrlf nnfjlmrnjt lf rusttlf gnnr`p ukt lf h``slf zkoe gl g`l-hlf ukt wlihl zkc elmmlf wkiglf. Dlfkjtl XdlfkjllfT rnXnThtl ``hm`vlf dlt euip vnf llf tùwtcl dltwlihl zkc gl v`ltlf mkcfn tlzndlfm`fglf, z``gnt zkc gnnrkf dllr hrnoet engglf. Dlfkjtl XdlfkjllfTz`fglr tùw hi`XdTdlf dllr gnf grkl vklrgl vnf gl e``jtl dnnr

t`lfdnXnTis euffl hrnoetlf vlrikltlf elf lf zkc jillglf wlglr fllr.Gl Dninnylr elmmlf d``k zwnrt e``gennr, zkc zkcf vnf ìkvlf-hilurdlt mrllg jlgruhtXlT flus, mrllgl ikpplf, jr``tl ``jlf lf mrllgl v``r-e``glf8 zkc zkcf vnf dkgglidntkj ikjoenndsjlstnitl lf llr gnnr`fglrgnf gnnrm`vlf8 zkc zklf XlrT zllr hrnoetkj lf stlrh ukt lf elt soekcft gntelt hikdnnt euf t`lzljt X0T. Euffl jlinntstrlhhlf zkcf kf elt nijldllfrljlidntkj lf dnf vkfgt lr z`` wli tusoelf gl vrùwlf nis tussoelf gldnfflf zllr d``kl dlfsoelf. Dnnr f`j vlli d``klrl, mldkfflikchlrl

?;7 hikd dnstlf

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lf mlenjlikchlrl dlfsoelf vkfgt dlf tussoelf gl dltks, ` fnh`dl-ikfjlf vnf lur`plnflr lf dninylrs, wnft gl fntuur ks eklr nis `vlrnizllr prnoetkj kf gl vlrdlfjlikfj vnf elt mi`lg, lf kf ―t mkcz`fglr zkltdlf eklr dltks-vrùwlf vnf jr``tl soe``felkg8 elt lfhli wnt dlf

euf zùgt hufflf vlrwkctlf (mlrksplf) ks gnt zkc niil mkcfn z`fglruktfldkfj (uktz`fglrkfj) tl zwnnrikcvkj w`rglf. ?;2

_oeikldnffs `pdlrhkfj gnt ’gl vlrdlfjlikfj vnf elt mi`lg— eklr,z`nis `vlrni, v``r d``kl dlfslf jlz`rjg ellbt ks `pvniilfg. Rlli minf-hlf wnrlf gkt nmsìuut fklt dlt eld llfs. Gl gksousskl `vlr pìyjlfks-dl, elt kgll gnt niil rnsslf nbz`fglrikch vnf lihnnr jlsoenplf wnrlf, wns`p gkt d`dlft wlikswnnr kf zkcf fngnjlf, dnnr tòe f`j fklt vlrgwl-flf. Elt dlrlfglli vnf gl minfhlf, gkl nis hì`fknilf tl dkgglf vnfkfelldsl vìhlrlf w``fglf, wnrlf elt f`j stllgs dlt gl NdlrkhnnfOenrils Onigwlii (>::=->5<?) llfs. Glzl eng kf zkcf eùjets `f tel

@rkjkfni \fkty ` tel Eudnf ]nol ukt >5?1 nnfjlv`lrg gnt hrukskfjlftusslf vlrsoekiilfgl dlfslf rnsslf fklts mle``rikchs h`fglf `pilvlrlflf gnt glzl uktlkfglikch d`lstlf uktstlrvlf. Ekc vlrjlillh gkt s``rt hruk-skfjlf dlt gkl vnf pnnrglf lf lzlis. Glzl hrukskfj ilvlrgl wlikswnnrelt dukipnnrg `b llf dukilzli `p, dnnr gkl wnrlf fklt vruoetmnnr. Gntgkt kgll rukd vlrmrlkg wns hnf dlf ``h zklf nnf gl tlrd gkl dlf jl-mrukhtl `d gl fnh`dlikfjlf vnf minfhlf lf zwnrtlf nnf tl gukglf dltduintt`s.?;:

Gnnr gl kfinfglrs fklt jltyrnfkzllrg w`rglf g``r glf glsp`tksdus vnf

hnstlf z`` zkcf zl kf ―t nijldllf vikctkj lf gnnr gl fntuur eklr kf gntrkch jlzljlfg infg kf `vlrvi`lg nnfmklg ni wnt t`t euf v`lgsli lf`fglreùg f``gznhlikj ks, z`` ellrsoet eklr tussoelf euf XlTlf wli-stnfg nis dlf mkc jllf nfglr kfgknnfsoe vìh vkfgt lf llf mlglinnr kseklr llf `fmlhlfg v``rwlrp. Gl dninylr zkcf zllr zkfglikch lf zukvlrvlrdkts zkc zkoe klglrXlT gnj elt ikjoennd mnglf nie`lwli euffl rlikjk`f elf jllfl gnjlikchsoel wnssoekfjlf v``rsoerkct. @fglr glf gruhvnf gl mrnfglfgl z`f jnnf zkc fntuurikch zllr llfvùgkj jlhillg8 glvrùwlf grnjlf (nnfelmmlf) llf h`rtXlT fglrr`h vnf g`fhlr m`ftXlThnt`lflf st`, wlihl jlw``fikch `ftwlrplf vnf njrkcslikchl illikchlwnfsoelpsliXsT, `fgklrlf lf dksjlm``rtlf v``rstliilf lf elmmlf muk-

tlfgklf llf wkt cnhcl nnf, dnnr gnt ks eufXflT jlellil hillgkfj, wnftzkc grnjlf fòe eldglf, fòe soe`lksli, fòe e`lg, fòe hnp8 ellf lfwlglr zklt dlf ``j X``hT vrùwlf wlihl vlrglr llf hnt`lflf enisg`lhgrnjlf. Gl dnfflf jnnf lvlfz`` - lvlfllfs mnrrlv`lts, grnjlf m`f-tl hnt`lflf mr`lhlf gkl t`t gl hfkl rlkhlf, XlTlf h`rt m`ft hnt`lflf cnhcl, XlTlf jr` t mrllg m`ft hnt`lflf j`rgli wlihlf zkc z`` `dmkfglfgnt ekc mkcfn t`t nnf gl hfkllf fllrenfjt. @d elt e``g mkfglf zkc jlw``fikch XlTlf g`fhlr m`ft hnt`lflf g`lh kf XglT `rd vnf XlTlf

?;2 Jlffngk`s Ikmrnry Gknry >527->52< (_OE DF 11>.<), >51->5=.

?;: duintt` - dukigklrdnf.



>:2 -

turmnf, dnnr vllil grnjlf jlviòetlfl mndmù-e`lglf gkl gl `rdllflr oupìn vnf llf jrklhsoel hlrht`rlf lf ` vlrjuig, ` r``g lf kfelt dkgglf zwnrt, ` r``g, jlli, minnuw l.z.w. jlsoekiglrt zkcf. Glzle`lglf d`ltlf zllr jlz`fg zkcf `d gnt zkc z`` kfjlrkoet zkcf gnt gl

iuoet kf glf e`lg d elt e``g ellf jnnt. Gl wlrhiklglf jnnf fntuur-ikch mkc elt wlrh jlelli fnnht - `ftmi``t lf elmmlf niillfikch (dnnr)llflf j`rgli d gl soenndgllilf. Gl hillgkfj glr dkiktnkrs soekcft dkcfklt mkcz`fglr nnf gl vlrlksoetlf vnf elt hikdnnt tl vìg`lf wnft llfh`rt minnuwinhlf cns, mr`lhlf vnf glf zliglf st`, fntuurikch innr-zlf lf XlTlf plt vnf minuw inhlf z`` gnt zkc nitkcg XnnfT llf z`fsinjmi``tjlstlig zkcf. Elt dkiktnkr mlstnnt eklr uktsiuktlfg ukt eìinfglrs lfgl dninylr lf cnvnflslf w`rglf niillfikch v``r gl soeuttlrkc mlstldt- jlmrukht, wlihl mnnrlv`lts jnnf & h`rtl minnuwl mr`lhlf lf wkttl cnhcls nnf elmmlf8 zkc grnjlf llflf r``glf j rgli gkl mrllg flglrenfjtlf llfl minnuwlf g`lh kf XglT `rd vnf llflf turmnf `d elt e``g8

zkc zklf lr zllr mlinjoelikch ukt. ussoelf gl vlrzndligl dllfkjtl `pelt pilkf elmmlf e`fglrglXfT vruoetXlfTvlrh``plrs euffl wnnr tlft``f jlstlig, gl dllstlf `p tnlitcls, nfglrlXfT `p gl mi``tl nnrgl, lfh`h`sf``tlf, pksnfjs, nfnfns lf niil d`jlikchl ilhhlrfkclf vnf elt zuk-glikchl iuoetstrllh hnf dlf mkcfn v``r fklts vlrhrkcjlf. Gl Nfnfnsvlrh`plf zkc eklr v``r 7 olftlf elt stuh, dnnr glzl vruoet ks eklr infjz`` ilhhlr fklt nis kf _kfjnp`rl, wnnrsoekcfikch `dgnt gl m`gld eklrtl fnt lf vlt ks.

Elt zukglikchl hruks jnnt eklr d : > / = uur nv`fgs p8 dnf zklt eklr `j

X``hT zllr gukglikch glf llfl vnf gl dnjliinnfsoel flmuius. Sllr ml-

injoelikchl plrs`fniktlktlf zkcf eklr gl gklfnnrlf glr kfinfgsoel v`rs-tlf8 zkc jnnf mnnrv`lts lf grnjlf kf pinnts vnf mr`lhlf m`ftl g`lhlfgkl v``r lf noetlr mrllg t`t nnf gl gkclf fllr enfjlf, jllf eldpt,wkttl m`rstr`hXhTlf gkl t`t nnf glf enis t`ljlhf``pt zkcf, h`rtl m`ftl cnXhThlf, m`ftl hnt`lflf j`rglis, lf m`vlf glzl XllfT ilglrlf j`rgli, jllfl enisg`lhlf dnnr uktlrdntl jr` tl spktsl hrnnjlf gkl vnglrd``r-glfnnrs jlf`ldg w`rglf8 noetlr glf ilglrlf j`rgli stlXlTht llf infjg`XiThdls kf llf eùtlf h`hlr vnf zligznndl v`rd. Elglf nv`fgks jr``t vuurwlrh `p elt pilkf. Dnf zklt eklr gkhwkcis mrujjlf vnfmnfmù-jlviloet. Jr``tl lur`plsoel pnnrglf zklt dnf eklr zliglf8 gl jlw``fl pnnrglf eklr zkcf p`fkls gkl `fdntkj infjznnd i``plf lf

fklttldkf (fklttljlfstnnfgl) zkcf gl rkctukjlf eklr vlrsoerkcikch guurlf v``r dkfglr gnf ?,<1 hnf dnf fklt gl dkfstl t`lrtcl dnhlf8dnnr elt ks vìstrlht `fvlrsoekiikj ` dnf elt rkctukj XlTlf hwnrtklruurs ` 2 uur jlmrukht, dnf mltnnig nitkcg flt elt zligl. Dnf engldkc z`` vllil `vlrgrkcvkfj `vlr elt zklhlikchl hikdnnt vnf MntnvknvlrenXnTit gnt kh jli``vgl eklr fklt tl hufflf nnf gl wni jnnf z`fglrh``rts lf r``gl i``p (mi`ltjnfj) tl hrkcjlf, dnnr kf tljlfglli `soe``fwkc eklr tenfs kf glf elXlTtstlf cnnrjltkcg zkcf lf gl z`f `d dkggnjzkcfl strnnilf i``grloet `p Mntnvkn stuurt z`` ks elt eklr tòe dkfglrwnrd nis kf _kfjnp`rl wnnr kh gkhwkcis ;1 ` kf dkcfl hndlr znj tlr-wkci kh eklr elt hwkhzkivlr f`j fklt m`vlf 55 ` elm jlzklf. Dnnr zlhlr



>::

gl tljlfw``rgkjl dnfs``f ` rljlf-cnnrjltkc (snkz`lf) grnXnTjt vllignnrt`l mkc (g`lt vlli gnnr t`l) gl iuoet tl vlrh`lilf lf tl vlrvlrsoelf,wnft kfgklf elt ``h eklr fklt rljlft z`` rljlft elt tòe kf elt mkfflfinfg. Mkcfn niil lur`plnflf gkl kh eklr zkl zklf XlrT vlrsoe lf jlz`fg

ukt lf gus jli`` kh gnt gkljlfl gkl zkoe eklr dlt spkcs (ltlf) lf grnfh`p zkcfl e`lgl ks eklr cukst z`` jlz`fg hnf zkcf nis kf Eìinfg. Dnnrv``r gl soe``fl huffl (elt soe``fl jlsinoet) soekcft gl jr``tl wnrdtldkfglr j`lg tl pnsslf, wnft dlt soennrsoel (rnnrl) uktz`fglrkfj vlr-si`fslf (vlrwlihlf) gl vrùwlf eklr zllr soeklikch (sfli - jlzwkfg) lfdlf zklt eklr niillfikch millhl vrùwlikchl jlinntstrlhhlf. Glr zkcfeklr gukzlfglXfT vnf Oekflslf, wlihl eklr, nis elt soekcft, v``rsp`lgelmmlf lf mi`lkclf8 dnnr slglrt zkc kf >5.. XlTlf stnnts`dwlftlikfjvlrz`lhtlf ks llf vlrglrXlT infgvlreukzkfj vnf Oekfn eklrfnt`l vlrm`-glf. ?;5 J`g zkc gnfh dnf vkfg eklr jllf sp``r vnf gl kf lfjlisoe Kfgkèmlstnnfgl rnzlfgl zuoet lf w`lgl v``r sklrrnglf, dlf zklt eklr jllf

Dninyksoel vrùw Xdlt sklrnglfT `d v`ltlf tllflf lf kf gl flus, lfniillfikch gl rkchl kfinfgsoel vrùwlf grnjlf llf pnnr ``rrkfjlf lfenishltlf (enishlttkfj) lf llflf ` twll vkfjlrrkfjlf.

Hrukpjlwnsslf lf `roeyglXèTf jr`lklf eklr mkcfn nnf niil m``dlf lfhnf dlf gl inntstlf slis `p llflf h``rg intlf jr`lklf kfgklf dlfsiloets llf ming gnnrn piuht, elt p elt h``rg iljt lf elt klglrl gnj llfhllr dlt wntlr mlvòetkjt. Gl hilkfl gklrXlfTwlrlig ks eklr v``r glfvrlldglf loet `fnnfjlfnnd, wnft `p niil duurlf (wnfglf) kf glhndlrs zklt dlf ennjXlTgksXlfT, wlihl kf spkct vnf elt dusquktlffltgkhwkcis gls fnoets `p elt mlg hrukplf lf glf sinplfgl `p elt jlinnt

i``plf lf mkctlf kfgklf ekc gl dkfstl mlwljkfj dnnht, dnnr euf mkctks fòe jktkj fòe jlvnnrikch. Muktlfgklf ks lr llf `fdntkjXlT dlfkjtlvnf jr``tl soenimytlrs ?;; hlvlrs, gkl z`` jr``t zkcf nis XllfT duks, vlr-glr llf XnTjrkcsikjXlT e`lvXlTlielkg vnf dklrlf, dujlf lf vikljlf.711

Kf gkt rlksvlrsinj e`rlf wl, v``r z` vlr kh wllt, v``r elt llrst gnt_oeikldnff pr`mildlf eng dlt zkcf `rlf. Znffllr gkt pr`milld `ft-stnnf ks w`rgt eklr fklt gukglikch, dnnr elt ellbt eld vlrglr zkcf ilvlfinfj noetlrvìjg3

Mntnvkn == Blmrunry. ]llgs zlglrt glf >5 gl Cnfunry, wnnr kh ukt

tr`tsoe gl pnpklrlf jinsruktlf kf elt i`jldlft kf Mlfnrls kfsi`XlTj,lf dkc kf gl hùgl flvli (dkst) glr fnoet vlrh`ligl (vlrhùgl) elm kh

?;5 ck``h-Ikld =11;, ?1> ’Gl `fiustlf tl Hrnwnfj kf >5?= wlrglf t`ljlsoerlvlfnnf gl fkluwlikfjlf gkl ―t`t elt uktsoe`t glr Oekflsl fntk‛ zùglf mle`rlf lf ―jl-vnnrikch wnrlf v``r gl pumiklhl rust.‛— ck``h-Ikld =11;, ?17 ’G``r elt Lur`plslmlstuur wlrg gl Oekflls vnf e``j t`t innj, `b ekc pnoetlr, hrlgkltvlrsoenbblr, h``p-dnf b ndmnoetsdnf wns, mlsoeùwg nis llf fllrikch lf fmltrùwmnnr kfgkvkgu,gnt ukt llf ―dllg`jlfi``s lkjlfmlinfj‛ gl kfelldsl mlvìhkfj dksmrukhtl ... Dlflrjlrgl zkoe muktlfjlw``f nnf gl ilvlfsstkci vnf lfhlil vlrd`jlfgl Oekflzlf gklzkoe tljlf`vlr euf hì`fknil `vlrellrslrs `fvìg`lfgl `fglrw`rplf jlgr`ljlf.—

?;; _oeniilmkc tlrs - Onrnmus, hlvlr ukt gl bndkikl glr Onrnmkgnl.

711 Jlffngk`s Ikmrnry Gknry >527->52< (_OE DF 11>.<), >5=->57.



>:5 -

wlglr nnf elt `r jlilglf, wnft zlglrt gklf tkcg w`rg kh wlglr zwnnr-e``rkj, dnnr elt ks w`fglrikch gnt kh llf uur tndlikch j`lg e``r lfelt nfglrl (vìjlfgl) uur jlelli g`` mlf8 fn gnt kh grkl wllhlf infjtlvlrjlls jle`X`Tpt lf vlrwnoet elm gnt elt hwnng zùgl vlrgwkc-

flf, gnoet kh lkfglikch (tlf inntstl) gnnrnnf gl jlfllsdkggli (nrtslfy)nnftl wlfglf wklr rlolptlf gl ``rlfjlfllsdllstlr tl Zurzmurj dkc pglf wlj ellt jljlvlf8 glrenivl vuigl kh elt ``r dlt innuwwntlr nnflf spukttl elt gnnrfnn ukt, lf gnnr XhwndT llf fdntjXlT e`lvllielkgsduts lf dntlrkl ukt, ``h = g``gl dklrlf, wlihl siloet r``hlf. Kh wnsgus zlhlr gnt gnnr llf zwllr lttlrmuki kf elt ``r wns lf eklig XgllgTtlf jlvìjl twll hllr gls gnXnTjs llf `pi`sskfj vnf zwnvlizuur zkfh-` splnutlr 71> kf elt ``r, dnnr elt dkggli elt wlih dkc kf Zurzmurjz`` sfli gl zwllr (lttlrmuki) uktgr``jgl lf elt jlzwli kf glf ``rwljvlrdkfglrgl vlr``rznnhtl eklr kf elt eltl hikdnnt cukst elt tljlfglXlTilf gl `pswliikfj vlrdllrglrgl zkoe klglrXlTgnj lf kh vrllzgl rllgs gl

lttlrmuki (zwllr) zùgl elt tr`ddlivikls vlrfklilf lf wlfgl dkc guseklr nnf llf mlhwnnd jlfllsellr, wlihl dkc v``rsoerll XlTlf pi`sskfjvnf i``g nnftleùglf lf z``grnn nis gl zwllr uktjlellig ks wki S. dkcdlt llf wlrhtukj iuoet g``r gl flus kf elt ``r minzlf.71=

71> Dlfjsli vnf tkf lf i``g, s`ds dlt t`lv`ljkfj vnf f`j nfglrl dltnilf.

71= Jlffngk`s Ikmrnry Gknry >527->52< (_OE DF 11>.<), >57.

Muktlf Fkluwp``rtstrnnt tl Mntnvkn - Z`gmury & Qnjl on. >52<.



>:;

Nis elt `p gl jlz`fgelkg nnfh`dt hnf elt loetlr f`j vlli lrjlr,dnnr gnnr d`lt llf dlfs zkoe fklt g``r intlf nbilkglf3

=1 Dnnrt Elglf vr`lj hwndlf wkc kf glf p`rt nnf _kfjnp`rl. Khwns `fjlstlig t`lf wkc Mntnvkn vlrikltlf lf dkcfl `fjlstligelkg fnd`fglrwlj mlgukglfg t`l8 kh wns jlpkcfkjt g``r llfl vlrsoerkhhlikchlh``rts lf dnfjli nnf lltiust z`` gnt kh tlf inntstl fklts dllr hufgl jlfkltlf. Muktlfgklf eng kh llf vrllsikchXlT mukhi``p. Kh elm vnf gnnj2 p`lglrs kfjlf`dlf `d glf mukhi``p tl st`pplf. Dlt elt zklhl ``r jnnt elt fu vlli mltlr lf kh e``r zllr j`lg8 `h elt jlruks ellt zkoe zllrvlrdkfglrt. Zkc enXgTglf `dtrlft =1 pnssnjklrlf > Oinssl wnnr fkltniil pinntslf mlzlt wnrlf. @fglr euf tllhlft zkoe ukt Gòt`r Elyf,gkl zkoe kf dkcf zklh t`lstnfg vrklfglikch dkcflr nnffnd8 ekc ks mlzkt-tlr llflr jr``tl _ukhlrnmrklh tl Hngkrk `p Cnvn dnnr w``ft tenfs kf ―sJrnvlfenjl kf Eìinfg. @`h ks tussoelf gl pnssnjklrlf Dr. Dlimùrf

Oel vnf D`rjnf Dlimùrf & O` tl Mntnvkn 71?

wlih zkoe vnf glnotkvl dlglwlrhkfj kf gl znhlf tlrujtrlht lf zkcf soe``fvnglr lf llfzlhlrXlT Ikoetlfmlrj vnf XuktT Mrldlf t`t nssòkës ellt jlf`dlf8 ekcrlkst fu dlt zkcf ndkikl fnnr Lur`pn. Wlrl ks mlskgls nd`fjst tel pns-slfjlrs nf lfjiksednf ` tel fndl ` Enuit`f we` ens mllf `r dnfy ylnrs dlroenft nt Mntnvkn nfg rltkrls f`w r`d notkvl dlronftkil pur-sukts. Wks Enuit`f ks tel d`st gksnjrllnmil trnvliikfj o`dpnfk`f ktwns lvlr dy dks`rtufl t` fg kf nfy oùftry ...

Glzl Enui`f mikcht wnt tl vlli tl grkfhlf. _ndlf zkcf dlt kldnfggkl tlvlli grkfht lf zkoezlib nis llf kgk``t jlgrnnjt soekcft, wnffllr

wl _oeikldnff d`jlf jli`vlf, vlli lrjlr tl zkcf gnf mukhi``p. òesoekcft zkcf zklhtl dlt tlrujwlrhlfgl hrnoet zkcf mllig vnf Mntnvkn wntvlrnfglrg tl elmmlf z`nis wl hufflf zklf kf llf mrklb gkl ekc `p > dlk>52< vnf ukt Qlhkfj nnf zkcf vnglr lf zustlrs stuurgl. Ekc vlrtlit eufgnt elt, nbjlzklf vnf gl ]`gl Sll, flrjlfs z` ellt ks nis kf Mntnvkn. Glekttl kf Mntnvkn ks zlibs `fgrnjlikchlr gnf gkl kf gl ]`gl Sll `dgnt glzlstng dkgglf kf llf d`lrns ikjt. Gl iuoet ks lr gnnrg``r z` vòetkj gntsoe`lflf, gkl dlf llf gnj kf zkcf hndlr innt stnnf, mlglht w`rglf g``rllf innj soekddli. Ekc eng elinns zkcf jr`tl h`bblr llf pnnr gnjlf `p gljr`fg intlf stnnf. Elt jlvìj wns gnt niil b`t`‛s lf m`lhlf dlt llf innj

soekddli mlglht wnrlf lf gnt elt eld vlli d`lktl h`sttl `d zl wllrgr``j tl hrkcjlf. G``r gl vlrsoerkhhlikchl ekttl zklt dlf lr vlrgnj jllfminfhlf, gkl jnnf pns fn z`fs`fglrjnfj wnfglilf. Gyslftlrkl, gknrrll,oeìlrn lf gl vlrsoerkhhlikchl mntnvknh``rts ellrslf eklr v``rtgurlfg,dnnr gl bi`rn ks lr z` prnoetkj gnt dlf lr, `fjlnoet gl jlvnrlf, jrnnjllf tkcgcl mikcbt.717

71? Elt soekcft gnt elt vlrtrlh vnf gl oelb glzl bkrdn jllf j`lg jlgnnf ellbt. D`rjnf,Dlimùrf & O`. ukt Mntnvkn jkfj kf >52; bnkiiklt. Flglrinfgsoe Lo`f`dksoe-Ekst`rksoe Nroeklb, Mkcz`fglrl Oìilotkls :<;.

717 Dlylr >;<5, =?-=7.



>51 -

Dlf d`lst lr wnt v``r `vlr elmmlf wnffllr dlf gl wlrlig wkiglzklf. _oeikldnff rlksgl vlrglr fnnr Oekfn, Cnpnf lf vlrvìjlfs fnnrOnikb`rfkè. Rnf Cnpnf fnnr _nf Brnfokso` wns llf m``trlks vnf <1 gnjlf.

Znt d`lt gl rlkzkjlr g`lf dlt z`vlli tkcg0 Cl huft cl fntuurikch dlt

zllmkì`jkl mlzkj jnnf eùglf. _oeikldnff wlrg jlàftrkjllrg g``r llfpurplrhilurkjl innj vnf `fjlvllr twll v`lt gkhtl `p elt wntlr, wnnr zltusslf gl ><=` lf gl >51` v``rtgurlfg g``rellf v`lrlf. Gl hnpktlkflf gl `bbkoklrlf dllfglf gnt elt vksmr`lgsli wns. _oeikldnff eklig gktv``r `fd`jlikch `dgnt gl elil òlnnf lr dll mlglht soellf tl zkcf.Dlt mleuip vnf llf lddlr nnf llf tùw vkstl ekc lr wnt vnf `p. Ekcwns uktlrst vlrmnnsg t`lf ekc, gnt wnt ekc v``r llf v`rdli`zl innj jleù-glf eng, llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg `p vkscls ikchlfgl kfslotlf wnrlf vnf gljr``ttl vnf llf vi`. @dgnt ekc jllf nioèì mkc zkoe eng h`f ekc zl niillfdnnr gr`jlf. Ekc vkstl llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg vnf glzl gklrtcls p `d nnf

elt duslud kf _t. Qltlrsmurj tl jlvlf.71<

Fklt klglrllf hnf loetlr llf Gnrwkf zkcf lf mkì`jkl wns fklts v``r_oeikldnff. Gnf dnnr, `d fklt nnf gl vlrvlikfj tlf jr`fgl tl jnnf, glnnftlhlfkfjlf dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t Oekfn lf Cnpnf t`t llf m`lh `dwlr-hlf. Lf z` hwnd In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft t`t stnfg.

_oeikldnff rlksgl kf llf tkcg g``r Oekfn lf Cnpnf wnnrkf glzl inf-glf `fglr kfvi`lg vnf elt wlstlf jr`tl vlrnfglrkfjlf `fglrjkfjlf.

Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff zkoe eklr fklt mlwust vnf wns ellbt ekc lr jllfmkcz`fglrl nnfgnoet v``r lf zkcf gl jlvìjlf vnf glzl jlmlurtlfksslfsiloets `fmlwust kf zkcf tlhst tlrloet jlh`dlf. Kh innt zl eklr vlrglr

muktlf mlsoeùwkfj. @dgnt wl _oeikldnff fu niillf f`j hlfflf g``rzkcf nroelì`jksoel `ftglhhkfjlf hkch kh eklr niillf fnnr zkcf mlz`lhnnf gl Oekflsl duur. Ekc mljkft zkcf vlrsinj `vlr zkcf mlz`lh nnf gktw`fglr `p ? dlk >52<. Ekc ks gnf kf Hù-Qn-Hù. Ekc eng z`vlli tl-jlfstrkcgkjl mlrkoetlf `vlr glzl jr`tl duur jle``rg gnt ekc mlsi``t `dlr ellf tl jnnf t`lf ekc kf _cnfjenk wns.712 Ekc wns fu tòe kf gl muurt.]lkzlf kf Oekfn wns loetlr llf d`lkzndl jlmlurtlfks lf wnffllr wlilzlf wnt _oeikldnff `p wlj fnnr gl Oekflsl duur niildnni d`lstg``rstnnf ks elt gukglikch gnt ekc eld loet wkigl zklf. Jliuhhkj vnit eltfklt tljlf. _oeikldnff jllbt llf uktjlmrlkgl mlsoerkcvkfj `vlr e`l glzl

71< _oeikldnff >52:, =>5. R``r llf Guktsl vlrtnikfj zkl _tìi >;<5, >5? `b Mrustkjk>;57, >?>->?=.

712 _oeikldnff >52:, ?. R``r llf Guktsl vlrtnikfj zkl _tìi >;<5, >?? `b Mrustkjk>;57, >?. Hlyslr >;;1, ==5 ’Hùpnhù K envl f`t bùfg `f d`glrf dnps - mut ninrjl okty `f tel br`ftklr wkte Dnfoeurkn kf n vniily surrùfglg my ekje dùftnkfsflnr wekoe ks tel Znii ks bùfg3 Senfj-ckn-hù— \ktjnnfgl vnf glzl kglftkbkontkloinkdt Hlyslr gnt _oeikldnff f``kt nnf gl duur jlwllst ks `dgnt gl tkcg gkl ekcv``r gl rlks `pjllbt fklt hi`pt. Gkt mlz`lh ks fklts nfglrs gnf ’tel bkrst pumikselgbrnug—. Gkt kgll w`rgt `vlrjlf`dlf kf Biùjjl =11>, >=?. Ekisl =11=, 7: wkcst lrloetlr tlrloet `p gnt elt eklr fklt `d gl stng Senfj-ckn-hù, dnnr `d Jumlkhùjnnt. Glzl pinnts ikjt `p >=5 hd vnf Mlkckfj lf gnt dnnht _oeikldnffs vlrenni

jlelli pinuskmli.



>5>

duur jlmùwg ks lf `vlr e`l vlrvniilf ekc ks. D`lkznnd hikdt ekc fnnrm`vlf lf vìjt ekc eld t`t ekc `p llf e``j jlgllitl ks. Rnf gnnr hkchtekc ukt `vlr elt infg. Dlt mleuip vnf zkcf vlrrlhkchlr hnf ekc, gl mòe-tlf fklt dlljlrlhlfg, wli zlstkj hki`dltlr vnf gl duur zklf. E`lwli

ekc t`ljllbt gnt ekc jr`tl stuhhlf fklt hnf zklf, soent ekc gnt glzl duurwli =<1 hki`dltlr fnnr elt ``stlf g``ri``pt. Fnnr elt wlstlf jnnt ekcvkn niilrilk mòetlf `vlr llf mlrjhltlf8 ekc hnf eklr loetlr dnnr noet lftwkftkj hki`dltlr vnf zklf. _oeikldnff ellbt prnoetkjl uktzkoetlf jl-zklf vnf gl t`p vnf llf vuihnnf `p Cnvn lf vnf gl t`pplf vnf gl _kèrrnFlvngn kf Onikb`rfkè `b gl mlrjrluzlf vnf gl Ekdninyn kf Kfgkn `b `pgl e``jvinhtl vnf gl O`rgkiilrns kf Sukg Ndlrkhn. Gkt niils vnit loetlrkf elt fklt mkc elt prnoetkjl uktzkoet gnt ekc vnfnb gl jr`tl duur ellbt.

Ni vnf nb zkcf vr`ljstl clujg engglf gl vlrenilf `vlr glzl duur eldfkluwsjklrkj jldnnht lf fu millh ekc e`fglrg hllr d``klr tl zkcf gnf

ekc ``kt jlgnoet eng.71:

Zl zklf eklr _oeikldnff gl wlrligrlkzkjlr. Ekc ellbt z` `fjlvllrniils jlzklf wnt lr tl zklf ks, dnnr elt uktzkoet vnf gl Oekflsl duurks d``klr. G``r wnt ekc lr`vlr vlrtlit w`rgt ``h gukglikch gnt elt fkltniillf r`cl wns gnt _oeikldnff vnfnb zkcf vr`ljstl clujg jlàftrkjllrgeng. @`h `vlr gl Oekflsl duur soekcft zkcf vnglr eld ni c`fj vlrtligtl elmmlf. _oeikldnff ks z` `fglr gl kfgruh vnf glzl duur gnt gklklts dyteksoe hrkcjt. E`l infjlr ekc lr fnnr hkcht gls tl dllr elt `p eltwlrh vnf rluzlf ukt gl `lrtkcg (jënfts nftëgkiuvklfs) jnnt ikchlf. Ekcwllt gnt glzl duur kf ==1 v.Oer. jlmùwg ks, dnnr ekc mljrkcpt fklt e`l

71: _oeikldnff >52:, <>-<=. R``r llf Guktsl vlrtnikfj zkl _tìi >;<5, >7:->75 `b

Mrustkjk >;57, 71-7>.

Gl jr`tl duur - Cèf We`ds`f >525.



>5= -

dlfslfenfglf gkt elmmlf hufflf g`lf. Ekc vrnnjt zkoe nb wnnr`d glt`lfdnikjl jlflrntkl vnf rluzlf llf glrjlikchl vlrsoerkhhlikchl mnrrkårl`vlr gl mlrjlf elmmlf d`ltlf mùwlf. Znrlf gl ikoendlf vnf gkt rnsvnf Elrouilsslf fklt stlrh jlf`lj d gl vkcnfglf ukt elt f``rglf tljlf

tl eùglf0715

Ekc stnnt v``r zkcf jlv`li urlf tl hkchlf, dnnr w`rgt uktlkfglikchg``r g`rst jlgw`fjlf gl duur wllr nb tl jnnf. Gl tlrujwlj wns d`lk-ikch. @p vlli pinntslf wns elt png z` stlki gnt ekc zkoe `p zkcf mukh fnnrmlflglf d`lst intlf jikcglf. @fgnfhs gnt iuhtl elt eld tòe `d zkcfvlrrlhkchlr lf llf 2: olftkdltlr infjl stllf ukt gl duur fnnr mlflglf tlmrlfjlf.71; Elt plrblotl sùvlfkr, llf stllf ukt gl Oekflsl duur.

Nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcf rlks jnnt _oeikldnff fnnr Qnrkcs. @p >1 blmru-nrk >522 soerkcbt ekc nnf zustlr G`rks gnt lr v``r kldnfg gkl gl wlrligjlzklf ellbt f`j dnnr wlkfkj tl zklf ks kf Qnrkcs. Znt eld lr loetlr

vnsteùgt zkcf gl ilzkfjlf vlr iktlrntuur, bki`s`bkl, ekèr`jiklblf, lto. vnfmlr`ldgl pr`blss`rlf gkl eklr nnf gl ufkvlrsktlkt jljlvlf w`rglf. Lfgnf zkcf lr fntuurikch f`j gl dusln lf gl telntlrs.7>1

Qnrkcs mlvkli _oeikldnff z` j`lg gnt ekc lr dlt zkcf jlzkf wkigl il-vlf. Ekc rlksgl fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj `d zkcf vrùw `vlr tl enilf `d dlteld dll tl jnnf, dnnr zl wlkjlrgl ontlj`rksoe. @p >1 cuik >522 vlr-tr`h _oeikldnff `pfkluw. Ekc rlksgl fnnr _ndnrn, z`‛f >111 hd ``stl-ikch vnf D`shù nnf gl Zìjn `d gnnr llf Hudys-Huur tl `fglrjnnf.Hudys ks pnnrglfdlih lf dlf wns lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt lr fklts mltlrsv``r llf dlfs tl vkfglf wns. Znt _oeikldnff mltr`b wns gl elkizndl

wlrhkfj dkfglr gnf vlrwnoet. Ekc wlrg lr z` zklh vnf gnt ekc z‛f jlpinf-gl rlks d`lst nbmrlhlf lf fnnr Grlsglf jkfj `d wllr mkc tl h`dlf. 7>> Rnf eklrukt soerkcbt ekc `p =5 slptldmlr >522 `vlr zkcf fkluwstl pinf-flf nnf zustlr G`rks. Ekc ellbt zkcf pinf `d vkn gl Hnuhnsus fnnr Qlrzkètl rlkzlf `pjljlvlf lf jnnt fu fnnr Qnrkcs. Rnf gnnr wki ekc vkn ufkslf O`fstnftkf`pli fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj tlrujhlrlf. Kf Grlsglf ellbt ekcfnnr soeìlf v``r zkcf hkfglrlf jlhlhlf lf ekc wki eklr fu jnnf w`flf,dnnr zkcf vrùw e`lbt gnt fu f`j fklt tl wltlf, soerkcbt ekc nnf zkcfzustlr.7>=

715 _oeikldnff >52:, <=. R``r llf Guktsl vlrtnikfj zkl _tìi >;<5, >75 `b Mrustkjk>;57, 7>.

71; _oeikldnff >52:, <<. _oeikldnff >52:, <=. R``r llf Guktsl vlrtnikfj zkl _tìi>;<5, >7; `b Mrustkjk >;57, 7=. Dlylr >;<5, =2 . Rìjlfs llf mrklb nnf zkcf vnglrvnf > dlk >52< eng ekc = stlflf dlljlf`dlf. Rlrd`lglikch wns elt lr loetlrdnnr ëëf. Dlylr >;<5 7>? f``t >5 ’Lkflf gnv`f ent glr Ersj. fòe >;?5 mlk _.sòetlr, Brnu Nfgr`dnoel Dlin, kf Ntelf jlslelf.—

7>1 Dlylr >;?2 , >>1.7>> M`jgnf`w >;;:. Skl ``h Dlylr >;2;, ==:-==5.

7>= Dlylr >;<?, >=5.



>5?

@pfkluw e`rlf wl fklts v``r zkcf lluwkjl gr``d, `pfkluw e`rlfwl fklts `vlr r`cl.

_oeikldnff rlksgl g``r fnnr Qnrkcs. Eklr pumikollrt ekc In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft mkc llf hilkfl uktjlvlrkc, Ikmrnrkl Olftrni. E`lwli

glzl uktjnvl llf zllr mlplrhtl `pinjl eng lf jr`tlfgllis `f`pjldlrhtmillb hwnd lr t`oe llf lxldpinnr kf enfglf vnf H`fkfj Zkiild KKK.7>?

7>? Nnfjlzklf gkt lxldpinnr kf Glf Ennj kfjlm`fglf ks d`lt elt v``r wnnrsoekcfikchjle`uglf w`rglf gnt elt g``r Zkiild KKK zlib nnfjlsoenbt ks. Qlrs``fikchl dlglgl-

ikfj vnf E.N. ]`mnnrg, Mkmik`telonrks H`fkfhikch Euksnroeklb.



>57 -

=5. Jlig d`lt cl nitkcg kf gljntlf eùglf

_oeikldnff h``pt kf Qnrkcs llf nnftni w``feukzlf, < Mùilvnrg _t.Dkoeli, ?? ]ul gl i‛Nrongl, 2 lf 5 ]ul gl Oninks, lf :, ; lf >: ]ul glsMinfos Dùt`fs. Gkt niils v``r elt mlgrnj vnf >.:?2.711 Brnfo. @dzlib kf tl w`flf h``pt ekc Qinol _t. Dkoeli f`. 2.7>7 Elt ``rspr`fhlikchlpinf wns `d gkl eukzlf zlib tl jnnf mlelrlf, dnnr ni fn llf pnnr dnnf-glf gr`lj ekc gkl tnnh vlr nnf llf njlft. @p > blmrunrk >52: soerllb ekc

zkoe kf mkc gl _`rm`ffl, wnnr ekc oìiljls kf vlrsoekiilfgl `fglrwlrplfjnnt vìjlf3

Brnfsl gkoethufst ukt gl zlsgl lluw. Nrnmksoel tnnihufgl lf p`èzkl.Jrklhsl Bkiì`jkl.Jrklhsl Iktlrntuur dlt llf mlsprlhkfj vnf _`pe`hils‛ Nkns (Ncnx).Qltrnron lf zkcf rlkzlf.Rlrjlikchlfgl tnniwltlfsoenpplf.Ljyptksoel bkiì`jkl lf nroelì`jkl.D`glrfl Brnfsl tnni lf ilttlrhufgl.7><

Elt ks nnftrlhhlikch dlt tlrujwlrhlfgl hrnoet fnnr elt w``rg nr-oelì`jkl tl jnnf hkchlf, dnnr kf wlrhlikchelkg ks gkt elt vnhhlfpnhhltvnf kldnfg gkl kf tnilf jlàftlrlssllrg ks. Elt ikcstcl wlht gl kfgruh gnt_oeikldnff fu lkfglikch llfs fnnr gl kfeùg vnf ni gkl tnilf gkl ekc jl-illrg ellbt wki jnnf hkchlf.

Lr ks loetlr llf nnfwkczkfj gnt ekc ``h t`lf ni kf r`cl jlàftlrlssllrgwns. @p : dlk >52: mlzòet ekc llf ilzkfj `vlr elt fkluwstl m`lh vnfgl Jrklhsl wltlfsoenpplr J. Fkhìnàgès3 `p`jrnpekl lt pinf strntëjkqulgl i‛Kikngl . Kf >:;; eng gl Brnfsdnf Clnf Mnptkstl Iloelvniklr (>:<?-

>5?2) kf zkcf R`ynjl gnfs in r`ngl, ù tnmilnu gl in pinkfl gl r`kl gnfss`f ëtnt notuli mlpnnig gnt r`cl `p gl eluvli vnf Murfnmnsoek jliljlfeng. Kf >5== hwnd gl _oe`t Oenrils Dnoinrlf (>:5=->522) kf zkcf Ngksslrtntk`f `f tel t`p`jrney ` tel pinkf ` r`y loetlr t`t gl o`foiusklgnt r`cl `p gl eluvli vnf Ekssnrikh jlzòet d`lst w`rglf. Kf >527gllg gl @`stlfrkchsl o`fsui kf _yr`s Cènff Jl`rj v`f Enef (>5>>-

7>7 Dnss`f>;;<, =5.

7>< Dlylr >;2;, ==2.

>.=.?.7.<.2.:.5.



>5<

>52;)7>2 `pjrnvkfjlf `p Murfnmnsoek gkl eld lr vnf `vlrtukjglf gntgkt tòe loet gl iòntkl vnf r`cl wns. Kh h`d intlr f`j `p R`f Eneftlruj. Fkhìnàgès si``t zkoe kf zkcf m`lh mkc gl Murfnmnsoek tel`rkl nnf.kcglfs glzl ilzkfj wlrg lr loetlr ``h lvlf nnfgnoet mlstllg nnf elt

Ekssnrikh kgll. _oeikldnff d`lt lr zkoe gnnrg``r tkcglfs glzl ilzkfj vnfmlwust jlw`rglf zkcf gnt gl iòntkl vnf r`cl fklt jlelli `f`dstrlglfwns. Elt `fglrwlrp soekcft eld jlàftrkjllrg tl elmmlf wnft ekc hòetFkhìnàgès m`lh.7>:

Gl rlintkl tusslf _oeikldnff lf zkcf vrùw ks fu t`t llf gklptlpuftjlznht3

Rklijliklmtl Brnu.

Koe mkf fkoet dler kdstnfgl, efl Gkoe ufg gkl Hkfglr zu ilmlf8 gnr-ud wkii koe dkoe dkt Gkr zud Brklglf lkfkjlf, Zlkflfg soerlkml koe

Gkr gklslf Mrkl. R`r zwlk Cnerlf mkf koe ud gkl Zlit jlrlkst. Ilkglrh`fftl koe gndnis gns Ilmlf fòe fkoet peki`s`peksoe fledlf, ufgkoe eklit ls ùr gns jròÐtl Ilmlfsjiùoh, vklil rldgl _prnoelf zu ml-elrrsoelf, gnrud ilrftl koe nuoe Qlrsksoe. Gnff jkfjlf gkl Jlsoeçtlsoeiloet. NuÐlrgld quçitl dkoe gns lkfl3 Gu iklmst dkoe fkoet dler.Znrud iklmst Gu Dngndl ]. s` sler0 Eçttl koe gndnis soe`f pek-i`s`peksoe jlgnoet, s` wçrl dkr lkfl sìoel Brlufgsoent fntùrikoelrsoeklflf, ufg koe wçrl fkoet s` lklrsùoetkj jlwlslf. Sugld wnrkoe v`d Qlrsksoelf jnfz lrùiit. Eçttlst Gu dkoe mlsslr jlhnfft, Gueçttlst dkoe dkt lkfld zçrtikoelf Z`rtl mlruekjt, nmlr Gu wnrstenrt jljlf dkoe. Gu enst dkr v`rjlw`rlf, koe eçttl Glkfld Rntlr kf

soewklrkjlf Nujlfmikohlf fkoet jlfuj Jlig jljlmlf. Dlkf Elrz! Znsdkoe ekfglrtl, wnr fkoets nis glr uroetmnrl Mrkl, glf koe kf clfld_lptldmlr kf Ndstlrgnd v`rjlufglf ufg glf koe Gkr zurùohsoekohtl... glffòe hnff koe dkr fkl vlrzlkelf, fkoet dler jltnf zu enmlf ...Gu h`fftlst glf Qekiì`jlf kf dkr fkoet ilkglf8 wkiist Gu fuf fkoetglf Qeki`s`pelf ilmlf0 Kd Znoelf ufg kd rçudlf ufg kddlr wçe-rlfg dlkflr infjlf ]lkslf enml koe nf gns Elkdh`ddlf ufg nf lkfZklglrslelf dkt dlkflr Bndkikl jlgnoet ... Ilml wèi, dlkfl tlurlBrlufgkf. Koe hùssl Gkoe. Koe soekohl Gkr >111 ]umli ùr Hilkglr ufgEùttl. Hnul nuoe _pklizluj ùr gkl Hkfglr. _njl keflf, glr Rntlr entls jlsoekoht.7>5

7>2 R`f Enef wlrg kf >57: o`fsui kf K`nffkfn, kf >5<7 kf _yr`s lf kf >52; kf Ntelfl.

7>: rnkii >;;<, ?=. R``r elt vr`ljl `fglrz`lh fnnr r`cl zkl Lnst`f =112.

7>5 Iugwkj >;?=, >?7->?<.



>52 -

Gl pnrvlfu _oeikldnff ellbt `fvìg`lfgl jlig kf gl hns vnfgl f`mlil Iysekf jlst`rt.7>; Nnf jrnnb Bleilkslf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj jnb_oeikldnff llf vlrsinj vnf zkcf fklt loet ji`rkluzl euwlikch. Skcf vrùw`dsoerllb eld mkc wkl elt dnnr e`rlf wkigl nis llf vlrsoerkhhlikchl

tkrnf, llf glsp``t lf llf wliiustlikfj. Dnnr gnt wns ekc elildnni fklt,gnt inj nnf ennrzlib. Fn ennr llrstl zwnfjlrsoenp wkigl zl fklt dllr gntekc ennr nnfrnnhtl. Klglrl hllr gnt ekc mkc ennr hwnd soerlluwgl zl gntekc ennr vlrd``rglf wkigl. @dgnt zl eld fklt kf ennr mlg wki t`lintlfellbt ekc zkcf inntstl twll hkfglrlf vnf ennr d`ltlf stlilf.7=1

G``r gl nnfh``p vnf llf jr``t nnftni eukzlf kf Qnrkcs ellbt ekc llfjr``t jlgllitl vnf zkcf b`rtukf ukt _t. Qltlrsmurj wljjlennig. Muktlf _t.Qltlrsmurj hnf zkcf vrùw lr tlfdkfstl fklt nnfh`dlf. @`h flldt ekcllf ngvònnt kf gl nrd gkl lrv``r d`lt z`rjlf gnt ekc zkcf ]ussksoelstnntsmurjlrsoenp hwkctrnnht. Elt euwlikch ks fklt jlw`rglf wnt gl twll

loetliklglf lr zkoe vnf v``rjlstlig engglf. _oelkglf ks gl i`jksoel stnp,dnnr gnt ks fklt z` llfvùgkj. _oeikldnff ks ]ussksoe-`rte`g`x jl-trùwg lf vìjlfs gl rljlis vnf glzl hlrh ks soelkglf `fd`jlikch.7=>

Zkl wllt ks lr loetlr llf skdplil `pi`sskfj3 llf Ndlrkhnnfsl soelk-gkfj. Ekc d`lt tòe fnnr Ndlrkhn. Gnnr grlkjt llf bkfnfokèil elrv`r-dkfj lf ekc d`lt wltlf wnt gnt v``r zkcf jlig tl mltlhlf ellbt. \kt llfmrklb gkl ekc `p : `ht`mlr >52: nnf C.E. _oeròglr kf I`fglf soerkcbtmikcht gnt llf Ndlrkhnnfsl soelkgkfj dkssoeklf f`j fklt llfs z` kfjl-wkhhlig ks. Rìjlfs gl Ndlrkhnnfsl ndmnssnglur kf Qnrkcs ellbt ekc elt

Ndlrkhnnfsl stnntsmurjlrsoenp `dgnt ekc gnt kf blmrunrk >5<> nnfjl-

vrnnjg ellbt. Ekc ks fu vnf pinf `d zkcf pnpklrlf kf Flw [`rh `p tljnnf enilf. Rnf gnnr jnnt ekc gnf vlrglr `vlr Oekonj`, Okfokffntk, glDksskskppk nb fnnr Flw @rilnfs lf vnf gnnr fnnr Envnfn. Ekc wki kfb`r-dntkl vlrjnrlf vlr gl wlglr`pmùw vnf gl zukglikchl stntlf, e`l elt lrdlt gl nrmlkgshrnoetlf stnnt lf dlt gl vlrmùw vnf sukhlr lf hnt`lf.@p Oumn wki ekc kfb`rdntkl kfwkfflf `vlr gl sp``rikcflf gkl dlf lrmùwlf wki.7==

Eklr mlwllrt ekc gnt ekc kf >5<> zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl stnntsmurjlrsoenpnnfjlvrnnjg lf jlhrljlf ellbt. Znnr gnt `p jlmnsllrg ks mikcbt eklr `f-gukglikch. Kf zkcf `bbkokèil nut`mk`jrnbkl vlrtlit ekc zkcf ilzlrs gnt ekc kf

Onikb`rfkè wns t`lf gkt jlmklg `p 7 cuik >5<1 llf stnnt wlrg. Klglrllfgkl p gkl gnj p elt jr`fgjlmklg vnf gl fkluwl stnnt wns wlrg nut`dn-tksoe t`t Ndlrkhnnf jlfnturniksllrg.7=? Gkt hnf fklt hi`pplf. Onikb`rfkè

7>; Nfgrus`vî-Riolh`î Xgl noetlrhilkfgòetlr vnf _oeikldnffT >;;;, 7? ’GklRlrdòjlfsvlreçitfkssl glr Bndkikl Iysekf skfg dkr ufmlhnfft8 nmlr koe dòoetlmlt`flf, gnÐ kd gndnikjlf ]uÐinfg gkl jlsliisoenbtikoel _tliiufj ufg gkl lfjlrlfMlzkleufjlf zu gld E`bstnnt dler Mlglutufj enttlf.—

7=1 rnkii >;;<, ?>.7=> Zòibbikfj >;;;.7== Dlylr >;<?, >=;.

7=? _oeikldnff >5;=, >5.



>5:

wlrg `p ; slptldmlr >5<1 llf `fglrglli vnf gl Rlrlfkjgl _tntlf lf_oeikldnff hwnd gnnr pns kf dnnrt >5<> nnf.7=7 Znnr`d _oeikldnffglzl dlglglikfj kf gl mrklb nnf C.E. _oeròglr kf I`fglf gllg ks guks-tlr. Eng _oeikldnff gl e``p gnt ekc llfvùgkj Ndlrkhnnf h`f w`rglf

`dgnt ekc kf Onikb`rfkè jlwllst wns0_oeikldnff vlrtr`h p >: ht`mlr ukt Qnrkcs lf fnd `p =1 ht`mlr kfIkvlrp`ì gl ’]usskn—. Ekc hwnd fljlf gnjlf intlr kf Flw [ rh nnf. Ekcmlzòet eklr gl mlurs lf rlksgl vlrvìjlfs fnnr elt wlstlf. Ekc rlkst dltgl Flw [`rh-Olftrni, ìlg`-Oilvlinfg, Dkoekjnf-Olftrni, Kiikf`ks-Olftrni, Oekonj`-Murikfjt`f-ûkfoy, Qkttsmurj-B`rt Znkfl lf Oekonj`sp``rikcflf `dgnt ekc gnnr nnfglilf vnf ellbt. Ekc ks zllr tlvrlglf dltglzl ikcflf, zl jlvlf llf rlfgldlft vnf >1% lf ekc ellbt lr fklt tl vllijlig kf jlàfvlstllrg. Fnnst glzl sp``rikcflf ellbt ekc loetlr fklts jlv`f-glf gnt gl d`lktl vnf llf kfvlstlrkfj i``ft.7=< @vlr zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl

stnntsmurjlrsoenp e`rlf wl fklts dllr. Elt ks ``h gl vrnnj `b elt wlikftlrlssnft ks `d Ndlrkhnnf tl zkcf0 Elt jnnt gnnr elildnni fklt j`lg.Ekc ellbt kf Znsekfjt`f dlt prlskglft Nfgrlw C`fes`f (>515->5:<),dkfkstlr vnf bkfnfokèf Euje DoOuiiòe (>515->5;<), slorltnrks vnf glsoenthkst Jlflrni Brnfoks Likns _pkfflr (>51=->551) lf gl mlr`ldglJlflrni \iyssls _. Jrnft (>5==->55<) jlspr`hlf. Sl elmmlf eld niil-dnni jlrust pr`mlrlf tl stliilf dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t gl bkfnfokèil t`lstnfgvnf elt infg. Dlt zkcf lkjlf jlf ellbt ekc loetlr wnt nfglrs jlzklf. Lr ksstnjfntkl mkc gl bnmrkonjl vnf vnf niils lf f`j wnt, gl soellpsmùw jnntjlelli tlf jr`fgl, gl zukglikchl stntlf zkcf jlelli jlruàfllrg. Niillf

ni ukt Flw [`rh w`rgt cnnrikchs v``r $ <1.111.111 nnf jùg jlèxp`r-tllrg. Gl kdp`rt ukt Lur`pn ks vlli jr`tlr gnf gl lxp`rt gnnr fnnrt`l.Sl mlinstlf lr niils hnp`t. _oeikldnffs ks zkcf jli``b kf Ndlrkhnnfslnnfglilf jlelli vlri`rlf lf ellbt zkcf mnfh kf I`fglf pgrnoet jljlvlf`d zkcf mlzkt vnf $ ?11.111 gkl ekc eklr kf mliljg ellbt vrkc tl dnhlf.Gnnrfnnst d`ltlf zl v``r £>>.111 nnf Ndlrkhnnfsl sp``rwlj `mikjn-tkls h`plf.7=2

7=7 rnkii >;5>-5=, ??:.7=< Dlylr >;<?, >?>->?=.

7=2 Dlylr >;<?, >??.



>55 -

=;. Llf twllgl mlz`lh nnf lxli

Kf >52: mlzòet _oeikldnff lxli v``r gl twllgl hllr. Ekc wkigl gldlfslf gkl eld mkc gl strnfgkfj vnf gl ’G`r`teln— jleìplf engglf`pfkluw ftd`ltlf, dnnr gnt soekcft tljlfjlvniilf tl zkcf. \ktlkfglikchsoekcft ekc niillf M`h jltr`bblf tl elmmlf. Glzl soerllb `p = `ht`mlr>52: vnf nb lxli llf mrklb nnf _oeikldnff kf Qnrkcs3

Gl ellr Elfry _oeikldnffQnrkcs

lxli = `ht`mlr >52:

Dkcf mlstl ellr,

Kh hnf `fd`jlikch uktgruhhkfj jlvlf nnf gl nnfjlfndl vlrrnsskfjgkl gl `ftvnfjst vnf uw m`lh, In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f, v`rkjl zntlrgnj,v``r dkc wns. Fklt gnt kh nnf uw w``rg twkcligl. Gl enfg gkl u dkc jn tkcglfs uw vlrmikc kf Nihdnnr wns gl jnrnftkl vnf uw `prloetlmlg`likfjlf.

_tn dkc gl z`ltl jlgnoetl t`l, dkcf wnnrgl ellr, gkl jli``t gnt eltnnfjlfnnd zni zkcf v``r u d llf lxnotl h`pkl vnf elt pròls-vlrmnni,

g``r dkc kf >57> `pjldnnht nis rloetlr kf gkt onft`f, dlt mltrlhhkfjt`t gl fglrjnfj vnf gl G`r`teln, nnf m``rg wnnrvnf u zkoe mlv`fg,tl ftvnfjlf. Gl pdlrhlikchl jlmlurtlfks p fzl hust, gkl zlhlr g``rgl v``rzklfkjelkg wns `pjlzlt lf gkl u z`vlli v``rglli jlmrnoet ellt.Gkt gòudlft zni `fjltwkclig zkcf wnnrgl mlwkczlf wnffllr u ``ktuw mk`jrnl zuit soerkcvlf.

Gl ellr O`rgls ks gl z``f vnf elt e``g vnf elt mlinfjrkchl Ndstlrgndsl enfgliseuks _tnpe`ft Inuz X0T. Ekc stnnt mlhlfg `d zkcfkftliikjlftkl lf ks zllr rlsplotnmli. Ekc ks t`tnni tl vlrtrùwlf lf khglfh gnt ekc j`lg ks v``r elt mlgrnj wnnr`vlr u sprllht. Kh glfh gnt u

zkoe jllf z`rjlf e`lt tl dnhlf.R``r kh glzl mrkl mlsiukt wki kh u f`j vlrtliilf e`l nnfjlfnnd lfkftlrlssnft kh elt ilzlf vnf uw m`lh v`fg. Kh elm elt v``rtgurlfgdlt pilzklr jlilzlf. S`wli elt `fglrwlrp nis gl llfvùgkjl stkci zkcf`fvlrjltlikch



>5;

D`jl gl j`lgl J`g u f`j vlil cnrlf jlvlf tlr zljl vnf gl sndlfilvkfj. Dòet u gkt lkinfg ``kt wllr mlz`lhlf, wllst u lr gnf vlrzlhlrg vnfgnt wkc u nitkcg nis llf vrklfg zuiilf `ftvnfjlf.

\w t`ljlwkcgl vrklfg,

M`h 7=:

Mkcjlsi`tlf mkc glzl mrklb ks llf h`pkl wnnrkf elt g``r Hnpktlkf _kd`fslfmkc f`tnrks Hkhhlrt `pjlstligl Sllpr`tlst lf gl _oellpsvlrhinrkfj sn-dlfjlv`ljg zkcf. @pdlrhlikch jlf`lj ks glzl h`pkl `p fklt lsslftkèilpinntslf wnt mkcjlwlrht. Elt `rspr`fhlikchl Sllpr`tlst mljkft, z`nis wljlzklf elmmlf, nis vìjt3

Elglf glf glrtklfglf Gloldmlr Noettklf e`fglrg llf lf vllrtkj o`d- pnrllrgl v``r Cènffks Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt `plfmnnr F`tnrks rlskgl-rlfgl `p elt Lkinfg lxli, nrr`fgkssldlft Nihdnnr, pr`vkfokl F``rgEìinfg, tlr prlslftkl vnf gl fn tlf`ldlf jltukjlf37=5

Gl h`pklèf gkl M`h nnf _oeikldnff stuurgl mljkft loetlr dlt llfklts nfglrl tlhst3

Kf elt Cnnr Noettklf e`fglrg llf lf vllrtkj glf zlstklfglf gnj vnfglf dnnfg Gloldmlr, o`dpnrllrglf v``r `fs Dr. Zkiild M`h, rljtlr pinntsvlrvnfjlr kf elt hnft`f Eliglr, rlskglrlfgl `p lxli, nrr`fgks-sldlft Nihdnnr, pr`vkfokl F``rg Eìinfg, jlnsskstllrg dlt glf sum-stktuut Jrklr37=;

Glzl vlrnfglrkfj kf gl tlhst vnf Dr. M`h ks lxtrn `pvniilfg `dgnt`p elt d`dlft gnt elt zllpr`tlst `vlrjnnt kf gl _oellpsvlrhinrkfj glfnnd vnf Hkhhlrt wli jlf`ldg w`rgt. Gl kfeùg vnf glzl h`pkl ks, wntgl lsslftkèil `fglrglilf mltrlbt, loetlr kglftklh nnf elt `rkjkflli. `lf_oeikldnff glrtklf cnnr intlr, kf >551, zkcf nut`mk`jrnbkl soerllb h`fekc gus `vlr elt `rkjkflil vlrenni vnf gl strnfgkfj vnf gl ’G`r`teln—mlsoekhhlf. `lf ekc zkoezlib kf glzl nut`mk`jrnbkl nis soellpsc`fjlf`pv`lrgl wkst ekc gnt gkt fklt hi`ptl lf gnt lr gòudlftlf wnrlf gkl gntnnft``fglf. Ekc fnd gus g`limlwust elt rksko` gnt kldnfg zkcf vlrennizù fntrlhhlf.

Llf pnnr dnnfglf intlr `ftvkfj _oeikldnff f`j llf mrklb ukt lxli3

7=: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. <25?5, M`x3 Bìglr 2>32.7=5 ]kchsnroeklb v``r gl Qr`vkfokl F``rg Eìinfg. Nroeklb F`tnrks Hkhhlrt F. :?<.

7=; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. <25?5, M`x3 Bìglr 2>32.



>;1 -

Eìinfg lxli =7 Gloldmlr

ZliLgliJlm`rlfEllr!

Elt ks dkc fklt `fmlhlft jlmilvlf gnt \wLgJlm llfkjl tkcg jlilglf`fs lkinfg mlzòet tlf lkfgl nieklr f`j llfs gl pilh tl nnfsoeùwlf ni-wnnr \lgJlm`rlf kf elt cnnr >57> fu =2 cnrlf jlilglf \w soekp vlr-i``r kf gl Lkclrinfgsoel jr`fglf, zkcfgl llf Endmurjlrsoekp jlfnndgG`rlteln onpktlkf Curjlf _kd`fsslf vnf Endmurj fnnr Injukcrn. Gkl pilh elt \lgJlm`rlf hufflf vkfglf lf nignnr f`j llfs jlmnng, dnnrfklt elmt jkc hufflf vkfglf uwl vlrz`rjlrs lf wlig`lflrs tlf tkcgluwlr strnfgkfj.

\lgJlm`rlf f`ldgl Cno`m Mrnfs gklfs vrùw ` gl gklfstm`gl - gltwll llrstlf wnrlf rllgs `vlrilglf tlrwkci inntst jlf`ldgl (gl gklfst-

m`gl) \ fklttljlfstnnfgl niil fnsp`rkfjlf `fmlhlfg mill.\wl h`dst nieklr lf \lgJlm mlinfjrkch jldnnht `rtukf fn gl strnf-gkfj mill nieklr fklt `fmlhlfg lf z`` elt dllrdnilf pinnts ellt `philkfl pinntslf w`rgt zuihs nijldllf mlspr`hlf. Gkl jlsprlhhlf lf`fglrz`lhkfjlf elmmlf d`jlf ilkglf t`t elt vkfglf vnf gl gklfstdlkgwlihl tkcglfs uwl strnfgkfj tlf eukzl vnf Mrnfs `p elt Lkclrinfgsoeleuks gklfstmnnr wns lf wlihl gnf g``r \LgJlm nis uw wlig`lfstlrgklr gnjlf ks jlf`ldg. Gl fnnd glzlr vrùw ks

Dnnrtcl O`rfliks Hukplr

wlguwl O`rfliks R`fh w`flfgl nnf elt @`stlrlfg `p lxli. Wnfswlguwl dlt vklr hkfglrlf vlrhlrlfgl kf euip mle`lvlfgl stnnt.

gnt zkc tkcglfs \wl strnfgkfj gl ùglrg`d eng vnf >5 cnrlf lftenfs 77 cnrlf ùg ks lf rllgs `p gkl clujgkjl illtkcg vnf >5 cnnr j`lg `ftwkhhlit.

gnt zkc gl j`lglrlf vnf \ lf nfglrlf ellt jlwnssoelf lf vlrglrkf \lgJlm mle`ltl v``rznj, gnt zkc f`j gnnrv``r ellt onglnu`ftvnfjlf vnf llf glr soelplikfjlf llf zlldnfshkst f`j kf ennrmlzkt lf nnf dkc jlwlzlf lf

gnt h`rtl tkcg fn gl strnfgkfj gl lqukpnjl ks vlrtr`hhlf dlt ukt-z`fglrkfj vnf glf Onpktlkf, _tuurdnf lf M``tsdnf wlihl innt-stl enivl mr`lrs wnrlf lfz.

>.

=.

?.



>;>

Kh elm jldllfg \lgJlm vnf llf lf nfglr tl d`ltlf hlffksjlvlf tldllr gnnr gl mlg`ligl gklfstm`gl tenfs kf ennr wlguwstnnt dlt enrl7 hkfglrlf kf euip mle`lvlfgl stnnt vlrhllrt lf wnnr`d kh glzl gnf``h kf \lgJlm dlfsoeiklvlfgl zllr mlillglikch nnfmlvlli.

Dlt gl dllstl jlv`lilfs vnf e``jnoetkfj elm kh gl llr tl zkcf

\lgGwGklfnnr Q. H`fkfj 7?1

_oeikldnff eng gl jlw``ftl `d `p gl mlwnnrgl mrklvlf nnf tl tl-hlflf wnffllr ekc zl `ftvnfjlf lf wnffllr ekc zl mlnftw``rg eng. @pglzl mrklb stnnt niillf nnfjltlhlfg gnt ekc eld kf >525 `ftvkfj. Zld`ltlf lr gus vnf uktjnnf gnt ekc eld f``kt mlnftw``rg ellbt.

7?1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. <:1?:, M`x3 B`iglr 2>32.



Flglrinfg

lf

_oeikldnff



>;<

>. Llf vnrkntkl `p gl Jrnfg ùr

Lkfg Nprki >525 jkfj _oeikldnff `pfkluw `p rlks. Gkt hllr fnnr Ktnikè.E`lwli ekc intlr zkcf ilzlrs vlrtligl gnt ekc vlrtr`h d fglrz`lh tl jnnfg`lf7?> wns gnt kf wlrhlikchelkg fklt elt jlvni. Ekc eng gkt dkssoeklfwli jrnnj jlwkig, dnnr elt znt lr fklt kf. Ekc mljrllp gnt ekc llf jlw`flt`lrkst wns gkl zkoe dlt wnt ekc nnf gl `pplrvinhtl znj tlvrlglf d`lststliilf. Kf elt rlksvlrsinj vnf >525 f`tllrgl ekc gnt eld gl hlffks v``rwlrhlikch wltlfsoenpplikch fglrz`lh ftmrnh.7?=

Znffllr wl gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf ]`dl ilzlf zklf wl gukglikch gnt ekc

eklr nis llf typksoel fljlftklfgl-lluwsl t`lrkst r`fg iklp. Dlt jr`tl fn-klvl `jlf hkcht ekc r`fg lf zklt w`fglrikchl znhlf. Ekc zklt gl rlstlf vnfgl tldpli vnf Onst`r lf Qìiux lf gkl vnf Dnrous Ourtkus, wnnr Ourtkuskf gl nbjr`fg spr`fj.7?? Gnnr stnnt ``h gl vkcjlfm``d wnnr ]`duiuslf ]ldus zkcf noetlrjlintlf.7?7 Elt ks fklt prlokls gukglikch wnffllr eltvlrenni vnf ]`duius lf ]ldus zkoe nbjlspllig ellbt, okron ?11 cnnr fngl vni vnf r`cl, dnnr elt d`lt llf hfnp ùgl m``d jlwllst zkcf t`lf_oeikldnff eld znj.

`lf _oeikldnff kf ]`dl wns mlzòet ekc lr llf nnftni nroelì`jk-soel `pjrnvkfjlf. Ekc wns loetlr fklt lxtrn `b splokbklh kf glzl pinntslf

jlàftlrlssllrg, dnnr zl dnnhtlf fu llfdnni glli ukt vnf niil t`lrkstksoelnttrnotkls gkl ]`dl tl mklglf eng. _oeikldnff mlzòet zlhlr z` vlli `bdkssoeklf zlibs f`j wli dllr Oerkstlikchl hlrhlf. _oeikldnff eng gljlw``ftl `d mlr`ldgl lf mlinfjrkchl dlfslf `p tl z`lhlf lf `dgntekc llf rkch dnf wns wlrg ekc `vlr elt nijldllf ``h dlt `plf nrdlf`ftvnfjlf. Kf ]`dl mlz`lht ekc Qkltr` ]`sn (>5>1->5;>),7?< elt e``bgvnf gl pjrnvkfjlf kf ]`dl lf djlvkfj. Glzl rnnggl _oeikldnff nnf`d Rlrjkikus tl ilzlf.

_oeikldnff mrlfjt v``r gl twllgl hllr kf zkcf ilvlf llf mlz`lh nnfQ`dplck. Elt wlrh jnnt lr fu wnt mltlr gnf gl v`rkjl hllr gnt ekc llf

mlz`lh nnf glzl stng mrnoet. Dlf ellbt lr fu llf sp``rikcf nnfjliljg

7?> _oeikldnff >5;=, =2.7?= Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==? f``t :.7?? Kf ?2= v.Oer. `plfgl zkoe llf `fdltlikch gklpl spillt kf elt B`rud ]`dnfud.

Gl prklstlrs vlrhinnrglf gnt ekc zkoe wllr zù siuktlf wnffllr dlf lr gnt kf j``kglwnt elt dllstl wnnrg wns v``r gl ]`dlkflf. Dnrous Ourtkus mljrllp gnt lr v``rllf ]`dlkf fklts mlinfjrkchlr wns gnf wnplfs lf d`lg. Ekc spr`fj vlrvìjlfs kfvìil wnplfrustkfj dlt zkcf pnnrg kf gl spillt, gkl zkoe gnnr`p si``t.

7?7 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==<.7?< ]`sn, Qkltr` >5:? _uiil so`plrtl nroelì`jkoel gliin oktá l pr`vkfokn gk ]`dn fljik

nffk >5:>-:= . ]`dl.



>;2 -

wnnrdll elt nbvni nbjlv`lrg hnf w`rglf. Rlrvìjlfs mlz`lht ekc eltduslud kf Fnplis wnnr ekc twll znilf vì mlliglf lf duursoekiglrkf-jlf ukt Q`dplck zklt. Ekc stlit vnst gnt gl soekiglrkfjlf ennstkj jldnnhtzkcf, dnnr tòe z ‛f gukglikchl liljnftkl lf ikoetelkg vnf plfslliv`lrkfj

elmmlf gnt gl hufstlfnnr wlrhlikch gl fntuur jlvnfjlf ellbt. Elt zkltlr flrjlfs jlb`rollrg ukt, elt ks `vlrni elli fntuurikch. Znffllr dlf gldllstlrwlrhlf ukt gl ugelkg dlt gkl vnf ]nbnli vlrjlikcht, gnf zklt eltwlrh vnf gl inntstl lr jlhfutslig ukt lf `ftmrllht gnnrkf niil ilvlf.7?2 Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff lfkjl oìiljls hufstjlsoeklglfks jl-vìjg ellbt. Gkt zkcf fklt gl uktsprnhlf vnf llf znhlfdnf.

Fn elt duslud mrlfjt _oeikldnff llf mlz`lh nnf gl nroelì``j gklgl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf Q`dplck ilkggl, Jkuslppl Bk`rliik (>5=?->5;2).7?:

Ni kf gl zlvlftklfgl lluw wns lr v``r elt llrst kf Q`dplck jljrnvlf.Kf gl noettklfgl lluw jr`lkgl gkt ukt t`t llf wnrl kfgustrkl `d nnf

gl vrnnj fnnr nftklhl hufstsoenttlf tl vìg`lf. `lf Bk`rliik kf >521gkrlotlur vnf gl `pjrnvkfjlf wlrg jkfj elt r`lr `d. Dllr f`j gnf_oeikldnff ks Bk`rliik ëëf vnf gl vnglrs vnf gl nroelì`jkl. Znnr dlft`t gkl tkcg niillf fnnr v``rwlrplf jlzòet eng `ftwkhhligl Bk`rliik llf`pjrnvkfjstloefklh wnnrmkc gl jlv`fglf eukzlf mlwnnrg milvlf lf dlfllf mllig h`f hrkcjlf vnf e`l glzl stng lr uktjlzklf eng. Elt mlinfj vnfglzl dlte`gl vnf wlrhlf soekcft loetlr nnf _oeikldnff v``rmkc jljnnftl zkcf. kcglfs zkcf mlz`lh nnf Q`dplck stlit ekc vnst gnt gl `pjrnvkf-jlf dnnr infjznnd v`rglrlf. Kf twll wlhlf hufflf zl f`j dnnr fltëëf euks uktjrnvlf. _oeikldnff ks wli `fglr gl kfgruh vnf gl dnfklr

wnnr`p Bk`rliik dlt mleuip vnf jkps gl v`rdlf vnf mkc gl uktmnrstkfj`djlh`dlf dlfslf wllt vnst tl iljjlf. Lf elt zkcf fklt niillf dlfslfgkl `p glzl dnfklr jlv`fglf w`rglf. Bk`rliik ellbt `p gkl dnfklr ``hllf glur lf llf soeukbglur zkoetmnnr jldnnht.7?5

lruj kf Fnplis z`lht _oeikldnff gl o`fslrvnt`r vnf elt duslud`p, Qnsqunil _o`jfndkjik` wklfs jr``tvnglr kf >:75 dlt `pjrnvlf kfQ`dplck mlj`fflf wns. _oeikldnff mlz`lht vlrvìjlfs

Elrouinflud lf iukstlrt fnnr gl oìiljls vnf llf nnftni pr`blss`-rlf nnf gl ufkvlrsktlkt vnf Fnplis. Jlgurlfgl gkt jlgllitl vnf zkcf rlksrnnht ekc stllgs dllr kf gl mnf vnf gl f`j zkoetmnrl `vlrmikcbslilf vnf

gl ùgelkg.

7?2 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==5.7?: Gys`f =112, 75-7; ’... Jkuslppl Bk`rliik, XwnsT tel bùfgkfj bntelr `b d`glrf

Q`dplknf nroenlì`jy nfg n olftrni bkjurl kf tel lnriy fntk`fni plrk`g `b Ktniknfnroenlì`jy ... El wns inrjliy slib-tnujet kf nroenlì`jy, niterùje el wns n ml-flbkoknry `b tel rkoe Flnpìktnf nftkqunrknf trngktk`f ... Eks splokni pnssk`f wnsfudksdntkos ... nfg o`kfs rldnkflg n olftlrpklol `b Bk`rliik‛s rlslnroe terùjeùteks ikbl.—

7?5 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, ==5.



>;:

Ekc rlkst g``r fnnr O`rbu wnnr ekc gl pinnts mlz`lht wnnr Fnuskonn

@gysslus `ftvnfjlf ellbt. @`h mlz`lht ekc gl iòntkl vnf gl ùgl stng,gl mlkgl envlfs lf gl pinnts wnnr elt pnilks vnf Nihkf`òs jlstnnf ellbt.Lf t`t si`t hkcht ekc fnnr gl r`ts gkl `vlrmillb vnf @gysslus‛ soekp fngntQ`slkg`f elt kf stllf vlrnfglrg eng. Ekc mlzòet Hlbni`fkn lf millb fl-jlf gnjlf `p Ktenon wnnr ekc lihl mr`f, lihl mlrj lf lihl envlf mlzòetwnnr`vlr E`dlrus jlsoerlvlf eng. Ekc mlhllh gl ukt oyoi`pksoel stlflfjlmùwgl vnrhlfsstniilf vnf Ludnlus lf gl mr`f vnf Nrlteusn. Elthnstlli vnf @gysslus inj `p gl mlrj Nèt`s wnnr dlf niilrilk pukf vkfgt.

Znnr lr dnnr nnrgl tl vkfglf ks `p gl t`p vnf glzl mlrj innt _oeikldnff

@pjrnvkfj kf Q`dplck dkgglf fljlftklfgl lluw.



>;5 -

jrnvlf. @p ëëf pinnts ftglhtl dlf llf hilkfl mljrnnbpinnts dlt twkftkjurflf dlt nftklhl v`rdlf, dlt gnnrkf gl ns vnf dlfslf, lf gnnrfnnsttwll zwnnrglf lf llf dls.7?;

Lf z` vlrnfglrt `p Ktenon gl kf gl ùgelkg jlàftlrlssllrgl t`lrkst

kf llf ’nroelì``j—. Nnf gl enfg vnf Cèf Durrnys‛ N Enfgm``h `rrnvliilrs kf Jrllol ukt >5<7 mlhkcht ekc niils wnt lr tl zklf ks `p gkt lk-infg. Gl E`dlrksoel vlrenilf zkcf v``r _oeikldnff nmsìutl jlsoekl-glfks. Elt pnilks vnf @gysslus ks flt z` rlèli nis gnt vnf Flr` lf guslvlf j`lg tlruj tl vkfglf. Ekc ks z` `pjlt`jlf `vlr zkcf v`fgstlf lfmlsoeùwt zl nis z` mlinfjrkch gnt ekc mlsiukt zl tl pumikolrlf.

Ekc rlkst vlrvìjlfs fnnr Ntelfl wnnr ekc noet gnjlf mikcbt. Ekc mrlfjteklr llf mlz`lh nnf Noekiils Q`stìnoons, gl gkrlotlur vnf elt fudks-dntksoe duslud. Glzl mlhkcht gl vìjlfgl gnj gl g``r _oeikldnff`p glzl rlks vlrzndligl duftlf lf gl g``r eld `pjljrnvlf p`tcls.

Ekc v`lit zkoe loetlr fklt kf stnnt `d gl `p Ktenon jlv`fglf p`tcls tlgntlrlf.771

7?; Dlylr >;<5, ?=.

771 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =?2-=?:.

Ktenhn - L. G`gwlii >5>;.



>;;

@p =< cuik `ftd`lttl _oeikldnff kf Ntelfl gl Guktsl nroektlotLrfst Skiilr (>5?:->;=?).77> Glzl eng kf >527 R`f Enef mkcjlstnnf mkcgklfs `pjrnvkfjlf kf Murfnmnsek, elt E`dlrksoel r`cl. _oeikldnffhrllj vnf eld fklt niillf R`f Enefs m`lh, dnnr `fjltwkcblig ``h zkcf

plrs``fikchl kfgruhhlf.Skiilr wns eklr p =; dlk >527 sndlf dlt R`f Enef nnf llf fglr-z`lh mlj`fflf. Ekc wns lr mkc t`lf gnnr llf nnftni jr`tl stlflf vnf llfduur `pjljrnvlf wlrglf. R``r R`f Enef wns elt gnnrfn jllf vrnnjdllr3 gkt wns gl plrjnd`s vnf r`cl. E`lwli dlf glrtkj gnjlf infjdlt tusslf gl twllèftwkftkj lf zlslfglrtkj dnf jr`lb wnrlf gl v`fgs-tlf fklt `vlrwligkjlfg.77= Gkt wns loetlr jllf pr`milld v``r gl elrlf.Dlf wkst elt zlhlr, Murfnmnsoek ks r`cl lf elt wns gkl kfb`rdntkl gklSkiilr nnf _oeikldnff jnb.

Rìjlfs zkcf rlksvlrsinj mlsi``t _oeikldnff `d dltllf fnnr r`cl,

gnt ks Murfnmnsoek, tl rlkzlf, dnnr gnt vkli fklt dll. Llf Brnfsl st``d-m``t, gkl gl j`lgl hnft uktjkfj, h`f eld fklt mli`vlf gnt ekc nnf glGnrgnfliilf elt soekp vlrintlf h`f. Ekc mlsi``t `d p llf @`stlfrkchslst``dm``t tl wnoetlf, gkl eld wli p gl cukstl pinnts h`f nbzlttlf. Eltguurgl loetlr f`j lvlf v``r gkt soekp nnf zù h`dlf lf d glzl wnoet-tkcg j`lg tl mlstlglf mlsi``t _oeikldnff `fglrtusslf fnnr Dyhlfl lf

Nrj`s tl jnnf.77? Skcf mlz`lh nnf gl Qli`pp`fls`s wns gus fklt vnf tlv`rlf jlpinfg lf zù vlrd`lglikch `p gkt d`dlft fklt pinntsjlv`fglfelmmlf wnffllr ekc `fdkggliikch llf m``t eng hufflf pnhhlf `d fnnrr`cl tl jnnf.

Fu mlzòet ekc H`rkftel, @ug H`rkftel, Dyhlfl, Nrj`s lf gl ùg-stl vlstkfj tlr wlrlig, yrkfs. Ekc ks zllr `fglr gl kfgruh vnf gl oyoi`pk-soel durlf vnf gl inntstl. @`h Dyhlfl m`lkgl eld. Gkt wns ni jlellivlrvniilf t`lf euoygkgls (721-711 v.Oer.) elt mlzòet. Ekc v`fg twllvnf gl soenthndlrs vnf Njndldf`f kf jlelli vlrw`lstl stnnt, dnnr ëëfwns lr f`j elli. _oeikldnff ks zllr `pjlt`jlf `vlr glzl ’soenthndlr—.Ekc ks vnf prnoetkj jlpìkcstl stllf jlmùwg, z`fglr oldlft `b hnih,wnnrkf dlf f`j stllgs hilkfl jntlf dlt `vlrmikcbslilf vnf mr`fzlf spkc-hlrs hnf zklf. Nnf glzl spkchlrs elmmlf mr`fzlf pintlf jlenfjlf wnnr-dll gl elil mkfflfhnft mlhillg wns. @`h gl nor`pìks vnf Njndldf`f

ks f`j j`lg tl zklf lf gnf ks lr fntuurikch f`j gl jr`tl p``rt dlt gnnr`pgl twll illuwlf gkl tljlf llf zuki nnf stnnf. Gkt ks wnnrsoekcfikch eltùgstl rlikèb mlligeùwwlrh ukt Lur`pn.777

@b gl @`stlfrkchsl st``dm``t ``kt jlh`dlf ks `b fklt ks `fmlhlfg.@p < nujustus >525 vlrtrlht _oeikldnff ukt Ntelfl dlt llf Brnfsst``dsoekp fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf. Elinns hnf ekc gnnr fklt vnf m``rg

77> rnkii >;5<-‛52, >7.77= R`f Enef, >52<, <.77? Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =?:.

777 Dlylr >;<5, ?=.



=11 -

jnnf lf d`lt ekc g``rrlkzlf fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli. Rnf gnnr vnnrt ekcf`j glzlibgl gnj tlruj fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf lf gkt hllr hnf ekc wli nnfinfg jnnf.

Gl r`cnnfsl vinhtl wns llf d`lkikch tl mlrlkhlf jlmklg,77< dnnr gl

ilzlrs vnf elt Flglrinfgsoe Duslud engglf zkoe lr llf mllig vnf hufflfv`rdlf. Kf >5<7 eng gkt tkcgsoerkbt llf vlrsinj vnf llf mlz`lh nnf glmùwvniilf vnf r`cl g``r Elrkmlrt` Jnrokn gl ûlvlg` jlpumikollrg3

Kf _dkrfn mrnjt elt t`lvni dkc tl zndlf dlt llf c`fjlf Ndlrkhnnfsoelfzlldnf, gkl zkoe dlt jlf`ljlf mlrlkg vlrhinnrgl d dkc tl vlrjlzliilf.Zkc v`lrlf kf llfl tndlikch j`lgl m``t vnf _dkrfn n lf mlzòetlfllrst gl mùwvniilf vnf Nilxnfgrkè r`ns lf gl stng Lshk-_tndmùi(@ug-_tndmùi), llfl glr llrstl zllstlglf fglr elt hlkzlrrkch. Gnnr`pmlrlkhtlf wkc, gl hust eùglfgl, Oenffn-Hnilsk, niwnnr wkc pnnrglfeuurglf lf `fs, `fglr jlilkgl vnf llf Njn ` kfinfgsoelf jkgs, fnnr

gkl hinssklhl e``jtlf vnf elt Kgn-jlmlrjtl `p wlj mljnvlf, wlihs eli-ikfj wkc kf fklt tlf vìil ëëf gnjrlks mlrlkhtlf.

Gl jnfsoel infgstrllh vnf r`ns t`t nnf Gnrgnfkè, wlihl wkc g``r-tr`hhlf, wns dlt gnt wlliglrkj jr`lf mlglht, eltwlih gl hust-infglfvnf Hilkf-Nzkè `vlrni vlrsklrt. Dnnr gl elrkfflrkfj nnf elt jr``tlvlrilglfl, wnnrvnf gkt infg elt t``flli wns, m`lkgl z`` jlelli lf ni`fzl nnfgnoet, gnt fòe dkcf dlgjlzli, fòe kh `p glzl soe``felglfglr fntuur noet jnvlf. Gklzligl wlj eng kddlrs kf ùgl tkcglf glf Dno`g`fksoelf elig Nilxnfglr mlsoeùwg, t`lf ekc f`j vÿÿr zkcf kf-vni kf Qlrzkè elt jrn vnf Noekiils mlzòet lf nnf gl soekd vnf gklf

`fmlgwkfjmnrlf elig gl soenttkfj zkcflr mlw`fglrkfj mrnjt. Dlf vlr-ennit gnt gl Dnolg`fksoel hrkcjsdnf, t`lf ekc glf g``gseluvli dltinuwlrlf `dhrnfsgl, kf t``rfkjl sdnrt lr `vlr jlwllfg ellt, gnt gl clujgkjl Noekiils rllgs z``vlli r`ld eng vlrw`rvlf, tlrwkci ekc zlif`j fklts jlgnnf eng, `d zkcf fnnd `fstlrlikch tl dnhlf. Lf tòevlrpilttlrgl glzl, kf zkcfl lkjlfl soenttkfj z`` wlkfkj mlgukglfgl dnfkf llfkjl vligsinjlf elt dnjtkjstl rkch vnf gkl tkcglf lf vlr`vlrgl kf`fjli``kch h`rtlf tkcg gl wlrlig!

Intlr znj glzl pinnts llf nfglrlf d`fnroe vnf llf f`j dnjtkjlrrkch, glf w`lstlf lf gwnzlf tkrnf Onrnoniin, gkl, fklt tlvrlglf dlt

Nilxnfglr‛s mlz`lh `p elt jrn vnf Noekiils fn tl vìjlf, ``h glzlfinntstl trnoettl fn tl nplf, lf tlf gklf lkfgl zkcf vrklfg Blstus ikltvlrjktkjlf, niillf `d llfl rlglf tl elmmlf, `d gl g``r E`dlrus ml-z`fjlfl splilf mkc elt ikch-llst vnf Qntròius wlglr tl vlrt``flf. Llf jruwmnnr, gìzkffkj p`tslfspli!

77< Nsinf =112, ?:< ’Gns Ilmlf kf glr r`ns wnr sler jlbçerikoe, mls`fglrs bùr gkl]lkslfglf. Gkl Jlbner wnr s`wèi v`r glf Kfslif (Qkrntlrkl) nis nuoe nf glrHùstl ufg kd Ekftlrinfg v`renfglf. Gkl ]lkslfglf duÐtlf ufmlgkfjt lkfkjl

Ilkmwçoetlr nis Mljilktplrs`flf enmlf.—



=1>

Lf `vlr gklzligl vliglf wnfgligl, kf `fzl fkltkjl pr`znàsoel lluw,llfznnd lf zwkcjlfg, llf fklt `fwnnrgkjl dlglgkfjlr vnf glf Noekiils-mlzkfjlr3 Myr`f, gl jr``tl soelpplr vnf Oekigl-Enr ig lfG`f Cunf, gkl dlgl nnf gl mùwvniilf vnf elt vlrw`lstl Kikud zkcfl

soenttkfj mrnjt.`lf wkc gklf wlj mltrnglf, wnnr`p zuihl jr``tsoel v`ltstnpplf jl-gruht st`fglf, t`lf h`fglf ``h wkc fklt fnintlf, `d, ni wnrl eltgnf ``h dlt `flkfgkj vlli dllr rlglf gnf `fzl Dnolg`fksoel elig,`fzl hilkfelkg, `fzl `fmlgukglfgelkg, `fzl vìstrlhtl fkltkjelkg tlmltrlurlf!

Lkfglikch mlrlkhtlf wkc glf v`lt vnf glf Kgn, lf glf eluvli, wnnr`pzkoe tenfs elt g`rp M`ffnr-Mnsoek vlrelt, gnt, vìjlfs gl dllfkfjvnf glf rlkzkjlr Il Oelvniklr, `p gl pinnts vnf elt ùgl r`cl d`ltstnnf. Gl mr`hstuhhlf vnf zukilf, mnsrlikls lf nfglrl `vlrmikcslilf

glr ùgelkg, wlihl dlf kf gl fnmkcelkg vnf gkt g`rp vkfgt, soekcflfglzl dllfkfj tl mlvlstkjlf, e`lwli `vlr elt nijldllf klglr vilh vnfHilkf-Nzkl rkch ks nnf glrjlikchl ùgelglf, wlihl gnf llrst rljt nnfelt ikoet zuiilf h`dlf, nis dlf jlrljligl jrnvkfjlf zni kf elt wlrhstliilf.

Gl ùgl ``rh`fglf slglrt E`dlrus stlddlf niil gnnrkf `vlrllf, gntKikud, gl lkjlftikchl fnnd vnf r`cl, fklt nis gl fnnd glr stng niillf,dnnr ``h zllr gkhwkcis nis gkl vnf elt jlellil infg jlmrukht wlrg, gntzkoe tussoelf gl rkvklrlf _kd`ks lf _ondnfglr ` Nnfteus uktstrlht lfzkoe `p llf eluvli nnf glf v`lt vnf glf Kgn llfkjlrdntl o`folftrllrt.

Glzl mlpnikfjlf intlf zkoe niil `p gl pinnts t`lpnsslf, wnnr`p elglftlf gnjl M`ffnr-Mnsoek stnnt.

@vlrkjlfs ks glzl pilh tljlfw``rgkj dllr mlr`ldg g``r gl dlfkjtlvnf wnrdl mr`fflf, wlihl vnf gl urhlf glf fnnd vnf ’gl vllrtkj``jlf— vlrhrljlf elmmlf, gnf g``r gl elrkfflrkfj nnf gkl fstlrlikchlstng. Glzl mr`fflf wliilf dlt jr``tl eltkjelkg ukt glf jr`fg lf vlr-llfkjlf zkoe g``r dkggli vnf twll hnfnilf dlt glf _ondnfglr.

Zkc engglf `fzl E`dlrksoel elrkfflrkfjlf vlrilvlfgkjg, lf dllf-glf kf gkt vilh gl pinnts tl elrhlfflf, wnnr`p gl strkcg `p ilvlf lf

g``g tussoelf Elot`r lf Noekiils eng pinnts jlv`fglf, fngnt Dkflrvn,gl jlstnitl nnffldlfgl vnf Noekiils‛ mldkfglf mr`lglr Glk`m`s, glfr`cnnfsoelf elig eng dksilkg. lf eld `p gkl wkczl nnfjlsp``rg eng`d eklr zkcf vrllslikchlf vkcnfg n tl wnoetlf.

Kf gl vinhtl, wlihl glf _kd`ks vnf glf _ondnfglr soelkgt, mldlrhtdlf twll hilkfl vlrelvlfelglf nnrgeluvlis, p tndlikch jr``tlf n-stnfg vnf lihnfglr, wlihl, vìjlfs gl vlrilvlrkfj gnnr tl infgl, wlihl`fs g``r Njn w`rgt dllgljlgllig, gl jrnvlf vnf Noekiils lf Qntròius,` vnf Qntròius lf Nftkiòeus d`ltlf zkcf. Lf glzl np`hrkll eluvliszkcf kfglrgnng niils, wnt vnf gl ùgl e``gstng vnf r`ns, wnt vnf



=1= -

glf zltli gls uktjlstrlhtlf rkchs vnf Qrkndus ks `vlrjlmilvlf - nitenfskfgklf fklt f`j llfdnni gl wlrhzndl jllst vnf llf Lur`plsoelf jl-illrgl ``h r`cl wlglr `pglit, lvlf nis rllgs dlt Fkfkvë jlmlurg ks.

Zkc mlstllgglf lr llf jnfsoelf gnj nnf, dlt `p glzlf hinssklhlf

jr`fg `d tl wnfglilf, lf hllrglf glf vìjlfglf gnj fnnr Oenffn-Hnilsk tlruj, vnf wnnr wkc fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf v`lrlf, `d nignnr glst``dm``t wlãr n tl wnoetlf, wlihl `fs fnnr H`fstnftkf`pli mrlfjlfd`lst.772

_oeikldnff rlkst, flt nis Gl ûlvlg`, vnf gl Gnrgnfliilf dltllfg``r fnnr Murfnmnsoek. Elt jlmklg mlvnit eld fklt. Gl pnnrglf elm-mlf lr jllf znglis, elt mr``g w`rgt lr dlt vklzl enfglf jlmnhhlf lfdlf w`rgt lr g``r gl vi``klf `pjljltlf. Lf gnf ikjt gkt g`rp ``h f`jdkgglf tusslf gl d`lrnsslf z`gnt dlf lr lih d`dlft g``r gl h``rts

`vlrvniilf hnf w`rglf.77:

Fll, r`cl mlz`lhlf g`l cl fklt v``r cl pilzklr.Ekc stuurt zkcf vnglr llf uktjlmrlkg vlrsinj vnf gkt mlz`lh, dnnr `pvni-ilfg jlf`lj elrkfflrt ekc eld fklt nnf gl mli`btl gkl ekc eld nis hkfgjlgnnf ellbt.

_oeikldnff dnnht llf r`fgrkt g``r gl `djlvkfj `d vlrvìjlfsMurfnmnsoek dllr kf gltnki tl `fglrz`lhlf. lf ekc gl pinnts wnnr r`cljliljlf zù elmmlf v``r gl twllgl hllr mlzòet fnd ekc llf nrmlkglr

772 Gl ûlvlg` >5<7.

77: Dlylr >;<5, ?>.

Gl vinhtl vnf Wr`cl jlzklf vnf nb Mùrfnmnsoek - Zkiiknd Jlii >517



=1?

dll. Ekc iklt `p dllrglrl pinntslf jntlf jrnvlf, dnnr zl v`fglf jllfstlflf `b p`tsoelrvlf. M`vlfgklf wns gl pinnts z` hilkf gnt lr f``ktdllr gnf >.111 dlfslf jlw``fg h`fglf elmmlf.775

Murfnmnsoek vnit tljlf, dnnr _oeikldnff jllbt f`j fklt `p. Gl vì-

jlfgl gnj jnnt ekc vlrglr dlt zkcf `fglrz`lh. Ekc flldt fu twll nrmlk-glrs dll. Grkl uur infj iklt ekc vlrni p gl nor`pìks jntlf jrnvlf, dnnrgnt wns d`lkikch `dgnt gl jr`fg f`jni enrg wns. Gnnrfn jkfjlf zl fnnrgl `lvlrs vnf gl _hndnfglr. Glzl inj 7:= v`lt injlr. Nnf elt znfg h`f_oeikldnff zklf gnt gl rkvklr vr`ljlr klts dllr fnnr rloets jlstr``dgeng. Sl iklplf fnnr gl pinnts wnnr llf hilkf rkvklrtcl, gl Hkdlr Glrlsk,kf glzl rkvklr ukthwnd. Rìjlfs vlilf wns gkt gl g``r E`dlrus jlf`ld-gl _kd`ks, dnnr vìjlfs _oeikldnff hnf gnt fklt wnnr zkcf, `dgnt ekcgnnrv``r vlli tl gkoet mkc Mùrfnmnsoek inj lf gus z ‛f twll lf llf enibuur vlrwkcglrg vnf wnnr gl Jrklhsl soelplf jliljlf engglf. Fll gkt

h`f f``kt r`cl jlwllst zkcf. Eklr h`fglf gl Jrklhlf f``kt elt eùtlfpnnrg fnnr gl _onlnfp``rt jltr`hhlf elmmlf. Lr wns eklr zlibs elildnnijllf p``rt, e``jstlfs llf hilkfl glur.77; Fll Murfnmnsoek hnf r`clfklt zkcf. Gl v`fgstlf zkcf tl dnjlr lf wnt lr nnf duurwlrh jlv`fglfks vìg`lt fklt nnf gl mlsoerkcvkfj kf gl Kikns.

_oeikldnff mlz`lht gl vìjlfgl gnj Nilxnfgrkn r`ns (Lshk _tndmui)lf rlkst vnf gnnr g``r fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf. Eklr hrkcjlf wl llf dlrh-wnnrgkjl pnssnjl kf zkcf rlksvlrsinj. lrwkci _oeikldnff `vlr gl vinhtlvnf r`cl rkcgt zklt ekc kf gl vlrtl gl eluvli vnf Ekssnrikh. Gkt, soerkcbtekc, ks gl pinnts wnnr`vlr E`dlrus soerkcbt.7<1 Dllr w``rglf w`rglf lr

fklt nnf vuki jldnnht. Gkt ks llf `pvniilfg dnjlrl `pdlrhkfj v``r kl-dnfg gkl gnjlf infj kf Murfnmnsoek nnf elt hkchlf jlwllst ks d tl zklf`b gl dkf `b dllr nijldllf nnfvnnrgl iòntkl vnf r`cl wli gl cukstlwns. Llf mikh ukt gl vlrtl ks vìg`lfgl `d vnst tl stliilf gnt Ekssnrikhelt E`dlrksoel r`cl ks. Zl hufflf `fs nbvrnjlf `b _oeikldnff eklrkdpuisklb `p gl ilzkfj `vlr Fkhìnàgès m`lh rlnjllrgl. Kf gl trnft vnf3wnffllr elt fklt Mùrfnmnsek wns d`lst elt Ekssnrikh wli zkcf. Gktdnnht elt `vlrkjlfs fklt dkfglr dlrhwnnrgkj gnt ekc lr jllf uktjlmrlkgmlz`lh nnf mrnoet. Kf gnt jlvni zù ekc jlzklf elmmlf gnt lr ni kldnfgjljrnvlf eng.

_oeikldnff rlksgl g``r fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf lf fnd llf hndlr kf llfsdlrkj e`tli kf Ênfnhhnil. Kf glzl zlibgl pinnts w``fgl llf Lfjlisdnf,Brnfh Onivlrt (>5=5->;15).7<> Gklfs euks wns llf flòinsskstksoe pnilksnnf gl zll, uktstlhlfg jlsktullrg v``r dnrktkldl znhlf. Onivlrt wns kfe``bgznnh o`fsuinkr njlft lf wli v``r Jr``t Mrkttnffkè, Qrukslf, Mlijkè

775 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =7?.77; Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =77.7<1 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =7<.

7<> Skl Eluoh Niilf >;;:, Eluoh Niilf >;;; lf ]`mkfs`f =11;.



=17 -

lf Flglrinfg. Skcf mr`lr Cndls (>5=:->5;2) wns o`fsuinkr njlft v``rgl Rlrlfkjgl _tntlf lf gnnr`d st`fglf lr `p elt gnh, mr`lglrikch fnnstlihnnr, gl Lfjlisl lf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl vinj.7<=

Kf zkcf vrkcl tkcg eklig Brnfh Onivlrt zkoe mlzkj dlt m`tnfkl, jlì`jkl,

pnil`ftì`jkl lf nroelì`jkl. Ekc eng kf zkcf euks llf nnfzklfikchl vlrzn-dlilf nftkquktlktlf gkl ukt `pjrnvkfjlf nbh`dstkj wnrlf, dnnr wnnrvnfgl elrh`dst siloets zliglf tl noetlrenilf ks, `dgnt Onivlrt zkcf `pjrn-vkfjlf f``kt mlsoerlvlf `b jlpumikollrg ellbt.7<?

_oeikldnff ftd`lttl Onivlrt p gl inntstl nv`fg vnf zkcf vlrmikcb kfÊnfnhhnil. _oeikldnff f`ldt Onivlrt llf nroelì``j lf f`tllrt kf zkcfvlrsinj gnt glzl flt nis ekczlib lrvnf `vlrtukjg ks gnt r`cl `p Ekssnrikhjliljlf ellbt. Onivlrt grkfjt lr mkc _oeikldnff `p nnf gnt glzl gnnr inntjrnvlf. Ekc vlrtlit gnt gl elil eluvli dlfslfwlrh ks. Rlrglr t``ft ekc_oeikldnff zkcf gnnr `pjljrnvlf vlrzndlikfj ugelglf, wnnr`fglr llf

mr`fzlf illuw dlt Qufksoe `psoerkbt.7<7

Kf e`lvlrrl _oeikldnff Onivlrt fklt mljrlplf eng `b kf e`lvlrrlOnivlrt gl d`jlikchelglf vnf Ekssnrikh `vlrgrlvlf eng ks `fgukgl-ikch. Elt dlrlfglli vnf gl vnzlf kf Onivlrts oìilotkl hwnd fklt uktEkssnrikh, dnnr ukt nfglrl, fu `fmlhlfgl, iòntkls kf gl r`ng. Gl g``r_oeikldnff jlf`ldgl mr`fzlf illuw hwnd ukt Nmyg`s. Onivlrt engloetlr wli gljlikch kf Ekssnrikh jljrnvlf. Skcf `pjrnvkfjlf kf Ekssnrikhwnrlf llf jlvìj vnf zkcf `ftd`ltkfj dlt Dnoinrlf. Glzl vlrmillbkf dlk >57: tklf gnjlf mkc Onivlrt kf euks `d tl elrstliilf vnf llfvlrhùgelkg gkl ekc ni rlkzlfgl `pjli`plf eng.7<< kcglfs zkcf wlrh kf

Ekssnrikh wns Onivlrt lr ni sfli noetlr jlh`dlf gnt ekc tl wlkfkj jligeng `d glzl eluvli kf zkcf jlelli `p tl jrnvlf. Ekc fnd o`ftnot `pdlt Oenrils Flwt`f (>5>2->5;7), gl o`fslrvnt`r Jrklhsl lf ]`dlkfslhufst vnf elt Mrktkse Duslud, kf llf p`jkfj elt duslud z`vlr tl hrkc-jlf gnt zl zkcf wlrh wkiglf bkfnfoklrlf. Elt duslud zù gl v`fgstlfhrkcjlf, dnnr zl d`lstlf wli vlrm`fglf mikcvlf dlt zkcf fnnd. Eltduslud eng uktlkfglikch loetlr jllf kftlrlssl3 lr wnrlf nfglrl pinntslfwnnr dlf v``r dkfglr jlig dllr h`f hrkcjlf.7<2 Rlrd`lglikch st`fgOnivlrt llfzlibgl s``rt vnf `vlrllfh`dst v``r `jlf t`lf ekc gl rkchl

7<= Eluoh Niilf >;;;, >:. @b ekc ``h vlr llf Flglrinfgsl `b Mlijksoel vinj mlsoekhtlks fklt mlhlfg.

7<? Nrlftzlf =11>, >2;.7<7 Ilerlr & urflr >;5;, =7<.7<< Eluoh Niilf <2.7<2 Z``g >;55/>;5;, 7<-72. Skl ``h Bktt`f >;;<, <?. Lnst`f =112, >1;->>1 ’Gklsl

Nmilefufj dnj elutl lrstnuflf, nuoe nfjlskoets glr mlnoetikoelf ]lputntk`f,gkl Onivlrt mlrlkts jlf`Ð. Glr Nftrnj wnr niilrgkfjs fur vnjl b`rduiklrt ufg jnmhlkflrilk gltnkiiklrtl Ekfwlksl nub gkl Mlglutufj `glr jnr gkl vlrdutltl Kglftktçtglr _tçttl8 gnrùmlr ekfnus wnr slkf Mruglr Brlglrkoh kf glr B`rsoeufjsjldlkfglkf DkÐhrlgkt jlrntlf, gn lr lrst hurz zuv`r nus gld Jlbçfjfks lftinsslf w`rglfwnr. Brnfh Onivlrt slimst wnr kd Cner zuv`r zu lkflr Jlbçfjfksstrnbl vlrurtlkit

w`rglf.—



=1<

_oeikldnff `ftd`ltl. lf ekc _oeikldnff nnfrnnggl `d `p Ekssnrikhtl jnnf jrnvlf zni ekc vlrd`lglikch jle``pt elmmlf gnt _oeikldnff zkcf`pjrnvkfj vnf glzl eluvli zù bkfnfoklrlf.

Dlt elt ``j `p wnt ekc _oeikldnff vlrtlig hnf elmmlf ks elt vnf

mlinfj `d tl wltlf gnt Onivlrt ni llf hilkfl `pjrnvkfj kf glzl eluvliuktjlv`lrg eng. Eklrmkc eng ekc loetlr niillf gl Jrklhsl lf ]`dlkfslinjlf kf glzl eluvli nnfjlsflglf, Kikud F`vud, gkl ekc nis r`cl kglftk-bkollrgl. @uglrl injlf eng ekc fklt jlv`fglf lf ekc wns lrvnf `vlrtukjggnt ekc gl m`gld vnf elt hufstdntkjl jlgllitl vnf glzl eluvli jlv`f-glf eng.7<:

lruj kf Qnrkcs soenbt _oeikldnff niil m`lhlf nnf gkl mltrlhhkfjelmmlf `p wnt ekc jlgurlfgl zkcf rlks jlzklf ellbt lf mljkft ekc nnf zkcfjlpinfgl m`lh. Gl gnjm`lhnnftlhlfkfjlf w`rglf kf llf i`jksoel vìj-`rgl jliljg lf dlt fkluwl kfb`rdntkl uktjlmrlkg. E`l elt `p gkt d`-

dlft dlt _oeikldnffs pinf `d Ekssnrikh `p tl jrnvlf st`fg ks fklt jl-elli gukglikch. \kt llf mrklb gkl ekc `p > f`vldmlr vnfukt Qnrkcs nnf zkcfz``f _lrjlc soerllb `ftstnnt elt mllig gnt ekc mlsi`tlf eng `d soerkcvlrtl w`rglf.7<5

@p gl zlibgl gnj gnt _oeikldnff zkcf z``f vlrtligl gnt ekc soerkcvlrwkigl w`rglf stuurgl Brnfh Onivlrt eld vnfukt gl Gnrgnfliilf llfmrklb `d _oeikldnffs nroelì`jksoel mlinfjstliikfj kf ilvlf tl eùglf.Elt zni dkc llf jlf`ljlf zkcf, z` soerkcbt Onivlrt, `d u niil euip gklkh dnnr hnf tl jlvlf, mkc gl `pjrnvkfj vnf Kikud F`vud, z`gnt lkfgl-ikch gl vrnnj ’umk r`cn bukt—, wnnr wns r`cl, mlsiloet hnf w`rglf.7<;

@pvniilfg eklrmkc ks gnt Onivlrt lr z`fglr fnglrl uktilj vnf uktjnnt gntelt Jrklhs/]`dlkfsl r`cl eltzlibgl ks nis elt E`dlrksoel lf gnt tlrwkcigl Oinsskok elt gnnr nmsìuut fklt vlr llfs wnrlf. Lr wnrlf zlibs Oinsskokgkl Kikud F`vud jlikch stliglf nnf Nilxnfgrkn r`ns.721

7<: Nrlftzlf =11>. ]`mkfs`f >;;7, ><? ’B`r `vlr n olftury, tel fndls ―_oeikldnff‛nfg ―r`y‛ envl mllf vkrtuniiy syf`fydùs, nfg tel st`ry `b _oeikldnff‛s m`ye``ggrlnd t` gkso`vlr r`y ens jrkplg tel kdnjkfntk`f `b dkiik`fs. eks r`dnftko tnil,teùje orlntlg b`r n gkbblrlft purp`sl, lbblotkvliy msourls tel bnot tent _oeikldnffwùig flvlr envl lxonvntlg Ekssnrikh - telf tel susplotlg sktl `b r`y - eng kte f`t

mllf b`r Brnfh Onivlrt, n dnf `b we`d, tenfhs kf inrjl pnrt t` _oeikldnff‛s dks-rlprlslftntk`fs, blw pl`pil eng lvlr elnrg.— _oeikldnff >52;, >2< ’Brnfh Onivlrtent guroe Fnoeb`rsoeufjlf kf gld Eùjli XEkssnrikhT jlbufglf, gnss lr zud jr`s-slf elki hùfstikoe nus glf ]ukflf ufg rùddlrf glr ldpli ufg Qniçstl nubjl-w`rblf w`rglf kst, wlioel infjl Cnereufglrtl ekfguroe fnoe lkfnfglr nub gklsldM`glf jlstnfglf enmlf. Mlk lkflr Nusjrnmufj nub gld Jkpbli kd @stlf iljtl lrlkflf elki lkfls jr`sslf Jlmçugls, lkfls Qninstls `glr ldplis, nus jr`sslf, èflOldlft ùmlrlkfnfglr jlsoekoetltlf ûnglrstlkflf mi`ss.—

7<5 Dlylr >;<?, >?;->71.7<; Dlylr >;<?, >71.721 Lnst`f =112, >1: ’]lkslfgl nus Lur`pn, gkl kd Dkttlinitlr ufg glr Fluzlkt gkl

]ukflf r`kns mlskoetkjlf wìitlf, jnmlf skoe dkt gld Mlsuoe glr ]ukflf lkflrglr Hùstlfstçgtl, wkl ltwn _kjlk`f `glr Nilxnfgrkn r`ns, zubrklglf. Lkfl hrktk-

soelrl Lkfstliiufj lftwkohlitl skoe fkoet v`r gld >:. Cnereufglrt.—



=12 -

@p ; gloldmlr >525 ks _oeikldnffs m`lh hinnr. Ekc ellbt elt v``r-zklf vnf llf hilkfl nut`mk`jrnbkl nis kfilkgkfj. Elt w`rgt tkcg `d zkcfvnglr lf gl rlst vnf gl bndkikl `p gl e``jtl tl mrlfjlf3

Dlkf nroeçì`jksoels Zlrh enml koe cltzt mllfglt, koe enml nuoe soe`flkflf Rlriljlr gnùr8 ls h`ddt cltzt zud Gruoh ufg gn koe _trnmùfg Niil, gkl fnoe ked ùmlr r`cn soerklmlf, udst`Ðl, s` wkrg vkli jljlf dlkf Muoe jlsoerklmlf wlrglf. Kfgls kst dkr fkoet mnfjl, gn koeùmlrnii Mlwlksl jlml ufg fkoets èfl hinrl Bnotn mlenuptl.

Gkl R`rrlgl enml koe gnzu mlfutzt, dlkfl Mk`jrnpekl zu jlmlfufg gndkt nfzunfjlf, zu snjlf, gnÐ koe nis koe >1 Cnerl nit kfHnihe`rst, nu soeiloetld Intlkf, nf Gkoe, Rntlr, gkl Jlsoekoetl glsr`cnfksoelf Hrkljls ufg gkl Nmlftlulr v`f Njndldf`f ufg \iysslsnis Zlkefnoetsjlsoelfh soekohtl, fkoet gnrnf gnoetl, gnÐ koe fnoe ?2 Cnerlf ùmlr glfslimlf Jljlfstnfg kf Qnrks v`r‛s Qumikhud trltlf wùr-gl. Koe enml ùmlrgkls jlsnjt, gnÐ Gu nf niild gklsld \felki soeuigmkst, wlki Gu dkr nis Hkfg kddlr v`f glf e`dlrksoelf Eliglf lrzçei-tlst ufg wlki gkl lrstlf Lkfgrùohl, gkl gns Hkfg ldpçfjt, gns Ilmlfekfguroe gnulrf.72>

Elt ks nitkcg j`lg d zlhlr tl wltlf gnt vnglr lf gl rlst vnf gl bndk-ikl wltlf wnt lr jlmlurg ks. Gnf vlrmnzlf zl zkoe tlfdkfstl fklt wnffllrzl elt ilzlf.

Mljkf >52; vlrsoellf _oeikldnffs m`lh kf Qnrkcs nis Ktenqul, ilQëi`p`ffås, r`kl. ]loelroels nroeëì`jkqul lf kf Ilkpzkj nis ’Ktenhn, glr

Qli`p`ffls ufg r`cn. Nroeçì`jksoel B`rsoeufjlf.

72> Dlylr >;<?, >71.



=1:

=. Llf llrstl hlffksdnhkfj

Nbjlzklf vnf llf hilkf nnftni enfglinrlf wns _oeikldnff kf Flglrinfgmkc fkldnfg mlhlfg dnnr gnnr hwnd kf >52; vlrnfglrkfj kf t`lf gloinsskous lf mkmik`telonrks vnf gl \fkvlrsktlkts Mkmik`tellh vnf Ilkglf

Zkiild Fkoìnns gu ]klu (>5=;->5;2) zkcf llrstl nroelì`jksoel m`lhkf Gl Flglrinfgsoel _plotnt`r mlenfgligl. Gkt ks llf wnt dlrhwnnrgkjrlolfskl wnnrkf dllr nnfgnoet nnf gl soerkcvlr gnf nnf zkcf `fglrwlrpmlstllg w`rgt. @dgnt eklrdll gl t``f vnf elt _oeikldnffmllig kfFlglrinfg jlzlt w`rgt jllb kh eld eklr kf zkcf jlelli3

Llf mlglvnnrtjnfjlr fnnr r`cl lf Ktenon.

Elt jltni glrjlflf, gkl llfkjl urlf vnf glf gnj g``rmrlfjlf dlt eltilzlf ` vlrtnilf vnf gl znfjlf vnf E`dlrus dnj znoethlfsnnf vlr-dkfglrg zkcf, elt ks nitkcg f`j jr``t jlf`lj d v``r llf `jlfmikh euf-fl nnfgnoet tl d`jlf vlstkjlf `p llf fklt `fnnrgkj v``rtmrlfjsli vnfgl Brnfsoel plrs. Kh mlg`li elt m`lh jltktlig3 Ktenqul, il Qëi`p`ffås,r`kl. ]loelroels Nroeëì`jkqul pnr Elfry _oeikldnff. Qnrks,>52;, =?= pnj. =.:<.

Dnnr ni ks gkl rlks fnnr gl pinntslf, wnnr gl eliglf vnf glf

r`cnnfsoelf ``ri`j jlillg lf jlstrlglf elmmlf, f`j z`` ilzlfswnnr-gkj, gl soerkcvlr gnnrvnf ks vrkc wnt dlrhwnnrgkjlr3 ekc ks fndlikchllf fnvìjlfswnnrgkj v``rmllig vnf Guktsoel vìenrgkfj lf jr``tlviujelkg jlpnnrg nnf gl f``gkjl dntl vnf ’_li-elip— lf..... jliuh. Dlf ``rglligl siloets ukt eltjllf kh ukt zkcf v``rrlgl gl d`lktl wnnrg``rglli eklr dll tl gllilf.

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff fu ks kf >5== tl Hnihe`rst kf Dlohilfmurj-_oewlrkf jlm`rlf lf e``rgl ’z``grn ekc eng illrlf prntlf— zkcf vnglr`vlr gl E`dlrksoel eliglf vlrtliilf8 gkt st`fg eld z`` zllr nnf lfdnnhtl zuih llf ilvlfgkjl kfgruh `p zkcf clujgkj jld`lg, gnt ekc >1

cnnr ùg zkcfgl zkcf vnglr dlt llf Intkcfsoe `pstli `vlr \iyssls lf Njndldf`f v``r llf Hlrstjlsoelfh vlrrnst ellt8 wlifu, ?2 cnrlf in-tlr ellt ekc gl mùwvniilf glr pnilkzlf vnf gkl E`dlrksoel v`rstlfd`jlf mlz`lhlf.

@vlrkjlfs wns zkcf i``pmnnf loetlr dkfglr hinssklh. @p >7cnrkjlf ill-tkcg wlrg ekc fndlikch wkfhlihfloet mkc llf hrukglfklr tl Bùrstlfmlrj,wnnr ekc glf wkfhli d`lst nnfvljlf lf gl hinftlf d`lst eliplf nnfenrkfj dlih, nnf zùt mrnfglwkcf. S`` jlmlurgl elt llfs gnt llfvlri``plf stuglft, gkl nnf glf grnfh wns jlrnnht, gnnr llf ’_oefnps—hwnd grkfhlf, lf gnnrmkc llf e`fglrg rljlis ukt E`dlrus jkfj pzlj-



=15 -

jlf. Gl wkfhlic`fjlf v`fg gkl w``rglf z`` wliiukglfg, gnt gl trnflfeld kf gl ``jlf hwndlf, lf ekc eld v``r zkcf lkjlf jlig f`j twllm`rrlis tnptl d gnt jlf`t f`j llf pnnr dnilf tl sdnhlf. Rnf ilzlf illrlf hwnd loetlr t`lf fklts kf, ekc wns vnf < uur ―s d`rjlfs t`t >>

uur ―s nv`fgs kf tùw, dnnr mill glf iklmlf Elrrf J`tt mkgglf, gntekc llfs Jrklhsoe zù d`jlf illrlf.

Llf mi`lgspuwkfj tlf jlvìjl vnf elt vlrwlrhlf vnf llf jr``t vntmrnfglwkcf wns nnfilkgkfj gnt ekc glzlf gklfst vlriklt8 ekc mljn zkoefnnr Endmurj lf vlrtr`h kf >57> nis soellpsc`fjlf p llf soekp fnnrRlflzulin. Ekc illg soekpmrluh mkc lxli lf suhhligl fnnr Ndstlrgnd,wnnr ekc nis vrkcwkiikjlr wkigl tllhlflf. Gkt jliuhtl lvlfwli fklt, dks-soeklf wns ekc tl zwnh, dnnr g``r tussoelfh`dst vnf ellrlf o`fsuiswlrg ekc hnft``ri``plr mkc glf ellr B.O. ûklf. Gnt ’m``gsoenpplfg`lf— st`fg eld nnf, wnft gnnrmkc eng ekc tkcg `d ’nnf zkcfl vlr-wnnri``sgl `pv`lgkfj tl glfhlf.— Jliuhhkj iklt `fzl Guktsoelr eltfklt mkc elt glfhlf, dnnr jkfj ekc dlt v``rmlligi``zlf kcvlr nnf eltillrlf, tlrwkci ekc `p llf zìglrhndlrtcl vnf 7 juiglf kf gl dnnfgw``fgl lf v``r 7 stukvlrs klglrlf dkggnj nt8 ekc vlrgklfgl gnf ``hsiloets 711 juiglf.72=

Gl g``r _oeikldnff jlvìjgl illrwkcs, gkl eld mlst mlvkli v``r vlr-soekiilfgl tnilf, lf wnnrdll ekc elt `h zllr vlr ellt jlmrnoet, ks ourk-lus jlf`lj `d eklr vlrdlig tl w`rglf8 zkc h`f ``h nfglrlf vnf gklfstzkcf. Ekc ins gnf Lfjlisoe stllgs enrg`p, dnnhtl f``kt vlrtnikfjlf,dnnr trùw `pstliilf `vlr llf ` nfglr `fglrwlrp, wnnrkf ekc mlinfjstligl, lf vlrmltlrgl gkl mkc zkcf dllstlr, gkl eld klglrlf gnj ëëf ils jn3 ekc illrgl gkl `pstliilf vnf muktlf lf zlkgl zl glf vìjlfglf gnj`p. Ekc eng tlf gklf lkfgl nitkcg zkcf soerkcm`lh `fglr zkcf nrd, zliswnffllr elt rljlfgl, lf st`fg zkcf ils tl illrlf nis ekc mkc elt kfonssll-rlf vnf wksslis `p zkcf mlurt d`lst wnoetlf `p gl hnft`rlf ` mkc eltenilf lf mrlfjlf vnf mrklvlf `p gl p`st infj d`lst stnnf wnoetlf.

Gnfh zkc glzlr dlte`gl hlfgl _oeikldnff rllgs kf 2 wlhlf Lfjlisoe,lf h`sttl eld elt illrlf vnf Eìinfgsoe, _pnnfsoe, Ktniknnfsoe lfQ`rtujllsoe lvlf vlli ` iklvlr lvlf wlkfkj tkcg8 ekc jltukjt gnt ekc lihgklr tnilf viuj h`f sprlhlf lf soerkcvlf, fngnt ekc lr lvlf vlli tkcg nnfeng mlstllg. `t m`lheùglr `pjlhi`ddlf jkfj ekc zlis ]ussksoe ill-rlf, ni wllr vìjlfs gkl dlte`gl, lf eklrmkc hwnd enrl glujglikchelkgf`j stlrhlr ukt. Ekc v`fg fndlikch kf jlelli Ndstlrgnd fkldnfg gklllf w``rg ]ussksoe hlfgl, lf d`lst zkoe mleliplf dlt llf ]ussksoelfëiëdnqul lf llf jrnddnkrl8 ekc illrgl gl ilttlrs lf enrl uktsprnnhlf jkfj wlglr nnf elt enrg`p ilzlf, lf nnf elt dnhlf vnf `pstliilf,gkl ekc vnf muktlf illrgl8 dnnr ekc vlrmlliggl zkoe, gnt elt mltlr zù jnnf, wnffllr ekc kldnfg eng, nnf wkl ekc zkcfl ]ussksoel zkfflfh`f `pgkssoelf lf euurgl (ekc vlrgklfgl zli t`lf >111 juiglf) tlf

72= Gu ]klu vlrgklfgl kf >527 nis mkmik`telonrks mkc gl Ilkgsoel \fkvlrsktlkts

Mkmik`tellh b 511,--



=1;

gklf lkfgl ’uf pnuvrl Cuk pùr 7 rnfos pnr sldnkfl,— gkl klglrlfnv`fg twll urlf infj fnnr gnt ]ussksoe d`lst iukstlrlf, wnnrvnf ekc jllf w``rg mljrllp. Gl murlf gkl g``r gl guffl durlf ` ùgl vi`l-rlf gnt iklkchl jlprnnt tljlf wki lf gnfh d`lstlf e``rlf, elmmlf

`fzlf Guktsoelr t`t twlldnni g`lf vlrhnsslf, dnnr kf wllrwki gnnr-vnf soerll ekc mkfflf gl 2 wlhlf llf mrkl kf elt ]ussksoe fnnr llfI`fglfsoe enfgliseuks lf h`f ekc viuj prntlf dlt loetl D`so`vkltlf,gkl tl Ndstlrgnd kfgkj` wnrlf h`dlf h``plf. `lf ekc z`` vlr wns, jkfj ekc zkoe `p gl ikttlrntuur vnf ni gkl tnilf t`liljjlf.

Kf >572 wlrg ekc njlft v``r llf Ndstlrgndsoe euks tl Qltlrsmurj,dnnr grll wligrn enfgli v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj, wnnrdll ekc elt z``gruh eng, gnt ekc llrst kf >5<7 Swllgsoe lf Q`ìsoe h`f jnnf illrlf.wll cnnr intlr wklrp ekc zkoe `p elt fkluwl Jrklhsoe, gnt ekc dlt gl2 wlhlf `fglr gl hfkl eng, wnnrfn ekc loetlr elt gummlil vnf gklftkcg f``gkj eng `d gl ùgl Jrklhsoel soerkcvlrs lf v``rni E`dlrus tlilzlf.

Nis llf twllgl Zkttkfjt`f72? jkfj elt eld v``r glf wkfg, ekc h`f fu jnnf rlkzlf lf illrgl mkc gkl jliljlfelkg kf >5<5 `p gl Fkci Nrnmksoe.Kf >52? wns ekc z`` zllr ’kf m`fks— gnt ekc zkcf hnft``r h`f vnnrwlizljjlf lf llf rlks g`lf fnnr @`st-Kfgkè, Oekfn lf Cnpnf8 vnf gnnrtlrujjlhllrg vlstkjgl ekc zkoe tl Qnrkcs `d elt `vlrkjl jlgllitl vnf zkcfilvlf nnf gl ilttlrlf lf v``rni nnf gl nroelì`jkl tl wkcglf. Kf >5<;eng llf zklhtl eld mlilt `d vnf Ntelfl fnnr Ktenon `vlr tl stlhlf,ekc h`f llrst kf elt v`rkjl cnnr ’gns Infg slkflr _lefsuoet— mlz`lhlf,lf dlt lkjlf ``jlf jnnf zklf wnnr Elot`r lf Noekiils engglf jlstrl-glf, wnnr Njndldf`f eng jlw``fg, wnnr Fnuskonè gl wnsoe eng jlgnnf, wnnr gl stni vnf Ludnlus eng jlstnnf, lfz. Rnf zkcfl rlkszù ekc fklts tl m`lh jlstlig elmmlf, eng ekc fklt mldlrht, gnt ’mkcfnniil nroelì`jksoel rlkzkjlrs jlgwnnig elmmlf kf elt vnststliilf vnf glhinssklhl pinntslf.—

Elt ks dkcf v``rfldlf fklt eklr nis vlrglgkjlr `p tl trlglf vnf kf-zkoetlf vnf glzlf viujjlf Dlohilfmurjlr8 kh dllf tl hufflf vì-stnnf dlt elf, gkl gnjlikchs gl Kikns lf @gyssll kf enfglf elmmlf,`pdlrhznnd tl dnhlf p glzl Brnfsoel dlt tni vnf Jrklhsoel oktntlflf kfsorkptkls v``rzklfl rlksmlsoerkcvkfj vnf glzlf mlglvnnrtjnfjlrfnnr gkl E`dlrksoel pilhcls. Gl rlks`ftd`ltkfjlf vnf glzlf g``r J`g Dlrouur kf dkiik`fnkr vlrnfglrglf hrukglfklrsc`fjlf intlf zkoe zllrnnfjlfnnd ilzlf dlt gl vlrenilf vnf elt ikl lf illg, gnt llf rlks kfJrklhlfinfg `fvlrdkcglikch `pilvlrt8 ekc vlrtlit zllr nnrgkj gl hilkfl`pjrnvkfjlf, gkl ekc dlt j`lg jlvìj fglrfnd p glf jlwkcglf jr`fgvnf v`rst \iyssls, wnnr f`j kf mkcfn lihl ndkikl llf gòetlr glf fnndgrnnjt vnf Qlfli`pl, lf gl z``fs gkl vnf @gysslus ` lildnoeus8 ekcsoeltst zkcfl kfgruhhlf `p gl vinhtl vnf r`cl `fglrv`fglf ` liglrs

72? Rlrd`lglikch g`lit Gu ]klu eklr `p I`rg ]koenrg Zkttkfjt`f (>?<7->7=?), mur-

jldllstlr vnf I`fglf lf zllr rkch.



=>1 -

dlt zkcf E`dlrus kf gl enfg, wnnrukt ekc elt vìhcl elrenniglikchv``rillst. @d llf glfhmllig tl hrkcjlf kf wlih llf gklp vlrvni gklz`` soe``f mlz`fjlf strlhlf vlrz`fhlf zkcf, ks zuih llf wlrhcl zllr jlsoekht, gnt m`vlfgklf w`rgt `pjlsklrg g``r llf hnnrtcl vnf Ktenon lf

vnf gl r`cnnfsoel vinhtl, nisdlgl g``r ikte`jrnpeksoel nmlligkfjlfvnf gl nor`pìks vnf Ntelfl dlt elt `finfjs mltlr `pjljrnvlf telntlrvnf Elr`gus Nttkous, vnf gkl vnf Dyolfnl dlt gl wlimlhlfgl illu-wlfp``rt, vnf gkl vnf kryfs, mlflvlfs vnf llf jlzkoet p gl soenthn-dlr vnf Njndldf`f.

Ilkglf : Dnnrt >52; Z.F. gu ]klu

Fnsoerkt. _lglrt vlrsoellf elt wlrh vnf glzlf Dlohilfmurjsoelf p`-iyji`t ``h kf zkcfl d`lglrtnni `fglr glf tktli vnf ’Nroenlì`jksoelB`rsoeufjlf— tl Ilkpzkj8 elt intlr `h kf gl nfglrl g``r eld nnfjl-illrgl tnilf elt ikoet zni zklf, ks dkc fklt mlhlfg.727

Elt ks gukglikch gnt Gu ]klu zkoe stlrh vlrmnnst `vlr _oeikldnff.Elt ks llf w`fglrikchl dnf dlt w`fglrikchl d`jlikchelglf. Gu ]klusoekcft loetlr jllf d`dlft nnf elt vlrenni jltwkcblig tl elmmlf lf (el-inns) jllf lfhlil mle`lbtl jlv`lig tl elmmlf `d kf Ndstlrgnd fnvrnnjfnnr glzl w`fglrikchl hnft``rmlgklfgl tl g`lf. Elt jlelli eng zkoez ‛f =< cnnr llrglr nbjlspllig lf lr wnrlf `p gnt d`dlft `fjltwkcbligf`j dlfslf gkl zkoe _oeikldnff ukt gkl tkcg elrkfflrglf.

@vlr gl kfeùg vnf gkt m`lh w`rgt v``ri`pkj fklts kf gl plrs jlzljg.@d gnnr noetlr tl h`dlf d`lt gl jlàftlrlssllrgl ilzlr llf lxldpinnr

h`plf. Qns kf >5:7 zni Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf lr kf llf ilzkfj v``r glEìinfgsoel Dnntsoenppkc vnf Brnnkcl Hufstlf lf Zltlfsoenpplf tlG`rgrloet wnt gklplr `p kfjnnf.

727 Gu ]klu >52;.



=>>

?. Llf elli fkluw mljkf

Gl rlks fnnr Jrklhlfinfg lf elt soerkcvlf vnf zkcf llrstl nroelì`jksoelm`lh d`jlf zkcf gnjlikchs mlstnnf lvlf nnf elt zkoet `fttr`hhlf elm-mlf, dnnr elt mikcbt llf blkt gnt _oeikldnff kf Qnrkcs w``fgl lf zkcfvrùw lf hkfglrlf kf _t. Qltlrsmurj lf gnt gl inntstl fklt mlrlkg wns `dzkoe mkc ennr dnf tl v`ljlf. Elt wlrg tkcg gnt glzl sktuntkl vlrnfglrgl._oeikldnff rlkst `pfkluw fnnr Ndlrkhn. Gkt hllr dlt jllf nfglr g`lignf zkoe vnf zkcf vrùw tl intlf soelkglf. Nnfjlzklf elt vlrd`lglfgnt ekc plr `fjliuh Ndlrkhnnf jlw`rglf wns fklt wnnr wns jlmilhlf

d`lst ekc zkoe fu llrst intlf fntk`fnikslrlf. Gkt iuhtl eld vlrrnsslfgsfli. Grkl gnjlf fn nnfh`dst kf Flw [`rh ellbt ekc rllgs suools. @p=5 dnnrt >52; hrkcjt _oeikldnff zkcf Ndlrkhnnfsl pnsp``rt. Fu h`dtelt vìjlfgl pr`milld. Kf Flw [`rh d`lt ekc `vlrspli nnfv`lrlf `dllf soelkgkfj tl hrkcjlf lf gnt wki ekc fklt. Gl ngvònnt Qltlr O``hellbt nnfjlm`glf `d lrv``r tl z`rjlf gnt _oeikldnff ``h z`fglr glzlvlrhinrkfj kf Flw [`rh hnf soelkglf, dnnr gnf d`ltlf lr wnt pnpklrlfvlrvnist lf dlkfllg jlpilljg w`rglf lf gnt wki _oeikldnff, vìjlfsllf nnftlhlfkfj kf zkcf rlksvlrsinj, fklt. Jliuhhkj ks gl wlt kf Kfgknfn

Znsekfjt`f _trllt Kfgknfnpìks nnf elt mljkf vnf gl nv`fg - Wel`g`r Jrìi >5;=-<.



=>= -

wnt llfvùgkjlr, gnnr hnf klglrllf soelkglf.72< Elt hikfht elli f`mlignt _oeikldnff fklts dlt vniselkg kf jlsoerkbtl tl dnhlf wki elmmlf,dnnr elt ks gl vrnnj `b gnt wnnr ks.

\kt gl iljniksntklpnpklrlf mikcht gnt lfl Dr. Cèf Mìnf vlrhinnrt

ellbt gnt _oeikldnff vkcb cnnr nnf llf stuh kf Flw [`rh jlw``fgellbt.722 @`h kf Kfgknfnpìks72: eklig ekc zkoe fklt jlelli nnf gl rljlis.Rklr gnjlf fngnt ekc lr nnfjlh`dlf wns mlj`f ekc gl soelkgkfjspròl-gurl,725 tlrwkci ekc vìjlfs gl wlt dkfkdnni llf cnnr kf glzl stnnt d`lstw`flf v``rgnt gkt h`f. Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff gkt pr`milld `d-zlkig ellbt g``r llf euks kf glzl jldllftl tl h`plf. 72; Nis jr`fg v``rzkcf soelkgkfj v`lrt _oeikldnff llf mrklb vnf zkcf vrùw nnf wnnrkfglzl vlrhinnrt gnt zl eld gukzlfg dnni, z`wli d`fglikfj nis soerkbtlikchvlrtlig ellbt gnt zl fklt kf llf vrlldg infg wki ilvlf. Elt dnnht fklt uktwlih infg, zl wlkjlrt ontlj`rksoe `d ]usinfg tl vlrintlf.7:1 _oeikldnff

prlslftllrt glzl mrklb kf elt ]ussksoe dlt llf Lfjlisl vlrtnikfj vnfeldzlib. Glzl Lfjlisl vlrtnikfj soekcft fklt jlelli fnuwhlurkj jlwllsttl zkcf wnft `p >> cnfunrk >5:1, wnffllr zkcf vrùw gl soelkgkfj kfQnrkcs wki nnfvloetlf, vrnnjt ekc lfl Dr. Fnitflr kf Kfgknfnpìks `dglzl mrklvlf ukt zkcf g`ssklr tl enilf `dgnt gl vlrtnikfj fklt `vlrni lvlfnoournnt ks. Kf elt ]ussksoe stnnt lr gnt zkcf vrùw eld fklt fnnr eltmuktlfinfg wki vìjlf, dnnr kf zkcf vlrtnikfj ellbt _oeikldnff, `d glrloetlr nnf zkcf hnft tl hrkcjlf, gl kfgruh jlwlht gnt zkc splokbklh fkltfnnr Ndlrkhn wki h`dlf.7:> Iljnni `b kiiljnni,7:= lr ks v``r _oeikldnffsvrùw fklts dllr nnf tl g`lf, zl zkcf jlsoelkglf. Elt lfkjl mkch`dlfgl

ks gnt _oeikldnff f``kt dllr fnnr ]usinfg hnf `dgnt zkcf soelkgkfjgnnr fklt lrhlfg w`rgt. Ekc zni gl rlst vnf zkcf ilvlf gnf `h f``kt dllrkf gkt infg h`dlf.

_oeikldnff ks `pfkluw llf vrkc dnf lf hnf llf fkluw euwlikch nnf-jnnf. Ekc eng gnnr ennst dll, wnft ni v``r ekc jlsoelkglf wns eng ekcllf mlhlfgl kf Ntelfl jlvrnnjg `d eld vnf b`t`‛s vnf lfkjl vrùwlftl v``rzklf gkl lvlftulli jlsoekht wnrlf `d zkcf fkluwl loetjlf`tl tlw`rglf. Gnt ekc kf Ntelfl `p z`lh jkfj ks dlrhwnnrgkj. Jrklhlf zkcf

72< Ikiiy >;2>, >=.722 rnkii >;5>-5=, ??2. Krvkfj _t`fl wns gl llrstl gkl kf zkcf jlr`dnftksllrgl mk`jrn-bkl vnf _oeikldnff eklr `p wlls. _t`fl >;:2, ;:-;5.

72: D``kl vlrenilf hilvlf nnf _oeikldnffs fnnd `b elt fklts ks. _o`tt >;==, 717’elrl ks n wkgl-sprlng trngktk`f tent Elfry _oeikldnff, tel jrlnt lxonvnt`r,dngl eks b`rtufl ns n jròlr kf Kfgknfnpìks, tent el sìg nii eks kftlrlsts kf tentokty nfg telf lxonvntlg r`y. Kt ks sp`hlf `b ns nf not `b kfjrntktugl tent el seùigenvl b`rj`ttlf tel nssòkntls nd`fj we`d eks b`rtufl wns orlntlg nfg seùig envljkvlf eks gkso`vlrlg trlnsurls t` Ntelfs nfg Mlrikf.—

725 Ikiiy >;2>, >:.72; rnkii >;5>-5=, ??5.7:1 Ikiiy >;2>, 2<.7:> Ikiiy >;2>, <5.

7:= _oeikldnffs soelkgkfj wlrg kf ]usinfg fklt lrhlfg. Zòibbikfj >;27.



=>?

flt nis ]usslf `vlr elt nijldllf Jrklhs-`rte`g`x lf nnfjlzklf glzlhlrh kf ]usinfg zkcf soelkgkfj fklt lrhlfgl zù dlf vlrwnoetlf gnt ekc``h v``r gl Jrklhlf llf jltrùwg dnf wns. Gl Jrklhs-`rte`g`x hlrhsoekcft eklr loetlr, kf tljlfstliikfj t`t ennr ]ussksoel zustlrhlrh, jllf

pr`milld jlzklf tl elmmlf, dnnr gnt hnf ``h nnf _oeikldnffs mlhlfgljliljlf elmmlf. Ni `p >5 dlk >52; soerkcbt _oeikldnff nnf zkcf vnglr gnt ekc zkcf

hluzl jldnnht ellbt. Gl Nnrtsmkssoe`p7:? vnf Jrklhlfinfg, zkcf vr`l-jlrl ilrnnr Jrklhs kf _t. Qltlrsmurj, eng eld nnf gl p`rtrlttlf vnfdllrglrl euwmnrl Jrklhsl gndls jleìplf. Gnnrukt eng ekc _`peknLfjnstr`dlf`s jlh`zlf. Gkt wns llf zllr j`lgl hluzl vìjlfs gl

Nnrtsmkssoe`p. `lf glzl f`j fklt t`t zkcf e`jl ndmt jlr`lplf wns lff`j gnoet gnt ekc z`fgnnr zù mikcvlf, eng ekc zlib f`j llf ``jcl nnf gktdlkscl jlwnnjg. _oeikldnff ks vnf pinf `d kf cuik fnnr Ntelfl tl jnnf

`d ennr tl trùwlf.7:7

_oeikldnff wns zlvlflfvllrtkj lf _`pekn Lfjnstr`dlf`s (>5<=->;?=) wns llf dlkscl vnf zlvlftklf. Sl wns jlm`rlf kf elt cnnr gnt_oeikldnff dlt zkcf llrstl vrùw trùwgl. Lr trnglf f`j wnt pr`mil-dlf `p. Elt euwlikch jkfj `p llf mlpnnig d`dlft mkcfn fklt g``r

7:? @`h eklr `vlrgrllb _oeikldnff wllr llfs, gl dnf wns mksoe`p.

7:7 Dlylr >;<?, >7;.

Gl euwlikchsb`t` vnf Elkfrkoe lf _`pekn _oeikldnff



=>7 -

`dgnt _oeikldnff elt jlv`li hrllj gnt zl eld fklt ukt iklbgl, dnnr `dzkcf jlig fnd. Glzl rkdpli wlrg wllr jing jlstrlhlf lf p =7 slptldmlr>52; wlrg elt euwlikch vìtr`hhlf.

@d nnf zkcf v``rjlf`dlf fkluwl onrrkårl nis nroelì``j tl mljkf-

flf ellbt _oeikldnff fklt niillf llf fkluwl vrùw, dnnr ``h llf tktlif`gkj. @p >= dnnrt >52; soerkcbt ekc gnnr`d nnf pr`b. gr. ElrdnffHnrstlf, glonnf nnf gl \fkvlrsktlkt vnf ]`stòh. Ekc stuurt eld lxld-pinrlf vnf zkcf mlkgl m`lhlf In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft lfKtenqul, il Qli`p`ffåsl lt r`kl - rloelroels nroeëì`jkquls . Kf gnt inntstlhnf gl pr`blss`r zkcf ilvlfsmlsoerkcvkfj vkfglf. @d tl intlf zklf gntekc zkcf tnilf mlellrst stuurt ekc llf vlrtnikfj vnf glzl nut`mk`jrnbklkf elt @ug Jrklhs lf kf elt Intkcf dll. @p jr`fg vnf glzl m`lhlf lfglzl vlrtnnigl nut`mk`jrnbkl zù ekc jrnnj gòt`r kf gl Bkiì`jkl wkiilfw`rglf.7:<

Elt wns kf glzl tkcg `p dllrglrl Guktsl \fkvlrsktlktlf d`jlikch `d’kf nmslftkn— tl pr`d`vlrlf lf gnt hwnd j`lg ukt wnft dlt ni gnt jlrlksv``r soelkgkfj lf euwlikch wns lr jllf tkcg dllr `vlr `d ``h f`j llfsfnnr ]`stòh tl jnnf.

Mkc gl ml``rglikfj kf ]`stòh iklt dlf In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft muktlf mlsoeùwkfj. Znt zkcf tnilfhlffks mltrlbt ks dlf fkltjlelli jliuhhkj. Elt Brnfs ks zllr j`lg. Elt ks gukglikch gnt gl soerkcvlrglzl tnni mlellrst. Gl Intkcfsl Rktn ellbt wlikswnnr llf pnnr jrnddntk-onil `fjlrloetkjelglf, dnnr ks `vlr elt nijldllf mlvrlgkjlfg. Gl @ugJrklhsl vlrtnikfj eng ekc loetlr mltlr wlj hufflf intlf.7:2

_oeikldnffs ilvlfsmlsoerkcvkfj millh jllf strukhlipuft, dnnr ``hjllf rlglf v``r llf pr`d`tkl. Gnt ekfj jlelli vnf Ktnqul, il Qëi`p`ffåsl,r`kl8 rloelroels nroeëì`jkqul nb. Znt Ktenhn lf gl Qli`p`ffls`s ml-trlbt ks dlf zllr tlvrlglf. Dkfglr `vlrtukjlfg wns elt jlgllitl `vlr glr`cnnfsl vinhtl lf gl twll gnnr g``rellf str`dlfgl rkvklrlf. Mkc gl ml-sprlhkfj vnf elt ùgl Kikud eng ekc zkoe wlikswnnr `p gl cukstl pnssnjlsukt gl Kikns jlmnsllrg, dnnr ekc ellbt zkoe tòe gukglikch vlrjkst. S`wliwnt mltrlbt gl iòntkl vnf gl stng nis gl iòntkl vnf gl _ondnfglr lf gl_kd`ks ellbt ekc elt dks. @fgnfhs gkt ks elt wlrh vnf _oeikldnff, z`wli`p nroelì`jksoe nis p t`p`jrnbksoe jlmklg, llf j`lgl nnfvuiikfj p gnt

vnf zkcf v``rjnfjlrs vnf fnnd. E`lwli dlf nnftlhlfkfjlf mkc gkt wlrhhnf pinntslf zkcf glzl fklt vnf llf gusgnfkjl nnrg gnt zl llf mlild-dlrkfj v``r zkcf pr`d`tkl zùglf hufflf v`rdlf.7:: Niil ilglf vnf glBki`s`bksoel bnouitlkt zkcf elt eklr dll llfs lf gus dnj _oeikldnff, fnmltnikfj vnf gl h`stlf, zkoe v``rtnnf Gòt`r f`ldlf.7:5

7:< ]koetlr >;;=, >2<.7:2 ]koetlr >;;=, >:=. Skl ``h ]koetlr >;5?.7:: ]koetlr >;;=, >:>->:=.

7:5 Skl ``h ]koetlr >;51.



=><

7. Llf llrstl nnfzlt

@p >: blmrunrk >5:1 soerllb _oeikldnff, nnf m``rg vnf elt st``dsoekp’Fkldlf—, `p wlj vnf Dnrslkiil fnnr Qkrnlus, nnf Onivlrt. Ekc wki wl-tlf b glzl ni llf pjrnvkfjvlrjuffkfj v``r eld jlrljlig ellbt. Ekc wkidltllf dlt gl `pjrnvkfjlf `p Ekssnrikh mljkfflf. Elt ks f`j vr`lj kfelt slkz`lf, dnnr elt wllr ks ellrikch lf gnt hnf kf gl r`ng fnuwlikchsnfglrs zkcf. Elt ks m`vlfgklf vnf mlinfj gnt ekc dltllf mljkft `dgntekc ``h f`j nfglrl gkfjlf tl g`lf ellbt.7:;

Ekssnrikh ks fndlikch fklt gl lfkjl pinnts wnnr _oeikldnff wki jnnf

`pjrnvlf. @`h Dyhlfl stnnt `p zkcf ikcstcl. Ekc ks lr zlhlr vnf gnt ekcmlinfjrkchl znhlf kf gl nor`pìks vnf glzl stng zni vkfglf. Dnnr cn,zlibs ni eng ekc llf vlrjuffkfj, gnf f`j zù elt d`ltlf wnoetlf. GlQli`p`ffls`s ks `p gnt d`dlft vlrjlvlf vnf gl strukhr`vlrs.751

Gl vlrjuffkfj v``r Ekssnrikh ks lr f`j fklt lf gus d`lt `h glzl p-jrnvkfj f`j lvlf wnoetlf. @d gl tkcg tl vlrgrkcvlf dnnht _oeikldnffllf rlks g``r gl Oyoinglf.75> Glzl rlks ks, z`nis fnjlf`lj lihl rlks gkl_oeikldnff `fglrfnd, ``h wllr vì vnf `ftmlrkfjlf. G``r elt siloetlwllr jlgw`fjlf ikjjlf zl llf elil gnj kf gl hilkfl mnnk vnf Eërnoikn(Krnhik`f). _oeikldnff w`rgt wnfe`pkj vnf vlrvlikfj, llfznndelkg lf

`fjlgklrtl. Elt elil soekp, mldnffkfj kfmljrlplf, zkt `fglr gl iukzlflf vi``klf. Jliuhhkj h`fglf zl gl vìjlfgl gnj g``rvnrlf fnnr elrn(_nft`rkfk). Gkt lkinfg ks gl rnfg vnf llf jr`tl hrntlr. Gl hust stkcjt lri``grloet `p ukt elt wntlr lf gl zll ks z` gklp gnt dlf lr fklts nnf llfnfhlr ellbt. Kf glzl i``grloetl r`tslf hnf dlf gukglikch zklf gnt zlg``r vuihnfksoel uktmnrstkfjlf `ftstnnf zkcf. `t =11 v`lt m`vlf eltwntlr zklt dlf llf jlwligkjl r`gl innj. Rlrvìjlfs llf jrkczl, llf jlil,llf zwnrtl, llf mrukfl lf gnf `pfkluw llf jlil lf llf zwnrtl.75= Gkt ksgl llrstl hllr gnt _oeikldnff zklt e`l klts ukt injlf `pjlmùwg ks, gkt kszkcf llrstl hlffksdnhkfj dlt strntkjrnbkl.

Kf >521 wnrlf gl Brnfslf mlj`fflf dlt elt nbjrnvlf vnf gl nsin-jlf `p elrn lf ennr zustlrlkinfg elrnskn v``r gl vlrvnnrgkjkfj vnfgl oldlft gkl dlf mkc gl mùw vnf elt _ulzhnfnni f`gkj eng. Eklrmkchwndlf lr `p vlrsoekiilfgl pinntslf rlstlf vnf prlekst`rksoel eukzlftlv``rsoekcf. Fn lfkjl tkcg wlrg gl lkjlfnnr vnf llf vnf glzl jr`lvlf,

7:; Dlylr >;<?, >2>.751 Dlylr >;<?, >2>.75> Dlylr >;<?, >2=.75= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _OE DF 11?.>, p.?<. Kh gnfh Gnvkg rnkii gnt ekc dkc zkcf

h`pklèf tlr mlsoekhhkfj ellbt jlstlig.



=>2 -

gl ellr Ninpeùz`s, fkluwsjklrkj. Ekc wnnrsoeuwgl llf curkst p elrn,Gr. F`dkh`s, lf glzl `p zkcf mlurt wnnrsoeuwgl llf soelkhufgkjl kf

Ntelfl, Gr. Oerkst`dns. Glzl inntstl jnb elt mlrkoet vlrvìjlfs wllrg``r nnf gl i‛Loìl brnfênksl. Gkt kfstktuut mlj`f kf >52? dlt llf `f-

glrz`lh tlr pinntsl. Kf >522 wlrg gl vuihnnf wllr frustkj. Gkt tr`h vnfniil hnftlf jlì`jlf nnf. Gl Brnfslf wkiglf fklt noetlrmikcvlf lf stuur-glf kf >52: gl jlì``j Blrgkfnfg Nfgrë Bùquë (>5=5->;17). F`j kfeltzlibgl cnnr pumikollrgl glzl zkcf mlvkfgkfjlf kf zkcf Qrldklr rnpp`rtsur ufl dkssk`f soklftkkqul á K‛ii gl _nft`rkf.75?

kcglfs zkcf vlrmikcb `p elrn mlzòet ``h _oeikldnff gnt wnt lrf`j vnf glzl rlstlf tl zklf wns. @fgnfhs gnt elt st`rdgl iuhtl elt eld`d llf m``t lf mldnffkfj tl vkfglf gkl eld vnf elrn fnnr elrnsknmrnoetlf. _ndlf dlt glzl zlliklglf jkfj ekc fnnr elt g`rp Dnfìns(ekrnskn). Eklr nnfjlh`dlf dnnhtl ekc hlffks dlt gl murjldllstlr gkl

zkoe dltllf mkc elf nnfsi``t lf elf vlrjlzligl fnnr elt zukglf vnf eltlkinfg, wnnr prnoetkjl jlmùwlf ukt elt stlflf tkcgplrh zkcf, gkl mlglhtw`rglf g``r 27 v`lt ns. Elinns zkcf gl pjrnvkfjlf wllr mlglht jlrnnhtlf zklt dlf `p elt `jlfmikh gnt _oeikldnff lr ks fklts vnf, mlenivl llfjlgllitl vnf twll hilkfl durlf, gkl `pjlmùwg zkcf ukt `frljlidntkj

75? Nrlftzlf >;;:.

Nnrglwlrh ukt Welrnskn - Bùquë3 _nft`rkf lt sls Lruptk`fs >5:;.



=>:

jlv`rdgl invnstlflf, sndlfjlv`ljg dlt jlil hilk.757 Gl murjldllstlrvlrtligl _oeikldnff gnt dlf `p llf nfglrl duur nnf gl mkfflfhnftvnf llf euks sp`rlf vnf hnih `ftglht ellbt. Mkc elt zklf vnf glzl euk-zlf, gkl _oeikldnff g`lf glfhlf nnf gl eukzlf nnf gl hust vnf gl

G`gl Sll, gkl dlf ni `b fklt tlrloet t`lsoerkcbt nnf _`g`d lf J`d`rrn,jli``bt ekc fklt nnf llf e`jl ùglrg`d. Gl ruwl vnzlf lf gl stlflfwlrhtukjlf gkl kf glzl eukzlf jlv`fglf zkcf intlf loetlr jllf twkcblinnf gl e`jl ùglrg`d vnf glzl jlmùwlf mlstnnf. Niils ks mlglht g``rtwll injlf ns lf llf innj hnih. Gl llrstl nsinnj, gkl gl ruàfl mlglht ks? t`t 2 v`lt gkh. Gnf zklt dlf llf guffl innj jlil ns vnf 7 n < gukd.

Znffllr glzl innj jlv`rdg ks ukt st`b gnt ukt gl ntd`sbllr ks jlh`dlf,gnf hrkcjlf glzl mùwwlrhlf llf lf`rd e`jl ùglrg`d. Znffllr glzlinnj ``h vnf vuihnfksoel ``rspr`fj ks, gnf ks elt j`lg d`jlikch gnt glmlw`fkfj ukt llf tkcgplrh stndt gnt fklt vlrglr tlruj jnnt gnf t`t =111

v. Oer. Gl t`tnil nbwlzkjelkg vnf dltnni lf gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf stlflfwlrhtukjlf intlf lr jllf twkcbli mlstnnf nnf llf tkcgplrh r`fg gl =111v. Oer.75<

lruj `p elrn e``rt _oeikldnff gnt lr kf elt euks vnf gl murjl-dllstlr f`j v``rwlrplf d`ltlf zkcf gkl dlf mkc gl `pjrnvkfj jlv`f-glf ellbt. El vìjlfgl òetlfg euurt ekc `pfkluw llf m``t lf stllhtekc wllr elt wntlr `vlr. lf ekc gl murjldllstlr, Fkhìn`s Ninpeùz`s,fklt teuks tr`b, iklt ekc zkoe g``r llf bndkiklikg, Fkhìn`s Mniknd`s, fnnrgl z``f vnf gl murjldllstlr, Nft`fk`s Ninpeùz`s, mrlfjlf. Glzl engllf nnfzklfikchl vlrzndlikfj ùgelglf `ftglht. @dgnt ennr dnf kf

Dnfì`s wns wkigl zkcf vrùw fklt z`fglr zkcf t`lstlddkfj vlrh`plf._oeikldnff v`fg glzl ùgelglf elli mkcz`fglr. Lr wns llf vnns kf glv`rd vnf llf muks, llf jr``t zwnnr stuh, vlrglr llf e`lvllielkg jlrst,gkl g``r gl ekttl kf llf zwnrt p`lglr vlrnfglrg wns, llf stuh vlrstllfglhnns, twll indplf vnf jlmnhhlf nnrgl lf llf d``kl vnns. @dgnt ekcglzl v``rwlrplf jrnnj wkigl h`plf vlrtr`h _oeikldnff dltllf fnnrDnfìn wnnr ekc mkc gl ellr Nft`fk`s Niinpeùz`s niil v``rwlrplf hòetv``r gl prkcs vnf 21 brnfh, kfoiusklb llf jlmlligeùwgl dnrdlrlf pinntdlt kfsorkptkl. Ekc vr`lj glzl ellr d eld llf hr`d eùtlf mi`h tl t`-flf gnt zl m`vlf gl glur jlv`fglf engglf. Gkt mi`h ks vkcb v`lt infj lf

zwnrt nis lmmlfeùt. @p zkcf vlrz`lh znnjglf zl lr v``r eld llf d``k

757 `zlr >5:< ’... wl dngl ur wny nor`ss t` tel sùte skgl `b lrnskn, welrl, enibwnymltwllf tel tw` onpls telrl wns snkg t` ml n prlekst`rko vkiinjl ... Kt wns n sdniiilvli, ekje nm`vl tel sln, nfg oi`sl t` tel glp`skt `b s`bt wektl tubn wekoe o`vlrstel weìl ksinfg8 elrl, t` ùr gksnpp`kftdlft, wl bùfg f`tekfj mut elnps `binvn-miòhs, tel dntlrkni `b tel gwliikfjs, wekoe, ùr kfb`rdnft tìg us, eng mllflxonvntlg s`dl tkdl mlb`rl, nfg nbtlrwnrgs rukflg. @rkjkfniiy tel weìil eng mllfo`folnilg my tel tubn, nfg kf tel stllp bnol `b teks wl oùig sll trnols `b tellxonvntk`fs.—

75< Glzl gntlrkfj p`jkfj wlht gl kfgruh gnt _oeikldnff zkoe eklr `p kldnfg mnsllrt,

dnnr kh elm fklt hufflf `ftglhhlf `p wkl.



=>5 -

stuh nb. Fn zkcf nnfh`plf mltnnig tl elmmlf hllrgl ekc, fngnt ekc eltjlhòetl kf `ftvnfjst jlf`dlf eng, dltllf tlruj fnnr Npnf` Dlrkn(@rd`s Nddùgkù) lf vnf gnnr fnnr elrn.752

Elt zkcf w`fglrikchl v``rwlrplf gkl _oeikldnff eklr hòet. Swnrt

jlminhlrg jrnnf lf vlrstllfgl hnns0 Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff, kftljlfstliikfj t`t gl dllstl rlkzkjlrs, gkl kf glzl plrk`gl fnnr Jrklhlfinfghwndlf, fklt `p z`lh ks fnnr gl e``jtlpuftlf vnf gl Jrklhsl ouituur.

lruj kf Ntelfl mlsoerllb _oeikldnff glzl rlks kf llf mrklb nnf zkcfz``f _lrjlc. Ekc si``t glzl mrklb nb dlt zkcf pinfflf v``r gl fnmkcl t`l-h`dst. Ekc ellbt f`j stllgs zkcf urhsl vlrjuffkfj fklt `ftvnfjlf lfgl `pjrnvkfj vnf r`cl d`lt gnnr`d t`t elt v``rcnnr vnf >5:> wnoetlf.Ekc jnnt fu niillf f`j lvlf fnnr r`cl `d elt wllr tl zklf. @p =< nprkie``pt ekc gnf dlt ’dlvrùw _oeikldnff— kf Qnrkcs tl zkcf.75:

G``r z`klts llfvùgkjs nis elt `ftmrlhlf vnf llf vlrjuffkfj iklt

_oeikldnff zkoe loetlr fklt wllreùglf. Niillf hkchlf wns eld ukt-lkfglikch tl wlkfkj lf z` mlj`f ekc tl jrnvlf. Ekc jr`lb lr dllrglrlmrlgl tlstsiluvlf lf v`fg `vlrni rlstlf vnf pnilkzlf, tldplis lf nfglrlùgl durlf. @p >< v`lt gklptl st``t ekc `p durlf gkl 2 v`lt gkh zkcf.Glzl duur st`fg zlvlf lf llf enivl v`lt gklplr `p llf nfglrl duur.Gkt d`ltlf gl durlf vnf elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus lf vnf gl tldpli vnf

Ntelfl zkcf. Elinns mlz`rjlf gl mlkgl urhlf wnnr gl jr`fg vnf ks eldv``rtgurlfg d`lkikchelglf lf d`lt ekc ni sfli zkcf wlrh wllr st`pplf.Ekc flldt zkoe fu v``r d glzl eluvli tl h`plf wnft ekc wllt elt fu zl-hlr, eklr ikjt elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus lf gnt wki ekc elildnni `pjrnvlf.755

_oeikldnff pumikollrgl gl rlsuitntlf vnf zkcf `pjrnvkfj kf gl Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj 75; lf z` hwnd elt `p => dlk >5:1 kf eltIlkgsoe Gnjming 3

Llf Guktsoelr, Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff jlfnndg, ks tenfs mlzkj gl `p- jrnvkfjlf tl ilkglf kf elt ùgl r`cl, lf ellt fnnr zkcf mlwllrkfjrllgs elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus lf gl murj Qlrjndus, wnnr gl r`cnflfeuffl vìhsvlrjnglrkfjlf ekliglf, jlv`fglf - Llf Guktsoe ming jlltmkc glzl dlglgllikfj gl ilvlfsmlsoerkcvkfj vnf glzlf _oeikldnff, gklwlrhlikch dlrhwnnrgkj ks.

Ekc wns jlm`rlf kf Dlohilfmurj lf elt i`t soellf eld wlkfkj jufstkj.Ekc d`lst illrikfj mkc llf gr`jkst w`rglf, ni wlfsoetl ekc ``h zkoewltlfsoenpplikch tl `ftwkhhlilf, lf ni splliglf gl e`dlrksoel eliglf,wnnrvnf zkcf vnglr eld dllrdnilf vlrtlig eng, g``r elt e``g, z``zlis gnt llf glli vnf glf Kikns, g``r llf gr`fhlf stuglft llfdnni dlt pnte`s v``rjlgrnjlf, eld, ni vlrst`fg ekc jllf Jrklhsoe, t`t trnflfr`lrgl.

752 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _OE DF 11?.>, p.7?-77.75: Dlylr >;<?, >2?.755 Dlylr >;<?, >25->2;.

75; Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj >5:1 Fr. >77.



=>;

Fklttljlfstnnfgl gkt niils dnnhtl ekc onrrkårl8 ekc fnd ukt wnfe``pgklfst nis soellpsc`fjlf, hwnd mkc llf soekpmrluh tl Ndstlrgnd, wlrggnnr hnft``rmlgklfgl, illrgl gnnr kf llf pnnr cnrlf Eìinfgsoe,Lfjlisoe, Brnfsoe, _pnnfsoe, Ktniknnfsoe lf Q`rtujllsoe. Ekc mrnoet

elt nigus sp`lgkj t`t o`rrlsp`fglft lf m`lheùglr, wlrg gnnr`p nisnjlft fnnr Qltlrsmurj jlz`fglf, wnnr ekc llf lkjlf znnh mlj`f, lft`lf ``h tkcg v`fg `d elt ùgl Jrklhsoe tl mlstuglrlf. Fngnt ekc llfmlinfjrkch vlrd`jlf eng mkcllf jlhrljlf, wkcggl ekc zkoe jlelli nnfzkcfl iklvlikfjs-stugkèf, gl nroenlì`jkl, gkl eld fu fnnr r`cl elmmlf jlmrnoet.7;1

Noet gnjlf intlr, `p ?1 dlk >5:1 hwnd ``h Elt Fkluws vnf glf Gnj dlt gkt fkluws3

Gl Guktsoel oùrnftlf dnhlf dligkfj vnf llf Guktsoelr, Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff jlfnndg, gkl zkoe tenfs mlzkjeùgt dlt `pjrnvkfjlfkf elt ùgl r`cl, lf gkl rllgs elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus lf glf mlrjQlrjndus, wnnr gl r`cnflf euffl vìhsvlrjnglrkfjlf ekliglf, zù`ftglht elmmlf.7;>

7;1 Ilkgsoe Gnjming =>-1<->5:1.

7;> Elt Fkluws vnf glf Gnj ?1-1<->5:1.



==1 -

<. Gl Brnfs-Guktsl ``ri`j

]`fg >5:1 wns Brnfhrkch elt dnoetkjstl infg kf Lur`pn. Gkt wns zllrtljlf gl zkf vnf @tt` v`f Mksdnroh (>5><->5;5) gkl ni cnrlf mlzkjwns `d Qrukslf kf glzl p`sktkl tl mrlfjlf. @d z`vlr tl hufflf h`-dlf d`lst ekc llrst Guktsinfg `fglr Qrukslf vlrlfkjlf. Ekc znj twllvkcnfglf v``r Guktsinfg3 @`stlfrkch lf Brnfhrkch. Kf >522 mlj`f ekcgl Qruksksoe-@`stlfrkchsl @`ri`j. G``r gkt nis llf Gukts-@`stlfrkchsl@`ri`j kf gl pumikoktlkt tl mrlfjlf vlrlfkjgl ekc elt dlrlfglli vnfgl Guktsl stntlf `fglr Qrukslf. Kf >5:1 pr`vòllrgl ekc Brnfhrkch `p

llf gusgnfkj enfgkjl wkczl gnt gkt infg `p >; cuik >5:1 gl ``ri`j nnfQrukslf vlrhinnrgl, wnt g``r Mksdnroh fdkggliikch t`t llf ``ri`j tljlfGuktsinfg vlrhinnrg wlrg.

Elt Guktsl iljlr eng gl Brnfsl nnfvni vlrwnoet lf jkfj gkrlht kfelt `bblfsklb. Gkt jkfj z` sfli gnt Flglrinfglrs gkl elt fkluws vkn eufhrnftlf vìjglf elt jlv`li jleng d`ltlf elmmlf gnt gl Qrukslf gl``ri`j mlj`fflf wnrlf. Elt fkluws wlrg v``r elt llrst jldlig `p =2

cuik >5:13

Gl Qrukslf zkcf tusslf Dltzkj lf _nnriùks gl Brnfsoel jrlfzlf`vlrjlst`hlf.7;=

Gl Brnfsl iljlrs w`rglf sfli vlrsinjlf lf ni p < nujustus ks Mksdnrohlr vnf `vlrtukjg gnt ekc gl ``ri`j jlw`fflf ellbt3

Mrussli, < Nuj. Mkc `fzl ]ljlrkfj ks òkllil dlglgllikfj vnfQrukslf `ftvnfjlf, vnf gl jkstlrlf g``r gl Guktsoel tr`lplf mlennigl`vlrwkffkfj.7;?

Elt Brnfsl iljlr wns wlikswnnr vlrsinjlf, dnnr gl Brnfsl mlvì-hkfj mlsi``t `d g``r tl vloetlf. Gkt t`t jr`tl w`lgl vnf Mksdnroh, gkldllfgl gnt gkt vnis spli wns. @`ri`j jkfj tusslf iljlrs lf gnnr mle``rgl

gl mlvìhkfj zkoe fklt dll tl mld`lklf. Qnrkcs mlsi``t zkoe tljlf glGuktslrs tl vlrzlttlf3

Qnrkcs, =1 Nuj. Gl hrkcjsrnng ellt tenfs mlsi`tlf llfkjl jlgllitlf vnfelt m`soe vnf Mùi`jfl dlt gl jr`fg jlikch tl dnhlf. Elt vlrfkltkjlfvnf elt m`soe vnf Rkfolffls ks t`t intlr uktjlstlig.7;7

7;= Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =2-12->5:1.7;? Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 12-15->5:1.

7;7 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ==-15->5:1.



==>

@`h gl mlvìhkfj ukt gl `djlvkfj vnf Qnrkcs ks fklt mlrlkg zkoe nnfgl Guktslrs vlr tl jlvlf. Gkl trlhhlf zkoe dlt niils wnt zl elmmlf tlrujkf Qnrkcs lf dnhlf elt `p gkl dnfklr d`jlikch gnt gl stng llf infjgurkjmlilj hnf `vlrilvlf3

Qnrtkouiklrl O`rrlsp`fglftkl.

Qnrkcs, =; Nujustus.

Elt soeùwspli gnt Qnrkcs tenfs nnfmklgt ks enrtvlrsoelurlfg8 gl infg-iklglf h`dlf dlt vrùwlf, hkfglrlf, vll lf dlumlilf vnf niil g`rplf`p =< á ?1 urlf kf glf `dtrlh fnnr Qnrkcs viuoetlf. Niil stntk`fs zkcfstndpvì dlt niilrilk s``rt vnf j`lglrlf, wnft klglr z`lht fntuurikchz``vlli d`jlikch tl rlgglf. Kh elm glf ``ri`j vnf fnmkc jlzklf, kh elm`vlrstr``dkfjlf, jr``tl mrnfglf jlzklf, gnt zkcf vlrsoerkhhlikchl pin- jlf, dnnr kh vlrhinnr u gnt fklts tl vlrjlikchlf ks mkc gl pnfklh gkl zkoe

tenfs vnf niil Brnfsoelf dllstlr dnnht. Niilf soekcflf euffl zkfflf,euf jlz`fg vlrstnfg, h`rt`d niils vli`rlf tl elmmlf.

Qnrkcs ks tenfs siloets ëëf uktjlstrlht iljlrhndp jlw`rglf. Gl ellrikchlwnfgliwljlf vnf elt M`ks gl Mùi`jfl lf Rkfolffls zkcf tenfs `ft-znjikchl vllpnrhlf jlw`rglf8 gîîr stnnf =11 gukzlfg soenplf, eklr51 gukzlfg `sslf, nnf glzlf hnft 71 gukzlfg dlihh`lklf lfz8 niil p``rtlf gkl f`j fklt jlsi`tlf zkcf intlf llf dlfkjtl infgmùwlrs kf,gkl euf h`rlf, euf dlli, euf v`lglr lfz. dlglmrlfjlf lf gkl mlpnni-glf inst jlhrljlf elmmlf `d ni wnt zkc fklt hufflf dlglfldlf tlvlrmrnfglf.

_kfgs grkl gnjlf elm kh kf Qnrkcs hndlrs jleuurg, dnnr ―t elipt dkcfklts, wnft mkc jlmrlh nnf rkctukjlf hnf kh dkcfl dlumlis fklt `vlr-mrlfjlf8 dlt mleuip vnf llfkj pr`tlotkl e``p kh f`j wli gnt kh lrG`fglrgnj ` Rrkcgnj llf zni hufflf hrkcjlf, lf t`t wlihlf prkcs gnff`j, lf e`lvlli gukzlfglf vlrhllrlf fklt kf glzligl `dstnfgkjelkg!

Gkl lf`rdl gruhtl lf vlrwnrrkfj w`rgt f`j vlrdllrglrg g``r gl pròindntkl vnf ròeu,7;< wnnrmkc, z``nis jkc wllt, niil fklt-jlfn-turniksgllrgl Qrukslf lf euffl m`fgjlf`tlf mkfflf grkl gnjlf ý eltBrnfsoe jr`fgjlmklg d`ltlf vlrintlf ý zkoe fnnr elt Sukglf, `vlr

gl `lvlrs glr I`krl, d`ltlf mljlvlf. Lr hnf m`vlfgklf f`j llf jr`tlgkpi`dntklhl vlrwnrrkfj `ftstnnf, wnft gl Qrukslf lf euffl m`fgjlf``tlf kf Qnrkcs elmmlf zkoe `fglr mlsoelrdkfj vnf gl Rlrllfkjgl_tntlf jlstlig, lr hnf gus wli llf o`fkot ftstnnf g``r glzlf dnntrl- jli gkl fdkggliikchl soelfgkfj vnf elt vìhlfrloet ks, dnnr gnnr jlltdlf tljlfw``rgkj wnt `d! 7;2

7;< Iùks Cuils ròeu (>5><->5;2) , jlflrnni lf pìktkous. Ekc wlrg `p >: nujustus>5:1 jùvlrflur vnf Qnrkcs lf fn gl rlvìutkl vnf 7 slptldmlr wlrg ekc prlskglftvnf gl ]ljlrkfj vnf Fntk`fnil Rlrglgkjkfj.

7;2 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 1>-1;->5:1.



=== -

@p = slptldmlr >5:1 jnb hlkzlr Fnpìl`f KKK (>515->5:?) zkoe fngl sinj mkc _lgnf nnf gl Guktslrs `vlr. Gl rljlrkfj kf Qnrkcs rklp gnnr`pgl ]ljlrkfj vnf Fntk`fnil Rlrglgkjkfj (gl Glrgl ]lpumiklh) ukt3

Qnrkcs, 7 _lptldmlr. Jkstlrlf fndkggnj ks gl ]lpumiklh g``r eltZltjlvlfg Ikoennd vnf Brnfhrkch jlpròindllrg jlw`rglf dlt >5<tljlf =5 stlddlf.

Qnrkcs ks rustkj, dnnr vì jllstgrkt.7;:

Lr vìjt fu llf dnnfglfinfj mlilj vnf Qnrkcs. @p >5 cnfunrk >5:>r`lpt Mksdnroh kf Rlrsnkiils elt Guktsl hlkzlrrkch ukt.

_oeikldnff dnnht zkoe fglrtusslf z`rjlf vlr zkcf eukzlf kf Qnrkcs.Rkn gl Qruksksoel ndmnssnglurs kf Ntelfl lf Dùfoelf mlz`rjt ekc zkoennfmlvlikfjsmrklvlf v``r jrnnb Mksdnroh-Mèilf7;5 kf _trnntsmurj lf

v``r Mksdnroh zlib gkl `p gnt d`dlft kf Rlrsnkiils7;;

ks. Elinns v``r_oeikldnff elmmlf glzl mrklvlf jllf fut. Mksdnroh ks dlt Cuils Bnvrl<11 `vlrllf jlh`dlf gnt fkldnfg Qnrkcs kf dnj zìnfj elt jllf vrlgl ks._oeikldnff v`lit zkoe gnnrg``r jlgw`fjlf `d dlt llf vnis pnsp``rtkf elt ufkb`rd vnf gl p`stdllstlr vnf Injfy gl stng mkfflf tl jnnf.G``r gl mlrkoetlf gkl ekc kf Ntelfl lf O`fstnftkf`pli `ftvnfjlf engwns mkc eld gl nfjst `ftstnnf gnt zkcf eukzlf vlrw`lst zùglf zkcf g``rgl m`dmnrgldlftlf. Ekc eng wllr llfs jliuh, zkcf eukzlf wnrlf `fml-soengkjg, dnnr elt euks fnnst elt zkcfl `p gl Mùilvnrg _t. Dkoeli wnsjlelli vlrw`lst lf gnnrmkc wnrlf vlil g`glf jlvniilf. Gkt gllg eld nnf

gl mrnfg vnf Dldli<1>

kf >5<7 glfhlf.\kt gl hrnftlf eng _oeikldnff vlrf`dlf gnt niil m`dlf kf glukiilrkls, infjs gl Oendps Liysëls lf niil nfglrl strntlf `djlenht wn-rlf `d nis mrnfgeùt tl gklflf. `t zkcf jr`tl tlvrlglfelkg stligl ekcvnst gnt gkt fklt wnnr wns, gnt `p glzl pinntslf jllf m``d jlhnpt wns.Lr wnrlf wli m`dlf kf elt M`ks gl Mùi`jfl jlhnpt, dnnr euf nnftniwns z` hilkf gnt niillf gnjlikchsl mlz`lhlrs elt znjlf. Ekc eng ``h vlr-wnoet gnt Qnrkcs lr `p gkt d`dlft lvlf vlrwnnri``sg ukt zù zklf nisQlhkfj, dnnr ``h gnt wns fklt wnnr. Jlgurlfgl gl elil mliljlrkfj millbelt lr d``k lf soe``f uktzklf.<1= Fll, Qnrkcs wns jllf Qlhkfj, elt wns

f`j stllgs Qnrkcs, ni huf cl `p == blmrunrk f`j wli dlrhlf gnt elt ``r-i`j ks. @vlrgnj znj elt lr fnuwlikchs nfglrs ukt gnf v``r gl mliljlrkfj.

7;: Elt fkluws vnf gl gnj 12-1;->5:1.7;5 Brklgrkoe Nilxnfglr Jrnb v`f Mksdnroh-Mèilf (>5>5->5;7). Qruksksoe jlflrnni lf

noetlrfllb vnf Bùrst Mksdnroh.7;; Gkt ks Bùrst @tt` v`f Mksdnroh.<11 Cuils Oinugl Jnmrkli Bnvrl (>51;->551) llf vnf gl dlgl `prkoetlrs vnf gl

]ljlrkfj vnf Fntk`fnil Rlrglgkjkfj.<1> _oeikldnff soerkcbt Fksefykf, dnnr mlg`ligl `fjltwkcblig gl mrnfg vnf Dldli.

Ekc vlrjkst zkoe eklr vlrd`lglikch dlt Fksoefk F`wj`r`g, wnnr ekc kf nujustus>5<7 gl cnnrdnrht eng mlzòet.

<1= Dlylr >;<?, >51->5>.



==?

Lr iklplf flt z`vlli dlfslf `p strnnt. Lr wnrlf niillf dkfglr rkctukjlf`dgnt gl dllstl pnnrglf `pjljltlf wnrlf. ―s Nv`fgs znj Qnrkcs lr loetlrtrlurkj ukt, `dgnt lr jllf nfglrl vlrikoetkfj gnf eklr lf gnnr llf hilkflìklindp wns.

@dgnt lr jllf jnsikoet wns wnrlf gl telntlrs `vlrgnj `plf. Niildusln lf mkmik`telhlf, dlt uktz`fglrkfj vnf gl _`rm`ffl, wnrlf jl-si`tlf. `t _oeikldnffs jr`tl jlf`ljlf `plfgl elt Oìiåjl gl Brnfolsp`lgkj zkcf glurlf wllr. Gl t`lh`dst vnf Qnrkcs znj lr fklt j`lg ukt.Gl eukslkjlfnnr dlrhtl `p gnt gl wlivnnrt lvlfrlgkj jlgnnig wns nnfgl wnnrgl vnf gl eukzlf. Loet z`rjlf dnnhtl _oeikldnff zkoe loetlrfklt. Ekc wns lr zlhlr vnf gnt elt Qnrkcs vnf gl j`lgl sdnnh, gl stng gklkf vlli `pzkoetlf gl e``bgstng vnf gl wlrlig ks, mlltcl mkc mlltcl tlrujzni hlrlf lf wllr mlz`lhlrs ukt gl elil wlrlig zni trlhhlf. Elinns znigkt, vìjlfs _oeikldnff, fklt `fglr gl rlpumiklh jlmlurlf. R``ri`pkj

millb elt mleliplf. @p gl dnrht h`f dlf hnttlf, rnttlf lf e`fglfh`plf z`nis kf f`rdnil tkcglf stuhhlf soenplfvills. Dlf vlrhòet llfhnt v``r ?1, twll hilkfl e`fglf hnrm`fngls v``r 7 lf llf h`fkcf v``r51 á >11 brnfh.<1?

@p =2 blmrunrk >5:> si``t gl ]ljlrkfj vnf Fntk`fnil Rlrglgkjkfjllf wnplfstkistnfg dlt gl Guktslrs wnnrmkc elt Guktsl iljlr t`lstld-dkfj hrllj `d nis `vlrwkffnnr `vlr gl Oendps Liysëls tl dnroelrlf.Gkt soe``t gl Qnrkczlfnnrs kf elt vlrhllrgl hllijnt lf `p >2 dnnrt h`zlfzl llf lkjlf rljlrkfj. Glzl rljlrkfj, gkl wl fu hlfflf nis gl O`dduflvnf Qnrkcs, jnnt `p >5 dnnrt nnf gl sinj. Dlf stlit kfjrkcplfgl vlrnf-

glrkfjlf v``r. Elt iljlr w`rgt vlrvnfjlf g``r llf fntk`fnil jnrgl. Lrh`dt llf soelkgkfj tusslf hlrh lf stnnt. Gl dkgglfstnfg w`rgt jlstlufgg``r elt hwkctsoeliglf vnf soeuiglf. @p =< dnnrt hinnjt _oeikldnffkf llf mrklb nnf _oeròglr kf I`fglf gnt mkcfn niil =:1 bndkikls gkl kfzkcf eukzlf w`flf wli hufflf mltnilf, dnnr lr dll wnoetlf `dgnt zlllrst wkiilf zklf `b gl fkluw tl dnhlf wlt dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t eukseuurfklt kf euf v``rglli zni uktvniilf. Glzl wlt wns g``r elt uktmrlhlfvnf gl rlvìutkl, gl O`ddufl, f`j fklt mlenfglig. @dgnt glzl f`jstllgs nnf gl dnoet wns jnb dlf fu gl v``rhlur nnf nfglrl wlttlf._oeikldnff zklt elt s`dmlr kf. Nis elt z` g``rjnnt zni lr sp`lgkj llf

murjlr``ri`j uktmrlhlf. Ekc e``pt fu dnnr gnt gl Qrukslf sp`lgkj Qnrkcszuiilf mlzlttlf.<17

<1? Dlylr >;<?, >5=.

<17 Dlylr >;<?, >5<.



==7 -

_oeikldnff ks mnfj gnt ekc zkcf eukzlf lf zkcf jlig kf Qnrkcs zni vlrikl-zlf. Ekc zklt kf gl sòknikstksoel kgllèf vnf gl O`ddufl nis llf gkrlotl,plrs``fikchl mlgrlkjkfj lf ekc ks fklt gl lfkjl3

Gl Mlijksoel ]ljllrkfj, vrllzlfgl gnt gl jlmlurtlfksslf tl Qnrkcs, gklnnf gl Kftlrfntk`fnil w`rglf t`ljlsoerlvlf, wlãrhinfh zuiilf vkfglfkf s`ddkjl kfgustrkllil gkstrkotlf vnf elt H`fkfhrkch, ellt tr`lplfglrwnnrts jlz`fglf.<1<

@`h gl Guktslrs dnhlf zkoe fjlrust, dnnr gl nbjlzlttl Brnfsl rljl-rkfj f`j dllr. @d gl enfglf vrkc tl hrkcjlf siuktlf glzl `p >1 dlk glzllr vlrflglrlfgl vrlgl vnf Brnfhburt wnnrmkc zl Lizns-I`tenrkfjlf nnfGuktsinfg vlriklzlf.<12 @p => dlk vnit gl Brnfsl rljlrkfj Qnrkcs nnf lf kfllf wllh vniilf lr vlrvìjlfs =1.111 g`glf. Gnnrfn e`lbt _oeikldnffzkoe fklt infjlr dllr `fjlrust tl dnhlf. Kf elt vlrvìj zni ekc zkcf euur

wllr `p tkcg `ftvnfjlf.

<1< Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =?-1?->5:>.<12 Glzl vlrflglrkfj ks dlglvlrnftw``rglikch v``r elt uktmrlhlf vnf gl llrstl lf intlr

gl twllgl wlrlig``ri`j.



==<

2. Llf Flglrinfglr mlz`lht glr`cnnfslvinhtl

Kf >5:>, >5:= lf >5:? jr`lb _oeikldnff kf Ekssnrikh. Ekc mlrkoettlgnnr dlt lfkjl rljlidnnt `vlr kf gl Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj lf glkdls . Gl llrstl ondpnjfl mlj`f kf `ht`mlr >5:>. Glzl wlrg jltlks-tlrg g``r nnfeùglfgl rljlf gkl elt wlrhlf stlrh mld`lkikchtl. Mljkff`vldmlr v`ligl _oeikldnff zkoe jlgw`fjlf `d lrdll tl st`pplf.E`lwli _oeikldnff dlt siloets noet nrmlkglrs mlj`f wlrg gkt nnftni

ni sfli vlre``jg t`t llf jldkggligl vnf tnoetkj. _oeikldnff wns lrvnf`vlrtukjg gnt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl kf gl `fglrstl innj d`lst ikjjlf.@d gnnr sfli tl h`dlf iklt ekc llf gklp jnt jrnvlf, wnnrmkc ekc lihl oui-tuurinnj gkl ekc tljlfhwnd vlrfkltkjgl.

Fngnt ekc kf nprki >5:= zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf elrvnt eng t``fgl ekcdllr mlinfjstliikfj v``r strntkjrnbkl. Ekc eng fu mltlr jlrllgsoenp uktLfjlinfg intlf h`dlf lf iklt pinttljr`fglf dnhlf g``r llf Brnfsl kf-jlfklur. Ekc wlrhtl fu dlt llf jldkggligl vnf e`fglrg vkcbtkj nrmlk-glrs lf tr`h vnf f``rg fnnr zukg llf silub g``r gl eluvli. Ekc h`fg``rwlrhlf t`t dkgglf nujustus, dnnr t`lf rnnhtlf lr z`vlli dlfslf

mlsdlt dlt dninrkn gnt ekc fklt dllr `vlr vìg`lfgl nrmlkglrs h`f ml-soekhhlf.<1: @p 7 nujustus innt _oeikldnff kf gl Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj wltlf gnt ekc kf zkcf `pzlt jlsinnjg ks. Ekc ellbt jlv`fglf wntekc zòet. Nis mli`fkfj v``r gl rlusnoetkjl h`stlf lf zkcf `ftmlrkfjlf,mlpr`lvkfjlf lf ikcglf kf gl wkiglrfks lf v``rni `dgnt zkcf `ftglh-hkfj z` mlinfjrkch ks v``r gl elil mlsoennbgl wlrlig lkjlft ekc zkoe eltrloet t`l, glzl elkikjl stng `d tl g`plf. \kt fnnd vnf gl j`gglikchlE`dlrus g``pt ekc glzl stng dlt gkl `fstlrblikchl fnnd, gkl klglrllfdlt vrlujgl lf lfteùsknsdl vlrvuit. _oeikldnff f`ldt v``rtnnf glzlstng ’r`cl— lf ’Kikud— lf gl nor`pìks zni v``rtnnf gl ’Qlrjnd`s vnf

r`cl— eltlf.<15

Llf vnf gl `pvniilfgstl v``rwlrplf gkl _oeikldnff v`fg wns llfvnns dlt nnf gl v``rhnft vrùwlikchl jlsinoetshlfdlrhlf lf llf jl-zkoetcl `p gl enis. _oeikldnff v`fg llf jr``t nnftni vnf glzl p`ttlf

<1: Nsinf =112, ?51 ’Lpkgldklf (Qlst ufg Dninrkn) vlrursnoetlf mls`fglrs kfglr ]ljk`f ud gkl Gnrgnfliilf ufg r`kn sler soewlrl Bìjlf. Sur rnsoelf Nusmrlktufj v`f Lpkgldklf trujlf lkflrslkts gkl Enfglissoekbbnert mlk ufgnfglrslkts gns _udpbjlmklt, gns clgls Cner zur wnrdlf Cnerlszlkt glf Nusmruoev`f Dninrkn bòrglrtl. Kd ]ngkus v`f >1 hd ud r`cn wurglf dler nis 21% glr_klgiufjlf mlkfnel vìistçfgkj guroe Lpkgldklf vlrwùstlt.—

<15 H`rbdnfff >;;1, >?7.



==2 -

lf stligl vnst gnt gl fluzlf nitkcg wnt puftkj wnrlf. Gnt wnrlf jllffluzlf, dnnr sfnvlis. Elt jkfj eklr fklt `d llf dlfslikch jlzkoet,dnnr `d llf ukilfh`p. Fu wkst _oeikldnff gnt gl hinssklhlf gl j`gkfQniins Ntelfl dlt llf uki nssòkllrglf. Znnr gl hinssklhlf Ntelfn dlt

llf uki `p gl nrd nbmlligglf engglf euf v``rvnglrlf, z` rlglfllrgl_oeikldnff, Ntelfn dlt llf ukilfjlzkoet nbjlmllig. Fu hrkcjt Ntelflvnnh gl t`lv`ljkfj ’jinuh`pks—,<1; dlt gl soekttlrlfgl `jlf. Fn elt zklfvnf glzl prkdktklvl Ntelfl mlligcls mljrllp _oeikldnff gnt glzl vlrtn-ikfj bùt wns.

E`lwli _oeikldnff dlt lfkjl rljlidnnt vlrsinjlf vnf zkcf v`rglrkf-jlf kf gl Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj pinntstl wlrg niillf glzl inntstlg``r Ilkgsoe Gnjming vlrjlf`dlf3

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ks, mkc zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf glf `dtrlh vnf eltùgl r`cl, t`t gl `vlrtukjkfj jlh`dlf gnt elt mkc E`dlrus z`` gkh-wkcis vnf Ntelfl jlmlzkjgl lpktelk`f ’jinuh`pks— fklt mltllhlft3 ’dltstrnilfgl `jlf,— dnnr vllillr3 ’dlt elt ukilfjlzkoet.— Ekc v`fg fndl-ikch mlliglf vnf Ntelfl dlt ukilfh`pplf.<>1

Kf gl elrbst vnf >5:= mrnoet gl intlrl N]Q dkfkstlr CènfflsOerkstknnf gl Dnrlz @ylfs (>57<->;>>) ’llf mlz`lh nnf _oeikldnffsuktjrnvkfjlf kf r`ns—.

Llf mlglvnnrtjnfjlr fnnr r`cl lf Ktenon, z`` iukggl gl tktli vnf llf`pstli vnf gr. gu ]klu kf glf _plotnt`r vnf >52;. Elt jìg gl nnf-h`fgkjkfj vnf Elfrk _oeikldnffs ]loelroels Nroeëì`jkquls, v``rn- jljnnf g``r llf e``jst dlrhwnnrgkjl nut`mk`jrnl gkl vnf gl jllst-hrnoet lf vìenrgkfj gls soerkcvlrs trlfilfgl mlwkczlf nljgl.

_oeikldnff, dlf elrkfflrt elt zkoe, g``r zkcf vnglr mlstldg v``r elthrukglfklrsvnh, g``r t`lvniikjl `dstnfgkjelglf kf Ndstlrgnd jlh`-dlf gnnr jlpinntst nis i``pc`fjlf `p elt hnft``r vnf glf ellr B.O.ûklf, g``r vikct lf stugkl `pjlhi`ddlf t`t glf rnfj vnf njlft vnfgkt enfgliseuks tl _t. Qltlrsmurj, intlr vlrrkcht g``r jliuhhkjl enf-glis`fglrfldkfjlf, h`lstlrgl vnf glr clujg nnf llf ilvlfswlfsoe,gkl fklt t`t gl niilgnnjsoel hnf w`rglf jlrlhlfg. Dlglgllikfjlf `psoe`ì vnf gl E`dlrksoel eliglflktlf engglf kf zkcf clujgkjl zklielt vlrinfjlf `pjlwlht llfdnni elt t`flli vnf gklf vlrelvlf strkcg tlnnfsoeùwlf. Fn vlil tlilurstliikfjlf ellt _oeikldnff elt kfglrgnngz`` vlr jlmrnoet. Znt dllr zljt, fklt siloets gl jr`fg, wnnr`p vìjlfsgl `vlrilvlrkfj gl r`cnnfsoel ``ri`j zù zkcf jlv`lrg, wlrg g``r eldnnfsoeùwg8 ``h wnt `fglr glf jr`fg t`t gusvlr nnf elt ``j vlrm`r-

<1; O`x >5=:, :=. ’el lpktelt my wekoe sel XNtãfãT ks mlst hf`wf kf tel Kikng nfg@gyssly ks Jinuh÷pks8 nfg tel w`rg glf`tls skdpiy elr mrkjet nfg jilndkfjoùftlfnfol ... tel `wi wns oniilg Jinux, lktelr br`d tel binsekfj wektlflss `b ktspiudnjl, `r br`d tel mrkiiknfoy `b kts lyls.—

<>1 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1:-1>->5:?.



==:

jlf mill ks g``r eld `ftglht lf _oeikldnff, gl vr ljlrl hrukglfklrs-lf hnft``rc`fjlf, stnnt tenfs v``rnnf kf gl rlk glr ùgelkghufgkjlf,wklf elt tl g`lf ks gl pinnts vnf elt ùgl r`cl `p tl sp`rlf.

Ks elt w`fglr, gnt gl t`lrkst, gkl vnf O`fstnftkf`pli fnnr Ntelfl rlkst,

zkoe llf `p`fteùg nnf gl Gnrgnfliilf jltr``st, `d vnf gnnr nnf_oeikldnffs uktjrnvkfjlf llf h`rt mlz`lh tl mrlfjlf0 Jltr``st, zlkglkh. Kfglrgnnf elt lksoet llfkjl `p`filrkfj, v``rni vnf glf kfslhtsoeu-wlf Eìinfglr, zkcf ilglf nnf gl gkvnfs kf gl Gnrgnflisoel e÷tlis t`ltl vlrtrùwlf. Kh elm gkt loetlr jliuhhkj siloets vnf e``rlf zljjlf,wnft elt rlksjlzlisoenp, wnnrt`l kh gl llr eng tl mle``rlf, wnoettlllf hlurkjl `ftvnfjst mkc glf Guktsoelf o`fsui nnf gl Gnrgnfliilf,gkl vnf `fzl h`dst g``r glf jlznft tl O`fstnftkf`pli wns vlrwkt-tkjg. Elt `stlf lf jnstvrkcelkg zkcf vnf ugs syf`fydn. Gnnrlfm`vlfgl Lur`plnnf kf gkl strlhlf ks jllfszkfs `fjlv`likj v``r llf mlz`lhvnf wlstlrikfjlf. Mikchmnnr vlrhwkht elt eld kf elt infg Zelrl,z``nis Myr`f zljt, nii, snvl tel spkrkt ` dnf, ks gkvkfl, wlglr llfskf nnfrnhkfj tl h`dlf dlt plrs`flf, gkl gl fkluwstl tkcgkfjlf lfdllst vlrsoel kfgruhhlf ukt elt nv`fginfg dllmrlfjlf. @fzl jnst-ellr wns zllr `fglreùglfg. Ekc vlrtligl `fs vlli `vlr gl vruoetmnnr-elkg vnf glf Nzkntksoelf m`gld lf `vlr glf infgmùw, gkl kf glzl jlwlstlf zù hufflf mi`lkclf, z`` ekc fklt g``r gl hflvlinrkclf glrurhsoel ndmtlfnrlf, nis rlftljlvlfgl `fglrfldkfj, wlrg `fd`jl-ikch jldnnht. @p dkcfl vrnnj ` lr llf lf wkl Eìinfgsoel o`fsuinnf gl Gnrgnfliilf wns, glligl ekc dlgl, gnt gkt o`fsuinnt wns `p- jlgrnjlf nnf llf Nrdlfkèr, gkl loetlr, gnnr gl wlkfkjl Eìinfgsoel

vnnrtukjlf, gkl v``rmkcjnnf, gnglikch fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli g``rvnrlf,kf glzl mltrlhhkfj fklt vlli tl g`lf eng. E`l e``j llf `pvnttkfj glzl Nrdllfsoel ndmtlfnnr vnf elt Flglrinfgsoel jùvlrfldlft gnf``h vnf zkcf tnnh eng, hnf ukt elt vìjlfgl mikchlf. Kf >5:>, t`lf`p elt lkfgl vnf glf Brnfsoelf ``ri`j gl gnj wns mlpnnig, wnnr`pelt fkluwl Guktsoel hlkzlrrkch zù w`rglf jlpròindllrg, rkjttl `fzl jnstellr nnf zkcf oìiljns, glf o`fsui vnf klglrl nnf gl Gnrgnfliilfvlrtljlfw``rgkjgl d`jlfgelkg, elt vlrz`lh gl fkluwl Guktsoel vinj,lih g``r elt uktstlhlf glr zkcfl, tl wkiilf mljr`ltlf. Nnf gkt mkiikchlvlrinfjlf mli``glf niilf tl zuiilf vìg`lf. _iloets elt Flglrinfgsoel jùvlrfldlft dnnhtl mlzwnnr. \kt pìktklhl, nftk-Guktsoel d`tklvlf0

vkli kh kf gl rlgl. Dkcf Jlrdnnfsoel rlksjlf``tlf znjlf dkc soeukfsnnf, ’Niilrdkfst, wns elt nftw``rg, gl stnnthufgl wns eklr fklt kf eltspli. Elt wns uwlf o`fsui ilttlrikch `fd`jlikch llf vinj ukt tl stlhlf,wnft ekc eng lr jllfl. Skc wns kf glf c`fjstlf mrnfg vlrjnnf. Gl c`fjstl mrnfg kftussoelf gnjtllhlfgl vnf elt ennr >52<.— \kt wliwki-ilfgelkg cljlfs dkc mill elt mkc llflf jikdinoe `p gl ikpplf dkcflr



==5 -

Guktsoel vrklfglf lf mkc llf jkspkfj vnf glf ndmtlfnnr, gkl zkcf tnnhz`` wlkfkj tlr enrtl fnd. Znt dkc zlivl mltrlt, kh zwllj lf gnoet fkltz`fglr wlld`lg nnf glf ùglf tkcg, t`lf llf Eìinfglr, wnffllrlr lrjlfs vnf gl vnglrinfgsoel vinj wlrg jlspr`hlf, zkoe zlhlr fklt

mle`lgl tl soendlf.

<>>

S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf wns Brlglrkoh Onivlrt gl o`fsui v``rLfjlinfg, Qrukslf, Flglrinfg lf Mlijkè. Glzl wns loetlr kf >52= kfllf bnkiikssldlft tlrloet jlh`dlf wnnrmkc gl Lfjlisl ndmnssnglur kfO`fstnftkf`pli llf f`jni mlglfhlikchl rì jlspllig soekcft tl elmmlf. <>=

Nis wl Gl Dnrlz @kclfs jli`vlf d`jlf eng kf >5:? Brnfh Onivlrt eltLfjlisl o`fsuinnt `fglr zkcf mlellr lf wns llf nfglr Gukts o`fsui jl-w`rglf. Zkl Flglrinfg lf Mlijkè `p gkt d`dlft vlrtljlfw``rgkjglfks `fgukglikch. Elt ellbt lr loetlr niil soekcf vnf gnt gl Guktsl o`fsuizkcf oìiljn v``r Flglrinfg pr`mllrgl zwnrt tl dnhlf.

Glf vìjlfglf d`rjlf mrnjt `fs llf st``dm``t, g``r glf jùvlrflurglr Rkiinclge tl `fzlr mlsoekhhkfj jlstlig, fnnr gl uktlrstl spkts vnf glstrnnt glr Gnrgnfliilf, fnnr Hud Hnile, llf vrkc mlinfjrkch urhsoe `rt. Eklr infgglf wkc kf llf m``tcl fklt z`fglr llfkjl d`lktl, gnnrgl mrnfgkfj `p gl hust vrkc elvkj ks. Rnf eklr wnfgliglf wkc fnnr[lfktsoelr, wnnr wkc gl pnnrglf d`lstlf vkfglf, gkl v``rukt wnrlf jlz`fglf `d `fs fnnr gl pinnts `fzlr mlstlddkfj v``r glf vìjlf-glf fnoet, fnnr Murfnrmnrsoek, tl mrlfjlf. @fglrwlj znjlf wkc glftuduius ` jrneluvli, gkl `p gl dllstl hnnrtlf stnnt nnfjljlvlf nisgl rustpinnts vnf Noekiils & Qntròius. Gl g``glf ellt dlf loetlr

fklt dlt rust jlintlf, dnnr elrenniglikch glf tuduius g``rjlzòet,`d tl zklf ` dlf ``h llfkjl v``rwlrplf, dlt elf dlgl mljrnvlf,zù `ftglhhlf. Fklts dlrhwnnrgkjs ellt lr zkoe loetlr vlrt``fg. Zkcwnoettlf kf [lfktsoelr `p `fzl pnnrglf lf vlrrksoetlf `fs dlt glilhhlrl urhsoel h`l, gkl dlf `vlrni, t`t kf gl hilkfstl lf vukistlw`fkfj, sdnhlikch wllt tl mlrlkglf. Gl hilpplrs vlrt``fglf zkoe flrjlfs lf elt wns rllgs vkc uur jlw`rglf, z``gnt wkc dnnr mlsi`tlf glfwlj tl v`lt n tl iljjlf, gnnr wkc zlhlr wnrlf kf Murfnrmnrsoek `fzlmnjnjl lf ilvlfsdkgglilf tl zuiilf vkfglf. Zkc engglf llf zllr j`lglhnnrt mkc `fs, gkl lr, dllfglf wkc, `fs wli zù mrlfjlf. Nnfvnfhlikch jkfj elt j`lg, dnnr t`lf elt intlr g`fhlr wlrg lf wkc elt h`dpnsfklt dllr h`fglf rnngpiljlf, d`lstlf wkc `fs, gnnr wkc wkstlf gntMufnrmnrsoek nnf glf _ondnfglr ikjt, zlhlrelkgsenivl niil gl m`j-tlf glzlr rkvklr jltr``stlf. Gl wlj wns zllr `flfilf lf gl pns zllrvlrennst, wnft gl ilus dkcflr rlksjlf``tlf, gkl glf jlellilf vligtòetvnf >5:1 engglf dlljldnnht, wns nitkcg3 mltlr elt siloetstl gnh, gnfelt mlstl mkvùno. Fn elrennigl `ftd`ltkfjlf vnf jrnzlfgl hugglfvnf mufilis lf hndllilf, gkl, uktlrst dnh, gnglikch ukt glf wlj jkfjlflf instkjl elrglrse`fglf, gkl d`lkclikch wnrlf n tl wlrlf, hwndlf

<>> Gl Dnrlz @kclf >5:?, >?1.

<>= Eluoh Niilf >;;;, ;7.



==;

wkc kf Murfnrmnrsoek nnf lf v`fglf zllr t`lvniikj kf elt llrstl euks,wnnr wkc `fs nnfdligglf, gl w`fkfj `fs g``r llf Jrklh t`t i`jklsnjlstnnf. Elt eukscl wns zllr prkdktkl8 llf pnnr hndlrs dlt zllrinjl vlrgklpkfj, wnnrvnf llf dlt llf gkvnf, wns niils wnnrdll wkc

`fs d`lstlf mleliplf. Gl mnjnjl lf llf uktstlhlfg glcluflr, g``r glfo`fsui v``ruktjlz`fglf, v`fglf wkc lr kf j`lgl `rgl. Fn glf vlrd`l-kclfglf t`jt vnf mkcfn 7 urlf wns `fs gkt e``jst wlih`d lf fngnt wkcelt ltlf engglf uktjlpnht lf t`lmlrlkg, zlttlf wkc `fs nnf glf dnni-tkcg. Gl lflg`swkcf sdnnhtl v``rtrlfilikch. Gl o`fvlrsntkl wlrg zllr jlnfkdllrg. Gl stlddkfj wlrg nftklh lf hinssklh vrìkch. Dlf noettlelt, infj `vlr twnnivlf, jlpnst gl Kikns `p tl sinnf lf gl lktlf `fs kfgl elrkfflrkfj tl r`lplf, gkl vnf gl pinnts, wnnr wkc fs mlv`fglf, gl jlellil wlrlig jlgurlfgl z``vlil lluwlf mlinfj elmmlf kfjlm`lzldg.Glf vìjlfglf d`rjlf mlstljlf wkc gl pnnrglf, gkl kftussoelf wnrlfnnfjlh`dlf, `d Mufnrmnrsoek lf zkcf `dstrlhlf kf ``jlfsoeùw tl

fldlf. Mufnrmnrsoek ks llf nhlikj g`rp dlt llf =<tni hilkfl lf nrd`l-gkjl w`fkfjlf, gnt loetlr fnnr gl t`t gusvlr ellrsoelfgl dllfkfj, `pgl pinnts vnf elt ùgl r`cl ikjt. Elt e``gnrjudlft gnnrv``r elltdlf t`t gusvlr nitkcg jlzòet kf gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf mr`fflf, gkldlf eklig v``r gl mr`fflf vnf wlihl E`dlrus (kf Kikns UUKK, >77-><2) jlwnnjt. Gl ëlfl mlvnt, zljt E`dlrus, innuw, gl nfglrl hùgwntlr lf eklr pilljglf gl r`cnnfsoel vrùwlf enrl hillglrlf tl wns-soelf. _oeikldnff vnit kf zkcf wlrh glzl rlglflrkfj nnf, jlikch ekc gldllfkfj vlrwlrpt, gnt nnf Murfnrmnrsoek glzl llr t`lh`dt. Kfglrgnngzkcf eklr kf gl muurt fklt twll, dnnr vlli dllr mr`fflf tl vkfglf lfwnt wkc vnf gl uktjrnvkfjlf znjlf, mlvlstkjt elt ùgl jlv`lilf lvlf-

dkf. Elt llrst hwndlf wkc nnf llf eluvli, wnnr`p zkoe grkl tuduikvlrt``fglf. R ijlfs il Oelvniklr, glf vlrglgkjlr glr g``r _oeikldnffmlstrlglf o`fclotuur, zùglf zkc jrneluvlis zkcf vnf ùgl r`cnnfsoeleliglf. t `p ëlfl wllh v``r `fs mlz`lh, wns glzl dllfkfj f`j f``ktvìg`lfgl wlglriljg. `lf eng gl Lfjlisoel nroelì``j, Cèf IummòXskoT llf glr tuduik intlf g``rsfkcglf lf lr nnrglwlrh kf jlv`fglf uktglf intlrlf Nilxnfgrkcfsoelf tkcg lf duftlf dlt elt m`rstmllig vnf Nilxnfglr glf Jr``tl.<>?

Cèf Iummòh (>5?7->;>?) ks llf vnf gl jr`fgiljjlrs vnf gl prl-ekst`rksoel nroelì`jkl. Kf zkcf Qrl-ekst`rko kdls ukt >52< v`lrgl ekc

gl f`j stllgs jlmrukhtl tlrdlf Qnilìktekoud lf Flìktekoud kf. Ekcmlzòet gl r`cnnfsl vinhtl kf `ht`mlr >5:=. Ekc vlrmillb lfkjl gnjlf`p gl m`lrglrkc vnf Brlglrko Onivlrt. Ekc `plfgl, fnnr lkjlf zljjlf,gl tuduius vnf Elot`r mkc Mufnrmnsoek. @p wlj fnnr gl m`lrglrkc vnfgl Onivlrts kf eydmrn mlzòet ekc Ekssnrikh, dnnr _oeikldnff wns lrelinns fklt. Gl Mnikgnje mkc Murfnrmnsoek, gl mlrjt`p wnnr`p r`cl zùikjjlf, vlrt``fgl ``h vìjlfs Iummòh siloets zllr wlkfkj tlhlflf vnfdlfslikchl nnfwlzkjelkg e`lwli gl g``r R`f Enef `pjljrnvlf durlf

<>? Gl Dnrlz @kclf >5:?, >?>.



=?>

` Wydmrkus kf ennr `ftinst lf sp`lgkj hwndlf wkc nnf llf pnoet-e`lvl, wnnr wkc jliuhhkj wnrlf tl hufflf nstkcjlf, `d `fs vnf glkfspnffkfj lf vlrd`lkclfks wnt tl vlrrksslf. Gl pnoete`lvl wlrg ml-w``fg g``r llf Lfjlisoednf, Brlglrkh Z. Onivlrt, mr`lglr vnf BrnfhOnivlrt, glf Lfjlisoelf o`fsui nnf gl Gnrgnfliilf, gkl zkoe g``r zkcfiklgl v``r nroelì`jkl kf glzl strlhlf `fglrsoelkggl. Onivlrt `ftvkfj`fs enrtlikch lf mlstllj gnglikch llf zkcflr pnnrglf, `d `fs `p `fzlft`jt tl vlrjlzliilf. Ekc mrnjt `fs `p zkcf j`lglrlf, gkl ekc f`j fkltinfj jlilglf wns mlj`fflf tl lxpi`ktlrlf. Skcf mlzkttkfj ikjt tussoelfMufnrmnrsoek gnt zukglikch, lf Kikud-F`vud, wnnr _oeikldnff mlzkjks, gnt f``rglikch ikjt. ussoelf mlkgl o`fcloturlf, zlkgl Onivlrt, ikjtdkcf j`lg lf kh eùg dkc flutrnni. òe vlrelujgl ekc zkoe mikchmnnr`vlr elt vìjlfgl lkt. lr wkiil vnf zkcf infgmùw wns ekc mlzkj glfelkgljr`fg ikjt n tl mrnfglf `d eld v``r gl ouituur mrukhmnnr tldnhlf. Ekc wns jlstukt `p llf mruj, gkl vnf `fglrlf vlrst`pt wns. Lrwns gnnrg``r stkistnfg jlh`dlf kf elt wntlr lf llf d`lrns eng zkoe jlv`rdg. G``r elt wljfldlf glr vlrst`ppkfj wns elt wntlr wllr jnnfvi`lkclf lf ekc eng llf mr`f `ftglht dlt wntlr vnf :> jrnglf B. F`jllf nfglrl vnf jlikchlf jrnng eng ekc jlv`fglf. Fu sprllht _trnm` vnftwll mr`fflf, llfl wnrdl lf llfl hùgl, kf Wydmrn nnfwlzkj lfgkl ekc eklig v``r gl mr`fflf, wnnrvnf E`dlrus jlwnnjg, wlsenivl

ekc dllfgl, gnt eklr kf gl muurt r`cl d`lst w`rglf jlzòet. Onivlrteloettl vlli jlwkjt nnf glzl `ftglhhkfj lf gl jlikchl wnrdtljrnngzkcflr mr`fflf, gkl vnf _trnm`‛s dlglgllikfjlf nwkcht, gllg eld gle``p fklt vlriklzlf. Kddlrs ekc dllfgl, gnt elt wntlr ukt gl g``r_trnm` vlrdligl wnrdl lf hùgl mr`fflf zkoe lrjlfs fglr glf jr`fgvlrdlfjgl lf elt g``r eld jlv`fglf pr`guot `pilvlrgl. Ekc jli``glllfdnni, mkc fnglr `fglrz`lh, gl nz`fglrikchl hùgl lf wnrdl tlzuiilf `ftglhhlf lf z`` llf hrnoetkj nrjudlft tl mlzkttlf, `d zkcftlrrlkf nnf tl hufflf wkczlf nis gl pinnts wnnr r`cl zkoe zù elmmlfmlv`fglf.

Weydmrn Bnrd.



=?= -

_oeikldnff wns, z``nis Onivlrt `fs dlãglligl, fklt kf r`ns dnnr kf Ntelfl, wnnr ekc glf wkftlr pilljt g``r tl mrlfjlf. Zkc zùglf loetlrzkcf not`tud vkfglf, gkl fs vnf niils p gl e``jtl zù mrlfjlf. G``rsoekmnh ellf jkfj gl rkg. Elt ks llf `fnnfzklfikch g`rpcl, wnnrellf

wkc fzl mlgklfkfj engglf v``ruktjlz`fglf, d fglrh`dlf v``r glfnnfstnnfgl fnoet tl z`lhlf. E`l jliuhhkj wnrlf wkc, g``r gl jnstvrkc-elkg vnf Brlglrkh Onivlrt kf stnnt tl zkcf jlstlig, gkt jlmrlhhkjl i`jkswlãr tl hufflf nzljjlf. Fn llflf rkg vnf `fjlvllr grkl hwnrtklruurs stllgs f``rgwnnrts, wnrlf wkc tl Ekssnrikh, gl d`glrfl fnndv``r elt Kikud-F`vud ukt glf ekst`rksoelf tkcg. Eklr ks elt, gnt glùgl lf gl fkluwstl hrktklh `fs gl pinnts vnf elt E`dlrksoel r`clnnfwkcst. _oeikldnff sprllht rllgs kf zkcf nnfjlennig wlrh glzl dll-fkfj ukt. Ekc mlr`lpt zkoe `p elt vlrenni vnf Elr`g`tus, gnt Ulrxls`p zkcflf t`jt fnnr Jrklhlfinfg mkc glf d`fg vnf glf _ondnfglrinfggl, d glf murj Qlrjndus tl mlhikddlf lf p gnt vnf Ulf`pe`f,

gnt gl Inolgnld`fksoel vligellr Dkfgnrus tl Kikud nnf Dkflrvn `- lrgl lf fklt elt dkfst `p gnt vnf _trnm` lf Nrrknfus, gnt Nilxnfglrgl Jr``tl, mlw`fglrnnr nis ekc wns vnf gl E`dlrksoel wnplflktlf,lvlfllfs tl Kikud kf glf tldpli vnf Dkflrvn `filrs pilfjgl lf lr zkcfllkjlfl wnplfrustkfj, dlt gkl ukt glf r`cnnfsoelf ``ri`j nh`dstkj,vlrwkssligl. Llrst rukd llfl lluw vÿ`r Oerkstus jlm``rtl wlrg twkcli jl`pplrg, ` gkt hilkfl g`rp Kikud z`` jr``t llfl llr wli vlrgklfgl.Gldltrkus vnf _hlpsks sprnh gklf elt llrst ukt lf wli `p jr`fg, gntgl nstnfg vnf Kikud-F`vud fnnr zll, gkl rllgs fu fklt zllr jr``tks, nnfjlsp`lig infg zù wlzlf, z``gnt glzl str``h t`lf tl hilkf zùzkcf jlwllst, `d nnf gl jr``tsoel eliglfgnglf glr Kikns t`t t``flli tl

vlrstrlhhlf.

Gl nrjudlftntkl vnf _oeikldnff tljlf glzlf nnfvni ks `pdlrhlikch. Dllr gnf ëlfl pinnts ukt gl Kikns ennit ekc nnf d tl mlwkczlf, gnt gkttlrrlkf kfglrgnng fklt jr``t jlwllst ks. Ekc r`lpt elt mlplrhtl e``r- lfzklf-vlrd`jlf gls dlfsoelf tl euip, `d gkt jlv`lilf tl stnvlf. KfKikns UK vs. <;:-211 zklt Noekiils nnf gl rloetlrzkcgl vnf elt iljlrFlst`r, gkl zkoe nnf gl ikfhlrzkc mlvkfgt lf kf m`lh URK vs. ::-:5e``rt Noekiils tlr rloetlr, Elot`r nnf gl tljlf`vlrjlstligl zkcgl r`lplf.- Nnfsikmmkfj zù llrst intlr vìjlfs Gldltrkus elmmlf pinnts jleng._oeikldnff elrkfflrt, d gl hrnoet glzlr eyp`telsl tl si`plf, nnf glf

rlkjlr, gklf, kf Kikns U vs. 72:, \iyssls lf Gk`dlgls e``rlf soerllu-wlf, lf llf rlkjlr ks llf d`lrnsv jli. lf gus rllgs wns gl jr`fg mkcelt strnfg d`lrnsjr`fg. @`h gl rkoetkfj vnf glf _ondnfglr ks Kikud-F`vud fklt fjufstkj. Gl _ondnfglr vlrgllit zkoe niv`rlfs zkc zkoe kfzll uktst`rt, kf vlrsoekiilfgl nrdlf lf gkt ellt cukst pinnts kf gl muurtvnf Kikud-F`vud. Fn nnfeùglfgl rljlfs zkcf niil glzl nrdlf vìwntlr lf fu ks elt fklt `fd`jlikch, glf strkcg tussoelf Noekils lf gl_ondnfglr kf Kikns UUK gl p`ètksoel uktgruhhkfj tl noetlf vnf elt lkt,gnt Noekiils gl viuoetlfgl r`cnflf vlrvìjlfgl, stllgs fkluwl mlg-gkfjlf lf `fgklptlf ellt g``r tl jnnf. Jlf`lj8 _oeikldnff dllfgl`p glzl pilh dlt vruoet `pjrnvkfjlf kf elt wlrh tl hufflf stliilf lf



=??

eng gnnrmkc siloets elt sp``r tl vìjlf vnf Onivlrt, mr`lglr vnf `fzlfilkgsdnf, gkl rllgs kf >52< gl durlf vnf elt Kikud, gnt fn elt mlz`lhvnf Nilxnfglr glf Jr``tl jlmùwg wns, ftglht eng. Mkc gkl jliljlf-elkg wns elt jlmilhlf, gnt gl ufgndlftlf glzlr stng `p ruàflf rust-

tlf, dnnr t`t gklplrl uktjrnvkfjlf wns dlf f`j fklt jlh`dlf.<>:

Eklr vlrjr``t Brlglrkh gl hlffks vnf zkcf mr`lr Brnfh. Kf llf mrklbgkl Brnfh `p >? cnfunrk >52; nnf _oeikldnff soerllb dliggl ekc gnt lrllf hufstdntkjl innj vnf =,51 dltlr t`t ?,?2 dltlr `vlr gl jlelil mlrjinj. Mkc zkcf `pjrnvkfj eng ekc `ftglht gnt gl mlstrntkfj vnf gl tldplivnf Dkflrvn (Ntelfn) `p ?,?2 dltlr inj.<>5 Onivlrt jkfj lr kf cnfunrk>52; vnf ukt gnt ekc gl m`gld vnf gl ouituurinnj mlrlkht eng.<>;

_oeikldnff mrnoet elt z``vlr lf iklt jrnvlf t`t `p =1 dltlr `fglrglf jr`fg. Zkc znjlf mlflglf `vlrmikcslilf vnf llflf zllr eloetlf

duurmùw, wnnrnnf pnrnili, kltwnt dllr f``rglikch dlt llf nstnfgvnf 71 dltlr tussoelfmlkgl zkoe llf f`j jr``tlrl duur vlrt``fgl.Jlgurlfgl elt jrnvlf wnrlf, gnglikch `fglr gl `pplrvinhtl, mi`hhlfwkt dnrdlr v``r glf gnj jlh`dlf, mle``rlfgl mkc llflf g`rksoelftldpli, lf llf stnfgmllig vnf Npìi`, gnt _oeikldnff fklt z`fglrd`lktl fnnr Ntelfl ellt wltlf tl trnfsp`rtlrlf, wnnr wkc elt intlrkf zkcf duslud znjlf prkchlf. Ekc `ftvlkfst zkoe fklt, gnt glzl `vlr-

<>: Gl Dnrlz @kclf >5:?, >?>->?=.<>5 Eluoh Niilf >;;;, >>;.

<>; Nrlftzlf =11>,>:=->:?.

Gl Wr`cnnfsl vinhtl jlzklf jlzklf vnf nb gl pinnts wnnr, vìjlfs _oeikldnff, gl jr`tl

t`rlf vnf Wr`cl jlstnnf eng.



=?7 -

mikcslilf ukt gl intlrl Nilxnfgrkcfsoel plrk`gl gnjtllhlflf. Niils, wnt`p jlrkfjl gklptl jlv`fglf w`rgt, rlhlft _oeikldnff kf gkt tkcgplrh tleuks, t`lf jlelli r`ns dlt vlil Jrklhsoel hì`fklstlglf mlvìht wns.Gklplr `fglr glf jr`fg t`t `p 21 á :1 v`lt, v`fglf wkc soenilf vnf

d`sslilf, lstlrs lf stuhhlf vlrmrnfg eùt. lf wkc `fs fnnr mlflglf,kf gl gklptl glr uktjrnvkfj, engglf mljlvlf, wlrg `fs ``j jltr`filfg``r llf rkc ndpe`rlf, gkl wkc llf pnnr dltlr m`vlf `fs `p llf rllhskf glf njlsflglf hnft znjlf lf gkl gukglikch `p elt mlstnnf vnf pr`-vksklhliglrs wlzlf. Nitenfs zkc st`fglf niilf `p jlikchl e``jtl lf kflfhlil v`fglf wkc h`rlis vnf pluivruoetlf, gkl wli vlrh`ìg wnrlf,dnnr enrlf v`rd engglf mlwnnrg. @vlrkjlfs mrlfjlf _oeikldnfflf Brnfh Onivlrt gl wlrhtukjlf, gkl gnnr zkcf `pjljrnvlf, tlruj t`tgl vÿÿrekst`rksoel plrk`gl. Rlil ilgkjl soeliplf wkczlf `p elt jlmrukhvnf glf kfeùg vnf soeliplf nis ilvlfsdkggli lf vlil stllflf, znnj- cls, endlrs lf vuurstllflf `p elt jlmrukh vnf stllflf wnplflf. Gkt

vÿ`rekst`rksoel v`lrt gus f`j tlruj t`t vÿ`r elt r`cnnfsoel tkcgplrh._oeikldnff soeuwt gkt rlsuitnnt fklt, dgnt elt kf klglr jlvni gl dll-fkfj mlstrkcgt vnf elf, gkl z``nis _trnm , gnnr`d vnf glzl pinnts v``rgl ikjjkfj vnf r`cl fklt wkiilf e``rlf, dgnt vìjlfs elf vÿ`r glf tkcgvnf Orlsus Kikud fmlw``fg zù zkcf jlwllst. - Gl uktjljrnvlf durlfeùgt _oeikldnff loetlr v``r gkl vnf Qlrjndus lf wnnr kf gl rkoe-tkfj fnnr elt Sukgwlstlf gl pplrvinhtl vnf glzl duur kltwnt `pi``ptlf sp`rlf vnf trlglf nnfwkcst, dllft _oeikldnff gl pinnts tl elmmlf`ftglht, vnfwnnr Qrkndus lf Elilfn gl mlwljkfjlf vnf gl strkcglfgliljlrs jngl si`ljlf. Kf llf mrkl, `pjlf`dlf kf gl Nujsmurjlr Slktufjvnf > Cnf. >5:?, mli``t _oeikldnff sp`lgkj uktv`lrkjl dlglgllikf-

jlf vnf zkcfl wlrhznndelglf kf llf m`lh, gnt pe`t`jrnpekèf vnfelt uktjljrnvlfl zni mlelizlf. Gnt gl strlfj wltlfsoenpplikch nroel-ì`jlf gnnrmkc wli llf lf nfglr zuiilf elmmlf `p tl dlrhlf vnit fklt

>1>> ks lf ëëf vnf gl p`lf dlt llf ukilfjlzkoet wnnrg``r _oeikldnff `p elt jinuh`pks

Ntelfl kgll hwnd. Ilt `p gl v``r glzl plrk`gl `fjlmrukhlikch jr`tl rlstnurntkls.



=?<

tl mltwkclilf. _oeikldnff tòe mlzkt wli elt lfteùsknsdl vnf glfvìenrglfglf fnv`rsoelr, dnnr dkst elt h`lil e``g vnf glf hrktkhus. S`` ellt dlf vnf eld nnrgkjl `pdlrhkfjlf tl wnoetlf, jlikch ekc gklkf elt nnfjlennigl nrtkhli tlf mlstl jn. Nignnr gllit ekc dlgl soelrvlf

vnf vnzlf tl elmmlf jlv`fglf dlt elt pr`li vnf llf ukilfjlzkoet, c`fhvrùwlikchl m`rstlf lf mukhfnvli. Ekc wlls zl `fs kf jr``tl dl-fkjtl, t`lf wkc zkcf hnmkflt tl Ntelfl mlzòetlf. Ekc `ftglhtl zl `pzllr vlrsoekiilfgl gklptl lf dllfgl tl d`jlf jli``vlf, gnt glzl kf z`` jr``tl dlfkjtl v``rh`dlfgl nmlligkfj llfl j`gkf d`lt v``rstliilf. Nnf wlihl j`gkf glfht dlf llrglr gnf nnf Dkflrvn, gkl mkc gl t`l-fldlfgl mlsoenvkfj llf dlfslikch jlzkoet nnffnd lf kf elrkfflrkfjnnf enrl vr`ljlrl jlgnnftl glf ukt t`t sydm`ì `ftvkfj. Ks gkt cukst,gnf mltllhlft ημξ οθξόγϋρλύ Ξεκδκ (gln jinuh`pks Ntelfl) `h fkltinfjlr ’gl j`gkf dlt gl eliglrminuwl ``jlf—, dnnr ’gl j`gkf dlt eltukilfjlzkoet.— Dnnr `p dkfglr nnffldlikchl o`foiuskèf zkc dlf mkc

_oeikldnff lvlfllfs mlgnoet. Lf elt zni fkldnfg vlrw`fglrlf, gntwkc d`lktl engglf llflf jikdinoe tl mlgwkfjlf, t`lf _oeikldnff `fskf zkcf hnmkflt tl Ntelfl llf hilkfl urf vlrt``fgl, dlt `vlrmikcslilfvnf hf`hhlis lf mllfglrlf, gklp fglr gl pplrvinhtl jlv`fglf, wnnr-mkc ekc mkcfn t`t trnflf mlw`jlf, gl `pdlrhkfj v`ljgl3 wnnrsoekcfikchgl nsoe llflr c`fjl r`cnnfsoel.

Kf glf nnfvnfj vnf Blmrunrk ks _oeikldnff wlglr fnnr r`ns tlrujjlhllrg, wnnr ekc zkoe fu `p glf hinssklhlf m`gld llf mltlrl w`fkfjellt intlf mùwlf. Skcf euksjlzkf, gnt eld vlrjlzlit, mlstnnt ukt zkc-fl loetjlf``tl, llfl Jrklhsoel, gkl gnjlikchs vìjlfs euwlikchsmli`tl

llfkjl rljlis vnf E`dlrus vnf muktlf illrt, llfl gklfstdnnjg, Dnrkl jlelltlf, gkl mkc eld kf gklfst h`dlfgl, gnglikch kf Qlfli`pl ks elr-g``pt, lf zkcf llfkjst gòetlrtcl, wklr jlm``rtl zkcflf vurkjlf wlfsoefnnr llflf dnfflikchlf nstnddlikfj eng vlrkcglig lf glswljlf glffnnd vnf Nfgr`dnoel ftvkfj.<=1

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff zkcf llrstl euwlikch v``r zkcf mlz`l-hlrs muktlf mllig jleùglf ellbt.

ljlf z`fs`fglrjnfj rlglf wkc fnnr Onivlrts e`lvl tlruj, wnnr `fsllf Lur`plsoel dnnitkcg lf llf jldnhhlikchl rustpinnts wnoettl. S``

wkc gnf ``h `vlr klts mlrùw engglf tkcglfs `fzlf t`jt fnnr r`ns,gnf wns elt eklr`vlr, gnt wkc `fs fklt llrglr t`t Brlglrkoh Onivlrt jlwlfg engglf, wklf llf mlz`lh vnf Lur`plnflf nitkcg zllr wlih`dks8 lf klglr gkl, kf O`fstnftkf`pli zkcfgl, t`t llf uktstnpcl fnnr r`nsdòet mlsiuktlf, ks elt nnf tl rnglf, vnf gnnr ukt zkcf v``rfldlfdlgl tl gllilf nnf Brlglrkoh Z. Onivlrt, Wydmrn nrd, Gnrgnfliils,wklfs iònil mlhlfgelkg lf rukdl jnstvrkcelkg glf rlkzkjlr vnf zllrvlli fut zuiilf zkcf.<=>

<=1 Gl Dnrlz @kclf >5:?, >?=->??.

<=> Gl Dnrlz @kclf >5:?, >??.



=?2 -

:. Elt Jùg vnf r`cl

_oeikldnffs glrgl ondpnjfl kf r`cl iklp vnf blmrunrk t`t cufk >5:?.Ekc mltrlurgl elt gnt ekc kf gl twll v`rkjl ondpnjfl z` ruw jljrnvlfeng lf ekc mljrllp fu gnt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl fklt plr sl gl `fglrstlouituurinnj d`lst zkcf. Gl v`fgstlf ukt gl fglrstl innj wnrlf tl prkdk-tklb, gl twllgl innj wns llf mltlrl d`jlikchelkg.

_oeikldnff wlrg ukt lkfglikch mlr`ldg lf `dstrlglf `dgnt ekc kfr`cl llf jùgsoent v`fg. Glzl soent hwnd fklt z`dnnr ukt gl iuoetvniilf. Kf elt vlrsinj vnf >5 cufk >5:= dliggl ekc v``r elt llrst gnt ekc

lr zlhlr vnf ks gnt gl r`cnflf dltnni hlfglf. Gnt wki zljjlf, ekc ks lrzlhlr vnf gnt zl jùg, zkivlr lf h`plr hlfglf. Kf llf gklptl vnf >7 dl-tlr ellbt ekc llf vlrjuig h`plrlf dls, llf zkivlrlf ennhfnnig lf jr``tnnftni h`plrlf spkchlrs jlv`fglf lf p llf gklptl vnf >2 dltlr ellbt ekcdllrglrl >1 t`t >2 od infjl spkchlrs jlv`fglf.<==

Jlgurlfgl gl jlf`ldgl grkl ondpnjfls wlrglf lr hllr `p hllr gkts``rt v`fgstlf jlgnnf. Elildnni gukglikch e`lvlli jùglf lf zkivlrlfv``rwlrplf dlf kf t`tnni v`fg vnit d`lkikch tl zljjlf `dgnt llf jl-gllitl lrvnf vlrgwllf v``r _oeikldnff elt jlzklf eng. Kf >5:? soekc-flf lr kf r`cl KK, `p llf gklptl vnf 5,71 t`t ;,?1, grkl ’soenttlf— jl-

v`fglf tl zkcf. _oeikldnff jlmrukhtl elt w``rg soent v``r niils wnt vnfjùg `b zkivlr jldnnht wns. Glzl wlrglf niil grkl jlstìlf. wll wlrglf`ftglhtlf g``r elt duslud kf O`fstnftkf`pli lf kf mlsinj jlf`dlf.Gl glrgl wns, vìjlfs gl Ilvnft Elrnig , `djlsdìtlf v``r dlf eld`ftglhtl. Gnnrvnf wns fklt dllr gnf llf hi`dp jùg `vlr.<=?

Elt wns gukglikch gnt r`cl KK llf wlivnrlfgl pinnts jlwllst wns,dnnr e`l wlivnrlfg wlrg pns gukglikch t`lf _oeikldnff gl jr`tl soentv`fg. Elt wns glzl soent gkl eld mlr`ldg lf mlruoet dnnhtl. Gl llr-stl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf glzl v`fgst pumikollrgl ekc kf zkcf vlrsinj vnf >:

cufk >5:?. Rinh fnnst elt euks vnf Qrkndus wns _oeikldnff tkcglfs elt

jrnvlf `p llf duur jlst`tlf. @p glzl duur v`fg ekc llf jr``t h`pl-rlf `mclot dlt llf dlrhwnnrgkjl v`rd. Gkt tr`h lxtrn zkcf nnfgnoet`dgnt ekc dllfgl gnt ekc lr jùg kf znj zkttlf. Gkt h`plrlf v``rwlrpinj `fglr llf >>/

= t`t >?/

7 dltlr gkhhl innj vnf stllf enrgl r`gl ns lf

vlrhnihtl rlstlf vnf stlflf. Gnnr m`vlf`p rusttl wllr llf stngsduurvnf >,51 mrllg lf zls dltlr e``j, gkl ukt dlt nnrgl nnf lihnnr jlv`ljglstlflf mlst`fg lf vnf fn gl vlrw`lstkfj vnf r`cl d`lst gntlrlf. @d

<== H`rbdnfff >;;1, ;<-;2.

<=? _oeikldnff >551m.



=?:

Gl _oent vnf Qrkndus v`ijlfs llf b`t` ukt _oeikldnffs Ntins Wr`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr.



=?5 -

glzl soent v``r gl elmzuoet vnf zkcf nrmlkglrs tl mlsoelrdlf lf v``r glwltlfsoenp tl rlgglf d`lst _oeikldnff sfli enfglilf. E`lwli elt f`jjllf tkcg wns `d tl `ftmkctlf iklt ekc dltllf ’pnàg`s— uktr`lplf. lrwkcizkcf nrmlkglrs ntlf lf uktrusttlf enhtl ekc zlib gl soent dlt llf jr``t dls

ukt gl wnfg. Gnt wns zwnnr lf ilvlfsjlvnnrikch wlrh, wnft gl stngsduurgkl `p gkl dnfklr `fglrjrnvlf wlrg, h`f lih d`dlft `p eld st`rtlf.Dnnr elt kgll vnf z`vlli v``rwlrplf gkl klglr `p zkoe vnf `fsoentmnrlwnnrgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp wnrlf, dnnhtl eld `fjli``bikch gnpplr lfekc gnoet nnf jllf jlvnnr. Elt zù eld loetlr fklt jliuht zkcf glzl soenttl rlgglf z`fglr gl euip vnf zkcf vrùw. Gkl pnhtl gl v``rwlrplf gkl_oeikldnff i`sjlenht eng kf ennr scnni lf mrnoet zl z` `fjlzklf wlj.<=7

Elt ks llf prnoetkj vlrenni, v``rni wnt mltrlbt gkl c`fjl vrùw gkl eltjùg kf ennr scnni kf vlkikjelkg mrlfjt. Gnnr huf cl nis soerkcvlr `b bkid-dnhlr wnt dll. Dnnr elinns, elt ks fklt wnnr. _`bkn wns kf Ntelfl dgnt

ennr vnglr `vlrilglf wns. Ni `p =: gloldmlr >5:? jllbt _oeikldnffgkt, kf llf mrklb nnf Flwt`f vnf elt Mrktkse Duslud, t`l. E`lwli zkcfvrùw kf Ntelfl wns tlrwkci gl soent jlv`fglf wlrg soerllb ekc ennrtòe elt vlrenni kf `dgnt ekc e``ptl gnt zl `p gkl dnfklr dllr nnrgkj-elkg kf gl nroelì`jkl hrllj. Elt wns, z` soerkcbt ekc nnf Flwt`f, fkltdllr gnf llf dnfklr `d ennr tl stkduilrlf lf nnf tl d`lgkjlf `d gljr`tl d`jlikchelglf gkl _oeikldnff kf ennr znj wnnr tl jnnf dnhlf.<=<

`lf glzl ilujlf kf >;5> nijldllf mlhlfg rnnhtl `ftst`fg lr llfjr`tl gksousskl r`fg glzl soent `fglr elt d`d vnf wnnr llf hllr jl-i`jlf w`rgt zni f`j wli dllr jli`jlf zkcf. Gnvkg rnkii ks vnf dlfkfj

gnt _oeikldnff glzl soent sndlfjlstlig ellbt ukt llf jr``t nnftni i`sjlv`fglf `mclotlf. Nfglrlf mlstrkcglf glzl stliikfj, dnnr t`t `p elglfks lr f`j jllf nmsìuut nftw``rg.<=2

_oeikldnff sd`hhlit glzl soent dlt mleuip vnf Brlglrko Onivlrtfnnr Ntelfl. Gkt ks gl v`fgst gkl zkcf fnnd v``rj`lg `p gl hnnrt znizlttlf3

Cn, gkl Mlsoerlkmufj lkfls _oentzls v`f s` uflrdlÐikoeld Zlrtl,glr lkfld slkt infjlr Slkt nis nmlient nfjlslelflf Hòfkj nfjleòrtent, ufg gkl Lftglohufj glsslimlf kf lkflr _tngt, wlioel fur nis lkf

<=7 H`rbdnfff >;;1, =>:.<=< Bktt`f>;;>, =7. R``r _`pekn _oeikldnff nis nroelì`jkl zkl rnkii >;52. Elt dnj

zkcf gnt _oeikldnff jr`tl e``p eng v``r zkcf vrùw, gl wlrhlikchelkg wns gnt_`pekn lf ennr bndkikl kf e``bgznnh jlàftlrlssllrg wnrlf kf _oeikldnffs jlig.Q`ìl >;22 lf Lksil >;5; zkcf r`dnfs lf gl g``r euf `pjlv`lrgl jr`tl iklbgld`ltlf nis llf r`dnf jlilzlf w`rglf.

<=2 Skl mv. rnkii >;5>, rnkii >;5?, Lnst`f >;57, Lnst`f >;57m, Mi`lg`w >;52,rnkii >;55, rnkii >;55m, Mi`lg`w >;55, rnkii >;;:, Mi`lg`w >;;: lf Lnst`f>;5:. rnkii vlrtligl dkc kf slptldmlr =1>> gnt ekc f`j stllgs nnf zkcf stliikfj

vnsteùgt.



=?;

Qenftnsklmkig E`dlrs nfjlslelf wurgl, wkrg kf glr jnfzlf zkvkiksklr-tlf Zlit lkfl ufmlsoerlkmikoel Nurljufj elrv`rmrkfjlf ...<=:

Kf vlli infglf ennigl glzl soent kfglrgnng rukdsoe``ts gl hrnf-tlf, dnnr kf Flglrinfg wlrg lr jllf w``rg nnf vuki jldnnht. G``rgnt_oeikldnffs vlrenni kf gl Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj lf nfglrlhrnftlf jlpumikollrg wlrg rnnhtl elt ``h kf urhkcl mlhlfg. Gnnr wnsdlf lr fklt z` jliuhhkj dll. Gnnr eng dlf zlib jrnnj gl soent wkiilfeùglf, flt z`nis zl dlt gl kf mlsinj jlf`dlf soenttlf jlgnnf engglf.Rìjlfs gl vlrjuffkfj engglf zl zlibs rloet `p gl elibt, ``h ni engglfzl glzl rljli zlib ``h muktlf mlsoeùwkfj jlintlf t`lf elt elf j`lg ukthwnd. Gl urhlf mlj`fflf dltllf llf pròls.

Kf Flglrinfg soekcft glzl soent wlkfkj `pzklf jlmnnrg tl elmmlf.Gnt ks vlrmnzkfjwlhhlfg dgnt dlf mkc elt Nijldllf Enfglisming j`lg`p gl e``jtl wns3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnf jllt kf gl c`fjstl fuddlrs glr Nujsmurjlr Niijldlkfl Slktufj wlglr`d llf h`rt vlrsinj vnf zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlfkf gl vinhtlf vnf r`cl, wlihl ekc fu rllgs slglrt llfkjl cnrlf `p lkjlfl h`stlf `fglrf`dlf ellt lf wnnrvnf kf gl minglf dllrdnilfdligkfj ks jldnnht. Nnf elt si`t vnf glzl `pstliilf zljt ekc3 ’Llf ukt-v`lrkj vlrsinj dkcflr wlrhznndelglf jll kh kf llf tenfs mkc gl rdnMròhenus tl Ilkpzkj tlr plrsl ikjjlfg wlrh, gnt llfl s``rt vnf gnjm`lhdkcflr `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl ks. Kh v`lj gnnrnnf t`l llf ntins vnf >;<minglf kf 7`. dlt pe`t`jrnpekèf vnf dllr gnf ?<11 glr mlinfjrkchstlg``r dkc jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf, vlrsoelkglfl pinfflf lf tllhlfkfjlf.Znffllr gl mlsoenngl wlrlig gkt wlrh wliwkiilfg `ftvnfjt, gnf znikh dkc rukdsoe``ts mli``fg noetlf v``r dkcfl mkcfn m`vlfdlfsoelikchlkfspnffkfj lf nnfzklfikchl h`stlf. Kh jll kf gklf ntins ``h llf pinfglr stng vnf Qrkndus, gnnr kh ukt dkcfl mr`fflf enrlf `dvnfj lfg``r dkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf `p vlil pinntslf enrl durlf hlf. Kfgklf dlfmkc elt zklf vnf gkl pinfflf kf zkcfl vlrwnoetkfjlf tlilurjlstlig kslf vkfgt, gnt r`cl v``r gl jr``tl gnglf glr Kikns vlli tl hilkf wns, lfgnt E`dlrus dlt gkoetlrikchl vrkcelkg niils `vlrgrlvlf ellt, gnf znidlf tòe tlvlfs fklt jlrkfjl vìg`lfkfj vkfglf kf gl tenfs vlrhrljlfzlhlrelkg, gnt lr wlrhlikch llfl stng r`cl mlstnnf ellt, gnt gkt r`cl

`pjljrnvlf ks lf gnt wlrhlikchl lktlf nnf E`dlrus znfjlf tlf jr`fg-sinj ikjjlf.

’Gnnr kh dkcfl tnnh fu nis vìh`dlf vìmrnoet mlsoeùw, stnnh khdkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf nieklr v``rj`lg glf ><f Cufk glzls cnnrs.

<=: Dylr >;?2, >?=.



=71 -

’Gl `ftglhhkfj vnf r`cl elm kh niillf tl gnfhlf nnf dkcfl jllst-grkt v``r gl Jrklhsoel pekiì`jkl lf kf elt mkcz`fglr v``r E`dlrus,lf kh vlrdnnh gnnr`d mkc tlstndlft dkcfl jlellil vlrzndlikfj vnfr`cnnfsoel ùgelglf nnf gl Jrklhsoel fntkl, kf wlihlr dkgglf kh

dkc v``r elt `vlrkjl vnf dkcf ilvlf vlstkj8 kh mlf loetlr jnnrfl mlrlkg`d, wnffllr kh tl Ntelfl mlf, gkl vlrzndlikfj nnf mlz`lhlrs tl intlfzklf.— <=5

Lr ks kf gl i``p glr cnrlf vlli nnfgnoet mlstllg nnf gl gkvlrsl jùg-soenttlf gkl _oeikldnff kf zkcf llrstl r`cnnfsl ondpnjfl jlv`fglfellbt. Gl `pvniilfgstl v`fgst gkl ekc kf r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr vlr-dlig w`rgt loetlr zliglf jlf`ldg3

Gl mlhlfgl Gr. _oeikldnff ellt mkc zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf `p gl pilhvnf elt ùgl r`cl llf soent jlv`fglf, lkjlfikch f`j wli z`` mlinfj-

rkch nis gl ’soent vnf Qrkndus—. Ekc v`fg `p >= t`t >2 dltlr gklptl,`fglr jr``tl stllfmi`hhlf, fklts dkfglr gnf twll ilvlfgl pngglf. Gklgklrlf h`fglf fklt vnf m`vlf g``rjlgr`fjlf zkcf, gus - zljt ekc kfzkcfl r`cnfksoel Nitlrteùdlr - d`ltlf zl ?111 cnrlf kf gkl gklptlg``rjlmrnoet elmmlf lf tkcgjlf``tlf zkcf vnf Elot`r lf Nfgr`dnoel. Cnddlr gnt gl mllstcls fklt sprlhlf hufflf, gnf wns gl qunlstkl tus-soelf _oeikldnff lf nfglrl nroenlì`jlf ukt8 zl zùglf ``h hufflfmlsiksslf vnglr E`dlrus fklt fu lf gnf fklt niillf jlg`ddlig dnnr``h jlc`ht ellt.<=;

<=5 Nijldllf Enfglisming >;-12->5:?, ilttlrikch `vlrjlf`dlf kf Elt fkluws vnf glfgnj =:-12->5:?. Llf klts vlrh`rtl vlrskl vnf gkt nrtkhli vlrsoellf p 1=-15->5:? kfelt _ndnrnfjsoe enfglis- lf ngvlrtlftkl-ming . Kh elm jllf nnfgnoet nnf gl Kfgksoelhrnftlf mlstllg, dnnr elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff ``h gnnr dlt kftlrlssl jl-vìjg wlrg. Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 17-12->5:7 ’_oeikldnff, gl `fvlrd`lkgl ùgelkgsv`rsoelr, mlhlfg g``r zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf `p glf vlrd`lglikchlf m`gldvnf r`cl, ellbt tenfs llf vlkikjl envlf v``r zkcfl soenttlf jlv`fglf. Gl Jrklhsoel]ljllrkfj zni nnf zkcf vlrinfjlf vìg`lf lf tl Ntelfl llf duslud stkoetlf wnnrgl h`stmnrl `vlrmikcbslilf glr ùgelkg llf wnnrgkjl pinnts zuiilf vkfglf.—

<=; Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =>-1=->5:7.



=7>

5. Elt pròls vnf urhkcl tljlf_oeikldnff

@d gl soent tlruj tl hrkcjlf gkl _oeikldnff dll fnnr Ntelfl jlf`dlfeng spnfglf gl urhlf kf Jrklhlfinfg llf pròls tljlf eld nnf. @dtl v``rh`dlf gnt lr mlsinj `p gl jùgsoent jliljg h`f w`rglf iklt_oeikldnff eld, vkn gl bndkikl vnf zkcf vrùw, `vlr elli Jrklhlfinfgvlrsprlkg vlrst`pplf. @p =: cufk vlrtligl _oeikldnff zkcf uktjlvlr,Mròhenus kf Ilkpzkj, e`l gl znhlf lrv``r st`fglf. @dgnt elt r`cnnfsl

jùg vlrgwlflf wns iljglf gl urhlf mlsinj `p _oeikldnffs euks lf glnnfglilf gkl ekc mkc gl mnfh vnf Jrklhlfinfg kf mlwnrkfj jljlvlf eng.Sl vr`ljlf mkc elt jlrloet llf soenglvlrj`lgkfj vnf 2=<.111 Brnfhlfv``r euf glli vnf gl soent. _oeikldnff vlrwnoet gnt elt jlrloet `pjr`fg vnf gl b`t`‛s kf zkcf Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteudlr g``r llf gls-

_`n _oeikldnff grnnjt llf jlgllitl vnf gl

’_oent vnf Qrkndus—.



=7= -

hufgkjl llf soenttkfj vnf gl wlrhlikchl wnnrgl vnf glzl soent zni intlfdnhlf lf eld zni vlrpikoetlf gl elibt vnf gnt mlgrnj nnf gl urhlf tlmltnilf.<?1

Elt pròls vlriklp loetlr dkfglr sfli gnf _oeikldnff zkoe eng v``r-

jlstlig. Elt sillptl zkoe llf cnnr infj v``rt. @p >? dnnrt >5:< gnoet_oeikldnff gnt gl znnh mkcfn `pjli`st wns lf gnt ekc llf soekhhkfj dlturhkcl h`f trlbblf. Ekc eng elf elt v``rstli jlgnnf `d f`j vklr dnnf-glf v``r lkjlf h`stlf kf r`cl tl jrnvlf. Niils wnt lr kf gkl tkcg jlv`f-glf wlrg zù gnf v``r gl urhlf, v``r elt duslud vnf O`fstnftkf`plizkcf. Kf ruki gnnrv``r dòet _oeikldnff gnf zkcf jlelil vlrzndlikfjmleùglf.<?>

Ekc wns z` zlhlr vnf zkcf znnh gnt glzl g``r eld mlgnoetl `pi`sskfjnis rlniktlkt gl hrnftlf ennit3

Gl mlhlfgl gòt`r _oeikldnff, gkl gl pinnts `ftglht ellt wnnr vr`l- jlr r`cl ellt jlstnnf, ks fu dlt gl urhsoel rljllrkfj kf elt rlkfl `,iklvlr, gl rljllrkfj ellt dlt eld llf `vlrllfh`dst jltr`filf. Elt jù-vlrfldlft ellt glf ellr _oeikldnff elt rloet jljlvlf niils tl mleù-glf eltjllf ekc ellt `pjljrnvlf, `fglr v``rwnnrgl, gnt gl jlillrglv`rsoelr elt jrnvlf zni g`lf v``rtjnnf lf niils, wnt kf gl llrstl vklrdnnfglf tl v``rsoekcf h`dt, nnf gl rljllrkfj zni nstnnf.<?=

Elinns v``r _oeikldnff hwnd glzl wlfs fklt ukt. Ekc eng zkoe `pgl urhlf vlrhlhlf, gkl wkiglf jllf v``rwlrplf v``r euf duslud kfO`fstnftkf`pli8 gkl wkiglf jùg lf nis zl gnt fklt h`fglf hrkcjlf, jlig.

@p >< nprki >5:< hwnd glzl znnh lkfglikch t`t zkcf lkfg. _oeikldnffwlrg vlr``rgllig t`t elt mltnilf vnf >1.111 Brnfhlf nis soengli``sstli-ikfj. @d kf gl t`lh`dst vnf llf j`lgl rlintkl dlt urhkcl vlrzlhlrgtl zkcf vlre``jgl _oeikldnff zlib gkt mlgrnj t`t <1.111 Brnfhlf. Glsoent hwnd wllr tl v``rsoekcf lf wlrg kf gl hiuks vnf gl Mnfh vnfJrklhlfinfg jliljg.<??

<?1 ]koetlr >;;=, ==<.<?> Dlylr >;<?, =51.<?= Nijldllf Enfglisming 1?-1?->5:< lf Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 1<-1?->5:<.

<?? ]koetlr >;;=, ==2.



=7?

;. Flst`r

Gl ùgstl lf wkcstl vnf niil eliglf gkl tljlf r`cl `ptr`hhlf wnsFlst`r. `lf _oeikldnff kf r`cl llf mlhlr dlt twll `rlf v`fg f`ld-gl ekc gkl, nfni``j nnf gl mlhlr vnf Flst`r, llf glpns ndpekhyplii`f.Elt wns tl vlrwnoetlf gnt _oeikldnff, kf Jrklhlfinfg, fnnst Dyhlfllf @roeldlff`s ``h elt Qki`s vnf Flst`r `p z‛f ikcstcl eng stnnf. @vlrgl iòntkl vnf glzl pinnts wns f`j dkfglr mlhlfg gnf `vlr gkl vnf r`cl.Elt wns gukglikch gnt Flst`rs pnilks nnf gl wlsthust vnf gl Qli`p`ffls`sjliljlf eng, dnnr vlli dllr wns lr fklt `vlr mlhlfg. Kf blmrunrk >5:7

rlksgl _oeikldnff sndlf dlt elt e``bg vnf gl Brnfsl soe`ì, Ëdkil-Iùks Murfùb (>5=>->;1:), fljlf gnjlf g``r elt infg vnf Flst`r.<?7

Gl elrlf mlzòetlf _päik` tù Flstÿr`s, Flst`rs jr`t, mkc gl mnnkvnf Fnvnrkf`. Sl jr`lvlf kf glzl jr`t lfkjl soelrvlf `p wnnrvnf wlfu wltlf gnt zl Dyhllfs zkcf.<?< @p Murfùb lf _oeikldnff soekcftglzl iòntkl lf gl soelrvlf wlkfkj `b jllf kfgruh jldnnht tl elmmlf._oeikldnff ellbt lr f``kt klts `vlr jlpumikollrg lf ks lr ``h f``kt tlrujjlwllst.

<?7 Dlylr >;?2, >7>.

<?< Oenrnindm`s >;5;, ;;.



=77 -

>1. Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

Hliilr vnf E``rf (>5=<->;15) wns llf vrkczkffkj pr`tlstnfts g`dk-fll.<?2 Ekc eng kf \trloet jlstugllrg lf wlrg kf >521 kf G`rgrloet ml-r`lplf. Ekc millb gnnr t`t zkcf g``g. Fnnst g`dkfll wns ekc ``h ournt`rlf intlr slorltnrks vnf gl Intkcfsl soe``i. Gnnrfnnst wns ekc ``h ikg vnfgl nbglikfj vnf gl Dnntsoenppkc t`t Fut vnf ―t Nijldllf lf llf jr``tnnftni nfglrl futtkjl jlzlisoenpplf lf elt ks kf llf vnf gl bufotkls gklekc gnnrkf mlhilgl gnt ekc v``r `fs vnf mlinfj w`rgt.

<?2 Ekc wns llf vrklfg vnf gl vnglr vnf Rkfolft vnf J`je. Glzl inntstl w``fgl kf

>5:: llf nnftni hlrlf mkc eld gl gklfst mkc.

gs. Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf.



=7<

Kf elt mljkf vnf >5:7 eng _oeikldnff zkcf r`cnnfsl `pjrnvkfjlfjlpumikollrg kf elt ni llrglr jlf`ldgl m`lh, r`cnfksoel Nitelrteùdlr ,lf llf gnnrmkc mle`rlfgl ntins.

@p =< slptldmlr >5:7 jnb Hliilr vnf E``r llf v``rgrnoet tlr

jliljlfelkg vnf gl `plfkfj vnf gl nijldllfl vlrjnglrkfj vnf glEìinfgsoel Dnntsoenppkc vnf Brnnkcl Hufstlf lf Zltlfsoenpplf.<?: Ekc sprnh `vlr Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff zkcfl nroelì`jksoel `fglrz`lhkfjlf.

Fn zkcf ilzlrs mljr`lt tl elmmlf mljkft Hliilr vnf E``rf dlt tlvlrtliilf gnt ekc skfgs zkcf c`fjlfscnrlf llf jr`tl iklbgl v``r E`dlrusellbt. Elt ellbt eld illg jlgnnf gnt dlf mlwllrg ellbt gnt E`dlrusf``kt mlstnnf ellbt lf gnt gklfs eliglf fklt dllr gnf r`dnfbkjurlfwnrlf3

Rlrglfht dkc gnf fklt vnf enisstnrrkj o`fslrvntksdl, nis kh ... v``rtjkfj glf znfjlr vnf gl Kikns lf gl @gyssln E`dlrus tl f ldlf, lf `pgl vilujlilf dkcflr vlrmlligkfj fnnr gl vinhtl vnf r`cl tl kcilf, z``gkhwkcis kh nnf Noekiils lf Qntròius, nnf Elot`r lf Njndldf`f, nnf Ncnx lf \iyssls gnoet, ` vnf Elot`r lf Nfgr`dnoel sprnh. F`ldtelt jllf gwlplrkc, nis kh vlrhinnr, gnt kh jnnrfl `p gl pilh dkcf v`ltzù elmmlf jlzlt, wnnr gkl eliglf glr ùgelkg elmmlf jlwllfg lf jlstrlglf, elmmlf jlennt lf mldkfg8 gkl eliglf, gkl g``r euf loetdlfsoelikch strlvlf, g``r euf f`j fjlpìkcst, dnnr lgli hnrnhtlr, g``reuf enrtstòet lf d`lg, g``r euf vrklfgsoenp lf trùw, g``r euf jlv`li vnf rloetvnnrgkjelkg lf vnf llr, mkc dkcf `ftwnhlf ukt glfsiukdlr glr clujg, dkc engglf nnfjltr`hhlf lf jlm`lkg, lf gkl g``r

euffl loet trnjksoel i`tjlvniilf zuih llf `fvlrglijmnrlf kfgruh kf dkcelmmlf noetlrjlintlf, gnt gl fnnd vnf glf gkoetlr dkc wli gklrmnnrd`lst w`rglf.<?5

Kf tljlfstliikfj t`t _oeikldnff eng Hliilr vnf E``rf nis c`fjlf wlielt jydfnskud vìt``kg. Ekc d`lt z`wli gl Kikns nis gl @gyssln vnf hnbtt`t hnbt jlhlfg lf vlrd`lglikch vlrtnnig, elmmlf.

Znt _oeikldnff mltrlbt mljkft ekc mkc gklfs nut`mk`jrnbkl3 gl nrdlhrukglfklrsmlgklfgl gkl zkoe zlib `de``jwlrhtl `dgnt ekc r`cl wkiglvkfglf. Gl nrdl hrukglfklrsc`fjlf gkl niils v``r lihnnr hrllj wnnr ekcvnf gr``dgl3

Ekc ellt kf Qnrkcs llf e`tli, kf Ntelfl llf vkiin, lf `p gl pilh, wnnrllfs Nfgr`dnoel ennr Elot`r ellt mlwllfg, dlt zkcfl vrùw llf euksmlw``fg ukt gl lluwlfùgl stllflf vnf r`cl jlmùwg. Rrnnjt jkc,e`l gnt d`jlikch ks0 Zllt gnf3 Elt wns gl iklgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp gkleld v``rtgrll. Gl mljllrtl fnnr hlffks, elt mrnfglfg vlrinfjlf `ddlt lkjlf ``j gl sp`rlf tl vkfglf, gkl gl eliglf vnf E`dlrus engglfnoetlrjlintlf, wns gl kfwlfgkjl hrnoet, gkl eld pekl, eld dlt wkcs-

<?: zkl ``h Ilkgsoe Gnjming =5-1;->5:7.

<?5 Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, ?<.



=72 -

elkg lf mlzngkjgelkg gllg v``rtjnnf, lf eld dlt z``vlli vìenrgkfjlf z``vlli zlimlellrsoekfj gllg cnjlf fnnr zkcf g`li, gnt ekc v``r jllflfhlil d`lktl tlrujjlglkfsg ks, lf f``kt gl vruoet ellt jlpiuht vÿÿr zkcrkcp wns jlw`rglf.<?;

Nis gnt jllf v``rmllig v``r gl clujg ks. Hliilr vnf E``rf mljkft dlt_oeikldnffs mlz`lh nnf Kenhn. Gl g`dkfll ks zllr `fglr gl kfgruh vnf_oeikldnffs nv`fturlf lf rlkst kf jlgnoetlf dlt eld dll, dnnr gnt kssiloets llf kfilkgkfj v``r wnnr elt wlrhlikch `d jnnt3

Gl jkgs, gkl eld llf lzli ellt vlreuurg, lf fnnr Rntey, gl elglfgnnj-soel e``gpinnts, jlilkgt, ellt fnuw elt g`li vlrf`dlf, wnnrt`l glvrlldglikfj, gkl z`` j`lg gl infgtnni sprllht, elt lkinfg h`dt mlz`l-hlf, ekc vlrennit gl jlsoeklglfks vnf gklf h`fkfj, gkl gnnr vklr guk-zlfg cnnr jlilglf rljllrgl, lf vnf wklfs i`tjlvniilf gl vlrilvlrkfj, nis

llf h`stmnrl soent, kf zkcf jlsinoet w`rgt mlwnnrg.Kh zni u fklt vlrenilf vnf gl wli juiil, dnnr g``r vr``delkg wntdnjlrl, `ftvnfjst mkc gl jnstvrkcl gndls Elilfn lf Nspnskn, gòetlrsvnf glf jlillrglf rknftnyiikgls, kf wlihlr w`fkfj _oeikldnff, mkc`ftstlitlfks vnf llf i`jldlft, zkcf kftrlh d`lst fldlf. Kh zni u glwnrdl mlinfjstliikfj lf gl e``jl kfjlf`dlfelkg, dlt w``rg lf gnngmlwlzlf, fklt soeltslf, wnnrdlã gl mlw`flrs vnf Ktenhn iukstlrglf,nis _oeikldnff `p gl pilh, wnnr llfs gl m``dlf vnf Inèrtls mi`lkglf,lf \iyssls vnf gl vrlujgl gls wlglrzklfs nnf gl m`rst zkcfs vnglrswllfgl, ukt elt =7 stl m`lh glr @gyssln gl r`lrlfgl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gnt

wlglrzklf v``rgr lj.<71

Lf z` ks lr f`j llf elilm`li dllr wnnrvnf gl g`dkfll zkcf t`le``r-glrs fklt zni vlrenilf. @fjlvllr niils wnt _oeikldnff zkcf ilzlrs vlrtligellbt nbjlzklf vnf gl `pjljrnvlf urflf dlt gl ns vnf @gysslus lf zkcfvrùw.

Rlrvìjlfs w`rglf Ntelfl lf Dyhlfl wlrhlikch `vlrjlsinjlf lfjnnt Hliilr vnf E``r fnnr gl vinhtl vnf r`cl. Nnf gl kglftkbkontklvnf Ekssnrikh dnnht ekc wlkfkj w``rglf vuki lf vìjt ekc _oeikldnffhrktklhi``s3

Jkfj ekc fn zkcf llrstl mlz`lh nnf gl vinhtl vnf r`ns (kf >525) kfgl vnstl `vlrtukjkfj ellf, gnt ekc mkc elt jrn vnf Noekiils vlrt`lg lf`p glf jlwkcglf jr`fg vnf ―t E`dlrksoel r`cl jlstnnf eng8 - kf Nprki>5:> hwnd ekc tl Ekssnrikh tlruj, lf mlj`f ekc nnf gl F``rgwlstzkctl jrnvlf. Dnnr lkjlfg`dsrloetlf, gkl jlèrmklgkjg, rljlrkfjsplrs`flf,gkl ftzklf, vlrjuffkfjlf, gkl vlrhrljlf, lf jligz`lhlfgl enfglf, gkl jlvuig d`lstlf w`rglf, vlrtrnnjglf zkcf nrmlkg8 z``gnt ekc llrst `pZ`lfsgnj glf >>glf @ot`mlr >5:>, jlglht g``r llf rdnf lf jn-

<?; Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, 71.

<71 Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, 7=.



=7:

gljlsinjlf g``r llf urhsoelf mlndmtl (gklf ekc 7.<1 gnnjs d`lstmltnilf) zkcf nrmlkg nnfvnfjlf h`f. G``r nnfeùglfgl st`rtrljlfsloetlr wlrg ekc glf =7stlf F`vldmlr nirllgs jlgw`fjlf zkcf wlrht`t elt vìjlfgl cnnr tl vlrgnjlf. Glf >stlf Nprki >5:= wns ekc wllrgnnr, lf mill lr t`t elt lkfg vnf _lptldmlr, `d f`j llfs kf Blmrunrkc>5:? glf nrmlkg v``rt tl zlttlf, gklf ekc glf >:glf Cufk vnf gnt cnnrmlsi``t dlt elt w``rg3

’Glwkci kh elglf lf v``r nitkcg dkcfl `fglrz`lhkfjlf tl Kikud lkfgkj,mlf kh gnfh vlrsoeuigkjg nnf J`g, Gkl kf zkcfl jr``tl `ftlrdkfjmlsoekht ellt, gnt tl dkgglf vnf gl vlil jlvnrlf, wnnrnnf wkc jl-gurlfgl gl grkl cnrlf vnf dkcfl rlusnoetkjl `pjrnvkfjlf mi``tjlstligwnrlf, fkldnfg `fzlr jlg``g ` zlis lrfstkj jlw`fg ks jlw`rglf.—

Lf wli eng _oeikldnff rloet `d vnf llf rlusnoetkjlf nrmlkg tl sprl-hlf. Hnf kh `d tni vnf rlglflf u zlis glf h`rtlf kfeùg fklt dlgl-gllilf vnf gl =? uktv`lrkjl vlrsinjlf, gkl, dlt llf zllr fnuwhlurkjlfntins vnf dllr gnf =11 pintlf lf `fjlvllr 7111 pe`t`jrnpeksoel n-mlligkfjlf, kf glf nnfvnfj glzls cnnrs zkcf vlrsoelflf8 tòe zkc dkc glzwnhhl p`jkfj vlrjufg u llf glfhmllig tl jlvlf vnf gl soeklr f`vlr-h`dlikchl mlzwnrlf, gkl ekc vlrw`fflf, vnf gl s`ddlf jligs, gkl ekcmlstllg, vnf gl `ftmlrkfjlf, gkl ekc zkoe jltr``st, vnf gl `dvnfjrkchl

Llf jlgllitl vnf _oeikldnffs `pjrnvkfj.



=75 -

`fglrfldkfj, gkl ekc vìlkfgkjg, vnf glf e``jst mlinfjrkchlf gklfst,gklf ekc nnf wltlfsoenp lf hufst mlwlzlf ellt.

Zns ekc nnfjlvnfjlf dlt nnf glf stlkilf mlrjhnft tlf F``rglf, Sukgwnnrts ellf, llf mrllgl jr`lvl tl `plflf, `d z`` glf ``rspr`f-

hlikchlf m`gld ` mlrjruj tl vkfglf, ekc ellt gkl mrllgl jrnoet >7 t`t>2 dltlrs d`ltlf uktgklplf, vÿÿr gnt ekc gl hnihr`ts ftglhtl, wnnr`pgl dlfsoelikchl enfg vÿÿr mkcfn 71 lluwlf elt llrst llf w`fkfj uktzwnrl r`tsmi`hhlf mùwgl8 lf mkc gnt wljjrnvlf vnf gkl e`fglrglfhumklh dltlrs pukf lf nsoe d`lst lr fklt niillf dlt jr``tl v``rzkoetkj-elkg w`rglf jlnrmlkg, pgnt lr z`` dkf d`jlikch zù w`rglf jlmr`hlf` vlrfklig, dnnr tlvlfs llf jr``tl hrnoet nnfjlwlfg w`rglf `d glstllfmi`hlf, s`ddkjlf =111 p`fg zwnnr, tl vlrwkcglrlf8 tlrwkci gluktjljrnvlf jr`fg 51 dltlr vlr jlmrnoet w`rglf d`lst, pgnt glzl mkcelt vlrglr jrnvlf fklt mlilddlrlf zùgl.

Fnuw eng ekc loetlr gkl jrnoet vnf ―t F``rglf fnnr ―t Sukglf tlf gll-il jl`plfg, ekc wlrg g``r wnt ekc `ftglhtl jlf``pt d llf twllgl tl jrnvlf8 lf intlr noettl ekc elt ―t mlstl, d gkl jrnoetlf t`t llf pint`rdvnf :1 dltlr mrllg tl vlrjr``tlf, z``gnt ekc kf gkl grkl cnrlf tkcgsdllr gnf 51 gukzlfg humklh dltlrs znfg, nsoe lf stllflf vlrpinntstellt8 lf gnt ellt ekc jlgnnf kf llf infg, wnnr dlf jllf hrukwnjlfhlft ` hnf dnhlf, dlt nrmlkglrs, gkl nnf gklf nrmlkg fklt jlw``fzkcf, lf gkl gl wnnrgl vnf gkl soelrvlf lf stllfmi`hhlf vìstrlht fkltmlslfilf, dnnr, z`` gnnr llfkj dltnni w`rgt jlv`fglf, gkt iklst v``rzkoe zlivl mleùglf.

Mlenivl gl jlf`ldgl mlndmtl, eng ekc llf kfjlfklur, llf pe`t`jrnn,llf soekiglr lf (gl `pzkoetlrs fklt dlgljlrlhlfg) vnf >11 t`t ><1 nr-mlkglrs, tljlf 51 á ;1 olfts gnnjs, kf zkcf gklfst8 gl mlstl wlrhtukjlfgllg ekc ukt Lfjlinfg h`dlf, kf ëëf w``rg, ekc spnnrgl jllf jlig, niselt glf nrmlkg vlrikoetlf, vlrmltlrlf ` vlrennstlf, gl vlkikjelkg glrwlrhiklglf vlre``jlf, gl wltlfsoenp mlv``rgllilf, elt wlisinjlf vnfzkcfl `fglrfldkfj mlv`rglrlf h`f, z``gnt eld, niils tl zndlf mlrl-hlfg, gnt `fglrz`lh tl Ekssnrikh dllr gnf e`fglrggukzlfg juiglf jlh`st ellt.

Ekc mlw``fgl jlgurlfgl gl dnnfglf, gnt lr jlnrmlkg wlrg, dlt zkcfl

jngl, (nis ekc v``r E`dlrus lf gl Kikns kf iklgl `ftst`hlf), llf eùtlfeuks `p gl e``jtl, intlr g``r llf stllflf vlrvnfjlf, wnnrkf ekc wli tljlf rljlf, dnnr fklt tljlf hùgl, wli tljlf gl st rdlf vnf elt ’ Λθλΰύ

κδμ¼ΰμηηξ (elt wkfglrkjl Kik`f), dnnr fklt tljlf gl soenglikchl ukt-wnsldkfjlf glr `dikjjlfgl d`lrnsslf mlsoeut wns. Gl dlfkjtl ng-glrs lf soekigpngglf, elt mkcjli`` lf gl r``zuoet glr kfinfglrs, gltrnnjelkg lf gl `ftrùw zkcflr mlgklfglf vlr``rznnhtlf eld tni vnfd`lktlf lf mlzwnrlf8 lf tòe, g``r qukfkfl mlvlkikjg lf g``r gl iklglv``r gl wltlfsoenp hrnoetkj, mlstrllg lf `vlrw`f ekc gkl niilf. - Zlihllf iklgl, - kh zùgl ennst vnf enrtstòet sprlhlf, kfgklf zkc fklt z``hnid lf vìenrglfg jlwllst wns, - wlih llfl kffkjl iklgl v``r gl wl-



=7;

tlfsoenp! - Gl dnf, gkl `vlr t`fflf jùgs mlsoekht, gkl llfl prnoetkjlvkiin kf Ntelfl mlzkt, gkl zkoe kf gl ikllikchstl ``rglf glr nnrgl dlt niwnt hufst vlrdnj hnf `drkfjlf, w``ft jlgurlfgl vlil dnnfglf kfgrkl noetlrllfvìjlfgl cnrlf, dlt wnnr jlf`t, p llf wkfglrkjl e``jtl,

kf llf `felrmlrjznnd ``rg, nnf niilrilk `ftmlrkfjlf lf jlvnrlf tlf pr``k, nrmlkglfgl vnf glf d`rjlf t`t glf nv`fg, lf gnt fklt `d jligtl vlrgklflf ` wkfst tl mlcnjlf, fllf tlf h`stl vnf soenttlf8 gnt fklt`d zkoe llf fnnd tl dnhlf, fllf, gnt niillf, pgnt gl wnnrelkg zljl-vklrl lf gl wltlfsoenp mi`lkl, `pgnt E`dlrus jlrloetvnnrgkjg w`rgllf gl Kikngl mikchl `p lktlf jljr`fgvlst tl zkcf.

Lf ks gnt g`li mlrlkht0 wnt zkcf gl vruoetlf gkl _oeikldnff iklvlrgl wltlfsoenp piuht vnf gklf h`stmnrlf nrmlkg0

Znffllr jkc, DXkcflT EXlrlfT, glzl vrnjlf dkc g`lt, gnf stn kh kftwllèrilk `pzkoet vlriljlf - vlriljlf g``r rkchg`d, dnnr vlriljlf fklt

dkfglr g``r nrd`ã. - G``r rkchg`d! Jkc vrnnjt fnnr gl vruoetlf, lfkh wllt fklt wnnrvnf kh zni sprlhlf, lf wnt kh dlt nitkcg `fvlrgklfgstkizwkcjlf v``rmkc stnpplf zni, nis dkc gkl 71 v`lt e``jl wnfglf, kfvkc fglrsoelkglf injlf, vnf vkc vlrsoekiilfgl vìhlf vlrenilf, gkl wlifklt z`fglr `fglrikfjl vlrwnftsoenp (nitenfs wnt gl ùgstlf mltrlt,)tòe g``r mlsoenvkfj lf `ftwkhhlikfj, g``r mùwtrnft lf illwkczlvnf lihnír `fglrsoelkglf, kf glf i``p vnf dllr gnf ?<11 cnrlf `pgklzligl pilh jlw``fg, lf p gl vlrmikcslilf vnf gkl vÿÿr elf elmmlf jlillg, euffl eukzlf jlmùwg lf euffl `filrnfgl elmmlf jlmrnoet,- wnnrvnf zni kh sprlhlf0 nis kh u eklr hnf wkczlf `p kfsorkptkèf lfmlligeùwwlrh vnf Jrklhsoe - ]`dlkfsoelf, gnnr `p hnfflf, urflfvnf Iygknnfsoelf, jkfgs p durlf vnf vÿÿrekst`rksoelf `rspr`fj8 niseklr m`vlf gl durlf, sndlfjlstlig ukt `p lihnír jlstnpligl mr`hhlf,zkoe nfglrl vlrellf ukt mleùwlf r`tsstllf vlrm`fglf dlt illd, `peuffl mlurt wllr t`t stluf vnf llf jlmùw tl vlrstrlhhlf, gnt ukt jl-gr``jgl stllf ks `pjltr`hhlf, tlrwkci e``jlr f`j gl ruàfl vnf llf euksw`rgt jlv`fglf gnt vnf jlmnhhlf stllf ks jlmùwg.

Rrnnjt jkc3 Znnr ks fu `fglr glzlf gl ruàfl vnf elt g``r E`dlrusvlrllwkjgl r`cl0

_oeikldnff mlwllrt, gnt ekc kf gl twllgl innj vnf `fglrf grkl dltlrs

gkh, `p llf gklptl vnf >1-: dltlrs `fglr gl hrukf glr e``jtl, gl `vlr-mikcslilf vnf gl stlrhtl vnf Qrkndus v`fg. R``rzlhlr, ekc ellt gnnr`ftglht, wnt eld v``r gnt mlwlrlf nitenfs llf soekcf vnf jr`fg h`f jlvlf. Gkl mlrjlf r``gl nsoe lf gkl zwnrt jlmrnfgl stllflf jltukjlf,`fglr dllr, gnt gl stng, wklr ruæfl gnnr rust, g``r llf liilf mrnfgwlrg vlrfklig.

Lf nis fu ukt gkl nsoe llf rkfjduur `ftmi``t w`rgt, lf kf gklf rkfj-duur llf t`rlf, lf mkc gklf t`rlf llf euks vnf nnfzklfikchlf `dvnfj,lf `fglr gnt euks llf gummlil p``rt, gkl fnnr elt wlstlf ikjt, lf vnfwlihl llf vkc dltlrs mrllgl dlt vklrhnftl tljlis jlpinvlkgl wlj fnnr



=<1 -

gl vinhtl v`lrt, gnf mljrkcp kh dkc wli, gnt _oeikldnff fklt `p gklft`rlf h`f stnnf z`fglr nnf Elilfn elrkfflrg tl w`rglf, gkl gnnr,fnnst Qrkndus jlzltlf, gl eliglf vnf Jrklhlfinfg nnfwlls8 gnf vlr-stn kh, gnt ekc gklf wlj fklt h`f mltrlglf, fòe g``r gkl p``rt h`fgl

jnnf z fglr nnf Elht`r tl glfhlf, gkl, fnnr E`dlrus vlrennit, mkc gl_hnlàsoel p``rt zkcfl jngl lf zkcf hkfg elt inntstl ellt `delisg.

Lf nis _oeikldnff fu gnt mrllg jlmùw elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus f`ldt,zuit jkc eld gnf vnf gwllpzuoet vlrglfhlf, nis jkc wllt, gnt ekc kfllf glr vlrtrlhhlf (2 dltlrs infj lf 2 dltlrs mrllg) gl r``gl urflf,gl ρ λεΰλ Xpkte`k, jr`tl p`ttlfT, : n 5 v`lt e``j, ellt jlv`fglf, lf kfllf nfglr vlrtrlh gl jlrnndtlf vnf llf twlltni hrkcjlrs, wklr soelgli,gkl vnf Nrksoe rns jltukjt, f`j glf h`plrlf elid dlt gl hnd v``r glfm`s vnf pnnrglfennr gr`lj, gkl, vìjlfs gl mlsoerkcvkfj g``r E`dlrus jljlvlf, vrllsikch wukgl `p elt e``g vnf Elot`r lf zkcf hkfg mkc eltnsoelkg vlrsoerkhtl, z``gnt elt soerlklfg tlrujgr`fj nnf glf m`lzldglr z``jstlr0

Lf zkct jkc gnf f`j fklt jlzkfg `d kf tl stlddlf dlt _oeikldnff, jnnt gnf llfs mkfflf kf zkcf duslud, wnnr`p gl urhsoel rljlrkfj eltlkjlfg`dsrloet wki g`lf jliglf. - Sklt gnf gkl vlrzndlikfj vnf dllrgnf e`fglrggukzlfg stuhs, gkl ukt elt jrn glr lluwlf tl v``rsoekcf jlmrnoet zkcf, lf gkl u vnf gl nh`dst lf gl mlsoenvkfj, vnf glf j`gs-gklfst lf elt jlfkl, vnf gl hufstvnnrgkjelkg lf glf rkchg`d gklr uglvìhlf vlrenilf. - Flldt gnf ukt gkl vlrzndlikfj gl stuhhlf gkl `pllf gklptl vnf : - >1 dltlrs wlrglf jlv`fglf, lf mlsoeùwt gkl hnf-flf lf urflf, gkl vnzlf, mlhlrs lf soenilf vnf niilrilk jr``ttl lf t`tniilrilk g`li, ukt jlmnhhlf nnrgl (tlrrn o`ttn), dnnr ``h ukt zkivlr lfz`` jlj`tlf nis jlsinjlf jùg. Rlstkjt gnf kf ―t mkcz`fglr uw nnfgnoet`p gkl ηκρξύ ξ¼Ϝλϊόρμθθΰδ (glpns ndpekhyplii`f),<7> gkl mlhlr `grkfhsoenni dlt twll ``rlf lf twll d`fglf, dnnr z`fglr v`lt `d tlstnnf, gkl z`` vnnh g``r E`dlrus jlf`ldg w`rgt, lf gkl tenfs nnfu dligt, gnt `fglr gl eliglf vnf r`cl gl jnstellr gklf mlhlr jlvuigdlt glf wkcf, fn llf lfhlil tluj ukt glf hilkflrlf d`fg jlgr`fhlf tlelmmlf, `vlrrlkhtl nnf zkcflf jnst, gkl eld mkc elt nfglrl ``r nnfvnt-tlf h`f, lf noetlrllf tl ilgkjlf pinj.

Dlrht gnf `p! @p gkl vnzlf lf p llf nnftni sklrnglf vnf fglrsoelk-glf nnrg lf jlgnnftl ks elt mllig glr οθξόϊϋρλύ Ξεκδκ (jinuoe`pks Ntelfl) tl vkfglf, gl vrùw dlt elt e``g vnf llf uki, gl soeutsj`gkfglr stng, gl j`gkf glr d`rjlfsoeldlrkfj, z`` nis Dnx Dùiilr mlwllrt.-

_`ds ks zkc dllr uktv`lrkj jlv`rdg, tlrwkci vlrrl elt dllstl, ennr ``j-lf g``r llf pnnr okrhlis dlt llf dkgglipuft ` siloets g``r llf pnnr puftlf, lf ennr sfnvli g``r llf strllp tussoelf gkl okrhlis g``r twlllihnfglr rnhlfgl m`jlf m`vlf gkl puftlf nnfjlgukg zkcf.

<7> Dùeilfmruoe =11>.



=<>

Ilt llfs `p gkl e`fglrglf nduilttlf, r`fg lf pint lf hljliv`rdkj, (gl usnàìlf<7= glr Ktniknnfsoel jlillrglf), gkl dlt elt mllig glr z`f, dltgl tllhlflf glr soeutsj`gkf ` gl ikcflf vnf gl _vnstkhn glr Kfgksoelvìhlf vlrsklrg, `fs glf ilvlfglf j`gsgklfstzkf glr dnfflf lf vrù-wlf kf elt vlrmrnfgl r`cl vlrh`fglf.<7?

Rnf nb elt mljkf vnf zkcf `pjrnvkfj v`fg _oeikldnff jr`tl e`l-vllielglf spkfstllftcls, gkl vnnh vnf llf vlrsklrkfj v``rzklf wnrlf.

_oeikldnff elrhlfgl zl fklt nis z`gnfkj lf kftlrprltllrgl zl nis rlikjk-luzl `mclotlf. Ekc e``ptl gnt ekc gl nbmlligkfjlf gkl ekc `p glzl stllf-tcls znj zù hufflf ’ilzlf—. Kf gl wkftlr vnf >5:= `p >5:? soekcftzkcf illsjlgrnj eklr v``r llf jr``t jlgllitl `p nbjlstldg jlwllst tlzkcf. Kf r`cnfksoel Nitlrteùdlr f`ldt ekc llf nnftni tktlis vnf m`lhlfgkl eld `p gkt d`dlft stlrh mlkfvi`lg elmmlf. Elt jr``tstl nnftnivlrdligkfjlf hrkcjt Ngnimlrt Huef‛s (>5>=->55>) Gkl Elrnmhuft gls

<7= spkfstllftcls. Skl Ekisl =11>.

<7? Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, 7<-<=.

Llfkjl tkcg fngnt ekc m`vlfstnnfg nnrglwlrh dlt gl E`dlrksoel tlrd glpns ndpekhyplii`f wns jnnf nnf-

gukglf v`fg ekc llf jùglf soenni gkl mltlr mkc glzl tlrd pnstl lf z`fglr noet tl sinnf `p gl vlrwnrrkfj

gkl ekc eklrdll vlr``rznnhtl wlrg ``h gkt llf glpns ndpekhyplii`f. Wljlfw``rgkj w`rgt eklrv``r gl tlrd

’_nuoklrl— jlmrukht.



=<= -

Blulr ufg glr J`ttlrtrnfhs ukt >5<;.<77 Huef wns vnf dlfkfj gnt niilintlrl ouiturlf brnjdlftlf vnf gl v``rjnnfgl ouiturlf kf zkoe ekliglf.G``r gl dyteì`jklèf vnf gl vlrsoekiilfgl ouiturlf tl vlrjlikchlf h`fdlf gl `rspr`fhlikchl ouituur glr Nrklrs wllrvkfglf. Kf nfglrl gnf gl

Jlrdnnfsl ouituur soekcft Huef fklt jlàftlrlssllrg jlwllst tl zkcf. @pglzl dnfklr iljgl ekc llf vlrmkfgkfj tusslf gl Kfgksoel lf gl Jrklhslouituur lf vlrvìjlfs fnnr gl Jlrdnnfsl lf gl Hlitksoel. Niils wns ml-j`fflf dlt llf fntuurj`gsgklfst wnnrmkc niils gnt j`lg wns `p nnrglukt gl eldli hwnd. Elt mlinfjrkchstl `fglr niils gnt ukt gl eldli jl-

<77 Ikdmurj Mrùwlr >521, 7:: ’... zkcf XHuefT m`lh ks wlkfkj dllr gnf llfl `p-llfe``pkfj vnf tnii``zl mkcz`fglrelglf, wnnrkf gl mlinfjstliilfgl ilzlr zlib glf

lkjlfikchlf zndlfenfj dnj z`lhlf `p tl sp`rlf.—

Lfkjl vnf gl wllbjlwkoetcls gkl _oeikldnff pr`mllrgl tl ’ilzlf—.



=<?

h`dlf wns, wns elt vuur. Gnt h`f dlf kddlrs loet, nis mikhsld, ukt gleldli zklf h`dlf. Niil j`gsgklfst wns gus mlj`fflf dlt gl vlrlrkfjvnf gl mikhsld. Gl llrstl j`gsgklfst wns llf vuurj`gsgklfst.

Rkn Huef hwnd _oeikldnff kf o`ftnot dlt elt wlrh vnf gl `rk-

lftnikstlf Ëdkil-Iùks Murfùb lf Dnx Dùiilr (>5=?->;11).<7<

Mlkglfekliglf zkoe mlzkj dlt vlrjlikchlfgl dyteì`jkl lf rlikjkl lf mlkglffndlf elt _nfshrklt nis mnsks vnf euf wlrh. @fglr kfvi`lg vnf glzl lfnfglrl hlfflrs vnf elt _nfshrklt jnnt _oeikldnff vlrvìjlfs `p z`lhfnnr gl mltlhlfks vnf gl nbmlligkfjlf gkl ekc `p gl spkfstllftcls vkfgt.Glzl mikchlf fu niildnni klts dlt vuur `b dlt elt wkli gls ilvlfs tl dn-hlf tl elmmlf.

Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff glzl tloefklh vnf ’ilzlf— uktlkfglikchfklt mlvrlgkjlfg v`fg. Zl vkfglf gl rlsuitntlf lr vnf niillf kf gl ml-soerkcvkfjlf ukt >5:?. Kf >5:7 ks lih sp``r lrvnf wllr vlrgwlflf.

Lkfglikch, `d fklt niils tl f`ldlf, wkcgt uwl nnfgnoet nnf gklfsoent, gklf _oeikldnff `p llf glr inntstl gnjlf vnf zkcf vlrmikc tlgklr pinntsl, dlt lkjlf enfg, lf mkcjlstnnf g``r zkcfl jngl, nnf glvnsteùglfgl dnoet vnf glf pukfe``p lf nnf gl soernplfgl enfgvnf zkcfl nrmlkglrs, tlf mntl vnf gl wltlfsoenp, ellt `ftwr`fjlf, lfgklf ekc glf soent vnf Qrkndus f`ldt, `dgnt ekc eld mkc gnt euks lffnnst gl _hnlàsoel p``rt ellt jlv`fglf.

Gkl soent mlvnt llf h`plrf soekig, > / = dltlr infj8 twll h`plrf hltlis

dlt e`rkz`ftnil ``rlf8 llf h`plrlf pinnt, wnnr`p gl mrnfg llf zkivl-

rlf vnns ellt vnstjleloet8 llf r`fgl lsoe vnf zukvlr jùg, 711 jrnd-dlf zwnnr8 llf jùglf ηκρξύ ξ¼Ϝλϊόρμθθΰδ (glpns ndpekhyplii`f),gkl lr 211 wlljt8 llf nfglrl jùglf soenni8 ? jr``tl zkivlrlf vnzlf(=1 olftkdltlrs e``j)8 : zkivlrlf gìhdlsslf, >7 h`plrlf strkcgmkcilflf >? h`plrlf infspuftlf. Lf dllr f`j gnf gkt, wnft kf gl jr``tl zki-vlrlf vnns mlv`fglf zkoe = hilkfl jùglf mlhlrs, = jùglf gknglldlf,> jùglf ennrmnfg, 2 nrdmnfglf, 7 ``renfjlrs, <2 rkfjlf lf 5:<1hf``plf, rkfjlf lf hrnilf, niils vnf jùg lf hufstkj mlnrmlkg, tlrwkcigkl d`lkikch tl mlsoerkcvlf gknglld `p lih glr vlil nenfjlfgl pinntclselt mlhlfgl tllhlf vnf gl soeutsj`gkf grnnjt, lf `fs dligt, e`l elte``g glr v`rstkf dlt gl sydmìlf vnf glf j`gsgklfst `dhrnfst wns.

Lf vrnnjt jkc gnf fnnr elt jlelkd, gnt nnf gklf soent ks vlrm`fglf8niikoet zni gl h`plrlf silutli, gkl mkc glf soent wlrg jlv`fglf, gnt jl-elkd u `ftsiuktlf, wnffllr glzl elt vlrd`lglf t`t zlhlrelkg mrlfjt,gnt rllgs g``r glf nnrg glr vlrzndlikfj lf glf stnfg glr vnzlf lfmlhlrs jlwlht wlrg. - Gl vinddlf elmmlf glf `fjliuhhkjl, gkl zkcfsoent wkigl rlgglf, elt viuoetlf mlilt8 zkc elmmlf eld lf gl eùtlfhkst, wnnrkf ekc niils eng mlsi`tlf, vlrtllrg8 dnnr elt fllrst`rtlfgl

<7< R``r gl mrklvlf vnf _oeikldnff nnf Dnx Dùilr zkl Dlylr >;2=.



=<7 -

pukf, dkssoeklf wli dlgl gl nsoe vnf glf lkjlfnnr zlivl, elmmlf glfsoent `vlrglht, tljlf sdlitlf mle`lg lf v``r `fzl gnjlf mlwnnrg.

Lf zljt jkc fn gkt niils tl elmmlf jlzklf lf mlw`fglrg3 Dnnr ks gkt fur`cl0 - Ks gkt fu elt Kik`f g``r E`dlrus mlz`fjlf0 Mlwkcst elt klts

v``r elt mlstnnf vnf gklf gkoetlr lf gl wlrhlikchelkg vnf gl jlmlurtl-fksslf kf gl Kikngl vlrdlig0

DXkcflT EXlrlfT gnf stn kh vÿÿr u, vlriljlf g``r nrd`ã.

_oeikldnff nftw``rgt fglr dllr3 ’Elt sdnrt dkc gnt kh jllf jr``tlrglfhmllig vnf r`cl hnf jlvlf8 - dnnr gl wnnrelkg jligt dkc m`vlfni,lf kh noet dkc jliuhhkj tl hufflf nnft``flf, gnt kh g``r dkcfl wlrh-znndelglf jlgurlfgl grkl cnrlf gl stng r`cl vnf E`dlrus `ftglhtelm, lf tl elmmlf mlwlzlf, gnt gl Kikngl `p jlsoeklghufgkjl lktlf jljr`fg ks.

’E`dlrus ks llf lpksoe gkoetlr, jllf ekst`rkl-soerkcvlr8 elt ks gus zllrfntuurikch, gnt ekc niils dlt llfl zlhlrl gkoetlrikchl vrkcelkg `vlrgrkct..... Kh gur gus e`plf, gnt gl mlsoenngl wlrlig fklt niillf fklt tl-ilurjlstlig zkcf zni, `dgnt gl stng vnf Qrkndus fnuw elt twkftkjstlglli ks vnf eltjllf dlf vìjlfs gl jljlvlfs vnf gl Kikns rloet engtl vlrwnoetlf, dnnr gnt zkc zlis dlt wlijlvniilf, cn, vlrruhhkfj, glzlhlrelkg zni `ftvnfjlf, gnt Kik`f kf wlrhlikchelkg ellt mlstnnf, gntzkc tenfs v``r ―t jr``tstl glli nnf elt ikoet ks jlmrnoet, lf gnt E`dlrus jlmlurtlfksslf mlzkfjt, gkl ekc `vlrgrkct, dnnr gkl tòe kf glr gnngelmmlf pinnts jljrlplf.—

Ldkil Murfùbb soerkcbt kf zkcf nrtkhli kf gl ]lvul gls glux D`fgls 3

’Kfgklf r`cl ellt mlstnnf, gnf ks gkt elt Kik`f vnf E`dlrus. Gltwllgl innj ilvlrt elt mlwkcs, gnt llf vrllslikchl mrnfg elt t`lf ilvlfgl jlsinoet ellt vlrw`lst, lf kf gl nsoe vkfgt dlf gl pr`lvlf vnf zkcfmlsoenvkfj, vnf zkcf nh`dst, vnf zkcf j`gsgklfst lf tnirkchl nmlli-gkfjlf vnf zkcfl j`gelkg, lf glzl ks Dkflrvn.

Gkt Jlrdnnfsl vìh, mkcfn Jrklhsoe, mlw``fgl gkl zllr hilkfl stlrhtl,wnnrkf zkoe llf rkch pnilks mlv`fg - Gl `pjrnvkfjlf elmmlf gkt pnilksnnf glf gnj jlmrnoet, z``wli nis gl soent vnf glf ellr, gkl lr w``fgl.Gl vlstkfj, wnnr gkl v`rst rljllrgl, eng ennr p``rt `fglr elt pnilkszli8 gkl p``rt inj kf elt wlstlf, lf gnt ks gl mltllhlfks vnf gl ρόθξλ

ίϊξλξλ (pnink _henknk, _onklnf p``rtlf) kf gl Kikns. Dnnr kh hnf fkltstnvlf, gnt gkl soent nnf h`fkfj Qrkndus ellt mle``rg, fòe ``h gntQrkndus ``kt ellt mlstnnf.

... Lf zuit jkc tlf si`ttl dkcfl vlriljlfelkg `vlr dkcfl nrd`ã vlrjr``-tlf g``r fnnr dkcf ``rglli tl vrnjlf0

DXkcflT EXlrlfT kh sprnh u vnf llf dnf, gkl g``r kcvlr lf vìenrgkfjvnf fklts, klts, cn vlli ks jlw`rglf.



=<<

Llf i``pc`fjlf, gkl g``r kfspnffkfj zkcflr lglistl hrnoetlf llf jr``t-enfglinnr w`rgt lf t`fflf jùgs vlr`vlrt, grnnjt dkcf mlw`fglrkfjwlj, lf nis fu gkl dnf zkcfl enfglisznhlf vlrinnt `d zkcf ilvlf lfzkcf soenttlf tl wkcglf nnf gl wltlfsoenp, gkl zkcfl llrstl iklgl wns,

gnf mrlfj kh eld dkcfl llrmklgkjl euigl.

<72

Hliilr vnf E``rf ks zllr tlvrlglf dlt zkcf ilzkfj lf zlfgt llf lxld-pinnr nnf _oeikldnff. Glzl stuurt eld nis nftw``rg llf mrklb kf eltFlglrinfgs3

Ntelfl, =: Dnnrt >5:<.

E``jjlãrg Ellrl Qnst``r

Kh gnfh \ enrtliyh v``r \wlf vrklfgliyhlf mrkl vnf >> glzlr lfv``r elt dy jlz`fglf lxldpinnr vnf \wl, my gl `plfkfj vnf gl nijl-

dllfl vlrjnglrkfj glr Eìinfgsoel Dnntsoenppy vnf Brnnkcl Hufstlflf Zltlfsoenpplf uktjlspr`hlf rlglv`lrkfj, wnnrukt kh dlt trnflfvnf vrlujgl zkl, gnt kh f`j kf Eìinfg kf j`lg nnfglfhlf stn, lf gntdyfl uktjrnvkfjlf lf `ftglhhkfjlf kf gl gklptlf Kik`f‛s nignnr llflz`` jr``tl mlinfjstliikfj jlwlht elmmlf. Kfglrgnng gl wliwkiilfglsydpntekl glr Eìinfglrs ks gl z`ltstl mli``fkfj gkl dyfl nrmlkglfzùglf elmmlf hufflf ftvnfjlf, wnft gl Eìinfglrs elmmlf dy z``mnrdelrtkj lf vrklfgliyh `pjlf`dlf t`lf kh tlf lkfgl vnf >57> `pgl rlks fnnr Injunyrn, g``r elt soekpmrluh glr ’G`r`teln—, fwltlfg,fnnht lf mi``t euf infg mlrlkhgl. Gl nnfjlm`rlf zkf gl Eìinfglrv``r elt soe``fl lf vlrelwlfl, Ndstlrgnd‛s jr``tenfgli, gl dlfkjvui-

gkjelkg glr gnnr jlspr`hlf tnnilf, lf lkfgliyh gl dy g``r gl wliwki-ilfelkg dyflr Ellrlf Oels jlm`glf nnfd`lgkfjlf `ftwkhhliglf lf`ftvindglf dyfl illrjklrkjelkg, ilkglf glf jr`fgstllf t`t dyf jliuh,lf sdlgglf lf sillplf jliyhtytkj gl eùwlli lf gl spngl v``r gl pjrn-vkfj vnf elt E`dlrksoe r`cl, eltwlih kh f``kt zùgl elmmlf hufflf`ftglhhlf kfgklf kh dyfl o`ddlrokliil `pv`lgkfj fklt kf Ndstlrgndeng jlf`tlf. @d glzl rlglf elm kh f``kt pjle``rt Eìinfg tl mldkf-flf lf elt nis dyf twllgl vnglrinfg nnftlzklf. Kh mlhinj siloets gntdyfl nroelì`jksoel fnv`rsoekfjlf dy fklt elt jliuh vlrjufflf glfnv`fg vnf dyf vllimlwljt ilvlf nignnr tl w``flf.

Elt zni vnf mlinfj v``r \ zkcf tl e``rlf gnt dkcf pròls kf urhkclg``r llfl `vlrllfh`dst mllkfgkjt ks, hrnoetlfs wlihlr dkcfl vlrzndl-ikfj dkcf lkjlfg`d vlrmikct, dnnr kh vlrpikjt mlf gl uktjrnvkfjlf kfr`cl f`j vklr dnnfglf ...<7:

Rnf glzl mrklb pumikollrgl Lrfst Dlylr (>555 - >;25) kf >;<? ni-illf gl llrstl mingzkcgl. Znnr gkt lxldpinnr zkoe tljlfw``rgkj mlvkfgtks `fmlhlfg. _oeikldnff mlwnnrgl vnf glzl mrklb kf zkcf lkjlf nroeklb

<72 Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, <=-<2.

<7: Dlylr >;<?, >51-=5> lf b`t` tljlf`vlr =5;.



=<2 -

llf hingvlrskl. Gl llrstl niikfln ks kf glzl vlrskl kglftklh nnf gl m`vlf-stnnfgl, gl twllgl niikfln ks loetlr jlelli nfglrs. Kh jllb eklr gl twllglniikfln lf gl twllgl zkcgl vnf _oeikldnffs hingvlrskl3

Kh vlr``ri` dkc \ llf lxldpinnr vnf dkcf `finfjs eklr kf gl jrklh-soel pekiì`jksoel Dnntsoenppy ’ ΡκοξϏΰύ — XQljns`sT uktjlspr`hlfrlglv`lrkfj `vlr r`cl, z``wli ni dkcfl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl jr``tlOekflsksoel Duur tl zlfglf lf kh wki \ vlrzlhlrlf, gnt f`j v``r eltlkfgl vnf >5:< gl `ftglhhkfj vnf elt E`dlrksoe Kik`f nijldllf nis jlwks notud nnfjlf`dlf w`rg.

Dkcfl jngl plrdkttllrg zkj \ enXnTr p`rtrlt mkctlv`ljlf, wnnrkf zkcdlt llf jlgllitl vnf gl tr`cnfksoelf soent gnnrjlstlig ks. \ zùgl `fszllr vlrpikjtlf kfgklf \ `fs \w p`rtrlt wù zlfglf. Znnrsoekcfikchzlt kh gl uktjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl v``rt, lf kf gkt jlvni zùgl elt llfl zllr jr``tl vrlujgl v``r dkc zkcf \ mkc dkc tl zklf.

Kh vlrwlih`d, vì wlld`lg, gl elrkfflrkfjlf wlihl \wl rlglv`lrkfjkf dkc wlhtl lf vlrmikc dlt gl `prljtkjstl vlrllrkfj kf gl jr``tstl

e``jnoetkfj

\Lg GwGfEy _oeikldnff

vlr`ftsoeuigkj gnt kh \ fklt kf zukvlr eìinfgsoe soerkc8 dnnr kh mlffklt dllr mlhwnnd gnnrt`l, wnft kf dllr gnf =; cnnr elm kh jllf

eìinfgsoe dllr jlilzlf ` jlsoerlvlf.<75

Hliilr vnf E``rf wns zllr jliuhhkj dlt gl mrklb gkl ekc vnf _oeikldnffjlhrljlf eng, z` jliuhhkj gnt ekc elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming kfikoettl. \kt wntekc glzl hrnft vlrtligl hufflf wl zklf gnt gl twllgl mingzkcgl vnf glmrklb gkl ekc `ftvkfj glzlibgl kfeùg jleng d`lt elmmlf nis gl g``r_oeikldnff mlwnnrgl hing vlrskl3

\kt G`rgrloet w`rgt jldlig3 Llfkjlf tkcg jlilglf znj gl rlgl `vlr_oeikldnff elt ikoet, gkl g``r glf ellr Hliilr vnf E``rf, prlgkhnfttl glzlr stlgl, z`` eklr nis liglrs <7; wns uktjlspr`hlf. Gl soerkcvlr z`fgglf mlr`ldglf nroenlì``j llf prlslft-lxldpinnr. Glzlr gnjlf `ft-vkfj gl ellr Rnf E``rf ukt Ntelfl llf mrkl vnf _oeikldnff, gklz``wli jltukjgl vnf gklfs mikcvlfgl gnfhmnnrelkg cljlfs Flglrinfg,nis vnf zkcf mkcz`fglrl jnvlf. E`lwli _. kf =; cnrlf tkcgs zkoe fkltkf `fzl tnni eng uktjlgruht, hlfdlrhtl zkoe tòe gkl mrkl g``r llf kfhlf stkci, g``r llf j`lgl hlus vnf w``rglf lf g``r zllr wlkfkjtnniùtlf. _. wkigl sp`lgkj zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl v``rtzlttlf, lfeklig zkoe vlrzlhlrg, gnt vÿÿr elt lkfgl vnf >5:< gl `ftglhhkfj vnf

<75 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl MMM, Rìudl ?<.

<7; Znnr glzl rlgl f`j dllr ks uktjlspr`hlf elm kh fklt hufflf noetlrenilf.



=<5 -

fnjlf`lj `dsp`lig zkcf jlwllst, wnnrvnf gl llfl, gl _kd`às, vnf glfmlrj Kgn nstr``dgl, lf gl nfglr, gl _ondnfglr, ukt llfl hùgl lfwnrdl mr`f `ftspr`fj, gkl nnf glf v`lt vnf glf eluvli jliljlf wn-rlf, g``r wlihlf Kik`f jlgrnjlf wlrg. Glzl jljlvlfs fu w`rglf, mkc gl

ikjjkfj g``r glf ellr _oeikldnff pjlsp``rg, fklt wlglrjlv`fglf. Glstng, wnnrvnf glzl gl `vlrmikcslilf `pjljrnvlf ellt, zù llfl intlrlJrklhsoel hì`fkl, Fkluw-Kik`f, jlwllst zkcf.

Gnt dlf elt `vlrkjlfs fklt ikoet llfs zni w`rglf `vlr gl ikjjkfj vnfllfl stng, wlihl slglrt dllr gnf ?111 cnrlf t`t llfl ruàfl jlrnnht ks,vnit jldnhhlikch tl mljrkcplf.<<?

lrwkci Hliilr vnf E``rf z`fglr d`lktl h`ftnht dlt _oeikldnffellbt wltlf tl iljjlf g`lt llf `fmlhlfgl `p >= gloldmlr llf `pr`lpkf elt tkcgsoerkbt Gl Fnv`rsoelr 3

Gr. Elfrk _oeikldnff. Zkl wllt gl tljlfw``rgkjl vlrmikcpinnts vnfglzlf ellr p tl jlvlf0 S`` nis mlhlfg ks, ellt ekc kf zkcfl clujg llfkjl cnrlf kf Flglrinfg g``rjlmrnoet v``r gnt ekc liglrs glf jr`fgsinj zkc-flr `rtukf iljgl, gkl ekc fu mlstllgt `d, tlf futtl glr wltlfsoenp,`pjrnvkfjlf tl intlf g`lf kf Hilkf-Nzkè lf Jrklhlfinfg. G``r gl ml-nftw``rgkfj vnf glzl vrnnj, zni dlf glf ellr _. zli vlrpikjtlf, gnnrgl kfzlfglr gnnrg``r kfstnnt zni w`rglf jlstlig eld kfikoetkfjlf tlvlrsoenfilf, gkl ekc, cnrlf jlilglf, vlrjlls ellt jlzòet.<<7

<<? Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft 12-1:->5:7.<<7 Gl Fnv`rsoelr >= Gloldmlr >5:7. Gl Fnv`rsoelr Nprki >5:<. ’Gr. Elfrk

_oeikldnff. Glzl ellbt zkcf duslud kf Ntelfl lf ``h nignnr zkcf e``bgvlrmikcb.—



=<;

>>. Llf llrstl p`jkfj kf Dyhlfl

S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf eng _oeikldnff zkoe vnf elt mljkf nb nnf v``r-jlf`dlf `d fnnst r`cl ``h Dyhlfl `p tl jrnvlf. @`h fu wllr guurglelt wnoetlf `p llf vlrjuffkfj eld tl infj lf gus zlttl ekc kiiljnnimljkf blmrunrk >5:7 eklr v``r elt llrst gl soe`p kf gl jr`fg. G``r eltpròls dlt urhkcl wnnrkf _oeikldnff `p gkt d`dlft vlrwkhhlig wns,wns `h gl tòe ni d`lkikchl rlintkl tusslf Jrklhlfinfg lf elt @tt`dnnfslrkch `fglr gruh jlrnnht. Gkt dnnhtl _oeikldnff fklt p`puinkrglr mkc glJrklhsl rljlrkfj lf dlf vlrm``g eld fnjlf`lj fdkggliikch d vlrglr

tl wlrhlf.Kf gkt zlibgl v``rcnnr vnf >5:7 v`lrgl elt Guktsl rkch `vlrilj dlt glJrklhlf `d tlf mle`lvl vnf Lrfst Ourtkus (>5>7->5;2) lf Brklgrkoe

Ngilr (>5=:->;15) llf vlrjuffkfj v``r gl `pjrnvkfj vnf @iydpkn tlhrkcjlf.<<<

_oeikldnff zlib wki llf vlrjuffkfj d z`wli Dyhlfl nis @iydpkn ptl jrnvlf lf h`dt z`g`lfgl rloetstrllhs kf o`fbikot dlt elt Guktsl rkch.Elt w`rgt tkcg `d gl Jrklhlf wnt onglnutcls tl jlvlf. `t _oeikldnffsjr`tl tlilurstliikfj soekcflf gl Jrklhlf loetlr jllf onglnutcls tl wkiilf._oeikldnff soerkcbt llf lfkjszkfs jlnjktllrgl mrklb nnf h`fkfj Jl`rj K

(>57<->;>?) wnnrkf ekc zkoe mlhinnjt. Ekc ellbt mkc elt dkfkstlrkl t`l-stlddkfj jlvrnnjg v``r lkjlf h`stlf gl z`jlfnndgl Brnfhlft`rlf, gkl`p gl nor`pìks stnnt, tl si`plf. Gkt ks llf nnf gl ’Brnfsl— `vlrellrskfjelrkfflrlfgl soenfgvilh gkl elt d``kstl stuh vnf gl Qr`pyillf mlglht.M`vlfgklf zkcf lr e`fglrglf Eliilfkstksoel kfsorkptkls kf vlrwlrht gklvnf elt jr``tstl mlinfj zkcf v``r gl wltlfsoenp. Elt elil Jrklhsl vìhwns, vìjlfs _oeikldnff, mikc t`lf zl vnf zkcf pinf e``rgl wnft klglrllfwù gl d``kl Qr`pyillf z`fglr gkt jlgròet zklf. Ekc eng ni mnihlf jl-hòet lf st`fg p elt puft d tl mljkfflf t`lf gl dkfkstlr vnf ouituureld vlrtligl gnt gl h`fkfj elt fklt j`lg v`fg, gnt _oeikldnff gkt fòe

lfkj nfglr wlrh vnf nijldllf mlinfj kf Jrklhlfinfg dòet vlrrkoetlf.Lf gnt tlrwkci ekc dlt zkcf llrikch vlrgklfgl vlrd`jlf fnnr Jrklhlfinfgwns jlh`dlf `d elt gnnr tlf v``rglil vnf gl wltlfsoenp tl jlmrukhlf.

<<< Kf >5<= rklp Ourtkus tkcglfs llf ilzkfj kf Mlrikcf zkcf infgjlf`tlf `p `d kf@iydpkn tl jnnf jrnvlf. M`lttkoelr >55?, 2> ’ Zns g`rt kf glr gufhilf klblikljt, kst Ilmlf v`f ufslrd Ilmlf. Zlff nuoe nfglrl J`ttlsm`tlf kf glr Zlitnusjlz`jlf skfg ufg lkflf nfglrlf Brklglf vlrhùfglt enmlf, s` milkmt gòe nuoebùr ufs @iydpkn lkf elkikjlr M`glf8 ufg wkr sìilf kf ufslrl v`f rlkflrld Ikoetllriluoetltl Zlit elrùmlrfledlf glf _oewufj glr Mljlkstlrufj, gkl nub`pblrlfglRntlrinfgsiklml, gkl Zlkel glr Hufst ufg gkl Hrnbt glr niil Dùesnil gls Ilmlfs

ùmlrgnulrlfgl Brlugl.— Skl v``r Ourtkus lf @iydpkn Dnroenfg >;;2, ::-;>.



=21 -

Gnnr`d wki ekc ``h nnf elt pnrildlft v``rstliilf `d sndlf dlt glilglf vnf elt nroelì`jksoel jlzlisoenp v``r zkcf h`stlf @iydpkn `ptl jrnvlf. Elt o`ftrnot gnt dlf dlt Guktsinfg nbjlsi`tlf ellbt ks fkltmkfglfg lf w`rgt kf gl hrnft g``r klglrllf nbjlwlzlf. _oeikldnffsv``rwnnrglf v``r @iydpkn zkcf llfvùgkj. Ekc h``pt niil infglrkclfgkl f`gkj zkcf lf soelfht gkl nnf Jrklhlfinfg. Kf ruki gnnrv``r wki ekcfklts nfglrs gnf elt rloet d gl tl vkfglf ùgelglf nis llrstl tl d`jlfpumikolrlf.<<2

Znffllr ekc lkfg cuik fnnr @roe`dlf`s rlkst soeklt eld f`j llf nf-glr onglnu kf jlgnoetlf. Dkssoeklf elipt elt wli nis ekc gl Jrklhsl nr-oelì`jksoel vlrlfkjkfj llf lkjlf `pjrnvkfj nnfmklgt. Gkt nnfm`g ennitzlibs gl Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 3

Gl ellr _oeikldnff ellt `p zkcfl rlks fnnr @roe`dlfks, tenfs _hrkpu jlelltlf, gl pinnts `ftglht wnnr kfglrtkcg gl soenthndlr vnf h`fkfj Dkfyns wlrg jlv`fglf (zkl Kikns KK, <>>), gkl infj vÿÿr E`dlrusellt jlrljllrg. (E`dlrus illgl `fjlvllr >111 cnrlf vÿÿr Oerkstus).Mkc gklzligl pilh ks, kf vlli intlrlf tkcg, ukt gl zllr hufstkj jleù-

wlf stllflf glr soenthndlr, llf hlrh lf llf hi``stlr jlstkoet, mlkglnnf gl E. Qltrus lf Qnuius t`ljlwkcg. Gkt ellt, vìjlfs gl nignnrg``r _oeikldnff jlv`fglf `psoerktlf, pinnts jleng kf 5:7, fu cukst>111 cnrlf jlilglf. `lf Qnusnfkns, kf gl twllgl lluw fn Oerkstus,gl soenthndlr vnf h`fkfj Dkfyns mlzòet, wns gkt jlmùw f`j kfz`` `fjlgllrglf t`lstnfg, gnt elt nis llf glr prnoetkjstl mùwwlrhlfvnf Jrklhlfinfg lf vnf gl mlhlfgl wlrlig wlrg mlsoeùwg. Wnfs kssiloets llf jlgllitl gnnrvnf f`j nnfwlzkj. \kt e``gl glr `vlrmikcsl-ilf vnf gkt prnoetkj d`fudlft `fjltwkclig e``jst mlinfjrkchl znhlf,

<<2 Dlylr >;<?, =2;.

Dyhlfl - @` Dnjfus v`f _tnohlimlrj >5>=.



=2>

mltrlfilfgl elt z``jlfnndgl eliglftkcgvnh, nnf elt ikoet zni mrlfjlf,elm kh, z`` zljt gl ellr _oeikldnff, gl nroenlì`jksoel vlrllfkjkfj tl Ntelfl tlf grkfjlfgl vlrzòet gl pjrnvkfjlf nieklr `fvlrwkcig lf `pdkcf h`stlf nnf tl vnfjlf lf dlt lrfst v``rt tl zlttlf.<<:

Eliplf g`lt elt uktlkfglikch niildnni fklt. Gl Jrklhlf elmmlf jllfzkf `d kf @roe`dlf`s tl jrnvlf. Gl Brnfhlft`rlf<<5 w`rgt uktlkfgl-ikch wli `p _oeikldnffs h`stlf nbjlmr`hlf, ni dnj ekc fklt dllr gnf glrlhlfkfj mltnilf. Gnt h`st eld £ 72<,<<; dnnr mrlfjt eld fklt gl jl-e``ptl vlrjuffkfj v``r @iydpkn. Elt nhh``rg dlt gl Guktsl rljlrkfjwns zllr v``rglikj v``r gl Jrklhlf lf elt hilkfl mlltcl dllr gnt dlfnnf _oeikldnff h`f vlrgklflf w``j gnnr fklt tljlf `p. R``r z` wlkfkjwkfst wkigl gl Jrklhsl rljlrkfj gl rlintkls dlt elt Guktsl rkch fklt `pelt spli zlttlf. Dlt ni zkcf jlig h`f _oeikldnff uktlkfglikch tòe fklttljlf Guktsinfg `p.

Elt jlmrlh nnf dlglwlrhkfj vnf gl Jrklhlf ellbt _oeikldnffs iklb-gl v``r gkt infg mlh`lig. Nis ekc jllf vlrjuffkfj hrkcjt `d kf @iydpknlf Dyhlfl tl jrnvlf, gnf hrkcjlf zkc jllf duslud dlt zkcf r`cnnfslv`fgstlf. Dkssoeklf zkcf gl Brnfslf vrklfglikchlr lf lrhlfflf gkl zkcfjr``tselkg wli. Dkssoeklf d`ltlf gl r`cnnfsl v`fgstlf dnnr fnnrBrnfhrkch3

Gl mlhlfgl Guktsoel Eliilfkst _oeikldnff ellt nnf gl Brnfsoel Dnntsoenppkc t`t mlv`rglrkfj glr nnrgrkchshufgkjl wltlfsoenp llfg``r eld uktjljlvlf wlrh vlr gl nftkquktlktlf vnf r`cl tlf jlsoelf-

hl jlz`fglf. Kf gkt wlrh jllt ekc llfl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl ùgelglf,gkl ekc tlr pinntsl, wnnr llfdnni elt tr`tsoel r`cl ellt jlstnnf, `p- jlgìvlf lf mkcllfvlrzndlig ellt. Gl Brnfsoel Dnntsoenppkc elltglf ellr _oeikldnff enrlf gnfh v``r elt t`lzlfglf vnf elt wlrhmltukjg. \kt eltjllf fu kf gl zkttkfj, fnnr nnfilkgkfj glr znnh, ksvlrenfglig, ks jlmilhlf, gnt _oeikldnff zkcfl h`stmnrl vlrzndlikfjvnf v``rwlrplf nnf Brnfhrkch tlf jlsoelfhl, ellt nnfjlm`glf, dnnrgnt gl rljllrkfj glzl jliljlfelkg `d gl jnilrkclf vnf elt Iùvrl dltllf soent vnf ùgelglf tl vlrrkchlf, `fjlmrukht ellt intlf v``rmkcjnnf. Gl _kåoil, eklrvnf jlwnj dnhlfgl, vlrhinnrt fklt tl wltlf e`ldlf lr t`l jlh`dlf ks elt lglid`lgkj nnfm`g vnf gl enfg tl wkczlf.

Lr soekcft klts nfglrs, klts jlelkdzkffkjs, noetlr gl znnh tl soeukilf._oeikldnff ellt zkoe llfkjl cnrlf jlilglf tl Qnrkcs jlvlstkjg, dnnr ekcks v``rfldlfs nfglrdnni elt `rg zkcflr ugelkghufgkjl fnsp`rkfjlftl `fglrz`lhlf.<21

<<: Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 15-1;->5:7.<<5 Skl eklr v``r Mlnrg =117, >>5->=1.<<; Dlylr >;<?, =:1.

<21 Ilkgsoe Gnjming >=-12->5:<.



=2= -

Kf llrstl kfstnftkl eng _oeikldnff gl soent z`wli nnf elt Iùvrlnis nnf elt Mrktkse Duslud tl h``p nnfjlm`glf. Gl Brnfslf engglfd`lktl dlt gl vrnnjprkcs lf vrllsglf gkpi`dntklhl pr`mildlf dlt glurhlf. Sl twkcbliglf. Kf twllgl kfstnftkl m``g _oeikldnff gl soent

jrntks nnf, dnnr gnt v``rstli tr`h ekc ni sfli wllr tlruj.<2>

Ekc eng eltnnfm`g nnf z`wli elt Mrktkse Duslud nis elt Iùvrl vlrd`lglikch ni-illf jlgnnf `d gl Jrklhsl rljlrkfj `fglr gruh tl zlttlf `b `d `p glzldnfklr tl v``rh`dlf gnt zkcf vlrzndlikfj nis jlvìj vnf llf vlr``rgl-ikfj vlrgllig zù w`rglf.<2=

<2> Ndnfgry >;;<.

<2= _oeikldnff >5:<l. ’Qnilrd`3 @ot`mlr =;, >5:<. Nf Ntelfknf glnilr kf nftkquktklsnfg Qr`blss`r, we` skfol tel gkso`vlry `b r`y ens flvlr olnslg t` nttnoh dl, ensrlolftiy stntlg kf tel Qnrksknf cùrfni In Ikmlrtë , tent K envl `bblrlg dy r`cnfoìilotk`f, f`t `fiy t` tel J`vlrfdlfts `b Lfjinfg, Brnfol, nfg nii tel _tntls `bJlrdnfy, mut nis` t` n inrjl fudmlr `b prkvntl pnrtkls, mut tent lvlry `fl rlbuslst` puroensl kt, tel trlnsurl mlkfj dnfubnoturlg my n oyoi`plnf jìgsdkte, nfg teus`b f` vniul. K tekfh kt telrlb`rl dy guty t` stntl3 tent K `fiy `fol `bblrlg tel r`cnfoìilotk`f, f`t `r d`fly, mut jrntuktùsiy , nfg tent teks wns g`fl gurkfj dy inw-sukt wkte urhly, kf Dny, >5:7, terùje tel Brlfoe ndmnssng`r nt Ntelfs t` telBrlfoe J`vlrfdlft, nt n tkdl `b jrlnt gnfjlr, welf tel ]`yni Oùrt terlntlflgt` iny nf nttnoedlft `f tel oìilotk`f. eks ks o`fbkrdlg ns wlii my tel Cùrfni glsGëmnts `b Cufl =7, >5:7, ns my tel intl Lgjnr ûkflt‛s inst w`rh, I‛Lsprkt Fùvlnu.K flvlr `bblrlg tel oìilotk`f t` nfy `fl b`r snil, nfg kt senii flvlr ml sìg, lktelr

gurkfj dy ikbltkdl `r nbtlr dy glnte.—



=2?

>=. Gl Dusludrlks

_oeikldnff eng gnf wlikswnnr kf >5:7 mlwllrg gnt ekc zkcf pjrnvkfjlfkf r`cl v``rj`lg nbsi``t, dnnr gnt wkigl fklt zljjlf gnt niil pr`mildlf`pjli`st wnrlf. Skcf jr`tl g`li, elt mlwkcs ilvlrlf gnt r`cl mlstnnfeng, eng ekc v``r zkcf jlv`li mlrlkht, dnnr tkcglfs elt `pjrnvlf wnrlflr fkluwl pr`mildlf `ftstnnf. r`cl ks llf eluvli wnnrvnf gl hinssklhlJrklhlf gl t`p jlèjniksllrg elmmlf. _oeikldnff wkst fklt gnt gkt jl-mlurg wns lf eng gnnrg``r ``h jllf kgll wnt gkt v``r gl strntkjrnbklmltlhlfgl wnffllr dlf llf silub jr`lb. Ekc eng gnnrg``r jllf lfhlil

vlrhinrkfj v``r gl dlrhwnnrgkjl znhlf gkl ekc tljlfhwnd. Elt mlj`f nidltllf nnf elt mljkf vnf zkcf wlrh p Ekssnrikh. Kf zkcf dlglglikfj vnf? f`vldmlr >5:> zklf wl v``r elt llrst zkcf vlrmnzkfj. @p dnnfgnj wnsekc kf llf pukfinnj tlrloet jlh`dlf wnnrkf ekc llf `fjli`blikchl e`l-vllielkg zllr prkdktklb uktzklfgl wlrhtukjlf vnf gk`rklt v`fg. Gl vì-jlfgl gnj v`fg ekc loetlr fklt llf stlflf wlrhtukj, dnnr wli llf stuhclzkivlrgrnng lf vlli soelrvlf vnf sklrikch nnrglwlrh. Gnnrg``r gnoet ekcgnt ekc wllr kf gl pukfinjlf vnf llf mlsoennbg vìh jlh`dlf wns lf gntgl stlflf wlrhtukjlf vnf gl v`rkjl gnj vnf llf kfvnskl vnf llf prkdktklbvìh nbh`dstkj wnrlf. Gl gnj gnnr`p dlrhtl ekc loetlr gnt ekc zkoe vlr-

jkst d`lst elmmlf wnft ekc mlv`fg zkoe `pfkluw kf gl stllftkcg lf gntzlibgl jìg ``h v``r gl vìjlfgl gnj.<2?

Rnf gl stllftkcg fnnr llf dltnnitkcg lf tlruj fnnr gl stllftkcg. E`lpnst gnt kf elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld0 Elt systlld jllbt llf `ftwkhhl-ikfj vnf innj fnnr e``j. Znt ks eklr nnf gl enfg0 Engglf gl mlw`flrsvnf Ekssnrikh `d gl z`vlli tkcg llf ouiturlil tlrujvni0 _oeikldnff ellbtjllf kgll lf vrnnjt zkcf oìiljn‛s `d euip3

Rklils dkr jnfz \flrhiçrikoel fgl koe kf gklslr _tlkfplrk`gl, ufg koeenitl ls gnelr ùr fòtkj, niils s` udstçfgikoe nis dòjikoe gnrzustliilf,e`filfg, gnÐ glr lkfl glr glr nfglrl dlkflr jllertlf Hìiljlf kdstnf-gl slkf wkrg, ùmlr gkl dkr gufhilf Qufhtl Nuhiçrufj zu jlmlf.<27

Zl d`ltlf mlglfhlf gnt elt vkfglf vnf llf stllftkcg `p Ekssnrikhplr glbkfktkl llf pr`milld mltlhlfgl v``r _oeikldnff. Rìjlfs E`dlrusjlmrukhtlf gl eliglf mr`fs. _tlflf wlrhtukjlf wnrlf vnf ukt gnt hnglrd`lkikch t`t fklt tl vlrhinrlf. Rnfgnnr gnt _oeikldnff nnf llf kfvnsklvnf llf prkdktklb vìh gnoet.

<2? H`rbdnfff >;;1, 7:.

<27 H`rbdnfff >;;1, 7:.



=27 -

_oeikldnffs `pr`lp eng jllf rlsuitnnt. Ekc hrllj jllf nftw``rg `pzkcf vrnjlf lf kf gl rnpp`rtlf vnf gl vìjlfgl cnrlf hwnd ekc lr fkltdllr `p tlruj. Ekc o`folftrllrgl zkoe `p gl mlwkczlf v``r elt mlstnnfvnf elt E`dlrksoel r`cl. Gl pr`mildlf dlt gl stllftkcg vlrgwlflf

loetlr fklt. @d tl hkchlf `b ekc gnnr`vlr dllr kfb`rdntkl h`f hrkcjlfwns lr dnnr llf `pi`sskfj. Ekc d`lst gkl vlrzndlikfjlf jnnf mlhkchlfwnnrkf dlt gl vlrsoekiilf tusslf gl gkvlrsl plrk`glf j`lg h`f zklf. @bekc nnf elt mljkf vnf zkcf rlks wkst gnt elt llf dusludrlks jkfj w`rglfks `fgukglikch.

Ekc rlksgl fnnr Qnrkcs lf jnb gnnr v``r gl _òkëtë Jë`jrnpekqul llfilzkfj. Glzl wlrg zllr inuw ftvnfjlf. Dlf wns kf Qnrkcs fnuwlikchs jl-kftlrlssllrg kf r`cl. Rlrvìjlfs jkfj _oeikldnff dlt vrùw lf gòetlrfnnr Mrkjet`f. @p =7 Cufk >5:< eklig ekc llf v``rgrnoet v``r gl _òklty`b Nftkqunrkls kf I`fglf. Glzl wns llf jr``t suools. Klglrllf wns lf-

teùsknst lf _oeikldnff `ftvkfj gl lfl fn gl nfglrl uktf`gkjkfj.@p gkt zlibgl d`dlft wns ``h gl Flglrinfgsl h`fkfjkf _`bkl kf

I`fg`f. Glzl wlrhtl gnnr llf gruh soeldn nb wnnrmkc zl dlt llf jr``tnnftni dlfslf kf o`ftnot hwnd. Zl hkchlf lvlf fnnr zntlrgnj ? nujus-tus >5:<3

Sntlrgnj-d`rjlf mlzòet E.D. gl h`fkfjkf tl I`fglf gl h`fkfhikchlhufstnongldkl kf Murikfjt`f-Eùsl, gl Nimlrt-Enii, gl elrt`jkf vnfloh lf prkfs lf prkfsls Lgunrg vnf _nhslf-Zlkdnr. E.D. gkfllrglmkc jrnn lf jrnvkf O`wily, fn v``rn kf ennr e÷tli mlz`lh tl elmmlf`ftvnfjlf vnf llfkjl nnfzklfikchlf.<2<

@`h p : cuik soekcft H`fkfjkf _`bkl wllr ’nnfzklfikchlf— ftvnfjlftl elmmlf lf gkt hllr wns _oeikldnff llf vnf gl jliuhhkjlf. Ekc jnbennr llf lxldpinnr vnf Ktnqul, il Qëi`p`ffåsl, r`kl— lf vnf ’r`y nfg ktsrldnkfs, mlkgl dlt gl zlibgl `pgrnoet3

W` Elr Dnclsty tel ûllf `b tel Fltelrinfgs wkte tel nute`r‛s pr`bùfglst rlsplots.

Gr. Ey. _oeikldnff. I`fg`f : Cuiy >5:<.<22

<2< Gl kcg 15-1:->5:<.

<22 Nrlftzlf =117, =5.



=2<

Elt soekcft gnt h`fkfjkf _`bkl fglr gl kfgruh wns vnf _oeikldnff.Sl f`gkjgl eld ukt `d infjs tl h`dlf wnffllr ekc kf Flglrinfg wns.Gkt soekcft _oeikldnff `p llf kgll vnf llf jr`tlrl rlks jlmrnoet tlelmmlf. Ekc mlsiukt ennr uktf`gkjkfj tl noolptlrlf lf vlrvìjlfs ``h

Swlglf, Glfldnrhlf, Guktsinfg lf Ktnikè tl mlz`lhlf `d zkoe gnnrfnkf Fnplis tl vlstkjlf.<2:

_oeikldnff rlkst fnnr Flglrinfg lf mlz`lht kfglrgnng h`fkfjkf_`bkl. Gl kcg dligt glzl jlmlurtlfks `p >> nujustus nnf ennr ilzlrs3

Gl mlr`ldgl _oeikldnff, gl `ftglhhlr vnf gl `vlrmikcslilf vnfr`cl, jlf``t glzlr gnjlf gl llr mkc E.D. gl H`fkfjkf elt dkggnj-dnni tl jlmrukhlf.<25

Gl hrnft wns wnt innt dlt zkcf dlglglikfj. Slib jnb _oeikldnff ni`p < nujustus >5:< kf llf mrklb nnf gl ournt`r glr hinssklhl hufst vnf

elt Iùvrl, Blikx ]nvnkss`f (>5>?->;11), llf vlrsinj vnf gkt mlz`lh.Gl zllr jlillrgl h`fkfjkf vnf Flglrinfg sprnh zllr lfteùsknst `vlr]nvnkss`f lf vr`lj _oeikldnff eld tl jr`ltlf. Sl f`gkjgl _oeikldnffukt v``r z`wli gl iufoe, elt gkflr nis elt sùplr. Sl sprnhlf `vlr ùgljlsoeklglfks lf nroelì`jkl, `fglrwlrplf wnnrkf gl h`fkfjkf stlrh jl-kftlrlssllrg wns. _oeikldnff wns vnf dlfkfj gnt gl h`fkfjkf zllr ml-ilzlf wns lf llf mkcz`fglr j`lg jlelujlf eng. Sl zù jrnnj zlib wkiilfjrnvlf. _oeikldnff ks vnf dlfkfj gnt ekc ennr hnf `vlrtukjlf `d kfHilkf Nzkè, `p gl Oyoinglf `b kf Ktnikè tl jnnf `pjrnvlf, dnnr ekc ks fkltvnf pinf `d dllr tl g`lf gnf ennr ngvkls jlvlf. Dllr ellbt zl ``h fklt

f`gkj wnft kf Ilkglf ellbt zl vlli jlillrglf, wnnr`fglr twll uktstl-hlfgl nroelì`jlf.<2;

Znt h`fkfjkf _`bkl zlib vnf ennr `ftd`ltkfj dlt _oeikldnff v`fgks `fmlhlfg. \kt fklts mikcht gnt zkc wlrhlikch z` jlàftlrlssllrg wns kfnroelì`jkl nis _oeikldnff nnf ]nvnkss`f vlrtligl. Kf >5:> eng zl llfmlz`lh jlmrnoet nnf Q`dplck lf Elrouinflud wnnr`vlr zl zllr lfteù-sknst kf ennr gnjm`lhcl soerllb, dnnr gnnr soekcft elt mkc jlmilvlf tlzkcf.<:1

Fnnr elt zkoe nnf innt zklf wns elt mlz`lh _oeikldnff mlvniilf `billh elt eld jlw``f j`lg `d gl h`ftnhtlf dlt gl h`fkfjkf tl `fglr-

eùglf. @p = dnnrt >5:2 soerllb ekc ennr vnfukt Ntelfl.<:> Ekc eng llfnnrgkj onglnutcl v``r ennr. \kt zkcf lkjlf vlrzndlikfj Jrklhsl nftkquk-tlktlf eng ekc v``r gl h`fkfjkf zkcf tklf mlstl nfnjrn-mlligcls jlzòet.

<2: Dlylr >;<?, =57.<25 Gl kcg >>-15->5:<.<2; Dlylr >;<?, =5:. Kf gl nroeklvlf vnf z`wli Illdnfs nis Qilytl ks f`j fklt elt

dkfstl sp``r vnf kftlrlssl v``r Hilkf Nzkè `b Jrklhlfinfg tl vkfglf.<:1 Mrklb M. Z`liglrkfh vnf gl Gklfst vnf elt H`fkfhikch Euks vnf =; cufk >;;7.<:> Lr zkcf kf elt h`fkhikcheuks nroeklb jllf mrklvlf vnf _oeikldnff mlwnnrg

jlmilvlf.



=22 -

R``r gl nnrgkjelkg eng ekc gnnr ``h f`j twll mlligcls vnf elt ùglelmnnfsl typl, dlt llf v`jlijlzkoet lf llf ’pì`s— `p elt e``bg, mkcjlgnnf.<:=

Gkt ikcht llf jlwligkj jlsoelfh, gl mlstl stuhhlf ukt zkcf lkjlf vlrzn-

dlikfj. Gl wlrhlikchelkg wns loetlr flt klts nfglrs. _oeikldnff soekcftdltllf fn zkcf mlz`lh mlsi`tlf tl elmmlf d h`fkfjkf _`bkl lfkjl mlligcls tl jlvlf. nfnjrn wns zllr kf gl d`gl `p gnt d`dlft lf gnnrg``rllf uktstlhlfg jlsoelfh v``r llf h`fkfjkf. Ekc vr`lj zkcf vrùw `deld mkc elt vlrhrkcjlf vnf gkt jlsoelfh tl eliplf. Sl d`lst lr kf Ntelflllf nnftni `p gl dnrht h`plf, dnnr zl dòetlf fklt tl guur zkcf.<:? Eltwns nmsìuut vlrm`glf `d nftkquktlktlf ukt Jrklhlfinfg tl lxp`rtlrlf.Gkt jlsoelfh d`lst gus kiiljnni vlrz`fglf w`rglf. Rlrd`lglikch ellbt_oeikldnff zl dlljlf`dlf fnnr gl r`ng lf vnf gnnr fnnr Flglrinfgjlstuurg. Znt gl h`fkfjkf vnf gkt jlsoelfh v`fg wltlf wl fklt, dnnr

gnt zl elt `ftvnfjlf ellbt ks zlhlr. Fn ennr g``g kf >557 wlrglf glzlmlligcls, kf >55<, nnf elt ]kchs Duslud vnf @ugelglf kf Ilkglf jljl-vlf. Gl vlrzndlikfj wns fklt dllr jlelli kf `rgl. Llf mlligcl wns jl-mr`hlf lf grkl mlligcls wnrlf vlrgwlflf. Zkl glzl mlligcls fu mlhkchtzklt gnt _`pekn _oeikldnff zkoe j`lg nnf gl `pgrnoet vnf ennr dnf

<:= Dlylr >5<5, ?2.<:? Q`ìl >;2:, >;; ’Zrktkfj t` _`pekn nmùt e`w jrnokùsiy el eng mllf lftlrtnkflg,

el nshlg tent sel slilot tel stntulttls, mut onutk`flg elr t` ’bkfg vlry fkol `fls ntn vlry i`w prkol. K onf‛t pny duoe mlonusl K envl t` jkvl teld nwny.— eks wns telsndl Elkfrkoe we` slft eks sekrts nfg ufglrtekfjs br`d Ntelfs t` n inufgry kf

I`fg`f, my bnst sekp.—

Wnfnjrn mlligcls wnrlf z` p`puinkr gnt gl Lrvl I. Jrksnftk kf >55< dlt jkpsh`pklèf ngvlrtllrgl. Kf gnt

zlibgl cnnr pinntstlf zl ``h llf ngvlrtlftkl wnnrkf sprnhl ks vnf gl oìilotkl _oeikldnff. Znt dlf eklr

prlokls `fglr vlrst`fg ks elinns `fgukglikch.



=2:

jleùglf ellbt. Elt zkcf nnrgkjl nfnjrn-bkjurlf, dnnr jllf mkcz`fglrl.Lr zkt zlibs llf vlrvniskfj mkc3 llf hilkfl h`pkl vnf llf vnf gl mlliglfvnf gl z`jlfnndgl Fkhl-Mniustrngl `p gl Nor`pìks.<:7

Fn zkcf mlz`lh nnf gl h`fkfjkf rlksgl _oeikldnff fnnr Ilkglf `dgnnr elt ]kchsduslud vnf @ugelglf tl mlz`lhlf. _oeikldnff wnstr`ts `p wnt ekc jlprlstllrg eng lf gnt t``fgl ekc t`lf ekc zkcf fnnd kfelt jnstlfm`lh soerllb3<:<

Ilkglf wns v``rfndlikch mlr`ldg `d zkcf Ljyptksoel vlrzndlikfj,dnnr _oeikldnff wns niillf jlàftlrlssllrg kf gl Flglrinfgsl prlekst`-rkl. Zl hufflf `fs nbvrnjlf e`l O`frngus Illdnfs (>51;->5;?) lf

Zkiild Qilytl (>5?2->;1?), gkl mlkglf ljyptì``j wnrlf gkt v`fglf.Fn nbi``p vnf zkcf mlz`lh stuurgl _oeikldnff llf uktjlmrlkg vlrsinj nnfz`wli ]nvnkss`f vnf elt Iùvrl nis Flwt`f vnf elt Mrktkse Duslud.

Gkt vlrsinj wlrg uktlkfglikch jlpumikollrg kf el Nongldy._oeikldnff soerllb elt `p 7 nujustus >5:< kf Glf Ennj. Gl twllgnjlf lrv``r eng ekc gl prlekst`rksoel oìilotkls kf Ilkglf mlstugllrg.Eklrmkc engglf gl v`fgstlf ukt gl euflmlgglf zkcf mkcz`fglrl nnfgnoetjleng. Gl ùgstl v``rwlrplf gkl dlf ellbt zkcf z`fglr twkcbli gkl, gkldlf mkc Ekivlrsud jlv`fglf ellbt. Glzl zkcf jlv`fglf `fglr llf e`l-vllielkg jr`tl stlflf, gkl vr`ljlr jnfjlf v`rdglf. Gl gnhlf vnf glzljnfjlf zkcf infj jlilglf kfjlst`rt. Gl jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf zkcf zllrruwl mkcilf lf pkcipuftlf. Sl zkcf fklt jldnnht vnf vuurstllf `b gk`-rklt, dnnr ukt llf znoetlrl jrkczl `b jlil stllf. Dlf hnf zkoe elt mlstl

llf v``rstliikfj vnf gl pkcipuftlf dnhlf wnffllr dlf zkoe elt inntstlh``tcl vnf llf vkfjlr v``rstlit lf gnt gnf dlt llf puft. Lr zkcf e`f-glrglf vnf glzl pkcipuftlf lf gl hilkfstl zkcf zlhlr fklt hilkflr gnf llfvkfjlrh``tcl. Gl dllstl zkcf loetlr jr`tlr lf lr zkcf lr zlhlr dllr gnf>11 gkl gl vkcb olftkdltlr `vlrsoerkcglf lf dllr gnf <1 zkcf infjlr gnf5 olftkdltlr. Elt ks vlrmnzkfjwlhhlfg `d tl mlglfhlf gnt zl ``kt nispkci jlmrukht zkcf, dnnr elt hufflf fklts nfglrs gnf pkcipuftlf zkcf. Mkcglzl pkcipuftlf lf mkcilf ks jllf lfhli sp``r vnf nnrglwlrh jlv`fglf.

<:7 Mnstlt >;:: lf Mnstlt >;:5.

<:< Rlrenrt >;;<, ==.

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff, ekc gkl Wr`cl `pjljrnvlf ellbt.



=25 -

Jllf lfhlil ùgelkghufgkjl zni ``h dnnr llf d`dlft twkcblilf `dglzl v``rwlrplf nnf gl llrstl plrk`gl vnf gl stllftkcg t`l tl soerkc-vlf. Elt ks gnf ``h vlrmnzkfjwlhhlfg `d tl vlrdliglf gnt sndlf dltglzl v``rwlrplf llf mr`fzlf strkcgmkci jlv`fglf ks, gkl g``r zkcf v`rd

g`lt glfhlf nnf r`cnnfsl strkcgmkcilf. Kh mlf lr gnnrg``r vnf `vlrtukjggnt Oenmns (I‛Nftkquktë prëekst`rkqul nu Qk`ft gl Rul gls D`fudlftsËjyptklfs, =fg lgktk`f) jlikch ellbt nis ekc stlit gnt stlflf wnplfs lfv``rwlrplf, zlibs kf elt vlrstl vlrilglf, nitkcg sndlf jlmrukht zkcf dltwnplfs lf v``rwlrplf vnf h`plr. Niil kf Ekivlrsud jlv`fglf v``rwlr-plf zkcf kf Ilkglf jldlrht dlt E.K.

Kf gl nfglrl Flglrinfgsl euflmlgglf ellbt dlf jlpìkcstl mkcilfvnf gk`rklt, jrnburflf z`fglr vlrsklrkfj lf hilkfl vlrsklrgl vnzlf jlv`f-glf. Glzl vlrsklrkfj ikcht `p gkl vnf gl ùgl Klrsl lf Lfjlisl vnzlf kfelt Mrktkse Duslud lf stnddlf, z`nis O`fzl<:2 vlrd`lgt, z` tl zklf nb

vnf gl jlwlvlf pntr`flf gkl gl Jlrdnnfsl stnddlf jlmrukhtlf v``reuf wìilf lf ikfflf st`bblf. Lr zkcf f``kt dllr gnf twll vnzlf, gntwki zljjlf llf jr`tl lf llf hilkfl, jlv`fglf kf llf euflmlg. Kf twlljlvniilf ks, kf pinnts vnf elt hilkfl p`tcl, llf p`tcl kf gl v`rd vnf llfm``tcl jlv`fglf. Glzl d`ltlf jlmrukht zkcf `d elt vi`lkmnrl dltnni kfllf v`rd tl jkltlf. Niil vnzlf lf urflf ukt gl euflmlgglf zkcf dlt glenfg jldnnht lf vlli zkcf vnf zllr ruwl dnhlikc. Kf vlli euflmlgglfellbt dlf mr`fzlf rkfjlf jlv`fglf, dnnr jllf v``rwlrplf `b wnplfvnf dltnni lf ``h jllf busnàìk `b soekcvlf vnf nnrglwlrh. Elt Ilkgslduslud ellbt `fjlvllr <1 vnf glzl soekcvlf, dnnr niildnni z`fglr vlr-

sklrkfj lf sndlf jlv`fglf dlt v``rwlrplf gkl fklt lrj ùg zkcf.Elt Ilkgsl duslud ks `fjltwkcblig elt rkchstl tlr wlrlig nis elt `p

mlsoerlvlf Ljyptksoel pnpyrusslf nnfh`dt. Gnnrfnnst ellbt elt llfzllr jr`tl vlrzndlikfj Onvk ùgelglf vnf Cnvn. Znt gkt inntstl mltrlbt kselt ufklh kf gl wlrlig.<::

Lr wnrlf p gkt d`dlft kf Ilkglf mkc elt duslud z`nis jlzljg twlldlfslf gkl _oeikldnff v``rjlikoet hufflf elmmlf `vlr gl v`fgstlf,gl ni jlf`ldgl Illdnfs lf Qilytl. _oeikldnff ks wnt `ffnuwhlurkj kfgl tktli vnf Oenmns‛ m`lh gnt ekc eklr f`ldt. Gkt d`lt zkcf Ëtugls suli‛Nftkquktë Ekst`rkqul g‛nprås ils sùrols ëj yptklffls lt ils d`fudlfts rëpu-

tës prëekst`rkquls ukt >5:?. Kf gkt m`lh pr`mllrt Brnfê`ks C`slpe Oenmns(>5>:->55=) nnf tl t`flf gnt llf gklpl prlekst`rkl z`nis gkl g``r stllgsdllr ùgelkghufgkjlf nnfjlenfjlf wlrg, f``kt mlstnnf eng. Kf glg``r _oeikldnff jlf`ldgl twllgl gruh dnnhtl ekc eklrv``r gnfhmnnrjlmrukh vnf Il`fnrg Cènffls Brklgrkoe Cnfsslfs (>512->52;) kgll, gntgl inntstl euflmlgglf jlgurlfgl gl ]`dlkfsl tkcg wnrlf jlmùwg.<:5

<:2 Nilxnfglr O`fzl (>5?>->;>7) Gukts hinssklh nroelì``j gkl kf >5:? kf _nd`ternoljr`lb.

<:: _oeikldnff >5:<.

<:5 Cnfsslf >575, >>:->=1.



=2;

Nnfjlzklf Oenmns glzl kfb`rdntkl vnf Qilytl eng `ftvnfjlf ks elt rlgl-ikch `d nnf tl fldlf gnt glzl _oeikldnff `p elt mlstnnf vnf Oenmns‛m`lh eng jlwlzlf. Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff vlrglr fklt p Oenmns‛ kgllèftlrujh`dt innt kh glzl eklr vlrglr muktlf mlsoeùwkfj.

Znffllr wl _oeikldnffs tlhst ilzlf ks elt d`lkikch tl jli`vlf gnt ekczkcf kfb`rdntkl wlrhlikch vnf kldnfg ukt elt Ilkgsl duslud jlhrljlfellbt. Lr hi`pt fndlikch elildnni fklts vnf.

Elt llrstl jlgllitl vnf _oeikldnffs mlsoerkcvkfj jnnt `vlr v`fgstlfukt euflmlgglf mkc Ekivlrsud. Gnt ks dlrhwnnrgkj dgnt lr mkc Ekivlrsudjllf euflmlgglf ikjjlf.<:; \kt gl mlsoerkcvkfj gkl _oeikldnff vnf gleklr jlv`fglf stlflf wlrhtukjlf jllbt mikcht loetlr z`fflhinnr gnt elteklr d v`fgstlf ukt gl Ekivlrsuddlr ennrgstlglf jnnt. Glzl v`fgstlfwnrlf kf >5<? `fglr gl nnfgnoet vnf Qilytls v``rjnfjlr, Cnfsslf, jl-mrnoet lf glzl eng fdkggliikch jlwltlf gnt gkt gl v`fgst vnf zkcf ilvlf

wns. Gl llrstl stlflf wlrhtukjlf wnrlf tl v``rsoekcf jlh`dlf fngntgl murjldllstlr vnf Dnnrtlfsgkch nnf gl infgnrmlkglr Zlstmr`lh, gklmlzkj wns dlt elt `dspkttlf vnf llf stuh elkgl, eng jlvrnnjg `d ukt tlhkchlf fnnr stlflf wlrhtukjlf. Zlstmr`lh v`fg fnjlf`lj `fdkggliikchelt jlzòetl. Gl murjldllstlr mltnnigl eld v``r glzl stlflf wlrhtuk-jlf lf wnnrsoeuwgl vlrvìjlfs Cnfsslf. Cnfsslf zòet Zlstmr`lh `p lfhòet wnt glzl f`j dllr jlv`fglf eng. Jlgurlfgl gl wkftlr vnf >5<=v`fg Zlstmr`lh zlvlftklf dlt stlflf nbjlzlttl hukilf wnnrkf vurlf jl-mrnfg engglf. Gl v``rwlrplf gkl Zlstmr`lh v`fg wnrlf kfglrgnng uk-tlrst prkdktklb. Lf gnt wns fklt elt lfkjl dlrhwnnrgkjl wnt lr jlv`fglf

wlrg. @p gl m`gld vnf ennrg >= v`fg dlf llf d`glrfl hf``p. Cnfsslfwlrg eklr fklt `fjlrust g``r. Ekc eng wli vnhlr d`glrfl v``rwlrplfkf prlekst`rksoel jrnvlf jlv`fglf. _`ddkjl gkfjlf wlrhtlf zkoe fullfdnni gl jr`fg kf. Kf llf nfglrl ennrg v`fg Cnfsslf llf mlwlrhtstuh dlrjli. Ekc mlsoeùwgl gkt nis llf elli gukglikchl kfgkontkl v``r glùglrg`d vnf glzl ennrglf. Gkt stuh dlrjli d`lst ``rspr`fhlikch gllielmmlf uktjldnnht vnf llf ]`dlkfsl vkiin lf glzl ennrglf d`lstlf gusukt gl ]`dlkfsl tkcg stnddlf. R``r gl d`glrfl ilzlr ks elt `fdkggli-ikch gukglikch. Zlstmr`lh eng llf dnfklr jlv`fglf `d wnt lxtrn‛s nnf glmkc elt `dspkttlf vnf gl elkgl jlv`fglf stlflf tl vlrgklflf. Kf Ilkglf

guurgl elt loetlr t`t >;?= v``rgnt dlf gkt mljrllp.<51

<:; @vlr gl stllf mkc gl Ruursoel zuiilf wl elt eklr fklt elmmlf.

<51 Skl Nrlftzlf =11:.



=:1 -

Gl mr`fzlf mkci gkl _oeikldnff eklr f`ldt e``rgl fklt mkc glzlv`fgst. Ekc wlrg wlikswnnr g``r Cnfsslf kf elt zlibgl m`lh nis gl ennrg-stlglf mlsoerlvlf, dnnr ekc wns kf llf jrnbeluvli `p gl Ekivlrsuddlrelk jlv`fglf.<5>

@`h _oeikldnffs kfb`rdntkl dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t gl euflmlgglf wnsfklt wlrhlikch wnt elt zù d`ltlf zkcf. Znnr ekc elt kgll gnt lr f``ktdllr gnf twll p`ttlf kf llf euflmlg jlv`fglf wnrlf vnfgnnf eng elmkh fklt hufflf noetlrenilf. Lr wns p gkt d`dlft f`j dnnr wlkfkj vlreuflmlgnnrglwlrh mlhlfg, dnnr gnt lr dllr gnf twll p`ttlf kf llfeuflmlg jlv`fglf wlrglf wkst dlf wli. Glzl p`ttlf wnrlf m`vlfgklf,zlhlr tlf `pzkoetl vnf intlrl mr`fstkcgurflf, vnf llf zllr j`lgl hwnik-tlkt. @`h v``r elt kgll gnt lr llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg mr`fzlf rkfjlf kf gleuflmlgglf jlv`fglf wnrlf elm kh jllf mr`f hufflf `ftglhhlf gkl_oeikldnff lvlftulli eng hufflf jlmrukhlf.<5=

Rnf Ilkglf rlksgl _oeikldnff g``r fnnr H`plfenjlf. Nis dlf kfgkl tkcg lrjlfs elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld h`f zklf gnf wns elt wli kfgkt duslud, gnt jlelli vìjlfs gkt systlld kfjlrkoet wns. _oeikldnffsoerllb ``h `vlr gkt mlz`lh llf vlrsinj v``r el Nongldy .

Gkt vlrsinj soerllb _oeikldnff `p >> nujustus >5:< fngnt ekc glvlrzndlikfj vnf elt duslud v``r prlekst`rksoel ùgelglf (F`rgkshl@igsnjlr) kf H`plfenjlf eng mlstugllrg. Eklr wlrg gl stllftkcg kfgrkl stngkn vlrgllig. Kf gl llrstl jr`lp ellbt dlf gl v``rwlrplf ukt glHcõhhlfdõggkfjlr jlpinntst. Gkt zkcf zllr ruw jldnnhtl endlrs, mkcilf,dlsslf, pkcilf lf infslf vnf vuurstllf. Gnnrtusslf vkfgt dlf nb lf t`l

llf jlpìkcst lxldpinnr. Dlf vkfg lr ``h ruwl hnddlf, fnniglf lto.vnf m`t gkl dlt vuurstlflf wlrhtukjlf vlrvnnrgkjg zkcf. Glzl wnplfs lfv``rwlrplf w`rglf jlnoet vnf gl llrstl mlw`flrs vnf Glfldnrhlf tlzkcf, gkl elt mr`fs f`j fklt hlfglf. Glzl inntstl vlr`fglrstliikfj w`rgtloetlr tljlfjlspr`hlf g``r gl v`fgstlf ukt gl Hcõhhlfdõggkfjlr vnf_ndskfjlrmnfhlf, wnnr llf jr`tl mr`fzlf rkfj lf llf mr`fzlf rfndlftzkcf jlv`fglf.<5? Znffllr gl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlr, z`nis gl Gllfsl jlillr-glf jli`vlf, llf s``rt `vlrjnfj wnrlf tusslf gl stllftkcg lf gl mr`fs-

<5> Cnfsslf >5<2, 2: ’@p gl ekivlrsudsoel elkgl ... zkcf noet jrnbeluvlis jliljlf ...zkc mle``rlf fklt t`t gl stllf-, dnnr t`t gl intlrl, z``jlf`ldgl mr`fs-plrk`gl,eltwlih dkc kf @ot`mlr ii. jlmilhlf ks, t`lf kh llf gklr eluvlis g``r `pjrnvkfj `f-glrzòet ... lf gnnrmkc llfl j`lg mlwnnrgl h`plrlf `b mr`fzlf wkj v`fg.— Gnfhzkc_oeikldnff f`ldgl Rlrenrt, =? glzl mkci f`j nis `fglrglli vnf gl EkivlrsuddlrEnnrgstlglf.

<5= R``r gl jlsoeklglfks vnf elt euflmlgglf `fglrz`lh lf gl stnfg vnf znhlf r`fg>5:< zkl Mnhhlr =1>1, >7>->21.

<5? ’K nd s`rry tent K onff`t nfswlr yùr qulstk`f nmùt tel Hcòhhlfdòggkfj nt_nskfjlrmnfhlf. Kf ùr nroekvls K envl mllf terùje nii tel bkfgs `b selii dkg-glfs hf`wf up t` >5:<, mut f`fl `b teld nrl fndlg _nskfjlrmnfhlf. _`dle`w_oeikldnff dust envl j`t kt wr`fj.— Cõrjlf Clfslf Fntk`fni Duslud `b Glfdnrh

>;->=-=111.



=:>

tkcg, gnf zùglf lr niillf dnnr jlpìkcstl v``rwlrplf jlv`fglf d`ltlfw`rglf, dnnr gnt ks fklt elt jlvni. Kf tljlfglli, kf gl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlrw`rglf fu cukst gl ruwstl stlflf wlrhtukjlf jlv`fglf.<57

Eklr soekcft _oeikldnff zkoe kf zkcf lkjlf nrjudlftlf tl vlrwnrrlf.

Ekc mljkft dlt `fs tl vlrtliilf gnt gl stllftkcg ukt grkl plrk`glf mlstnntlf gnt gl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlr kf gl ùgstl gnnrvnf teuks e`rlf. Fu mikc-hlf zl loetlr llf `vlrjnfj fnnr gl mr`fstkcg tl v`rdlf lf gus kf gl

c`fjstl vnf gl grkl stllftkcglf teuks tl e`rlf.Elt w`rgt loetlr f`j vlrwnrrlfglr. E`lwli wl eklr dlt gl `vlr-

jnfj vnf gl stllftkcg fnnr gl mr`fstkcg tl dnhlf elmmlf ks lr, z` vlrtlit_oeikldnff zkcf ilzlr fu, kf gl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlr jllf mr`fs jlv`fglflf gnt fngnt ekc zkcf ilzlrs lvlf tlv`rlf vlrtlig ellbt gnt lr wli mr`fsjlv`fglf ks kf gl Hcõhhlfdõggkfjlr vnf _ndskfjlrmnfhlf.

Gnt lr jllf mr`fs jlv`fglf ks kf glzl prlekst`rksoel nbvnie`plf e`lbt

vìjlfs _oeikldnff fkldnfg tl vlrmnzlf. Sl ikjjlf nnf zll lf mlstnnfukt gl soeliplf vnf h`hhlis, sinhhlf lf `lstlrs. Znt gnnr nnf dltnnitusslf jlzltlf ellbt d`lt infj jlilglf ni zkcf wljjlr`lst kf gl vòetkjlzlliuoet. Gnnrfnnst d`lstlf wl lr vìjlfs _oeikldnff rlhlfkfj dlleùglf gnt elt Gllfsl hikdnnt jlelli `fjlsoekht wns v``r ``rspr`fhl-ikchl mlw`flrs.<5< lfzkc wl lr vnf uktjnnf gnt zl dlt wìilf hilgkfj nnfjlsoenplf zkcf, d`ltlf zl ukt llf wnrdlr hikdnnt jlh`dlf zkcf<52 vnf-wnnr zl euf mr`fzlf wnplfs lf wlrhtukjlf dllmrnoetlf. Gl v``rrnngd`lt hilkf jlwllst zkcf lf gus d`lstlf zl zkoe nnfpnsslf nnf gl d`jl-ikchelglf vnf euf fkluwl infg. Elt ellbt wnnrsoekcfikch infj jlguurg

v``r zl h`plr h`fglf wkfflf lf zkoe tkf h`fglf vlrsoenbblf `d mr`fstl dnhlf. Glzl kddkjrnftlf, gkl elt jlmrukh vnf dltnni kf euf lkjlfinfg jlhlfg engglf lf llf mlpnnigl jrnng vnf mlsoenvkfj dlljlmrnoetengglf, h`fglf fklt kf t`tnil mnrmnrkc tlrujvniilf8 zl h`fglf fklt eltjlmrukh vnf dltnni t`tnni vlrjltlf lf tlrujvniilf `p gl ruwstl stlflfwlrhtukjlf - gnt ks fd`jlikch. Rlrvìjlfs wkcst _oeikldnff lr pfkluw`p gnt lr kf klglrl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlf wli lfkjl jlpìkcstl wlrhtukjlfjlv`fglf zkcf. Elt ks fklt dllr f`rdnni gnt lr vkcbtkj hllr z`vllr ruwlnis jlpìkcstl wlrhtukjlf jlv`fglf zkcf. Elt pìkcstlf vnf wlrhtukjlfwns vlli wlrh lf gkl wlrglf gnf ``h fklt wljjlj``kg, dlt ruwl wlrh-

tukjlf inj gnt nfglrs, gkl wlrglf z`fglr lfkjl d`lktl pfkluw jldnnht.

<57 _oeikldnff >5:<m, ===.<5< _oeikldnff jlmrukht eklr elt w``rg ξόχΰϊεΰδμύ. Znnr`d ekc v``r gkt w``rg

Jrklhs jlmrukht ks dkc `fmlhlfg.<52 rkstrnd, E.M. >522 ]lolft Jl`jrnpekoni nfg Ekst`rkoni Qr`jrlss kf S`ì`jy.

O`ftldp`rnry ]lvklw 3 ’Zl envl bùfg f`tekfj ylt t` pr`vl tent tel mnrmnrùsgwliilrs `f tel hktoelf dkgglfs wlrl f`t tel wnfglrkfj ùtonsts br`d tel prl-lxkstlft okvkikzntk`f `b tel vniilys `b tel Luperntls `r tel Fkil, f`r ks telrl nfyoer`fì`jkoni nrjudlft njnkfst kt. F`r envl wl ylt sllf tel trnols `b tel mnrmnrkolpòe ufglriykfj tel vlstkjls `b tel lnriklst okvkikzntk`fs kf kts sktls.— Skl Lkslily

>;:;, >;7->;<.



=:= -

Elt ks fklt dllr gnf f`rdnni gnt glzl dlfslf t`lf zl wnt mlsoennbglrwlrglf niillf f`j jlpìkcstl wlrhtukjlf jlmrukhtlf lf infjzndlrenfg``h stllgs dllr wlrhtukjlf vnf mr`fs jkfjlf dnhlf. Lr ellbt loetlrf``kt llf tkcg mlstnnf wnnrkf elt jlmrukh vnf mr`fs `fmlhlfg wns lf

dlf niillf ruwl stlflf wnplfs lf wlrhtukjlf jlmrukhtl. Slibs kf gldllst nbjliljlf jlgllitlf vnf Nbrkhn lf Nzkè vkfglf wl jlpìkcstl stlflfwnplfs lf wlrhtukjlf.<5:

_oeikldnff wns fklt gl lfkjl ùgelkghufgkjl gkl elt grkl plrk`-glfsystlld vnf gl enfg wlls. R``rni kf Guktsinfg w`lggl lr kf glzlplrk`gl llf bliil gksousskl `vlr elt ’Gllfsl systlld—. Kh innt glzl gksous-skl eklr v``r wnt ekc ks `dgnt _oeikldnff t`tnni nfglrl nrjudlftlf jl-mrukht, z`gnt lr jllf lfhlil vlrmkfgkfj tusslf eld lf gl nfglrl tljlf-stnfglrs vnf gkt systlld ikcht tl mlstnnf. Ekc ellbt zkoe ``h fklt mkc gkltljlfstnfglrs nnfjlsi`tlf. _tlrhlr f`j, _oeikldnff ellbt eklrfn f``kt

dllr vlr elt grklplrk`glfsystlld jlspr`hlf._oeikldnff rlksgl vlrglr vkn _tòheìd lf Iùmloh fnnr _oewlrkf.

_oeikldnff prkcst, kf elt nrtkhli gnt ekc `vlr gkt jlgllitl vnf zkcf rlkssoerkcbt, Brklgrkoe Iksoe (>51>->55?)<55 v``r gl wkczl wnnr`p glzl eltduslud kf _oewlrkf kfjlrkoet ellbt. Gl twll elrlf `ftd`lttlf lihnnrloetlr fklt.<5; Gkt ks cnddlr `dgnt Iksoe llf vnf gl vnglrs vnf elt grklplrk`glfsystlld ks. Gkt hllr h`dt _oeikldnff t`t gl `ftglhhkfj gntllf vlrglikfj vnf gl stllftkcg fzkf ks. R``r eld jllf pnilìktekoud lfflìktekoud.

Niil stlflf wlrhtukjlf gkl dlf kf gl euflmlgglf vnf Dlohilfmurj

lf liglrs jlv`fglf ellbt zkcf jlpìkcst. Znffllr fu llf `fjlp`-ikcst wlrhtukj ùglr ks gnf llf jlpìlkst d`ltlf lr, nnfjlzklf lr kfgl Hcõhhlfdõggkjlr e``bgznhlikch `fjlpìkcstl wlrhtukjlf jlv`f-glf zkcf, llrglr dlfslf kf Glfldnrhlf jlw``fg elmmlf gnf kf eltdllr zukglikch jliljlf Dlohilfmurj. Gnt hikfht fklt j`lg lf m`vlfgklfzkcf lr ``h jlpìkcstl wlrhtukjlf kf gl Hcõhhlfdõggkfjlr jlv`fglf.

Znnrsoekcfikch wns elt ilvlf vnf gl dlfslf, gkl glzl prkdktklvl nbvni-mlrjlf jldnnht elmmlf, z` zwnnr gnt zl gl tkcg fklt engglf `d eufwlrhtukjlf tl pìkcstlf.<;1

Rnf eklr rlksgl _oeikldnff g``r fnnr Mlrikcf. Eklr w`rgt _oeikldnffs

kftlrlssl g``r llf nnftni p`ttlf ukt Q`ddlrlf jltr`hhlf. klf gnnrvnf,dlt kf ruwl trlhhlf llf jlzkoet lf llf glhsli gkl `p llf plt ikcht, tr`h-hlf sploknni zkcf nnfgnoet. @p s`ddkjl zklt dlf llf d`fg, p nfglrlffklt. Grkl urflf elmmlf rlf dlt twll b grkl jnntcls lr kf, wnnrnnf jin-zlf hrnilf h`fglf enfjlf. Mkc vklr w`rgt elt jlzkoet nnfjljlvlf g``rtwll jr`tl `jlf wnnrtusslf llf hilkf enfgvnt gl flus lf gl wlfhmrnu-

<5: _oeikldnff >5:<m, ===.<55 R``r Iksoe zkl Jrni`w, E`ppl ufg _tnfjl =1>1.<5; Skddlrdnff >;;:.

<;1 _oeikldnff >5:<o, ?15.



=:?

wlf vlrvnfjt. Ni glzl urflf h`dlf ukt Q`ddlrlf, ukt gl muurt vnfGnfzkj. @dgnt zl sndlf dlt kczlrlf v``rwlrplf jlv`fglf zkcf hufflfzl fklt lrj ùg zkcf. Rìjlfs gl mlr`ldgl nftr`pì``j lf ltfì``j pr`-blss`r ]ugìb Rkroe`w (>5=>->;1=)<;> stnddlf zl ukt gl twllgl lluw

v``r Oerkstus.<;=

Elt ks `pvniilfg gnt _oeikldnff eklr, e`lwli ekc, z`nis wl jlzklfelmmlf, elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld vlrw`rplf eng, gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnfkczlr wli v``r llf intl gntlrkfj jlmrukht. Dlf hrkcjt elt kgll gnt ekc ni-illf gl stllflf mr`fstkcg sndlf wkigl v`ljlf, dnnr gl kczlrtkcg wliwkigl intlf mlstnnf. @`h wnffllr ekc fnnr gl v`rd lf nbwlrhkfj vnf glgkvlrsl vnzlf hkcht `ftstnnt lr wllr llf pr`milld. Skcf gl ùglrl vnzlfwlrhlikch ùglr0 Cukst glzl vnzlf dlt euf prkdktklvl jlzkoetlf zklf lrukt nis`b zl gl ùgstl vnf gl elil oìilotkl zkcf, dnnr g``rgnt zl sndlfdlt jinzlf hrnilf lf kczlrlf v``rwlrplf jlv`fglf zkcf ks elt zlhlr gnt

<;> Rkroe`w wns, pnteì``j, nftr`pì``j, prlekst`rkous lf pìktkous. \kt gl `ftd`l-tkfj gkl nnf glzl kfb`rdntkl tlf jr`fgsinj inj `ftst`fg llf ilvlfsinfjl vrklfg-soenp tusslf eld lf _oeikldnff.

<;= _oeikldnff >5:<o, ?1;. Skl ``h _oeikldnff >5:<g ’Nfg ns rljnrgs tel njl `b telQ`ddlrliilf bnol-urfs ... nfg tel kr`f wkte wekoe tely nrl o`fstnftiy bùfg, g`f`t p`sskmiy nute`rksl us t` nsorkml t` teld n ekjelr nftkqukty tenf tel mljkffkfj`b ùr lrn, `r, nt tel vlry utd`st, tel bkrst `r tel slo`fg olftury M.O.8 welrlns Kf`w njrll, K tekfh, wkte nii nroenlì`jksts kf oinkdkfj b`r tel r`cnf vnsls n vlry

rld`tl nftkqukty, nfg nt ilnst >,<11 t` =,111 ylnrs mlb`rl E`dlr.—

Llf jlzkoetsurf ukt Q`ddlrlf lf llf ukt Wr`cl.



=:7 -

zl fklt elli lrj ùg zkcf. Gl vnzlf ukt gl euflmlgglf, wnnrmkc fkltsnfglrs gnf stlflf wlrhtukjlf jlv`fglf zkcf, zklf lr vlli d`glrflr ukt,dnnr zl d`ltlf vlli ùglr zkcf.<;?

Elt ks niildnni vlli kfjlwkhhliglr gnf dlf zù glfhlf. _oeikldnff

rlkst vlrvìjlfs vkn Gnfzkj, Mrlsinu, Zlflf lf Dnkfz fnnr ]`stòh wnnrekc `p >: nujustus llf ilzkfj jllbt. Gl kfeùg vnf glzl ilzkfj ks fnjl-f`lj jlikch nnf gl ilzkfj gkl ekc nnf elt mljkf vnf glzl rlks kf I`fglfjljlvlf ellbt. Gl wkfst vnf zkcf dusludrlks ks siloets zllr jlrkfj. Niillfgl jlpìkcstl r`cnnfsl mkcilf vnf gk`rklt zklf lr eltzlibgl ukt nis niil jl-pìkcstl mkcilf gkl _oeikldnff `p glzl rlks jlzklf ellbt. Gnnrfnnst ks lrkf gl dusln vnf Ilkglf, H`plfenjlf, _tòheìd, Iùmloh, _oewlrkf,Mrlsinu, Zlflf lf Dnkfz fklts tl vkfglf gnt ikcht `p wnt ekc kf r`cljlv`fglf ellbt.<;7

Rnf ukt ]`stòh rlksgl _oeikldnff g``r fnnr Ktnikè.

<;? _oeikldnff >5:<o, ?1;.

<;7 _oeikldnff >5:</>;;1, >;.



=:<

>?. Llf Ktniknnfs kftlrdlzz`

Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff f`j stllgs llf wr`h tlf `pzkoetl vnfJrklhlfinfg h`lstlrgl wnft ekc rlksgl fklt fnnr Ntelfl, dnnr, z`nisekc nnfjlh`fgkjg eng, fnnr Fnplis. @p vlrz`lh vnf Bk`rliik jkfj ekczkoe gnnr dlt gl nroelì`jkl mlzkj eùglf. Bk`rliik eng twll vrnjlf gkl_oeikldnff v``r eld wkigl `pi`sslf.

wnnr inj elt ùgl Nimn I`fjn lfwlrglf lr wlrhlikch soelrvlf jlv`fglf `fglr gl innj gkl `ftstnnfwns g``r gl inntstl vuihnnfuktmnrstkfj.

Elt `fglrz`lh fnnr Nimn I`fjn si``t fltcls nnf mkc _oeikldnffs wlrhkf r`cl. Fn gl vni vnf r`cl wns glzl stng g``r gl enibj`g Nlflns, sn-dlf dlt Nfoeksls, zkcf vnglr, lf Nsonfkus, zkcf z``f, vlrintlf. RìjlfsRlrjkikus (:1->; v.Oer.) rlksgl gkt jlzlisoenp fnnr gl stng Inurlftud`p gl wlsthust vnf Ktnikè. Sl illbglf eklr f`j infj lf rlglikch jliuhhkj,dnnr Nsonfkus mlsi``t uktlkfglikch `d tòe dnnr zlib llf stng tl stkoe-tlf. Glzl stng f`ldgl ekc Nimn I`fjn.

Kf gl iònil trngktkl zkcf jllf vlrenilf `vlr llf vuihnnfuktmnrstkfjtl vkfglf. Gkt mltlhlft, vìjlfs _oeikldnff, gnt gl inntstl vuihnnfukt-mnrstkfj gus pinntsjlv`fglf d`lt elmmlf v``r lr dlfslf kf gkt jlmklghwndlf w`flf. Nimn I`fjn hnf gus fklt `fglr gl inntstl invninnj vlr-m`rjlf ikjjlf. Lr d`ltlf gnnr`d sp`rlf nnf gl `pplrvinhtl tl vkfglfzkcf. Elt hnf fklt, z`nis gl dllstl dlfslf glfhlf, `p gl e`jl zukg-hust vnf elt Nimnf`dllr ikjjlf. Glzl hnft mlstnnt jlelli ukt vuihn-fksoe dntlrknni gnt fklt g``r dlfslf vlrst``rg ks. M`vlfgklf vkfgt dlfgnnr jllf innj vnf nbvni lf soelrvlf, gl nmsìuut zlhlrl nnfwkczkfj v``rvr`ljlrl mlw`fkfj. _oelrvlf zkcf nis elt lr `p nnf h`dt `fvlrw`lst-mnnrglr gnf gl gkhstl stngsdurlf. Nimn I`fjn hnf ``h fklt nnf gl lvlrtusslf Onstli Jnfgìb` lf elt hi``stlr vnf gl Onpuokflf jliljlf elm-mlf, wnft ``h gnnr `ftmrlhlf niil nbvni- lf p`tsoelrvlf, gkl lr zùglfd`ltlf zkcf nis lr llf ùgl stng wns. Lr mikcbt gus dnnr llf iòntkl v``r

Nimn I`fjn `vlr3 gl stng Nimnf`. R``r _oeikldnff ks elt zlhlr3 Nimnf`ks Nimn I`fjn. Glzl kglftkbkontkl w`rgt zlibs f`j lxtrn zlhlr nnfjlzklflr eklr llf nnfzklfikchl nbvniinnj ks, `p s`ddkjl puftlf zlibs wli ??v`lt gklp.<;< Lf z` ellbt _oeikldnff dlt mleuip vnf nnf gl `pplrvinhtlzkoetmnrl soelrvlf elt llrstl pr`milld `pjli`st z`fglr gnt ekc gnnrv``rllf soe`p kf gl jr`fg e`lbgl tl stlhlf.

<;< _oeikldnff >5:<b, 715.

N.M.



=:2 -

Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff mlpnnig eng gnt gl inntstl vuihnnfuktmnrstkfjkf gkt jlmklg pinnts eng v``r eklr dlfslf hwndlf w`flf wns elt `f-d`jlikch gnt lr zkoe `fglr gl invninnj soelrvlf mlv`fglf. Bk`rliik engeld loetlr `p gl wkcfjnnrg vnf Onri` Dliuzzk ukt Dnrkf` jlwlzlf nis

llf vnf gl pinntslf wnnr urflf lf nfglrl v``rwlrplf `fglr gl invninnjjlv`fglf wnrlf. @d lr zlhlr vnf tl zkcf gnt ekc zkoe fklt vlrjkstl z`rjgl_oeikldnff lrv``r gnt ekc t`lstlddkfj hrllj vnf gl lkjlfnnr v``r llfpr`lbsilub. Ekc jkfj zlibs z`vlr gnt ekc ni dltllf gl t`lstlddkfj rljligl`d elt elil vlig `p tl jrnvlf nis gnt f`gkj zù mikchlf. Rklr gnjlf infjwlrhtl ekc dlt llf jr`tl jr`lp nrmlkglrs kf elt vlig fnnst gl wkcfjnnrgwnnr z`vlli znhlf jlv`fglf zùglf zkcf. Fngnt ekc gl vuihnfksoel innjg``rmr`hlf eng jr`lb ekc t`t `p llf gklptl vnf tklf v`lt, dnnr ekc v`fgfklts mlenivl fvlrst``rgl nnrgl.<;2 Elt vlrenni vnf gl `mclotlf gkl `f-glr gl invn innj jlv`fglf wnrlf h`f fklt hi`pplf.

Elt wns fljntklb mlwkcs wnnrdll _oeikldnff Murfnmnsek nis iòntklvnf r`cl nbwlls lf elt ks fljntklb mlwkcs wnnrdll ekc fu elt v``rh`dlfvnf soelrvlf `fglr gl invn fnnr elt infg glr bnmlilf vlrwkcst.

Ekc mnsllrt zkoe loetlr fklt uktsiuktlfg `p elt rlsuitnnt vnf zkcf `p-jrnvkfjlf, ekc jnnt lr ``h v``r mkc llf nnftni sploknikstlf tl rngl. Ekcprnnt dlt llf jr``t nnftni nrmlkglrs ukt Onstli Jrnfggìb`, Dnrkf` lf

Nimn, gkl v``r euf ilvlfs`fglreùg gl vuihnfksoel innj g``rmrlhlf`d wkcfjnnrglf nnf tl iljjlf. Ekc vr`lj elf `b zl ``kt g``r dlfslfjldnnhtl `mclotlf jlv`fglf engglf. Sl mlj`fflf niildnni tl inoelflf gnoetlf gnt ekc llf jrnp dnnhtl. `lf zl loetlr znjlf gnt ekc slrklus

wns vlrhinnrglf zl niildnni f`j f``kt klts `fglr gl vuihnfksoel innj jl-v`fglf tl elmmlf.<;:

Kf ht`mlr wlrhtl _oeikldnff kf D`tyn. Gl rlstlf vnf glzl stng ikj-jlf `p llf lkinfg v``r gl hust mkc Dnrsnin nnf gl wlsthust vnf _kokikè.Elt ks llf vnf ``rspr`fj Blfkoksoel stng gkl intlr kf Onrtennjsl enfglfhwnd. Ekc wns mlr`ldg `d gl soe``felkg vnf zkcf eukzlf lf gl rkch-g`d vnf zkcf kfw`flrs. Kf ?;: ks glzl stng vlrw`lst g``r Gk`fyskus glùglrl (71<-?2: v.Oer.), tkrnf vnf _yrnousl. Fn gl vni jnb ekc `pgrnoet`d niil dnfflf, vrùwlf lf hkfglrlf ukt glzl stng tl g`glf lf eltjlelli dlt gl jr`fg jlikch tl dnhlf. @`h eklr jkfj _oeikldnff `p ukt-

f`gkjkfj nnf gl jnfj. Gkt hllr wns ekc jlvrnnjg g``r ]ujjlr` M`fjek (>5=2->5;<), gl dkfkstlr vnf `fglrwkcs. Llf wllh infj jr`lb ekc dlt >;nrmlkglrs pr`lbsiluvlf p gkvlrsl pinntslf kf D`tyn. Eklrdll t``fgl ekcnnf gnt gl eukzlf kf glzl stng jlmùwg wnrlf vnf kf gl z`f jlgr``jglstlflf. Nnf gl zukg``sthust v`fg ekc gl `vlrmikcbslilf vnf llf jr``teuks wnnrvnf gl wnfglf mlst`fglf ukt pkinrlf dlt gnnrtusslf z`wlistlflf nis mnhstlflf, `vlrglht dlt hnihpilkstlr. Gl nnrglinnj wns siloets

<;2 _oeikldnff >5:<b, 715.

<;: _oeikldnff >5:<b, 715.



=::

`p lfhlil puftlf twll lf llf enivl dltlr gkh, dllstni fklt dllr gnfllf enivl dltlr. Ekc v`fg twll s``rtlf nnrglwlrh. Llf Jrklhsl vnf zllrj`lgl hwniktlkt lf llf ruwl `fmlsoekiglrgl.<;5

Gkt wns fklt loet gl ouituurplrk`gl wnnr _oeikldnff kf jlàftlrls-

sllrg wns. M`vlf`p gl eluvli jr`lb ekc mkcv``rmllig dnnr t`t elt `ft-mkct, wnft ni fn twll dltlr eng dlf `fjlst``rgl jr`fg jlv`fglf. Dlfeng fklt dllr gnf llf pkcipuft dlt gl v`rd vnf llf dkfkntuurinfsjlv`fglf. Gnt wns fklt gl d`lktl wnnrg lf gus jkfj ekc fnnr gl f``rg-hnft vnf elt lkinfg. Gnnr tr`h ekc llf =7 dltlr infjl tlstsilub g``r glùgl p``rt kf gl rkoetkfj vnf gl gnd wnnrdll gkt lkinfg dlt gl hustvlrm`fglf w`rgt. Elt vlrmnnsgl eld gnt ekc fklt elt dkfstl sp``r vnfnroenàsoe nnrglwlrh v`fg. Ekc v`fg jllf lfhlil soelrb gkl ùglr wnsgnf gl vkcbgl lluw v``r Oerkstus. @dgnt lr fklts tl vkfglf wns lf jllfekst`rksoe rnngsli `p tl i`sslf st`ptl ekc zkcf wlrh eklr.<;;

Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff eng jle``pt gnt eklr uglrl injlf wnrlftl vkfglf lf t`lf gnt fklt elt jlvni millh vlri``r ekc zkcf kftlrlssl.211 Gnt elt _oeikldnff kfglrgnng `d ùglrl injlf jkfj hufflf wl ilzlfkf llf mrklb gkl ekc `p =1 f`vldmlr vnfukt Onstliindnrl nnf Brklgrkoe_oeikl (>5?;->;1=) soerllb. Ekc ellbt _oeikl ni vlrtlig gnt systldntksoel`pjrnvkfjlf kf D`tyn `fd`jlikch zkcf `dgnt lr `p jr`tl jlgllitlf vnfelt lkinfg fklt dllr gnf llf enivl dltlr nnrgl inj. @`h zkcf `fglrz`l-hkfjlf mkc gl tldplis vnf _ljlstn lf Qnlstud wnrlf p fklts uktjli`plf.Ekc jnnt fu fnnr Nrpkf`. Gnnr vkfgt dlf jlwligkjl oyoi`pksoel durlflf ikjt lr llf mle``rikchl nbvniinnj `p gl Nor`pìks. E`plikch ks gnt wnt

wnft ekc wki tòe elt iklbst kf gl prlekst`rkl mikcvlf. Ekc ellbt zkoe dltvlli d`lktl `p gnt vnhjlmklg kf jlwlrht lf ekc jli``bt fu gnt ekc siloets`p gnt tlrrlkf vnf wnnrgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp hnf zkcf. Intlrl ugelglfkftlrlsslrlf eld dnnr dntkj.21>

_oeikldnff mlsoeùwt zkoezlib nis llf prlekst`rkous lf gnnrdll ksekc kf elt Dkggliinfgsl Slljlmklg wnnrsoekcfikch gl llrstl gkl zkoe nisgusgnfkj `dsoerkcbt. G``r `p tl dlrhlf gnt intlrl ùgelglf eld dnnrdntkj kftlrlsslrlf `fglrsoelkgt ekc zkoe bufgndlftlli vnf gl hinssklhlnroelì`jlf vnf zkcf tkcg. Ourtkus lf Ngilr mkcv``rmllig wnrlf niillffnnr @iydpkn jlh`dlf `d nftklhl hufst tl vkfglf, kf ùglrl injlf

wnrlf zl nmsìuut fklt jlàftlrlssllrg.

<;5 Ksslrikf >;:7, >>1.<;; Ksslrikf >;:7, >1;.211 Ksslrikf >;25, >7< ’el mrlvkty `b _oeikldnff‛s stny nt D`tyn, el XR. usnT teù-

jet, dkjet f`t envl mllf wkteùt rlintk`f t` n olrtnkf strnkf mltwllf _oeikldnffnfg tel nroenlì`jkoni nute`rktkls nt tel tkdl (nfg kf pnrtkouinr Qrkfokpl gk _niln,telf kf oenrjl `b nroenlì`jkoni rlslnroe kf _kokiy) `b wekoe gòudlfts stkii hlpt kfQnilrd` jkvl lvkglfol. Kf bnot, `f tlrdkfntkfj eks w`rh nt D`tyn, _oeikldnff gkgf`t lvlf tnhl tel trùmil `b oniikfj njnkf `f tel nute`rktkls kf Qnilrd`.— @vlr wntv``r gòudlftlf eklr jlspr`hlf w`rgt elm kh fklt hufflf `ftglhhlf.

21> Dlylr >;<?, =;5. Muoeeìz >;;<, <1.



=:5 -

_oeikldnff mikcbt f`j lvlf g``rz`lhlf, dnnr ekc hnf fklts vkf-glf gnt ekc kftlrlssnft vkfgt. Ekc zòet tl vlrjllbs kf nur`dlfkud,_yrnousl, Nrpkfud, Onprk lf Q`pui`fkn dnnr flrjlfs v`fg ekc `h dnnrllf lfhlil prlekst`rksoel soelrb. M`fjek ellbt eld jlvrnnjg `d gl jr`tl

flor`p`ì vnf Oekusk (Oiuskud) `p tl jrnvlf, dnnr _oeikldnff hnf lrzkoe fklt t`l mrlfjlf. Lr ks gnnr jllf vrnnj `d tl mlnftw``rglf lf fkltstl vkfglf gnt dlf ni fklt kf lih wkiilhlurkj duslud zklf hnf. Fll, eltks v``r _oeikldnff gukglikch gnt ekc elt mkc gl prlekst`rkl vnf Hilkf Nzkèd`lt eùglf, gnt ks zkcf tlrrlkf.21=

21= Dlylr >;<?, ?1=.

Qnstud >5:1 - Jk`nooekf` In Qkrn.



=:;

>7. Gl vlrekfglrgl `pjrnvkfj

Kf Nprki >5:< wns lr llf uktsprnnh jlh`dlf kf elt pròls vnf gl urhslstnnt tljlf _oeikldnff. _oeikldnff d`lst >1.111 Brnfo mltnilf lf gnfdòet ekc zkcf r`cnnfsl v`fgstlf eùglf. @d gl urhsl rljlrkfj juf-stkj tl stlddlf dnnht ekc <1.111 Brnfo `vlr. Elt kgll gnt elt gl urhlfkf llrstl kfstnftkl `d elt jlig jkfj zù wli llfs wnnr hufflf zkcf. Mkcintlrl `pjrnvkfjlf d`lst _oeikldnff stllgs twll glrgl vnf niil v`fgs-tlf nnf urhkcl nbstnnf, dnnr kf >55< h`f ekc fnjlf`lj niils wllr tlrujh`plf.21?

Rnf Fnplis rlkst _oeikldnff fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli `d llf vlrjuf-fkfj v``r elt vlrglr jrnvlf `p Ekssnrikh nnf tl vrnjlf. Elt pròls kswlikswnnr nbjlsi`tlf lf _oeikldnff ellbt vkcb hllr elt mlgrnj mltnnigwnnrv``r ekc vlr``rgllig wns, dnnr gnt wki f`j fklt zljjlf gnt gl znhlfs`lpli i`plf. Zl hufflf gl `ftwkhhlikfjlf vkn gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlfvìjlf. Gl llrstl dlglglikfj `vlr glzl znnh h`dt `p >< blmrunrk >5:2kf Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 3

Elt urhsoe jùvlrfldlft ellt jlwlkjlrg nnf Gr. _oeikldnff vlri`tl jlvlf zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf elt ùgl r`cl v``rt tl zlttlf.217

_oeikldnff jllbt zkcf p`jkfjlf loetlr fklt `p lf `p : dnnrt hufflfgl Flglrinfglrs kf gl hrnft ilzlf gnt ekc jlhrljlf ellbt wnt ekc wkigl3

Nnf gl Ellr _oeikldnff ks vlrjuffkfj vlrillfg zkcfl r`cnnfsoel`pjrnvkfjlf v``rt tl zlttlf. Jlikch dlf wllt wns eld gkt llrst jlwlkjlrg.21<

Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff kf dkf `b dllr rljlidntkj mrklbo`ftnotst`fg dlt Hliilr vnf E``rf. Elt ks fklt mlhlfg e`lvlli mrklvlf lr t`t`p gkt d`dlft tusslf gl twll jlwksslig wnrlf, dnnr `p 2 dlk soerkcbtHliilr vnf E``rf kf klglr jlvni nnf _oeikldnff3

21? Elrrdnf ufg Dnns >;;1, 7<< lf Dlylr >;?2, =<=.217 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ><-1=->5:2. Gl kcg >:-1=->5:23 ’Dlf dligt ukt

O`fstnftkf`pli nnf gl Zlslr-Slktufj , gnt elt glf ellr _oeikldnff fklt ks jliuht,vnf gl turhsoel ]ljllrkfj gl f``gkjl dnoetkjkfj tl lrinfjlf t`t v``rtzlttkfj zkc-flr `pjrnvkfjlf tlr pinntsl, wnnr , vìjlfs eld, ely ùgl r`cl ellbt jlstnnf.—

21< Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 1:-1?->5:2.



=51 -

E``jjlnoetl Ellr

Enrtlikch gnfh v``r uw wliwkiilfg soerkcvlf dkc ukt O`fstnftkf`pli jlw`glf. Elt vlrelujt dkc, gnt jkc wkit v``rtjnnf dlt uwl `pjrnvkfjlf tl Ekssnrikh, gkl (zlis, njlsoelkglf vnf elt r`cnnfsoel vrnnjstuh)

zuih e``jsoemlinfjrkchl ukth`dstlf `pilvlrlf lf nnfjlfnnd zni eltdkc zkcf mkc jliljlfelkg tl vlrfldlf, ` elt \ jliuht ks gl jlwlfsoetl rdnf tl vlrhrkcjlf, lf gnf wlihl fkluwl `ftglhhkfjlf g``r \ zkcf jldnnht.

Jkc vlrstnnt gl Eìinfgsoel tnni, tòe elmt jkc dkc fklt j`lg vlrstnnf,nis jkc ukt dkcf v`rkj soerkcvlf elmt jlilzlf gnt kh vlrst``rg wns, gnt jkc dkc mkc uw mlz`lh kf Eìinfg 212 fklt ellt mlzòet - flld, elt splltdkc niillf, gnt jkc dkc fklt kf gl jliljlfelkg ellt jlstlig \ tl mlz`l-hlf, fn ni wnt kh vnf \ ins.

Zlglr kf Flglrinfg, wlls gnf z`` vrklfglikch dlt llf lfhli w``rguw ngrls `p tl jlvlf, `pgnt kh kf stnnt zkc \ tl vkfglf, \ gl enfg tlgruhhlf, lf mkc d`fgl dkcf jr``tl lf wnrdl gnfh tl mltukjlf v``r glsoe``fl lf e``jstlddlfgl jlsoelfhlf, gkl dkc vnf \ zkcf jlw`rglf.

Cn, gnfh zlj kh \ v``r gl pe`t`jrnlf vnf O`fstnftkf`pli, gkl dkc kf`rgl zkcf jlw`rglf, lf dkc llf eliglrlf nnfmikh vnf gkl stng vlrsoen- lf. Dllr gnfh v``rni v``r elt prnoetwlrh, gnt dkc ukt Lfjlinfg ks jlz`fglf lf gnt z``wli `d kfeùg nis uktv`lrkfj llf prnoetwlrh dnjeltlf. Dkc gufht, wnnr tòe zuihl sprlhlfgl mlwkczlf v``r gl cukst-elkg uwlr `pvnttkfj nnfwlzkj zkcf, d`lt gl jlillrgl wlrlig wli vnf

ennr v``r``rglli w`rglf jlflzlf, lf dlt \ kfstlddlf. \wl nffnilfdlt gkt niils engglf dkc rllgs `vlrtukjg, dnnr fu vlrstlrht dkc gl ilo-tuur vnf gkt Lfjlisoel wlrh `p fkluw. F`jdnnis enrtlikch gnfh v``rgkt dkc zllr nnfjlfndl onglnu.

Klts nfglrs. Glzlr gnjlf `ftvkfj kh ukt lxli llf soerkcvlf, wnnrkfwlrg vlrdlig, gnt jkc >52: ni gnnr wnnrt jlwllst d gl dlfsoelf, gkl\ mkc gl strnfgkfj glr G`r`teln engglf mkcjlstnnf `p tl z`lhlf. Jkcsinnjgl fklt, gl ndkikl Mrnfs (Lkclrinfgsoel euks) wns `vlrilglf, glgklfstm`gl Dnnrtcl Hukplr (wlguwl R fh) wns fklt tl vkfglf (zkc eng\ vlrz`rjg, lf llf zlldnfshkst t`t jlgnoetlfks vnf \ jlhrljlf).

Zlifu gkl gklfstm`gl illt f`j - ks f`j kf mlzkt vnf gkl hkst, lf llflzlhlrl Ellr H`fkfj - wklf jkc mkc uw mlz`lh kf >52: ellt jlspr`hlf,vlrzòet dkc \ eklrvnf kf hlffks tl stliilf - tlvlfs elt p`rtrlt gklrgklfstm`gl lr mkc v`ljlfgl gnt eklrkf jnnt dlt llf jlgllitl vnf glfmrkl vnf Er. H`fkfj.

212 Hliilr g`lit eklr `p elt mlz`lh nnf Ilkglf.



=5>

@ftvnfj f`jdnnis dkcf enrtlikchl gnfh - Mltukj dkcfl e``jnoetkfjnnf Dlvrùw _oeikldnff. Rkfg uw soe``f lf vìenrglfg strlvlf dltgl mlstl ukth`dst mlhr``fg.

Rlrmikcg dkc mkc jliljlfelkg dlt llfkj mlrkoet `dtrlft plrs``f lf nr-

mlkg lf eùg \ vlrzlhlrg, gnt lr v``r \ lf uwl `fglrfldkfj llfwnrd enrt kf dkc hi`pt.

Dlt `prloetl e``jnoetkfj

\w gklfstw Gklfnnr QD Hliilr vnf E``rf21:

Elt ks gukglikch gnt dlf _oeikldnff `p lxli f`j fklt vlrjltlf wns.Elt jlelujlf vnf Dnnrtcl Hukplr soekcft `fglrtusslf mltlr jlw`rglftl zkcf. Kf >52: eng zkc jlf`ldgl hkst vnf ’llf glr _oelplikfjlf— jlhrl-

jlf, fu wllt zl zlhlr gnt gkt _oeikldnff wns.Elt ks `fgukglikch wnt gl prloklzl pr`mildlf zkcf, dnnr kf

O`fstnftkf`pli zkt _oeikldnff f`j stllgs tl wnoetlf. @p : dlk vlrtlitekc zkcf z``f wnt v``r pinfflf ekc ellbt. Znffllr ekc zkcf fkluwl vlrjuf-fkfj `ftvnfjlf ellbt mljkft ekc dlt gl mùw vnf eùtlf eukzlf. Llrstjnnt ekc loetlr fnnr Ntelfl `d elt jlrllgsoenp gnt ekc gnnrv``r f`gkjellbt tl enilf. Ekc e``pt gnt ekc gnf `p >? dlk mljkfflf hnf. Mlenivlzkcf ’E`dlrksoel— vrùw flldt ekc llf Brnfsl kfjlfklur, llf Lfjlislslorltnrks lf Ldki Murfùb lf gklfs jlillrgl gòetlr dll.215 Glzl inntstlellbt niil nbmlligkfjlf v``r r`y nfg kts ]ldnkfs jltlhlfg.21;

S` llfvùgkj jkfj elt loetlr fklt. @p => dlk wns elt _oeikldnff, t`tgklfs jr`tl brustrntkl, f`j stllgs fklt d`jlikch `d nnf elt wlrh tl jnnf.Gl jùvlrflur vnf gl Gnrgnfliilf, Kmrnekd Qnsoen, dnnht _oeikldnffelt ilvlf zuur. Ekc jllbt jllf t`lstlddkfj `dgnt ekc jllf `pgrnoetvnf gl jr``tvkzklr `ftvnfjlf zù elmmlf. Ekc wki gnt _oeikldnff ml-wkcst gnt ekc ni vllrtklf gnjlf llrglr kf O`fstnftkf`pli llf vlrjuffkfjjlhrljlf ellbt. Gnf wki ekc wllr gnt _oeikldnff wnoet t`t llf zlhlrlOngrk Mly nnfjlh`dlf ks `dgnt gkl eld mlwnhlf d`lt. _oeikldnffd`lt glzl dnf dnnfglikchs £=1 mltnilf, dnnr glzl soekcft jllf ennst tlelmmlf `d gnt mlgrnj tl vlrgklflf.2>1

\ktlkfglikch w`rgt fklt jlf`ldgl Ongrk Mly, dnnr llf zlhlrl KssltLblfgk nis mlwnhlr jlstuurg. _ndlfwlrhlf tusslf eld lf _oeikldnffsoekcft fklt d`jlikch tl zkcf lf gl inntstl g`lt `p : cufk zkcf mlhinjmkc Kmrnekd Qnsoen. Gl lkslf vnf Ksslt Lblfgk zkcf mlinoelikch lf ekc,_oeikldnff, wlkjlrt gnnr `p kf tl jnnf. Ekc mùwt jllf dnjnzkcf v``r

21: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. 2;?71, M`x3 Bìglr :>3?.215 Iùksl Murfùb.21; Dlylr >;<5, ?;-71.

2>1 Dlylr >;<5, 7<.



=5= -

eld. Gl nfglrl mùwwlrhlf, wnnrnnf jlwlrht w`rgt, zni ekc vìt``klf,dnnr gnnrfn eùgt ekc lr v``ri`pkj dll `p. Sìnfj Ksslt Lblfgk nnfwl-zkj ks zni ekc fklt `pjrnvlf, wnft gkl dnf z`rjt v``r fklts nfglrs gnfd`lkikchelglf lf `p`fteùg.2>>

@d zkcf `fjlf`ljlf hrnoet mkc tl zlttlf lf wkl wllt wnt pìktkl-hl gruh nnf zkcf hnft tl hrkcjlf soerkcbt _oeikldnff vnfukt Ntelfl llfuktjlmrlkgl mrklb nnf Lrmprkfz Mlrfenrg v`f _noelf-Dlkfkfjlf (>5<>->;=5). Glzl ellbt kftlrlssl kf gl nroelì`jkl lf vkn zkcf d`lglr rloet-strllhs t`ljnfj t`t gl e``jstl hrkfjlf kf Guktsinfg. Cl wllt dnnr f``ktwnt z` kldnfg v``r cl hnf g`lf.

E`lwli ekc llf vlrjuffkfj v``r twll cnnr ellbt z`rjt gl jùvlrflurvnf gl Gnrgnfliilf, Kmrnekd Qnsoen, lrv``r gnt ekc fklt nnf elt wlrhhnf jnnf. Glzl eng, fngnt _oeikldnff kf >5:? jlst`pt wns, fndlikch gljlw``ftl ftwkhhlig d nnf niil mlz`lhlrs vnf r`cl llf s``rt vlrjuf-

fkfj tl vlrh`plf. Fu gl pjrnvkfjlf wllr elrvnt w`rglf hnf ekc gnt fkltdllr lf g`lt fklts nfglrs gnf d`lkikchelglf dnhlf v``r _oeikldnff._oeikldnff ellbt twll dnnfglf tljlf eld jlvòetlf, dnnr ks uktlkf-glikch dnnr wllr tlrujjljnnf fnnr Ntelfl dlt elt v``rfldlf `d fkltwllr fnnr r`cl tlruj tl hlrlf v``rgnt glzl dnf ukt zkcf bufotkl jlzlt ks.Ekc ks lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt O`fstnftkf`pli gkt sp`lgkj zni g`lf `dgnt_oeikldnff gl elil znnh ni uktjlmrlkg kf gl kdls jlpumikollrg ellbt.Ekc wki loetlr fu llrst kf Dyhlfl lf @roeldlf`s jnnf jrnvlf lf wkidlt niil s``rtlf vnf jlf`ljlf gl H`fkfhikchl E``jelkg gnnrvnf `p gle``jtl eùglf, wnffllr gkl gnt wki.2>=

2>> Dlylr >;<5, 72.

2>= Dlylr >;<5, <1.



=5?

><. Dyhlfl

_oeikldnff hrllj z`fglr ni tl vlli d`lktl llf vlrjuffkfj d kf kryfs,Dyhlfl lf @roe`dlf`s tl jrnvlf `fglr gl v``rwnnrgl gnt niil v`fgs-tlf v``r Jrklhlfinfg z`uglf zkcf. Ekc eng, flt nis gl Guktsl rljlrkfj kf@iydpkn, niillf elt rloet `d nis llrstl gl rlsuitntlf tl pumikolrlf. Glh`stlf wnrlf uktlrnnrg jlelli v``r eld. Gkt hllr pumikollrgl ekc zkcfv`fgstlf vkn nrtkhlilf kf gl kdls .

_oeikldnff mlj`f `p 2 nujustus >5:2 dlt llf hilkfl `pjrnvkfj kfkryfs. Ekc wlrhtl gnnr dlt <> nrmlkglrs lf jr`lb llf jr`tl tlstsilub

g``r elt jlelil pintlnu vnf gl nor`p`iks. Gnnrfnnst jr`lb ekc f`j 2?tlstputtlf vnf = dltlr g``rsflgl, grkl soenoetlf p elt mlflglfpintlnulf vklr `p ?11 dltlr muktlf gl durlf.2>?

2>? _oeikldnff >5:5, >1.

_`pekn _oeikldnff fnnst gl kfjnfj vnf gl W`dml vnf Oiytldflstrn. Kf elt mkfflfstl vnf gl t`dml zkt llf

jr`lpcl nrmlkglrs.



=57 -

Gl strntkjrnbkl vnf kryfs ks llf stuh llfvùgkjlr gnf gkl vnf r`cl.Gl tlstsilub lf puttlf zkcf vìg`lfgl `d gukglikch tl dnhlf gnt lr eklrtwll mlw`fkfjsinjlf zkcf.

Nnf gl `pplrvinhtl vkfgt ekc innt nnrglwlrh ukt gl dkgglilluwlf.

Znnrsoekcfikch ukt gl Brnfhksoel plrk`gl. Glzl soelrvlf h`dlf t`t `pllf gklptl vnf ;1 olftkdltlr v``r, dnnr dltllf gnnrfn stukt dlf `pnroenàsoel soelrvlf.2>7

@p jr`fg vnf glzl wnnrfldkfj ks _oeikldnff kf stnnt `d elt jl-v`fglf dntlrknni tl gntlrlf. @dgnt gkt gkrlot vlrmnfg eùgt dlt glgntlrkfj vnf Dyhlfl h`d kh eklr kf elt vìjlfgl e``bgstuh `p tlruj.

Fn glzl tlstputtlf jljrnvlf tl elmmlf jnnt _oeikldnff fnnr Dyhlfl.Gnnr mljkft ekc zkcf wlrh `p >; nujustus. Kf vlrjlikch t`t r`cl jrnnbt_oeikldnff eklr dnnr vrkc h`rt. Ni `p 2 gloldmlr >5:2 siukt ekc zkcf`pjrnvkfj wllr nb. Kf gkl h`rtl plrk`gl ellbt ekc loetlr `pfkluw llf

jùgsoent wltlf tl vkfglf. Gkt hllr kf wnt ekc glfht gnt gl jrnvlf zkcfvnf Njndldf`f lf gklfs jlzliilf.

Rkn gl nrtkhlilf gkl _oeikldnff kf gl kdls pumikollrgl hwndlfgl ’mlinfjrkchstl blktlf— ``h kf gl Flglrinfgsl plrs. Zl hkchlf eklr fullrst e`l elt fkluws zkoe vlr Flglrinfg vlrsprlkgl. Elt mlj`f dlt Eltfkluws vnf glf gnj vnf =5 f`vldmlr3

\kt Nrj`s tliljrnpellrt dlf nnf tel kdls, gnt Gr. _oeikldnff, gklgnnr tljlfw``rgkj kf gl muurt nnf ―t jrnvlf ks, kf gl z``jlfnndgl jrnvlf vnf Ntrlus, Njndldf`f lf Onssnfgrn niilrilk h`stmnnrelglfellt `ftglht, ``h cuwllilf. Ekc v`fg `.n. twll solptlrs dlt hrkstniilfhf`pplf, fglrsoelkglf zkivlrlf lf mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf, mlflvlfs llfnnftni dlfsoelfmllfglrlf, dnfflikchl z``wli nis vrùwlikchl.2><

Gl vìjlfgl gnj, =; f`vldmlr, jkfj dlf vlrglr3

\kt Nrj`s tliljrnpellrt dlf nnf tel kdls, gnt _oeikldnff `pfkluwllf nnftni h`stmnrl v``rwlrplf ellt `pjljrnvlf, `.n. llf dnsskl zki-vlrlf `sslfh`p dlt jùglf e``rfs. Rlrglr llf nnftni jùglf vrùwl-ikchl sklrngkèf, llf jùglf j`rgli, vkc jùglf lf fljlf zkivlrlf vnzlf,llf nnftni jùglf hf``plf lf llf mr`fzlf zwnnrg. Niils ks lvlf hlu-rkj vnf mlwlrhkfj. KCzlrlf v``rwlrplf v`fg _oeikldnff fklt.2>2

E`lwli _oeikldnff, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, elt grklplrk`glfsy-stlld vlrw`rplf eng, jlmrukhtl ekc elt wli. Ekc stlit vnst gnt e`lwli glmlw`flrs vnf kryfs jllf kczlr hlfglf, dnnr h`plr lf mr`fs vllivuigkjjlmrukhtlf. Gnt d`lst wli wnft ekc eng kf zkcf tlstsiluvlf lf puttlf

2>7 _oeikldnff >5:5, >7.2>< Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =5->>->5:2. @vlrjlf`dlf kf elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming vnf

=;->>->5:2.2>2 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =;->>->5:2. @vlrjlf`dlf kf elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming vnf

?1->>->5:2.



=5<

fklt llf stlflf wlrhtukj jlv`fglf.2>: Gl rlglflrkfj ks skdpli, wnffllrlr jllf kczlr lf jllf stllf jlmrukht wlrg gnf d`lst dlf wli mr`fs jl-mrukht elmmlf. Kf gl tel`rkl vnf elt grklplrk`glfsystlld ks lr jllf lf-hlil rlglf wnnr`d lr jllf stllf mkc mr`fs `b kczlr jlv`fglf zù hufflf

w`rglf, dnnr gnt zuiilf wl eklr dnnr lvlf muktlf mlsoeùwkfj intlf.Kf gl `pdlrhkfj `vlr kryfs zklf wl gnt _oeikldnff llf skdplil v`rdvnf elt grklplrk`glfsystlld jlmrukht.

Gl soenttlf milvlf f`j lvlf tlv``rsoekcf h`dlf lf z` ellbt Eltfkluws vnf glf gnj `p 7 gloldmlr wllr llf iluh fkluwtcl v``r ennrilzlrs3

Mkc gl `plfkfj vnf elt inntstl glr jrnvlf tl Nrj`s, ellt _oeikldnffwllr llf jùglf m`rstmlglhhkfj mlflvlfs llf jùglf dnshlr jlv`fglf.Ekc vlrd`lgt, gnt glzl dnshlrs gl p`rtrlttlf glr mljrnvlflf zkcf.2>5

@p 2 gloldmlr h`dt Gl H`lrklr dlt fkluws gnt lkjlfikch ni llfmlltcl noetlrennig ks3

Fnnr dlf ukt Nrj`s nnf gl kdls dligt, ellt gr. _oeikldnff, mkczkcf fnsp`rkfjlf nignnr vlrsoelkglf jrnvlf `ftglht, wnnrkf fklt ni-illf mllfglrlf, dnnr ``h zllr vlil lf e``jst h`stmnrl v``rwlrplf kf jùg, zkivlr lf mr`fs g``r eld jlv`fglf zkcf. Kfz`fglrelkg w`rgt jlr`ldg llf jr``tlf, vnf zkivlr mlwlrhtlf h`lklfh`p, prkchlfgl dltrlusnoetkjlf, ukt zukvlr jùg vlrvnnrgkjgl e``rflf8 v``rst llf jr``tl jùglf j`rgli, vkc jùglf lf fljlf zkivlrlf vnzlf, lf dllr nfglrlv``rwlrplf, gkl niil vnf `fjldllf rnnkl mlwlrhkfj d`ltlf zkcf.2>;

Rìjlfs elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming wns `p 5 gloldmlr elt lkfg vnf_oeikldnffs `pjrnvkfj tl Dyhlfl fnmkc3

\kt Nrj`s dligt dlf nnf glf ’kdls— gnt _oeikldnff kf elt inntstl jrn, gnt ekc plfgl, mlenivl llf jr` t jùglf dnshlr lf llfl hì`ssnilgkt` m`rstmlglhhkfj, ``h f`j llf mkcz`fglr j`lg jlo`fslrvllrg dlf-soelikch ikoennd ellt jlv`fglf. Elt e``g wns r`fg, gl ``jlf jr``tlf gl d`fg mlvnttl ?= rnnkl tnfglf. Ekc v`fg vlrglr f`j >= mr`fzlfzwnnrglf lf llfl dlfkjtl jr``tl jùglf hf``plf, twll jùglf mlhlrslf ``h llfkjl stuhhlf nnrglwlrh, hrkstni, mlflvlfs llf g``s vnf jlsfl-

glf eùt.2=1

@`h mkc elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming ins dlf trùw el kdls lf eklig dlf`p gkl dnfklr gl jlmlurtlfksslf fnuwilttlfg kf gl jntlf. Gl vìjlfglgnj hwndlf zl ni wllr dlt fkluws, dnnr gkt hllr ukt Ntelfl3

2>: _oeikldnff >5:5, >7.2>5 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 17->=->52:.2>; Gl H`lrklr 12->=->5:2.

2=1 Ilkgsoel Gnjming 15->=->5:2.



=52 -

Wl kdls ellt ukt Ntelfl mlrkoet `ftvnfjlf, gnt _oeikldnff lr kf jlsinnjg ks elt g``r eld jlv`fglf ikch z``gnfkj tl prlpnrllrlf, gnt eltz`fglr jlvnnr nnf elt ikoet mi``tjlstlig lf vlrv`lrg hnf w`rglf. lrrloetlrzkcgl vnf elt ikoennd v`fg dlf kf ―t jrn grkl jr``tl jùglf

mlhlrs, prnoetkj mlwlrht, twll mlhlrs vnf zkivlr lf llf vnf nimnst.R``rts v`fg dlf kf gkt inntstl jrn f`j >?7 rkch mlwlrhtl jùglfhf``plf, vklr jùglf zwnnrgjlvlstlf, li mr`fzlf zwnnrglf lf llfkjl cuwllilf.2=>

@p >7 gloldmlr h`dt Elt fkluws vnf gl gnj dlt fkluws ukt llffkluwl mr`f3

\kt Ntelfl `ftvkfj gl Guktsoel ]ljllrkfj llf uktv`lrkj tliljrnd ml-trlfilfgl _oeikldnff‛s pjrnvkfjlf tl Dyolfl, wnnrkf gl dlglgllikfjlf vnf Wl kdls jlelli w`rglf mlvlstkjg. _oeikldnff soekcft wlr-hlikch gl g``r Qnusnfkus mlsoerlvlf jrnvlf jlv`fglf tl elmmlf, ni kselt ``h f`j nnf twkcli `fglrelvkj, gnt elt jlv`fglf ikoennd, jlikchgl vkfglr mlwllrt, ―t ikch vnf glf elusoelikchlf Njndldf`f ks. Nnf glwnfglf glr jrnvlf ellt dlf stuhhlf mlligeùwlrh jlv`fglf, dnnr jllf `psoerktlf. Gl wnnrgl vnf elt jlv`fglf dltnni w`rgt jlsoent`p ?11,111 rnfos. @`h tl @iydpkn ellt dlf wlglr h`stmnrl stuhhlfmlligeùwwlrh jlv`fglf2==

Lf eklr mljkft gl dytel gnt _oeikldnff vnf dlfkfj wns gnt ekc Njndldf`f zlib jlv`fglf eng. Znnr gkt kgll vnfgnnf h`dt ks `fgukgl-ikch. _oeikldnff zlib jllbt fklts nfglrs gnf llf elli kfjlt`jlf mlsoerkc-

vkfj. Rnf elt glrgl, nnf gl f``rghnft vnf elt jrnb jliljlf, ikoenndwns elt vills vnf elt r`fgl jlzkoet w`fglrikch mlwnnrg jlmilvlf `fglrelt zwnrl jùglf dnshlr. Lr wns jllf sp``r vnf ennr tl mlhlfflf, wliwnrlf gl mlkgl ``jlf gukglikch zkoetmnnr, flt nis gl d`fg gkl g``r eltzwnrl lr `p rustlfgl jlwkoet wkcg `plf wns jnnf stnnf lf gnnrg``r nizkcf ?= d``kl tnfglf t``fgl. @p jr`fg eklrvnf mlsi`tlf niil nrtslf, gkljlh`dlf wnrlf `d gkt ikoennd tl zklf, gnt glzl dnf `p gl clujgkjlillbtkcg vnf ?< cnnr `vlrilglf wns.2=?

Gnt lr nnf gl wnfglf vnf gkt jrnb stuhhlf mlligeùwwlrh jlv`fglfzùglf zkcf ks o`dpiltl `fzkf, wnnrv``r jllf lfhlil mr`f tl vkfglf ks.

@p >< gloldmlr h`dt elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming dlt dllr gltnkis3Mlrkoetlf ukt Ntelfl mlvlstkjlf gl mlinfjrkchelkg vnf gr. _oeikldnffs`pjrnvkfjlf kf Dyolfnl. Elt soekcft nnf jllf twkcli `fglrelvkj tlzkcf, gnt ekc gl H`fkfjsjrnvlf vnf Nrj`s ftglht ellt. Gl wnnrgl nnf jùg glr jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf w`rgt rllgs p ><1,111 juiglf jlsoent8

2=> Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1;->=->5:2 `vlrjlf`dlf kf gl Illuwnrglr Oùrnft vnf>1->=->5:2.

2== Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >7->=->5:2.2=? _oeikldnff >5:5, ?71. Gl ``rspr`fhli kchl tlhst wlrg jlpumikollrg kf el kdls

vnf ? Cnfunry >5::.



=5:

gl ugelkghufgkjl wnnrgl ks fsoentmnnr. @`h ukt @iydpkn w`rgt gl`pjrnvkfj vnf fkluwl lf mlinfjrkchl v``rwlrplf jldlig8 .n. vnf llfdlt`pl gls tldplis vnf Slus, v``rstliilfgl llf zllr j`lg mlwnnrg jl-

milvlf Qniins-Ntelfl. Gl kcvlrkjl ugelkgv`rsoelr zli dligt dlt jr``tl`pjlw`fglfelkg kf llf tliljrnd nnf glf h`fkfj glr Eliilflf gnt ekcgl d`fudlftlf `ftglht ellt, gkl gl `vlrilvlrkfj, vìjlfs Qnusnfkus,nnfwkcst nis gl jrnvlf vnf Njndldf`f, Onssnfsgrn, Lurydlg`flf euf dltjlzliilf,2=7 wlihl niilf nnf llf llstdnni jlg``g wlrglfg``r Oiytldflstrn lf ennr dkffnnr Nljksteus. Kf glzl jrnvlf ellt_oeikldnff lvlfllfs llf vlrmnzlfgl dlfkjtl vlrsoekiilfgl nrtkhlilf jlv`fglf vnf zukvlr jùg3 llf soent, gkl niiëëf llf jr``t dusludzni hufflf vuiilf. _oeikldnff, nrmlkglfgl ukt iùtlr iklgl v``r glwltlfsoenp, vlrhinnrt gklf soent jlelli `fjlrlpt n tl stnnf nnf gl

Jrklhsoel fntkl.2=<

Elt ks `pvniilfg gnt mlkgl, vnf ``rspr`fj Guktsl stuhhlf, ``h `pv`fgstlf ukt @iydpkn wkczlf. Elt ks nis`b dlf mnfj ks gnt _oeikldnffswlrh kf Dyhlfl gl Guktsl `pjrnvkfj kf @iydpkn fnnr gl hr``f znistlhlf. Elt zni klglrllf gukglikch zkcf gnt lr tusslf gl `pjrnvlrs vnf@iydpkn, Ourtkus lf Ngilr, lf _oeikldnff `p gkt d`dlft vnf euf gk-vlrsl onrrkårls fklt vlli iklbgl v``r lihnnr mlst`fg. Nbjlzklf vnf elt blkt

2=7 _oeikldnff >5:5, 7>7.

2=< Ilkgsoe Gnjming ><->=->5:2.

Wwll jùglf dnshlrs ukt jrnb KR.



=55 -

gnt _oeikldnff jlpr`mllrg eng d euf pinfflf v``r @iydpkn tl gwnrs-m`dlf st`fglf zkc ``h vlrglr wnt mltrlbt euf `pvnttkfjlf dlt mltrlh-hkfj t`t gl nroelì`jkl ikcfrloet tljlf`vlr eld. _oeikldnff wns fklt`fglr gl kfgruh vnf gl v`fgstlf ukt @iydpkn. Gnt h`f ``h fklt nfglrs

wnft zl jr`lvlf nis kgk`tlf z`fglr lfkj systlld. Sl j``kglf euf nbvnijlw``f `p gl pinnts wnnr zl jr`lvlf. _oeikldnff zù gnt elli nfglrsnnfpnhhlf. Ekc zù llrst llf jr`fgkjl stugkl vnf gl t`p`jrnbkl dnhlflf gnf p z‛f dkfst =11 tlstputtlf t`t nnf gl `fjlst``rgl nnrgl jrnvlf.Lr zkcf jr`tl soenttlf tl vkfglf kf @iydpkn, dnnr gl elrlf gkl dlf jl-stuurg ellbt zkcf soekcfmnnr tl jlillrg `d zlib `p tl jnnf jrnvlf.2=2

Znt gkl jlillrgelkg mltrlbt eng _oeikldnff jlikch. S`wli Ngilr nisOurtkus engglf llf jlgljlf hinssklhl bkiì`jksoel pilkgkfj. Gnt vlrhinnrt``h wnnr`d zkc nfglrs tljlf gl nroelì`jkl nnfhlhlf gnf _oeikldnff.R``r elf wns gl nroelì`jkl llf euipwltlfsoenp vnf gl hufstjlsoekl-

glfks. @pjrnvlf gllg dlf fklt `d tl mlwkczlf gnt E`dlrus jlikch eng,dnnr `d jr`tl hufst tl vkfglf. Jr`tl hufst gkl nis kiiustrntkl mkc gl f`jmlinfjrkchlrl tlhstlf h`f gklflf, wnft uktlkfglikch jkfj elt tòe `d gltlhst, `d wnt gl hinssklhl Jrklhlf gl d`glrfl wlrlig tl vlrtliilf eng-glf. R``r dlfslf nis Ourtkus lf Ngilr wns _oeikldnff fklt dllr gnfllf pnrvlfu dlt tl vlli jlig lf tl wlkfkj sdnnh. Kf pinnts vnf gnt ekceuf `pjrnvkfjlf bkfnfoklrgl vlrtligl ekc euf e`l zl d`lst `pjrnvlf.2=: Klts vnf gl wllrzkf vnf glzl dlfslf tljlf _oeikldnff soekcft zkoe ``hkf gl Guktsl plrs jlflstlig tl elmmlf.

@pvniilfg kf glzl hrnftlfvlrsinjlf ks gl mlplrhtl nnfgnoet gkl

lr nnf gl jùglf dnshlrs jljlvlf w`rgt. lrwkci zl tljlfw``rgkj, kfgl p`puinkrl plrs, fnjlf`lj syf`fkld zkcf dlt gl Dyhllfsoel oui-tuur, zkcf zl kf glzl plrk`gl f`j lvlf mlinfjrkch nis gl `vlrkjl jùglfv``rwlrplf.2=5

G``r gl vlil mlrkoetlf wns Hliilr vnf E``rf fkluwsjklrkj jlw`rglflf soerllb ekc `pfkluw nnf _oeikldnff3

2=2 Dlylr >;2=, ;7.2=: Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, ?7 ’Lrfst Ourtkus (>5>7->5;2), tel Mlrikf nfoklft ekst`-

rknf nfg tel lxonvnt`r `b @iydpkn, tìg Qrkfol v`f Mùi`w kf >5:: tent Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff wns n m`toelr nfg n o`f dnf (Qbusoelr ufg _oewkfgilr). NgìbBurtwçfjilr (>5<?->;1:), nrjunmiy tel jrlntlst nroenlì`jkst b ... XeksT jlflrntk`fwr`tl eks d`telr kf Cuiy >55> tent ―_oeikldnff ks nfg rldnkfs n enib-ornzy nfgo`fbuslg eudnf mlkfj, we` ens f` kgln wents`lvlr b tel dlnfkfj b eks lxonvntk-`fs ... Kf spkt `b eks pnssk`f b`r E`dlr, el ks nt elnrt n splouint`r nfg muskflssdnf.El onf flvlr jlt rkg `b tent‛— Skl v``r gl dnfklr wnnr`p Guktsl Oinsskok fnnr_oekldnff hlhlf ``h Oniglr KKK >;51.

2=5 @`h gl fnnd ’dnshlr vnf Njnd`df`f— ks, kf tljlfstliikfj t`t wnt vnnh mlwllrg

w`rgt, fklt vnf _oeikldnff nbh`dstkj.



=5;

ZliLglijlm`rlf Ellr

Infjl tkcg ks vlri``plf skfgs kh elt jlf`ljlf eng \ tl soerkcvlf.Elrkfflr kh dkc j`lg, gnf wns dkcf inntstl mrkl nnf \ jlrkoet `d\ enrtlikch tl mlgnfhlf v``r gl `ftvnfjst vnf elt zllr mlinfjrkchl

& hlurkjl wlrh, kf gl Lfjlisoel tnni, `vlr uwl `pjrnvkfjlf kf Kik`f8llf m`lhwlrh gnt fklt niillf nnf dkc, dnnr ``h nnf vlil nfglrlf zllrmlinfjrkchl znhlf gllg hlfflf.

@`h wns kh z`` vrkc kf gnt soerkcvlf \ tl mlrkoetlf, gnt u llf soerkc-vlf eng `ftvnfjlf nnfjnnfgl llf vrùw gkl mkc uwl nnfh`dst tllxli, dlt gl soekpmrluh glr G`r`teln, \ eng vlrpilljg. `t elglf`ftvkfj kh gnnr`p jllf nftw``rg. Ks gnt s`ds, `dgnt gkl mrkl \ fkltks mlz`rjg0 Gnf zù dkc gnt gummli sdnrtlf, `dgnt kh gnf glf soekcfzù elmmlf vnf tljlf`vlr uwl jr``tl mlillgelkg cljlfs dkc zllr `f-gnfhmnnr tl zkcf.

Kftussoelf elmmlf gl tkcgsoerktlf lf gl gnjminglf fklt vnf \ jl-zwljlf, lf elmmlf zkc mlenivl lfhlil mlsoeùwkfjlf `vlr gl wnnrglvnf uwl pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl, dkc `h llfkjl zllr `pplrvinhhkjl dnnre``jstmlinfjrkchl mlrkoetlf g`lf ilzlf `dtrlft gl prnoetkjl ukth`d-stlf vnf uwl `fglrz`lhkfjlf kf Dyolfl.

Mlf kh `fmlsoelkglf, kfgklf kh t`t \ h`d dlt gl vrnnj, ` jkc z``vrklfglikch zùgt wkiilf zkcf dkc, kfgklf elt \ llfkjzkfs soekht, tl wki-ilf dliglf, wnnr lf p wlihl wkczl kh hnf dnjtkj w`rglf llf cukstl lf jlgltnkillrgl `pjnvl vnf niils wnt uwl rluzlfwlrh tl Dyolfl elmmlf

nnf elt ikoet jlmrnoet.Zlls z`` j`lg dkcfl e``jnoetkfj tl mltukjlf nnf uwl loetjlf``t, wklr p`rtrlt dlt glf tr cnnfsoelf gknglld f`j stllgs llf nnfjlfnnd mlzktv``r dkc ks.

Elt zni dkc llf e``jjlwnrgllrg v``rrloet zkcf, nis jkc f`j llfs gl plfwkit v`lrlf, `d dkc llf mlrkoet vnf gl vruoetlf vnf uwl wltlfsoenpplikchl vìenrgkfj lf vnf uwl lglil iklgl v``r gl E`dlrksoel ùgelkgtl g`lf ilzlf.

Dlt jlv`lilfs vnf gl dllst `prloetl e``jnoetkfj mlf kh

\w `fglrgnfkjl & gklfstw Gklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet 7 Dnnrt ::.2=;

_oeikldnff rlnjllrgl sfli lf twll dnnfglf intlr h`f Hliilr vnfE``rf eld ni mlgnfhlf3

2=; Jlffngk`s Ikmrnry Fr. :>=?;, M`x3 Bìglr :?3?.



=;1 -

E``jjlnoetl Ellr

Jr``tlf gnfh mlf kh \ vlrsoeuigkjg v``r uwl wliwkiilfgelkg, dkc ml-t``fg kf gl t`lzlfgkfj vnf gl f` vnf glf kdls wnnrkf elt gukglikchvlrsinj vnf uwl pjrnvkfjlf & ftglhhkfjlf tl Dyolfl, `h ellt dkcgl I`fg`f Flws gnnr`dtrlft kfjlikoet.

Kh eng jlgnoet lf jle``pt, gnt gkl kdls minglf gl ëoinkrlurs Xnnfh`f-gkjlrsT vnf uwl h`dst kf Flglrinfg zùglf wlzlf, lf gnt llrgnnjselt mlrkoet vnf uwl nnfh`dst nieklr dkc zù zkcf jlw`rglf, dnnr gntks fklt jlsoeklg, uwl rlolptkl g``r gl hrukglfklrs vlrllfkjkfj tl I`fg`fellt dkc mlwlzlf, gnt jkc f`j kf Lfjinfgs e``gstng vlrt`lg - lf glg``g vnf `fzl jliklgl h`fkfjkf g`lt dkc vrllzlf gnt uwl `vlrh`dst

fnnr `fs infg fklt zni jlsoeklglf. E`l jnnrfl kh zù wkiilf, kh mlffklt kf stnnt \ tl f``gkjlf, lf tòe nis jkc `vlrhwnndt, zù elt dkct`t llf llrl lf jlf`t zkcf \ tl t``flf e`l zllr kh uw plrs``f lf strlvlfwnnrgllr - kh mlf mljllrkj \ tl `ftd`ltlf.

@d \ gkt tl mltukjlf lf \ tlvlfs lrhlftlikchelkg tl mlwkczlf wnnj khglzlf mrkl fnnr I`fg`f tl zlfglf z`fglr fnglrl nnfgukgkfj gnf uwfnnd, vlrtukjg, gnt glzl zlis kf I`fg`f jlf`ljznnd t`t nnfgukgkfjstrlht.

Dlt e``jnoetkfj

\wgklfstwGklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet < Dlk ―::

Q_. Skcf dkcf v`rkjl fnnr Ntelfl vlrz`fglf kf uwl enfglf jlh`dlf0 2?1

2?1 Jlffngk`s Ikmrnry Fr. :=2>5, M`x3 Bìglr :73?. Nnfjlzklf glzl mrklb ukt elt_oeikldnff nroeklb h`dt ks elt gukglikch gnt elt ngrls _oeikldnff I`fg`f vì-

g`lfgl wns.



=;>

>2. Mlrkoet `vlr Dyhlfnl

@p >5 dnnrt >5:; h`dt elt Nijldllf Enfglisming dlt llf uktjlmrlkgnrtkhli `vlr _oeikldnffs wlrh kf Dyhlfl3

Gl jrnvlf glr H`fkfjlf tl Dkolfl XskoT

Kf elt Cnfunrkfuddlr vnf gl Fu`vn Nftni`jkn h`dt llf zllr mlinfj-rkch nrtkhli v``r vnf L. Mrkzk`,2?> fnnr nnfilkgkfj vnf elt finfjs vlr-soelflf wlrh vnf _oeikldnff, wnnrkf ekc zkcfl pjrnvkfjlf tl Dkolflmlsoerlvlf lf njlmllig ellt. Zkc `ftillflf gnnrnnf elt vìjlfgl3

Dlf wllt, gnt _oeikldnff, rllgs t`lf ekc hnft``rmlgklfgl tl Ndstlrgnd wns, vlrtllrg wlrg g``r gl mljllrtl gl pinntslf tl `fglr-z`lhlf g``r E`dlrus mlsoerlvlf8 dlf wllt gnt ekc zkoe llrst elt f``g-kjl `rtukf vlrjnglrg ellt lf llf tklftni cnrlf jlilglf gl `psp`rkfj tlr`cl mlj`fflf, zl tl Dkolfl, gl stng vnf Njndldf`f, ellt v``rtjl-zlt lf zkcf p`jkfjlf mlhr``fg ellt jlzklf dlt rlsuitntlf, jr``tlr gnfgl stùtstl vlrmlligkfj eng gurvlf soelpplf.

Gl jr``tl hrnoet vnf _oeikldnff ikjt kf zkcf `fwnfhlimnnr jli``kf gl ilttlrikchl wnnrelkg glr vlrenilf vnf E`dlrus. Gl Kikns lf gl@gyssln zkcf zkcf elkikjl m`lhlf. Gl uktsinj zkcflr `pjrnvkfjlf tlr`cl eng eld kf zkcf jli`` vlrstlrht, lf ekc twkcligl gus jllfszkfsnnf gl ekst`rksoel wnnrelkg glr v`rstlf lf v`rstkfflf ukt elt euks glr Ntrlkglf, wnnrt`l Njndldf`f mle``rgl, wklr i`tjlvniilf kf gl wlr-hlf vnf E`dlrus, kf trnjlgkèf lf iljlfglf wnrlf mikcvlf v``rtilvlf.@dtrlft gl ikjjkfj vnf elt ùgl Dkolfl mlst`fg jllf twkcli8 slglrtdllr gnf =? lluwlf ks elt llfl ruàfl gkl g``r vlil jlillrglf mlzòetlf mlsoerlvlf ks. Qnusnfkns, gkl llf p``rt mlsoerkct, wlihl tenfs f`jmlstnnt, zljt, gnt kf gl stng zkoe gl jrnvlf vnf Ntrlus, Njndldf`f,Lilotrn lf vnf gl z`flf lf dltjlzliilf vnf Njndldf`f mlvkfglf, ml-flvlfs gl fglrnnrgsoel soenthndlrs vnf elt h`fkfjseuks. _oeikldnff

tr`h ukt glzl pnssnjl elt mlsiukt gnt3 ’Qnusnfkns niil Dnusuillf kf glrBlstufj slimst jlslelf ent8 dnf wurgl skl guroe Fnoejrnmufjlf èfl Swlkli wklglr nufglf— lf mlj`f glf :glf Nujustus >5:2 zkcfl`pjrnvkfjlf p grkl vlrsoekiilfgl puftlf. Rlrrlwlj glf dllstlf uktsinjengglf gkl `p gl vinhtl vnf gl Nhr`pìks, gl vlstkfj glr ùgl stng.Fn llfkjl injlf ukt intlrlf tkcg vlrwkcglrg tl elmmlf, `ftglhtl dlfllf okrhliv`rdkj pilkf, g``r stllflf zltlis `drkfjg, gnt `fjltwkcliggl vlrzndlipinnts vnf elt vìh jlwllst wns. Eklr lf gnnr v`fg dlfukt glf jr`fg `prkczlfgl stllflf dlt jurlf vlrsklrg, gkl hlfflikch gl

2?> Lg`nrg` Mrkzk` (>572->;1:). Ktniknnfs nroelì``j.



=;= -

nnfwlzkjelkg vnf jrnvlf nnfgukgglf. @fglr gl Nj`rn h`fglf loetlr jllf jlw`fl murjlrs, h`fglf siloets gl llrstlf gls infgs lf gl ilglfglr h`fkfhikchl ndkikl vlrm`rjlf ikjjlf. _oeikldnff mlj`f tl jrnvlfmkc llf stllf, dlt nttrkmutlf vnf llf hrkcjlr jltllhlfg, lf v`fg rllgs

zllr sp`lgkj llf jr``t jrn, kf gl r`ts jleùwlf, wnnrkf grkl stllflfinjlf, jlsoekht nis mlg lf e``ghusslf v``r llf g``gl. ]`fg`d injlftussoelf nsoe lf znfg llfl tnii``zl dlfkjtl hilkfl vlrsklrslilf vnf jl-mnhhlf nnrgl, kv``r, mr`fs lf jùg vlrstr``kg. @fglr elt fglrz`lhlfvnf gkt jrn wlrg mkc t`lvni llf twllgl `ftglht, wnnrkf `p llf mlgvnf znfgstllf grkl jlrnndtlf wlrglf jlv`fglf8 vlrsoekiilfgl sp`rlfmlwlzlf, gnt gl ikchlf kf elt jrn zli vlrmrnfg wnrlf. Mlenivl vlilnfglrl v``rwlrplf injlf mkc elt e``glkfgl vnf klglr jlrnndtl < gk-ngldlf vnf zukvlr jùg. Mkc gl `plfkfj vnf elt glrgl jrn d`lt zkoellfl jr``tl ftr`lrkfj vnf _oeikldnff elmmlf dllstlr jldnnht. Gnnrinjlf grkl jlrnndtlf, wnnrsoekcfikch vnf vrùwlf, drkfjg g``r llfl

vlrmnzlfgl dlfkjtl hufstv``rwlrplf lf vlrsklrslilf, mkcfn niil vnf jùg. Slvlfe`fglrg jùglf soekcvlf, dlt hufstkj jlgrlvlf jurlf,mi`ldlf lf minglrlf, jlsplf, mlligcls, gklrlf lf dlfsoelf v``rstli-ilfg, hr`flf, gkngldlf, dnshlrs, lglistllflf, lfz. injlf kf elt jrnvlrsprlkg. Gl kfeùg vnf elt vklrgl jrn `vlrtr` loetlr f`j vlrrl gklvnf elt glrgl. klf li `fglr gl `pplrvinhtl vnf gl Nhr`pìks jliljlf,mlvnttl elt vkc jlrnndtlf vnf dnfflf. Niil vkc wnrlf ilttlrikch dlt cuwllilf mlglht. Grkl gr`ljlf jùglf dnshlrs, dlt zllr vlrsoekiilfgl jlinntstrlhhlf, wnnrsoekcfikch p`rtrlttlf glr g``glf.

Kf llf e`lh inj llf e``p infslf lf zwnnrglf vnf h`stlikch wlrh8 gl

soenttlf vnf jùg, eklr jlv`fglf, mlst`fglf wlglr ukt llfl jr``tl vlr-soelkglfelkg v``rwlrplf, wnnr`fglr rkfjlf dlt v``rstliikfjlf vnfllf cnoet lf llf jlvloet.

Fn glzl `ftglhhkfjlf hllrgl _oeikldnff wlglr t`t elt llrstl jrntlruj, gnt f`j fklt jlelli `fglrzòet wns lf v`fg lr mlenivl llfldlfkjtl hufstv``rwlrplf vnf jr``tl wnnrgl, grkl jlrnndtlf vnf muk-tlfjlw`fl jr``ttl fnnst lihnfglr ikjjlf, wnnrvnf gl mlkgl uktlrstlfdlt dnshlrs lf nfglrl v``rwlrplf vnf jùg mlglht wnrlf, tlrwkcielt dkgglistl niil vlrsklrsli dkstl. Mikchmnnr wns elt mlr``g jlw`rglf. Dlf eng wnnrsoekcfikch d elt jrn tl piufglrlf llf put jljrnvlf, gkl

t`lvniikj `p elt dkgglistl ikch wns uktjlh`dlf. lf _oeikldnff vnfllf glr mlkgl nfglrl jlrnndtlf elt zwnrl jùglf dnshlr nkoettl,v`fg ekc elt jlinnt mlwnnrg jlmilvlf dlt eukg, ``jlf lf tnfglf, vlr-gr``jg nis llf duddkl. Elt soellf llf dnf vnf okron ?< cnnr jlwllsttl zkcf. _oeikldnff gllg, wljlfs gl `fd`jlikchelkg `d elt jlrnndtl`fjlsoe`fglf tl mlwnrlf, llf soelts dlt ìklvlr vlrvnnrgkjlf, `d ni-tenfs ëëf nmlligsli vnf llf dnf ukt elt eliglftkcgvnh glr Jrklhlftl mlzkttlf. Elt glrgl jlrnndtl eng llf glr soe``fstl glr jlv`fglfdnshlrs. Llf e``j v``re``g, llf infjl rloetl flus, llf mrllg jlinntlf llf zwnrl mnnrg wnrlf gukglikch tl elrhlfflf `p gl mllitlfks, gklllf uktgruhhkfj vnf dnclstlkt lf lrfst eng.



=;?

Niillf rllgs g``r gl st`filikchl wnnrgl glr jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf,zkcf gl `pjrnvkfjlf tl Dkolfl gl mlinfjrkchstl, gkl ``kt jlgnnf zkcf.Muktlfgklf elmmlf zkc gl gòudlftlf jlilvlrg v``r llf tkcgplrh glrhufstkfgustrkl, wnnrvnf dlf elt mlstnnf fklt hlfgl lf tkcgplrhlf lf

plrs`flf, v``rellf nis iljlfglf mlsoeùwg, t`t elt jlmklg glr jlsoekl-glfks jlmrnoet.

_oeikldnff, gkl gl h`stlf glr `pjrnvkfjlf zli jlgrnjlf eng, mleklig jllf lfhli v``rwlrp v``r zkoe, dnnr soe`fh niils nnf Jrklhlfinfg,dlt llf jlilkglfg soerkcvlf nnf h`fkfj Jl`rjl K, wnnrkf ekc zljt3

’Ols trës`rs suslft á lux sluis á rldpikr uf jrnfg dusël quk slrn il pius dlrvlkiilux gu d`fgl, lt quk plfgnft gls skåoils á vlfkr, nttkrlrnlf Jråol gls dkiiklrs g‛ëtrnfjlrs gl tùs ils pnys. O`ddl cl trnvnkiil pnr pur ndùr pùr in soklfol, cl f‛nk fnturliildlft nuoufl prëtlftk`fá ols trës`rs, qul cl g`ffl, nvlo uf vk lfteùsknsdl, kftnot á in Jråol.

ûl Gklu vlukiil, qul ols trës`rs glvklfflft il pårl nfjuinkrl g‛uflkddlfsl rkoelssl fntk`fnil.— 2?=

S`‛f jùgsoent ks elli nnrgkj. Ekc jikdt lf klglrllf wki eld zklf,dnnr `vlr elt nijldllf z`rjt z`klts ``h v``r o`ftr`vlrsls.2?? Slhlrwnffllr cl, z`nis _oeikldnff, twll hllr llf jùgsoent vkfgt. Gl soekt-tlrkfj vnf elt Dyhllfsl jùg ks zlibs z` stlrh gnt elt v``r vlilf gl wlr-hlikchl kfeùg vnf _oeikldnffs m`lh `fzkoetmnnr jldnnht ellbt. Gktm`lh ellbt fndlikch fklts dlt jùg tl dnhlf, dnnr niils dlt r`cl.R``r _oeikldnff, gkl lrvnf `vlrtukjg wns gnt r`cl KK elt E`dlrksoel

r`cl wns, v`rdgl Dyhlfl llf o`ftrìldkggli. Znffllr zkcf stliikfjhi`ptl stndglf r`cl KK lf Dyhlfl ukt glzlibgl plrk`gl. Gl v`fgstlfukt r`cl KK lf gl v`fgstlf ukt Dyhlfl d`lstlf gus `p gl llf `b nfglrldnfklr dlt lihnnr kf vlrmnfg jlmrnoet hufflf w`rglf. Kf zkcf `pjrn-vkfjsgnjm`lh vkfglf wl fnjlf`lj jllf kftlrprltntkls vnf zkcf v`fgstlf.@p < `ht`mlr h`dt ekc loetlr dlt llf vlr`ftrustlfgl `ftglhhkfj. Lrw`rgt llf vnns `ftglht dlt jnntcls lrkf wnnrg``r ekc, dlt mleuip vnfllf tùwtcl, `pjlenfjlf hnf w`rglf. _oeikldnff ellbt e`fglrglf vnfgkt s``rt vnzlf kf r`cl jlv`fglf, dnnr glzl ks nfglrs gnf niils wnt ekckf r`cl jlv`fglf ellbt. Glzl ks prnoetkj dlt `rfndlftlf kf eliglrl

hilurlf mlsoekiglrg.2?7

Elt znj lr fnnr ukt gnt niils fklt wns z`nis elt zù d`ltlf zkcf._oeikldnff eng gkt pr`milld f`j fklt `pjli`st t`lf ekc zkcf Dyhlfnl soerllb. Ekc sprllht lr flrjlfs lxpikoklt `vlr, dnnr elt ks kf lih e``bg-stuh wllr tl vkfglf.

2?= Nijldllf Enfglisming >5-1?->5:;.2?? E``g >;21, Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, Mi`lg`w/F`yls-]`mlrts/_duiglrs >;5;,

rnkii >;;<, Oniglr >;;:, Oniglr >;;;, rnkii >;;;m, Gldnh`pùiù >;;;,Inpntkf >;;; lf Nrlftzlf =11>o.

2?7 Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, >:?->:7.



=;7 -

Elt pr`milld stllht ni dltllf gl h`p `p nis ekc kryfs nnf Dyhlflh`pplit. Gnt jnnt llfv`ugkj. Elt nroenàsoel nnrglwlrh ukt kryfs ks kfv`rd lf vlrsklrkfj jlelli jlikch nnf gnt ukt Dyhlfl.2?<

Gkt ks elt nnrglwlrh ukt gl twllgl innj kf kryfs. Glzl twllgl innjhnf dlf loetlr ``h wllr kf twllèf spiktslf. Elt nnrglwlrh gnt jlikch ksnnf gnt ukt Dyhlfl ks jldnnht vnf wkttl hilk lf ellbt llf jlsoekiglrglglo`rntkl. Gkt ks prnoetkj nnrglwlrh gnt `p llf e`jl mlsoenvkfj gukgt.Llf mlsoenvkfj gkl vlli e`jlr ks gnf gkl vnf gl m`uwlrs vnf gl oyoi`pk-

2?< _oeikldnff >5:5, >:.

Llf vnf gl dllr gnf vllrtkj b`t`s dlt Dyhllfsoel soelrvlf gkl _oeikldnff tlr v``rml-

rlkgkfj vnf zkcf m`lh `vlr glzl `pjrnvkfj iklt dnhlf.



=;<

soel durlf. Glzl mlsoenvkfj e``rt mkc elt vìh gnt fn glzl mùwlrs eklrjlh`dlf ks. Gl mùwlrs vnf gl oyoi`pksoel durlf dnnhtlf euf nnr-glwlrh dlt gl enfg, gkl hlfglf elt p`ttlfmnhhlrswkli f`j fklt. Eufnnrglwlrh wns `fmlsoekiglrg lf w`rgt elildnni `fglrkf jlv`fglf.2?2

Elt nnrglwlrh jllbt gus nnf gnt lr kf gl prlekst`rkl twll vlrsoekiilfglvìhlrlf fn lihnnr kf kryfs jlw``fg elmmlf.Rnf `fglr nb jlrlhlfg ellbt _oeikldnff gus grkl injlf vnst jlstlig.kryfs K wnnrt`l gl jr`tl oyoi`pksoel duur mle``rt.kryfs KK gnt pnrniili i``pt dlt Dyhlflkryfs KKK gnt t`t gl Brnfhlftkcg jlrlhlfg hnf w`rglf.

Znffllr _oeikldnff fnnr zkcf Dyhllfsl v`fgstlf hkcht `ftglht ekcgnt zl rlintklb llfvùgkj tl gntlrlf zkcf. Rnzlf vnf glzl v`rd zkcf ``hjlv`fglf kf Nttkhn, p Oyprus lf kf gl ugl Ljyptksoel jrnvlf. Flwt`fellbt _oeikldnff lr`p jlwlzlf gnt 7? vnf gkt s``rt vnzlf kf llf jrnb kf

Kniys`s p ]e`g`s jlv`fglf zkcf, sndlf dlt llf elilm`li nfglrl gkfjlfgkl ``h kf Dyhlfl v``rh`dlf. Kf gntzlibgl jrnb wlrg ``h llf sonrnmllvnf Nduf`b `b Ndlf`b KKK2?: jlv`fglf gkl vìjlfs Ljyptì`jlf fklt fn>711 v.Oer. jlrljllrg hnf elmmlf.2?5

2?2 _oeikldnff >5:5, >:->5,2?: Ndlfe`tlp KKK >?;1->?<= v.Oer.

2?5 _oeikldnff >5:5. :7.

•••

Gl g``r Flwt`f lf _oeikldnff jlmrukhtl `mclotlf ukt Kniys`f. Kf eltdkgglf gl sonrnml

vnf Ndlfe`tlp KKK.



=;2 -

Gl v`fgstlf vnf Kniys`s lf Dyhlfl zkcf elt zlibgl lf gus hnf dlfDyhlfl flt nis Kniys`s vkn Ljyptl `p >711 v.Oer. gntlrlf.

Rìjlfs _oeikldnff h`dlf glzlibgl s``rtlf nnrglwlrh ``h kf r`clv``r, `p llf gklptl vnf <1 v`lt.2?;

Lf z` zkcf gus Kniyss`s, kryfs lf Dyhlfl vlrm`fglf dlt r`cl. Ksgl vrnnj niillf f`j wlih r`cl0 Elildnni gukglikch ks _oeikldnff eklrfklt. Ekc vlrtlit zkcf ilzlrs gnt glzl v`rd vnf nnrglwlrh muktlf Kniyss`slf Dyhlfl niillf kf gl llrstl vklr stlglf vnf r`cl jlv`fglf ks. 271 Gkthi`pt fklt elildnni `dgnt _oeikldnff `fs llrglr ni vlrtlig ellbt gntzl ``h kf kryfs lf Nttkhn jlv`fglf zkcf, dnnr gnt innt kh eklr muktlfmlsoeùwkfj.

Rìjlfs m`vlfstnnfgl kfb`rdntkl ks Dyhlfl gus jlikch nnf r`clK. Glzl vlrmkfgkfj w`rgt llf nnftni hlrlf jliljg kf gkt m`lh.27> @b_oeikldnff mljrllp gnt gkt mltlhlfgl gnt zkcf Dyhllfsl eliglf mljrn-

vlf wnrlf v``rgnt gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j, kf r`cl KK, pinntsv`fg, ks `fguk-glikch. Kh elm gnnrv``r jllf nnfwkczkfjlf jlv`fglf.

Rkn gl vlrmkfgkfj dlt Kniyss`s wns _oeikldnff, z`nis wl jlzklf elm-mlf, t`t gl gntlrkfj >711 v.Oer. jlh`dlf. Lr ks loetlr f`j llf nfglrlgntlrkfj d`jlikch wnft s``rtjlikchl vnzlf mikchlf `h kf gl hilkfl vlrzn-dlikfj vnf gl Brnfsl soe`ì kf Ntelfl v``r tl h`dlf. Glzl h`dlf uktgl prlekst`rksoel eukzlf gkl dlf `fglr 21 v`lt pukdstllf lf vuihnnfns`p elrn jlv`fglf ellbt. Glzl vuihnnfns stndt vnf llf uktmnrstkfj gklvìjlfs jlì`jlf z` r`fg >511->:11 v.Oer ellbt pinntsjlv`fglf.27=

Gkt jllbt gus llf vlrsoeki vnf ? á 711 cnnr. Kf gl e``bgtlhst vnf zkcf

m`lh zljt _oeikldnff gnnr fklts `vlr, dnnr elt soekcft eld tòe jl-st``rg tl elmmlf.

\ktlkfglikch h`dt ekc lr fklt ukt. Lr hi`pt klts fklt. Elt `ftmrlhlfvnf `rfndlftlf `p gl r`cnnfsl cuwlilf, elt enfgjldnnhtl `fmlsoeki-glrgl nnrglwlrh dlt kfjlhlrbgl `b kfjlsflglf vlrsklrkfjlf lf ``h elt`ftmrlhlf vnf kczlr lf jins `vlrtukjlf eld gnt gl ruàfls vnf r`cl KKz` ùg zkcf, gnt zl vlil e`fglrglf cnrlf ùglr d`ltlf zkcf gnf gkl vnfDyhlfl.27?

Eklrg``r ftstnnt fdkggliikch gl vrnnj e`l gnt gnf dlt gl r`cnnfsl``ri`j tl rkcdlf vnit. _oeikldnff ellbt eklr uktlkfglikch llf skdplil p-

i`sskfj v``r. E`dlrus hlfgl llf ùg, g``r gl `vlrilvlrkfj mlwnnrg

2?; _oeikldnff >5:5. :;-51.271 _oeikldnff >5:5. >21.27> Kf gl Lfjlisl vlrskl, _oeikldnf >551o, ks p >7? llf vlrwkczkfj fnnr r`cl KK t`ljl-

v`ljg3 ’el sndl b`rd `b lnrrkfjs òours nis` kf tel slo`fg `b tel bùr prlekst`rkooktkls nt r`y, wkte tel sìl gkbblrlfol tent tel wkrl telrl ks rùfg.—

27= _oeikldnff >5:5. =?5. @p wlihl jlì`jlf _oeikldnff eklr g`lit elm kh fklt huf-flf noetlrenilf.

27? _oeikldnff >5:5, ?5?.



=;:

jlgkoet `vlr gl `fglrjnfj vnf r`cl lf gnt ellbt ekc nis gnfh v``r juf-stlf gkl ekc vnf gl ellrslrs vnf Dyhlfl `ftvnfjlf eng, nnfjlhillg dlttkcgjlf`tlf gkl gl gnglf vnf euf v``rjnfjlrs uktmlliglf.277

Lf z` w`rgt `h mkc _oeikldnff gl Kikns stllgs dllr llf iktlrnkr wlrh,

gnt fklt kf gl wlrhlikchelkg tlruj tl vkfglf ks, dnnr gnt soekcft ekc zlibfklt z` jlzklf tl elmmlf.\kt gl Lfjlisl vlrskl vnf gkt m`lh, gkl kf >551 ukthwnd, mikcht

gnt ekc, fn elt vlrsoekcflf vnf gl Guktsl vlrskl, twll oìiljn‛s `d eufdlfkfj jlvrnnjg ellbt. Ekc jllbt euf dlfkfjlf z`fglr o`ddlftnnr.Gl Nsskrì``j Nroekmnig Elfry _nyol (>572->;??)27< znj llf vlrmnfgtusslf gl v`fgstlf ukt Dyhlfl lf gkl ukt Mnmyi`f lf hwnd `p jr`fggnnrvnf t`t llf gntlrkfj vnf =111 - >:11 v.Oer. 272 Murfùb gnnrlf-tljlf ks vnf dlfkfj gnt lr jllf lfhlil rlglf mlstnnt wnnr`d gl g``r_oeikldnff jlv`fglf jrnvlf fklt gkl vnf Njndldf`f lf zkcf vrklfglf

zkcf.27: Elt zkcf gl eliglf vnf gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j lf gkl ``ri`j w`rgt`p >211 v.Oer. jlgntllrg. Lr ks vìjlfs Murfùb jllf lfhlil rlglf `dtl hkchlf `b lr llf dlte`gl ks `d glzl jrnvlf tl gntlrlf `dgnt wl niwltlf ukt e`l ùg zl zkcf.

277 _oeikldnff >5:5, ?5?.27< R``r _nyol lf _oeikldnff zkl Bikohkfjlr >;?=.272 _oeikldnff >551o, ?27-?2<.

27: _oeikldnff >551o, ?::.



=;5 -

>:. G`f Qlgr` KK

lf _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl wlrhtl hrllj ekc mlz`lh vnf dllrglrl dlf-slf. Ëëf gnnrvnf spr`fj lr loetlr dlt h`p lf soeùglrs m`vlf ukt. Glhlkzlr vnf Mrnzkikè, G`f Qlgr` KK (>5=<->5;>). Glzl dlrhwnnrgkjl dnfh`ppligl llf jr``t jlv`li vnf vlrnftw``rglikchelkg v``r zkcf infg nnfllf jr`lklfgl elhli nnf elt hlkzlrsoenp. `lf ekc kf >55; mkc llf oùpnbjlzlt wlrg wlkjlrgl ekc, `fgnfhs llf `vlrwligkjlfgl p`puinrktlkt mkczkcf vìh, `d zkcf tr``f tlruj tl fldlf. G`f Qlgr` KK eng llf jr`tlmlinfjstliikfj v``r wltlfsoenp, lf elt e`lbt gnf ``h fkldnfg tl vlr-

w`fglrlf gnt ekc, `p =; lf ?1 `ht`mlr >5:2, _oeikldnff kf Dyhlflmlzòet t`lf ekc kf Jrklhlfinfg wns. _oeikldnff v`ligl zkoe zllr vlr-llrg. Mkc nnfh`dst wkigl G`f Qlgr` KK `fdkggliikch gl nor`pìks vnfDyhlfl zklf. Ekc fnd lr gl tkcg v``r lf mlhllh niils dlt gl jr``tstlkftlrlssl. Ekc mlj`f dlt gl jr`tl gummlil okrhli vnf wkttl pintlf wnnrkfgl jrnbstlflf kf grkl rloetl ikcflf ikjjlf. Ekc mlstllggl kf elt mkcz`fglrnnfgnoet nnf gl jlmlligeùwgl stlflf. Ekc vr`lj _oeikldnff `b gkleld vnf glzl stlflf b`t`‛s h`f sturlf wnffllr ekc kf Onkr` wns. @`h gljr`tl p``rt, elt oyoi`pksoel euks, gl grkl oyoi`pksoel wntlrnbv`lrlf lfniil nfglrl prlekst`rksoel d`fudlftlf soelflf eld zllr tl kftlrlssl-

rlf. lrwkci ekc elt ``stlikch jlgllitl vnf gl nor`pìks mlzòet `ftglhtlekc kf gl f``rg``stlikchl grkle`lh llf p``rtcl dlt llf spktsm``j gkl`fglr llf e`lh g``r gl >2 v`lt lf 5 kfoe gkhhl oyoi`pksoel duur jnnt.Gkt spktsm``jnoetkjl p``rtcl ks prlokls jlikch nnf gkl kf kryfs, dnnrd`lkikch tl zklf, vlrst`pt noetlr llf e``p nbvni, llf m``d lf wnt pukf.`t `p gkt d`dlft eng _oeikldnff fòe llf vnf gl llrglrl mlz`lhlrseld ``kt jlzklf.275

_oeikldnff pumikollrgl zkcf vlrsinj vnf glzl `ftd`ltkfj v``r eltllrst kf el kdls vnf == gloldmlr. Znffllr wl glzl kfb`rdntkl vlrjl-ikchlf dlt wnt ekc kf zkcf cùrfnni soerllb zklf wl gnt hlkzlr G`f Qlgr`

KK eld kfglrgnng `p =; lf ?1 `ht`mlr mlzòet. Elt p``rtcl gnt gl hlk-zlr kf _oeikldnffs jlpumikollrgl vlrsinj `ftglhtl wlrg loetlr pns `p5 f`vldmlr jlv`fglf. Gnt _oeikldnff eklr gl hlkzlr llfs lxtrn `vlr

275 Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, =7=-=7?. kdls `b == Gloldmlr >5:2, 7.



=;;

zkcf mì nnkgl w`rgt dltllf gukglikch wnffllr wl gktzlibgl mlz`lh kf Dyhlfnl `pz`lhlf. Eklrkf vkfglf wl fklts `vlr glzl `ftglhhkfj vnfgl hlkzlr.27;

Llf nnftni dlfslf elmmlf _oeikldnff gkt ’`pp`ltslf— vnf gl Hlkzlrzllr hwnikch jlf`dlf. Elt zù llf nnfwkczkfj zkcf gnt _oeikldnff dltzkcf Dyhllfsl v`fgstlf jlbrnugllrg zù elmmlf. Elt ks loetlr gl vrnnje`l `pvniilfg _oeikldnffs jlgrnj wns kf elt ikoet vnf zkcf tkcg.

27; _oeikldnff >5:5, >25.

G`f Qlgr` KK vnf Mrnskikè, Enrrks & Lwkfj on. >;>2.



?11 -

Kf >572 mlj`f Cènf Jl`rjl ]ndsnulr (>:;<->5:7) dlt zkcf `p-jrnvkfjlf kf Eniistngt. Gkt jrnbvlig lf gl gnnr jlgnfl v`fgstlf wlrglfni sfli elli mlr`ldg lf gkl mlr`ldgelkg tr`h t`lrkstlf. ]ndsnulr engmkc zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf zllr rljlidntkj jltukjlf, gkl ukt gl j`lg mlzòetl

mngpinnts Ksoei hwndlf. Elt wnrlf vnnh e``jjlpinntstl dlfslf gkl zkoev``r gl v`fgstlf kftlrlssllrglf lf kf wklr mkczkcf vnnh ëëf `b dllrglrljrnvlf jl`plfg wlrglf. Gl `pjrnvkfjlf wlrglf ``h mlzòet g``r glhlkzlr, dllrglrl e``jjlpinntstl elrt`jlf lf muktlfinfgsl v`rstlf. R``rgnt s``rt mlz`lhlf eng ]ndsnulr nitkcg wnt jrnvlf noetlr gl enfg wnnr-vnf ekc mkc v``ri`pkj `fglrz`lh vnstjlstlig eng gnt zl llf rkchl kfeùgengglf.2<1

Fn zkcf mlz`lh nnf gl `pjrnvkfjlf hrllj G`f Qlgr` KK llf dnnitkcgnnfjlm`glf kf elt soenteuks (gl teì`s) vnf Ntrlus. Elt dnni kf gktdystlrkluzl, mkcfn 71 lluwlf ugl `fglrjr`fgsl jlmùw gllg gl hlkzlr

vlli pilzklr.2<>

Rlrvìjlfs jkfjlf zl fnnr elt fnmurkj g`rp wnnr gl hlkzlr_oeikldnffs v`fgstlf mlhllh. Skcfl dnclstlkt `vlrfnoetl kf Fnupik`flf hwnd gl vìjlfgl gnj, v``r ekc g``rrlksgl fnnr Ntelfl, f`j llf hllrfnnr _oeikldnffs v`fgstlf hkchlf.

Gkt wns fklt gl lfkjl hllr gnt _oeikldnff glzl hlkzlr `ftd`lttl.Dkgglf kf zkcf wlrh kf Dyhlfl wlrg ekc g``r gl urhsl jùvlrflur nnfgl Eliinsp`ft jlvrnnjg `d tl h`dlf. G`f Qlgr` KK eng mlsi`tlf `dv``rgnt ekc fnnr Onkr` jkfj llrst f`j lvlf r`cl tl mlhkchlf. _oeikldnffennsttl zkoe lrellf `d eld nis jkgs tl gklflf. _oeikldnff ellbt zkcf

nnftlhlfkfjlf `vlr glzl tòet dlt gl hlkzlr f``kt jlpumikollrg. Ekcsoerllb glzl tlhst niillf v``r zkoezlib, dnnr tòe hufflf wl `fs nbvrn-jlf b ekc gl hlffks vnf gl hlkzlr fklt wnt `vlrgrllb0 kcglfs zkcf mlz`lhnnf Ekssnrikh eng gl hlkzlr ukt gl Kikns jloktllrg lf _oeikldnff wns vnfdlfkfj gnt zkcfl dnclstlkt glzl fnjlf`lj jlelli ukt zkcf e``bg hlfgl.Gl hlkzlr o`ftrìllrgl `p gkl dnfklr gl t`p`jrnbkl z`nis E`dlrus gklmlsoerlvlf eng dlt wnt ekc znj lf hwnd `p gkl dnfklr t`t gl `vlrtuk-jkfj gnt Ekssnrikh wlrhlikch r`cl wns.2<= Zl hufflf `fs nbvrnjlf `b glhlkzlr wlrhlikch llf jr``t hlfflr vnf gl hinssklhlf lf kf elt mkcz`fglrvnf E`dlrus wns `b gnt _oeikldnff eld eklr fnnr zkcf lkjlf mllig elr-

soeklp. Elt llrstl ks loetlr fklt `fd`jlikch wnffllr wl `fs mlglfhlfgnt Zkiknd Lwnrt Jingst`fl (>51;->5;5), fnnst pìktkous, llf nijldllflrhlfg oinsskous wns.

2<1 R`f _nohlf >525, <.2<> Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, =7=-=7?. kdls `b == Gloldmlr >5:2, 7.

2<= Oniglr nfg rnkii >;52, >:2.



?1>

>5. _pntn

\kt elt zkcf gntlrkfjsp`jkfjlf mikcht gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff Dyhlflfklt nis llf jlàsìllrgl `pjrnvkfj, dnnr nis llf `fglrglli vnf llf oui-tuurjr`lp znj. Zl f`ldlf gkt tljlfw``rgkj, dgnt _oeikldnff gl llr-stl wns gkl lr`p wlls, gl Dyhllfsl ouituur.2<? Elt wns gnf ``h fkltwlrhlikch vlrmnzkfjwlhhlfg gnt sp`lgkj fngnt _oeikldnff Dyhlfl vlr-intlf eng lr llf fkluwl vkfgpinnts `pg``h vnf glzlibgl ouituur. Kf glLfjlisl vlrtnikfj vnf zkcf Dyhlflm`lh mljkft _oeikldnff dlt llf ml-soerkcvkfj vnf 5 pnjkfn‛s vnf glzl v`fgst.

@p >< nujustus >5:: vlrsoellf lr llf dlglglikfj `vlr glzl v`fgstkf elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming 3

Wl kdls vlrflldt ukt Ntelfl, gnt llf llfvùgkj infgdnf mkc eltg`rp _pntn, kf Nttkon, llfl v`fgst jlgnnf ellt, jlikch nnf gkl vnf gr._oeikldnff mkc Dyolfnl. Kf llf eluvli znj ekc llfshinps llfl vr`l- jlr gnnr f``kt `pjldlrhtl eìtl lf t`lf glzl vlrglr uktjljrnvlf wlrg,`ftglhtl ekc kf glf jr`fg llfl jr``tl rukdtl, wnnrukt elt ùgelkg-hufgkj jlf``tsoenp vnf Ntelfl slglrt gklf tkcg llf nnftni v``rwlrplf ellt `pjlgìvlf, kf e``gznnh vlrllfh`dlfgl dlt gkl, wlihl gr._oeikldnff kf Njndldf`fs jrn jlv`fglf ellt. Gl jlillrglf zkcf elt

lr f`j fklt `vlr llfs, dlt wlih jrn dlf eklr tl g`lf ellt.2<7

Mkc zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl v`fgstlf ukt _pntn iljt _oeikldnff `p-fkluw llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt Kniys`s. Lr wns eklr gl m`vlfhnft vnf llfvnns jlv`fglf gkl sprlhlfg illh `p gl grkl lf vllrtkj vnzlf gkl kf eltjrnb kf Kniys`s jlv`fglf wnrlf.2<< @`h wnrlf lr llf nnftni rloetstrllhslpnrniiliilf dlt gl v`fgstlf gkl _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl jlgnnf eng. Glv`fgstlf ukt _pntn d`ltlf gus ukt ruwwlj glzlibgl tkcg stnddlf nis gklukt Dyhlfl. Lr ks fnuwlikchs llf nfglrl o`foiuskl d`jlikch, dnnr vlr-rnsslfg jlf`lj ks _oeikldnff elt gnnr fklt dll llfs. Dlf vlrd`lggl

2<? sùftns >5;:, < ’Xkf >525-:>T tel Lfjikse O`fsui Mkik`ttk eng `plflg b`rty-tw`ròh-elwf t`dm `b tel sndl njl nt Kniys`s kf ]e`gls. el bkrfksekfjs `b telslt`dms, o`fskstkfj inrjliy `b rkoe vnsls, eng mllf prlslftlg my Cèf ]ushkf t` telMrktkse Duslud, welrl tely wlrl rliljntlg wkte `telr f`fglsorkpts t` tel mn-sldlft. Mut kf tel flw ikjet br`d Dyolfnl (_kr) Oenrils Flwt`f nt `fol snwtel rlintk`f `b telsl slvlrni bkfgs nfg teus inkg tel rlni bùfgntk`f `b Dyolfnlnfnroenlì`jy.—

2<7 Ilkgsoe Gnjming ><-15->5::.

2<< _oeikldnff >551o, xikkk.



?1= -

gnt gkt elt jrnb wns vnf gl Qniinftkgls gkl g``r elslus jlg``g wnrlf.2<2 Rìjlfs _oeikldnff wlrg gkt vlrd`lglf loetlr g``r gl v`fgstlf tljlf-jlspr`hlf. @p jr`fg vnf elt jlv`fglfl h`f gkt jrnb fklt ùglr gnf glnoetstl lluw v``r Oerkstus zkcf, tlrwkci elt Ntellfsl h`fkfjseuks t`t gl

jrkczl ùgelkg mle``rgl, ukt glzlibgl plrk`gl nis elt h`fkfjseuks vnfDyhlfl.2<:

Znt d`ltlf wl eklrukt o`foiuglrlf0 H`f _oeikldnff elt fklt vlr-grnjlf gnt lr fnnst zkcf eliglf jrnvlf f`j nfglrl eliglf jrnvlf wnrlf0Ks gkt pr`blssk`flil nbjufst tlf `pzkoetl vnf zkcf Jrklhsl oìiljn‛s0

2<2 Gl Qniinftkgnk wnrlf gl vkcb hkfglrlf vnf Qniins, h`fkfj vnf Ntelfl. Sl h`fglffklt noolptlrlf gnt euf fllb elslus h`fkfj wlrg lf sdlglf llf o`dpi`t tljlfeld. Sl wlrglf vlrrnglf lf elslus g`gl zl niil vkcb.

2<: _oeikldnff >551o, xivkk.



?1?

>;. _ùte-Hlfskfjt`f Duslud

@d gl Lfjlisl uktjnvl vnf zkcf Dyolfnl tl mljlilkglf vlrmillb_oeikldnff vnf dnnrt t`t nujustus >5:: kf I`fglf.2<5 G``r zkcf pumik-ontkls kf el kdls wns ekc kf Lfjlinfg uktlrst p`puinkr jlw`rglf. S``fjlvllr klglrl zkoe zlib rlsplotlrlfgl vlrlfkjkfj `b `rjnfksntkl `rjnfk-sllrgl llf gkflr tlr zkcflr lrl. kcglfs gkl gkflrs wlrglf lr t``stlf `peld uktjlmrnoet lf jnb _oeikldnff llf ilzkfj.

Glzlr gnjlf `ftillfglf wkc XGl kcgT nnf llf glr minglf llfkjlmkcz`fglrelglf mltrlfilfgl glf jr``tlf soenttlfglivlr vnf r`cl, gr._oeikldnff. Nfglrdnni wlrg eld tl I`fglf, wnnr ekc zkoe tkcglikch`peùgt, llf llstdnni nnfjlm`glf, lf wli g``r gl zùtzklglrs. Glft`nst, wlihlf gl prlskglft vnf elt zùtzklglrsjkigl nnf glf mlr`ldglfnroenlì``j mrnoet, mlnftw``rggl glzl dlt elt vìjlfgl vlrenni ml-trlfilfgl gl wkczl wnnr`p ekc lr t`l jlh`dlf wns gl nroenlì`jkl niszkcfl r`lpkfj tl mlsoeùwlf.

Gl llrstl kfgruhhlf wlihl llf hkfg ftvnfjt, - z`` vkfj gr. _oeikldnffnnf - gurlf v``r elt ilvlf, lf kh mlf lr tr`tsoe `p, tl hufflf zljjlf,gnt elt eùwlli lf gl soe`p, mkc gl `pjrnvkfj vnf r`cl lf Dyolfnl jlmrukht, mlkglf wlrglf jlsdllg lf jlsoelrpt kf elt nrd`lgkjl g rpcl,wnnr kh wlrg jlm`rlf lf `pjlv`lg.2<;

@d gkt jlelli tl `fglrmùwlf jnnt _oeikldnff vlrglr dlt tl vlr-wkczlf fnnr elt `fjliuh gnt zkcf bndkikl jltr`bblf ellbt lf gnt t`t jlvìjeng gnt ekc kf llf hrukglfklrswkfhli kf Bùrstlfmlrj hwnd. _oeikldnffsiukt nb dlt elt vlrenni vnf gl gr`fhlf dìlfnnrsillrikfj gkl vlrzlf uktgl Kikns rloktllrt3

Glzl wliiukglfgl tnni dnnhtl llf gklplf kfgruh p dkc, lf kh wllfglmkttlrl trnflf `vlr dkcf liilfgkj i`t, gnt kh, gkl kf dkcf prkiil clujglr vnf gr``dgl r`cl `p tl glivlf, vlrpikoet wns enrkfjlf lf m`tlr tlvlrh``plf221

\kt gl dld`krls vnf Mlrfenrg v`f Mùi`w (>57;->;=;)22> mikcht gntni glzl llr v``r _oeikldnff Ourtkus lrfstkj st``rgl. R`f Mùi`w v`fgOurtkus llf uktlrst oenrdnft dnf dlt v``rtrlbblikchl dnfklrlf, dnnr lrwns llf gkfj gnt eld kf Ourtkus tljlfst`fg. Glzl h`f elt fklt fnin-

2<5 _tìi >;<5, =1;.2<; Gl kcg >>-12->5::.221 Gl kcg >>-12->5::.

22> Gukts gkpi`dnnt lf pìktkous gkl kf Ntelfl wlrhtl t`lf Ourtkus kf @iydpkn jr`lb.



?17 -

tlf `d v``rtgurlfg fnrl `pdlrhkfjlf `vlr _oeikldnff tl dnhlf. Eltdòet zkcf gnt _oeikldnff wnt tl fnàlb wns kf zkcf lfteùsknsdl, dnnrekc wns mlsikst jllf hf`lklr lf `pikoetlr z`nis Ourtkus dllfgl. Dlfe`lbgl, z` soerllb R`f Mùi`w, jllf gkpi`dnnt tl zkcf `d tl zklf gntOurtkus `pdlrhkfjlf kfjljlvlf wlrglf g``r nbjufst.22=

KCgli nis ekc wns v`ligl _oeikldnff zkoe uktstlhlfg mkc niil llr gkleld kf I`fglf tlf glli vkli. Eklr mljrlplf zl tlfdkfstl e`l mlinfjrkchzkcf wlrh wns. Nis gnfh z`rjgl ekc lrv``r gnt zkcf r`cnnfsl oìilotkl kf

22= jloktllrg kf rnkii >;;<, >22->2:.

_oeikldnff jllbt llf ilzkfj `vlr Dyhlfl v``r gl _òklty `b Nftkqunrkls kf Murikfjt`f

Eùsl kf I`fglf. Wel Kiiustrntlg I`fg`f Flws, ?> Dnroe >5::.



?1<

elt _ùte Hlfskfjt`f Duslud (fu elt Rkot`rkn nfg Nimlrt Duslud)tlft``fjlstlig wlrg.22? @p < slptldmlr wlrg gkt fkluws jldlig kf eltIlkgsoe Gnjming 3

Gl vlrzndlikfj vnf v``rwlrplf, g``r gr. _oeikldnff `p zkcfl fn-sp`rkfjlf fnnr r`cnnfsoel ùgelglf jlv`fglf, zni sp`lgkj kf elt_ùte-Hlfskfjt`f-Duslud tl I`fg`f tl zklf zkcf. Kf Lfjlinfg elltdlf zkoe jlennst gnfhmnnr elt nnfm`g nnf tl fldlf, gnt kf >5:7nnf gl Brnfsoel rljllrkfj jlgnnf, dnnr fklt nnfjlf`dlf wlrg. Glvlrzndlikfj ks, fnnr gl Lfjlisoel minglf mlwlrlf, vìstrlht `fjlikchnnf llfkjl nfglrl nroenlì`jksoel oìilotkl. Gl v``rwlrplf elmmlf llfnfglr hnrnhtlr gnf gl mlhlfgl Jrklhsoel ùgelglf.227

Gl cùrfnikst gkl gkt stuhcl soerllb vlrjkstl zkoe kf _oeikldnffs nnf-m`g. _oeikldnff eng zkcf oìilotkl fklt nnf gl Lfjlislf jljlvlf, ekc

stligl eld niillf tlft``f. Znt elt lkfg vnf zkcf nrtkhlitcl mltrlbt eng ekcloetlr jlelli jlikch. Gl r`cnnfsl v`fgstlf wnrlf fklt dlt gl mlhlfglJrklhsl v`fgstlf tl vlrjlikchlf. Elt ks gukglikch gnt v`f Mùi`w jlikcheng t`lf ekc zlk gnt Ourtkus nbjufstkj wns, dnnr gnt wns fklt gl lfkjlrlglf v``r gklfs wllrzkf tljlf zkcf oìiljn. Ourtkus wns llf hinssklh nr-oelì``j lf ekc eng jllf kgll wnt ekc vnf _oeikldnffs v`fgstlf glfhlfd`lst. Zl zklf elt pr`milld vnf gl hinssklh jlsoe`ìgl fljlftklfgl-lluwlrs gukglikch vlrw``rg kf gl rlolfskl gkl Nilxnfglr _tunrt Durrny(>57>->;17)22< `vlr _oeikldnffs Dyhlfl m`lh soerllb3

Gr. _oeikldnff wns lr vnf `vlrtukjg gnt ekc mkc zkcf `pjrnvkfj `p gl

nor`pìks vnf Dyhlfl gl jrnvlf jlv`fglf eng wnnrvnf gl uglf zlkglfgnt zl vnf Njndldf`f222 lf gl eliglf gkl eld fnnr r`cl vlrjlzligengglf wnrlf. Rr`ljlr jkfj dlf lr vnf ukt gnt gl jrnvlf wnnr`vlr glùglf sprnhlf gl z`jlfnndgl soenteukzlf vnf Dyhlfl wnrlf, jlmù-wlf gkl z` jlo`fstrullrg zkcf gnt dlf lr fklt nnf e`lbt tl twkcblilf gntelt jrnvlf zkcf. Lr w`rgt fu vnf `fs vlrwnoet gnt wl gkl `vlrtukjkfj`pjlvlf `dgnt lr llf nnftni ikoendlf `p gl nor`pìks jlv`fglf zkcf.Gkt zù d`jlikch jlwllst zkcf wnffllr zl kf llf dnssklb jlmùw jlv`f-glf wnrlf, wnnrvnf gl `dvnfj lf v`rd jlf`lj wnrlf `d zl tl nssòk-lrlf dlt llf jr`tl plrs``f ukt gl iljlfgnrksoel lluw. Sl zkcf loetlr kf

22? Dlylr >;2=, ;= ’K kftlfg t` lxekmlt dy weìl r`cnf oìilotk`f b`r `fl ylnr kftel Mrktkse Duslud t` dnhl kt mlttlr hf`wf, mut tel rustlls wrktl dl terùjeDr. Zkftlr C`fls, tel prkfokpni ikmrnrknf, tent tel Duslud ks t`` or`wglg nfg f`r``d b`r s` inrjl n oìilotk`f. Dr Jingst`fl wrktls dl kt wùig ml mlttlr t` lxekmktkt kf tel _ùte Hlfskfjt`f Duslud.—

227 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1<-1;->5::.22< Durrny wns kf >52: nsskstlft o`fslrvnt`r vnf gl Jrklhsl lf ]`dlkfsl @ugelglf

vnf elt Mrktkse Duslud `fglr Flwt`f jlw`rglf. Kf >552 vìjgl ekc Flwt`f `p.Rnf >5;7 t`t >5;2 jr`lb ekc kf Oyprus.

222 Dlylr >;?2 ><>. _oeikldnff nnf Mruff =:->=->5:: ’Rkliilkoet lrsnelf _kl nus N._. Durrnys Nrtkhli, koe mlenuptl, Njndldf`fs Jrnm jlbufglf zu enmlf. Kf

dlkfld Muoel stlet hlkf Z`rt gnv`f.



?12 -

jntlf kf gl jr`fg jlv`fglf, s`ddkjlf zkcf lr zlibs kf jlpr`pt `dgnteuf inntstl rustpinnts tl hilkf wns. Fòe gl e`lvllielkg jùglf `rfn-dlftlf wnnrdll zl mljrnvlf zkcf, fòe gl nrdznikjl jrnbstlflf gkl lrm`vlf st`fglf hufflf zl kf vlrmnfg mrlfjlf dlt gl trngktkl gkl vnf

Njndldf`f sprllht.22:

Durrny hnf elt llfvùgkj fklt jli`vlf. Gl eliglf ukt gl r`cnnfsl``ri`j gkl kf jlw`fl jntlf kf gl jr`fg mljrnvlf zkcf0 @fd`jlikch.òe zkcf glzl jrnvlf fklt `fkftlrlssnft. Gl dnfklr vnf mljrnvlf ks elt-zlibgl nis gkl kf Eniistngt kf @`stlfrkch. @`h gnnr w`rglf lr rljlidntkjdllrglrl shlilttlf kf llf jrnb jlv`fglf dlt gl e``bglf fnnr elt `stlflf gl v`ltlf fnnr elt wlstlf. Kf llf nnftni jlvniilf wnrlf gl ikoendlfzlibs kf gl jrnvlf jlplrst.225 Gl jrnvlf kf Eniistngt mle``rglf t`l nnfprkdktklvl Hlitlf lf gus d`lstlf gl Dyhllfsl jrnvlf, gkl _oeikldnffjlv`fglf eng, g``r prkdktklvl stnddlf zkcf nnfjliljg.

Durrny sprnh eklr `vlr v``rwlrplf gkl ekc fklt jlzklf eng. Mkc zkcfmlsprlhkfj vnf gl tlft``fstliikfj kf elt _ùte Hlfskfjt`f Dusludwns gnt wnt nfglrs. Gnnr wkst ekc prlokls wnnr`vlr ekc sprnh. Gl oìilotklùgelglf ukt r`cl wns jr`tlr gnf ekc vlrwnoet eng lf `dgnt llf jr``tnnftni v``rwlrplf fklt lsslftklli vnf lihnnr vlrsoekiilf eng elt nnftnillf elli stuh hilkflr jlhufg.22;

Lf gnnrdll ks gl t``f vnf zkcf hrktklh jlzlt. R``r Durrny eng eltniildnni fklt jle`lvlf. Rlrvìjlfs t``ft ekc `fdkggliikch zkcf o`dpiltl`fmljrkp v``r niils wnt dnnr fnnr prlekst`rksoel nroelì`jkl zwlldt.

Niil v``rwlrplf zkcf elli llfvùgkj jldnnht. Znffllr nroelì`jlf

elt mljrkp ’hilk tkcg— jlmrukhlf zù dlf zljjlf gnt gl dllrglrelkgvnf gl kf elt _ùte Hlfskfjt`f Duslud jlt``fgl `mclotlf gnnrt`lmle``rgl.2:1 Znt Durrny prlokls v``r `jlf st`fg dlt zkcf ’hilktkcg— ks`fgukglikch, dnnr wl hrkcjlf wli llf kgll wnffllr wl zklf wnt vìjlfseld elt mljrkp mr`fstkcg nnfgukg. Ekc vkfgt gl h`plrlf lf mr`fzlfv``rwlrplf fklt wlrhlikch kftlrlssnft. Sl zkcf jldnnht g``r dlfslfgkl f`j kf elt prkdktklvl stngkud vnf gl dlfselkg vlrhllrglf.2:> Elt ksv``r Durrny gukglikch gnt elt r`cl vnf _oeikldnff mlw``fg wlrg g``rmnrmnrlf. Gl mlinfjrkchstl nttrnotkl vnf gl tlft``fstliikfj wns gl soentukt elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus. Gkl v`rst eng jllf h`fkfhikch euks wnffllr

_oeikldnffs kglftkbkontkl vnf gl ruàfls hi`pt. Ekc wlrg ``h fklt g``rvlli prnoet lf prnni `drkfjg wnffllr glzl v``rwlrplf elt mlstl vlrtl-jlfw``rgkjlf vnf wnt ekc eng. Sl zkcf ruw vnf dnhlikc lf fnuwlikchskdp`snft wnt dntlrknni mltrlbt. Elt ks niildnni zllr tlilurstliilfg. 2:= Lf

22: Durrny >5::.225 Durrny >5::.22; Durrny >5::m.2:1 Durrny >5::m.2:> Durrny >5::m.

2:= Durrny >5::m.



?1:

fklt niillf gnt. Glzl soent ks ``h vlr`ftrustlfg, `dgnt ekc fklt ks wntekc vìjlfs Durrny zù d`ltlf zkcf. R``rwlrplf gkl t`t elt fkvlnu vnfgl hufst mle`rlf wnnrdll E`dlrus vlrllfzlivkjg w`rgt `ftmrlhlf t`-tnni. Fklts ikcht zlibs p gntjlfl wnt gl jr`tl gkoetlr mlsoerlvlf ellbt.2:?

Mle``rt glzl soent fu wlrhlikch t`l nnf gl eliglf wnnrtljlf gl Jrklhlfz` infj jlstrlglf elmmlf0 Durrny hnf elt zkoe fklt v``rstliilf. Glzlv``rwlrplf d`ltlf vìjlfs eld elmmlf t`lmle``rg nnf zllr prkdktklvldlfslf gkl f`j fnuwlikchs mlsoenvkfj engglf.2:7 Znffllr _oeikldnffjlikch eng lf Ekssnrikh wlrhlikch r`cl wns lf Durrny eklig gkt fklt v``r`fd`jlikch, e`l d`lst dlf gnf glzl v`fgstlf vlrhinrlf0 Fkldnfg zùlr zkoe `vlr vlrmnzlf wnffllr zl jlv`fglf wnrlf mkc gl ùgl Hlitlf `bJlrdnflf lf elt ks gus dnnr tl e`plf gnt lr llf j`lgl rlglf jlv`fglfw`rgt v``r euf nnfwlzkjelkg kf r`cl.2:<

Lf gnnr elmmlf wl elt pr`milld vnf gl oinsskok. _oeikldnffs v`fgs-

tlf v`rdglf llf gkrlotl mlgrlkjkfj v``r euf vnh. E`l h`fglf zkc dlteuf wlrh llf p`sktklvl kfvi`lg `p gl wlrlig elmmlf, e`l h`f elt ilzlfvnf gl hinssklhlf llf dlfs vlrmltlrlf wnffllr gl eliglf vnf r`cl prk-dktklvl iklglf jlwllst wnrlf0 Zlihl v``rmlligbufotkl h`fglf glzl eli-glf f`j elmmlf nis zl p llfzlibgl ftwkhhlikfjsfkvlnu jlstnnf engglfnis gl prkdktklvl Hlitlf lf Jlrdnflf02:2

Fklt niil oinsskok kf Lfjlinfg wnrlf elt `vlrkjlfs dlt Durrny llfslf gl llr gkl dlf _oeikldnff mlwlls eng lr fklt `fglr tl ilkglf3

Jingst`fl 2:: wns g``r `fjlstligelkg vlrekfglrg tljlfw``rgkj tl zkcf

mkc elt uktrlkhlf vnf elt gkpi`dn nis llrlikg vnf elt Lfjlisoe ùg-elkghufgkj jlf``tsoenp nnf gr. _oeikldnff. _oeikldnff eklig mkcgkl jliljlfelkg llfl ilzkfj `vlr ’r`yl dlt mltrlhhkfj t`t Dyolfl.—Gl prlskglft, i`rg Eùjet`f,2:5 `vlrenfgkjgl eld elt gkpi`dn,`fglr llf zllr vilklfgl t`lsprnnh, lf `p v``rstli vnf llf glr ilglfmrnoet gl vlrjnglrkfj llf v`tud vnf gnfhmltukjkfj ukt nnf dlvrùw_oeikldnff, v``r ennr kcvlrkjl dlglwlrhkfj nnf glf nrmlkg vnf ennrloetjlf``t.2:;

2:? Durrny >5::m.2:7 Durrny >5::m.2:< Durrny >5::m.2:2 _oeikldnff wkst vnf tlv`rlf gnt ekc fklt jliuhhkj zù zkcf dlt glzl hrktklh. Dlylr

>;2=, ;: ’@f _nturgny yù wkii sll N._. Durrny‛s rlolfsk`f kf tel Nongldy8 kt onfkdp`sskmiy ml nfytekfj lisl tenf n ikmli, mlonusl tent dnf onf wrktl f`tekfj lisltenf ikmlis, el flvlr splnhs wlii `b nfy `fl.—

2:: Zkiiknd Lvnrt Jingst`fl (>51;->5;5) Ekc wns dllrglrl hlrlf Qrkdl Dkfkstlr vnfJr``t Mrkttnfkè.

2:5 ]koenrg D`foht`f Dkifls, kst Mnr`f Eùjet`f (>51;->55<).

2:; Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >2-17->5::.



?15 -

Fn niil llrmltukjkfjlf gkl _oeikldnff vnf gl Lfjlislf ftvkfj h`f-glf gl Guktslrs uktlkfglikch fklt noetlrmikcvlf. Elt wnrlf loetlr fklt glhinssklhl nroelì`jlf, dnnr gl prlekst`rkok lf gl nftr`pì`jlf gkl glwnnrgl vnf _oeikldnffs wlrh kfznjlf3

Gl Guktsoel nfter`pì`jksoel vlrllfkjkfj ellt glf g``r zkcfl glivkf- jlf `p gl pilh, wnnr llfdnni r`cl st`fg, mlr`ldglf nroenlì``j gr._oeikldnff elt llrlikgdnntsoenp nnfjlm`glf.251

251 Glkcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming . >1-1>->5:5.



?1;

=1. Gr. L. @. Eùtsdn

Gl `ftglhhkfjlf vnf glf `fvlrd`lkglf Gr. _oeikldnff elmmlf glnnfgnoet vnf jlelli gl mlsoenngl wlrlig jltr`hhlf. Fklt tl vlrw`f-glrlf ks elt, gnt lr jr``t vlrsoeki vnf jlv`lilf mlstnnt dtrlft gl ekst`-rksoel wnnrgl wlihl nnf elt jlv`fglfl hnf jleloet w`rglf.

Gr. L.@. Eùtsdn ellt llfl stugkl nnf gkt `fglrwlrp jlwkcg, gklzlhlr dlt mlinfjstliikfj zni `ftvnfjlf w`rglf g``r niilf gkl Gr._oeikldnff‛s vlrgklfstlikch p`jlf elmmlf jlvìjg. Elt hilkfl jlsoerktkf nnfjlfndlf v`rd ks uktjljlvlf g``r gl rdn C.M. Zìtlrs.25>

Gl oinsskous Lvlrenrgus @tt` Eùtsdn (>57<->;1?) wns o`frlot`rnnf elt Jydfnskud tl Jr`fkfjlf3

@fglr gl m`lhlf, gkl kf gl inntstl wlhlf vnf elt v`rkjl cnnr uktjlh`dlf zkcf, wns lr ëëf, gnt gnglikch zllr dkcfl `pdlrhznndelkgtr`h, fndlikch elt vlrenni vnf gl `pjrnvkfjlf g``r Gr. Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff tl Dyolfnl vlrrkoet lf g``r eld zlivlf mlsoerlvlf.Elrennigl dnilf engglf `fs rllgs oùrnftlf lf tkcgsoerktlf mlrkoet jlmrnoet vnf elt suools, wnnrdlgl jlf`ldgl ellr, nis elt wnrl dltllf t``vlrstn jlwnplfg, gl kf glf soe``t glr nnrgl vlrm`rjlf soenttlf

wkst tl `ftglhhlf, lf ni eng kh vnnh dlt llf `fjli``vkjlf jikdinoe glo`foiuskls jlilzlf, wnnrdlgl ekc nitkcg gnglikch jlrllg wns, z`` wns khtòe rloet fkluwsjklrkj llf uktv`lrkj, nutlftklh vlrsinj zkcflr `pjrn-vkfjlf dlt gl f``gkjl pintlf tl hufflf mlstugllrlf, `pgnt kh kf stnntzù zkcf dkc zli llfkjzkfs llf ``rglli tl v`rdlf.25=

Eùtsdn mljkft zkcf m`lhcl dlt ukt tl iljjlf wkl _oeikldnff ks.Ekc vìjt gnnrmkc _oeikldnffs ilvlfsvlrenni z`nis gnt g``r glzl kf zkcfKtenhn, glr Qli`p`ffls ufg r`cn jlpumikollrg wns. Glzl mk`jrnbkl sprllhtvìjlfs Eùtsdn fklt loet kf elt v``rglli vnf _oeikldnff3

... ekc XksT llf nut`gkgnot, dlt niil v``r- lf fngllilf gnnrnnf vlrm`f-glf, lf ellt elt eld `ftmr`hlf nnf llfl wltlfsoenpplikchl `pilkgkfjlf mrllglf jr`fgsinj zkcflr stugkèf. Llfzkcgkjelkg d`lst gnnrvnf elt jlvìj zkcf, lvlf nis jldks nnf gl f``gkjl hrktklh.25?

25> Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =>-1<->5:5.25= Eùtsdn >5:5, <.

25? Eùtsdn >5:5, >1.



?>1 -

Eùtsdn v`lrt vlrvìjlfs zkcf ilzlrs dll `p llf rlks fnnr Dyhlfl.Ekc wlht gnnrmkc gl kfgruh gnt ekc plrs``fikch mlhlfg ks dlt gkt infg-soenp. Gnt hi`pt loetlr fklt. Skcf vlrsinj h`dt rloetstrllhs ukt ZkieldInfj‛s (>5?=->;>1) Qli`p`fflsksoel Znfglrufj ukt >5:5. Rlrvìjlfs

hrkcjlf wl elt vlrenni vnf Njndldf`f lf e`l glzl vlrd``rg wlrg.Gl `pjrnvkfj w`rgt kf jr`tl trlhhlf fn vlrtlig lf niillf nnf gljùgsoent mlstllg Eùtsdn dllr nnfgnoet3

Elt vrlldgst `fglr ni gkl jùglf `rfndlftlf zkcf zlhlr wli gl jù-glf dnshlrs, wnnrdlgl elt jlinnt mlglht wns. Llfl guffl pinnt jùgwns dlt glf endlr z`` jlgrlvlf, gnt dlf gnnrkf `p zllr ruwl wkczlgl vlrsoekiilfgl gllilf vnf llf jlzkoet tlruj vkfgt. Elt soekcft wli, gntelt gl mlg`likfj wns `d elt jlinnt vnf glf jlst`rvlfl wllr tl jlvlf,dnnr zkc zkcf vlli tl siloet uktjlv`lrg, `d gnnrukt llfkjl o`foiuskls tlhufflf trlhhlf dtrlft gl jlinntstrlhhlf vnf gl plrs`flf. Llf vnf gl

dnshlrs ks zllr mlsoengkjg lf stlit vìjlfs _oeikldnff llf illuwlfh`pv``r, dnnr elt ks, tlf dkfstl kf gl nmlligkfj, zllr `fgukglikch. @pllf nfglr vkfgt ekc gl hflvlis dlt zuih llfl liljnftl hr`ddkfj v``r- jlstlig, gnt ekc gnnrukt llf mlwkcs dllft tl d`jlf puttlf, gnt gl ùgl Dyolfklrs ìkl ` llf s``rt p`ddngl jlmrukhtlf `d zl kf gkl sklrikchl p`sktkl tl hrkcjlf lf tl eùglf.257

Eùtsdn vlrdlfjt mlsoerkcvkfj lf hrktklh. @vlr gl llrstl grkl jù-glf dnshlrs gkl eklr mlsoerlvlf w`rglf eng _oeikldnff pjldlrht gntzl z` stlrh vnf lihnnr vlrsoekiglf gnt elt jllf kglnnimllig v``r j`glf`b eliglf h`fglf zkcf lf gnt zl gus gl `vlrilglflf d`lstlf v``rstli-ilf. Znt gl illuwlfh`p mltrlbt vlrjllt Eùtsdn tl vlrtliilf gnt glzl,kf tljlfstliikfj t`t gl nfglrl dnshlrs, fklt `p, dnnr fnnst llf ikoenndjlv`fglf ks.25<

Znnr _oeikldnff kf r`cl t`t gl `ftglhhkfj wns jlh`dlf gnt Ntelfn kf ``rspr`fj llf ukilfe``bg eng h`dt ekc kf Dyhlfl t`t glo`foiuskl gnt Elrn m`òpks fklt Elrn dlt gl h`lklf`jlf mltlhlft, dnnrElrn dlt elt h`lklfe``bg. _oeikldnff ellbt llf jr``t nnftni vrùwlf-mlligcls dlt llf h`lklfe``bg jlv`fglf. Eùtsdn zklt kf glzl mlligclsloetlr fklts nfglrs gnf llf `fmleìplf p`jkfj `d llf dlfs `b llf h`ltl m`ltslrlf. Znt gl dltnilf v``rwlrplf mltrlbt rnnht Eùtsdn dltzkcf stliikfj kf gl pr`mildlf, dnnr jliuhhkj ellbt llf nfglr ni llf ukt-wlj v``r eld jlv`fglf3

257 Eùtsdn >5:5, =>-==.

25< _oeikldnff >5:5, =<<.



?>>

Jr``t wns zkcfl X_oeikldnffsT vrlujgl, t`lf ekc llf zkivlrlf h`lh`pdlt twll infjl jùglf e`rlfs v`fg. S`fglr twkcli, zljt ekc, d`ltglzl h`lh`p gl j`gkf Elrn m`òpks, nis mlsoelrdelkikjl vnf Dyolfnlv``rstliilf. @fjliuhhkj v``r glzl mlwlrkfj zkcf mlv`ljgl ml``rgll-innrs vnf dllfkfj, gnt ekc zkoe kf elt jlsinoet vlrjkst ellt lf gnt eltgl h`p vnf llf stklr ks.252

Rnfnb elt mljkf vnf zkcf tlhst ks elt gukglikch gnt Eùtsdn_oeikldnffs o`foiuskl nbwkcst. Gklfs kgllèf zkcf tl bnftnstksoe lf d`l-tlf mlstrlglf w`rglf3

Kh jn tenfs `vlr t`t llfl ml``rgllikfj vnf gl cukstelkg glr jlvìjtrlh-hkfjlf vnf glf ellr _oeikldnff. Gnt ekc lr fklt nnf twkcligl, èkc eng wlrhlikch gl jrnvlf vnf Njndldf`f lf zkcf jlvìj ukt r`cl jlv`fglf, h`f `fs fklt vlrw`fglrlf, fu wkc eld elmmlf illrlf hlf-flf. Lf nis wkc fs elrkfflrlf, dlt e`l e``j jlspnfflf vlrwnoetkfjlfekc tl Dyolfnl hwnd, lf e`l ``jlfsoekcfikch nitenfs gl uktsinj zkcflr`pjrnvkfjlf gnnrnnf mlnftw``rgl, gnf hufflf wkc `fs zkcf jli``zllr j`lg vlrhinrlf. Fu ks elt ``h fklt tl `fthlfflf, gnt elt wlrhl-

252 Eùtsdn >5:5, =?.

Llf zkivlrlf H`lklfh`p dlt jùglf e`rlfs.



?>= -

ikch vlrrnsslfg ks, gnt ekc `p llfl njlz`fglrgl pinnts vnf glf muroet jrnvlf v`fg dlt zuih llf soent, gnt dlf fklt hnf i` oelflf, gnt zllrnnfzklfikchl, z`` fklt v`rstlikchl plrs`flf gnnr mljrnvlf injlf. \ktgl `dstnfgkjelkg, gnt dllr gnf ëëf ikch mljrnvlf wns kf gl jr``tl

jrnvlf, gkl kf glf m`gld vnf glf mlrj wnrlf uktjleùwlf, h`f ekcz`fglr ni tl jr``tl fwnnrsoekcfikchelkg mlsiuktlf, gnt gl ikchlf kf llfzligl jrn tl jlikch gnnrkf jliljg wnrlf. Gkt pnstl gnf uktstlhlfg `pglf jlikchtkcgkjlf g``g vnf Njndldf`f lf zkcf jlvìj. Zli hwndelt jltni glr ikchlf lf glr jrnvlf fklt prlokls `vlrllf dlt gl jltniilf,gkl dlf ukt gl `pjnvlf vnf Qnusnfkns zù `pdnhlf, wnft kf pinntsvnf vkc v`fg ekc zls jrnvlf, dnnr elt zlsgl wns muktlf glf duur glrnj`rn, lf elt nnftni plrs`flf t``fgl f`j dkfglr `vlrllfstlddkfj,gnnr dlf vìjlfs Qnusnfkns zls zù vlrwnoetlf lf _oeikldnff lr zl-vlftklf v`fg, dnnr dlf h`f ikoet nnffldlf, gnt z``vlil plrs`flf uktelt jlvìj lf glf nnfenfj vnf Njndldf`f tl jlikch dlt euf h`fkfj

vlrd``rg wlrglf, gnt dlf lvlfllfs zlvlftklf hrllj.25:

Elt ks mlglfhlikch, dnnr dlf zù t`t z`vlr, dlt wnt j`lgl wki,_oeikldnff kf zkcf o`foiuskls hufflf vìjlf. _oeikldnff eng gl jrn-vlf kf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf g``r Qnusnfkns (>>< - >51) tl ilzlf. R``rgntwl wnnrgl nnf _oeikldnffs mlwlrkfjlf hufflf eloetlf d`ltlf wlgus llrst wltlf e`l mltrùwmnnr Qnusnfkns wns. Qnusnfkns eng g``rJrklhlfinfg jlrlksg lf gnnr tlr pinntsl zkcf kfb`rdntkl `pjlgnnf. Zntv``r wnnrgl eng glzl kfb`rdntkl0

Skc Xgl Jrklhlf gkl Qnusnfkns `ftd`ltlT vlrtliglf glf rlkzkjlr gl sn-

jlf gkl nnf euffl pinnts vlrm`fglf wnrlf, t``fglf eld gl rlikqukèfukt glf ùglf tkcg, gkl zkc f`j mlzntlf, lf gnnr vnf n gl gnjlf vnfE`dlrus t`t p glf tljlfw``rgkjlf tkcg wnnrelkgsiklgl f``kt gl llrstlglujg glr Jrklhlf jlwllst ks, z`` v`ljgl euffl vruoetmnrl penftnskllr fntuurikch ni gntjlfl mkc, wnt elt vlrenni h`f vlrrnnklf ... @dgntekc XQnusnfknsT `vlrkjlfs vrkc vìilgkj niils vlrdligt, wnt kf zkcf tkcgf`j kf Jrklhlfinfg tl zklf wns, dlt gl iònil snjlf, z`` soerll ekc llfv``r `fs `fsoentmnnr m`lh, z``nis ``h mkc gl `pjrnvkfjlf tl @iydpknmikcht, dnnr dlt vlrstnfg tl jlmrukhlf. Fklt nitkcg jllt ekc fnuw-hlurkj wllr, wnt ekc jlzklf eng, eltjllf kh dlt ng`lfgl mlwkczlffnnr nnfilkgkfj vnf eltjllf tl @iydpkn jlv`fglf w`rgt, zù hufflfnnft``flf.255

Eùtsdn ks vnf dlfkfj gnt gl mlsoerkcvkfj gkl Qnusnfkns vnf glmlliglf vnf gl wlstjlvli vnf gl tldpli vnf Slus kf @iydpkn jljlvlfellbt bùt ks. Kh innt gkt v``r wnt elt ks. _oeikldnff dliggl zlib ni gntQnusnfkns mkc zkcf mlz`lh nnf Dyhlfl gl soenoetjrnvlf fklt eng hufflf

25: Eùtsdn >5:5, =<-=2.

255 Eùtsdn >5:5, =:-=5.



?>?

zklf lf gnt ekc niillf dnnr eng `pjlsoerlvlf wnt ekc jle``rg eng. Gnthi`pt, zljt Eùtsdn, `d lr nnf t`l tl v`ljlf gnt _oeikldnff elt g``rQnusnfkns jle``rgl vlrenni vlrhllrg uktjliljg ellbt3

Kh eùg dkc fndlikch `vlrtukjg, gnt elt vìhsjli`` zkoe vnsthf``ptlnnf gl < z``jlfnndgl soenthndlrs. Lf kh d`lt lr mkcv`ljlf, gnt khelt vìh`dlf llfs mlf dlt elf, gkl zl fklt v``r soenthndlrs dnnrv``r jrnd`fudlftlf eùglf. Gl jlellil kfrkoetkfj wkcst vlli dllr `pgl inntstl jlf`ldgl mlstlddkfj. R``rni kf gl z``jlfnndgl soenthn-dlr vnf Ntrlus zni dlf elt zllr fntuurikch vkfglf, gnt elt zkcvlrtrlhgklfgl t`t rustpinnts vnf glf g``gl, tlrwkci kf elt r`fgl jlgllitl zkcflwnplflf lf niilrilk h`stmnnrelglf wlrglf fllrjliljg. S`` zù zkoe``h jldnhhlikch intlf vlrhinrlf, e`l Qnusnfkns hnf sprlhlf vnf soent-hndlrs ... Gnt dlf lr jllf ikchlf kf jlv`fglf ellt, ks, jli`` kh, ikoeteklrukt tl vlrhinrlf, gnt dlf zl rllgs kf `vlrùgl tkcglf jlpiufglrg

ellt. Kh zù fu f`j hufflf wkczlf p elt dlrhwnnrgkjl lkt, gnt zlistljlfw``rgkj f`j, z`` nis kh m`vlf rllgs `pdlrhtl, gl soenthndlr vnf Ntrlus kf glf d`fg vnf elt vìh ―Njndldf`fs jrn ‛ ellt.25;

Dlf zù fu hufflf glfhlf gnt Eùtsdn vnf dlfkfj wns gnt_oeikldnff `p gl vlrhllrgl pinnts jlzòet eng, dnnr gnt ks fklt wnnr.Elt ks niildnni f`j vlli lrjlr. Fklt niillf gl Jrklhlf lf Qnusnfkns zkcffklt tl vlrtrùwlf, dnnr ``h E`dlrus ks uktlrst vlrgnoet. Gnt wns llflpksoe gkoetlr, jllf ekst`rkous lf jllf jl`jrnnb3

S`` ellt dlf gl pinntslf g``r @gysslus vìjlfs gl @gyssln mlzòet,`vlrni wnnr elt d`jlikch lf `fd`jlikch wns jlzòet, dnnr dlt wlkfkjsuools3 z`` ks elt lvlf `fd`jlikch jlmilhlf tl zkcf, `d Ekssnrikh, wnnrvìjlfs _oeikldnff r`cl inj, nis gl e``jtlf mkc Mùrfnrmnsoek, wnnrnfglrlf elt pinntslf, dlt gls gkoetlrs `pjnvlf kf `vlrllfstlddkfj tlmrlfjlf.2;1

Elt lfkjl wnt dlf mkc llf lpksoe gkoetlr dnj nnffldlf ks gnt gl mn-sks vnf zkcf wlrh lrjlfs zkcf w`rtlis kf llf ekst`rksoel jlmlurtlfks ellbt.Rlrglr dnj dlf fklt jnnf3

Gnt Jrklhsoel v`rstlf gus llfs kf `vlrùgl tkcglf dlt llfl stng,gkl dkssoeklf r`cl ellttl lf inj `p gl pinnts vnf elt tljlfw``rgkjlEkssnrikh (wnft d`lt dlf tussoelf Ekssnrikh lf Mùfnrmnsoek hklzlf,gnf pilkt dllr v``r gl llrstl gnf v``r gl inntstl pinnts) `ri`j v`lrglf,ks elt llfkjl, wnt fklt fwnnrsoekcfikch ks, dnnr ni elt vlrkjl mlsoeùwkh nis vlrgkoetkfj, dkssoeklf eklr lf gnnr dlt llfl hilkfl jlsoeklghuf-gkjl hlrf, gkl wkc loetlr fklt dllr hufflf nz`fglrlf, z``gnt kh fkltdlt glf ellr _oeikldnff p jlznj vnf E`dlrus nnf gl wnnrelkg hnf

25; Eùtsdn >5:5, =;.

2;1 Eùtsdn >5:5, ?=.



?>7 -

jli``vlf vnf eltjllf glzl gkoetlr `fs `dtrlft Njndldf`fs trlurkjuktlkfgl vlrennit.2;>

Gnt lr ``kt, kf llf zllr vlr vlrilglf `p Ekssnrikh llf stng jliljlfellbt ks gukglikch. Glzl stng ks loetlr, z`nis _oeikldnff zlib ni t`ljljl-vlf ellbt vlli hilkflr jlwllst gnf dlf `p jr`fg vnf gl vlrenilf ukt gl Kikns zù jli`vlf. Elt hnf gus `fd`jlikch elt r`cl ukt gl Kikns zkcf.

Elt soekcft Eùtsdn ftjnnf tl zkcf gnt _oeikldnff llf dkf `b dllrgukglikch jlbufgllrgl gntud v``r gl soenoetjrnvlf jlv`fglf eng3

Llfl ... vrnnj, gkl mkc `fs `prkcst, ks glzl3 hufflf wkc ``h glf tkcgmlpnilf, wnnrkf glzl plrs`flf mljrnvlf zkcf0 Jlvlf gl wkczl vnf ml- jrnvkfj, gl nnrg glr jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf lf gl stkci glr hufst, wlihldlf kf glzl zklt, `fs llfkj ikoet g``rgnt zkc kf `vlllfstlddkfj zkcfdlt eltjllf `fs liglrs nnfjnnfgl llfkjl plrk`gl glr Jrklhsoel hufst-

jlsoeklglfks mlhlfg ks0 2;=

Eùtsdn jnnt lr vnfukt gnt gl dlglglikfjlf vnf _oeikldnff llrikchzkcf, dnnr wl d`ltlf, z` wnnrsoeuwt ekc, `fs lr wli mlwust vnf zkcfgnt gl dlglglikfjlf vnf _oeikldnff jlhilurg zkcf. Ekc wkigl gl jrnvlfvnf Njndldf`f lf zkcf jlzliilf vkfglf lf zni gnnrg``r niillf ``j jl-eng elmmlf v``r wnt zkcf kgllèf mlwlls lf fklt v``r gnt wnt lr dll kftljlfsprnnh wns. Zl d`ltlf zkcf dlglglikfjlf `dtrlft zkcf v`fgstlfgus uktlrst hrktksoe ilzlf.

@d t`t llf lkjlf gntlrkfj tl h`dlf hkcht ekc llrst fnnr eltnnrglwlrh3

Elt lkjlfnnrgkjl glr vlrsklrkfj vnf elt vnntwlrh tl Dyolfnl mlstnntkf e``gznnh eklrkf, gnt jl`dltrksoel jurlf elt dllst v``rh`dlf3spkrnni- lf zkhznhikcflf zklt dlf v``rni, lvlf nis okrhlis, gkl e`rk-z`ftnni `d gl vnns i``plf. @`h v`rdlf ukt elt pinftlfrkch, z``nisminglf lf mi`ldlf `ftmrlhlf fklt jlelli lf ni. Gl gklrlf gkl njl-mllig zkcf, zkcf zllr jlmrlhhkj fnjlm``tst, z``gnt zlis _oeikldnff dltzkcfl ilvlfgkjl vlrmlligkfjshrnoet, vlrhinrlf d`lst, gnt ekc gkhwkcis kf`fzlhlrelkg ks, wnt gl soekiglr ellt wkiilf v``rstliilf. R``rstliikfjlfvnf sìgntlf h`dlf siloets llf lfhlil dnni v``r, lf vlrrnglf gukglikchgnt gl hufst f`j kf ennr llrstl mljkf vlrhllrt. Fu vkfgt dlf `p glùgstl Jrklhsl vnzlf lvlfllfs niilrilk jl`dltrksoel jurlf dnnr ``hgl tkcg vnf glzl ks zllr d`lklikch tl mlpnilf, lf elt ks z`` fntuurikc, gntgl hufst gnnrdlgl mljkft, gnt dlf fklt ni tl sp`lgkj vlrglrl jlvìj-trlhhkfjlf zni dnhlf. Gkt niillf stnnt vnst, gnt gl Dyollfsoel vnzlf jllf sp``r vlrt``flf vnf eltjllf sploknni Jrklhsoe ks kf gl vlrsklrkfjvnf vnzlf, fndlikch jllfl dyteì`jksoel plrs`flf ` v``rstliikfjlf,

2;> Eùtsdn >5:5, ??.

2;= Eùtsdn >5:5, ?:.



?><

z``gnt zkc zlhlr nh`dstkj zkcf ukt llf tkcg v``rgnt glzl hufst zkoe kfJrklhlfinfg zlistnfgkj ftwkhhligl.2;?

Elt iuht Eùtsdn fklt `d kf Jrklhlfinfg pnrniiliil v``rwlrplf tlvkfglf. @`h mkc E`dlrus vkfgt ekc fklts gnt p gl v`fgstlf ukt Dyhlflikcht. Slibs wnffllr dlf lr vnfukt jnnt gnt infj fklt niils wnnr gl gkoetlrelt w``rg jùg v``r jlmrukhtl ``h kf wlrhlikchelkg vnf jùg wns, gnff`j `ftstnnt gl kfgruh gnt gl hufst gkl E`dlrus mlsoerllb vlrglr `ft-wkhhlig wns gnf gnt wnt _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf ellbt3

Gnt h`plr ` mr`fs åf mkc E`dlrus åf tl Dyolfnl elt e``gdltnniks, lf kczlr wlkfkj v``rh`dt, pilkt v``r e``jlf ùglrg`d z``wli glr jlgkoetlf nis glr jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf, dnnr hnf zllr j`lg `fnenf-hlikch vnf lihnnr zkcf.2;7

Eùtsdn ks kf zkcf hrktklh fklt `vlrni lvlf o`fslqulft. Ekc vlrwkct_oeikldnff gnt glzl tl vlli kf gl uktsprnhlf vnf E`dlrus jli``bt, dnnrnis elt eld j`lg ukth`dt g`lt ekc gkt zlib ``h3

... mkc E`dlrus XksT llf jlw``f lpktelt`f vnf llf zwnnrg, gnt elt dltzkivlrlf fnjlis mlsinjlf ks ... Gkt soekcft `vlrllf tl h`dlf dlt eltjllf_. kf gl jrnvlf fnnst gl zwnnrglf v`fg ... dnnr kh vkfg gl `vlr-llfstlddkfj fklt mlwlzlf. _. flldt nnf, gnt zkc gl eùtlf soelglfvlrsklrg elmmlf, dnnr mkc gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf Njndldf`fs zwnnrgw`rgt uktgruhhlikch jlzljg, gnt elt zwnnrg zli, gus wli elt jlvlst, lrdlgl vlrsklrg wns, gl soelgl wns vnf zkivlr.2;<

S` zkcf lr llf jr``t nnftni v``rmlliglf tl vkfglf wnnr gl kf Dyhlfljlv`fglf v``rwlrplf gukglikch nbwkchlf vnf wnt E`dlrus mlsoerlvlfellbt. Gkt hnf vìjlfs Eùtsdn dnnr t`t llf o`foiuskl ilkglf3

Kfgklf loetlr cukst ks, wnnrnnf kh fklt twkcli, gnt gl hufst mkc E`dlrus`p llf e``jlr stnfgpuft stnnt gnf kf gl v``rwlrplf ukt Dyolfnl, gnfzkcf glzl ukt llf tkcg ùglr gnf E`dlrus.2;2

Elinns ks elt `fgukglikch wnffllr gl gkoetlr illbgl lf lvlfdkf kselt mlhlfg e`lvlli llrglr gl wlrhlikchl jlmlurtlfks, wnnr`p ekc zkoe

mnsllrgl, eng pinntsjlv`fglf. Rlli intlr gnf >111 `b ;11 v.Oer. zuiilfglzl jlgkoetlf loetlr fklt jlsoerlvlf zkcf.@d tl intlf zklf gnt lr ``h s``rtjlikchl jrnvlf muktlf Jrklhlfinfg

jlv`fglf zkcf h`dt ekc fu dlt llf dlglglikfj ukt el Nongldy vnf =>nprki >5::3

2;? Eùtsdn >5:5, 71-7>.2;7 Eùtsdn >5:5, 7?.2;< Eùtsdn >5:5, 77.

2;2 Eùtsdn >5:5, 77.



?>2 -

... dlf ellt zl jlv`fglf kf gl Hrkd8 gl vlrllfh`dst dlt eltjllf dlftl Dyolfnl v`fg ks f`j ni stlrh, nis dlf ilt `p elt vìjlfgl vlrenni3

Kf >5?: v`fg gl ellr Nsoekh kf llf snro`pennj gkoet mkc Hlrtsoe llfshlilt dlt jùglf dnshlr, dlt llf gknglld `p elt e``g, lf jlelli

jlhillg. Gl hillgkfj vnf glzl h`fkfjkf wns jlelli lf ni mlznnkg dlt jùglf `rfndlftlf. Elt dnshlr wns vìjlfs glf `ftglhhlr, vnf jl-grlvlf jùg, tlrwkci gl vlrvnnrgkjlr jlwlrht eng fnnr llf v`rd, jlf`-dlf vnf gl jlinntstrlhhlf vnf gl plrs``d fn glf g``g.

Fu wns Hlrtsoe, elt ùgl Qnftkhnpnlud, vr`ljlr gl e``gstng vnfelt M`sp`rnnfsoel rkch, lf ellt dlf kf jrnvlf kf glf `dtrlh glzlrstng llf soent vnf jùglf v``rwlrplf jlv`fglf. Elt m`vlfjlf`ldgl jrn zù gus nh`dstkj hufflf zkcf vnf llfl glr h`fkfjkfflf vnfgkt rkch, gnt `fjlvllr vnf gl <gl lluw v``r Oerkstus t`t glf tkcg vnfO`fstnftkcf glf Jr``tl mlstnnf ellt.2;:

Elt zklt lr fnnr ukt gnt Eùtsdn lkfglikch klts vnf llf gntlrkfj jl-v`fglf ellbt, dnnr uktlkfglikch wki ekc zkoe gnnr tòe fklt p vnstiljjlf.Gnt hnf ``h fnuwlikchs wnft glzl gntlrkfj ks nmsìuut strkcgkj dlt elt

2;: Eùtsdn >5:5, 7<.

N. _klrnglf ukt Dyhlfl lf M. _klrnglf ukt Eniistn.



?>:

jljlvlf gnt gl ouituur gkl _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf ellbt prl-E`dlrksoe, gnt wki zljjlf vnf v``r >111 v.Oer. d`lt zkcf. Elt ks gnf``h fklt gukglikch wnnr`d ekc gkt v``rmllig f`ldt.

Lvlf wkcst Eùtsdn lr`p gnt ``h nfglrlf lr`p jlwlzlf elmmlf gnt

gl vnzlf ukt Dyhlfl `p gkl ukt Kniyss`s wkczlf, dnnr ekc jnnt gnnr vlr-glr fklt `p kf. @`h kf Oyprus zkcf v``rwlrplf jlv`fglf gkl `p gkl uktDyhlfl ikchlf. Llf ruw mlligcl ukt Dyhlfl vnf llf vrùw gkl ennrnrdlf m`vlf ennr e``bg ukt stllht d`lt gnf ``h jlzklf w`rglf nis llfprkdktklvl nbmlligkfj vnf Nper`gktl. Gl jr``tstl `vlrllfh`dst w`rgtloetlr kf @`stlfrkch jlv`fglf3

Ni ks gus gl rkchg`d nnf jùg tl Eniistngt ``h mkc vlrrl fn z`` jr``tfklt nis tl Dyolfnl, z`` vkfgt dlf tòe kf gl wkczl vnf mljrnvlf lfglf nnrg glr v``rwlrplf eklr vlli `vlrllfh`dst.

Gòe jnnt dlf fu vrnjlf, wnnr elt tòe lkjlfikch p nnfh`dt, ks glzl`vlrllfh`dst vnf gklf nnrg, gnt zkc gwkfjt t`t gl lrhlftlfks, gnt gl plrs`flf tl Dyolfnl mljrnvlf vnf glfzliglf tkcg lf vnf eltzliglvìh zkcf nis gkl tl Eniistngt, gnf hnf kh gkl vrnnj fklt t`lstlddlfgmlnftw``rglf. Ni gl `pjlf`ldgl puftlf vnf `vlrllfstlddkfj zkcfz``gnfkj, gnt elt vìstrlht fklt `fd`jlikch ks, gnt dlf zl mkc vlrsoeki-ilfgl ùgl vìhlf kf vlrsoekiilfgl infglf kf llfl plrk`gl vnf mltrlh-hlikch jlrkfjl mlsoenvkfj nnftrlt, tlrwkci gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf zkivlrtl Dyolfnl lf elt `ftmrlhlf vnf gkt dltnni tl Eniistngt llf puft vnfvlrsoeki pilvlrt, gnt zwnnr wlljt, gnnr, z`` nis mlhlfg ks, elt zkivlr kfelt z``jlfnndgl mr`fstkcgvnh f`j fklt v``rh`dt.

Dlf zù vlrkjlfs f`j p llfkjl puftlf vnf `vlrllfh`dst tussoelf glv``rwlrplf tl Dyolfnl lf gkl ukt elt mr`fstkcgvnh hufflf wkczlf.2;5

Fn ni glzl vlrwljkfjlf h`dt Eùtsdn nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcf m`lhcltòe f`j t`t llf vrkc gukglikchl o`foiuskl3

... gl v``rwlrplf tl Dyolfnl zkcf uglr gnf gl jlgkoetlf vnf E`dlruslf mle``rlf t`t gl llrstl plrk`gl glr Jrklhsoel hufst, vÿÿr ;11 ` 511vÿÿr Oerkstus. Gl `vlrllfh`dst dlt v``rwlrplf ukt elt mr`fstkcgvnhsoekcft dkc t`lvniikj lf vlrhinnr kh ukt gl `dstnfgkjelkg, gnt elt llrstl

mljkf glr hufst zllr ikoet jlikch hnf zkcf.Rnf gl plrs`flf, wklr ikchlf kf gl jrnvlf jlv`fglf zkcf, wllt dlffklts lf v``r gl mlwlrkfjlf vnf _oeikldnff mlstnnf jllf jr`fg.2;;

2;5 Eùtsdn >5:5, 7;.

2;; Eùtsdn >5:5, <>-<=.



?>5 -

Fnnst glzl o`foiuskl mikcvlf lr f`j vlil vrnjlf `vlr, dnnr gkl zuiilfdkssoeklf ``kt f`j llfs mlnftw``rg w`rglf3

Gòe wnt ``h llfdnni elt rlsuitnnt vnf fnglr `fglrz`lh d`jl zkcf,wkc hufflf fklt nfglrs gnf glf ellr _oeikldnff zllr gnfhmnnrzkcf v``r eltjllf ekc vlrrkoet ellt ... zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf XelmmlfTnnf gl wltlfsoenp llf jr``tlf gklfst mlwlzlf. Gnnrg``r ks dlt fn-gruh gl nnfgnoet jlvlstkjg `p llf tkcg kf gl vr`ljl jlsoeklglfks vnfJrklhlfinfg, gkl zkoe kf glf flvli glr snjl vlriklst, lf wnnrukt siloetswlkfkjl `vlrmikcslilf v``renfglf zkcf. Gl v``rwlrplf ukt Dyolfnlzuiilf dlt eltjllf liglrs m.v. `p Oyprus, tl Kniysus `p ]e`g`s lf `pllfkjl lkinfglf vnf glf Nroekpli jlv`fglf ks, llfkj ikoet hufflf vlr-sprlkglf `vlr glf llrstlf nnfvnfj glr Jrklhsoel hufst lf mlsoenvkfjkf llfl plrk`gl, gkl dlf glf v``rekst`rksoelf tkcg vnf Jrklhlfinfgzù hufflf f`ldlf. Gnt ks, fnnr dkcfl dllfkfj, gl mikcvlfgl wnnrgl

lf gl jr``tl mltllhlfks glr `pjrnvkfjlf tl Dyolfnl.:11

Znt zkcf o`foiuskl mltrlbt hrllj Eùtsdn, z`nis wl fu wltlf, jlelli

jlikch. G``r _oeikldnffs `pjrnvkfjlf kf Dyhlfl hrllj dlf v``r eltllrst zkoet `p wnt wl fu gl Dyhllfsl ouituur f`ldlf.

Eùtsdn‛s m`lhcl wlrg uktv`lrkj mlspr`hlf kf gl DkgglimurjsoelOùrnft vnf =: dlk >5:5. Znt gl rlolfslft lr prlokls `vlr gnoet w`rgtfklt gukglikch, vlrd`lglikch ks ekc elt dlt Eùtsdn llfs gnt Dyhlfl u-glr ks gnf _oeikldnff glfht. @p zkcf wnnrglrkfj vnf _oeikldnff ellbtgkt loetlr jllf kfvi`lg3

Gl gwnikfj vnf gr. _oeikldnff kf gkt `pzkoet `ftflldt loetlr fkltsnnf gl e``jl wnnrgl zkcflr fnsp`rkfjlf, wlihl llf zligznnd v``r-mllig `pilvlrlf vnf wnt g``r llf vnstlf wki lf g``r iklgl t`t stugkl,zlis mkc elt jldks vnf niil f``gznhlikchl `pilkgkfj, tlwllj jlmrnoethnf w`rglf. @d gkl rlglf elmmlf gnf ``h zkcfl `fglrz`lhkfjlf glnnfgnoet jltr`hhlf fklt siloets vnf gl jlillrgl, dnnr `h vnf gl fjl-ilttlrgl wlrlig, lf elt ks ukt gklf e``gl gnt wkc vnf elt jlsoerkt vnfgr. Eùtsdn dligkfj dllfglf tl d`ltlf dnhlf.:1>

Lf z` rlkst fu ``h elt m`lhcl vnf Eùtsdn dll `p gl g``r_oeikldnff jlorlèlrgl dytel vnf zkcf clujg.

:11 Eùtsdn >5:5, <=.

:1> Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft =:-1<->5:5.



?>;

=>. Lf fu @gysslus f`j

Fn zkcf mlz`lh nnf Ktenhn kf >525 wns _oeikldnff lr zlhlr vnf gnt ekcelt pnilks vnf @gysslus jlv`fglf eng. Ekc eklig elt zlibs v``r d`jlikchgnt gl ns vnf glzl elig lf zkcf vrùw kf gl `pjljrnvlf urflf znt. Kfgl i``p glr cnrlf wns ekc glzl zlhlrelkg loetlr hwkctjlrnnht. Elt wlrgtkcg v``r llf fkluw `fglrz`lh. Kf nujustus >5:5 mlzòet ekc Ktenhn `p-fkluw. Llf vlrsinj vnf elt wlrh gnt ekc eklr vlrrkoettl pumikollrgl ekckf el kdls lf gnnrukt wlrg elt `p twll `ht`mlr `vlrjlf`dlf kf gl Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 3

Kf gl kdls jllt _oeikldnff llf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf zkcf mlz`lh, nnfelt lkinfg Ktenon jlmrnoet. Ekc ellt lr fklt vlli v``rwlrplf vnf nr-oenlì`jksoel wnnrgl hufflf pglivlf. Dnnr ekc ellt lr m`vlf p glfmlrj Nlt`s gl `vlrmikcslilf vnf gl ùgl e``gstng vnf Ktenon jlv`f-glf, fngnt ekc gkl vruoetli``s kf niilrilk nfglrl strlhlf vnf elt lkinfg jlzòet eng. Gnt dlf gkl `vlrmikcslilf vr`ljlr fklt jlv`fglf ellt,soerkct ekc eklrnnf t`l, gnt gl mlrj mkcz`fglr stlki lf llf mlstkcjkfjvnf glf t`p uktlrst vlrd`lklfg ks. Gl m`lrlf mrnoetlf vrlldglikfjlfgnnr`d f``kt gnnrellf. Dlf h`f glf mlrj mlz`lhlf z`fglr lr klts vnf

tl mlsplurlf. S`` zkc ni kldnfg fnnr glf t`p mrnoetlf, gnf ilkgglf zkceld f`j fklt infjs glf wlj, wnnr gl j`lg jlo`fslrvllrgl vlrmikcslilfvnf eukzlf tl zklf zkcf. _oeikldnff v`fg lr gl dkf ` dllr j`lg ml-wnnrgl vlrmikcslilf vnf >;1 eukzlf vnf gl ugl e``gstng. Klglr ml-w`fglrnnr vnf E`dlrus d`lt gkl jnnf zklf, dllft ekc. Ekc wkcst zliseuf, gkl gklf rnng jle``r jlvlf, nis glf mlstlf jkgs glf m`lr Fkhìn`sQsnrr`s nnf, w`flfgl nnf glf v`lt vnf glf Nlt`s, gkoet mkc gl hnplivnf Enjk`s Jl`rjk`s. Kf gl pukfe``plf glzlr eukzlf ellt _oeikldnffzllr wlkfkj jlv`fglf. wll wlhlf infj ellt ekc lr dlt glrtkj wlrh-iklglf jljrnvlf, dnnr fklts jlv`fglf gnf rnjdlftlf vnf nnrglwlrh,vlli jlikchlfgl p gnt vnf gl ugstl stlglf vnf elt r`cnnfsoel jlmklg3

mr`hhlf vnf zllr z`fglrikfjl pnfflf, dlt gnnr`p jljrnvllrgl ju-rlf, s`ddkjl dlt jlsoerlvlf ilttlrs vlrsklrg, lf lkfglikch f`j llf zllrvrlldgl s``rt vnf enfgdìlf.

Kf llf nfglr glli vnf elt lkinfg ellt _oeikldnff jldllfg glE`dlrksoel jr`t vnf gl Fydpelf nnf tl trlfilf, wnnrkf \iyssls, mkcjlstnnf g``r Dkflrvn, zkcf soenttlf vlrm`rj. Nnf elt zukg``stlikch jlgllitl vnf elt lkinfg `ftglhtl ekc nnftni ngllikfjlf, jlgllitlikch kfgl r`ts uktjleùwlf, jlgllitlikch vnf stllf jlmùwg, tl zndlf fnnrllf jr``tlf stni zwldlfgl, wnnrkf vìjlfs _oeikldnff E`dlrus gl>= zwkcflfstniilf vnf Ludnflus d`lt jlzklf elmmlf. Gnnrtljlf`vlr



?=1 -

wnrlf gl sp`rlf vnf llf ùg euks, gnt E`dlrus nis elt euks vnf glfzwkcflf-e`lglr soekcft mlsoerlvlf tl elmmlf3 ekc v`fg gnnr kftlrlssnftnnrglwlrh. Nnf glf v`lt vnf glf mlrj Nlt`s v`fg ekc twll duftlf,nnf gl llfl zkcgl llf ennf dlt elt rnfgsoerkt Ktenh``f, nnf gl nf-

glrl zkcgl llf \iysslsh`p.

:1=

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnff `fgnfhs twll wlhlf `pjrnvlf fnu-wlikchs wkczlr ks jlw`rglf gnf ekc fn zkcf llrstl mlz`lh ni wns.

Gl Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft ks fklt gl lfkjl gkl vlr _oeikldnffs notkvk-tlktlf mlrkoet. Niilrilk iònil hrnftlf, z`nis gl Sklrkhzllrsoel Fkluwsm`gl ,elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming lf Gl Ndlr`fjsoel Oùrnft fldlf llf vlrh`rtl vlr-skl vnf gkt mlrkoet `vlr.:1?

:1= Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 1=->1->5:5. _ll ``h rnkii >;;<, >5?.:1? Sklrkhzllsoel Fkluwsm`gl 1>->1->5:5, Ilkgsoe Gnjming vnf 1=->1->5:5 lf Gl

Ndlr`fjsoel Oùrnft 1?->1->5:5. ’ Gl mlhlfgl Gr. _oeikldnff ellbt `p elt lk-infg elnhk ;1 eukzlf `pjlgìvlf, mle``rlfgl t`t gl stng Ktenhn lf elt rkch vnf

\iyssls, ukt glf tkcg vnf E`dlrus. R``rzlhlr llf e``jst mlinfjrkchl v`fgst.—



?=>

==. Gl vklrgl r`cl-ondpnjfl

Gl Rlrjuffkfj gkl _oeikldnff kf >5:2 jlhrljlf eng wns vlri`plf.Lr wns llf fkluwl vlrjuffkfj f`gkj lf gnt h`sttl wllr vlli d`lktl._oeikldnff eng fu loetlr llf j`lgl m`fgjlf``t kf O`fstnftkf`pli.Gl Mrktsoel o`fsui lf `pjrnvlr vnf Fkdrug, _kr Nustlf Elfry Inynrg(>5>:->5;7) st`fg eld dlt rnng lf gnng tlr zkcgl :17 lf z` hrkcjt_oeikldnff ``h fu wllr t`lstlddkfj `d vlrglr tl jrnvlf. Kf slptld-mlr >5:5 hnf ekc zkcf wlrh `p Ekssnrikh elrvnttlf. Ekc ellbt lr eùtlfmnrnhhlf intlf mùwlf v``r zkoezlib, zkcf `pzkoetlr, zkcf mlgklfgl lf

`d lvlftulil mlz`lhlrs `fglrgnh tl hufflf mklglf. Gnnrfnnst mùwglekc llf sploknil eùtlf mnrnh `d wnnrglvìil v`fgstlf kf `p tl mlrjlfgkl jlikch nis lltznni h`f gklflf. Gl silutli vnf glzl mnrnh wns kf eltmlzkt vnf gl urhsl mlwnhlr. Rlrglr wns lr fòe llf soeuur wnnr kf_oeikldnff zkcf jlrllgsoenp, z`nis hrukwnjlfs, enfghnrrlf lf nfglrlmkc gl `pjrnvkfj f``gznhlikchl euipdkgglilf `p h`f mlrjlf. @`h wnslr llf eùtlf euks v``r gl tklf mlwnhlrs gkl _oeikldnff kfjleuurgeng, llf pnnrglfstni lf llf hilkf stlflf euks dlt llf hluhlf.:1<

Dlt elt lkfgl vnf gl Hrkd``ri`j wns lr jllf lkfgl jlh`dlf nnfelt vlrinfjlf vnf ]usinfg `d gkrlotl t`ljnfj t`t gl Dkggliinfgsl

Sll tl hrkcjlf. Kf >5:: mlj`f elt elil spli `pfkluw. ]usinfg vkli elt@tt`dnnfsl rkch nnf lf gl Mrkttlf v`liglf zkoe mlgrlkjg. Gl ]usslf ml-zlttlf kf e``j tldp` jr`tl glilf vnf elt @tt`dnnfsl rkch, dnnr v``rgntelt jlelli t`t llf Lur`plsl `ri`j h`f uktjr`lklf wlrg lr p >; blmrunrk>5:5 llf v``ri`pkj vrlglsvlrgrnj jlsi`tlf kf _nf _tlbnf`. ]`ldlfkè,_lrvkè lf D`ftlfljr` wlrglf `fnbenfhlikch lf tusslf gl G`fnu lf glLjlàsoel Sll `ftst`fg Muijnrkcl nis llf g``r ]usinfg mlzlttl sntliiklt-stnnt vnf elt @tt`dnnfsl rkch. Gkt vlrgrnj wlrg dlt lfkjl hilkfl wkczk-jkfjlf tusslf >? cufk lf >? cuik mkc elt o`fjrls vnf Mlrikcf g``r Jr``tMrkttnffkè, @`stlfrkch-E`fjnrkcl, Brnfhrkch, Guktsinfg, Ktnikè, ]usinfg

lf elt @tt`dnnfsl rkch `fglrtlhlfg. Gl vrlgl wns wllr jlhllrg, dnnrlr hwndlf f`j wnt fnwllèf.

@p 5 cnfunrk >5:; pinntst Gl kcg llf ninrdlrlfg mlrkoet ukt]usinfg3

:17 _oeikldnff >5;=, 2?.

:1< _oeikldnff >5;=, 2?.



?== -

Qltlrsmurj, 2 Cnf. Kf elt jùvlrfldlft Nstrnhnf ks `fglr gl mlvìhkfjgl plst uktjlmr`hlf, nignnr nnfjlmrnoet g``r ukt urhkcl tlrujjlhllrglh`znhhlf.:12

Gl ]usslf g`lf euf wlrh lf `p 2 blmrunrk hnf Gl kcg dliglf gntllf Lur`plsl lpkgldkl v``rh`dlf ks3

Gl òkllil mlrkoetlf ukt Nstrnhnf iukglf jufstkj8 S`fgnj wnrlfsiloets twll plrs`flf tl _liktrlf`cl g``r gl plst nnfjltnst. Gl lplgldklellt zkoe fklt vlrglr vlrsprlkg.:1:

Gl nfjst mikcbt loetlr f`j llf tkcgcl g``r Lur`pn wnrlf. Ks elt jlvnnrvnf llf plstlpkgldkl wlrhlikch v``rmkc b gukht glzl zklhl tòe f`j wllrlrjlfs nfglrs `p3

]`dl, : Blmr. Kf gl elglf g``r gl Hndlr vnf Njlvnnrgkjglf jleù-

glf zkttkfj ellt gl dkfkstlr-prlskglft, gl ellr Glprltks, elt mlrkoetmltrlfilfgl elt uktmrlhlf glr plst tl XWlsT_ni`fkon tljlfjlspr`hlf.:15

Gl dkfkstlr-prlskglft ellbt jlikch, gl plst ellbt Jrklhlfinfg fkltmlrlkht. Gl ]usslf elmmlf gl zklhtl wlrhlikch `fglr o`ftrìl wltlf tleùglf.

lfjlvìjl vnf glzl ``ri`j wns ``h gl vlkikjelkg kf urhkcl lr stlrh`p noetlrukt jljnnf lf gnt mltlhlfgl lxtrn h`stlf v``r _oeikldnff.Gl r`cnnfsl vinhtl wlrg `fvlkikj jldnnht g``r r`vlrs lf gnnr`d v`li-gl _oeikldnff zkoe jlgw`fjlf `d tklf mlwnhlrs kf gklfst tl fldlf.

Fnnst elt euks gnt ekc v``r elf mùwgl h`stlf zl eld dnnfglikchs 7>1Dnrh.:1;

Fngnt _oeikldnff kf >5:< kf Mlrikf Rkroe`w `ftd`lt eng wnrlfgl mlkgl elrlf dlt lihnnr kf o`ftnot jlmilvlf. @p =: f`vldmlr >5:5soerkcbt ekc uktjlmrlkg nnf Rkroe`w `vlr zkcf fkluwstl r`cnnfsl v`fgs-tlf. Gnnr`fglr ks llf elli mkcz`fglr lxldpinnr. Kf elt jr`tl euks ellbtekc llf zwnnr dlt pntkfn mlglht, dnnr fklt vlrr`lst dls jlv`fglf. G``relt pntkfn ellf zklt dlf eklr lf gnnr llf stnnihilur. _oeikldnff ks lr-vnf vlrtukjg gnt gkt dls vnf dltl``rkczlr jldnnht ks.:>1 Niillf g``r gktdntlrknni kf tl v`lrlf hnf dlf llf kczlrlf dls kf gl stllf `b mr`fstkcg

vlrhinrlf._oeikldnff ellbt `fglrtusslf elt llf lf nfglr vnf gl hrktklh jl-illrg. Znt kf elt mljkf elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus ellttl ks fu elt jr`tl euksjlw`rglf. @`h elt dltl``rkczlrlf dls hrkcjt jllf iljlfgnrksoel vlrhin-

:12 Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming 15-1>->5:;.:1: Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming 12-1=->5:;.:15 Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming >1-1=->5:;.:1; _oeikldnff >5;=, 2?-27.

:>1 Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, 5<.



?=?

rkfj, e`lwli elt z`fglr ni tl vlli d`lktl nnf gl Kikns tl h`pplilf zù zkcflf gnf dltllf elt pr`milld vnf gl lfhlil stnilf v``rwlrplf gkl gnnr kfjlf`ldg w`rglf zù hufflf vlrhinrlf.

Elt w`rgt dllr lf dllr gukglikch e`l rkch r`cl KK wns. @`h fu wllr

w`rglf lr soenttlf jlv`fglf, wlikswnnr fklt z` jr``t nis gl mlr`ldglsoent, dnnr tòe fklt `fmlinfjrkch. wll wlrglf lr gkrlot fnnst gl wls-tlikchl euksduur kf llf jlmr`hlf p`t jlv`fglf. Llf jr`tlrl wlrg, `pllf dltlr nbstnfg vnf gl hilkflrl, `p gl euksduur jlv`fglf, ``h kfllf jlmr`hlf p`t. Elt wns llf mlsoengkjgl mr`fzlf soenni dlt zls-tklf jùglf stnnbcls. Gnnr`fglr injlf dllrglrl `rrkfjlf dlt gnnrfnnstdllrglrl mr`fzlf strkcgmkcilf lf infslf. Llf elli pnhhlt vnf g``r vuursndlfjlsdìtlf mr`fzlf wnplfs. Gl mlkgl hilkfl soenttlf, nisdlgl llfhilkfl soent gkl kf gl hndlr vnf elt euks jlv`fglf wlrg, mlst`fglf uktsndlfjlsdìtlf zkivlrlf ``rrkfjlf lf rkfjlf vnf enishlttkfjlf gkl `p

stnnbcls vnf kv``r jlst`hlf ilhlf tl zkcf lf wnnrnnf jùglf pnrlis ekf-jlf. Lr zkcf ``h ``rrkfjlf ukt lilhtr`f mkc. Rlrglr zkcf lr st`hhf`plfvnf jins lf Ljyptksoe p`rslilkf.:>>

_oeikldnff h`f fklt dllr gnf llf glrgl vnf niils wnt ekc jlv`fglfeng dll fnnr euks fldlf, `dgnt ekc vìjlfs zkcf vlrjuffkfj fklt dllrgnf llf glrgl vnf niil v`fgstlf dòet eùglf. Gl rlst wns v``r eltnroelì`jksoe duslud kf O`fstnftkf`pli. Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnffzkoe mkc glzl vlrglikfj fllrjliljg ellbt, wnft ekc hinnjt lr fklt `vlr. Ekce``pt `p > dnnrt vnf elt vìjlfgl cnnr zkcf wlrh v``rt tl zlttlf.:>=

_oeikldnff eng Rkroe`w kf >5:5 uktjlf`gkjg `d eld mkc zkcf `p-

jrnvkfj kf Dyhlfl tl eliplf. Rkroe`w eng, g``r nfglrl wlrhznndelglfvlrekfglrg, glzl uktf`gkjkfj d`ltlf nbsinnf. _oeikldnff f`gkjgl eld`pfkluw ukt, dnnr fu `d eld kf r`cl mkc tl stnnf. Rkroe`w fnd eltnnfm`g nnf, dnnr elt jkfj f`j mkcfn bùt, z`nis Rkroe`w kf llf mrklbvnf >? blmrunrk >5:; nnf _oeikldnff soerkcbt. S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlfellrstl `p gnt d`dlft kf ]usinfg gl plst. Rkroe`w ellbt ni llf pnnrwlhlf jle``pt gnt elt mlrkoet zù h`dlf gnt niils `fglr o`ftrìl ks,dnnr gnt mikcbt dnnr ukt. Lrjlr zlibs, elt lfl infg fn elt nfglrl v`lrtgl qunrnftnkfl kf. Rkroe`w ks `p zkoe fklt mnfj v``r gl plst, dnnr ekcellbt gl tkcg fklt d p gl tlrujwlj lrjlfs grkl wlhlf kf qunrnftnkfl tl

jnnf zkttlf. Ekc hnf `p z‛f e``jst twll dnnfglf, gnt ks dnnrt lf nprki,jlmrukhlf `d tl rlkzlf. @d vnf gkl noet wlhlf fu grkl wlhlf kf qun-rnftnkfl tl jnnf zkttlf gnt jnnt eld tl vlr.:>?

Jliuhhkj zkt elt dll lf gus stuurt _oeikldnff, plr hlrlfgl p`st, p== blmrunrk llf rlkspinf nnf Rkroe`w. @`stlfrkch ellbt gl qunrnftnkflni `pjlelvlf lf Ktnikè zni `vlr ëëf `b twll gnjlf vìjlf. Rkroe`w hnfelt mlstl `p =; dnnrt `b kf Dnrslkiil `b kf rkèst gl m``t fldlf. Rnf

:>> Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, 5<-52.:>= Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, 52.

:>? Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, 5;.



?=7 -

Dnrslkiil hnf ekc gkrlot fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf vnrlf. Rnf rkèst d`lt ekcllrst fnnr _dydn jnnf. Gnnr hnf ekc gnf gl Brnfsl st``dm``t fnnrgl Gnrgnfliilf fldlf. @dgnt gl m``t ukt rkèst fklt lrj rljlidntkjvnnrt ks elt nnf tl rnglf `d gl m``t ukt Dnrslkiil tl fldlf.:>7 Rkroe`w

vìjt _oeikldnff‛s rnng fklt `p. @dgnt gl qunrnftnkfldnntrljlilf kf@`stlfrkch `pjlelvlf zkcf rlkst ekc plr trlkf fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli. Rnfgnnr rlks ekc plr m``t fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf.

Elt mlrkoet vnf Rkroe`ws rlks fnnr gl Gnrgnfliilf ennit ``h glFlglrinfgsl hrnftlf. Gl kcg , gkl kf Rkroe`w llf mlgrlkjkfj v``r eltjli``b znj, dligt elt nis v``rmllig vnf gklfs `fmltrùwmnnrelkg3

Mlhlfg ks elt, gnt gr Rkroe`w, ikg vnf glf guktsoelf ]kchsgnj, wnnrekc glf mkcfnnd ellt vnf pr`lss`r kf niils, vnf ukt gl vlrtl ``h zkcf pr`lss`rnni ``rglli ellt intlf jnnf `vlr elt vlrsoekcfsli mkc IùkslIntlnu tl M`ks-g‛Enkfl lf elt ellt jlrnfjsoekht fglr gl rumrklh flu-

r`sl zlfuwzklhtl. Nnf gl elrennigl uktf``gkjkfjlf vnf zkcf oìiljn Dncufhl :>< lf vnf gr Illmvrl, `d `p gl pinnts zlivl gl znnh llfs tl jnnf `fglrz`lhlf, ellt S. E. Jli. zkoe fklt jlwnnjg, wkci eld gl rlks(>= uur sp`rlf) tl infj lf tl vlrd`lklfg wns.

Wnfs w`rgt loetlr jldlig, gnt gr Rkroe`w llrstgnnjs fnnr Hilkf-Nzkèzni vlrtrlhhlf, `d tljlfw``rgkj tl zkcf mkc gl `plfkfj glr jrnvlf vnf Noekiils lf Ncnx, gkl gl mlhlfgl gr _oeikldnff kf gl vinhtl vnf r`clellt jlv`fglf. Rnf Mlrikcf fnnr M`ks-g‛Enkfl sp`rlf ks tl vlrd`lk-lfg8 vnf Mlrikcf fnnr r`cl (llf rlks vnf >= gnjlf) loetlr fklt! Slhlr jllf mlwkcs v``r gr Rkroe`ws wnnrelkgsiklgl.:>2

Gl Mlijksoel Nffn Iùksl Intlnu (>5<1->55?) wlrg `p vrkcgnj =7nprki >525 v``r elt llrst v``r ennr ikcglf lf j`lgl wlrhlf mli``fg dltllf stkjdntud kf ennr zkc. Gkt tlhlf hllrgl vlrvìjlfs klglrl vrkcgnj tl-ruj. Dnnr ennr mli`fkfj wlrg jr`tlr lf jr`tlr. @p gl glrgl vrkcgnj t``f-gl zl niil stkjdntn t`t lf dlt gl w`fglf vnf gl g``rflfhr``f lf rnnhtlzkc kf lxtnsl. @p >? nujustus >525 jkfj gr. Blrgkfnfg C. D. Ilblmvrl,pr`blss`r kf gl nijldlfl pnteì`jkl nnf gl Hnteìklhl \fkvlrsktlkt vnfIluvlf, zkoe dlt gl znnh mld`lklf. Ekc mlstugllrgl elt mi`lg gnt uktgl stkjdntn hwnd lf `ftglhtl gnt gkt kf fklts vnf dlfslikch mi`lg wns

tl fglrsoelkglf.Elt ks dlrhwnnrgkj gnt Gl kcg kf >5:; f`j vlr`ftwnnrgkjg wns gnt

Rkroe`w elt fklt gl d`lktl wnnrg v`fg `d gkt w`fglr tl `fglrz`lhlf. Ni `p =? nprki >5:? eng pnus Il` UKK vlrhinnrg gnt gl dlgksoel wltlf-soenp fklt kf stnnt zù zkcf `d gkt w`fglr tl vlrhinrlf.

:>7 Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, ;1.:>< Qnui Dncufhl (>57=->5;;). Hnteìklh telì``j lf cùrfnikst.

:>2 Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming ==-1?->5:;.



?=<

@p zlvlf dlk >5:; h`dt Gl H`lrklr dlt llf v``r `fs wnt kfb`rdn-tklvlr mlrkoet3

Lr zkcf mlinfjrkchl mlrkoetlf vnf Rkroe`w ukt r`yn, wnnr ekc, z``nisdlf zkoe zni elrkfflrlf, _oeikldnff‛s `pjrnvkfjlf mkcw``ft. Ekc hnffu rllgs - soerkct ekc - ukt lkjlf lrvnrkfj jltukjlf, gnt gl soekiglrkfjlf vnf _oeikldnff jltrùw zkcf nnf gl wnnrelkg. _. ks `fvlrd`lkgmlzkj lf kf wnnrelkg mlw`fglrlfswnnrgkj kf zkcfl vìenrgkfj. @`hMùrfù, ukt Qnrkcs, mlvkfgt zkoe tl r`yn, lf `h ekc hnf R‛s uktsprnnhmlvlstkjlf. Mùrfù ks mlzkj r`yn kf hnnrt tl mrlfjlf. Znt Rkroe`w`vlrkjlfs dlglgllit vnf zkcfl mlvkfgkfjlf mkc gl kf zkcfl tljlfw``r-gkjelkg jlgnfl pjrnvkfjlf, mlwkcst, gnt _oeikldnff‛s nrmlkg kf wnnr-elkg niilrjlwkoetkjst ks v``r gl hlffks glr ùgstl jlsoeklglfks.:>:

Nnf elt lkfg vnf glzl lxplgktkl wnnrkf ekc sndlfjlwlrht ellbt dltRkroe`w lf Mùrfùb siukt _oeikldnff `pfkluw zkcf wlrh kf r`cl nb3

Gl mlr`ldgl ùgelkghufgkjl lf `pjrnvlr _oeikldnff soerkct ukt Ntelfl3

Kh mlf tlrujjlhllrg ukt Hilkf-Nzkè, wnnr kh gl uktjrnvkfj vnf r`cl,gkl kf >5:1 mlj`f, vìlkfgkjg elm. klf cnrlf elm kh dlt niilrilk ml-zwnrlf jlw`rstlig. Dllr gnf >2 li gklp d`lst gl jr`fg `djlw`ligw`rglf. Dnnr kh mlf wli mli``fg3 kh v`fg gl `vlrmikcslilf vnf zl-vlf stlglf. Gl inntstl wns elt Kik`f vnf E`dlrus, gnt jlmùwg wlrgg``r Nlìkèrs, li lluwlf vÿÿr Oerkstus. Kf llf glr stlglf v`fg kh vlil Dkflrvn-mlliglf dlt glf ukilfh`p, vnf wnnr gl fnnd Jinuo`pks.

Gòe gl jr``tstl `ftglhhkfj ks gkl vnf Qrkndus‛ stng (Kik`f, r`yn). Niils gnnr jlv`fglf grnnjt sp`rlf vnf vlrfkltkjkfj kf ``ri`j lf vuur.Zkc v`fglf vlil dlfsoelikchl `vlrmikcslilf kf vìil wnplfrustkfj. Gle``gduur lf v``rfndl jlmùwlf zkcf uktjljrnvlf. Kh mlf tenfs ml-zkj d kf ―t Lfjlisoe niils fnuwhlurkj tl mlsoerkcvlf. Dkcf r`ynnfsoel

:>: Gl H`lrklr 1:-1<->5:<.

_oeikldnff mkc ’gl

p``rt— vnf Ulrxls.

Wlhlfkfj Lrfst Dlylr

fnnr llf b`t` vnf

Rkroe`w.



?=2 -

vlrzndlikfj, fu tl I`fg`f, jnnt wligrn fnnr dkcf infgeuks tl Ntelfl.Gkt euks ks vuurvnst, jlelli vnf dnrdlr lf kczlr. Rnf gl Rlrllfkjgl_tntlf, vnf Lfjlinfg, vnf Brnfhrkch lf vnf Guktsoeinfg elm kh jr``tlnnfmklgkfjlf v``r elt jlv`fglfl jlhrljlf, dnnr kh hnf lr v``r jllf

jlig tlr wlrlig vnf soelkglf.

:>5

Fnnst elt wlrh kf r`cl dnhlf _oeikldnff lf Rkroe`w, z`nis nnfjl-h`fgkjg, llf tòetcl fnnr gl mlrj Kgn. Znffllr wl Lrfst Dlylr d`jlfjli`vlf z`rjgl Rkroe`w lr jlgurlfgl glzl tòet v``r gnt _oeikldnffsr`cnnfsl v`fgstlf uktlkfglikch kf Guktsinfg tlrloet hwndlf. lrwkci_oeikldnff lf Rkroe`w wnfgliglf jnb gl inntstl nnf _oeikldnff llfpnnr mi`ldlf gkl dlf ``h kf Dlohilfmurj zù hufflf vkfglf nis ’LkfJruÐ nus glr Elkdnt—. _oeikldnff rnnhtl eklr z` `ftr`lrg g``r gntekc mlsi``t `d zkcf r`cnnfsl vlrzndlikfj nnf Mlrikcf tl jlvlf ’bùr gnsglutsoel Rìh—.:>;

E`l Dlylr nnf glzl nflhg`tl jlh`dlf ks elm kh fklt hufflf `ft-glhhlf lf llf twllgl mr`f elm kh ``h fklt hufflf vkfglf. Slhlr ks gnt_oeikldnff kf >5:; vkn Rkroe`w zkcf r`cnnfsl v`fgstlf nnf elt ltf`-i`jksoe duslud kf Mlrikcf jllbt. Kf `ht`mlr rlkst Rkroe`w fnnr I`fglf`d gnnr sndlf dlt _oeikldnff gl tlft``fjlstligl r`cnnfsl v`fgstlftl mlhkchlf3

Qr`. ]. Rkroe`w w`rgt glzl wllh tl I`fglf vlrwnoet, tlf lkfgl dltgr. _oeikldnff elt `fglrz`lh vnf gl r`cnnfsoel vlrzndlikfjlf vnfglf inntstjlf`ldgl kf elt Sukg-Hlfskfjt`f-Duslud tlf lkfgl tl

mrlfjlf. Rkroe`w zni llf e``gstuh soerkcvlf vnf elt llrinfj kf eltikoet vlrsoekcflfgl wlrh vnf _oeikldnff, wnnrkf ekc gl rlsuitntlf glrltef`jrnpeksoel lf jlì`jksoel fglrz`lhufjlf zni dlglgllilf, gkl ekc`finfjs tkcglfs zkcf vlrmikc `p gl pinnts glr `pjrnvkfjlf kf Dyhlflellt `fglrf`dlf.:=1

Rkroe`w wns, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, fklt kf Dyhlfl, dnnr kf r`cljlwllst, dnnr gnnr zuiilf wl gl `pstliilr vnf gkt mlrkoet kf elt NijldllfEnfglisming fklt `p nnf hkchlf.

:>5 Fkluwl J`rkfoeldsoel Oùrnft >1->>->551.:>; Dlylr >;2;, ?15. Kf klts nfglrl w``rglf stnnt gl zlibgl nflhg`tl ``h kf Dlylr

>;<<, 77>.

:=1 Nijldllf Enfglisming 1=->1->5:;.



?=:

=?. Elt Kftlrfntk`fnni o`fjrlsvnf jlfllshufgkjlf

Gkt o`fjrls v`fg `p >= slptldmlr >5:; kf Blikx Dlrktks tl Ndstlrgndpinnts. Dlgkok ukt elli Lur`pn mlsprnhlf lr niilrilk uktllfi`plfgl pr`-mildlf. Gr. Grygnil mlsprnh mkcv``rmllig gl Gl rljlildlftntkl glr pr`s-tktutkl lf ennr kfvi`lg `p glf jlz`fgelkgst`lstnfg. Nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcft`lsprnnh hwnd ekc t`t gl o`foiuskl gnt rljlildlftntkl fklts uktennigl.Gl ilglf vnf gl Nssòkntk`f kftlrfntk`fnil pùr i‛lnu p`tnmil mlsprnhlf

uktjlmrlkg elt vlrmnfg tusslf vuki wntlr lf oeìlrn. S` wlrglf lr llfjr``t nnftni dlgksoel `fglrwlrplf mlspr`hlf. @`h Rkroe`w wns mkcgkt o`fjrls nnfwlzkj. Brnfoksous O`rfliks G`fglrs (>5>5->55;) vr`ljzkcf mlr`ldgl Guktsl oìiljn `b glzl ―s nv`fgs, tlr `ftspnffkfj vnf glnnfwlzkjlf, llf ilzkfj `vlr r`cl wkigl jlvlf. Rkroe`w stldgl t`l lfelt wns glzl ilzkfj gkl elt jr``tstl jlgllitl vnf elt hrnftlf vlrsinj vnfElt fkluws vnf glf gnj vuigl3

Gl mlr`ldgl Rkroe`w ukt Mlrikcf trng jkstlrlfnv`fg v``r llf tnirkch pumiklh kf Blikx Dlrktks `p dlt llfl v``rgrnoet `vlr elt ùgl r`cl.Gklpl llrmklg lf iklgl v``r glf Kikns vnf E`dlrus engglf eld `f-

wllrstnnfmnnr fnnr gl r`cnnfsoel vinhtl ellf jltr`hhlf, lf tenfsglligl ekc kf llf e``jst mlinfjwlhhlfgl rlgl dlgl wlihl zkcfl lrvn-rkfjlf jlwllst wnrlf, t`lf ekc glzl hinssklhl djlvkfj lf _oeikldnff‛s`pjrnvkfjlf vlrjlillh dlt gl mlsoerkcvkfjlf kf glf Kikns.

@p llf hnnrt, g``r eld zli `p elt tlrrlkf `ftw`rplf, vìjgl spr. gl pinntsmlsoerkcvkfjlf vnf E`dlrus, lf stukttl gnnrmkc dlfkjdnni `p jlmrlh nnf `vlrllfh`dst tussoelf gl wlrhlikchelkg lf elt eliglf-gkoet. Dnnr e`lvlli hnf kf gukzlfglf cnrlf tkcgs fklt vlrnfglrg zkcf!_tr``dlf vlriljjlf zkoe, gnilf w`rglf vinhtlf, mlrjlf vlrnfglrlfvnf v`rd. S`` v`fg spr. fklt gl vliglf, wnnr gl E`dlrksoel vlig-

sinjlf d`ltlf elmmlf pinnts jleng, lf kf stlgl vnf elt uktjlstrlhtlKik`f wlrglf gl `vlrmikcslilf mi``tjliljg vnf llf muroet, mikchmnnrvlrfklig g``r llf jlwligkjl rndp, dnnr kf ndltkfj vnf gklf nnrg,gnt spr. t`t gl si`ts`d h`dlf d`lst, gnt gkl jr``tl pinnts kf gls gkoetlrsvlrmlligkfj d`lt mlstnnf elmmlf. Dnnr gl h`stmnnrelglf, p gl pinntsvnf glzlf muroet jlv`fglf, zkc wnrlf jllf v``rtmrlfjslilf vnf kf-infgsoelf, dnnr vnf vrlldglf v``r-Nzkntksoelf `rspr`fj. Gl mrnfg,gkl gkt v`rstlikch vlrmikc mikchmnnr vlrfkligl, wns jllf jlw`fl rndpv``r zuih llf si`t8 gl wnplflf gnnr `ftglht sprnhlf vnf jlwligkjlhrnoetlf. Z``fgl gnnr llfs llf elig, gkl kf stùtd`lgkjelkg lf kfzkcfl jr``tsoel tòetlf gl j`glf fnmkchwnd, lf illgl gnnr ``h `p



?=5 -

gklf muroet llfl vrùw, wklr jlgrnj nnfilkgkfj wns t`t gl jlwligkjlvlrw`lstkfj vnf gkt dlrhwnnrgkj si`t0 Gnt kf glzlf ekst`rksoelf pukf-e``p E`dlrus‛ gkoetlrjllst nnfilkgkfj ellt jlv`fglf t`t glf Kikns,wns spr. `fglrstliikfj. Niils pilkt gnnrv``r.

Dnnr ` elt mlwlzlf w`rgt, wnt spr. f``kt nnffldlf hnf, gnt gl Kiknszukvlr vlrgkoetkfj wns, tòe e``ptl ekc, gnt dlf glr clujg f``kt llfm`lh `ftfldlf zni, gnt gl vlrmlligkfj trlt lf ennr gl mlliglf v``r-t``vlrt vnf Elr`èf nis gkl vnf E`dlrus.:=>

:=> Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >=-1;->5:;.

]ugìb Rkroe`w



?=;

Znnr Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj Rkroe`ws ilzkfj nis `fglrglli vnf ennro`fjrls vlrsinj mrnoet, sprnh elt Nijldllf Enfglisming niillf `vlr glilzkfj vnf _oeikldnffs vrklfg3

Qr`. Rkroe`w `vlr r`cl

Gl tkcgkfj, gnt gl mlr`ldgl Mlrikcfsoel e``jillrnnr, tlvlfs e``g glrB`rtsoerkttspnrtkc kf elt Guktsoel pnrildlft, kf Blikx llf ilzkfj `vlrr`cl zù eùglf, wlhtl nijldllfl mlinfjstliikfj, z``wli d glf plr-s``f vnf glf rlglfnnr, nnf wkl gl wltlfsoenp z``vlli tl gnfhlf ellt,nis `d elt `fglrwlrp, gnt ekc zù mlenfglilf. l Ndstlrgnd, wnnrzkoe v``r rukd ?1 cnnr fn hnft``rtkcg Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff kf zkcfgnhhndlrtcl `p gl tnnihufgkjl stugkèf t`liljgl, wlrg vnf gl `ftglh-hkfjlf vnf glf h``pdnf, gkl kf glf ùgelkgv`rsoelr ks `pjljnnf,stllgs dlt vlli mlinfjstliikfj hlffks jlf`dlf. Jllf w`fglr gnf gntkf gl rnnkl o`folrtznni vnf Blikx jkstlrlfnv`fg tl eninoet mkcfn jllf pinnts tl hrkcjlf wns lf llf nnfzklfikch jlzlisoenp vnf gndls lf ell-rlf dlt fjlguig elt ptrlglf vnf glf Guktsoelr nwnoettl. Fnnst eltsprllhjlst`litl wns llf jr``tl hnnrt `pjlenfjlf, vnf gnt jlgllitl vnfHilkf-Nzkè, wnnrellf kf elt v`rkjl cnnr z``vlil mikhhlf jlrkoet wnrlf`d gl mlwljkfjlf glr Lfjlisoel vi``t fn tl jnnf, lf wnnr - vìjlfselt fstlrlikch jlgkoet vnf E`dlrus - `fglr gl `jlf lf dlglwlrhkfjglr j`glf gl eliglfstrkcg d r`cl ellt pinnts jleng.

Qr`. Rkroe`w wlrg dlt iukgl t`lcukoekfjlf, fklt elt dkfst vnf gl tni-rkch `pjlh`dlf ufkvlrsktlktsmurjlrs, mljr`lt, t`lf ekc gl znni mkfflf-trng. @`h fn n``p vnf gl ilzkfj, gkl fjlvllr nfglreni uur guurgl,`ftmrnh elt fklt nnf t`lcukoekfjlf. Dnnr wns nnf gl vlrwnoetkfjmlnftw``rg0 Eklr rkcst niilrllrst gl vrnnj, wnt dlf vlrwnoet eng.

Rlilf engglf zkoe Rkroe`w, nis e``g llflr kfvi`lgrkchl stnnthufgkjl pnrtkc, ``h v``rjlstlig nis llf jr`t rlglfnnr. òe ks elt mlhlfg gntekc zkcf kfvi`lg dllr g``r gljlikchelkg lf soelrpzkffkjelkg gnf g``rrlglfnnrstnilftlf ellt vlrw`rvlf. Gkt millh ``h jkstlrlfnv`fg8 wnftzkcf v``rgrnoet, e`l illrrkch ``h, dkstl elt m`lklfgl lf dllsillplfglgnt niillf v``r llf ilvlfgkjl, mlzkligl v``rgrnoet, jleìplf g``r llfhrnoetkj hinfhvì `rjnnf tl mlrlkhlf ks.

Lf gl kfeùg0 Zkl jldllfg eng `vlr _oeikldnff‛s `pjrnvkfjlf `p elt jlmklg vnf elt ùgl r`cl dllr mkcz`fglrelglf tl vlrfldlf, gnf uktgl dllst jlilzlf tkcgsoerktlf rllgs nijldllf j`lg vnf gl mlsoennglfzkcf jlw`rglf, znj zkoe dlgl tlilurjlstlig. Dnnr gnt ks fklt nnf glfellr Rkroe`w tl wkctlf.

Znnr`vlr ekc sprnh, lf zuihs jlikch ekc dlglglligl `p uktf``gkjkfjvnf pr`. G`fglrs, wns zkcf rlks `p elt jlmklg, wnnr _oeikldnff v``r5 cnnr gl `vlrmikcslilf lf soenttlf vnf elt ùgl r`cl dllfgl `ftglhttl elmmlf. Sli llf kcvlrkj mlv`rglrnnr glr ùgelkghufgl, jltukjl zkcf`fglrz`lh fnnr gl pnniw`fkfjlf kf Q`ddlrlf, wns ekc zkoe tlr pinnt-



??1 -

sl jnnf `vlrtukjlf ` kfglrgnng elt infg mlzukglf gl Gnrgnfliilflf gl zll vnf Dnrd`rn elt t``flli hnf jlwllst zkcf vnf Noekiils lfElotlrs eliglfgnglf. Sllr uktv`lrkj mlsoerll ekc gnt tlrrlkf, `d tlg`lf ukth`dlf gnt vlil mlsoerkcvkfjlf kf gl Kikns v``rh`dlfgl, g``r

gl jlstligelkg vnf elt tljlfw``rgkjl mlvlstkjg w`rglf.Llrst nnf elt si`t zkcflr rlgl st`fg gl e``jillrnnr stki mkc gl `pjrn-vkfjlf zlivl lf ekc soennrgl zkoe dllr nnf gl zkcgl vnf _oeikldnffgnf nnf gkl glr twkclinnrs, gkl kf gl Kikns uktsiuktlfg llf vruoet glrgkoetlrikchl vlrmlligkfj zklf. Ekc wnnrsoeuwgl loetlr tljlf llf ilt-tlrikchl `pvnttkfj vnf E`dlrus. Kddlrs t`lf gl Kikns jlgkoet wlrg,mlst`fg r`cl rllgs lluwlf fklt dllr8 zlis gl cukstl pinnts znj gl gkoe-tlr wliikoet fklt, wnft m`vlf glzl vlrmrnfgl stng vlrrlls llf nfglrl._oeikldnff ellt vklr vkc injlf vnf vlrsoekiilfgl illtkcglf ftglht,mkc elt tljlfw``rgkjl Enssnfikh XskoT, zlis f`j `fglr gl innj gkl jl-eùglf w`rgt v``r gl stng vnf Qrkndus. Gkl stng wns nis dlf `p gl pukfe``plf ilt, vnf jlrkfjlf `dvnfj8 gl gkoetlr ellt ennr jlwkoetvlrjr``t, dnnr lr ks z``vlli gnt dlt elt gkoetlrikchl vlrenni `vlrllf-h`dt, gnt pr`. Rkroe`w lr fklt elt dkfstl mlzwnnr kf znj nnf tlfldlf, gnt gl jlv`fglf `vlrmikcslilf dlt glf ``rspr`fj vnf gnt vlr-enni kf fnuwl mltrlhhkfj stnnf. Gl kfgruh, g``r eld vlrhrljlf p gl pinnts zlivl lf enrl `djlvkfj, mlvlstkjt eld kf gnt ``rglli.

Ekc lkfgkjgl dlt gl e``p ukt tl sprlhlf, gnt, e`l ``h `vlr glf lkjlf-ikchlf jr`fgsinj vnf gl Kikns jlgnoet wlrg, - gnt gkoetstuh f``kt ukt glsoeìlf zni w`rglf vlrmnfflf. Dlt enrtlikchl t`lcukoekfjlf wlrg gktsi`t glr rlglv`lrkfj mljr`lt.

Rlil o`fjrlsilglf mljnvlf zkoe gnnrfn fnnr elt Qnrh, wnnr llf rnnko`folrt wlrg jljlvlf lf llf vuurwlrh wlrg njlst`hlf, lkfgkjlfgl dltllf vurkjlf Nlsouinnpsstn.:==

@p >= slptldmlr >5:; stuurgl Rkroe`w vnfukt Ndstlrgnd llf vlr-sinj vnf zkcf rlgl nnf _oeikldnff.:=? ljlf elt lkfg vnf glzl mrklb hrkc-jlf wl llf vlrrnsslfgl dlglglikfj. Fn nbi``p eng Rkroe`w llf vnf_oeikldnffs Ndstlrgndsl mnzlf `ftd`lt, B.O. ûklf. Glzl wns f`jstllgs fklt tlvrlglf `vlr elt wlrh gnt _oeikldnffs v``r eld vlrrkoet

eng.:=7

Kf llrstl kfstnftkl ikcht elt `b wl eklr dlt llf `fnbenfhlikchl jltukjltl g`lf elmmlf, gkl mlvlstkjt wnt _oeikldnff zlib `vlr zkcf `ptrlglfmkc gklfs bkrdn vlrtlig ellbt. Gl mnns elrkfflrt zkoe zlibs gnt ekc fkltloet zkcf mlst gllg. Elt pr`milld ks loetlr gnt _oeikldnff gkt vlrennitklf cnnr llrglr, kf >52;, ni uktjlmrlkg kf zkcf kfilkgkfj v``r Ktenqul,

:== Nijldllf Enfglisming >?-1;->5:;. Gl kcg >?-1;->5:; ’Gl mlhlfgl guktsoel grRkroe`w eklig jkstlrlf-nv`fg llf v``rgrnoet kf Blikx Dlrktks, wnnrkf ekc mkcz`f-glrelglf dlglglligl `vlr zkcf rlks fnnr r`cl.—

:=? R``r Rkro`w lf _oeikldnff zkl Dlylr >;<<.

:=7 Elrrdnf >;;1, >71.



??>

il Qëi`p`ffåsl lt r`kl jlpumikollrg eng. Kf glzl kfilkgkfj eng ekc zkcfilzlrs vlrtlig e`l ekc kf gl tkcg vnf ûklf tnilf jlillrg eng, wnt zkcfbufotk`flrlf fklt tlf j`lgl jlh`dlf wns. Elt ks j`lg d`jlikch gntûklf elt vlrenni mkc _oeikldnff zlib jlilzlf eng. Elt ks zlibs, jlzklf

gl ni llrglr jlf`ldgl pdlrhkfj ukt gl mrklb nnf jrnnb Mnssk, gl vrnnj b_oeikldnff zkoe kf gklfst vnf ûklf wlrhlikch z` siloet jlgrnjlf ellbtnis ekc intlr mlwllrgl. M`vlfgklf hufflf wl `fs nbvrnjlf e`l siloet cl

cl nis c`fjstl mlgklfgl wli fklt d`lt jlgrnjlf wki gl e``jstl mnns vnfgl bkrdn gkt ?: cnnr intlr f`j wltlf0



??= -

=7. _oeikldnff lf gl eud`r

_oeikldnff wns kf >5:; z` mlhlfg kf Flglrinfg gnt Gl kcg z`fglr fn-glrl uktilj zkcf fnnd jlmrukhtl kf llf sntkrksoe stuh wnnrkf dlf llf nnf-vni gllg `p gl Guktsl fntk`fnni-ikmlrnil pìktkous Lgunrg Inshlr (>5=;->557). Znt lr z` mlgrlkjlfg wns nnf gl kgllèf vnf glzl Guktsl pìktkousgnt llf Flglrinfgsl hrnft eld mlinoelikch d`lst dnhlf elm kh fkltuktjlzòet. Kh enni gkt niillf lvlf nnf `d tl intlf zklf gnt _oeikldnffkf glzl plrk`gl llf gusgnfkj glli vnf elt dlumkinkr jlw`rglf wns gntdlf zlhlr wkst gnt lihl ilzlr wkst wnnr ekc v``r st`fg.:=< Gnt llf flttl

hrnft nis Gl kcg zkoe eklr kf ennr hrktklh `p llf vnf ``rspr`fj c``gslpìktkous t`t llf nftksldktksoel uktintkfj innt vlrilkglf d`lt kf gl jllstvnf gkl tkcg jlzklf w`rglf lf ks v``r `fs wnnrsoekcfikch `pvniilfglr gnfelt t`lf wns3

Nnf gl fntk`fnni-ikmlrnil pnrtkc wlrg llfs g``r fkluwsjklrkjlf elt`fjle``rgl vlrz`lh jlgnnf, `d ennr pr`jrnd `plfmnnr tl dnhlf.Gnnr`p nftw``rgglf gl `rjnflf glr pnrtkc t``rfkj, gnt gkt llf `f-f``gkj vlrinfjlf wns, wkci elt pr`jrnd glr pnrtkc jlelli `fvlrnfglrgwns jlmilvlf. Fu wnrlf loetlr gl fkluwsjklrkjlf vnf dllfkfj, gntdlf gnf elt ùgl pr`jrnd f`j llfs d`lst mlhlfg dnhlf. Gnnr`p

zwljlf niilf stki, wnft zkc engglf elt z``jlfnndg `fvlrnfglrg jl-milvlf pr`jrnd vlriljg, lf h`fglf elt fklt tlruj vkfglf. lf lkfglelt tl z`lhlf, `ftm`glf gl fkluwsjklrkjlf gr _oeikldnff, gkl niilsvkfglf hnf, vnf r`cl. @`h ekc loetlr h`f elt fklt vkfglf, lf vlrwllsgl fkluwsjklrkjlf fnnr glf c`fjstlf gnj, wnffllr ni elt j`lgl lf elthwngl nnf elt ikoet zni h`dlf. lf gl hklzlrs vlrhinnrglf, fklt z`ìnfj tl hufflf wnoetlf, jkfj _oeikldnff f`jdnnis nnf elt z`lhlf, lflkfglikch v`fg ekc llf g``ghkst, wnnrkf fnnr niilf soekcf elt pr`jrndwns mkcjlzlt. Gl hkst wns lvlfwli illj. Skc gr`lj llf dltnilf soekig,gnt mikchmnnr elt fntk`fnni-ikmlrnil euks- lf ndkiklwnplf gr`lj. Eltsoekp ks kf grkl vliglf vlrgllig, vnf wlihl elt rloetlr gl kfsorkptkl ’Cn—lf elt ikfhlr ’Fllf— grnnjt8 tlrwkci p elt dkgglistl vlig llf jrkcsnnrgzkt, gkl zkoe fklt wllt tl eliplf. Nis wnplfgrnjlrs wnrlf llf c``g lfllf ùg wkc nnfjlmrnoet.

:=< Skl ``h Zkttl =117.



???

Fnuwlikchs eng Inshlr gkt wnplf jlzklf, ` ekc vkfj llf vkc-urlf-infjlrlgl nnf `vlr w``rglf lf gnglf kf elt nijldllf lf gl ’ikmlrnil— rlgl- lfstnntsdnfshufst kf elt mkcz`fglr. `lf ekc jlèkfgkjg eng, vr`lj fkldnfgdllr fnnr elt fntk`fnni-ikmlrnil pr`jrnd8 wnft niil hklzlrs wnrlf skfgs

infj jnnf i``plf.:=2

:=2 Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnntshufgkj gnjming =<-15->5:;.



??7 -

=<. Znrlf lr o`ftnotlf tusslfr`cl lf Oekfn0

Kf gl Kfilkgkfj vnf r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr jllbt _oeikldnff llfnbmlligkfj vnf llf vnns dlt llf hrnnjvlrsklrkfj mlstnnfgl ukt hrnm-mlis gkl wli wnt vnf soerkbttlhlfs elmmlf. _oeikldnff jli``bgl gntzl sydmìksoe wnrlf, dnnr Mùrfùb wns vnf dlfkfj gnt elt eklr `dOekflls jkfj. @d zkcf ilzlrs vnf glzl dlfkfj `p gl e``jtl tl stliilfglligl _oeikldnff dll gnt Mùrfùb vnf dlfkfj wns gnt glzl vnns uktF``rg ùrnfklf:=: hwnd. _oeikldnff v`ljgl gnnrnnf t`l gnt, wnffllr

Mùrfùb jlikch eng lf elt eklr wlrhlikch `d Oekflls jkfj, gl ilzlr kfgl Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr f`j dllr vnf gkt s``rt kfsorkptkls h`fvkfglf.:=5 :=;

:=: urnnfs 4 (tljlfw``rgkj) @lrni-Nitnàsoe, dllstni jlmrukht v``r tnnijr`lplf.@`rspr`fhlikch wlrg gl tlrd t`ljlpnst `p vrkcwli niil tnilf vnf Nzkntksoel nbh`dst,mlenivl gl Jlrdnnfsl lf gl _ldktksoel.

:=5 H`rbdnfff >;;1, ?1.:=; Skl Qlrss`f >;?1. Oengwkoh >;2>, ?1 ’... Rlftrks nbtlr n onrlbui lxndkfntk`f `b tel

`rkjkfni ondl t` tel o`foiusk`f tent tel dnrhs nrl f`t wrktkfj nt nii8 tely dny mln hkfg `b g``gikfj, `r p`sskmiy nf nttldpt my nf kiiktlrntl plrs`f t` rlpr`guol tel

npplnrnfol `b wrktkfj.—

_oerkbt fnm``tskfj vlrjlikchmnnr dlt gl ’kfsorkptkl— vnf Nskfl0:=;



??<

_oeikldnff wns gukglikch solptksoe, dnnr Mùrfùb wns fklt gl lfk-jl gkl Oekflls ins `p glzl vnns. @p =: dlk >5:; h`dt Elt fkluws vnfglf gnj dlt llf `pvniilfg mlrkoet3

Gl Oekfllsoel jlznft tl Mlrikcf, Ik-Bnfj-Qn`, nis jlillrgl kf zkcfvnglrinfg zllr jufstkj mlhlfg, ellt llf zllr mlinfjrkchl `ftglh-hkfj jlgnnf. Ekc ellt nnfjlt``fg, gnt gl vnns, gkl `p r`cnnfsoelfm`gld, lf wli kf llf v``r-r`cnnfsoel innj jlv`fglf ks lf wnnr-vnf _oeikldnff kf gl kfilkgkfj vnf zkcf wlrh dligkfj dnnht, vnfOekfllsoelf ``rspr`fj ks lf llf `psoerkt grnnjt, wnnrukt mikcht, gnt`dstrllhs elt cnnr >=11 v. O. kldnfg grkl pnrtkctcls ikfflf jnns kf glvnns vlrpnht lf `p mlzklfs vlrz`fglf ellt. Eklrdlgl ks llf nrjudlfttl dllr jlw`fflf v``r gl vligwkfflfgl vlrtukjkfj, gnt Jrklhlfinfglf Hilkf-Nzkl kf gl ùgelkg kf ilvlfgkj vlrhllr elmmlf jlstnnf dltelt vìh glr Eyplrm`rnlèrs, gl Oekfllzlf.:?1

Elt blkt gnt gl Eyplrm`rllèrs eklr jlikchjlstlig w`rglf nnf glOekflzlf ks dlrhwnnrgkj. Gl tlrd Eyplrm`rln innt zkoe vlrtnilf dlt’nnf gl nfglrl hnft vnf elt f``rglf—. Rìjlfs gl Jrklhlf w``fgl glj`g vnf gl f``rglfwkfg, M`rlns, kf ernokè. Gl Eyplrm`rllèrs w``f-glf gus v``rmkc M`rlns, `btlwli tlf f``rglf vnf ernokè. Elt wns llfprnoetkj infg wnnr gl z`f =7 uur plr gnj soellf lf elt inj z`vlr vnfJrklhlfinfg vlrwkcglrg gnt Npìi` gl lfkjl @iydpkèr wns gkl lr vlr-llrg wlrg. Glzl j`g mrnoet gl wkftlrs mkc elf g``r lf z`rjgl lrv``rgnt zkc jlsoelfhlf fnnr zkcf elkikjg`d `p Gli`s stuurglf. lf tkcgl vnf

Nilxnfglr gl Jr`tl jkfjlf gl Jrklhlf lrvnf ukt gnt gl Eyplrm`rllèrslrjlfs nnf gl F``rgzll w``fglf.

Gkt mlrkoet wlrg g``r Elt fkluws vnf gl gnj nis zllr mlinfjrkch jl-zklf lf `p =2 slptldmlr `pfkluw jlpumikollrg3

\kt elt `psoerkt vnf llf glr vnzlf, g``r Gr. _oeikldnff `p glfm`gld vnf elt ùgl r`cl jlv`fglf, mikcht gnt lr rllgs >=11 cnnrv``r Oerkstus mltrlhhkfjlf mlst`fglf tussoelf Oekfn lf Lur`pn.Gl Oekfllsoel ndmnssnglur tl Mlrikcf ellt glzl vlrhinrkfj jlgnnf,lf lvlfllfs uktjldnnht gnt elt wllsli, kf gl vnzlf jlv`fglf, vnfOekfllsoelf `rspr`fj wns.:?>

:?1 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =:-1<->5:;.

:?> Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =2-1;->5:;.



??2 -

@dgnt gkt z`‛f dlrhwnnrgkj mlrkoet ks hkchlf wl lr lvlf klts infjlrfn. Zl h`dlf elt ``h tljlf kf Oenrils Jùigs Dytekoni D`fstlrs ukt>552. Elt w`rgt eklr jlmrukht `d nnf tl t`flf gnt lr ni elli vr`lj o`f-tnot wns tusslf Oekfn lf Jrklhlfinfg.:?=

Jùigs m`lh hrllj llf uktstlhlfgl mlsprlhkfj kf el Oekfn ]lvklw vnf >552, dnnr `vlr gl fnnr Ik Bnfj-pn` vlrwkczlfgl `pdlrhkfj dnnh-tl gl rlolfslft llf nnfvuiilfgl `pdlrhkfj. Elt hi`ptl gnt Ik Bnfj-pn`gkt jlzljg eng, dnnr elt wns fklt cukst. Elt wns jlelli ukt zkcf bnftn-skl `ftspr`tlf. _kfgsgklf wns glzl kfsorkptkl `fglrzòet g``r Lur`plslwltlfsoenpplrs (Lur`plnf _nvnfts) lf gkl engglf z`fglr twkcbli vnstjl-stlig gnt elt ùg B`lfkoksoe lf jllf Oekflls wns.:??

Zlihl Lur`plsl wltlfsoenpplrs gkt z` z`fglr twkcbli vnststliglf elmkh fklt hufflf `ftglhhlf. _oeikldnff fnd gkt jljlvlf kf klglr jlvnifklt kf zkcf fkluwl m`lh `vlr r`cl, Kik`s , `p. Gnt wki `vlrkjlfs fklt zlj-

jlf gnt gnnrkf fklt `vlr llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt Oekfn jlspr`hlf w`rgt.Llf vnf gl dlrhwnnrgkjstl v``rwlrplf ukt gl jr`tl soent wns llf mnhclvnf jùg dlt twll `rlf. Elt ikcht f`j elt dllst `p llf ùglrwltsl

cus- `b snush`d. Kf llf f``t jllbt _oeikldnff nnf gnt lr d`jlikch llfvlrmkfgkfj tusslf gkt v``rwlrp lf Oekfn zù mlstnnf. Gl ellr C.Z.Iòhenrt eng eld lr `p jlwlzlf gnt llf s``rtjlikch v``rwlrp ``h kfOekflsl tldplis wlrg jlmrukht. Niillf wnrlf gl rlf gnnr wnt infjlr lfst`fglf zl fnnr m`vlf jlrkoet. Kf Oekfn stnnt glzl vnns `p grkl p``tcls.Gkt s``rt vnzlf w`rgt kf Oekfn jlmrukht kf gl v``rùglrikchl tldplis.Gl ellr Iòhenrt ins ``h Oekflls `p lfkjl vnf gl kf r`cl jlv`fglf

wllbjlwkoetcls.:?7

Elt ks d`lkikch `d vnst tl stliilf e`l _oeikldnff zlib `vlr llf vlr-mkfgkfj r`cl Oekfn gnoet. Ekc v`fg elt kgll gukglikch mlinfjrkch jl-f`lj d lr`p tl wkczlf gnt nfglrlf glzl vlrmkfgkfj znjlf, dnnr fnd lrzlib jllf stnfgpuft `vlr kf.:?<

:?= Jùig >552 f``t >?:. ’Gr. _oeikldnff bùfg n vnsl kf tel i`wlst strntn `b ekslxonvntk`fs nt Ekssnrikh wkte nf kfsorkptk`f kf nf ufhf`wf infjunjl. _kx ylnrs nj`tel @rklftnikst L. Murfùb gloinrlg kt t` ml kf Oekflsl b`r wekoe el wns jlflrniiyinujelg nt nt tel tkdl. el Oekflsl ndmnssng`r nt Mlrikf, Ik Bnfj-pn`, ens rlngnfg trnfsintlg tel kfsorkptk`f, wekoe stntls tent tell pklols `b ikflf jnuzl nrlpnohlg kf tel vnsl b`r kfsplotk`f. el Oekflsl ndmnssng`r bkxls tel gntl `b telkfsorkptk`f nt nmùt >=11 M.O., nfg burtelr stntls tent tel ufhf`wf oenrnotlrss` brlqulftiy òourkfj `f tel tlrrn o`ttn XgkshsT nrl nis` kf tel Oekflsl infju-njl, wekoe weùig se`w tent nt teks rld`tl plrk`g o`ddlrokni kftlroùrsl lxkstlgmltwllf Oekfn nfg tel lnstlrf se`rls `b Nskn Dkf`r nfg Jrllol.—

:?? L.C.L. >552.:?7 _oeikldnff >551, 72< f``t >1.:?< elrlsn Dkts`pìù ks vnf dlfkfj gnt glzl `vlrllfh`dstlf llf jlvìj zkcf vnf

llf jldllfsoenpplikchl ``rspr`fj. Dkts`pìù >;;=.



??:

=2. Zkiild Cno`m Dnfsslf

G``r zkcf mk`jrnbkl inj _oeikldnff j`lg mkc Flglrinfgsl g`dkflls. @p>7 cnfunrk >551 jnb gl rld`fstrnftsl g`dkfll Elfgrkh O`rfliks ]`jjl(>5?1->;1<) v``r gl Ndstlrgndsl Enfglisvlrlfkjkfj ’Rlrvr`ljgMlursuur— llf ilzkfj `vlr gl `ftglhhlr vnf r`cl.:?2 Glzl ilzkfj ks fkltjlpumikollrg lf wl d`ltlf elt gus g`lf dlt gl h`rtl kfe`ug gkl kf glhrnft wlrg nbjlgruht3

Z`lfsgnjnv`fg eklig gl Ellr Gr. E. O. ]`jjl kf ’Rlrvr`ljgMlursuur— gl nnfjlh`fgkjgl v``rgrnoet `vlr Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff._prlhlr jkfj ukt vnf elt stnfgpuft e`l llf znnhhufgkj fglrz`lh hnfilkglf t`t stnvkfj vnf gl jlsoeklglfks, ``h gnnr, wnnr gkl jlsoeklglfksniikoet t`t elt jlmklg glr dytelf lf snjlf tlrujjlgr`fjlf w`rgt, lfsoeltstl fn llfl kftlrlssnftl ilvlfsmlsoerkcvkfj vnf glf wlimlhlfglflx-hnft``rmlgklfgl, gl p`jkfjlf lf dnntrljlilf g``r Gr. _oeikldnffkf elt wlrh jlstlig, mlflvlfs gl soekttlrlfgl rlsuitntlf, `d gl `fml-hlfgl soenttlf lf jlsoeklghufgkjl mkcz`fglrelglf vnf elt ni`uglr`cl lf Dkoëfl XskoT nnf elt ikoet tl mrlfjlf.

_prlhlr vlstkjgl v``rts mlpnnig gl nnfgnoet p glf stnilf kcvlr lf f`ls-tl vikct wnnrg``r Gr. _. z``vlil ekfglrpnilf wkst tl m`vlf tl h`dlf, lflkfgkjgl dlt elt v``rgrnjlf vnf rnjdlftlf ukt elt Rl lf URKKl M`lhvnf E`dlrus‛ Kikns, wlihl gl llrstl nnfilkgkfj wnrlf jlwllst vnf Gr._.‛s iklgl t`t wltlfsoenp lf hlffks.:?:

Elt wns fklt niillf gl ellr ]`jjl gkl _oeikldnffs r`ld kf Flglrinfgvlrh`fgkjgl, ``h ëëf vnf Hliilr vnf E``rf‛s vrklfglf jnb llf ilzkfj`vlr gl jr`tl dnf. Hliilr vnf E``rf ikoetl _oeikldnff gnnr `vlr kf3

E``jjlnoetl Ellr

Dkcf wnnrgl vrklfg & ndmtjlf``t, Dnfsslf, ellt gl llr lf elt jl-

f`ljlf d`jlf sdnhlf, dllr uktv`lrkj gnf kh lf v``r rukdlr hrkfj,llf `fglr dllr jlpnstl tktli, lf (dkcfs kfzklfs) dllr wnnrgkj tl jltukjlf vnf \ & uw e``jjlwnnrgllrg & jlzljlfg strlvlf & wlrhlf.

Ekc zlfgt \ llf lxldpinnr

Jkc zuit gnnrukt zklf, gnt kh g``r uwl dkc mlwlzlf wliilvlfgelkg kfstnnt mlf jlwllst eld fklt wlkfkj v``r tl ikoetlf, z``wli g``r uwl

:?2 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >7-1>->551.

:?: Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >:-1>->551.



??5 -

stnfgnnrgwlrhlf nis g``r uwl mrklvlf lf gl dkc jlz`fglf lxldpinrlfvnf gl kdls.

Elt vlrelujt dkc zllr, gnt niz`` fklt niillf dkcf llrstl p`jkfj, kf>5:< mlpr`lg, ks mlhr``fg, dnnr v``rni, gnt f`j dllr hrnoetkj uw

lglinnrgkj strlvlf ks kf elt ikoet jlstlig lf ``h vnf uw intlr z`lhlf& vkfglf tl Dyolfl ks jlspr`hlf - dnnr m`vlfni ks elt dkc t`t e``jlmikcgsoenp, gnt ``h Dnfsslf kf \ glf dnf gls jli``s lf glr vì-enrgkfj ellt jleuigkjg, lf, tljlf`vlr vlli dkshlffkfj, \ ellt jl-wnnrgllrg `d uw zlivlri`òelflfglf nrmlkg lf uw `fjlgnoetl lf`fsoentmnrl v`fgstlf.

Ks dkc eklrg``r llfl kfjlzòetl jliljlfelkg jl`plfg `d \ vnf dkcfwnrdl kfjlf`dlfelkg, jr``tl mlinfjstliikfj lf enrtlikchl gnfhmnnr-elkg tl vlrzlhlrlf - ``h juft dkc glzl jliljlfelkg \ f`jdnnis dkcfwlfsoe ukt tl sprlhlf, gnt elt \ d`jl mlenjlf f`j llfs glf v`lt `p

glf Eìinfgsoelf jr`fg tl zlttlf lf dkc gl jliljlfelkg, elt v``rrloettl vlrillflf \ gl enfg tl gruhhlf.

Elinns! @fzl H`fkfjkf ks fklt dllr, dnnr ennr jllst ks mkc vlilf vnf`fs vìh ilvlfg.

Rlrmikcg `fs dlt elt mlrkoet vnf uw h`dst.

Dlt `prloetl E``jnoetkfj

ZliLgliSllrJEllr \wgklfstwGklfnnr

Q. D. Hliilr vnf E``rfG`rgrloet

7 Cufk >551 :?5

Zkiild Cno`m Dnfsslf (>57=->;=?) wns prlgkhnft mkc gl LvnfjliksoeIutelrsl hlrh kf Snnfgnd. @d muktlf gl telì`jksoel jlsoekiilf vnfzkcf tkcg tl mikcvlf soerllb ekc v``rfndlikch `vlr jlsoeklglfks lf iktlrn-tuur. Gkt jlmlurgl vlrkjlfs nitkcg dlt zkcf j`gsgklfstkjl vlrtukjkfj nisdnntint. Elt ilvlf vnf vrùwlf kf gl ]`dlkfsl tkcg v`fg ekc mkcv``r-mllig siloet `dgnt zkc elt wnrl jli``b fklt hlfglf. Lfkjl gnjlf fngnt

Hliilr vnf E``rf _oeikldnff jlsoerlvlf eng stuurgl Dnfsslf eld gltlhst vnf zkcf v``rgrnoet3

ZliLglil Sllr Jli. Ellr!

Mkc glzl elm kh gl llr u llf ngruh tl g`lf t`lh`dlf vnf llf g``r dkc jlsoerlvlf `pstli `vlr uw plrs``f lf uw wlrh. Gnnr uw lkjlf ngrlsdkc `fmlhlfg ks, flld kh gl vrkcelkg elt u tl g`lf jlw`rglf g``rdkggli vnf glf Ellr B.N. Mròhenus kf gl e``p, gnt elt z`` kf uwlenfglf jlrnnht.

:?5 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. 5=?;>, M`x3 Bìglr 5?3>.



??;

lvlfs v`lj kh eklr mkc, `p vlrz`lh vnf glf ellr Hliilr vnf E``rf, uktG`rgrloet, llf mrkl, gklf ekc dkc vlrzòet u t`l tl zlfglf.:?;

Dlt glf wlfsoe gnt llf lf nfglr u kf j`lgl wlistnfg mlrlkht, mikc khdlt e``jnoetkfj v``r uw plrs``f lf wlrh

ZliLgli Sllr Jli. Ellr! \w gw

Z.C. DnfsslfLv. Elrvt. Qrlgkhnft

Snnfgnd >? Cufk >551

@`h Dnfsslf mljkft wllr dlt _oeikldnffs mk`jrnbkl, dnnr cn gnt ksgnf ``h llf prnoetkj v``rmllig v``r gl clujg. Zl zklf kf glzl mlsoerkc-vkfj dltllf e`l Dnfsslf _oeikldnffs wlrh hnrnhtlrksllrt3

Llf dnf vnf mltllhlfks, gkl `fs g``r stnilf kcvlr, kfjlspnfflf stugkl,vurkjl iklgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp, `filrvnnrgkjelkg lf `fmnntzuoetkj-elkg mlw`fglrkfj ngwkfjt lf zkoe `fvlrjnfhlikchl inuwlrlf vlrw`r-vlf ellt, ks ekc m`vlf niilf twkcli. \ktvkfgkfjlf `p elt jlmklg vnfhufst lf fkcvlrelkg gllg ekc fklt, dnnr vlli ùgs, gnt dlf vlri`rlfwnnfgl ` rlhlfgl fklt tl mlstnnf, ellt ekc nnf elt ikoet jlmrnoet.Fnnr soenttlf ellt ekc jlzòet lf soenttlf ellt ekc jlv`fglf. Zntskfgs lluwlf `fglr pukf lf nsoe mlgìvlf wns, ellt ekc ukt elt jrng`lf elrrkczlf. Glf gr``d zkcflr c`fhelkg ellt ekc, t`t zkcf fklt jl-rkfjl vrlujgl, vlrwlzlfikcht jlzklf `p intlr illtkcg.:71

Elt ks `pvniilfg gnt jllf vnf gl rlolfslftlf kf glzl plrk`gl vrnnj-tlhlfs mkc _oeikldnffs ’gr``d vnf r`cl— jlpinntst ellbt tlrwkci gkt vlr-enni tljlfw``rgkj v``r fnjlf`lj lihl ilzlr tl d``k hikfht `d wnnr tlhufflf zkcf.

Lf gnf h`dt gl zkf gkl Hliilr vnf E``rf `fdkggliikch elrhlfgd`lt elmmlf3

... kh X_oeikldnffT v`li dkc jlf``pt tl vlrhinrlf, gnt elt eùwlli lfgl spngl, mkc gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cl lf Dyolfl g``r dkc jlmrukht, jlsdllg lf jlsilplf zkcf kf elt hilkfl, nrd`lgkjl g`rp, wnnr kh wlrg jlm`rlf lf `pjlv`lg.:7>

Lf z` ellbt elt hilkfl nrd`lgkjl g`rp Nfhlrsenjlf Flglrinfg vnfgl llrstl pinnts vlrgrlvlf. Gl mlkgl g`dkflls zuiilf elt zlhlr mljrlplfelmmlf, llf j`lgl dltnb``r hnf dllrglrl prlhlf dll nis cl eld stllgsnnf gl `dstnfgkjelglf nnfpnst.

:?; @vlr wlihl mrklb elt eklr jnnt elm kh fklt hufflf noetlrenilf, lvlfdkf nis wnnr`dglzl mrklb vkn Mròhenus jkfj lf fklt, nis gl nfglrl mrklvlf vnf Hliilr vnf E``rf,fnnr _oeikldnffs ngrls kf Ntelfl.

:71 Dnfsslf >551, >?=.

:7> Dnfsslf >551, >?=.



?71 -

@b elt _oeikldnff jliuht wns `d vnf zkcf vrùw llf nroelì`jl tldnhlf vnit tl mltwkcblilf. Elt mllig gnt Dnfsslf vnf ennr jlhrljlf enghi`ptl kf klglr jlvni fklt jlelli, dnnr g``r elt tl elrenilf mùwgl ekcvrìkch dll nnf gl g``r _oeikldnff jlorlèlrgl dytel3

Skc, llf jlm`rlf Ntellfsoel, t`t gwlplfs t`l dlt E`dlrus kfjlf`dlf,lf gkl gl Kikns soeklr w``rglikch vnf muktlf hlft, zkc wns vnf glfvr`ljlf d`rjlf t`t glf intlf nv`fg mkc gl `pjrnvkfjlf tljlfw``rgkjlf glligl, fglr d`lktlf lf jlvnrlf, fglr ekttl lf hùgl, gl illwkczlvnf ennr loetjlf``t. Skc wkst s`ds mlelfgkj v``r tl fkluwsjklrkjl mikh-hlf lf dkfglr jlwlfsoet mlw`fglrnnrs llf jlv`fglf soent tl vlrmlr- jlf ...:7=

Dnfsslf mljkft dlt llf hnrnhtlrkstklh vnf _oeikldnffs llrstlm`lh3

Dlt E`dlrus kf gl enfg ks _oeikldnff zkcf `fglrz`lh mlj`fflf8nnf ―s gkoetlrs ilkgkfj zkoe t`lvlrtrùwlfg ellt ekc elt v``rtjlzlt.Kf >52: vnit gl nnfvnfj zkcflr wlrhznndelkg. Skcf rlkslrvnrkfjlflf kfgruhhlf iljt ekc fllr kf llf m`lh, gnt t`t tktli grnnjt3 ’Wnhn,glr Qli`p`ffls ufg r`cn, Nroeçì`jksoel B`rsoeufjlf.— Llf nnfjl-fnnd lf `fglreùglfg jlsoerlvlf, dnnr fklt dkfglr mlinfjrkch lfillrrkch wlrh. Nis llf ’Dçroelf— innt elt zkoe ilzlf, zljt gl llf8 nisllf ’_`ddlrfnoetstrnud— ks elt vlrenni, mlwllrt llf nfglr, lf llfglrgl jlwnnjt lr vnf nis vnf llf ’]`dnf—. Llf wlrlig w`rgt lr g``r jl`plfg, wnnrkf gl dllstlf zkoe f``kt, nfglrlf zllr zliglf, lfhlilf

siloets gnjlikchs mlwljlf. Kf gl hinssklhl ùgelkg w`rglf wl r`fgjlilkglf _oeikldnff f``gkjt `fs ukt eld tl vìjlf. Elt ùgl Jrklhlfinfgdlt zkcf eliglf `ftsiukt `fs zkcf p``rtlf lf vrnnjt `fzl nnfgnoet.:7?

Dnfsslf vlrtlit elt m`lh dlt vlrvl fn. Rlli vnf gl jlmlurtlfksslfgkl _oeikldnff zlib ni rukd kf mllig jlmrnoet ellbt w`rglf mkc Dnfsslff`j jr`tlr3

Lkfglikch, wnnr d`lt, kfgklf elt jlv`lilf glr elglfgnnjsoel jlillrglf cukst ks, wnnr d`lt `p Mufnrmnsoek gl rukdtl w`rglf jlv`fglf v``relt pnilks vnf Qrkndus, gnt twll lf zlstkj hndlrs mlvnttl gkl niillf kf

jlmrukh wnrlf mkc ―s h`fkfjs z`flf lf g oetlrlf.

:77

G``r gl dnfklr wnnr`p Dnfsslf _oeikldnff kfh`rt w`rgt elt pnilksvnf Qrkndus eklr pi`tslikfj twnnib hndlrs jr`tlr kf `pplrvinhtl gnf eltvìjlfs _oeikldnff wns3

:7= Dnfsslf >551, >?7.:7? Dnfsslf >551, >?5.

:77 Dnfsslf >551, >7<.



?7>

Kf Qlrjndus mlnfg skoe glr Qninst gls Qrkndus dkt ufzkj Skddlrf ùr slkfl _òefl ufg zwòi Skddlrf kf lkfld `mlrf _tòhwlrhl ùrslkfl òoetlr. :7<

_oeikldnff‛s `fglrz`lh jr`lkt `fglr gl enfglf vnf Dnfsslf ukt t`tllf jlwligkj wlrh3

... gl mlsoeuigkjkfj vnf ikoetvnnrgkj tl ``rgllilf wki _oeikldnff zkoefklt p glf enis enilf. ’Qùr noqukt gl o`fsoklfol— g`lt ekc nfglrdnni,fu wli `p gukzlfg vlrsoekiilfgl pinntslf, jr`fgm`rkfjlf. Dnnr ekcvkfgt fklts, flrjlfg gl ruàflf vnf llf stng, flrjlfs llfkj sp``r vnfdlfsoelikchl wlrhznndelkg.:72

Gkl nrdl R`f Enef. Znrlf mkc _oeikldnff zkcf v`fgstlf tl jl-

rkfj, fu zkcf zl jlelli vlrgwlflf. Lr ks jllf twkcbli d`jlikch3 r`cl ksEkssnrikh. Gnt glzl o`foiuskl cukst ks w`rgt vlrvìjlfs kf gl pjrnvkfjlfvnf >5:1->5:? mlwlzlf. Gl `pjrnvkfj nnf elt lkfg wnnrvnf gl jr`tlsoent jlv`fglf wlrg3

Llf p``rt dlt gummlil glurlf w`rgt zkoetmnnr lf `fdkggliikch v``rgkl p``rt llf jr``t euks, jr``tlr gnf llfkj nfglr kf glzl innj, guswnnrsoekcfikch elt pnilks vnf glf v`rst. Eklrv``r soekcflf tlvlfs gl grklsoenttlf, gkl jlgllitlikch kf gl fdkggliikchl fnmkcelkg glr w`fkfj, jl-

:7< _oeikldnff >52;, >7:.

:72 Dnfsslf >551, >72.

Gl t`rlf lf gl p``rt vnf Kikud vnf ukt elt f``rglf jlzklf kf dlk >5:?.



?7= -

gllitlikch kf elt euks zli, `p llf gklptl vnf =5 - ?>> / = v`lt jlv`fglf

wlrglf lf vnf glf rkchg`d gls mlzkttlrs jltukjglf, tl pilktlf. wll lrvnf zkcf g``r gl wlrhiklglf jlstìlf, dnnr gl glrgl, gl jr``tstl, glmlstl, gl dllst h`stmnrl ks g``r _oeikldnff, ` mltlr jlzljg, g``r eld

lf zkcf vrùw, ukt gl enfglf glr elmzuoet jlrlg lf z`` v``r `fglrjnfj mlwnnrg. Mikchmnnr ellt gl lkjlfnnr eld, t`lf elt `fjlvni tr ,f`j kf glr ennst wkiilf rlgglf, dnnr ks kf zkcf v``rfldlf vlrekfglrg.@p glf rkfjduur, lvlf muktlf elt pnilks, ellt ekc zkcf h`stmnnrelglf,fklt wlkfkjl, jlikch ukt gl `ps`ddkfj hnf mikchlf, d`ltlf noetlrintlf... Zlih llf v`fgst! Dnnr wnt ellt gkt niils dlt E`dlrus, wnt dlt glKikns tl dnhlf0 ’Fklts,— ellt dlf jlnftw``rg, ’tlf llflfdnil fklts.—Elt eklr `pjljrnvlfl mle``rt t`t llf tkcg, infj vÿÿr gklf, wnnrkf glE`dlrksoel jlgkoetlf vlrvnnrgkjg zkcf3 lr hnf niz`` fklt nnf jlgnoetw`rglf, `d ``h dnnr llf lfhlil vnf gl g``r _oeikldnff jlv`fglfv``rwlrplf nis kiiustrntkl vnf E`dlrus tl jlmrukhlf.

Dlt uw vlri`, ellt _oeikldnff jlzljg, jkc zkct wli wnt ennstkj kfuw ``rglli, lf uw np`gkotksoel `fthlffkfj ks tndlikch v``rmnrkj. Nislr ``kt llf r`cl jlwllst ks, gnf ks elt eklr tl z`lhlf. Niil jljlvlfs `dglzl inntstl stng v``r elt e`dlrksoel Kikud tl eùglf, zkcf, dllf kh,nnfwlzkj3 gl jr``tl rkfjduur, gl t`rlf, gl gummlil p``rt - gl shnlksoel- elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus. Gl gkoetlr f`ldt r`cl elt jùgrkchl. Qilktfklt gl soent v``r gklf mkcfnnd, v``r rkchg`d lf wlligl0 Jkc zklt jllf`vlrllfh`dst tussoelf gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf glf znfjlr lf gl kf elt vlr-mrnfgl Kikud jlv`fglfl v``rwlrplf! E`l gurt jl elt mlwlrlf0 :7:

Lf z` jnnt elt f`j llf tkcgcl g``r. Elt jlelli ks fklt z` jr``t jlwllstnis wl `p jr`fg vnf gl Kikns zùglf vlrwnoetlf. Dnnr wl d`ltlf `fswli mlglfhlf gnt gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j zkoe ><11 t`t =111 cnnr v``r gljlm``rtl vnf E`dlrus nbjlspllig ellbt. E`dlrus wns m`vlfgklf llfgkoetlr lf wl d`ltlf gus rlhlfkfj eùglf dlt lfkjl gkoetlrikchl vrkc-elkg. Dnfsslf h`dt eklr fklt tlruj `p gl twll lf zlstkj hndlrs gkl fklt`p Murfnrmnsoek h`fglf. Ekc soekcft fklt mljrlplf tl elmmlf gnt g``relt kfv`lrlf vnf gl gkoetlrikchl vrkcelkg Murfnrmnsoek wllr kf mllig jl-h`dlf wns. Jliuhhkj v``r _oeikldnff lf Dnfsslf soekcft ``h vlrglrfkldnfg `p gkt kgll jlh`dlf tl zkcf. Elt kgll gnt gl iòntkl bùt zù

hufflf zkcf h`dt mkc _oeikldnff fòe mkc Dnfsslf `p, fll, gl gkoetlrwns bùt3

Glzl lf glrjlikchl vlrhinrkfjlf w`rglf kf gl wlrhlf vnf _oeikldnffdllrdnilf elrennig. Mikchmnnr zklt ekc gus gl g``r glf gkoetlr jl-dnnhtl ùtlf fklt `vlr elt e``g. Llrikch lrhlft ekc, gnt glzl kf s`d-dkjl `pzkoetlf jlgwnnig, ` tlf dkfstl zkoe nnf `vlrgrkcvkfj elltsoeuigkj jldnnht, v``rni wnt gl jr``ttl vnf r`cl mltrlt. Rìg`lfgltòe ks fn elt kfjlstligl fglrz`lh jlmilhlf, ’gnt r`cl zkoe fklt vlrglr

:7: Dnfsslf >551, >7;-><>.



?7?

gnf gl hilkfl `pplrvinhtl vnf glf mlrj Ekssnrikh ellt uktjlstrlht, lfgnt gl `dvnfj glr stng gukglikch g``r glf jr``tlf rkfjduur w`rgtnnfjljlvlf—.:75

_oeikldnff jkfj p z`lh fnnr elt r`cl ukt gl Kikns. Ekc v`fg Ekssnrikhlf fu gkt fklt nnf gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf E`dlrus mikcht tl vìg`lf h`dtekc t`t gl o`foiuskl gnt gl mlsoerkcvkfj bùt ks. Elt kgll gnt Ekssnrikh eltE`dlrksoel r`cl kf zkoe vlrmlrjt ks fu kf _oeikldnffs glfhlf z` vnstvlrnfhlrg gnt lr jllf twkcbli dllr d`jlikch ks lf Dnfsslf vìjt eldgnnr z`fglr lfkj mlglfhlf kf3

Kikud ellt gnf tòe mlstnnf, lf ks tenfs jr``tlfgllis wllr zkoetmnnrv``r elt dlfsoelikch ``j.:7;

Fn gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf _oeikldnffs wlrh kf Ekssnrikh/r`cl hkcht

Dnfsslf fnnr kryfs lf Dyhlfl3Glzl rlusnoetkjl mùwwlrhlf, gl ùgstl vnf Jrklhlfinfg, w`rglfg``r s`ddkjlf nis hufstjlwròetlf f`j mlw`fglrkfjwnnrgkjlr jlnoetgnf gl pyrndkglf vnf Ljyptl.:<1

Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff dnnr wlkfkj w``rglf nnf kryfs vuki dnnhtg`lt Dnfsslf gnt ``h fklt. Znffllr elt `p Dyhlfl nnfh`dt jllbt ekcllf zllr rukdl sndlfvnttkfj vnf elt wlrh gnt _oeikldnff lf zkcf vrùweklr vlrrkoet elmmlf. Gkt ouidkfllrt uktlrnnrg kf gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf glsoenoetjrnvlf lf elt gnnrkf jlv`fglf jùg3

Kf gkl vkc jrnvlf ikjjlf tl zndlf vkctklf ikchlf, grkl kf lih glr grklllrstl, vkc kf elt vklrgl lf llf kf elt inntstl. Llf soent vnf jùg,zkivlr lf cuwllilf `drkfjt lf mlglht zl. Gkl jrnvlf zkcf kf wnnrelkgdnjnzkcflf vnf h`stmnnrelglf, vlrzndlipinntslf vnf gl fkcvlrelkgglr jrklhsoel ùgelkg, dusln vnf hufst.

Kh wnnj elt fklt gl vlrmnzkfj tl mlsoerkcvlf, gkl, mkc elt nnfsoeùwlfvnf zuih llf wlligl, zkoe vnf _oeikldnff lf zkcfl vrùw zni elmmlfdllstlr jldnnht!

Znt d`ltlf gl ilvlfglf mlzltlf elmmlf, gkl zuih llf rkchg`d nnf

euf g``glf kf elt jrn h`fglf dlãjlvlf, ks gl llrstl jlgnoetl gkl zkoevnf `fs dllstlr dnnht! G`lt llf llfvùgkjl `ps`ddkfj vnf elt jl-v`fglfl `fs rllgs gl enfglf kfllfsinnf, sprnhli``s vnf mlw`fglrkfjd`lt zkc zkcf jlwllst, wklf gl llrstl nnfmikh lr vnf vlrjufg wns! :<>

:75 Dnfsslf >551, ><?.:7; Dnfsslf >551, ><?.:<1 Dnfsslf >551, ><<.

:<> Dnfsslf >551, >2?.



?77 -

Gl mlinfjrkchstl ukth`dst vnf elt `fglrz`lh kf Dyhlfl ks vìjlfsDnfsslf gnt elt gl ekst`rksoel o`rrlotelkg vnf gl E`dlrksoel jlsoerkb-tlf mlwkcst3

Niilrllrst vnit gl `vlrllfh`dst kf vlrsklrkfj vnf gl eklr XDyhlflT jl-v`fglf v``rwlrplf dlt gkl, wlihl kf r`cl zkcf `pjlgìvlf, jllfs-zkfs tl i`òelflf. Znt loetlr elt v``rfnndstl ks3 gl mlsoerkcvkfjlfvnf E`dlrus w`rglf mkc elt ikoet, tl Dyolfl `ftst`hlf, wnnrelkg lfwlrhlikchelkg, hrkcjlf lr, `d z`` tl zljjlf, ilvlf g``r, w`rglf lr g``r jlàiiustrllrg lf vlrhinnrg ... Gl prnoetkj vlrsklrgl lf hufstkj mlwlrhtlzljlirkfjlf ukt elt vklrgl jrn g`lf eld `fwkiilhlurkj uktr`lplf3 ’glgkoetlr vnf gl Kikns lf gl @gysll d`ltlf kf niilf jlvniilf jlm`rlf lf`pjlv`lg zkcf kf llf tkcg vnf mlsoenvkfj, gkl hufstpr`guotlf nis glzlh`f soelpplf. _iloets llf dnf, wklfs `jlf gnjlikchs soenttlf znjlf nisglzl h`f p`èdlf gkoetlf nis ekc.:<=

Lf `pfkluw vlriklzlf _oeikldnff z`wli nis Dnfsslf gl i`jkon uktelt ``j. Mkc zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf r`cl eng _oeikldnff lr`p jlwlzlfgnt gl gkoetlr z`‛f ><11 á =111 cnnr fn gl g``r eld mlsoerlvlf jlmlur-tlfks jlm`rlf wns. Nnfjlzklf gl Dyhllfsoel soenttlf ukt gl jrnvlf vnf

Njndldf`f lf zkcf jlzliilf hwndlf d`lt glzl soent ukt gl tkcg vnfgl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j stnddlf. Gl gkoetlr d`lt, wnffllr m`vlfstnnfglstliikfj hi`pt, gus gnjlikchs kf o`ftnot jlwllst zkcf dlt v``rwlrplf gkl><11 t`t =111 cnnr ùg wnrlf.

Fntuurikch zkcf lr ``h dlfslf gkl _oeikldnff fklt jli`vlf, dlfslfgkl vnf dlfkfj zkcf gnt gl Kikns lf gl @gyssln hufstwlrhlf zkcf gkl zkoeflrjlfs nfglrs gnf kf gl vlrmlligkfj nbsplilf. @`h zkcf lr dlfslf gklf`j stllgs gl Mùrfnmnrsektel`rkl vlrglgkjlf, dnnr lr zkcf lr tòe ``hllf jr``t nnftni gkl wli nnf _oeikldnffs hnft stnnf3

]llgs elmmlf s`ddkjlf zkcflr tljlfstnfglrs, Ourtkus `.n., zkoe ml-hllrg lf gl vinj jlstrlhlf, dnnr gl vrlgl ks f`j jllfszkfs jlsi`tlf. oeks _oeikldnff kf j`lg jlzlisoenp, z`ìnfj dnfflf nis Ldkil Murfù,]ugì Rkroe`w, Jingst`fl,:<? `d vnf nfglrlf fklt tl jlwnjlf, ni-tenfs tlf gllil zkcfl pnrtkc fldlf lf `fglr zkcf vnnf zkoe soenrlf.:<7

Zl intlf eklr _oeikldnffs dlglstnfglrs v``r wnt zl zkcf lf hkchlflvlf fnnr llf pnnr vnf zkcf tljlfstnfglrs3

Ikfglfsoedkgt,:<< noet elt rnngznnd kf glzl fklts tl mlsiksslf, gnnrniilrllrst d`lt w`rglf uktjldnnht, t`t wlih tkcgvnh vnf jrklhsoel ml-soenvkfj gl tl Dyolfl jlv`fglf soenttlf mle``rlf, åf ’kf wlihl tkcgs-

:<= Dnfsslf >551, >22->2:. _oeikldnff >5:5, =2=.:<? Glzl soerllb elt v``rw``rg v``r Dyhlfnl . Jingst`fl >5<5 t``ft gnt glzl llf

hlfflr vnf elt wlrh vnf E`dlrus wns.:<7 Dnfsslf >551, >2;.

:<< (Elrdnff)Ikfglfsoedkgt (>5<:->;?;)>5:5.



?7<

vlreùgkfj glzl z`` prnoetkj tlr nnrgl mlstligl ikchlf t`t gl oyoi`pksoelstllflf m`vlf euffl e``glf stnnf, åf e`l infj rllgs gl illuwlf m`-vlf gl p``rt mkc gl jrnvlf gl wnoet elmmlf jleùglf—.

... pr`lss`r _tlpenfk :<2 XtrnoetT, kf zkcf `finfjs g``r gl Qltlrsmurjsoel

nongldkl uktjljlvlf vlrenfglikfj, tl mlt``jlf gnt gl jrnvlf wnnr-soekcfikch llrst ukt gl glrgl lluw fn Oerkstus gnjtllhlflf, ``h nizkcf vlil glr gnnr jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf vnf e``jlr ùglrg`d. Ekcv``r`fglrstlit fi., gnt llf mnrmnnrsoe vìh zkoe mltrlhhlikch vr`lj vnfgl ùgl stng dllstlr jldnnht, lr llf stlrhl vlstkfj jlmùwg lf zkcfg``gl nnfv`lrglrs mljrnvlf ellt, lf dlt glzl euf h`stmnnrstl sklrn-glf, wnnrvnf s`ddkjl wli ug, zllr ug zlis, gòe zlhlr mkc infjl fnfklt z`` ùg zkcf nis elt vlrmrnfgl r`cl, ` ``h dnnr gl tkcg, wnnrkfE`dlrus jlillg ellt.:<:

Slib ellbt Dnfsslf wli llf pr`milld dlt _oeikldnffs gntlrkfj3

Dlt mlsoelkglfelkg tòe zù kh wkiilf vrnjlf, e`l llf v`rst vnf Dyolfl, wlihl stng, vìjlfs _oeikldnff, dkssoeklf wli vkctklfe`f-glrg cnnr fn r`cl‛s vlrw`lstkfj ks jlstkoet, mkc gl mliljlrkfj vnf r`cl,nnfv`lrglr vnf elt jrklhsoel iljlr hnf zkcf jlwllst8 f`j iklvlr, e`l eltd`jlikch ks gl ekst`rksoel trùw vnf llf gkoetlr, gkl zkoe nnf glrjlikchlnfnoer`fksdl soeuigkj dnnht tl mikcvlf vlrglgkjlf0 Ks elt kf vlrmnfgmrlfjlf glr jrklhsoel eliglf, nnf wklr e``g Njndldf`f zù elmmlf jlstnnf, dlt Kikud‛s vlrw`lstkfj, z``nis gnt kf gl Kikns jlsoeklgt, fkltiùtlr elt wlrh glr vlrgkoetkfj lf glr gkoetlrikchl vlrmlligkfj0 :<5

Gnnr ellbt Dnfsslf zlhlr llf puft. Znffllr cl _oeikldnffs jl-gnoetljnfj vìjt, gnt E`dlrus llf trngktk`flli vlrenni nnfhillggl dltdlfslf ukt zkcf lkjlf tkcg, ks lr jllf lfhlil rlglf dllr `d lrvnf ukt tljnnf gnt cl elt wlrh vnf glzl gkoetlr jlmrukhlf huft `d r`cl tl vkf-glf. Gl gkoetlr eng gkl stng kddlrs zlib f``kt jlzklf.

Lkjlfikch g`lf ni gkl tljlfwlrpkfjlf lr fklt z` vlli t`l. Sl vlrhilk-flf vìjlfs Dnfsslf gl mltlhlfks vnf _oeikldnff lf gklfs wlrh fklt3

Kfglrgnng wl hufflf gnfhmnnr lf tlvrlglf zkcf. Kf jllflf gllilnitenfs d`jlf wl `fzl mlw`fglrkfj `fteùglf nnf glf dnf, gkl,

g``r iklgl t`t gl wltlfsoenp jlgrlvlf, jlgnnf ellt wnt _oeikldnffgllg. Intlf fklt ni zkcf jksskfjlf pr`leùglfg mlv`fglf w`rglf, inntdlfkjl vrnnj, rllgs z`ìnfj llfl `plfl, ``h g``r eld fklt tlf vìilzkcf mlnftw``rg, gkt stnnt vnst, gnt, z`ìnfj gl fndlf vnf r`cl lf

:<2 Iugìb _tlpenfk (>5>2->55:) Gl Ndstlrgnddlr, Zllhming v``r Flglrinfg . >5-17->551. ’Gl ]ussksoel nroelì`jlf zkcf dlt _tlpenfk vnf ``rglli gnt _oeikldnff‛s`pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl lf Dyolfl jllf wnnrgl elmmlf lf gnt gl `pjljrnvlf v``r-wlrplf =111 cnnr c`fjlr zkcf gnf _oeikldnff dllft. Slhlrl‛Qeki`j`s‛ soerkcbtkf gl Qltlrsmurjsoel Elrìg gnt _oeikldnff `b llf mlgrkljlr ks `b `fwltlfg lfvlrwnrg.— Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft =;-1<->551.

:<: Dnfsslf >551, >:?.

:<5 Dnfsslf >551, >:7.



?72 -

Dyolfl, vnf E`dlrus lf vnf gl g``r gklf gkoetlr mlz`fjlf eliglf,vnf Kikns lf @gyssll jlf`ldg zuiilf w`rglf, ``h gl zkcfl, nis vnf llfwnnrgkj strkcglr lf v`rsoelr d gl wnnrelkg tl ftglhhlf, kf gl elrkf-flrkfj zni mikcvlf ilvlf. Lf wnnrikch, gnt ks zkcf rloet.:<;

Dnfsslf siukt zkcf vlrenfglikfj nb dlt llf uktsprnnh vnf Hliilr vnfE``rf3

Lf wnt `fs Flglrinfglrs m`vlfni j`lg g`lt! Gnt, fnnr elt w``rg vnfllf zkcflr vnglrinfgsoel vrklfglf, ’glzl gkndnft kf Ndstlrgnd ks jlsilplf, lf gnt gl sprukt, gkl g``r gl st`rdlf grlkjgl vlrfkltkjg tlw`rglf, p fzlf eìinfgsoelf m`gld t`t llf hrnoetkjlf m``d ks ft-wkhhlig— :21 R `r gl lrhlffkfj vnf gkt lkt zkcf wkc _oeikldnff gnfh-mnnr, lf elt ks fs, gkl nnf wnnrgllrkfj vnf muktlf fklt vlrwlfg zkcf,nnfjlfnnd XgktT ukt zkcf dlt lkjlf enfg jlsoerlvlf soerkt tl d`jlfvlrfldlf.:2>

Rìjt llf jr``t jlgllitl, `fglr dllr gnt vnf gl eùwlli lf gl spnglgkl kf Ndstlrgnd jlsilplf wnrlf, ukt gl mrklb gkl _oeikldnff kf >5:<nnf Hliilr vnf E``rf jlsoerlvlf eng. Rlrvìjlfs siukt Dnfsslf nb dltllf `pr`lp3

Gnt wkc, Flglrinfglrs, _oeikldnff‛s iklgl v``r Eìinfg mlnftw``r-glf dlt llf mikcvlfgl mlinfjstliikfj kf zkcf plrs``f lf zkcf wlrh!

Elt ks tl mljrkcplf gnt _oeikldnff fklt `ftlvrlglf wns dlt glzlvlrenfglikfj. Ekc mli``fgl Dnfsslf gnf ``h v`rstlikch3

Ilkpzkj < Cuik >551

Eòevlrlertlr Elrr Qnst`r

_oe`f v`r >7 njlf ldpfj koe Ker sler jlsoeçtztls _oerlkmlf v`d>? v. Dts, nmlr koe mkf glrdnÐlf dkt iktlrnrksoelf Nrmlktlf ùmlrin-glf gnÐ koe lrst elutl gnzu h`ddl Keflf dlkflf elrzikoestlf Gnfhgnùr, s`wkl ùr Ker dkr jilkoezlktkj jlsnfgtls nusjlzlkoefltls Zlrh,nuszusprloelf, wlioels iltztlrl koe, s`mnig koe Slkt enml, dkt eòoestldKftlrlssl ilslf wlrgl.

Ls kst dkr ufjldlkf soedlkoelient zu slelf gnÐ dlkfl Nrmlktlf sèèl Nflrhlffufj mlk Keflf fglf.

\ftlr glr Inst glr Nrmlktlf eklr mkf koe jlzwufjlf Keflf nu glutsoezu soerlkmlf gn koe zu lkfld eìiçfgksoelf Mrkll g`pplit s`vkli Slktmrnuoelf wùrgl.

:<; Dnfsslf >551, >:5.:21 Hliilr vnf E``r >5:7, 71.

:2> Dnfsslf >551, >5;.



?7:

Koe mkf eklr dkt glr glutsoelf Nusjnml lkfls jr`Ðlf, v`f dkr nulfjiksoe jlsoerklmlflf Zlrhs ’Kik`s— mlsoeçtkjt, wlioels on =111Kiiustrntk`flf lfteçit ufg nd >1 F`v g. C. kf Flw [`rh, I`fg`f uIlkpzkj jilkoezlktkj lrsoelkft. Koe enitl lkf Lxldpinr gnv`f zu Kerlr

Rlrùjufj, mkttl dkr nmlr zu snjlf `m _kl ls nu lfjiksoe `glr glutsoezu enmlf wùfsoelf0 Kfzwksoelf soekohl koe Keflf lkf LxXldpinrTdlkfls ‖Dyhlfnl’.

Dlkflf elrzikoelf Gnfh wklglreìlfg, ldpleil koe dkoe Keflf dktv`rzùjikoelr Eòenoetufj.

Ey_oeikldnff :2=

@`h Hliilr vnf E``rf w`rgt g``r _oeikldnff mlgnfht. \kt gklfsnftw``rg hufflf wl zklf gnt ekc gl mrklb jlilzlf eng gkl _oeikldnff

nnf Dnfsslf jlsoerlvlf eng3 E``jjlnoetl Ellr

H`st \ elt Eìinfgsoe soerkcvlf dllr tkcg, gnf jkc mlsoekhmnnr elmt- soerkc jlrust kf elt Guktsoe, kh vlrstn gkl tnni mlst, ni h`st elt dkc ``hkfspnffkfj ennr j`lg tl soerkcvlf, lf jkc vlrstnnt ``h dkcf Eìinfgsoe- gnnr`d mlf kh z`` vrkc, dkcf gnfh v``r uw vrklfglikch soerkcvlf lfv``rni v``r uw z`` nnfjlfnnd nnfm`g kf dkcfl d`lglrtnni t`t \ tlrkoetlf.

Jkstlrlf `ftvkfj kh dlt gnfh uw hlurkj `pstli kf ’\fslrl Slkt—,:2? lf

wlrg kh `p fkluw kf vlrruhhkfj jlmrnoet g``r ni elt jllf jkc ukt iklglv``r gl wltlfsoenp glr ùgelkg elmt `fglrf`dlf lf vìmrnoet

Jkc vrnnjt dkc, ` kh glf Guktsoel gnf wli glf Lfjlisoel uktjnvlglf v``rhlur jll lf kh mlf z`` vrkc gnnr`p tl nftw``rglf, gnt kh glGuktsoel vlrhkls, `dgnt kh gkl tnni elt mlstl vlrstn. Dlt vlrinfjlf zklkh glzl fkluwl vruoet vnf uw `fvlrd`lkgl wlrhznndelkg tl jld`lt,lf v``ri``pkj mltukj kh \ dkcf `prloetlf gnfh.

Suiilf wkc kf >551 elt v``rrloet vnf \ kf `fs dkgglf tl zklf d`ltlfdksslf, kh vlrmikcg dkc kf elt v``ruktzkoet, gnt kf elt vìjlfgl cnnr gl

mnglf tl _oelvlfkfjlf \ zuiilf nnftrlhhlf, lf wkc elt jlf`ljlf zui-ilf sdnhlf \ mkc gkl jliljlfelkg plrs``fikch `fzlf gnfh, `fzl euigl,`fzl wnrdl sydpntekl tl g`lf vlrstnnf.

Zlls jlzljlfg kf uw nrmlkg nis t`t elglf, lf d`jl gl > stl F`vldmlrwllr gl nnfvnfj vnf vlil soe``fl & rkchl `ftglhhkfjlf v``r \ lf glZltlfsoenp zkcf lf v``rni jllf st`rlfgl pìktklhl t`lstnfglf vlrwkh-hlikfjlf \ kf uw v``rfldlf vlrekfglrlf ` mld`lkikchlf

:2= Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkls MMM Rìudl ?:.:2? _oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >551 Dlkfl flulstlf Nusjrnmufjlf kf r`cn. \fslrl Slkt .

51>-5>5.



?75 -

Dlt `prloetl e``jnoetkfj f`ld kh dkc

\w gnfhmnrl gklfstwGklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet > Nujustus 51.:27

:27 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. 5?11;, M`x3 B`iglr 5?3?.



?7;

=:. @roe`dlf`s

@dgnt gl Jrklhsl nroelì`jksoel vlrlfkjkfj fklt `p _oeikldnffs nnf-m`g, d v``r gklfs h`stlf @roedlf`s p tl jrnvlf, wnrlf kfjljnnf wnsgnnr f`j stllgs fklts jlmlurg. Lf gnt tlrwkci gkt tòe ``h gukglikch llf’E`dlrksoel— pinnts wns. Jlikch dlt gl vlrjuffkfj v``r Dyhlfl eng_oeikldnff ``h llf vlrjuffkfj v``r glzl pinnts jlhrljlf lf, fu zkcf`pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl vìt``kg wnrlf, wns ekc vnf pinf `d gnnr jlmrukhvnf tl dnhlf3

Gr. _oeikldnff zni kf glf nnfstnnfglf wkftlr `fglrz`lhkfjlf g`lftl @roe`dlf`s, wnnrv``r ekc rllgs gl t`lstlddkfj glr Jrklhsoel]ljllrkfj vlrw`rvlf ellt.

Kf gl inntstl vklr dnnfglf wlrhtl ekc kcvlrkj nnf zkcf fkluwl m`lhKik`s, gnt llf zllr uktjlmrlkg wlrh w`rgt lf vnf llf jr``t nnftni pintlfv``rzklf zni zkcf.:2<

:2< Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >1-15->551.

Gl soenthndlr vnf gl Dkfyns. Lgwnrg G`gwlii >51<.



?<1 -

Elt mlrkoet ukt Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj hi`ptl. Nnf elt lkfg vnfF`vldmlr >55> rlksgl _oeikldnff sndlf dlt zkcf vrùw fnnr@roe`dlf`s3

Gr. _oeikldnff ks dlt zkcf loetjlf``tl, gkl eld kf zkcf wlrhznnd-elglf tlrzkcgl stnnt, fnnr gl pinnts vnf gl ùgl Jrklhsoel stng@roe`dlf`f, nnf elt dllr O`pnks, jljnnf, `d gnnr `pjrnvkfjlf tlg`lf. Ekc stlit zkoe v``r, ``h eklr vlli dlrhwnnrgkjs lf h`stmnnrs tlvkfglf.:22

Gl v`fgstlf gkl _oeikldnff kf @roe`dlf`s gllg vklilf h`dpilltkf elt fklt kf vlrjlikchkfj dlt gl soenttlf vnf r`cl lf Dyhlfl. Eltmljkf wns, z`nis wl eklr m`vlf jlzklf elmmlf, vì vlrwnoetkfj g``rgl hrnftlf `pjlpkht, dnnr gnnrfn hwnd lr fklts dllr. _oeikldnff ml-stllggl loetlr twll ondpnjfls nnf glzl pinnts. Kf >551 jr`lb ekc lr vnf

lkfg f`vldmlr t`t dkgglf gloldmlr lf kf >55> jr`lb ekc lr >= gnjlfkf dnnrt lf nprki. Gl rlsuitntlf vnf gkt wlrh pumikollrgl ekc kf gntzlibgl

cnnr kf gl Cùrfni ` Eliilfko _tugkls ._oeikldnff mlj`f zkcf wlrh mkc gl jr`tl teì`s. Glzl wns vìjlfs

Qnusnfkns gl soenthndlr vnf gl Dkfyns lf d``klr gnf wnt ``h kfJrklhlfinfg. \kt glzl dlglglikfj vnf Qnusnfkns ilkggl _oeikldnff nbgnt glzl teì`s f`j `fmlsoengkjg wns t`lf glzl eld lrjlfs tusslf gl

cnrlf >>< lf >51 mlzòet. Glzl teì`s d`lt t`lf qun v`rd lr eltzlibgluktjlzklf elmmlf nis gl soenthndlr vnf Ntrlus mkc Dyhlfl. @dgnt ekcgnnrfn jlsi``pt lf enib mljrnvlf rnnhtl, z`gnt niillf gl m`vlfhnft vnf

gl kfjnfj f`j zkoetmnnr wns gnoetlf gl dllstl ’vr`ljl— rlkzkjlrs gntniillf gl p``rt f`j `vlr wns. Nnf elt mljkf vnf gl fljlftklfgl lluweng dlf t`t twll hllr t`l jlpr`mllrg `d eld `p tl jrnvlf. Llrst eng-glf gl dnfflf vnf I`rg Lijkf llf p`jkfj `fglrf`dlf, dnnr g``r gljr`tl e`lvllielkg stlflf wnnr zl ni sfli `p stukttlf wnrlf zl fklt vlrjlh`dlf.:2: Llf twllgl p`jkfj wlrg kf >52= jlgnnf g``r gl gldnroe,gl pinntslikchl ilkglr, vnf _hrkpu, Jngnhls. Glzl wkigl gl g``r gl dnf-flf vnf I`rg Lijkf nnf elt ikoet jlmrnoetl stllfmi`hhlf jlmrukhlf `dllf glrgl hlrh kf zkcf g`rp tl mùwlf. Lf gnt tlrwkci lih vnf gl twll nimlstnnfgl hlrhlf `p zkoe rllgs jr``t jlf`lj wns `d niil mlw`flrs vnf

gkt lf vnf elt muurg`rp Qltr`dnjuin tl mlrjlf. `lf dlf kf Ntelfl`ftglhtl wnnr ekc dll mlzkj wns eng ekc ni llf nnftni stlflf jlm`rjlfgkl jr``t jlf`lj wnrlf `d t`t pkinnr vlrwlrht tl w`rglf. Ekc wns fltmlj`fflf dlt gl si``p vnf gl jr`tl p``rt t`lf dlf eld vnfukt Ntelflelt wlrhlf vlrglr `fd`jlikch dnnhtl. _oeikldnff `ftglhtl `fdkggli-ikch gnt elt pr`milld vnf gl dnfflf vnf I`rg Lijkf wns `ftstnnf dgntzl vkn gl p``rt fnnr mkfflf wkiglf. @p gnt puft injlf gl dllstl mi`h-

:22 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >?->=->551.:2: Sl engglf dllr suools mkc gl teì`s vnf Ntrlus kf Dyhlfl, gnnr fndlf zl llf

nnftni brnjdlftlf vnf zukilf dll gkl fu f`j kf elt Mrktkse Duslud tl zklf zkcf.



?<>

hlf lf wns elt gus elt d`lkikchstl `d v``rukt tl h`dlf. _oeikldnffwns mikc gnt elt I`rg Lijkf fklt jliuht wns `dgnt ekc vnf dlfkfj wnsgnt gl stlflf gkl ``rspr`fhlikch elt jlwlib jlv`rdg engglf tlr pinntsld`lstlf mikcvlf. Nis zl vlrwkcglrg wlrglf zù gnt llf jr``t vlrikls v``r

gl wltlfsoenp v`rdlf. _oeikldnff wlrhtl zkoe vnf m`vlfnb gkt jlmùwkf lf mlrlkhtl z` vkn gl mkfflfhnft gl jr`tl p``rt. Ekc eng jllf pr`-milld dlt gl jr`tl mi`hhlf gkl gnnr injlf `dgnt ekc zl, t`lf ekc zl ml-rlkhtl, llfvùgkj fnnr elt ni `pjljrnvlf jlgllitl h`f vlrpinntslf. `lfekc gl jlelil vi`lr mi``tjliljg eng iljgl ekc zl niildnni mkc lihnnr z`gntmlz`lhlrs lr dnhhlikch `dellf h`fglf i`plf. @dgnt ekc vnf mkfflf-ukt wlrhtl d`lst ni elt wljjljrnvlf znfg `vlr gl f`j mlstnnfgl durlffnnr muktlf jlmrnoet w`rglf. Ekc h`f gnnrg``r jllf hrukwnjlfs `b kltsglrjlikchs jlmrukhlf. Elt d`lst niildnni dlt dnfgcls jlgnnf w`rglflf gnnrv``r fnd ekc tusslf gl >11 lf >=> nrmlkglrs, wnnrvnf gl elibt

vrùwlf wnrlf, plr gnj kf gklfst. _oeikldnff stligl vlrmnnsg vnst gntgl vrùwlf lvlfvlli wlrh vlrzlttlf nis gl dnfflf lf fklt kf hrnoetv``r elf `fglr glglf.:25

:25 _oeikldnff >55>o, >?2.

Llf brnjdlft vnf elt pinb`fg vnf gl zkchndlr vnf gl teì`s vnf @roe`dlf`s.



?<= -

Mkc gkt wlrh v`fg _oeikldnff soelrvlf ukt niilrilk vlrsoekiilfgl pl-rk`glf t`t kf gl ]`dlkfsl tkcg, wnnrg``r ekc h`f o`foiuglrlf gnt glzleì`s t`t kf gl ]`dlkfsl tkcg v``r klglrllf t`ljnfhlikch wns jlwllst.

Glzl teì`s ellbt flt nis gkl vnf Ntrlus kf Dyhlfl llf zkchndlrtcl.

Gkt zkchndlrtcl ks kf @roe`dlf`s v``rzklf vnf llf pinb`fg gnt vlrsklrgks dlt spkrnilf lf pnidlttlf. Gl spkrnilf wnrlf ``h mlhlfg ukt r`cl lfDyhlfl lf gl pnidlttlf hwndlf zlibs rljlidntkj kf Dyhlfl v``r, glo`dmkfntkl vnf glzl twll wns loetlr fkluw. Qr`blss`r L. Skiilr:2; wlls_oeikldnff lr`p gnt wllbwlrh gl kfspkrntkl v``r gkt jlmlligeùwgl pin-b`fg jlilvlrg d`lst elmmlf. Dlf eng elt d`tklb vnf llf tnpkct eklr `pelt pinb`fg nnfjlmrnoet. Qr`blss`r Mrujsoe Qnsen ::1 wlls _oeikldnfflr`p gnt gl spkrnni rljlidntkj kf gl Ljyptksoel jrnvlf vnf gl vklrglGyfnstkl jlv`fglf wlrglf. Qr`blss`r _nyol wlls _oeikldnff lr`p gntpnidlttlf ``rspr`fhlikch ukt Mnmyi`fkè hwndlf lf intlr hnrnhtlrkstklh

wnrlf jlw`rglf v``r gl Blfkoksoel hufst.::> Elt ks llf prnoetkj pin-b`fg, dnnr vlli wkczlr w`rgt _oeikldnff lr, zlibs fn ni glzl lxplrts nnf-jle``rg tl elmmlf, fklt vnf.

@`h eklr wlrhlf gl v`fgstlf fklt loet dll nis elt `p gntlrlf nnf-h`dt. Gl nnrgl kf gl teì`s ks g``r gl wkftlrrljlfs vnf elt vlli e`jlrjliljlf pintlnu vnf gl ùgl stng fnnr mlflglf jlsp`lig. Eklrg``r ks ni-ils wnt lrkf jlv`fglf w`rgt g``r lihnnr jlrnnht. Elt mlvnt llf dkx vnfsoelrvlf ukt gl e``jtkcgnjlf vnf elt ùgl Jrklhlfinfg t`t kf gl dkg-glilluwlf. Lr wlrglf zlibs brnjdlftlf vnf llf zkivlrlf vnns lf stlflfmkcilf kf jlv`fglf.::=

Elt vìjlfgl cnnr wlrht _oeikldnff kf elt wnt e`jlr jliljlf jlmklg.Ekc jrnnbt eklr llf tlstjlui. Elt nnrglwlrh gnt ekc eklrkf vkfgt vlrmnnsteld. Ekc vkfgt llf jr``t nnftni nnrglwlrhv`rdlf dlt `rfndlftlf gklekc ukt Dyhlfl hlft. Glzl h`dlf t`t fklt gklplr gnf zls v`lt `fglr gl`pplrvinhtl v``r. Eklr`fglr h`dt niillf f`j d`fòer``d jlli, r``glf zwnrt nnrglwlrh v``r gnt ekc niillf ukt gl soenoetjrnvlf kf Dyhlflhlft.::? Rkn gkt `fglrz`lh kf @roe`dlf`s hnf _oeikldnff fu zklf gntelt nnrglwlrh gnt ekc kf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf ellbt kf twll jr`lplf uktlihnnr vnit. Gnnrfnnst ks lr f`j llf glrgl `pvniilfgl nnrglwlrhjr`lp kf@roe`dlf`s. Rnzlf dlt infjl sinfhl enfgvntlf gkl g`lf glfhlf nnf

elt nnrglwlrh ukt gl zlsgl stng vnf r`cl.::7 _oeikldnff zklt eklr llfvlrmkfgkfj tusslf Dyhlfl, @roeldlf`s lf r`cl RK, dnnr gl mltlhlfkslrvnf `ftjnnt eld.

:2; Gkt ks gl zlibgl Skiilr gkl dlt R`f Enef kf Murfnmnsoek jlwlrht eng.::1 Elkfrkoe Hnri Mrujsoe (>5=:->5;7), llf Gukts Ljyptì``j.::> _oeikldnff >55>o, >75.::= _oeikldnff >55>o, ><>.::? _oeikldnff >55>o, ><=.

::7 _oeikldnff >55>o, ><7.



?<?

Gkt nrtkhli jnnt vlrjlzlig vnf llf nnftni nbmlligkfjlf wnnrv``r_oeikldnff `.n. Zkielid Gòrpblig (>5<?->;71) gnfht.::< Glzl wns nisnroektlot mkc gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf Ourtkus lf Ngilr kf @iydpkn mltr`h-hlf.::2 Glzl zni intlr r`cl RK nis elt E`dlrksoel r`cl kglftkbkolrlf,

dnnr ``h gkl zklt `p gkt d`dlft fklts kf glzl vlrmkfgkfj.Fklts vnf gkt niils ennigl gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlf, dnnr gnt wki fkltzljjlf gnt gkl jllf nnfgnoet nnf _oeikldnff mlstllgglf. Sl soerlvlfeld jlw``f llf v`fgst t`l gkl ekc fklt jlgnnf eng. Sl jnvlf eld gntwnt ekc fklt eng hufflf hrkcjlf, @iydpkn3

Rìjlfs llf tliljrnd vnf glf >>f XgloldmlrT ukt Qyrj`s, elmmlf glg``r gr. _oeikldnff mlwlrhstliikjgl `pjrnvkfjlf nnf gl zkcgl vnfelt ùgl @iydpkn, kf gl muurt vnf elt z``jlfnndgl ’Il`fkgnk`f— ::: nnf elt ikoet jlmrnoet llf ilvlfsjr``tlf jlelidglf dnrdlrlf h`p, llfmlsoekiglrglf tlrrn-o`ttn-h`p vnf Elrn, lf twll j`lg jlo`fslrvllrgl

mr`fzlf kfsorkptkls.::5

::< _oeikldnff >55>o, >2?.::2 Lr ks vnnh jlpr`mllrg `d gl kfvi`lg vnf Gòrpblig `p _oeikldnff jr`tlr tl intlfikchlf gnf ekc kf wlrhlikchelkg wns. Dlylr >;71, ;? ’... >55= wurgl uftlr dnÐjl-mlfglr Dktnrmlkt v`f Zkielid Gòrpblig, glr kf @iydpkn gkl zuvlriçsskjl Dlte`gllrst lkjlftikoe jlsoenbblf enttl, gns _tugkud gls mkselr brlkjliljtlf Jliçfgls nub-jlf`ddlf ufg gkl Jrnmufjlf wlktlrjlbùrt ... Lr ent, ud dkt Jlrenrt ]`glfwnigtzu sprloelf, gkl Jrnmufjlf _oeikldnffs nub gkl Mnef strlfjlr Dlte`gl jlbùertufg nub wksslfsoenbtikoel Eòel jlmrnoet.— Slibs fn zkcf g``g engglf hinssklhlnroelì`jlf nis ]`glfwnigt (>552->;7<) f`j d`lktl dlt _oeikldnff lf kftr`-guollrglf zl gl ’hinssklhl— nroelì``j Gòrpblig nis _oeikldnffs rlggkfj lf gnttlrwkci @iydpkn llf `pplrvinhtl `pjrnvkfj wns wnnrmkc dlf fnnr mlliglf zòet.Qns kf r`cl illrgl Gòrpblig elt mljrkp strntkjrnbkl hlfflf.

::: Gl pinnts wnnr dlf kf @iydpkn gl `bbkokèil jnstlf `fglrmrnoet.

::5 Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming >:->=->551.



?<7 -

=5. Gl elig vnf Mlrikcf

@b elt wlrhlikch hwnd g``rgnt Rkroe`w _oeikldnff llf m`scl mi`ldlfeng nnfjlm`glf lf eld gnnrg``r nnf zkcf jlm``rtlinfg eng intlf glf-hlf ks `fgukglikch. Slhlr ks gnt kf cnfunrk >551 gl `fglrenfglikfjlfdlt gl Guktsl rljlrkfj vlr gl v``rwnnrglf wnnr`fglr ekc zkcf vlrzndl-ikfj nnf elt Guktsl vìh wkigl `vlrgrnjlf mlj`fflf.::; Lkfg >551 zkcfniil b`rdniktlktlf jlrljlig lf mljkf >55> mljkft dlf dlt gl vlreukzkfjz`nis wl zklf hufflf kf Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj vnf noet cnfunrk3

Gr. _oeikldnff ellt zkcf r`cnnfsoel ugelglf, mlhlfg nis gl ’soentvnf Qrkndus—, nnf glf Hlkzlr vnf Guktsoeinfg jlsoe`fhlf. Skc zkcfrllgs ukt elt _ùte Hlfskfjt`f Duslud, wnnr zkc tkcglikch tlft``fjl-stlig wnrlf, vlrwkcglrg lf zuiilf fu wnnrsoekcfikch llrinfj v``rj`lgllf pinnts vkfglf kf elt fkluwl Ltefì`jksoel Duslud gnt tl Mlrikcfw`rgt pjlrkoet.:51

Znt mltrlbt gl fkluwl lkjlfnnr vlrjkst Elt fkluws vnf gl gnj zkoe lfd`lt gl ilzlr wnoetlf t`t tklf blmrunrk wnffllr elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming dltgl cukstl kfb`rdntkl h`dt3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ellt zkcfl vlrzndlikfj r`cnnfsoel ùg-elglf, gkl t`t gusvlr tl I`fg`f wns tlft``fjlstlig, nnf elt Guktsoelvìh tlf jlsoelfhl nnfjlm`glf, `fglr v``rwnnrgl, gnt zkc tl Mlrikcfllfl pinnts zù vkfglf. Gl hlkzlr ellt gnt nnfm`g nnfjlf`dlf lfglf ellr _oeikldnff, kf llf lkjlfenfgkj soerkcvlf, zkcf gnfh mltukjg,`fglr dlglgllikfj, gnt gl vlrzndlikfj kf elt kf nnfmùw zkcfglLtefì`jksoe Duslud zni w`rglf jlpinntst kf llfkjl znilf, gkl fnnrglf soelfhlr jlf`ldg zuiilf w`rglf.:5>

Kf dlk vnf gntzlibgl cnnr hrkcjt _oeikldnff gnf zkcf mli`fkfj3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff zni, `p v``rstli vnf pr`. Rkroe`w, t`t llrl-

murjlr vnf Mlrikcf mlf`ldg w`rglf, `dgnt ekc zkcfl kf gl vinhtlvnf r`cl `pjljrnvlf ùgelglf, gkl ekc v``r jr``tl s`ddlf nnf eltMrktksoe duslud eng hufflf vlrh``plf, nnf elt Mlrikcfsoel duslud jlsoe`fhlf ellt.:5=

::; _nelrwnin, Jìgdnff ufg Dner >;;?, =2-?1. R `r gl jlsoeklglfks vnf gl_oeikldnff vlrzndlikfj zkl Slfjli >;;1.

:51 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 15-1>->55>.:5> Ilkgsoe Gnjming >1-1=->>5>.

:5= Ilkgsoe Gnjming >2-1<->55>.



?<<

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff, gl mlr`ldgl ùgelkghufgkjl, gkl zkoe zli jlelli lf ni jlv`rdg ellt, ks dlt jr``tl piloetkjelkg elt llrl-murjlr-soenp vnf Mlrikcf nnfjlm`glf.:5?

G`fglrgnj ellt zkoe elt stlglikch mlstuur vnf Mlrikcf fnnr gr.Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff mljlvlf `d glf `fvlrd`lkglf z`lhlr fnnrtnstmnrl jltukjlfksslf ukt glf eliglftkcg, g``r E`dlrus mlz`fjlf, eltllrlmurjlrsoenp vnf Mlrikcf tl mrlfjlf. Gl llfvùgkjl piloetkjelkg

:5? Fkluwl Ndlrs``rtsoel Oùrnft >?-1:->55>.

_oeikldnff rkoet ’zkcf— duslud kf Mlrikcf kf.



?<2 -

gr`lj gl hlfdlrhlf vnf enrtlikchelkg lf vnf jr``tl wnnrgllrkfj vnfglf muktlfjlw`flf dnf.:57

Lf wnt intlr kf elt cnnr h`dt gnnr gnf ``h f`j llf hlkzlrikchl `f-glrsoelkgkfj mkc3

_oeikldnff ks mlf`ldg t`t rkgglr vnf gl Qruksksoel hr``f`rgl =lhinssl

Gl Hlkzlr z`fg _oeikldnff llf vilklfg soerkcvlf fn gl `ftvnfjst vnfllf lxldpinnr vnf ’Kik`s. Infg ufg _tngt glr r`cnflr—.:5<

_ndlf dlt gl Swllgsl p`ì`fglrz`lhlr Fkis Ngìb Lrkh F`rglfshcòig(>5?=->;1>) w`rgt ekc g``r gl Hr``fprkfs `ftvnfjlf.:52 @`h hrkcjlfgl mlkgl elrlf vnf elt Nfter`pì`jksoe Jlf``tsoenp kf Mlrikcf llfbllstdnni nnfjlm`glf3

... wnnr loetlr dllr jlt`nst gnf jljltlf wlrg, `dgnt lr dllr jnstlfwnrlf gnf gl p`t h`f soentlf lf gl znni mlvnttlf. Dlf vlrjlf`ljglzkoe dlt gl dnnj tl vuiilf g``r elt grukvlfsnp, gnt m`vlfgklf gle``glf vnf vlilf t`pzwnnr dnnhtl.:5:

@`h vnfukt Flglrinfg `ftvnfjt _oeikldnff blikoktntkls3

E``jvlrllrgl Ellr

Elt ks dkc e``jstnnfjlfnnd jlwllst, kf gl gnjminglf tl d`jlf il-zlf, gnt jkc fn cnrlf d`lktl lf jr``tl `p`filrkfjlf v``r gl wltlfsoenplf gl wnnrglrkfj glr ùgelkg, g``r uw vìh lf uw v`rst zkct lrhlfg jlw`rglf.

Znnrikch, wnt kh llfdnni vnf \ dòet jltukjlf, gnt ks dkc stllgsmlvlstkjg - ’Jkc zkct, jkc wnnrt, jkc mill llf dnf gls jli``s.— - lf kf \ks wlglr`d mlvlstkjg8 elt jli`` vlrwkft gl wlrlig. - lf wnrl vlrgklf-stlf w`rglf vr`ljlr ` intlr lrhlfg.

Elt d`lt v``r \ llf e``jst nnfjlfndlf vìg`lfkfj zkcf jlwllst - t`lfMlrikcf \ euigkjgl lf gl Hlkzlr \ elt llrdltnni soe`fh - nitenfs dkcgllg elt mkcz`fglr j`lg `d uwlftwki, t`lf kh elt glzlr gnjlf ins - lf

kh jlv`ligl mle`ltl \ gnnrdll vnf jnfslr enrtl jliuh tl wlfsoelf.

Dlt z`` jr``tl mlinfjstliikfj elm kh uw strlvlf jlvìjg, lf gl zlig-zndl rlsuitntlf vnf uw rlusnoetkjlf nrmlkg mljr`lt!

E`l ellt elt dkc vnnh illg jlgnnf, gnt kh fklt mle``rgl t`t elf, gkl` g``r wltlfsoenpplikchlf fnnd, ` g``r jlig, ` g``r stnnthufgkjl

:57 Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >=-1:->55>.:5< Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 1?-15->55>.:52 kimurjsoel oùrnft ><-15->551.

:5: Illuwnrglr Oùrnft >7-15->551.



?<:

vlrgklfstl \ h`fglf vlrllrlf8 fu mlf kh tl dllr vlrmikcg, gnt gl dks-hlfkfj, gkl \ vnnh tr`, `p z`` soekttlrlfgl nis ng`lfgl wkczl, z``strllilfg v``r uw vnglrinfgsiklgl, ks vlrj`lg,

E``jjlnoetl Ellr! Jlfklt f`j tni vnf cnrlf vnf gl llr g``r infg &

Hlkzlr \ jlmrnoet, lf wllt gnt kf gkl rljtdntkjl euigl zkoe vnf enrtlvlrmikcgt

\wgklfstwGklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet < Nuj 5>:55

_oeikldnff nftw``rggl fnjlf`lj plr hlrlfgl p`st lf kf eltFlglrinfgs3

Onrismng >7 Nuj >55>

E``jvlrllrgl Ellr Qnst``r

Kh eng elt jlf`ljlf \Lg jllXlTrglf mrkl vnf < glzlr tl `ftvnfjlf,wnXnTr ukt elt dkc e``jst nnfjlfnnd ks jlwllst tl zklf gnt \ dkc f`jkf j`lgl elrkfflrrkfj mleùglf ellt. KXhT gnfh \ enrtlikch v``r \wlwliwkiilfgl jliuhwlfsoelf.

Dkcf vrùw lf kh zkcf vnf pinf fnnr gl hur tl Onrismng, gl zllmnglfkf _oelvlfkfjlf tl jlmrukhlf lf elt zùgl `fs llf zllr jr``t pilzklr jlgnnf elmmlf gnnr \w plrs``fikch hlffks tl dnhlf. Dnnr tenfselmmlf wkc rllgs mlsi`tlf gl mlrjiuoet tl jlfkltlf lf gl fn hur nnf glf

Jlflrsll :5; n tlg`lf. Dnnr elt dnj zkcf gnt wkc tòe kf elt inntstl``jlfmikh f`j mlsiksslf nnf _oelvlfkfjlf gl v``rhlur tl jlvlf. Rlrglrzlfg kh \ dkcf @roe`dlf`s lf, mkfflf llf dnnfg lreùg \ ``hdkcf rlks kf gl r`ns.

Kh soennd dkc z`` siloet eìinfgsoe tl soerkcvlf dnnr zlglrt Glomr >57< elm kh fklt dllr jliljlfelkg jleng flglrinfgsoe tl sprlhlf lfkf jlmrlh nnf ilxko`f ` jrnddçr hnf kh \ jllf mltlr mrkl soerkc-vlf e`lwli kh gl Eìinfglr zllr mldkf. F`jdnnis dlkflf enrtlikchlfGXnfhT :;1

Elt dllr vnf Jlfåvl ks elt fklt jlw`rglf, dnnr _oelvlfkfjlf ``hfklt. _oeikldnff mrnoet lkfg nujustus vllrtklf gnjlf kf Kftlrinhlf lfeuf kf Swktslrinfg g``r.:;>

:55 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. 52??<, M`x3 Bìglr 523?.:5; Dllr vnf Jlflvl.:;1 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry _lrkl MMM Rìudl ?5. Gkt ks llf g``r _oeikldnff jldnnhtl lf

mlwnnrgl nbgruh vnf gl ``rspr`fhlikchl mrklb. Gl inntstl rljli vnit vnf elt vli.

:;> Dùeilfmruoe =115, ;5.



?<5 -

=;. Kik`s

Gr. _oeikldnff zni llrinfj llf fkluw wlrh uktjlvlf, jltktlig ’Kik`s,elt infg glr r`cnflf—, wnnrkf gl `fvlrd`lkgl jlillrgl vlrsinj g`ltvnf zkcf c`fjstl `fglrz`lhkfjlf kf gl vinhtl vnf r`cl. Elt wlrh znivlrsklrg zkcf dlt 751 hnnrtlf lf kiiustrntkèf.:;=

Nbjlzklf vnf elt blkt gnt mlkglf kf llf nfglrl tnni jlsoerlvlf zkcf ks lrllf jr``t vlrsoeki tusslf r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr lf Kik`s, tel okty nfgoùftry ` tel r`cnfs . Elt llrstl wns llf s``rt vlrlglig gnjm`lh vnf gl

`pjrnvkfj lf kf elt twllgl mlenfglit ekc zkcf `fglrwlrp dllr vnfuktllf wltlfsoenpplikch jlzkoetspuft. Rkroe`w h`dt eklrg``r kf zkcf kf-ilkgkfj t`t gl o`foiuskl gnt gl soentjrnvlr llf wltlfsoenpplr jlw`rglfks. Kf llf infjl lrfstkjl stugkl ellbt ekc gl jlv`fglf blktlf vlrjlilhlfdlt gl uktsprnhlf vnf gl hinssklhlf lf gl trngktkl vnf gl gkoetlrs lf gldyte`jrnblf.:;?

Nnf elt mljkf vnf elt m`lh jllbt _oeikldnff gl strntkjrnbkl vnfEkssnrikh. Eklrmkc vnit `p gnt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl fu llf innj e`jlr ksh`dlf tl ikjjlf. Elt ks fklt infjlr r`cl KK, elt ks fu r`cl KKK. :;7

_oeikldnff ks ``h fklt infjlr jlbkxllrg g``r elt E`dlrksoel r`cl,

ekc hkcht fu dlt lvlfvlli mlinfjstliikfj fnnr gl nfglrl ’stlglf— gkl ekcjlv`fglf ellbt. Fn llf uktjlmrlkgl kfilkgkfj `vlr gl `djlvkfj vnfEkssnrikh mljkft ekc kf e``bgstuh K dlt gl llrstl prlekst`rksoel stng vnfgl eluvli Ekssnrikh.:;< Innj fn innj wlrht ekc zkoe vnf eklr fnnr gl t`pvnf gl eluvli.

\kt zkcf tlhst w`rgt gukglikch gnt ekc dllr vlrwnft ks nnf gl prleks-t`rkok vnf zkcf tkcg gnf nnf gl hinssklhl nroelì`jlf. Gl mlinfjrkchstlv`fgstlf zkcf vìjlfs _oeikldnff jllf hufstwlrhlf, dnnr p`tsoelrvlf._oelrvlf v`rdlf gl mnsks vnf niil hlffks `vlr gl g`fhlrl lluwlf gklwl, `dgnt lr kf gkl tkcg f`j fklts vnst jliljg wlrg, prlekst`rkl f`ldlf.

Gl hufst vnf elt p`ttlfmnhhlf ks vìjlfs N.Z. Brnfhs:;2 gl llrstl hufst

:;= Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ><-1>->551.:;? _oeikldnff >55>m, xvk.:;7 _oeikldnff >55>m, vkk.:;< _oeikldnff >55>m, =>>.:;2 Nujust Zìinst`f Brnfhs (>5=2->5;:). Ekc stnrttl gl vlrzndlikfj Mrktsl @ugelglf

vnf elt Mrktkse Duslud lf wns llf sploknikst `p elt jlmklg vnf Dkgglilluwsl

hlrndklh lf jins.



?<;

gkl g``r gl prkdktklvl dlfs ml`lblfg wlrg. Zl hufflf `fs zlibs nbvrn-jlf `b gl prkdktklvl mlw`flrs vnf Lur`pn gkl kf Brnfhrkch sndlf illb-glf dlt gl dndd`lt lf elt rlfgklr elt ni fklt hlfglf.:;:

Kf tljlfstliikfj t`t gl hinssklhl nroelì`jlf vnf zkcf tkcg eùgt

_oeikldnff zkoe fklt mlzkj dlt jr`tl hufst. Nb lf t`l soerkcbt ekc `vlrd``kl vnzlf, dnnr `vlr elt nijldllf soerkcbt ekc `vlr soelrvlf.Flt nis kf Dyolfnl ks _oeikldnff ``h kf Kik`s stllgs `pz`lh fnnr pn-

rniiliilf v``r zkcf v`fgstlf. Ekc hkcht rukd r`fg, dnnr ekc znj f`j fkltprlokls wlihl hlfdlrhlf wli lf wlihl fklt v``r vlrjlikchkfj kf nnfdlr-hkfj hwndlf. S` mlstllgt ekc kf vlreùgkfj zllr vlli nnfgnoet nnf vn-zlf wnnrkf jnntcls zkttlf wnnrg``r zl vkn llf tùwtcl `pjlenfjlf huf-flf w`rglf. Ekc mlsoeùwt gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf glzl jnntcls nis zllrmlinfjrkch. Rnzlf gkl glzl d`jlikchelkg elmmlf h`dlf vllivuigkj v``rkf r`cl K lf zkcf zllr zligznnd kf gl nfglrl injlf. Kf elt Duslud vnf

_nkft Jlrdnkf-lf-Inyl:;5 w`rgt llf brnjdlft mlwnnrg vnf llf g`fhlr-mrukfl vnns, gkl jlv`fglf ks kf llf jr`t kf Nfgniuskè, dlt twll vlrtkoniljnntcls. Glzl ikcht `p s`ddkjl vnzlf ukt r`cl K. Lr zkcf ``h grkl brnj-dlftlf vnf vnzlf dlt jnntcls nbh`dstkj ukt gl gìdlf. Llf prloklzlrlelrh`dst ks fklt nnfjljlvlf. Gnnrfnnst zkcf lr f`j nbjkltslis vnf twllvnf zuihl brnjdlftlf wnnrvnf gl rkjkflilf mlwnnrg w`rglf kf elt du-slud vnf Rnffls:;; lf gkl nbh`dstkj zkcf ukt gl gìdlf vnf Hlrròe kfIòdnrknqulr. @`h kf Glfldnrhlf ellbt dlf kf llf jrnb ukt gl stllf-tkcg llf s``rtjlikchl vnns jlv`fglf dlt nnf mlkgl hnftlf jnntcls wnnr-nnf ekc `pjlenfjlf hnf w`rglf. Ekc w`rgt mlwnnrg kf elt H`fkfhikch

Duslud vnf F`rgkshl @igsnjlr kf H`plfenjlf lf ks `pjlf`dlf kf C.C.N. Z`rsnnl‛s F`rgkshl @igsnjlr .511 Ni glzl vnzlf elmmlf glzlibgl d`-jlikchelkg `d zl `p tl enfjlf nis gkl ukt r`cl K, dnnr euf v`rd lf gls``rt hilk wnnrvnf zl jldnnht zkcf ks jlelli nfglrs.51>

Elt ks zllr gl vrnnj `b gl dnfklr vnf `penfjlf llf zkffkj orktlrkudks `d nnrglwlrh tl ontlj`rkslrlf, dnnr gnt innt kh eklr v``r wnt elt ks.@pvniilfg ks gnt _oeikldnff eklr elt mljrkp stllftkcg z`fglr lfkjl fn-glrl uktilj jlmrukht nis llf vnststnnfg jljlvlf. Elt soekcft gnt ekc fuelt mlstnnf vnf llf stllftkcg `fglrsoerkcbt, dnnr `dgnt ekc lr fklt `p kfjnnt ks fklt loet gukglikch b ekc lr eltzlibgl fglr vlrstnnt nis gl eklr jl-

:;: _oeikldnff >55>m, =>?.:;5 Dusël g‛Nroeëì`jkl fntk`fnil, oeítlnu gl _nkft-Jlrdnkf-lf-Inyl.:;; Dusëls gl Rnffls.511 Z`rsnnl, C.C.N. >5<7 Nmkigfkfjlr rn glt H`fjlikjl Duslud `r F`rgkshl @igsnjlr k

Hcòmlfenvlf. Hcòmlfenvlf.

51> _oeikldnff >55>m, =><-=>2.



?21 -

f`ldgl Clfs Cno`m Nsdusslf Z`rsnnl (>5=>->55<). Glzl eng kf >577kf zkcf Gçfdnrhs R`rzlkt guroe Nitelrteùdlr ufg Jrnmeùjli mliluoetlt glglbkfktklvl b`rduilrkfj vnf elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld `pjlstlig.51=

G``rgnt ekc wnt r`cl K mltrlbt fnnr `mclotlf ukt gl g`idlf lf nf-glrl stllftkcg v`fgstlf vlrwkcst `ftstnnt elt mllig gnt ekc r`cl K kf glstllftkcg pinntst. Gkt hi`pt loetlr fklt. Kf niil injlf vnf Ekssnrikh ellbtekc spliglf jlv`fglf. Kf r`cl K lf KK wnrlf zl vnf h`plr lf kf gl nfglrlr`cls vnf mr`fs.51?

Nnfjlzklf _oeikldnff Z`rsnnl jlilzlf eng d`lt ekc jlwltlf elm-

mlf gnt gl stllftkcg jlhnrnhtlrksllrg wlrg g``r gl nbwlzkjelkg vnf dl-tnni. r`cl K d`lst, g``r gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf gl h`plrlf spliglf, t`t glmr`fstkcg jlrlhlfg w`rglf, dnnr gkl tlrd jlmrukht _oeikldnff flrjlfskf gkt m`lh.

51= _oeikldnff eng Z`rsnnl v``r elt llrst kf >52: `ftd`lt Kf >5:; fnd ekc `pfkluwo`ftnot dlt eld p dlt elt vlrz`lh d nnf m`lhlf dlt nbmlligkfjlf vnf stllftkcg`mclotlf tl hrkcjlf. Dlylr >;<5, 57-5<.

51? _oeikldnff >55>m, =7;.

Wwll soelrvlf vnf p`lf gkl `pjlenfjlf h`fglf w`rglf.



?2>

Znffllr wl j`lg ilzlf zklf wl gnt _oeikldnff, e`lwli ekc lr flr-jlfs lxpikoklt `vlr sprllht, f`j stllgs w`rstligl dlt elt grkl plrk`glf-systlld. Ekc vlrtlit zkcf ilzlrs gnt lr fklts ks gnt z` zllr gukgt `p gle`jl ùglrg`d vnf z`wli gl prlekst`rksoel rukfls vnf Ekssnrikh lf gkl

vnf Dyhlfl gnf gl nbwlzkjelkg vnf kczlr. Elsk`gus517

ellbt, z` dligt_oeikldnff, ni jlsoerlvlf gnt kczlr intlr `ftglht ks gnf h`plr lf tkf. Znffllr ekc sprllht `vlr dlfslf vnf vlr v``r zkcf tkcg zljt ekc gnt zlmr`fs jlmrukhtlf lf jllf kczlr. @`h Iuorltkus51< sprllht `vlr grkl plrk`-glf lf E`stdnff512 zljt gnt ``h lrlftkus Rnrr`51: lf Njntenroekgls515 glzl tel`rkl `fglrstluflf.51;

Dlf zù g``r glzl vlrwkczkfj vnf _oeikldnff fnnr E`stdnff jnnfjli`vlf gnt ``h glzl elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld `fglrsoerllb, dnnr gntks fklt wnnr. E`stdnff wns llf vlrhinnrg tljlfstnfglr vnf gkt systlld.Ekc jlmrukht zlibs _oeikldnffs wlrh `d tl intlf zklf gnt elt systlld

fklt hnf hi`pplf. Lr wns fndlikch flrjlfs tlf mle`lvl vnf gl nroel`-i`jkl gklplr jljrnvlf gnf kf Ekssnrikh. Kf glzl eluvli eng _oeikldnff,vìjlfs E`stdnff `p fljlf dltlr lf gklplr jr`tl e`lvllielglf i``g-lf h`plrsinhhlf jlv`fglf sndlf dlt v``rwlrplf ukt mr`fs, zkivlr,jùg lf llf iljlrkfj vnf gl inntstl twll. KCzlr wlrg wlikswnnr niillfnnf gl `pplrvinhtl jlv`fglf, dnnr gnt hwnd vìjlfs _oeikldnff, z`vlrtlit E`stdnff zkcf ilzlrs, `dgnt gkt wljjlr`lst wns.5>1 Lr ks, vìjlfsE`stdnff, f``kt llf stllf `b mr`fstkcg kf r`cl jlwllst. Gkt mlwkcs ni-illf wns vìjlfs eld ni vìg`lfgl `d nnf tl t`flf gnt elt kgll vnfllf grkl plrk`glfsystlld `dzkf wns. Kf r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr eng

_oeikldnff kfglrgnng jlsoerlvlf gnt ekc vnf dlfkfj wns gnt gl ùglr`cnflf elt kczlr jlhlfg engglf, dnnr gnt gl kczlrlf v``rwlrplf wlj-jlr`lst wnrlf. E`stdnff eng gkt kgll kfglrgnng mkc _oeikldnff jl-v`fglf, dnnr ekc vlrjnt lrmkc tl vlrdliglf gnt glzl `p gkt kgll tlruj-jlh`dlf wns lf fu gl nbwlzkjelkg vnf kczlr nis llf tlhlf vnf uglrg`dznj.

Znffllr elt `p gl mr`fstkcg nnfh`dt siukt _oeikldnff zkoe nnf mkcgkl dlfslf gkl dlflf gnt lr tusslf gl stllflf mr`fstkcg llf h`plrtkcgjlwllst ks. Lr zkcf mr`fzlf mkcilf dlt dnnr elli wlkfkj tkf. Gnt zù lr`phufflf wkczlf gnt lr tkcglikch llf jlmrlh nnf gkt dltnni wns t`lf glzl

517 Elsk`gus (5 lluw v.Oer.) Ekc gllg gkt kf zkcf Ἑώοξ γξὲ ἫιΤώξλ (Zlrhlf lfGnjlf).

51< ktus Iuorltkus Onrus (;; v.Oer.-<< v.Oer.) Ekc gllg gkt kf zkcf Gl ]lrud Fnturn(Gl nnrg glr gkfjlf).

512 Oer. E`stdnff wns gkrlotlur vnf llf gruhkfhtlfbnmrklh kf Oliil. _oeikldnff>557, ?5 ’Ker ―Kik`s‛ kst, mlkiçubkj mldlrht, dkt dlkfld Bnmrkhnt jlgruohtw`rglf!—

51: Dnrous lrlftkns Rnrr` (>>2 v.Oer.-=: v.Oer.).515 Njntenroekgls (=gl lluw v.Oer.).51; _oeikldnff >55>m, =<=-=<?.

5>1 E`stdnff >5:<, =;5.



?2= -

mkcilf jldnnht wlrglf. Rìjlfs D. Quiszhy Blrlfoz,5>> zkcf kf E`fjnrkclloetlr wnplfs vnf puur h`plr jlv`fglf. Ekc ellbt glzl jlt``fg `p gltlft``fstliikfj vnf prlekst`rksoel v``rwlrplf gkl kf >5:2 kf Mugnplstjleùglf ks. Ekc gllg gkt tlr kiiustrntkl vnf elt mljrkp h`plrtkcg gnt ekc

kf zkcf v``rgrnoet v``r elt O`fjrls p`fllrgl. Qr`blss`r Z. Oenfgilr]`mlrts ellbt dlt zkcf nfniysl nnfjlt``fg gnt ``h gl mkcilf ukt r`cl Klf KK ukt puur h`plr mlstnnf. Zl d`ltlf lr gus vnfukt jnnf gnt kf kfglzl plrk`gl jlelli `fmlhlfg wns.5>=

@`h dlt zkcf `fglrz`lh fnnr gl oeldksoel sndlfstliikfj vnf zkcfv`fgstlf vkfgt _oeikldnff llrglr nnfsiuktkfj mkc gl prlekst`rkok gnf mkcgl hinssklhl nroelì`jlf vnf zkcf tkcg. Elt ks `p jr`fg vnf gkt oeldksoel`fglrz`lh gnt _oeikldnff fu kf stnnt ks `d r`cl K lf KK kf gl h`plrtkcgkf tl glilf, llf plrk`gl gkl tusslf gl stllflf gl mr`fstkcg kf zkt.

@`h gl pnrniiliilf v``r r`cl K lf KK z`lht _oeikldnff e``bgznhlikch

kf gl F``rg Lur`plsl prlekst`rksoel iktlrntuur. Gkt h`f ``h ennst fkltnfglrs wnft lr mlst`fg `p gkt d`dlft f`j fnjlf`lj jllf iktlrntuur`vlr gl Sukg Lur`plsl prlekst`rkl. Znt gnt mltrlbt h`dt fnnst Dyhlflniillf elrn kf nnfdlrhkfj. Rlli vnf wnt dlf `p elrn jlv`fglf ellbtmlvkfgt zkoe kf elt duslud vnf gl Brnfsl _oe`ì kf Ntelfl. Sl elmmlfgnnr twll enfgjldnnhtl okikfglrv`rdkjl vnzlf dlt nnf mlkgl hnftlfllf jnt `d zl `p tl enfjlf. @`h elmmlf zl lr llf pllrv`rdkjl vnns gkl`p glzlibgl dnfklr `pjlenfjlf hnf w`rglf. Glzl nftkquktlktlf stnd-dlf vìjlfs s`ddkjl nroelì`jlf ukt gl zlstklfgl `b zlvlftklfgl lluwv.Oer. Dlf d`lt zkoe lr loetlr mlwust vnf zkcf gnt elt nnrglwlrh ukt

elrn mlsoekiglrg ks lf gnt ukt Ekssnrikh fklt.5>?

Znnr`d _oeikldnff z`vlli wnnrgl eloetl nnf elt blkt gnt llf p`t`pjlenfjlf h`f w`rglf mikcbt `fgukglikch. Ekc trlht glzl vlrjlikchkfjdllrglrl hlrlf lf stlit dllrglrl hlrlf vnst gnt gl jnntcls, wnnrg``rllf tùwtcl h`f, elt lfkjl puft vnf `vlrllfh`dst zkcf. Kf gkt v``r-mllig stlit _oeikldnff ``h wllr vnst gnt elt nnrglwlrh ukt elrn jllfwlrhlikchl pnrniili ks v``r gnt ukt Ekssnrikh. _tlrhlr f`j, `dgnt lr llfjr``t vlrsoeki tusslf gl twll s``rtlf nnrglwlrh mlstnnt, gnt ukt elrnks jlglo`rllrg, gnt ukt Ekssnrikh fklt, v`li _oeikldnff zkoe kf stnnt `dklts vlr gl illbtkcg vnf elt nnrglwlrh ukt Ekssnrikh tl zljjlf. @dgnt elt

`fjlglo`rllrg ks, ks elt ùglr.Glzl o`foiuskl w`rgt `fnbenfhlikch g``r Rkroe`w mlvlstkjg. Glzl

wns vnf ukt Ekssnrikh fnnr Ntelfl jlrlksg `d gnnr tl hkchlf e`l elt dltgl jlz`fgelkg vnf Dlvrùw _oeikldnff st`fg. Gnnrfnnst mlhllh ekc glstng lf niil mlzklfswnnrgkjelglf. Rnfukt Ntelfl soerkcbt ekc _oeikldnffdlt zkcf mlvkfgkfjlf. Llrst ellbt ekc gl Dyhllfsl vlrzndlikfj mlhlhlf

5>> Blrlfo Nurëi Quishy gl Oslibnivn lt Iumÿoz (>5>7->5;:), pìktklh notkvkst lf gkrlo-tlur vnf elt Fntk`fnni Duslud kf Mugnplst.

5>= _oeikldnff >55>m, =<:-=<5.

5>? _oeikldnff >55>m, ===.



?2?

lf gl gnj gnnr`p gkl ukt elrn. Mlkgl oìilotkls engglf llf jr`tl kfgruh`p eld jldnnht. Ekc eng splokbklh fnnr gl v`fgstlf ukt elrn jlhlhlflf vnstjlstlig gnt gkl jllf `vlrllfh`dst vlrt``fglf dlt gkl ukt r`cl K.Gl v``rwlrplf ukt r`cl K d`lstlf ùglr zkcf.5>7 Elt wns fklt dllr gnf

llf jlv`li, dnnr v``r Rkroe`w wns gnt jlf`lj.r`cl K lf KK wnrlf gus ùglr gnf elrn lf gnt h`dt `vlrllf dlt gntwnt _oeikldnff ``h ni kf Dyolfnl eng vnstjlstlig. Gkt hllr hrkcjlf wlloetlr jllf vlrhinrkfj v``r wnt gkt mltlhlft v``r gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j.

r`cl K lf KK wnrlf `fglrikfj loetlr ``h zllr vlrsoekiilfg. S` vlr-soekiilfg zlibs gnt elt eklr `d twll vlrsoekiilfgl vìhlrlf d`lst jnnf.Rìjlfs _oeikldnffs vrklfg Dr. Jl`rjl Glffks5>< wnrlf gl vlrsoeki-ilfgl hufststkcilf vnf ëëf vìh nis hrnilf nnf llf hlttkfj. Znffllr llfvìh llfdnni llf stkci `ftwkhhlig eng kfgklfst vnf zkcf rlikjkluzl rktlfh`f elt jllf t`tnni fkluwl stkci dllr `ftwkhhlilf.5>2 Znffllr dlf gus

llf stkci v`fg gkl fklt vlrwnft wns nnf gl v``rnbjnnfgl gnf h`f gklfklt vnf eltzlibgl vìh zkcf. @dgnt gl v`fgstlf ukt r`cl K qun stkci fkltvlrwnft zkcf nnf gkl ukt r`cl KK d`lt lr kf r`cl KK gus llf nfglr vìhjlw``fg elmmlf gnf kf r`cl K.

Mkc zkcf mlsprlhkfj vnf gl vìjlfgl ’stlglf— h`dt gl kfvi`lg vnf glhinssklhl nroelì`jkl dllr lf dllr `p gl v``rjr`fg. _oeikldnff hkchtdllr lf dllr fnnr wnt gl hinssklhl nutlurs jlzljg elmmlf lf z`lht zkcfpnrniiliilf kf Oyprus, Mnmki`f lf Ljyptl.

_oeikldnff ellbt tkcglfs zkcf inntstl `fglrz`lh vnstjlstlig gnt fkltr`cl KK, dnnr r`cl KKK elt E`dlrksoel r`cl ks. Gl jr`tl soent mikcht fu

``h ukt glzl innj tl h`dlf. @`rspr`fhlikch eng _oeikldnff jli``bg gntgl hkst dlt gl jr`tl soent g``r llf dksiuhtl viuoet `p zkcf iòntkl wnsjlh`dlf. Dlf eng jlpr`mllrg eld tl rlgglf lf gnt wns fklt jliuht.Elt fkluwl `fglrz`lh ellbt eld loetlr `p nfglrl jlgnoetlf jlmrnoet.Kf nnfwlzkjelkg vnf Rkroe`w lf Murfùb eng ekc p glzlibgl duur wnnrekc gl jr`tl soent jlv`fglf eng, klts vlrglr`p, llf hilkfl soent jlv`f-glf. @p llf mkc gl duur vnf llf lrfnnst jliljlf h`fkfhikch jlmùw engekc ``h f`j grkl hilkfl soenttlf jlv`fglf. Eklrg``r wns ekc lrvnf `vlr-tukjg jlrnnht gnt glzl soenttlf mkc gl mrnfg gkl gl stng vlrw`lsttl vnfgl twllgl vlrgklpkfj vnf elt fnnst gl duur jliljlf h`fkfhikch jlmùw

fnnr mlflglf jlvniilf wnrlf.5>:

_oeikldnff ks `h eklr kf zkcf vlrhinrkfjlf wnt kfjleùglflr jlw`r-glf, vnf gl sp`rlf vnf llf viuoetlfgl elig fnnr gl jlvìjlf vnf llfmrnfg. @`h sprllht ekc fu fklt dllr vnf elt pnilks vnf Qrkndus, dnnrvnf llf h`fkfhikch jlmùw.

5>7 Elrrdnf & DnnÐ >;;1, ;7.5>< Jl`rjl Glffks (>5>7->5;5) _oeikldnff vlrwkcst eklr fnnr gklfs el Oktkls nfg

Oldltlrkls ` Ltrurkn ukt >575.5>2 _oeikldnff >55>m, =:;.

5>: _oeikldnff >55>m, 7<7.



?27 -

Gnt gkt r`cl llf rkchl, wlivnrlfgl pinnts jlwllst ks sprllht dltniil jlv`fglf soenttlf v``r zkoe. Gl jr`tl vrnnj ks loetlr `b gkt eltE`dlrksoel r`cl ks. _oeikldnff mljkft dlt ukt tl iljjlf gnt niil ml-r`ldgl hinssklhl pinntslf kf ``rspr`fj hilkf wnrlf lf gnt elt blkt gnt

gl stlglf gkl ekc `p Ekssnrikh jlv`fglf ellbt hilkf zkcf jllf mlild-dlrkfj v``r gl kglftkbkontkl ks. Gnnrmkc d`ltlf wl `fs mlglfhlf gntE`dlrus soerllb `vlr klts gnt 211 á :11 cnnr llrglr eng pinntsjlv`f-glf. _oeikldnff h`dt vlrvìjlfs dlt llf infjl gksousskl wnnrkf ekcpr`mllrt nnf tl t`flf gnt r`cl wlrhlikch mlstnnf ellbt. Glzl gksoussklh`dt lr uktlkfglikch `p fllr gnt gl hinssklhlf jli``bglf gnt r`cl llfloetl stng wns lf gnt elt gus wli llf loetl stng jlwllst d`lst zkcf.Gnnrmkc h`dt gnt gl Jrklhsl trngktkl r`cl `p gl r`cnnfsl vinhtl pinntstlf lr gnnr siloets llf pinnts, Ekssnrikh, ks gkl v``r r`cl g``r hnf jnnf.E`dlrus zljt gnt r`cl rkch nnf jùg wns lf gnnrdll ks gl kglftkbkon-

tkl r`fg. Elt hnf fklt nfglrs `b elt d`lt wli r`cl KKK zkcf. Glzl stngks g``r llf jlwligkjl mrnfg vlrw`lst lf kf gl rlstlf vnf glzl stng zkcfdllrglrl soenttlf jlv`fglf.5>5 Elildnni jliuhhkj ks _oeikldnff loetlrfklt dlt wnt ekc jlv`fglf ellbt. Ekc zù elt iklbstl mlwlzlf elmmlf gntE`dlrus llf ``jjltukjl jlwllst wns, dnnr gnt ks fu llfdnni fklt z`.`lf E`dlrus illbgl jlmrukhtl dlf zwnnrglf lf nfglrl v``rwlrplfvnf kczlr tlrwkci gkt dltnni kf r`cl vìh`dlf `fmlhlfg wns. M`vlfgklfks gl mlsoenvkfj gkl gl gkoetlr mlsoerkcbt lluwlf c`fjlr gnf gl mlsoen-vkfj gkl _oeikldnff kf r`cl jlv`fglf eng. E`dlrus ellbt `fs gl il-jlfgl vnf elt trnjksoe i`t vnf Kik`f jljlvlf z`nis gnt g``r mnrglf g``r-

jljlvlf wns. Gkt trngktk`flil vlrenni vnf gl `fglrjnfj vnf r`cl ellbtekc vlrvìjlfs jlst`bbllrg dlt v``rwlrplf ukt zkcf lkjlf tkcg.5>;

r`cl KKK ks gus fklt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl, dnnr gl mr`f vnf elt vlr-enni wnnrkf glzl stng uktjr`lkgl t`t elt E`dlrksoel r`cl. E`dlrus engvìjlfs _oeikldnff gl vinhtl vnf r`cl jlhlfg, dnnr fklt elt r`cl gnttlf jlvìjl vnf gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j vnf gl nnrgm`gld vlrgwlflf wns.

kcglfs zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl glrgl stng hkcht _oeikldnff `.n.fnnr vnzlf dlt grkl p``tcls. Znt Jrklhlfinfg mltrlbt hlft ekc glzl niillfukt Kniys`s. Ekc jllbt vlrvìjlfs llf `vlrzkoet vnf niil vnzlf dlt grklp``tcls gkl ekc hlft. Gl vkfgpinntslf vnf glzl vnzlf i`plf vnf Ltrurkè

t`t Qlru. Eklrmkc dligt ekc gnt ``h Ilkglf llf lxldpinnr ellbt.5=1 Ekcvlrwkcst eklrmkc fnnr Cnfsslf‛s Gl Jlrdnnfsoel lf F``rgsoel D`fudlftlfvnf elt Duslud tl Ilyglf. Znffllr wl Cnfsslf lrmkc enilf zklf wl gntelt eklr `d llf p`tcl ukt llf jrnbeluvli mkc Lligl jnnt.5=>

5>5 _oeikldnff >55>m, <>7-<>2.5>; _oeikldnff >55>m, <>:.5=1 _oeikldnff >55>m, ?<<.

5=> Cnfsslf >571, 71 fr. >?1, Qi. KK, 7:.



?2<

Rìjlfs gl Jrklhsl trngktkl wns r`cl fklt t`tnni vlrfkltkjg nnf eltlkfg vnf gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j. Elt wns jlgllitlikch mikcvlf mlstnnf lfdlf wns lr mikcvlf w`flf. Gnt glzl trngktkl elt mkc elt rloetl lkfg engwns gukglikch tl zklf kf gl rlsuitntlf vnf _oeikldnffs `pjrnvkfj. Kf

r`cl R v`fg ekc eltzlibgl s``rt nnrglwlrh lf glzlibgl s``rtlf jlrllg-soenp nis kf r`cl KKK, elt wns niillf niildnni wnt jr`vlr, wnt nrd`lgkjlr.Gl vlreùgkfj ruwl stlflf endlrs tlf `pzkoetl vnf jlpìkcstl stlflfendlrs wns fu twll hllr z`vlli ruwl nis kf r`cl KKK. Gl e`lvllielkgsoeliplf gkl dlf fu mkc gl eukzlf v`fg wns ``h vlli jr`tlr. @d nfgl-rlf tl intlf zklf gnt ekc gl wnnrelkg sprllht ellbt _oeikldnff llf jr``tmi`h ikfhs vnf gl jr`tl t`rlf intlf stnnf. Mlz`lhlrs hufflf gnnrkf zlibzklf gnt gl dlfslf ukt r`cl KR jr`tl e`lvllielglf iljl soeliplf `peuf vi`lrlf ikltlf ikjjlf. Gkt h`f fklts nfglrs mltlhlflf gnf gnt glzldlfslf t`t vlli injlrl sòknil dkiklus mle``rglf .5==

Elt kgll d eklr lf gnnr kf zkcf pjrnvkfj pkcilrs tl intlf stnnf z`gntdlf gl rlsuitntlf vnf zkcf `pjrnvkfj hnf o`ftrìlrlf lf gl strntkjrnbklhnf zklf ks nmsìuut rlvìutk`fnkr v``r gkl plrk`gl. _oeikldnff ks eklr-dll llf vnf gl llrstl nroelì`jlf gkl mljrllp gnt ekc lrv``r d`lst z`r-jlf gnt zkcf wlrh g``r nfglrlf jlo`ftrìllrg h`f w`rglf.5=?

Gl dlfslf gkl kf gl Rgl stng illbglf wnrlf vlli zkfglikchlr gnf gklkf gl KRgl. Sl j``kglf fklt infjlr euf ltlfsrlstlf `p gl vi`lrlf vnfeuf eukzlf, dnnr v`lrglf zl nb. Elt wns gukglikch gnt lr eklr pi`tslikfjllf t`tnil vlrnfglrkfj kf gl dnfklr vnf ilvlf wns `pjltrlglf. Sl zkcffklt niillf zkfglikchlr jlw`rglf, zl zkcf ``h nfglrs jnnf mùwlf lf zl

elmmlf euf stlflf wlrhtukjlf `p jr`tl soenni vlrvnfjlf g``r mr`fzlf.Gkt hnf dnnr llf gkfj mltlhlflf. Lr ks llf nfglr vìh `p Ekssnrikh h`-dlf w`flf. Elt ks loetlr jllf t`tnil `dwlftlikfj. Gl jlv`fglf v``r-wlrplf t`flf nnf gnt gl ùgl mlvìhkfj tljlikchlrtkcg ``h f`j `p glzleluvli w``fgl. Gl ùgl mlw`flrs wnrlf gus fklt vlrvnfjlf g``r glfkluwl, dnnr wlrglf g``r elf `vlrellrst.5=7

Znnr vìjlfs _oeikldnff gl dltnilf wlrhtukjlf gkl kf r`cl K lfKK jlv`fglf wnrlf ukt h`plr mlst`fglf wnrlf lr kf KKK lf KR dllr lfdllr mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf vlrsoelflf. Kf glzl injlf wnrlf gl stlflfwlrhtukjlf loetlr nitkcg kf gl dllrglrelkg jlmilvlf. Kf r`cl R wns gkt

fklt infjlr elt jlvni, eklr eng mr`fs gl `vlrenfg jlhrljlf. _oeikldnffsoelfht mltrlhhlikch wlkfkj nnfgnoet nnf glzl innj lf gnnrg``r ks eltd`lkikch `d dlt zlhlrelkg vnst tl stliilf `b glzl o`foiuskl wnnr ks.

Kf r`cl RK vkfgt _oeikldnff `pfkluw nnfwkczkfjlf gnt lr llf nf-glrl mlvìhkfjsjr`lp `p Ekssnrikh ks h`dlf w`flf. Gkt hllr vlrsoekitelt jlmrukhtl nnrglwlrh z` stlrh vnf gnt wnt kf gl lr`fglrikjjlfglinnj jlv`fglf ks, gnt elt fklt g``r llf lf elt zlibgl vìh jldnnht hnf

5== _oeikldnff >55>m, <>5.5=? Miljnf dnnhtl gnfhmnnr jlmrukh vnf glzl d`jlikchelkg. Miljlf >;2? b`t` < lf 2.

5=7 _oeikldnff >55>m, <:7.



?22 -

zkcf. Elt ikcht `p elt nnrglwlrh gnt jlv`fglf ks kf gl mljrnnbpinntslfvnf ]`vk`, Rìtlrrn, Mksdnft`vn, Rkiinf`vn lf nfglrl Ktniknnfsl pinnt-slf lf gnt dlf nijldllf v``r prl- `b vr`lj Ltrushksoe eùgt. Rìjlfs_oeikldnff gukgt gkt lr`p gnt lr llf Ikgksoel flglrzlttkfj `p Ekssnrikhwns kf glzlibgl plrk`gl gnt gl Ikgklrs Ltrurkè hì`fksllrglf.5=<

Eklr zklf wl e`l gl nroelì``j gl oinsskous ftd`lt. Elt nnrglwlrh

zklt lr prl- `b vr`lj-Ltrushksoe ukt. Fu wltlf wl vkn Elr`g`tus gnt lr``rspr`fhlikch kf Ltrurkè Iygklrs jlw``fg elmmlf. Gkt vr`ljl kf Ktnikèjlv`fglf nnrglwlrh d`lt gus vnf gkl Iygklrs jlwllst zkcf. Gnt gkt-zlibgl nnrglwlrh ``h kf Ekssnrikh jlv`fglf w`rgt hnf gus fklts nfglrsmltlhlflf gnf gnt gkl Iygklrs ``h eklr llf hì`fkl jlvlstkjg elmmlf.

_oeikldnff mikcbt ``h fu f`j dlt elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld w`rstl-ilf. Ekc vkfgt vnzlf gkl h`lklfh`pplf `p euf `rlf elmmlf. Rnzlf dlth`lklfh`pplf `p euf `rlf zkcf ``h jlv`fglf kf gl dllrw`fkfjlf mkcDnftun, Rkolfzn lf Ldkikn lf kf jrnvlf mkc Mì`jfn lf Rìtlrrn. Znnrkf llf llrglr v``rmllig gl jnntcls `d vnzlf `p tl enfjlf gl `vlrllf-

h`dstkjl bnot`r wnrlf zkcf elt eklr gl h`lklfh`pplf. Kf e`lvlrrl glzlvnzlf vlrglr ni `b fklt `p lihnnr ikchlf w`rgt fklt uktjliljg. Gkt hnffklt nfglrs gnf pr`mildlf `pilvlrlf lf gnt g`lt elt gnf ``h wnffllr_oeikldnff hkcht wnt gkt v``r gl kfglikfj vnf zkcf p`ttlf kf elt grklplrk`glfsystlld mltlhlfg. Gl p`ttlf ukt gl dllrw`fkfjlf vnf Ldkiknmle`rlf t`t gl mr`fstkcg. Gl p`ttlf ukt gl dllrw`fkfjlf nnf gl nfglrl

5=< _oeikldnff >55>m, <5:.

N3 nnrglwlrh ukt Wr`cl KR, M3 nnrglwlrh ukt Wr`cl RK.



?2:

hnft vnf gl Q` mle`rlf t`t gl stllftkcg tlrwkci gkl ukt gl jrnvlf vnfMì`jfn lf Rìtlrrn t`t gl kczlrtkcg mle`rlf.5=2 Glzl pnrniiliilf zljjlfgus fklts `vlr gl ùglrg`d vnf r`cl RK.

Mkc r`cl RKK zkcf gl pr`mildlf v``rmkc. Gkt ks elt Jrklhsl KikudXF`vudT. Eklr zkcf wl glbkfktklb ukt gl prlekst`rkl lf kf gl jlsoeklgl-fks mlinfg.

Kik`s mlillbgl kf Guktsinfg llf zllr j`lgl `ftvnfjst3

_oeikldnff ks mlf`ldg t`t rkgglr vnf gl Qruksksoel hr``f`rgl =lhinssl.

Gl Hlkzlr z`fg _oeikldnff llf vilklfg soerkcvlf fn gl ftvnfjst vnfllf lxldpinnr vnf Kik`s, Infg ufg _tngt glr r`cnflr.5=:

H`fkfj Zkiild KKK wns wnt dkfglr soelutkj, dnnr iklt zkoe tòe fklt`fmltukjg3

Gr. _oeikldnff ellt, fnnr llf Guktsoe ming dligt, vnf `fzlf h`-fkfj llf lxldpinnr vnf Gr. Illdnfs wlrh `vlr Gl ruàflf vnf M`r`M`lg`lr, `p elt lkinfg Cnvn, tlf jlsoelfhl `ftvnfjlf, gnt S.D. eldg``r mldkgglikfj vnf elt dkfkstlrkl vnf hì`fkèf gllg t`lh`dlf.5=5

_oeikldnff wns fklt gl lfkjl nroelì``j kf glzl plrk`gl gkl zkcf pn-rniiliilf f`jni rukd fnd. Kf >552 soerllb Qilytl llf nrtkhli `vlr lfkjlv`fgstlf ukt gl tlrplf v``r gl Brklsoel Rìhsnidnfnh 3

Elt mlinfjrkchstl v``rwlrp Xkf llf tlrp jlv`fglfT ks wnnrsoekcfikch llfspkfstllftcl dlt `psoerkt. Gl vrùwlf sp`fflf dlt glrjlikchl hrnilflf hf``pv`rdkjl soekcbls euf grnng, nnf elt jlsp`fflf lkfgl iklt dlfelt soekcbl enfjlf. Dlt psoerkt vkfgt dlf zl z`` zliglf, gnt mlenivlllf glrjlikchl kf Jr`fkfjlf jlv`fglf ... dkc jllf nfglr mlhlfg ks, gnf

5=2 _oeikldnff >55>m, <;;.5=: Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 1?-15->55>.5=5 Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft 1?-1=->55=. Elt millh `fd`jlikch `d gkt mlrkoet vkn elt

nroeklb vnf H`fkfj Zkiild KKK tl mlvlstkjlf.

]lo`fstruotkl vnf gl pnniw`fkfjlf gkl kf elt dllr vnf Sùrkoe jlv`fglf zkcf.



?25 -

gkl ukt gl mùwvniilf vnf Ekssnrikh, g``r _oeikldnff `pjlgìvlf8 lfeklr ks elt f`j twkclinoetkj, ` gl jurlf wli ilttlrs zkcf.5=;

Kf llrstl kfstnftkl zù dlf eklr f`j llf vlrwnftsoenp hufflf zklf,dnnr mkc vlrglr ilzlf mikcht elt `psoerkbt vnf gkt spkfstllftcl Jlril ]lx,h`fkfj Jlril tl zkcf. Qilytl vlrtlit zkcf ilzlrs vlrvìjlfs gnt gl soerkcvlrvlrd`lglikch Olril ]lx ellbt wkiilf soerkcvlf, H`fkfj Hnrli. Elt jnnteklr gus `d llf dkgglilluws spkfstllftcl lf gnnrdll ks lihl d`jlikchlvlrmkfgkfj dlt Ekssnrikh vlrgwlflf.

@p elt Nijldllf Enfglisming dnnhtl gl nut`mk`jrnbksoel kfilkgkfjgl dllstl kfgruh. Elt llrstl jlgllitl gnnrvnf pumikollrgl dlf kftljrnnikf twll nbilvlrkfjlf nis Blukiilt`f3

Elt ilvlf vnf Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff g``r eldzlivlf vlrennig.

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff, gl mlhlfgl h``pdnf-nroenlì``j, ellt kf eltmljkf vnf gkt cnnr zkcf wlrh ’Kik`s— gl wlrlig kfjlz`fglf dlt llfilvlfsmlrkoet. Gkt vìjt eklr v``r llf mlinfjrkch jlgllitl - elt nfglrlglli, wnnrkf ekc vnf stnp t`t stnp gl ukth`dstlf vnf zkcf `fglrz`lhdllgllit, zù eklr dkfglr p zkcf pinnts zkcf. Gl tljlfsp`lg, wnnrdllekc kf zkcf clujg eng tl w`rstlilf8 gl d`lg, wnnrdll ekc gklf elte``g ellt jlm`glf8 gl kcvlr, wnnrdll ekc zkcf jr``t ilvlfsg`li v``r``jlf ellt jleùglf8 elt vnstl jli`` kf zkcf wlisinjlf - niils stnnt `fsgukglikch v``r glf jllst g``r gl `f`pjlsduhtl ilvlfsjlsoeklglfks vnfglf slidngl-dnf.

’Znffllr kh gkt wlrh mljkf dlt llf jlsoeklglfks vnf dkcf lkjlf ilvlf,gnf ks elt jllf kcglielkg, gkl dkc gnnrt`l grkct, dnnr wli gl mljllrtl,`d gukglikch tl mlwkczlf, gnt elt jlellil wlrh vnf dkcf intlr ilvlfg``r gl kfgruhhlf kf dkcf llrstl hkfgsoeelkg `ftvnfjlf, mlpnnig ks jlw`rglf, cn zlis, gnt elt ―t f``gznhlikch jlvìj lr vnf wns8 gnnr, z``tl zljjlf, gl eùwlli lf soe`p v``r gl uktjrnvkfj vnf r`cl lf gl h`-fkfjsjrnvlf vnf Dyhlfnl rllgs kf elt hilkfl Guktsoel g`rpcl jlsdllglf jlsoelrpt wlrglf ...5?1

5=; Qilytl >552, >2:.

5?1 Nijldllf Enfglisming =;->1->55> lf 12->>->55>.



?2;

?1. Fkluwl o`ftnotlf tusslf r`cllf Oekfn

Mkc zkcf mlenfglikfj vnf gl KRgl stng h`dt _oeikldnff pfkluw dlt glp`t gkl llf mlwkcs v``r llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt Oekfn zù d`ltlf zkcf. Ekcdnnht lr dnnr wlkfkj w``rglf nnf vuki, dnnr jllbt wli nis lxtrn gl vlr-d`lgl kfsorkptkl z`nis gkl g``r Murfùb jlilzlf ks. Rlrvìjlfs vlrtlit ekczkcf ilzlrs gnt _nyol vnf dlfkfj ks gnt elt jllf kfsorkptkl ks lf Rkroe`wellbt _oeikldnff lr`p nttlft jldnnht gnt glzl ’kfsorkptkl— ikcht `p llf

vlrsklrkfj vnf llf vnns gkl kf ]lkoelrsg`rb kf gl Inusktz jlv`fglf ks.5?>

Gl vlrwkczkfj fnnr elt Oekflls lf fnnr Oekfn ks fu vlrgwlflf lfelt ks zlibs gl vrnnj `b elt eklr wli `d llf kfsorkptkl jnnt. Lr wns loetlrllf nfglrl nnfwkczkfj jlv`fglf gnt r`cl enfglismltrlhhkfjlf dlt elt``stlf jleng d`lst elmmlf.

Kf zkcf Qneimnutlf, Swlktlr Mlrkoet ukt >5<5 hwnd Blrgkfnfg Hliilr(>511->55>) dlt llf `pvniilfgl v`fgst. Kf gl ùgstl dllrw`fkfjlf,kf elt mkcz`fglr kf gkl mkc Dlkilf, wnrlf mkcilf vnf flbrkt (cngl) jl-v`fglf. Dkflrni`jlf elmmlf Hliilr vlrtlig gnt glzl stllfs``rt fklt kfLur`pn jlv`fglf w`rgt, dnnr kf Ljyptl lf kf elt mkcz`fglr kf Oekfn lf

nfglrl glilf vnf Nzkè. Lr d`ltlf kf gl plrk`gl wnnrkf gl llrstl dllr-w`fkfjlf jlmùwg wlrglf gus ni enfglismltrlhhkfjlf tusslf glzl jl-mklglf lf Lur`pn mlstnnf elmmlf. Gkt d`lt p mltrlhhlikch jr`tl soennijlmlurg zkcf, wnft fklt niillf kf gl rlstlf vnf gl llrstl dllrw`fkfjlf,dnnr ``h kf jrnbeluvlis `p vlrsoekiilfgl pinntslf kf Lur`pn zkcf mkcilfvnf flbrklt jlv`fglf. Hliilr jnnt lrvnf ukt gnt zl nis lkfgpr`guot, nis mkcigus, kfjlv`lrg wlrglf.5?=

`lf _oeikldnff zkcf r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr soerllb wns ekc zkoefklt mlwust vnf glzl `ftglhhkfj lf mlstllggl ekc jllf mkcz`fglrl nnf-gnoet nnf elt dntlrknni wnnrukt gl g``r eld jlv`fglf stlflf wlrhtuk-

jlf jldnnht wnrlf. Qr`b. E. Bkroelr ukt Brlkmurj hlfgl glzl gksoussklwli lf llf nnftni vnf _oeikldnffs `dsoerkcvkfjlf kftrkjllrglf eld.Ekc fnd o`ftnot dlt gl `ftglhhlr vnf r`cl `p. H`f elt zkcf gnt gltrnfspnrnft jr`lfl mkcilf wnnr`vlr _oeikldnff soerllb vnf Flbrklt wn-rlf0 _oeikldnff vr`lj vlrvìjlfs gl @xb`rg pr`blss`r kf gl dkflrni`jklDlrvyf Elrmlrt Flvkl _t`ry Dnshliyfl (>5=?->;>>) `d elt s``rtlikchjlwkoet vnf glzl jr`lfl mkcilf tl mlpnilf. Elt s``rtlikch jlwkoet vnf gl

5?> _oeikldnff >55>m, <=2-<=:.

5?= Hliilr >5<5, >?;.



?:1 -

twnnib jr`lfl lf gl lfl wkttl mkci millh tusslf gl =.;> lf =.;; tl ikjjlf.Lr wns vìjlfs Dnshliyfl dnnr llf o`foiuskl d`jlikch, ni glzl mkcilfwnrlf vnf flbrklt jldnnht.5??

_oeikldnff wns zllr tlvrlglf dlt glzl `ftglhhkfj, dnnr wnnr elt

`p o`foiuskls nnfhwnd mrnfggl ekc tòe iklvlr zkcf vkfjlrs fklt. Gnt ikltekc nnf Dnshliyfl `vlr. Glzl wlls lr`p gnt v``rni gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnfwkttl flbrklt kftlrlssnft wns `dgnt gkt kf o`dmkfntkl dlt elt jr`lfllr`p wlls gnt glzl mkcilf e``jstwnnrsoekcfikch jldnnht wnrlf vnf fl-brklt ukt elt Hólf-ióf (Huiuf) jlmlrjtl lf gus ukt He`tnf5?7 hwndlf.Gkt `p zkoe gukggl lr gnf wllr `p gnt zl vkn llf prkdktklb enfglisflt-wlrh fnnr Lur`pn jlh`dlf d`lstlf zkcf. Glzl mkcilf wnrlf vìjlfsDnshliyfl vkn Hnsdklr, Nbjenfkstnf lf Krnf fnnr Lur`pn jlh`dlf. Gntlr z`vlli vnf glzl prnoetkjl mkcilf kf Ekssnrikh jlv`fglf wnrlf hwndg``rgnt gkt nnf gl Eliinsp`ft inj. Elt v`rdgl nis elt wnrl gl mruj fnnr

Lur`pn lf h`f gnnrg``r gl mlstl pr`guotlf v``r zkoe zlib ukthklzlf.5?<

Elt dnj vlrmnzkfjwlhhlfg ikchlf gnt v``rwlrplf vnf flbrklt uktOekfn fnnr Lur`pn jlh`dlf wnrlf, dnnr _oeikldnffs vrklfg DnxDùiilr soerllb, kf nftw``rg `p llf vrnnj kf gl kdls vnf >: gloldmlr>5:; gnt lr jllf rlglf v``r vlrmnzkfj wns. Gkt wns kddlrs elt jlmklgwnnr gl Jlrdnnfsl vìhlrlf euf ``rspr`fj v`fglf. Znnr`d zùglf zljllf mkcilf vnf cngl ukt euf jlm``rtlinfg dlljlf`dlf elmmlf t`lf zlfnnr Lur`pn tr`hhlf. Sl engglf, z`fglr gnt lr ``h dnnr klts nnf vlrnf-glrg wns euf tnni dlljlf`dlf, gus wnnr`d zùglf zl klts gnt vnf eltwnnrglvìil flbrklt jldnnht ks fklt vnf jlflrntkl `p jlflrntkl elmmlf

hufflf g``rjlvlf.5?2

Zl zuiilf eklr fklt kfjnnf `p gl wnnrgl vnf elt nrjudlft vnf DnxDùiilr. _oeikldnff jnb jllf lkjlf dlfkfj, dnnr gkt ks gl twllgl hllrgnt ekc kf llf vnf zkcf m`lhlf llf `rkèftnikst gl rukdtl jnb `d, vkn r`cl,llf vlrmkfgkfj tusslf Lur`pn lf Oekfn tl iljjlf.

5?? _oeikldnff >55>m, =71.5?7 Elt h`fkfhrkch He`tnf inj nnf gl zkcgl rùtl, nnf gl rnfg vnf gl nhindnhnf

w`lstkcf, kf elt tljlfw``rgkjl Ukfcknfj kf Oekfn.5?< _oeikldnff >55>m, =71-=7>.

5?2 _oeikldnff >55>m, 772.



?:>

?>. Kikù Dëinter`f

usslf >5:; lf >55> mùwgl gl nroektlot Lrfst Skiilr, gkl dlt R`fEnef `p Mùrfnmnsoek jljrnvlf eng, v``r _oeikldnff llf euks kf

Ntelfl.5?: Elt wns llf prnoetkj flòinskskstksoe jlmùw wnnrnnf guk-glikch tl zklf wns gnt gl lkjlfnnr jlig eng lf zkoe v``r elt vlrilglfkftlrlssllrgl. Mkfflf wlrg elt g``r Ktniknnfsl hufstlfnnrs jlelli kfp`dplcknnfsl stkci vlrsklrg. Gl mlflglfvlrgklpkfj rkoettl _oeikldnffnis duslud kf. Lr wlrglf h`stlf fòe d`lktl jlspnnrg lf _oeikldnfff`ldgl zkcf fkluwl euks tr`ts Kikù Dëinter`f, elt pnilks vnf Kik`f.5?5

Gl `plfkfj vnf gkt euks jkfj dlt z`vlli prnoet lf prnni jlpnnrg gntelt zlibs Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ennigl3

Gr. _oeikldnff ellt finfjs zkcf fkluwl euks tl Ntelfl, gnt jlelli kfùg-r`cnnfsoelf stkci jlmùwg ks, g``r llf jr``t mni kfjlwkcg, wnnr-`p gl nnfzklfikchstl plrs`flf glr stng tljlfw``rgkj wnrlf.

Gkt r`cnnfsoel pnilks ikjt `p llf glr e``jstl puftlf vnf gl stng lfks `p vlrrlf nstnfg rllgs zkoetmnnr. \kt glf sklrikchlf tukf, wnnrvnfelt `djlvlf ks, h`dt dlf infjs llf prnoetkjl trnp kf elt dnrdlrlf jlmùw, gnt ukt twll vlrgklpkfjlf mlstnnt. Gl mlflglfvlrtrlhhlf zkcf

t`t duslud, gkl `p gl llrstl vlrgklpkfj t`t jlzlisoenpshndlrs lf `p gltwllgl t`t sinnp-, stugllrvlrtrlhhlf lfz. kfjlrkoet. Gl mniustrngl vnfelt gnh ks vlrsklrg dlt twll lf twkftkj mlliglf vnf E`dlrksoel j`glflf eliglf.

Niillf elt mùwlf vnf elt euks ellt ?11,111 jlh`st. @`h nnfgl kfrkoetkfj lf dlumkillrkfj glr vlrsoekiilfgl vlrtrlhhlf, wnnr-vnf vlrsoelkglfl kf Q`dplcnnfsoelf stkci zkcf, jr``tl s`ddlf jligsmlstllg.5?;

5?: Skl H`rrës >;55.5?5 _oeikldnff zlib vlrtnnigl ’Eùttl v`f Kik`f— _tìi >;<5, =71.

5?; Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 1<-1?->55>.



?:= -

?=. N.L.C. Eìwlrgn

Nft`fkl Lwùg Cnf Eìwlrgn (>57<->;=?) wns kf enrt lf fklrlf llfhinssklh nroelì``j. Kf >55>, t`lf ekc _oeikldnffs Kik`s ins, wns ekc il-rnnr hinssklhl tnilf kf Ilkglf. Kf >5;2 wlrg ekc kf glzlibgl stng e``j-ilrnnr nroelì`jkl lf ùgl jlsoeklglfks. Kf gl kfnujurnil rlgl gkl ekc`p =; Nprki >5;2 uktsprnh mlj`f ekc dlt lr`p tl wkczlf gnt ekc kf elttkcgvnh vnf gl tloefì`jkl illbgl. Dlf d`lst gnnr loetlr dll `ppnsslf.

Zlrhlikchl v``ruktjnfj mltlhlfgl vìjlfs eld ’gnt dlf zkoe ukt glft``vlrokrhli vnf ellrsoelfgl glfhmlliglf wllt i`s tl dnhlf—.571 Dlf

d`lst fnnst gl v``ruktjnfj gkl gl tloefklh mrnoet gl ouituur lf ennrhinssklhl w`rtlis fklt ukt elt ``j vlriklzlf.Rnf nb rljli ëëf vnf zkcf rlolfskl mikcht Eìwlrgn zllr jliuhhkj dlt

Kik`s 3

Mltlr gnf `kt zkcf wkc tenfs kf stnnt jlstlig fs vlr gl mltllhlfks vnf_oeikldnff‛s `pjrnvkfjlf v``r gl uktmrlkgkfj vnf `fzl nroenlì`jk-soel hlffks llf ``rglli tl v`rdlf.57>

Gl jr`tl vrnnj v``r Eìwlrgn ks3

Zlihl wnrlf gl vìhlf, gkl kf r`ns jlw``fg elmmlf vÿÿr gl vlstkjkfjglr Nlìksoel hì`fkstlf0 57=

Ekc vlrvìjt zkcf rlolfskl dlt llf zllr uktjlmrlkgl mlenfglikfj vnfniil vìhlrlf gkl ``kt kf glzl `djlvkfj jlillbg elmmlf. Niil kfb`rdntklgkl vlr glzl vìhlrlf mlhlfg ks w`rgt g``r Eìwlrgn tljlf lihnnr nbjl-w`jlf. Hinssklhl mr`fflf w`rglf nnfjlvuig dlt kfb`rdntkl ukt Ljyptllf Nssyrkè lf uktlkfglikch h`dt ekc t`t llf eliglrl o`foiuskl. Lr ks dnnrllf nftw``rg d`jlikch3

Elt ikjt jlelli v``r gl enfg zl t`l tl soerkcvlf nnf gl Gnrgnflf,

luhrkèrs lf r`cnflf vnf gl Jrklhsoel `vlrilvlrkfj lf gl Nljyptksoeld`fudlftlf, llf Kfg`- Jlrdnnfsoe vìh vnf Jrklhsoe-Hilkf- Nzkntksoelf stnd, stnnfgl kf dllrglrl ` dkfglrl dntl `fglr glf kf-vi`lg vnf Oeltn‛s Ekttktlf, Qe`lfkèrs lf Nljyptlfnrlf.57?

571 Eìwlrgn >5;2, ?.57> Eìwlrgn >55=, =>=.57= Eìwlrgn >55=, =>=.

57? Eìwlrgn >55=, =>;-==1.



?:?

N.L.C. E`iwlrgn zklfg tl dkgglf vnf zkcf plrs`flli.



?:7 -

Gl rlsuitntlf vnf _oeikldnffs `pjrnvkfjlf kf Ekssnrikh stliilf glnroelì`jlf fu v``r elt llrst kf stnnt d tl zklf b glzl o`foiuskl hi`pt.R``r Eìwlrgn ks gl nroelì`jkl llf euipwltlfsoenp vnf gl hinssklhlbkiì`jkl. Gl pgrnoet vnf gl nroelì``j ks elt t`ltslf vnf gl rlsuitntlf

gkl gl bkiì``j `p jr`fg vnf gl hinssklhl tlhstlf mlrlkht ellbt.Rlrvìjlfs jlmrukht Eìwlrgn llf jr``t nnftni pnjkfn‛s `d llf ukt-jlmrlkgl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf _oeikldnffs rlsuitntlf tl jlvlf. Kh jllb lreklr llf hilkf v``rmllig vnf3

Gl eukzlf vnf gl glrgl stng mlst`fglf dllstni ukt llf mlflglfvlrgklpkfj `pjlmùwg ukt hilkfl siloets llfkjlrdntl mlwlrhtl stuhhlf hnih-stllf g``r llf oldlft vnf nsoe, nnrgl ` jlstndptl tljlis vlrm`fglf.Elt vi`lrpinvlksli mlst`fg ukt illd, gkl `vlr elt pukf vnf gl v`rkjlstng ` `vlr stllflf pintlf ellf jlstrlhlf wns. Gl vi`lr vnf gl m`-vlfvlrgklpkfj ` vlrgklpkfjlf wlrg jlv`rdg g``r mnihlf, lvlfnis gl

m`gld gkoet mlstrlhlf dlt illd, gkl ``h gl `plfkfjlf tussoelf glmnihlf `pvuigl. Gl durlf vnf gl e``jlrl vlrgklpkfjlf wnrlf vnf jlmnhhlf tljlis8 lr wns llf s``rt vnf soe``rstllf kf uktjlspnnrg. Gl gn-hlf soekcflf p glzligl wkczl jlv`rdg jlwllst tl zkcf nis gl m`gld glrvlrgklpkfjlf3 zkc wnrlf gus pint. _`dtkcgs eng gl `fglrstl vlrgklpkfj jllf glur, z``gnt dlf cukst nis mkc gl pnniw`fkfjlf llrst infjs llf trnpkf euks h`f h`dlf. Gl mlflglfvlrgklpkfj wns ``h jlw``fikch siloetsgl v``rrnngsoeuur8 wnnrkf dlf gus kf elt jlvni, gnt gkl jllf glureng, nis kf llf hliglr fnnr mlflglf gnnigl, Kf gkl mlflglfvlrgklpkf- jlf vkfgt dlf vllini jr``tl hrukhlf, wnnrkf wli llf dnf stnnf hnf,mlwnnrpinntslf v``r vi`lkst`filf vligvruoetlf8 zkc wnrlf gus wlrhl-ikch llf s``rt vnf hliglrs v``rrnngsoeurlf. Gkoet mkc glf kfjnfj glrstng st`fg llf jr``t dlt llfkjl dllrglrl z`rj jlmùwg euks, wnnrkf_oeikldnff elt pnilks vnf elt pplre``g glr stng dllft tl zklf8 vr`l- jlr f`ldgl ekc gklf h`rtwlj Qrknd`s. rlfilfg ks Rkroe`w‛s `pdlr-hkfj, gnt gl mùw vnf gl eukzlf vnf r`ns kf glf tljlfw``rgkjlf tkcgf`j jlelli dlt gklf vnf gl niùgl w`fkfjlf `p glf eluvli Ekssnrikh`vlrllfstldt8 glzl inntstl ks `fs gnf ``h v``rni g``r glf llrstl llrstrloet gukglikch jlw`rglf, ―t Ks loetlr llf vlrsoekcfsli, gnt zllr nijldllfw`rgt wnnrjlf`dlf. S`` hnf dlf mkcv. kf Jrklhlfinfg lf Ktnikè t`tzlhlrl e``jtl elt nftklhl ilvlf f`j nitkcg g``r lkjlf nnfsoeùwkfj

illrlf hlfflf ... @`h vnf glzl stng zkcf lr durlf `pjljrnvlf8 tòezkcf wkc fklt kf stnnt `fs llf mle``rikch mllig vnf euf i``p tl v`rdlf.Gl eukzlf wnrlf, z`` elt soekcft, `p jlikchs``rtkjl wkczl jlmùwg nisgkl vnf gl glrgl stng. Lvlf nis gl mlw`flrs vnf gl Ktniknnfsoel pnni-w`fkfjlf, ikltlf gkl vnf gl vklrgl stng glf nvni vnf euf v`lgsli lfvlrglr vuki g``gmlgnnrg kf elt rukd `fglr gl m`vlfvlrgklpkfj, gklzkc mlw``fglf, fnnr mlflglf vniilf. Elt nnrglwlrh vnf glzl stngks vllini wnt i`dplr vnf mlwlrhkfj, gnf gnt vnf gl glrgl lf ``h glstllfwlrhtukjlf zkcf wnt ruwlr. 577

577 Eìwlrgn >55=, ===-==?.



?:<

@pvniilfg ks gnt Eìwlrgn eklr, vlli gukglikchlr gnf _oeikldnffgllg, llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt gl Ktniknnfsl pnniw`fkfjlf iljt.

Eìwlrgn wkcst lr `p gnt gl g``r _oeikldnff jlv`fglf stlglf t`tgl mr`fstkcg jlrlhlfg hufflf w`rglf. Ekc wlht gl kfgruh gnt ekc llf

`ftwkhhlikfj vnf vr`ljl fnnr intl mr`fstkcg zklt, dnnr g``rgnt ekc lr fkltvnf `vlrtukjg ks gnt kf r`cl K lf KK niillf h`plrlf v``rwlrplf jlv`fglfzkcf ks gnt fklt elildnni gukglikch3

Gl mlw`flrs vnf Ekssnrikh jlmrukhtlf stllflf, h`plrlf lf mr`fzlfv``rwlrplf8 kczlr h`dt, uktjlf`dlf llf dls kf gl zlsgl stng, kf elt jlelli fklt v``r. Fu zkcf loetlr `vlr elt jlelli gkl stllflf v` rwlrplfni vnf vrkc jr``tl vìh`dlfelkg. Ruurstllflf wlrhtukjlf vkfgt dlfsiloets kf gl llrstl, `fglrstl flglrzlttkfj lf gnf f`j siloets wlkfkjl.Mkcz`fglr duftlf ukt gl v``rtrlfilikch jlpìkcstl mkcilf vnf Flperkt,gkl dlf kf gl vkc `fglrstl flglrzlttkfjlf vkfgt8 zkc g`lf v``r llf

mr`fzlf mkci fklt `fglr. Lfhlil v``rwlrplf vnf Flperkt v`fg dlf``h kf Swktslrsoel pnniw`fkfjlf lf kf s`ddkjl nfglrl pinntslf vnfLur`pn. Gkl stllfs``rt h`dt loetlr kf Lur`pn fklt v``r. @fglr glmkcilf vnf Ekssnrikh vkfgt dlf lr llf vnf wkt Flperkt, gnt kf gl ùglwlrlig niillf kf elt enrt vnf Nzkè kf elt Hulf-Iulf-jlmlrjtl XHuiuf jlmlrjtlT w`rgt nnfjltr`filf. Mlst`fglf lr kf gklf ùglf tkcg enfglis-vlrmkfgkfjlf vnf OlftrnniNzkè dlt Hilkf-Nzkè lf Lur`pn, ` elmmlfgl Jlrdnnfsoel vìhlf, t`lf zkc gl mkfflfinfglf vnf Nzkè vlrikltlf,gkl v``r elf zlhlr zllr h`stmnrl v``rwlrplf dlgljlf`dlf0 @pdlrhkfjvlrgklft elt, gnt kf gl vkcgl stng gl stllflf wlrhtukjlf vlli dkfglr kfnnftni zkcf gnf kf gl vklrgl lf gnt lr ukt gl zlsgl kf elt jlelli jllflg``r _oeikldnff w`rglf dlgljlgllig. Dlf zklt gnt `p glf eluvliEkssnrikh gl plrk`gl vnf elt mr`fs elt stllflf-tkcgvnh vnf iklvlrilglvlrvnfjlf. Mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf ellt dnf kf gl twll `fglrstl stlglff`j fklt jlv`fglf, wli h`plrlf. Fu zkcf loetlr gl `pjrnvkfjlf kf gklmlkgl stlglf f`j vnf jllf mkcz`fglr jr`ltlf `dvnfj lf gnnr`d ks eltwli wnt v``rmnrkj dlt _oeikldnff gl jlvìjtrlhhkfj tl dnhlf, gntgl mlw`flrs vnf gl mlkgl llrstl stlglf kf llf. h`plr-plrk`gl illglflf gl enrgkfj gls h`plrs t`t mr`fs g``r mkcv`ljkfj vnf tkf llrst kf glglrgl stng mlhlfg wlrg. Rlrglr vkfgt dlf kf gkl mlkgl stlglf llfkjlv``rwlrplf vnf jùg, zkivlr lf lilotr`f (llf dlfjsli vnf gkl mlkgl

llrstlf) lf kf gl `fglrstl stng llf h`plrlf dls, gnt vlrjuig jlwllstks. Kf gl vklr m`vlfstl flglrzlttkfjlf h`dlf mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf zllrvllivuigkj v``r. Gnt gl dltnilf `p glf eluvli vnf Ekssnrikh zli ml-wlrht wlrglf, mlwkczlf gl tnirkch jlv`fglfl stllflf jkltv`rdlf mkcv.vnf pkcispktslf lf v``rwlrplf vnf jlmnhhlf nnrgl, gkl ``h mikchlfs glsoekilrs dltnni nnf gl mkfflfzkcgl t`t sdlithr`ls gklfglf. Jlsdllgwlrg elt mr`fs `p Ekssnrikh vlrd`lglikch fklt.57<

57< Eìwlrgn >55=, ==?-==7.



?:2 -

_oeikldnff eklig gl gksousskl `vlr gl Flbrkltmkcilf gukglikch muktlfgl e``bgtlhst. G``r gl dnfklr wnnr`p _oeikldnff glzl gksousskl kf zkcfm`lh `pfnd w`rgt `fdkggliikch gukglikch gnt ekc lr jllf stliikfj `vlrkf wlfst tl fldlf. Elt ks gnnrg``r `pvniilfg gnt Eìwlrgn elt fu t`t

`fglrglli vnf gl e``bgtlhst dnnht.Eìwlrgn mlstllg ``h nnfgnoet nnf elt vnntwlrh gnt `pjlenfjlfzù hufflf w`rglf3

Nnf zllr vlil p`ttlf ` soe`tlis zkcf llf pnnr uktstllhslis fnnr muktlfuktjlhfllg, wlihl vnf jntlf v``rzklf zkcf, wnnrg``r llf tùw jl-mrnoet wlrg, eltzkc `d llf glhsli `p glf p`t tl hufflf mkfglf, eltzkc`d elt stuh tl hufflf penfjlf. Kf s`ddkjl gklr jntlf vkfgt dlf f`jsp`rlf vnf elt tùw. @`h glrjlikch nnrglwlrh dlt uktstllhslis vkfgtdlf kf nfglrl v``rekst`rksoel flglrzlttkfjlf, mkcv. kf gl Ktniknnfsoel pnniw`fkfjlf572

Znnr _oeikldnff zkcf pnrniiliilf v``r gkt `penfjsystlld vnf `vlrelli Lur`pn mkc lihnnr zòet wkcst Eìwlrgn eklr `pfkluw fnnr glKtniknnfsl pnniw`fkfjlf. Nfglrl nnrglwlrhv`rdlf wkczlf loetlr fnnrnfglrl pinntslf. Kf zkcf vlrwkczkfjlf vìjt Eìwlrgn _oeikldnff loetlrfklt. Ekc mnsllrt zkoe eklr vlrd`lglikch `p lkjlf wnnrfldkfjlf3

Rlrglr ellt elt nnrglwlrh niilrilk v`rdlf. Dlf vkfgt lr tni vnf pinttlsoe`tlis `fglr, gkl mkcz`fglr dlt s``rtjlikchl vnf Oyprus `vlrllfstld-dlf, gòe ``h g`lf glfhlf nnf nfglrl, mkcv. ukt `pjrnvkfjlf kfGuktsoeinfg lf E`fjnrkcl. Dlf vkfgt lr hljliv`rdkj vnntwlrh fglr,

` wli h`jliv`rdkj `p grkl p``tlf lf dlt oyikfglrv`rdkjl v``rtzlttkfjfnnr m`vlf. Rllivuigkj trlt dlf lr fglr ``h hljliv`rdkjl soelfhhnf-flf nnf, dlt infjl vnf elt dkgglf ukt rloet `de``j stnnfgl tuktlf,gkl dkf ` dllr nis kf llf `de``j jlrkoetlf v`jlisfnvli lkfgkjlf, llfd`gli, gnt gnglikch glfhlf g`lt nnf jlikchs``rtkjl vnf Oyprus lf gl`fglr gl nsoe mlgìvlf injlf vnf _nft`rkf` lf Wlrnskn, @pdlrhkfjvlrgklflf vlrglr zlhlrl hrukhcls, p fzl vliglssoelf jlikchlfgl, e`l-gnfkjl mkcfn klglrl Nljyptksoel lf Oyprk`tksoel vnrzndlikfj, - ``hgl Ilkgsoel, - lr mlzkttlf, soelfhhnfflf dlt twll tuktlf, lvlfllfsOyprk`tksoe vnf v`rd, twll ` grkl hilkfl mlhlrtcls dlt lihnnr vlrm`f-glf, ``h ni klts vnf Nljyptl, Oyprus, ]e`g`s lf _nft`rkf`. M`vlfniloetlr vnit gl nnfgnoet `p gl vnzlf kf gklrv`rdlf, mkcv. vnrhlfs, gklgkhwkcis g`lf glfhlf nnf s`ddkjl spnnrp`ttlf `fzlr hkfglrlf. \ktniil vlrzndlikfjlf vnf Oyprk`tkon, `h ukt gl Ilkgsoel, hnf dlf mkcfnvìh`dlf jlikchl lxldpinrlf gnnrflvlfs stliilf.57:

Eìwlrgn dnnht eklrmkc jllf `fglrsoelkg fnnr innj. Zl hufflfeklrukt o`foiuglrlf gnt ekc vnf dlfkfj ks gnt niils wnt kf Ekssnrikh jl-v`fglf ks mkc lihnnr e``rt. Gkt ks tldllr `pvniilfg `dgnt Kik`s elt llrstl

572 Eìwlrgn >55=, ==<.

57: Eìwlrgn >55=, ==<-==2.



?::

m`lh vnf _oeikldnff ks wnnrkf ekc gl v`fgstlf ukt gl vlrsoekiilfgl injlfjlsoelkglf vnf lihnnr jlpumikollrg ellbt. @`h jllbt ekc wnt gl vlrsoeki-ilfgl stlglf mltrlbt stllgs nnf kf e`lvlrrl gl lrkf jlv`fglf v``rwlrplfvnf gkl ukt gl v``rjnnfgl stng vlrsoekiilf. Znnr _oeikldnff gl ouitu-

rlil vlrsoekiilf tusslf gl gkvlrsl injlf mlfngruht jnnt Eìwlrgn gnnrfnjlf`lj t`tnni nnf v``rmkc.E`lwli Eìwlrgn kf llrstl kfstnftkl nis oinsskous fnnr gl v`fgstlf

hkcht hnf ekc zkoe tòe fklt o`dpillt nnf gl kfvi`lg vnf gl prlekst`rkok`fttrlhhlf. Rkn _oeikldnff h`dt ekc dlt llf vlrwkczkfj fnnr llf oui-tuurmllig gnt i`s vnf gl tlhstlf ukt gl v`fgstlf fnnr v`rlf h`dt3

Gl mlw`flrs vnf Ekssnrikh wnrlf vlrd`lglikch llfl nhhlrmùwlfglmlvìhkfj8 kf gl vlrmrnfgl stng zkcf jr``tl e`lvllielglf vnf jrnflf jlv`fglf kf dllrglrilk s``rtlf, v``rni tnrwl. @`h iljglf zkc zkoe `pvksoevnfjst t`l, z``wli kf gl zll nis `p gl rkvklrlf, lf futtkjglf zkc

vlrmnzlfg vlli d`sslilf lf `lstlrs8 gl `vlrmikcslilf mlwkczlf elt. @pglzligl wkczl ks elt m`vlf mlglfhkfj vlrelvlf, gnt kf gl wlkglf `dglf eluvli rllgs kf gkl ùgl tkcglf hugglf vnf soenplf, jlktlf, ruf-glrlf, zwkcflf lf pnnrglf jle`lg wlrglf. @`h wlrg lr cnoet jldnnht`p enzlf, elrtlf, nftki`plf, jnfzlf lf zwnflf.575

Gkt ks loetlr fklt dllr gnf llf hilkf uktstnpcl, uktlkfglikch mikcbt ekcilrnnr ùgl tnilf. Ekc mlstllgt gnf ``h vlli nnfgnoet nnf gl mltlhlfksvnf _oeikldnffs v`fgstlf v``r gl dnfklr wnnr`p wl elt ùgl Jrklhsmljrkcplf3

_oeikldnff zklt ... kf gl ukilfh`pvnzlf, nmlligkfjlf vnf glJinuh`÷pks Nteãfã `fs niilf rllgs vnf `fzl E`dlr`silotuur `p elt jydfnskud `vlrmlhlfg. Jlw``fikch ilkgt dlf gnt w``rg jinuh`÷pks n vnf jinuh`s ―jrnuw‛ lf llf stnd `p, wnnr dlf gl mltllhlfks ―``j‛nnf jllt, z``gnt jinfh`÷pks mltllhlft ―jrnuw``jkjl‛. _oeikldnffglfht nnf jinun ―uki‛ lf vlrtnnit3 ―Ntelfl dlt elt ukilfjlinnt‛.

R `r gkl dllfkfj ks wlrhlikch vlli tl zljjlf. E`dlr`s gnoet zkoe zlhlr jllf glr mlkgl J`gkfflf dlt llf jlinnt vnf llf gklr. Gòe lvlfnis llfrugkdlftnkr `rjnnf vnf vr`ljlrl ilvlfsvlrrkoetkfjlf sprllht, lvlfz``zùglf gnf gkl wlrhtukjikch elrennigl lpkteltn llfl `vlrùgl v``r-

stliikfj mlwnrlf, gkl nnf glf jllst vnf elf, gkl zl mlzkjglf, jlellivrlldg wns. lf dlf intlr trnoettl zkoe vnf gl mltllhlfks gklr w``r-glf rlhlfsoenp tl jlvlf, hwnd dlf `p gkl jlw`fl, `fs mlhlfgl vlr-hinrkfjlf. Dnx Dùiilr vlrhinnrgl zkoe tljlf`vlr _oeikldnff mlrlkgzkcfl dllfkfj nnf tl fldlf, dkts eld ``h gl m``÷pks Eãrã jlt``fgwlrg, gl Elrn dlt elt h`lklfjlinnt, fklt z``nis dlf t`t f`j t`l vlr-hinnrgl dlt gl h`lklf``jlf. _oeikldnff jkfj fnnr Dyhlfnk lf jr`lgnnr mkc glf Elrn-tldpli h`lklh`pplf lf h`lmlligcls `p.

575 Eìwlrgn >55=, ==5.



?:5 -

Ks gl znnh wlrhlikch uktjldnnht0 _`ddkjl dllflf, gnt lr tljlf_oeikldnff‛s vlrhinrkfjlf ltydì`jksoel mlzwnrlf mlstnnf. Skl kh wli,gnf ks gkt z`` wlkfkj elt jlvni, gnt cukst gl ltydì`jkl _oeikldnff‛sdllfkfj elt dllst nnfmlvllit. Ellt wli ``kt kldnfg j`lg mljrlplf

wnt llf h`lklf``jkjl Elrn mltllhlft0 Kh jli`` elt wnnrikch fklt lfgl stnd `p g`lt dkfstlfs lvlfzllr nnf elt jlinnt glfhlf nis nnf elt``j. ―Nktek`ps‛, gl Nltek`pkèr, ks zlhlr fklt gl dnf dlt elt mrukfl ``j,dnnr dlt elt mrukfjlmrnfgl jlinnt, `, `d llf w``rg tl fldlf, gntdlt E`dlr`s‛ m``÷pks lf jinuio`÷pks jlelli kf `rdntkl `vlrllf-stldt, gl dlksclsfnnd ]e`g`÷pks mltllhlft zlhlr fklt ―]`zlf``j‛dnnr ―]`zlfjlinnt‛ ... Dlf d`lt gnf nnffldlf, gnt Ntelfl kf glfùglf tkcg wli llfs nis llf uki ` dlt llf ukilfjlinnt, Elrn nis llfh`l ` dlt elt jlinnt vnf llf h`l wlrg v``rjlstlig. Ks gnt glfhmnnr0Znnr`d fklt0 Gl ugl Jrklhlf zkcf lvlfdkf nis llfkj nfglr vìh dltllf soelppkfj nis gl Elrdls vnf Qrnxktlils mlj`fflf. Skc zkcf, `d

dlt Wuoygkgls tl sprlhlf, Eliilflf jlw`rglf ukt mnrmnrlf lf eng-glf kf gklf mnrmnnrsoelf tkcg, z`` j`lg nis z``vlil nfglrl mnrmnrlf,v`rdli``zl v``rwlrplf ... E`l wlkfkj loetlr ks lr f`j jlgnnf nnf gl j`gsgklfstjlsoeklglfks vnf elt Jrklhsoel vìh. Elt ks gukglikch, gnt gl jlellil hwlstkl vìh`dlf zù uktjldnnht zkcf nis wkc llf mllig vnfElrn dlt llf h`lklfh`p lf llf vnf Ntelfl dlt llf ukilfh`p mlzntlf.Ellt _oeikldnff zl jlv`fglf0 Gkt d`lt, gufht dkc, fthlfg w`rglf.Fòe gl ukilf h`p vnzlf, fòe gl nj`gsmlligcls elmmlf klts, gnt glfkfgruh vnf llf uki jllt, mlenivl gnt zkc glf d`fg dksslf. Fu hnfgnt wlrhlikch llfvùgkj llf vlrjksskfj zkcf, z``nis p llf nfglr nj`gs-mlligcl ``h llf ``j vlrjltlf wlrg. Llf mlligcl `p llf glr Jrklhsoel

lkinfglf jlv`fglf, gnt `vlrkjlfs pinstksoe vlli e``jlr stnnt gnf llfkjmlligcl vnf Ekssnrikh, dkst zlis niils mlenivl glf flus. Gòe, zni dlfzljjlf, niil mlligcls vnf Ekssnrikh, gkl _oeikldnff pumikollrgl, p ëëffn dksslf glf d`fg8 ``h niil vnzlf dlt llf dlfsoelfjlinnt, wnnr-vnf ekc kf zkcf tljlfw``rgkj wlrh nmlligkfjlf jllt. Lvlfwli `p gl pe`t`jrnpekèf vnf gl jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf, g``r eld vr`ljlr kf eltikoet jljlvlf, h`dlf lr dllrglrlf v``r, wnnrgl d`fg gukglikch `p tl`fglrsoelkglf ks, lf gnnrdll vlrvnit, gufht dkc, niil mlwkcs v``r elt`pzlttlikch wljintlf vnf glf d`fg tlf llflfdnil. Lf wnt fu vlrglrgl Elrn M``÷pks mltrlt, `fglr gl jùglf, zkivlrlf, tlrrno`ttn h`lkl-h`pplf lf gl tlrrno`ttn h`lklf, gkl _oeikldnff kf gl Guktsoel uktjnvlvnf zkcf ―Dyhlfnl‛ mlhlfg dnnhtl, h`dt lr, fnnr dkcfl mlsoelkglfdllfkfj, jllf lfhlil v``r, gkl dlf elt rloet ellt v``r nj`gsmlliglftl eùglf. Gnt dlf zuihl mlligcls kf mkc llf tldpli vnf Elrn vkfgt,mle`lt fkldnfg tl vlrw`fglrlf. Gl h`l wns llf jliklg `filrgklr v``rElrn lf dlf hnf ennr gus zllr j`lg h`lklf nis z``jlfnndgl v`tkvlf,hilkfl wkcjlsoelfhlf, jljlvlf elmmlf ... S`` mikct gus _oeikldnff‛sdllfkfj siloets llfl jksskfj, llfl fklt `fnnffldlikchl jksskfj wliikoet,gòe llfl, gkl kf jllf jlvni `p gkl nroenlì`jksoel v`fgstlf stluft,wlihl ennr kf elt ilvlf glglf r`lplf.57;

57; Eìwlrgn >55=, ==5-=?1.



?:;

Fngnt Eìwlrgn niil nnrglwlrhv`fgstlf mlenfglig ellbt h`dt ekcdlt llf vlrhinrkfj v``r gl vlil pnrniiliilf gkl _oeikldnff `vlrni kfLur`pn jlv`fglf ellbt3

Fu ks elt wli muktlf twkcli, gnt dllr ``rspr`fhlikchl t`lstnfglf vnfmlsoenvkfj zllr ikoet llfkjl trlhhlf vnf jlikchelkg vlrt``flf lf gntllrst kf llf tkcg vnf dllr jlv`rglrgl fntk`fnil hufst`ftwkhhlikfjgl vìhlf fnnr gl v``rtmrlfjslilf eufflr hufstfkcvlrelkg soelrp tl`fglrsoelkglf zkcf. Rnfgnnr gl `vlrllfstlddkfj vnf elt jlv`fglfltl Ekssnrikh dlt gnt vnf niilrilk v`fgstlf ukt niilrilk e`lhlf glr wl-rlig. Gòe jllf `vlrllfh`dst strlht zkoe `vlr z``vlil v``rwlrplf uktlf vlrt``ft zkoe z`` t`t kf gl hilkfl mkcz`fglrelglf glr uktv`lrkfj,nis gkl dlt elt ùgstl nnrglwlrh vnf Oyprus, ]e`g`s, _nft`rkfk lfWlrnskn, dlt elt nnrglwlrh gus vnf v``rekst`rksoel Jrklhlf. GntHilkf-Nskntksoel-Jrklhlsoel stnddlf gus `p Ekssnrikh jlw``fg elm-

mlf, ks wli fklt `p j`lgl jr`fglf tl mltwkclilf.5<1

Gl jr`tl e`lvllielkg nnf soekcfmnrl vlrmkfgkfjlf mlwkczlf gl ù-glrg`d vnf glzl ouituur. Ekc ks f`j dnnr flt mlj`fflf `d zkoe ukt gl’`lrs`lp— i`s tl dnhlf. Sl elmmlf loetlr flt jlf`lj lkjlf v`rdlf `ft-wkhhlig `d elt mllig gnt Eìwlrgn zkoe nis bkiì``j vnf elf jlv`rdgeng tl mlvlstkjlf. _oeikldnffs kgll gnt dllrglrl injlf llf nfglrl oui-turlil jr`lp vlrtljlfw``rgkjglf wkcst ekc fu rlsìuut vnf gl enfg. Slibselt vìjlfs _oeikldnff Iygksoel r`cl RK e``rt lr jlw``f mkc3

Dlf ellt eklr gus mkc niil ` gl dllstl flglrzlttkfjlf `p Ekssnrikh

wnnrsoekcfikch jlelli elt zligl vlrsoekcfsli nis kf gl Ktniknnfsoel ... pnniw`fkfjlf, lf `p gl Flglrinfgsoel tlrplf3 dllrglrl, flglrzlttkfjlf vnf eltzligl vìh kf vlrsoekiilfgl tkcgvnhhlf zkcflr `ftwkhhl-ikfj ikjjlf m`vlf lihnnr ... R``r gl pnniw`fkfjlf wns elt vuur eltdllst llfvùgkjl vlrglijkfjsdkggli, fklt niz`` v``r gl stllflf stlglfvnf Ekssnrikh. Gnnr ks llf mrnfg llrglr t`l tl soerkcvlf nnf llf `fjl-iuh ` llf muktlfinfgsoelf vkcnfg. Rnf gl zls flglrzlttkfjlf ks lr fusiloets ëëf g``r mrnfg vlrfklig (vnf gl twllgl stng llf pnnr eukzlf).Zki dlf fu fklt niil vkc `vlrkjl g``r nnrgmlvkfj vlrfkltkjg glfhlf,gnf ks elt zlhlr llf fklt jlelli vlrwlrplikchl vlr`fglrstliikfj, gnt glmlw`flrs zli tlihlfs llf stng fnnr mlflglf jlennig lf llf fkluwl

`p elt pukf elmmlf `pjltr`hhlf, wnffllr fn vlri``p vnf tkcg eufflliilfgkjl w`fkfjlf, gkl lihnnr zlhlr kf stlvkjelkg fklt z`` elli vlli`ftiklplf, wnt ni tl `fmrukhmnnr jlw`rglf wnrlf.5<>

@dgnt niil injlf vnf elt zlibgl vìh nbh`dstkj zkcf w`rgt elt z`l-hlf fnnr gl ltfkoktlkt vnf glzl dlfslf llf stuh llfvùgkjlr. Nnf jlzklfelt eklr `d Hilkf-Nzkntksoe-Jrklhsl stnddlf jnnt, h`dt lr, vìjlfsEìwlrgn, dnnr ëëf mnsksjr`lp kf nnfdlrhkfj3

5<1 Eìwlrgn >55=, =?=.

5<> Eìwlrgn >55=, =?7.



?51 -

Gl flglrzlttkfjlf `p Ekssnrikh zkcf vnf llf Kfg`-Jlrdnnfsoelfvìhsstnd lf elt ikjt v``r gl enfg gl vlrjlikchkfj dlt gkl vnf nfglrlKfg`-Jlrdnnfsoel vìhstnddlf, `h vnf elf wnnrdlgl gl vlrwnft-soenp fklt z`` fnuw wns nis dlt gl `vlrkjl Jrklhsoe-Hilkf-Nzkntksoel

vìhlf, llfs llf wlkfkj g``r tl trlhhlf. S`` sprnhlf wkc rllgs vnfgl Ktniknnfsoel pnniw`fkfjlf8 glzl stnnf jlw``fikch fklt z``nis gl Swktslrsoel nnf gl `lvlrs vnf dlrlf, gòe m`vlf glf mljnflf jr`fg.Fu wnrlf gl pnniw`fkfjlf glr Ktniknnfsoel tlrrndnrls e``jst wnnr-soekcfikch, lf mkcfn zlhlr zllr vlilf vnf elf, w``fpinntslf vnf eltKfg`-Jlrdnnfsoel vìh gklr ùgl Ktnikèrs, gl v``rvnglrs `.n. vnf glIntkcflf. Gl `vlrllfh`dst fu gklr pnniw`fkfjlf dlt gl eukzlf `pEkssnrikh ks jr``tlr gnf dlf `pplrvinhhkj dllflf zù. @ dlf tòezkcf lkjlfikch w``feuks `p pnilf zlt, ` `p llf `fglrduur vnf `plihnír jlstnpligl stllflf, gkl dlf ukt elt fnmurkjl jlmlrjtl eng i`sjl-mr`hlf, dnnht zuih llf jr``t vlrsoeki fklt. Elt e``gglfhmllig mikct

eltzligl3 llf m`vlf glf mljnflf m`gld vlrelvlf w``fpinnts. Gl pnniw`fkfjlf engglf wnfglf vnf illd ` hilk, z`` ``h gl ùgl w`-fkfjlf vnf Hlitlf lf Jlrdnflf. @`h `p Ekssnrikh, mkcv. kf gl twllglstng, wnrlf glrjlikchl wnfglf kf jlmrukh lf wnffllr dlf mnhstllfnnfwlfggl, mlzkjgl dlf hilk ` illd tòe nis vi`lrmlstrkchkfj. @p gl`vlrllfh`dst tussoelf gl mlw`flrs kf Ekssnrikh lf gl ùgl Ktnikèrs kfgl wkczl, wnnr`p zkc dlt euf nvni enfgliglf, ks rllgs jlwlzlf. Glùgl Hlitlf, Jlrdnflf, Ktnikèrs illglf kf llf tkcg vnf `vlrjnfj vnfelt jlmrukh vnf stllflf t`t mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf, lvlfz`` gl mlw`flrsvnf Ekssnrikh.5<=

Eìwlrgn t``ft eklr llf hlffks `vlr gl mùw vnf gl eukzlf `pEkssnrikh gkl ekc fklt vnf _oeikldnff hnf elmmlf. _oeikldnff wns t`tgl o`foiuskl jlh`dlf gnt gl eukzlf kf r`cl KKK llf twllgl vlrgklpkfjjleng d`lstlf elmmlf, dnnr `vlr e`l dlf glzl twll vlrgklpkfjlf jl-mrukhtl soerllb ekc fklts. Eìwlrgn iljt llrst, vkn gl v`lgslirlstlf gkl pgl vi`lrlf noetlr jlintlf wlrglf llf vlrmkfgkfj dlt gl Ktniknnfsl dllr-w`fkfjlf lf jllbt gnf gl eukzlf kf r`cl gl zlibgl kfrkoetkfj lf bufotklnis gkl kf gl Ktniknnfsl dllrw`fkfjlf.

Eìwlrgn jnnt vlrvìjlfs `pz`lh fnnr gl ``rspr`fj vnf gl r`cnnfslouituur3

Lvlfnis `p Oyprus lf nfglrl lkinfglf elmmlf zkc ``h wli `p Ekssnrikhlfhlil mkcz`fglrl Nljyptksoel v`rdlf vnf nnrglwlrh mlhlfg jldnnhtnis mkcv. gkl vlrllfkjkfj vnf dllrglrl mlhlrtcls. Dlf glfhl vlrglr nnfelt Nljyptksoe p`rolilkf lf elt jlmrukh vnf elt rng mkc elt vlrvnnrgkjlf vnf elt nnrglwlrh, gnt mkc gl Nljyptlfnrlf kf `vlrùgl tkcglf kf jlmrukh wns. @`h gl z``jlfnndgl ―soenttlf hufflf wkc `fs kf gklftkcg ukt jllf pinnts mltlr kfjlv`lrg glfhlf gnf ukt Nljyptl. Niil jr``-tlrl Nljyptksoel dusln, `h elt Ilkgsoel, mlzkttlf v``rmlliglf vnf cf

5<= Eìwlrgn >55=, =?<-=?2.



?5>

Nljyptksoe jrnfuillrwlrh. oe ks lr vlli lf lkjlfikch elt v``rfnndstl,wnt vlrd`lglikch fnnr llf nfglrlf hnft ellf wkcst8 gl Mnmyi`fksoelzljlis lf oyikfglrs, gnt i``glf nj`gsmlligcl lf m`vlfni elt jlmrukh vnfmnhstllflf. Gnnrdll tòe mùwglf v``rni gl Mnmyi`fkèrs lf fglr gl

Mnmyi`fksoel tljlis h`dlf lr v``r, - mkcv. niillf kf gl z`f jlgr``jgl,- gkl kf mlwlrhkfj fklt vlli mltlr zkcf gnf gkl vnf Ekssnrikh. EltMnmyi`fksoel v``rmllig zù gnf gl mlw`flrs vnf gl glrgl stng nnf eltmnhhlf vnf tljlis jleìplf elmmlf. Elt kv``r, gnt dlf `p Ekssnrikhvkfgt, ks fklt `fwnnrsoekcfikch ukt Nljyptl nh`dstkj, gòe elt hnfkf gklf ùglf tkcg ``h vnf glf Lupernnt gnnr jlmrnoet zkcf. `lftòe jrnnsglf gnnr hugglf vnf ìkpenftlf8 elt iljlr vnf `tedls KKKvlrdlkgl zkoe nignnr fnnr Nljyptksoel ``rh`fglf g``r cnoet `p gklgklrlf. Gl vrnnj w`rgt3 wkl wnrlf gl tussoelfplrs`flf v``r elt `vlr-mrlfjlf gklr Mnmyi`fksoel mlsoenvkfj0 lf fnnr elt m`vlf vlrdligl znidlf wli nnf jllf nfglr vìh glfhlf hufflf gnf nnf gl Oeltn‛s `

Ekttktlf. Mlvlstkjt elt zkoe, gnt gl pntr`flf `p gl spkfstllftcls v``rllf glli nitenfs Mnmyi`fksoe vnf `rspr`fj zkcf, gnf zùglf gl Oeltn‛smkc gl Jrklhsoe-HKlkf-Nzkntksoel vìhlf kf gklf uglrlf tkcg jlelli llfs``rtjlikchl pinnts kffldlf, nis gl Qe`lfkokèrs intlr.5<?

Gl r`cnnfsl ouituur vkfgt gus, flt nis gl intlrl Jrklhsl, ennr ``r-spr`fj kf elt @`stlf.

Lf gnf ks Eìwlrgn fu nnf gl olftrnil vrnnj dlt mltrlhhkfj t`tEkssnrikh nnfjlh`dlf. Ellbt _oeikldnff kf r`cl KKK, gl vlrmrnfglstng, wlrhlikch elt E`dlrksoel r`cl jlv`fglf. Znt ks gl mltlhlfks vnfelt blkt gnt glzl stng vlrmrnfg ks0

Kh wki llfs llfl nfglrl mlwlrkfj `pstliilf lf wli glzl3 gl Hilkf- Nzkntksoel vìhlf vklilf `fglr eljld`fkl vnf gl luhrkèrs ]ndsls KKKnnf8 gl h`fkfj h`dt kf Hilkf-Nzkè, `fglrwlrpt zkoe vlil stlglf, - gktniils ks, z``nis wkc wltlf, ekst`rksoe e``jst wnnrsoekcfikch, mkcfn zlhlr,- lf, - eklr mljkft gl jksskfj, - vlrmrnfgt gl e``gstng glr mliendlrs,glr luhrkèrs. Kh h`d dlt gkl jksskfj vìstrlht fklt v``r glf gnj, `dgntkh lr wltlfsoenpplikchl wnnrgl nnf eloet8 kh vrnnj dnnr niillf3 ks zkcz``vlli dkfglr wnnrsoekcfikch gnf gkl vnf _oeikldnff0 Kh wki f`jllfl ... jksskfj `pstliilf, d`jlikch wnnrsoekcfikchlr gnf niil nfglrl. Lrzkcf kf gl jlellil glrgl stng siloets grkl shlilttlf jlv`fglf, twll gnnr-

vnf mikchlfs gl lr mkc jlv`fglf stuhhlf vnf elidlf, vnf sìgntlf. Sùdlf fklt hufflf mlwlrlf, gnt zuih llf hilkf nnftni fklt glfhlf g`ltnnf llf st`rdlfglrenfg kfjlf`dlf vlstkfj lf gus gl glrgl stng e``jstwnnrsoekcfikch g``r llf `fjliuh kf mrnfg jlrnnht ks0 5<7

Rìjlfs Eìwlrgn jnnt elt eklr gus `d llf wkiilhlurkjl stng gkl mkcllf wkiilhlurkjl mliljlrkfj b llf `fjliuh tlf fglr jljnnf ks. Eìwlrgneùgt vnst nnf gl dlfkfj vnf gl dllrglrelkg vnf gl bkiì`jlf3

5<? Eìwlrgn >55=, =?;.

5<7 Eìwlrgn >55=, =7=-=7?.



?5= -

r`cl, z``nis E`dlr`s elt zkoe gnoet, v``r klts nfglrs tl eùglf gnfllf mllig vnf gkoetlrikchl penftnskl, jlv`rdg fnnr elt soekttlrlfgstl,gnt gl gkoetlr kf zkcf tkcg hlfgl, - lf nis lr klts kf stnnt ks d fs kf gkldllfkfj tl mlvlstkjlf, gnf zkcf elt wli gkl hilkfl lf nrdznikjl muroe-

tlf vnf illd lf hilk p Ekssnrikh, elt r`cl glr wlrhlikchelkg.

5<<

R``r gl bkiì``j, gkl Eìwlrgn ks, ellbt elt wlrh vnf _oeikldnffjllf zkf. Ekc hnf lr fklts dll3

Gl nroenlì`jkl hnf glr pekiì`jkl jr``tl gklfstlf mlwkczlf g``r glf pekiì``j llfkjlrdntl tl vlrpinntslf kf gl st`filikchl `djlvkfj, wnnrkfgl soerkcvlrs, gkl ekc vlrhinrlf wki, illglf8 gkl gklfstlf hufflf glv`fgstlf `p Ekssnrikh glf E`dlr`s-vlrhinnrglr `fd`jlikch mlwkczlf`d gl llfvùgkjl rlglf, gnt E`dlr`s fklt kf llfl `djlvkfj nis gklvnf Ekssnrikh illgl.5<2

@dgnt _oeikldnff elt gus vìjlfs Eìwlrgn jlelli bùt ellbt zùdlf vlrwnoetlf gnt zkcf ``rglli `vlr gl `pjrnvlr fklt ni tl p`sktklb ukt-vkli, dnnr gnt ks fklt wnnr. Eìwlrgn lkfgkjt zkcf hrktklh dlt llf zllrp`sktklvl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf _oeikldnff3

Ni wnrlf loetlr _oeikldnff‛s ùtlf lf vlrjksskfjlf vlli jr``tlr gnfzkc wlrhlikch zkcf, wkl zni glf d`lg elmmlf zl eld ni tl e``j nnf tlrlhlflf0 ―Gkl vlli ellt ikl jleng, gklf zni vlli vlrjlvlf w`rglf‛, lfekc ellt vlli ikl jleng, gl hnft``ri``plr glr Ellrlf ûklf, gkl glkglnilf zkcflr clujg fklt vlrjnt, wklf gl elkikjl jllstgrkt, gl eldlisoelgrkcvllr kf `fs nnrgsoe mlstnnf, lvlfdkf ukt gl zkli jlgr`fjlf wlrgg``r h`ddlr, enrglf, jllstli``zlf nrmlkg, `fvlrsoekiikjl mlcljlfkfjvnf wkl fklt vlrd`lgglf, wnt llf vuur lr mrnfggl kf gl zkli vnf gklfnrdlf c`fjlf Guktsoelr, - nis intlr g``r gl z`ltl vlrilkgkfj vnf glfg``r lkjlf kfspnffkfj vlrw`rvlf rkchg`d, gkl eklr dllr gnf ``kt llfilvlf vnf rust lf jldnh tl wlttkjlf soellf ... _oeikldnff ks (wns0)llf gkilttnft. Rlrsoerkhhlikch w``rg8 wkc zkcf vlli tl jlillrg `d `fs`d gkilttnftlf tl mlhrluflf. Zkc zkcf tljlf gkilttnftksdl vnf t`p t`ttllf jlwnplfg. Rnf gl wklj t`t elt jrn vlrjlzliilf `fs illrpinfflf,lxndlf-pr`jrnddn‛s, notls N,M lf O8 `fzl ufkvlrsktlktlf zkcf lr jl-elli `p kfjlrkoet kldnfg `p gl mlst mlhlfgl wkczl v``r llf `fzlr vlil

gòt`rntlf `p tl hwllhlf. Zkc zkcf kfglrgnng gljlikchl iklglf. Gòeelmmlf wkc gnnrdll ni elt f``gkjl0 Skcf wkc ``h jlf`lj g``rgr`f- jlf vnf gklf j`gglikchlf ngld, gkl stllflf kf mlwljkfj mrnoet lfilvlf soeklp kf ―elt gni glr g``gsmllfglrlf‛0 @oe, nis wkc wllr llfsllf lxndlf `fglrjnnf ` njlf`dlf elmmlf, intlf wkc gnf lvlf gklilvlfsmlsoerkcvkfj vnf _oeikldnff tlr enfg fldlf `d `fzl zkli tlvlrhwkhhlf nnf gnt elkikjl vuur, z`fglr eltwlih jllf gkoetlr ` huf-stlfnnr, dnnr ``h jllf dnf vnf wltlfsoenp ``kt klts jr``ts t`t stnfg

5<< Eìwlrgn >55=, =77.

5<2 Eìwlrgn >55=, =77.



?5?

jlmrnoet ellt. Gr. _oeikldnff zkc llf gkilttnft, gòe ekc ellt nnf glfv``ruktjnfj `fzlr hlffks jr``tlr gklfstlf mlwlzlf, gnf dlfkj enig`zkcf m`lhlfjlillrglf.5<:

Lf z` ks elt gnf uktlkfglikch gl kfilkgkfj vnf Kik`s , _oeikldnffs zlibjlorlèlrgl mk`jrnbkl, gkl gl dllstl kfgruh `p Eìwlrgn dnnht.

5<: Eìwlrgn >55=, =77-=7<.



?57 -

??. r`cl hnf f``kt z` hilkfjlwllst zkcf

Gl kfht vnf Kik`s wns fnuwlikchs gr``j `b _oeikldnff mlj`f `pfkluwtl twkcblilf. Gkl hilkfl, nrdznikjl, glrgl stng h`f tòe f``kt elt jr`tlr`cl ukt gl Kikns zkcf. Znffllr r`cl fklt jr`tlr jlwllst wns nis r`clKKK gnf zùglf llf pnnr e`fglrg dnf elt kf llf pnnr gnjlf elmmlfhufflf kffldlf. Znffllr gkt elt wlrhlikchl r`cl wns gnf d`lst gklelil tklfcnrkjl mliljlrkfj g``r E`dlrus vlrz`fflf zkcf. Gkt wns v``r

_oeikldnff `fnoolptnmli. Lr wnrlf z`vlli jr`tl stlglf nnf gl hust vnfHilkf Nzkè gnt elt tòe `fv``rstlimnnr wns gnt gkoetlrs glzl g``r llfontnstr`bl jltr`bblf hilkfl vilh nis mnsks v``r llf snjl jlf`dlf eng, gklvlil e`fglrglf cnrlf `vlrillbg eng, `d uktlkfglikch E`dlrus vnf llfmnsks tl v``rzklf. Glzl inntstl zù eld vlrvìjlfs jlwligkj vlrjr``td`ltlf elmmlf v``rgnt ekc elt `fglrwlrp vnf zkcf j`gglikchl jlznfjlfh`f w`rglf.5<5 Fll, gnt ks `fd`jlikch.

Elt ks gukglikch gnt _oeikldnffs wlrh kf Ekssnrikh lr f`j fklt `pzkt. Nis r`cl KKK elt E`dlrksoel r`cl fklt ks, e`l zkt elt gnf wli0 Ekczni wllr tlruj d`ltlf. @`h fu ellbt _oeikldnff wllr elt jlv`li gnt gl

wlrlig wltlf d`lt wnt ekc vnf pinf ks. @p >: `ht`mlr >55> w`rgt zkcfv``rfldlf ``h kf Flglrinfg mlhlfg jldnnht3

Gr. _oeikldnff, gl mlhlfgl ùgelkghufgkjl, gkl zkoe tenfs tlO`fstnftkf`pli mlvkfgt, ks v``rfldlfs pjrnvkfjlf tl Ekssnrikh tl `f-glrfldlf. Gl Guktsoel jlznft zni trnoetlf vnf gl urhsoel ]ljllrkfjvlrjuffkfj gnnrv``r tl hrkcjlf5<;

Fu gl Guktsl rljlrkfj zkoe noetlr zkcf v``rfldlf jlsoennrg ellbtjnnt elt sfli. Klts dkfglr gnf llf dnnfg intlr, `p >2 f`vldmlr, h`dtelt mlrkoet gnt gl znnh jlrljlig ks3

Elt Guktsoel dkfkstlrkl vnf muktlfinfgsoel znhlf ellt v``r_oeikldnff, glf mlr`ldglf fnv`rsoelr glr Jrklhsoel ùgelkg, llf rdnf vnf gl Q`rtl vlrhrljlf, wnnrmkc eld vlri` w`rgt jlsoe`fhlfwlglr`d jlgurlfgl twll cnrlf zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf elt jnfsoel gks-trkot vnf Ekssnrikh (wnnr r`cl inj) v``r tl zlttlf.521

5<5 _oeikldnff >557, =.5<; Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >:->1->55>.

521 Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >2->>->55>.



?5<

lr `fglrstlufkfj mkc zkcf wlrh fnd _oeikldnff twll nroektlotlfkf gklfst, Zkielid Gòrpblig (>5<?->;71) ukt Mlrikcf lf C`slpe Eòbilr

(>521->;=:)52>

ukt Zlflf. Gòrpblig eng ni lrvnrkfjlf `pjlgnnf kf@iydpkn lf _oeikldnff vlrjlzlig fnnr @roeldlf`s. _oeikldnff fnd``h llf twlltni Jrklhsl `pzkoetlrs dll gkl llrglr kf @iydpkn jlwlrhtengglf.

Flt nis kf zkcf v`rkjl vlrjuffkfj eklig `h glzl gl v``rwnnrgl kf gntekc `p zkcf h`stlf llf vlrtljlfw``rgkjlr vnf gl urhsl rljlrkfj d`lstnnffldlf gkl eld o`ftrìllrgl. Gljlfl gkl ekc gkt hllr hrllj eng wlk-fkj mljrkp v``r elt nroelì`jksoe enfgwlrh lf llf jr``t wnftrùwlftlf `pzkoetl vnf muktlfinfglrs. `lf ekc znj gnt Gòrpblig lf Eòbilr

52> Snvngki =1>>.

fklt `pjljrnvlf

duur vnf Wr`cl K

duur vnf Wr`cl KK

duur vnf Wr`cl KKm

duur vnf Wr`cl KKK



?52 -

pinttljr`fglf wkiglf jnnf tlhlflf mljrllp ekc gnt gkt f``kt `d ni gklkfjlst`rtl durlf h`f jnnf. Fll ni gkt jljrnnb wns fklt dllr gnf llfglhdnftli. Elt wlrhlikchl g`li wns elt `pdltlf vnf elt dkfstlfs twllhki`dltlr vlrglr`p jliljlf dkiktnkrl b`rt vnf Hud Hnile3

Gl ellr _oeikldnff ellt, slglrt ekc zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf kf Hilkf-Nzkèwlglr p``jt tl elrvnttlf, fklts gnf d`lklikchelglf `fglrv`fglf. Eltks v``rfndlikch gl o`ddnfgnft glr urhsoel tr`lplf kf Ekssnikh, gkleld z``vlli mlzwnrlf `p zkcf wlj ikjt, gnt ekc t`t elglf zllr wlk-fkj v``rtjnfj ellt hufflf dnhlf. Elt jlv`ij eklrvnf ks, gnt glellr _oeikldnff zkoe ellt jlwlfg t`t glf Guktsoelf ndmnssnglur tlH`fstnftkf`pli, tlf lkfgl g``r gklfs tussoelfh`dst glf `fglrv`fglftljlfstnfg tl mrlhlf. Fnnr dlf vlrd`lgt zuiilf gl jlrlzlf mlzwnrlf`p gkl wkczl sp`lgkj ukt glf wlj w`rglf jlrukdg.52=

Elt guurgl loetlr t`t slptldmlr v``r _oeikldnff, vkn tusslfh`dstvnf gl Guktsl hlkzlr, lkfglikch gl jlwlfstl fkluwl pinttljr`fg d`oetintlf dnhlf.52?

Gl pjrnvkfjlf mlj`fflf kf Dnnrt >55= lf guurgl t`t => Cufk t`lf_oeikldnff g``r dninrkn jlvlig wlrg. Gòrpblig hwnd kf f`vldmlr>55= sploknni tlruj `d gl pinttljr`fg vnf gl twllgl stng tl tlhlflf.

52= Nijldllf Enfglisming =5-1<->55=.

52? _oeikldnff>557, >?-><.

Jrnluvli vnf Noekiius.



?5:

Rnf elt mljkf nb nnf eng _oeikldnff Ekssnrikh nis llf jlgllitl vnfgl r`cnnfsl vinhtl mlsoeùwg. @`h gkt hllr wlrglf lr wllr `fglrz`l-hkfjlf jlgnnf kf gl `djlvkfj3

Kf gl c`fjstl vlrjnglrkfj g``r gl ilglf glr nfter`pì`jksoel vlrllfkjkfjtl Mlrikcf jleùglf, ellt pr`lss`r Rkroe`w zllr mlinfjrkchl dlglgll-ikfjlf jlgnnf, mltrlfilfgl gl elrvnttl `pjrnvkfjlf kf elt r`cnnfsoel jlmklg g``r glf ellr _oeikldnff. Inntstjlf`ldgl eng eld glzlrgnjlf jldlig, gnt niil mlzwnrlf g``r gl lkjlfnrlf vnf elt tlrrlkf,wnnr`p zkoe gl jrneluvlis vnf Noekiils lf Qntr`hXiusT vlrelfilf, kf-glrtkcg jldnnht, jlelli ukt glf wlj wnrlf jlrukdg. @`rspr`fhlikchengglf zkc >11 urhsoel p`fglf (> urhsoe p`fg 4 llf p`fg stlrikfj) jlèksoet v``r gl vlrjuffkfj `d nignnr gl jlwlfsoetl `pglivkfjlf tlg`lf, dnnr tlf si`ttl engglf zkc v``r ? p`fg gl vlrinfjgl t`lstld-dkfj jljlvlf nnf _oeikldnff `d fnnr enrtliust zkcf nrmlkg v``rt tl

zlttlf.―t Ks fklt v``r ―t llrst, gnt `pglivkfjlf kf gkl mlkgl eluvlis w`rglfmlpr`lg. ljlf elt lkfgl glr v`rkjl lluw ellt dlf glf jrneluvlivnf Noekiils rllgs `fglrzòet3 llf twkftkjtni cnrlf zkcf v``rmkcjl- jnnf slglrt dlf glrjlikchl p`jkfjlf ellt mlpr`lg kf gl jrneluvlivnf Qntr`hius. Rìjlfs dlglgllikfj vnf _oeikldnff gkl `p >> Nprki c.i. zkcf `pglivkfjlf ellt nnfjlvnfjlf, ks elt mikchmnnr, gnt elt wlrhg``r zllr `fmlv`ljgl enfglf ks vlrrkoet. Gl ikjjkfj glr `pllfjle``ptlinjlf, wlihl gl mlkgl jrneluvlis v`rdlf, t``ft tlf gukglikchstl nnf,fnnr elt jlv`lilf vnf _oeikldnff, gnt ―s dlfsoelf enfg gnnr f``kt

ks wlrhznnd jlwllst, gnnrg``r vlrvniilf tlvlfs gl `fglrstliikfjlfkfglrtkcg jlmùwg `p eltjllf dlf mlwllrgl tl elmmlf jlv`fglf kfglf jrneluvli vnf Noekiils. Gl v``rwlrplf glstkcgs, - vlrd`lglikchtljlf elt lkfgl glr v`rkjl lluw, - nnfjltr`filf kf glf jrneluvli vnf Noekiils, engglf elt vlrd`lglf g`lf `ftstnnf gnt zl nh`dstkj wnrlfukt glf jrneluvli g``r Onrnoniin v``r Blstus `pjlrkoet.527 Lf fnnrdlf mlwllrgl eng dlf t`lf glf jrneluvli vnf Noekiils `fglrzòet,eltjllf w`rgt wllrspr`hlf g``r glf t`lstnfg wnnrkf elt kfwlfgkjlvnf gklf eluvli zkoe mlvkfgt.

Llf fkluw mlwkcs v``r gl cukstelkg glr zklfswkczl vnf _oeikldnff,

elmmlf gl rlsuitntlf glr `pjrnvkfjlf jlilvlrg, g``r eld kf gklf elu-vli mlwlrhstliikjg. Grkl gnjlf wns ekc nnf elt `pglivlf jlwllst, t`lfekc nnf pr`lss`r Rkroe`w zkcf c`fjstl dlglgllikfjlf t`lz`fg. Ni glsoelrvlf jlgurlfgl gklf tkcg kf glf jrneluvli jlv`fglf zkcf, fnnr elt jlv`lilf vnf _oeikldnff, elrh`dstkj ukt elt E`dlrksoel tkcgplrh. Kfglf jrneluvli vnf Qntr`hius eng dlf kf gklzligl gnjlf mkc gl jlgnfl`pglivkfjlf jllf soelrvlf vnf nnrglwlrh nnfjltr`filf.

527 Hlkzlr Dnrous Nurlikus Nft`fkus (>55-=>:) wkigl tkcglfs zkcf mlz`lh nnf Kikud glmljrnblfks vnf Qntr`hi`s fn splilf. Ekc zlib fnd gl rì vnf Noekiils. @d elt loet

j`lg tl hufflf g`lf vlrd``rgl ekc zkcf vrklfg Blstus. Oenfgilr >51=, >75->7;.



?55 -

S``grn elt `fglrz`lh glr mlkgl jlf`ldgl jrneluvlis ks njli``plf,zni _oeikldnff dlt elt `pglivlf vnf elt jrn vnf Qr`tlskin`s 52< mljkfflf.522

Elt ks loetlr kftlrlssnft `d tl zklf gnt _oeikldnff `fglrtusslf z`-vlli nroelì`jksoel hlffks vlrjnnrg ellbt gnt ekc nnf gl m`gldstruotuurhnf zklf gnt glzl fklt vlrst``rg ks lf gnt lr eklr gus fklt llrglr jljrnvlfhnf zkcf.

Gl jrnbeluvlis glr eliglf wnrlf loetlr fklt dllr gnf llf mkch`d-stkjl `pjrnvkfj. Elt e``bgwlrh wlrg ``h fu wllr `p Ekssnrikh jlgnnf.Elt mlrkoet gnt vkn elt Nijldllf Enfglisming gl Flglrinfglrs mlrlkhthikfht vlrtrùwg3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ellt fnnr Mlrikcf mlrkoet jlz`fglf gnt ekc`p jr``tl gklptl kf glf eluvli vnf Ekssnrikh `vlrmikcslilf vnf llf

jr``t jlmùw jlv`fglf ellt, gnt ekc zlhlr dllft gl murjt Qlrjnd`svnf elt ùgl r`cl tl zkcf.52:

Gnt ekc gkt hllr tòe klts nfglrs jlv`fglf ellbt gnf gl v`rkjl hlrlfw`rgt gukglikch ukt elt mlrkoet kf gl Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 3

Mkc zkcfl inntstl `pjrnvkfjlf tl r`cn ks gr. _oeikldnff kf gl z``j-lfnndgl twllgl stng, wnnrkf dlf fu r`cl elrhlfflf wki, `p twlltndlikch jr`tl jlmùwlf jlstukt, wlihl llf zkcflr dltjlzliilf v``rtldplis nnfznj, gòe wlihl vìjlfs gr. _oeikldnff zli gl eukzlf zkcfgkl Qnrks zkoe vìjlfs gl Kikns dlt mleuip glr mlstl hufstlfnnrs gllg

mùwlf. Elt llfl jlmùw ks ?1 D. infj lf >? D. mrllg, gl gkhtl glrdurlf mlgrnnjt >,71 D.8 elt nfglrl ks =1 D. infj, : D. mrllg lf glgkhtl glr durlf >,=1 D. Elt llrstl ks ukt hilkfl tljlistllflf jlmùwg,elt twllgl ukt jr``tlrl. Mlkgl jlmùwlf w`rglf g``r llf duur kftwllèf jlgllig, wnnrvnf elt llfl glli - nnfjlf`dlf gnt gl jlmùwlftldplis zkcf jlwllst - elt Ngyt`f,525 gl v``r ―t jr``tl pumiklh ft`ljnf-hlikchl rukdtl soekcft tl zkcf jlwllst8 kf glzl mlvkfgt zkoe llf tnli vnfhilk, dlt llf dkggliilfjtl vnf 7 D. lf wnnr`p wnnrsoekcfikch elt kfglf tldpli vlrllrgl mllig st`fg.52;

Gl d`glrfl ilzlr dlt hlffks vnf gl Jrklhsl mr`fstkcg zklt `fdkg-

gliikch gnt elt eklr `d llf Dljnr`f jnnt z`nis wl gkl ``h hlfflf uktgl Dyhllfsoel wlrlig. Gl pnilkzlf vnf Dyhlfl lf kryfs elmmlf glzlmnsksv`rd, dnnr gnt wkst dlf t`lf f`j fklt. Oinsskok gkl j`lg teukswnrlf kf gl Kikns lf @gyssln h`fglf eklrkf gl pnilkzlf vnf Qnrks `b vnf

52< Gl llrstl Jrklhslelig gkl kf gl sinj `d r`cl sfluvligl. Kf elssnikè lf rnokèwlrg ekc nis ouitelig vlrllrg.

522 Nijldllf Enfglisming 1;-1<->55=.52: Nijldllf Enfglisming =:-1<->55=.525 Elt v``r gl jli`vkjlf `ft`ljnfhlikchl niilrelkikjstl jlgllitl vnf gl Jrklhsl tld-

pli. Gl oliin vnf gl ]`dlkfsl tldpli.

52; Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft >2-15->55=.



?5;

@gysslus elrhlfflf, lf ``h gl mnsksv`rd vnf gl intlrl Jrklhsl tld-plis. Elt w`rgt ukt gkt stuhcl fklt loet gukglikch wnt dlf zkoe mkc glzljlmùwlf d`lt v``rstliilf. _oeikldnff sprllht vlr elt euks vnf Qnrks,dnnr llf euks hnf f``kt llf Ngyt`f elmmlf. Znffllr gnt inntstl wli

nnfwlzkj ks gnf d`lt elt llf tldpli zkcf.Kf gl mkc uktstlh hinssklhl stng Ilkglf rnnht gl cùrfnikst gkl gktfkluwtcl v``r gl hrnft jlrllg dnnht llf mlltcl kf gl wnr3

Gl mlr`ldgl nroenlì``j _oeikldnff mlwllrt `p elt tlrrlkf vnf glruàflf vnf r`cl elt pnilks vnf Qnrks `ftglht tl elmmlf. Rnf gl rllhs jlmùwlf, wnnrukt gkt ellrikchl jlwròet (mlsoerlvlf kf elt 2gl m`lhvnf gl ’Kikns—) mlst`fg, ellt _oeikldnff lr twll mi``tjliljg, vlrd`l-glikch twll tldplis, wnnrvnf lr llf, gl ’NgyXtT`f—, v``r elt vìh fkltt`ljnfhlikch wns. _oeikldnff ellt elt `p elt ``jlfmikh tl Brnfh`rtvlrjnglrgl nfter`pì`jksoe o`fjrlss vnf zkcf v`fgst dlglgllikfj

jlgnnf.5:1

5:1 Ilkgsoe Gnjming =>-15->55=. Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >:-15->55= ’l Brnfhb`rtn/D ks elt cnnrikchsoe o`fjrls glr Guktsoel nfter`pì`jlf mkcllf. Gl wlrhznnd-elglf wlrglf llrjkstlrlf kfjlilkg g``r pr`b. Iuonl, dlt llf mlsoeùwkfj `vlr gl`ftwkhhlikfj glr nfter`pì`jkl kf gl inntstvlri``plf tklf cnrlf. Fn eld v`lrglgr. _oeikldnff elt w``rg8 zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl wnrlf elt `fglrwlrp zkc-flr rlgl. Qr`b. Rkroe`w, gl glrgl sprlhlr, mlenfgligl gl mltrlhhkfjlf vnf wkcilf

Gnrwkf t`t gl nfter`pì`jkl.—

Dljnr`f N lf M vnf Wr`cl



?;1 -

Lf z` elmmlf wl eklr llf t`tnni v``r elt pumiklh jlsi`tlf tldplijlhrljlf. Jllf vnf gl kf glzl stng w`flfgl oinsskok soekcft zkoe `vlrk-jlfs nnf glzl ’miufglr— jlst``rg tl elmmlf. Kh elm lr jllf kfjlz`fglfmrklvlf `vlr jlv`fglf.

Nis nitkcg mljkft _oeikldnff dltllf dlt elt soerkcvlf vnf zkcf fklu-wl m`lh. Kh hlf jllf twllgl nroelì``j gkl z` sfli pumikollrgl nis ekc.G``r gkt sfliil pumikolrlf jkfj lr rljlidntkj klts dks wnt kf llf vìjlfgm`lh jlo`rrkjllrg d`lst w`rglf, dnnr elt z`rjgl lr wli v``r gnt klglr-llf `fdkggliikch `vlr gl fkluwl kfb`rdntkl h`f mlsoekhhlf3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff vlrt`lt `p elt ``jlfmikh tl Ilkpzkj, wnnrekc gl inntstl enfg iljt nnf llf fkluw jlkiiustrllrg wlrh `vlr r`cl,gnt gl ukth`dstlf zkcflr fkluwstl `pjrnvkfjlf `p gl mùwvniilf vnfr`cl mlvnt lf jlgllitlikch elt vr`ljlrl wlrh Kik`s, _tngt ufg Infg glrr`cnflf nnfvuit lf vlrmltlrt. ljlikchlrtkcg zni llf Lfjlisoel lf ``h

llf Brnfsoel uktjnvl vlrsoekcflf.5:>

5:> Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft ?1-15->55?.



?;>

?7. Llf rlks `ftd`ltkfj

Kf Nujustus rlkst _oeikldnff dlt vrùw lf hkfglrlf v``r llf Hur fnnrDnrklfmng (Dnrkîfshë Iîzfå). @p gl m``t vnf Ntelfl fnnr rklst `ft-d`lt ekc gl =? cnrkjl Flglrinfgsl Lfjlikfl Iùksl gl ]llgl.5:= Elt wnsllf prlttkjl ftd`ltkfj lf Lfjlikfl Iùksl stuurgl _oeikldnff tlr elr-kfflrkfj nnf euf `ftd`ltkfj llf fkluwcnnrsmrklb3

Eìinfg, Jrnvl 5:? >5->=-5=

Glf Sllr Jlillrglf Ellr

gr E. _oeikldnff

Glf >` Cnf >55? mklgt \wl Eìinfgsoel rlksjlf``tl `p gl Rlstn (? Nuj) \ enrl mlstl wlfsoelf nnf.

D`jl gl Zltlfsoenp f`j infj gl vruoetlf vnf \w jlfkl lf `fvlr-d`lkgl wlrhznndelkg piuhhlf. Nnfvnnrg Dkcfellr! dlt Dlvrùw\wl Loetjlf``tl gl mltukjkfj dkcflr e``jnoetkfj.

Dlt jlf`ljlf elt kh gl llr tl zkcf \wGwGf

LI. gl ]llgl Dkcf ngrls ks

Dlc. L.I. gl ]llgl _fllh Eìinfg 5:7

Nnfjlzklf Lfjlikfl Iùksl gl ]llgl ennr mrklb nnf _oeikldnff kfelt Flglrinfgs soerkcbt ks elt e``jst wnnrsoekcfikch gnt _oeikldnff tkc-glfs euf jlzndlikchl rlks Flglrinfgs dlt ennr jlspr`hlf ellbt z`gnt zkclr vnf ukt h`f jnnf gnt ekc llf kf elt Flglrinfgs jlsoerlvlf mrklb h`filzlf. Kf wlihl tnni _oeikldnff wnt jlnftw``rg ellbt ks fmlhlfg, dnnr``h gl twllgl mrklb vnf Lfjlikfl Iùksl ks kf elt Flglrinfgs3

5:= Sl ks `p >1->>->5<; kf Glf Ennj jlm`rlf nis gòetlr vnf llf kfjlfklur. Kf>5:2 vlreuksgl gl bndkikl vnf _fllh fnnr Dkgglimurj. Kh gnfh elt nroeklb vnf glJldllftl _ógwlst Brysiíf v``r glzl kfb`rdntkl. Kf >555 soerkcbt zkc `pfkluw vnfukt Mrussli nnf _oeikldnff.

5:? JrnvlXfenjlT 0

5:7 Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. ;1>>>, M`x3Bìglr ;137.



?;= -

Jrnvl, >5 Dnnrt 5?

Sllr Jlnoetl Ellr,

E``jst nnfjlfnnd wns dkc gl `ftvnfjst vnf \w mrkl gg >7 Cnf,

wnnrukt kh vlrfnd gnt \ lf \w ndkikl zkoe wli mlvkfglf. Gummlinnfjlfnnd wns elt dkc zuihs tl e``rlf, gnnr gl EìinfgsoelOùrnftlf cukst t`lf mlrkoettlf gnt gr _oeikldnff nnf h``rts illg,5:< wnnrg``r gl uktjnvl glr wlrhlf, gkl ekc zkoe eng v``rjlstlig gkt cnnrtl lkfgkjlf, vlrtrnnjg zù w`rglf. @`h Eìinfg stlit zëër vlli ml-infj kf gl Zltlfsoenp lf kh mlf lr vnf `vlrtukjg, gnt elt wligrn llflEìinfgsoel vlrtnikfj \wlr wlrhlf zni mlzkttlf.

Gkt cnnr ks lr tl Ndstlrgnd llfl Kftlrfntk`fnil lft``fstliikfj,5:2 gkle``jst mlinfjrkch mli``t tl zkcf. Gkl h`dt \ tòe zlhlr mlz`lhlf0

Eklrmkc `ftvnfjt \ dkcf p`rtrlt tlr elrkfflrkfj nnf gl `ftd`ltkfjnnf m``rg glr Rlstrn, lf kh zù dkc zëër jliuhhkj noetlf wnffllr khgl p`rtrlttlf vnf \L., Dlvrùw \wl loetjlf``tl lf \wl mlkgl iklvlhkfglrlf dòet ftvnfjlf.

@ftvnfj dlt \wl iklvl jlnoetl ndkikl dkcfl enrtlikchl mlillgl jr`l-tlf lf elrkfflr \ s.v.p. s`dtkcgs \wl eìinfgsoel rlksjlf``tl, gkl zkoestllgs jnnrfl e``jnoetlfg tllhlft.

\wGwGfLfjlikfl I. gl ]llgl _fllh 5::

5:< Kh elm glzl mlrkoetlf fklt hufflf vkfglf.5:2 Kftlrfntk`fnil Hì`fknil lf \ktv`lrenfgli lft``fstliikfj `b Lxp`sktk`f \fkvlrsliil

Oì`fknil lt g‛Lxp`rtntk`f Jëfërnil Glzl iklp vnf > dlk t`t > `ht`mlr >55?.

5:: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. ;>12;, M`x3Bìglr ;>37.



?;?

?<. @pz`lh fnnr Nftr`pì`jksoedntlrknni

_oeikldnffs vrklfg Rkroe`w wns kf llrstl kfstnftkl llf nftr`pì``j lfeng flt nis gl dllstl nftr`pì`jlf ukt glzl plrk`gl llf jr`tl bnsokfn-tkl v``r soelglis. Rkn llf g``r _oeikldnff jlsp`fslrgl `pjrnvkfj vnfBrnfh Onivlrt wns ekc kf elt mlzkt jlh`dlf vnf llf vlrzndlikfj soelglisukt gl `djlvkfj vnf r`cl.

_oerkcvlf ks vlrd`lklfg wlrh lf nb lf t`l d`lt dlf ``h llfs wnt

nfglrs g`lf. @p >2 blmrunrk dligt _oeikldnff nnf Rkroe`w gnt ekc lrlvlf tusslfukt jnnt. Llf rlkscl fnnr gl Oyoinglf. @p z`lh fnnr elt jrnbvnf Okrol `d gnt `p tl jrnvlf. Gnt wki zljjlf nis elt mlstnnt.5:5

@b _oeikldnff glzl rlks wlrhlikch jldnnht ellbt ks `fgukglikch.Dkssoeklf mlst`fg elt jrnb vnf Okrol jlw``f fklt. E`l gnf ``h, lr ksvlrglr f``kt dllr `vlr jlspr`hlf. Llf nfglr pinf mlrlkht gl hrnftlf3

Gr. _oeikldnff zni llrinfj wllr ùgelkghufgkjl `pjrnvkfjlf mljkf-flf tl f``rgwlstlf vnf Ntelfl, mkc gl ùgl Nongldkl, `p gl mljrnn- pinnts glr jlvniilf strkcglrs. Gnnr wlrglf rllgs dllrdnilf t`lvniikjlr-wkczl mlinfjrkchl v`fgstlf vnf g``glfikcstlf lf dlrhwnnrgkjelglf

jlgnnf. _oeikldnff e``pt tenfs ``h elt jrn vnf Qlrkoils, gnt `p gkl pinnts jlwllst d`lt zkcf, tl vkfglf.5:;

Llf hlrhe`b ks llf prnoetkjl pinnts d soelglis tl vkfglf lf Rkroe`wzù zlhlr mikc jlwllst zkcf dlt gkl vnf Qlrkoils (7;<-7=: v.Oer.), dnnrtòe soekcft ``h gkt `fglrz`lh fklt vnf gl jr`fg jlh`dlf tl zkcf, wnft``h eklr`vlr ks f``kt dllr jlspr`hlf.

Gl mlstl pinnts `d fnnr soelglis tl z`lhlf ks llf sinjvlig wnnr vllijlvniilflf rustlf. Llf uktstnpcl fnnr lrd`pyil lf Dnrnte`f hnf v``rgl cukstl `ftspnffkfj z`rjlf lf tlvlfs llf iluhl oìilotkl soelglis `p-

ilvlrlf. Nnf Qnfnjk`tks Lustrntkngls gl Jlflrni-Lpe`r`s vnf gl ùg-elglf mli``bgl _oeikldnff gnt ekc dlt Rkroe`w gl elibt vnf niil jl-v`fglf soelglis zù d`jlf elmmlf. Gkl zùglf gnf uktlkfglikch fnnrelt r`cnnfsl Duslud kf Mlrikcf jnnf lf gl nfglrl elibt zù kf Ntelflmikcvlf.551

5:5 Dlylr >5<5, ><?.5:; Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >?-1>->55?.

551 Elrrdnff & DnnÐ >;;1, ?72.



?;7 -

Lf z` ellbt _oeikldnff elt Mlrikcfsl duslud v``r Rìhlfhufgl,wnnr zkcf vlrzndlikfj kf `fglrjlmrnoet ks, `djlg``pt t`t elt r`cnnfslDuslud.

Dlt elt g`li `d lr tl jnnf jrnvlf rlkst _oeikldnff fnnr lrd`pyil.Gnnr ks kfglrtkcg llf elli iljlr uktjlr`lkg, gnnr d`lt llf Qìynfgrlk`f,llf dnssnjrnb zkcf. Gnt hnf tòe fklt nfglrs. Znffllr _oeikldnff zkoekf elt `fglrwlrp vlrgklpt mljkft eld loetlr gl d`lg kf gl soe`lflftl znhhlf. Niil rlkzkjlrs gkl ekc lr `p fn illst mlwlrlf gnt elt lr fklt ks,dnnr gnt hnf tòe fklt wnnr zkcf. Elr`g`tus zljt gnt gl _pnrtnflf gklgnnr vklilf jlzndlfikch mljrnvlf zkcf. Gl eluvli `p euf jrnb zù ukt

wlkfkj nnrgl lf vlli jr`tl stlflf mlstnnf elmmlf, lf dlt m`scls ml-jr`lkg zkcf. Llfdnni tlr pinntsl hnf _oeikldnff fklts vkfglf. Lr ikjt z`wlkfkj nnrgl `p gl r`tslf gnt lr niillf hilkfl m`scls jr`lklf. Lr ks eklrfklt vìg`lfgl nnrgl v``r llf Qìynfgrlk`f. @fgnfhs kcvlrkj jrnvlfh`f dlf zlibs jllf sp``r vnf ``h dnnr llf lfhli jrnb vkfglf.55> Ni gklnfglrl rlkzkjlrs engglf jlikch jleng3 lr ks eklr jllf dnssnjrnb. Lf z` ksgl `pjrnvkfj kf lrd`pyil v``rmkc v``r zl j`lg lf wli mlj`fflf ks.

55> Elrrdnff & DnnÐ >;;1, ?7;.

Rkroe`w kf zkcf wlrhhndlr kf elt Qnteì`jksoe Kfstktuut glr Oenrktë kf Mlrikcf.



?;<

Gnt lr llf jrnbeluvli kf Dnrnte`f ks wllt _oeikldnff zlhlr, ekcellbt eld llrglr jlzklf. Ekc mljkft eklr tl jrnvlf dnnr `pfkluw vkfgtekc fklts. S`fglr ``h dnnr klts jlv`fglf tl elmmlf hllrt ekc tlruj fnnr

Ntelfl.

Kf blmrunrk >557 pr`mllrgl ekc elt `pfkluw kf Dnrnte`f355=

Gktfkluws vlrsoellf `p >? blmrunrk kf Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 3

Gl Ellr _oeikldnff ks vnf Ntelfl fnnr Dnrnte`f vlrtr`hhlf, tlflkfgl gnnr dlt t`lstlddkfj vnf gl ]ljllrkfj `pjrnvkfjlf tl g`lf.Llrinfj e``rlf wl wnnrsoekcfikch, gnt ekc llf ` nfglr v``rwlrp `p- jr`l, gnt nnf Dkitkngls 55? ellt t`lmle``rg.557

@`h gkt hllr ellbt ekc jllf suools. Ekc mlsiukt gnt gkt llf Olf`tnnb,llf iljl jrnbeluvli d`lt zkcf.55< Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnffs enrt fkltelildnni mkc glzl `fglrfldkfj wns lf gnt elt g``rzlttkfjsvlrd`jlf,

wnnr`d ekc z` mlr`ldg wns, eld eklr vlriklt. lf Rnilrk`s _tnks (>5<:->;=?) eklr kf >5;1 jr`lb millh gnt _oeikldnff tl vr`lj pjleùglf wns,gnt gl rlstlf vnf gl >;= Ntellfsl eliglf jlw``f wnt gklplr injlf.552

55= _oeikldnff >55<, =.55? Nnfv`lrglr vnf gl Jrklhlf kf euf sinj dlt gl Qlrzlf.557 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >?-1=->557.55< Lkfsil & Mìhl >;;2, ;1.552 Ilkgsoe Gnjming =?-1:->5;1 ’ Kf llf eluvli vnf ; D. e``jtl mkc Dnrnte`f kf

Nttkon ks llf jr`t nnftni urflf `ftglht, wlihl, dlt nsoe lf `vlrmikcbslilf vnfmllfglrlf jlvuig, `fglr llfl gkhhl nsoeinnj mljrnvlf wnrlf. Dlf jli``bt eklr gl`vlrmikcbslilf tl elmmlf `ftglht vnf >;= Ntelflrs, gkl kf glf sinj vnf 7;1 v. O.tljlf gl Qlrzlf sfluvliglf. ]llgs kf elt mljkf glzlr lluw lf intlr llf cnnr `b zls

jlilglf g``r gr. _oeikldnff, ks vruoetli``s fnnr glzl `vlrmikcbslilf jlzòet.—



?;2 -

?2. Rnf llf H`fkfj gkl jllfgòt`r wlrg

Kf gl z`dlr vnf >55? mlz`lht _oeikldnff dlt zkcf bndkikl Nfhlrsenjlf.@p ; cufk h`dt ekc dlt zkcf bndkikl kf Flustrlikz nnf. Elinns d`ltekc glzl vnhnftkl `fdkggliikch wllr `fglrmrlhlf. Ekc innt zkcf bndk-ikl kf Flustrlikz noetlr lf rlkst zlib g``r fnnr @xb`rg. Ekc d`lt gnnr-ellf `dgnt gl \fkvlrsktlkt vnf glzl pinnts eld, lf, z`nis ekc nnf glLjyptì``j Elkfrkoe Mrujes-Qnsoen (>5=:->5;7) soerkcbt, gl h`fkfj

vnf Flglrinfg55:

llf lrlgòt`rnnt wki `vlrenfgkjlf. Gnt jlmlurt`p >? cufk tkcglfs llf bllstlikchl zkttkfj. _oeikldnff ks zllr vlrjuiglf soelfht @xb`rg llf mr`fzlf r`cnnfsl mkci nis gnfh. Rìjlfs el D`rfkfj Q`st wns _oeikldnff ’tel mrkjet pnrtkouinr stnr `b tel @xb`rgo`ddld`rntk`f—.555

Kf Flglrinfg ellbt elt Nijldllf Enfglisming gl piloetkjelkg fkltnbjlwnoet. Ni `p >=-12->55? stliilf zl euf ilzlrs vnf glzl elujlikchljlmlurtlfks `p gl e``jtl3

Qr`. E. _oeikldnff ks g``r gl \fkvlrsktlkt tl @x`rg mlf`ldg t`tgòt`r e`f`rks onusn.55;

@vlr gl h`fkfj w`rgt kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming fklt jlspr`hlf.R``r _oeikldnff wns elt llf prnoetkjl jlmlurtlfks, dnnr fklt klts `d nitl infj mkc stki tl stnnf. Ekc rlkst dltllf wllr tlruj fnnr elt infg vnf zkcf

clujg.5;1 Llf lrlgòt`rnnt ks iluh, dnnr Nfhlrsenjlf ks iluhlr. @p >2 cufk v`ljt ekc zkoe wllr mkc zkcf bndkikl kf Flustrlikz lf vnfgnnr rlkzlfzl `fdkggliikch g``r fnnr zkcf jlm``rtlpinnts wnnr ekc gl ùgl pnst`rklvnf zkcf vnglr jleuurg eng.5;>

Llf nnftni hrnftlf kf Flglrinfg fndlf gl nnfh`fgkjkfj vnf_oeikldnffs lrlgòt`rnnt vlr ukt llf Guktsl hrnft. Glzl hrnftlf soekc-

flf dllr tl wltlf gnf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming 3

55: _oeikldnff kf llf mrklb vnf ><-<->55? nnf Mrujsoe-Qnsoen3 ’Zkr e`bblf nd ?1. gs.Dts v`f eklr fnoe @xb`rg zu rlkslf, glff gkl g`rtkjl \fkvlrsktçt ent glf Hòfkfjv`f Eìinfg ufg dkoe zud >? Cufk gnekf mlsoeklglf ud ufs gns Gòt`rgkpi`dkf blklrikoelr Olrld`fkl zu ùmlrjlmlf.— Glzl mrklb ks `p >;->1-=11: mkc JnilrklMnsslfjl nis I`t =2<= vlrhòet.

555 rnkii >;;<, =?>55; Nijldllf Enfglisming >=-12->55?. Kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming vnf =1-1<->55?

eng dlf ni jldlig gnt _oeikldnff llf lrlgòt`rnnt zù hrkcjlf.5;1 _tìi >;<5, =71.

5;> _tìi >;<5, =7=.



?;:

S.D gl H`fkfj glr Flglrinfglf lf Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff zkcf tl jlikchlrtkcg g``r gl ufkvlrsktlkt tl @x`rg dlt elt gòt`rsgkpi`dnvlrllrg jlw`rglf. Gl piloetkjl uktrlkhkfj nnf glf inntstjlf`ld-gl zni dlt jr``tlf prnni pinnts elmmlf `p >? Cufk, `p wlihlf gnj

_oeikldnff tl @x`rg zni nnfh`dlf. Niz`` illst dlf kf gl ’çjikoel]ufgsoenu—.5;=

Gkt ks llf rnngslinoetkjl dlglglikfj. Gl H`fkfj lf gl h`fkfjkf wn-rlf vnf 7 t`t == nprki kf Lfjlinfg. Rkn gl hrnftlf ks gkt mlz`lh nnrgkj tlvìjlf. @p ; nprki mlzòetlf zl h`fkfjkf Rkot`rkn 5;? lf `p >5 nprki Hlwjnrglfs.5;7 Dlf mlz`lht gl lfl fn gl nfglr ngliikchl plrs``f, dnnr `vlrllf mlz`lh nnf @xb`rg dliglf gl hrnftlf fklts. @p >? cufk zkcf zl loe-tlr niinfj wllr tlruj kf elt vnglrinfg. Kf gl hrnftlfmlrkoetlf `vlr eltvlrmikcb vnf elt h`fkfhikch pnnr kf Lfjlinfg stnnt fklts `vlr llf mlz`lhnnf @xb`rg `b llf lrlgòt`rnnt.5;< Zl d`ltlf lrvnf ukt jnnf gnt gkt

mlrkoet lf gl dlglglikfj vnf _oeikldnff nnf Mrujes-Qnsoen fklt cukstwns, lf gnt gl Flglrinfgsl h`fkfj fklt jlzndlfikch dlt _oeikldnff kf@xb`rg llf lrlgòt`rnnt jlhrljlf ellbt. 5;2

Kf Nfhlrsenjlf wnoetlf gl o`rrlotklpr`lvlf vnf z`wli gl Guktsl nisgl Lfjlisl vlrskl vnf r`cn lf vnf gl Brnfsl Kik`s `p _oeikldnff. Lf z`hwnd gl vìil, niils kf gl soenguw stliilfgl, hrnoet vnf r`cl gnf lkf-glikch kf Nfhlrsenjlf nnf. _oeikldnff mrnoet gl z`dlr g``r tl dkgglfvnf zkcf clujgvrklfglf lf bndkikl lf jufgl zkoe fnuwlikchs gl tkcg `dzl tl `ftd`ltlf.5;:

@p gl tlrujwlj fnnr Ntelfl g`lt _oeikldnff `pfkluw I`fglf nnf

lf gnnr wnoet eld llf mkcz`fglrl t`flliv``rstliikfj3

Llf t``fllimlwlrhkfj vnf E`dlrus‛ Kikns lf @gyssln, g``r Qr`. Znrr,ks glzlr gnjlf kf elt Or`dwlii-eùsl tl Hlfskfjt`f (I`fg`f) v``relt llrst `pjlv`lrg kf elt Lfjlisoe lf glf vìjlfglf nv`fg kf eltJrklhsoe, fglr glf tktli ’Gl jlsoeklglfks vnf r`cl.—

Gl o`studls lf gl glo`rntkèf wnrlf vlrvnnrgkjg `fglr ilkgkfj vnf skrBrlglrkoh Ilkjet`f, prlskglft glr h`fkfhi. nongldkl.

Gl v``rstliikfjlf sinnjglf zllr j`lg, lf zkc zuiilf kf Cuik, tlr llrl

vnf Gr. _oeikldnff, glf `fglrz`lhlr vnf elt ùgl r`cl, elrennigw`rglf.5;5

5;= Ilkgsoe Gnjming >;-1<->55?, Fkluwl J`rkfoeldsoel Oùrnft =1-1<->55?,Illuwnrglr Oùrnft =>-12->55?, J`lssoel Oùrnft ==-1<->55?.

5;? Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 1;-17->55?.5;7 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >5-17->55?.5;< @`h elt H`fkfhikcheuks Nroeklb ellbt jllf kfb`rdntkl `vlr gkt vlrdllfgl lrlgò-

t`rnnt ukt @xb`rg.5;2 Dlylr >;2;, 7>? ’_oe`f >55? ldpbkfj lr jilkoezlktkj dkt gld Hòfkj v`f Eìinfg

gns G`ht`rgkpi`d glr \fkvlrsktçt @xb`rg.—5;: Skl Mòihl >;;: =1=-=>=.

5;5 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 1:-12->55?. Skl ``h Nijldllf Enfglisming 12-12->55?.



?;5 -

?:. r`cn

_oeikldnffs r`cn. Lrjlmfkssl dlkflr flulstlf Nusjrnmufjlf ks v``r gljr``tstl jlgllitl llf nnfvuiikfj `p Kik`s . _oeikldnff mljkft ``h fuwllr dlt r`cl K lf wlrht vnf gnnrukt fnnr m`vlf. Mkc zkcf `fglrz`lhmlsoeùwt ekc ``h fu wllr soelrvlf nis gl mlinfjrkchstl v`fgstlf. \ktr`cl K vlrzndligl ekc lihl soelrb gkl ekc v`fg. Niils mkc lihnnr noet jr`tlhkstlf vì. @`h niil jlv`fglf m`trlstlf w`rglf mlwnnrg lf wlrglf v``r`fglrz`lh fnnr Rkroe`w kf Mlrikcf jlstuurg.5;; Skcf pdlrhkfj vlr nnr-glwlrhsoelrvlf ks v``r glzl plrk`gl kftlrlssnft `dgnt elt eklr fklt `d

elrstlimnrl p`ttlf `b d``kl soelrvlf jnnt, dnnr loet `d niil soelrvlf.Slibs gl dllst `fnnfzklfikchl wlrg mlwnnrg. Elt zù f`j elli infj gu-rlf v``r gnt gkt mkc nroelì`jlf nijldllf jlmrukh wlrg.

_oeikldnff ks f`j stllgs jlàftrkjllrg g``r nnrglwlrh gnt g``r dkg-gli vnf llf tùwtcl `pjlenfjlf hnf w`rglf. @pfkluw h`dt ekc dltllf jr``t nnftni v``rmlliglf vnf p`ttlf dlt jnntcls. Kh jllb eklr llfdkf `b dllr wkiilhlurkj v``rmllig3

... lkfl nfglrl, gkl kf glr Eòeil v`f rù gu Br`ftni-Bur``z kfMlijklf jlufglf wurgl, kst kd Duslud v`f Mrùssli.;11

Elt pr`milld mkc vlli vnf gl v``rmlliglf gkl _oeikldnff jllbt ks gntelt fnjlf`lj `fd`jlikch ks v``r gl ilzlr `d fn tl jnnf `p wlih `mclotekc g`lit. Gl rù gu Br`ftni mkc Burb``z wlrg v``r elt llrst `fglrzòetg``r Ëgunrg Gup`ft (>57>->;>>) kf gl wkftlr vnf >52<->522. Gup`ftmlsoerkcbt gkt fglrz`lh lf gl v`fgstlf kf zkcf I‛E`ddl plfgnft ils Njlsgl in Qklrrl ukt >5:=. Mkc zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl rù gu Br`ftni vlrtlitekc fklts `vlr nnrglwlrh. @p jr`fg vnf nfglrl v`fgstlf gntllrt ekc glmlw`fkfjsinnj kf glzl jr`t ukt gl ]lfgklrplrk`gl. Gl lfkjl dnfklr v``r_oeikldnffs tkcgjlf`tlf `d zkcf dlglglikfj tl o`ftrìlrlf wns fnnrMrussli rlkzlf `d gnnr kf elt duslud tl jnnf hkchlf `b dlf gnnr wlr-

hlikch llf soelrb dlt jnntcls ukt rù gu Br`ftni-Burb``z eng.Kf m`vlfstnnfg v``rmllig jllbt _oeikldnff jllf gntlrkfj lf elm-

mlf wl Gup`ft f`gkj `d tl zklf gnt elt eklr `d llf soelrb ukt gl]lfgklrplrk`gl zù jnnf. Znffllr _oeikldnff fnnr v`fgstlf ukt glJr`ttn gli Gknvì` mkc Mì`jfn vlrwkcst jlmrukht ekc glzl tlrd zlib``h.;1>

5;; _oeikldnff >557, ?7-?<.;11 _oeikldnff >557, 7?.

;1> _oeikldnff >557, 77.



?;;

Gl tlrd ]lfgklrplrk`gl wns kf >52> g``r Ëgùnrg Inrtlts (>51>->5;;) mlgnoet d rgl tl soelpplf kf gl v`fgstlf gkl dlf kf Brnfhrkchkf gl gkvlrsl jr`ttlf v`fg. Inrtlt wns llf pnil`ftì``j lf elt vnit gnnr-g``r tl mljrkcplf gnt ekc gl hnrnhtlrkstklhl b`ssklil rlstlf, gkl ekc kf gl

gkvlrsl injlf v`fg, nis ilkgrnng v``r zkcf systlld h``s3

gl Qlrk`gl vnf gl eìlfmllr Xi‛íjl gu jrnfg @urs gls onvlrfls Tgl Qlrk`gl vnf gl dndd`lt lf gl wìenrkjl fluse``rf Xi‛íjl gli‛Liëpenft lt gu ]ekfòër`s Tgl Qlrk`gl vnf elt rlfgklr Xi‛íjl gu ]lffl Tgl Qlrk`gl vnf gl `lr`s Xi‛íjl gl i‛ Nuròes T;1=

Inrtlt eng gkt systlld mlgnoet `dgnt niil jr`tv`fgstlf gkl ekc`fglrzòet t`t elt Qnilìktekoud jlrlhlfg d`lstlf w`rglf. Gl b`s-

skliv`fgstlf ikltlf zklf gnt lr kf glzl plrk`gl vlrsoekiilfgl hikdntlfjlellrst d`lstlf elmmlf. @d klts dllr `vlr gl gkvlrsl v`fgstlf tlhufflf zljjlf wns elt f``gznhlikch `d llf `fglrvlrglikfj kf gkt zllrinfjl Qnilìktekoud nnf tl mrlfjlf. Inrtlt znj zkcf systlld nis llf nnf-vuiikfj p elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld.;1? Znffllr wl fnnr Inrtlts systlldhkchlf zklf wl gnt gl ]lfgklrplrk`gl gl `p llf fn c`fjstl plrk`gl kfzkcf systlld ks. Elt ikjt ni nnrgkj gklp kf elt Qnilìktekoud lf hnf gusf``kt pnrniili i`plf nnf r`cl K. @dgnt _oeikldnff hllr `p hllr vlr-wkcst fnnr ’pnrniiliil v`fgstlf— ukt glzl plrk`gl `ftstnnt gl kfgruh gntekc jllf kgll eng `vlr gl tkcggklptl wnnrdll dlfslf nis Inrtlt `p gnt

d`dlft ni wlrhtlf. @`h hrkcjt dlf elt kgll gnt ekc jllf `fglrsoelkgdnnhtl tusslf elt Flìktekoud lf elt Qnilìktekoud.

Gnt r`cl K e``jstlfs nnf elt nmsìutl lkfgl vnf elt Flìktekoudh`f ikjjlf w`rgt gukglikch wnffllr ekc llf nnftni mr`fzlf spliglf ml-soerkcbt. Znnr ekc nnf gl v``rjnnfgl pnrniiliilf jllf gkrlotl o`foiusklvlrm`fg g`lt ekc gnt wli wnffllr ekc mr`fzlf spliglf mlenfglit. Kfpinnts vnf Bkmuin wlrglf lr kf gl llrstl vkcb r`cls fnniglf jlmrukht.@dgnt gl Bkmuins ``h kf gl Iygksoel flglrzlttkfj dksslf d`ltlf zl pnsgnnrfn uktjlv`fglf zkcf. @`h kf gl dllrw`fkfjlf vnf Ldkikn w`rglffnniglf ukt h`plr lf mr`fs jlv`fglf tlrwkci ``h gnnr gl Bkmuin `ftmrl-

hlf. Gkt s``rt fnniglf w`rgt loetlr fklt jlv`fglf mkc Dnrkf` `b kf gl`djlvkfj vnf O`rflt`-nrqukfkn,;17 wnnr dlf gl Euturflf jlv`fglf

;1= Inrtlt >52>, =?>.;1? Inrlt znj eklrmkc `vlr elt e``bg gnt elt grkl plrk`glsystlld jlhnrnhtlrksllrg w`rgt

g``r gl nbwlzkjelkg vnf llf mlpnnig dntlrknni, mr`fs gnf wli kczlr, tlrwkci elt zkcfljlhnrnhtlrksllrg w`rgt g``r gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf mlpnnigl b`ssklilf.

;17 nrqukfkn. usslf >5:= lf >;== eltl glzl pinnts O`rflt` nrqukfkn lf gnnr v``r

O`rflt`.

>.=.

?.7.



711 -

ellbt. Gnnr vkfgt dlf niillf Bkmuins. _oeikldnff ks lr gnnrg``r vnf`vlrtukjg gnt glzl euturflf c`fjlr zkcf gnf gl Iygksoel flglrzlttkfj`p Ekssnrikh.;1<

_oeikldnffs rlglflrkfj ks i`jksoe. Gl Bkmuin ks llf vlrglr g``r`ft-

wkhhligl splig lf gus d`lt gl bkmuin c`fjlr zkcf gnf gl splig. Gl injlfwnnrkf spliglf v``rh`dlf, dnnr bkmuin‛s `ftmrlhlf d`ltlf gus ùglrzkcf gnf gkl injlf wnnrkf bkmuin‛s v``r h`dlf. Gkt ks v``r elt llrst gnt_oeikldnff llf gntlrkfjo`foiuskl nnf zkcf pnrniiliilf `ftillfg.

Elt mlinfjrkchstl jlgllitl vnf elt m`lh ks gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf r`clKK. Gòrpblig lf Eòbilr elmmlf _oeikldnff intlf zklf gnt ekc r`cl KKlf r`cl KKK fklt j`lg vnf lihnnr jlsoelkglf eng. Ekc eng wli gl bufgn-dlftlf vnf gl jr`tl duur nis r`cl KK elrhlfg, dnnr gl gnnr gkrlot `prustlfgl nsinnj eng ekc `ftlrloet t`t r`cl KKK jlrlhlfg. Elt wns eld`ftjnnf gnt gl mùwlrs vnf gl glrgl stnfg `p vlli pinntslf jlw``f

gl vlrmrnfgl rlstlf vnf gl twllgl stng engglf intlf ikjjlf. Gnnrg``rwnrlf glzl rlstlf vnf r`cl KK `p eltzlibgl fkvlnu h`dlf ikjjlf nis glmnsks vnf gl eukzlf vnf r`cl KKK. `lf ekc gkt mljrllp wns elt dltllf``h gukglikch gnt gl lkjlfikchl vlrmrnfgl stng fklt r`cl KKK, dnnr r`clKK wns.;12

Lf z` ks r`cl KK `pfkluw elt E`dlrksoel r`cl jlw`rglf. Nis eltz` d`lkikch ks `d r`cl KK lf r`cl KKK ukt lihnnr tl eùglf, kf wlih vnfglzl twll r`cls zkcf gnf gl soenttlf jlv`fglf0 Gkl vrnnj w`rgt g``r glsoenttlf zlib mlnftw``rg. Niils mkc lihnnr mlstnnf glzl ukt >1.111 v``r-wlrplf lf ni glzl v``rwlrplf t`flf sp`rlf vnf mrnfg. Gktzlibgl jligt

f`j stlrhlr v``r gl mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf. Kf gl jr`tl soent mlvkfgt zkoemkcv``rmllig llf mr`fzlf gìh gkl g``r gl ekttl jlelli `pjlrìg ks. Llfjr``t nnftni infslf, gìhlf lf strkcgmkcilf zkcf zlibs nnf lihnnr jlsdì-tlf.;1: Nnf elt blkt gnt mr`fs fklt `prìt nis elt wnrd w`rgt zuiilf wleklr dnnr lvlf v``rmkc jnnf.

G``r glzl mrnfgsp`rlf hufflf wl gl jr`tl lf gnnrdll niil nfglrlsoenttlf ukt glzlibgl `djlvkfj t`t elt E`dlrksoel r`cl rlhlflf. r`clKK ellbt vìjlfs _oeikldnff gl elil `pplrvinhtl vnf gl mlrj mlglht lfvlrd`lglikch elmmlf lr jlgurlfgl glzl plrk`gl ``h eukzlf `fglrnnfgl mlrj jlstnnf. Elt ks gnnrg``r vlli jr`tlr gnf r`cl KKK wnnrvnf jllf

mlw`fkfjssp`rlf `fglrnnf gl mlrj jlv`fglf zkcf. Gl sp`rlf v``r gklmlflglfstng zkcf `vlrkjlfs mltrlhhlikch hilkf. @fgnfhs vlil tlst puttlfeng _oeikldnff jllf sp`rlf vnf gl vlrglgkjkfjsduur vnf gl `fglr-stng vnf r`cl KK hufflf vkfglf. @p s`ddkjl puftlf eng ekc loetlrllf nbjlpinttl r`tsm`gld jlv`fglf lf gnt wns elt mlwkcs gnt gnnr llfduur jlstnnf d`lst elmmlf. Elt loetl mlwkcs v``r elt mlstnnf vnf llf`fglrstng vnf r`cl KK wns loetlr g``r gl soelrvlf jlilvlrg. Glzl jnvlf

;1< _oeikldnff >557, <7-<<.;12 _oeikldnff >557, <;-21.

;1: _oeikldnff >557, 27-2<.



71>

nnf wnnr gl `fglrstng jliljlf d`lst elmmlf.;15 Lf z` mikchlf gl soelr-vlf eklr uktlkfglikch g``rsinjjlvlfg. E`l jr``t gkl `fglrstng prloklsjlwllst ks hnf _oeikldnff fklt dllr vnststliilf, dnnr elt ks gukglikchgnt r`cl KK llf jr`tl stng jlwllst ks lf gnnrdll zkcf gl jlrlzlf kglftk-

bkontklpr`mildlf ukt gl wlj jlrukdg.@vlrni kf gkt m`lh huf cl zklf gnt _oeikldnff g``r twll nroektlotlfks mkcjlstnnf. Gkt ks fklt niillf gukglikch kf gl nbmlligkfjlf, dnnr ``hkf gl tlhst. Glzl ks g``rsplht dlt mlsoerlvlf pinttljr`fglf lf vlrwkc-zkfjlf fnnr zkcf nroektlotlf. Gl nroektlotlf elmmlf gkt `ftglht lf glnroektlotlf elmmlf eld gnt gukglikch jldnnht. _oeikldnff t``ft fullf kftlrlssl kf mùwbrnjdlftlf gkl wl kf jllf vnf zkcf v`rkjl m`lhlfvkfglf. Znffllr dlf fnnr llf dljnr`f hkcht h`dt dlf t`t gl o`f-oiuskl gnt gl zkcdurlf g``r eùtlf pnilf w`rglf nbjlsi`tlf. Gkt wnsf`gkj `dgnt gl wnfglf ukt ildlf tljlis mlst`fglf lf z`fglr llf pnni

nnf elt lkfg zù llf glrjlikchl duur fklt `vlrlkfg mikcvlf `fglr elt jl-wkoet vnf elt gnh. Gl eùtlf pnilf nnf mlkgl zkcglf vnf gl duur d`l-tlf v``rh`dlf gnt gl ildlf tljlis `fglr elt jlwkoet vnf elt gnh fnnrmuktlf jlguwg w`rglf. Mkc durlf gkl ukt jr`tl stllfmi`hhlf mlstnnfh`dt gkt pr`milld fklt v``r. Dlt gl v`fgst vnf glzl eùtlf stlufpn-ilf hufflf _oeikldnff lf zkcf nroektlotlf nnft`flf gnt gl Qnrnstnglf`b Nftnl, gkl mkc gl intlrl Jrklhsl tldplis niillf llf lsteltksoel bufotklelmmlf, euf mlstnnf mlj`fflf zkcf nis duurlf gnhstluflf.;1; Lf z`t``ft r`cl gl ``rspr`fhlikchl bufotkl vnf llf vnf gl vlrsklrkfjslildlf-tlf vnf gl intlrl Jrklhsl tldpli. Nnfjlzklf ``h gl jr`fgv`rd vnf elt

dljnr`f fnnr gl intlrl Jrklhsl tldpli vlrwkcst mlsiukt _oeikldnff gntglzl jlmùwlf kf r`cl ``h tldplis jlwllst d`ltlf zkcf.

Fnnst gl `vlrllfh`dst dlt gl Jrklhsl tldpli ellbt v``rni elt jl-mùw gnt ekc tldpli M f`ldt, llf jlmùw dlt grkl rukdtlf, llf gukgl-ikchl `vlrllfh`dst dlt wnt E`dlrus `vlr elt euks vnf Qnrks soerkcbt. Kftljlfstliikfj t`t wnt wl vnf llf loetl E`dlrusiklbelmmlr zùglf vlr-wnoetlf, hklst _oeikldnff eklr uktlkfglikch tòe v``r gl `vlrllfh`dstdlt gl intlrl Jrklhsl tldplis. @`h glzl jlmùwlf d`ltlf tldplis jl-wllst zkcf.;>1

_oeikldnff innt llf uktjlmrlkgl oeldksoel nfniysl dnhlf vnf llf

zlstni mr`fzlf `mclotlf ukt r`cl KK lf llf grkltni ukt @roeldlf`s.@pvniilfg eklrmkc ks gnt gl v``rwlrplf ukt r`cl KK z` wlkfkj tkf mlvnt-tlf gnt wl fnuwlikchs vlr mr`fs hufflf sprlhlf. Glzl nfniysl mlvlstkjt_oeikldnffs llrglrl dlglglikfj gnt gl mkcilf ukt r`cl KK vnf h`plr zkcf.

;15 _oeikldnff >557, :1.;1; _oeikldnff >557, 52-5:.

;>1 _oeikldnff >557, ;?.



71= -

Gl mr`fzlf v``rwlrplf ukt @roeldlf`s mlvnttlf vlli dllr tkf, gkl zkcfgukglikch vnf mr`fs jldnnht. E`l gukglikch elt vlrsoeki tusslf mlkgljr`lplf ``h dnj zkcf _oeikldnff trlht eklr jllf o`foiuskls ukt.;>>

Znffllr elt `p elt nnrglwlrh nnf h`dt mikcht gnt _oeikldnff vnf

llf jr``t nnftni dlfslf, fnnr nnfilkgkfj vnf Kik`s , mrklvlf dlt kfb`rdn-tkl `vlr pnrniiliil v`fgstlf `ftvnfjlf ellbt. Ngìb Burtwçfjilr (>5<?->;1:) wkcst eld mkcv``rmllig `p llf vnns kf gl v`rd vnf llf pnnrglf-e``bg ukt gl noetstl lluw v``r Oerkstus gkl kf elt H`fkfhikch Dusludkf Mlrikcf mlwnnrt w`rgt;>= lf E`stdnff wkcst lr`p gnt llf vnns dltgrkl p``tcls, gkl _oeikldnff kf Kik`s nbjlmllig ellbt, ikcht `p llf vnnsukt llf jrnb kf Enimlrstngt.;>? Znt gl t`lfdnikjl ilzlr, gkl kf tljlf-stliikfj t`t _oeikldnff, fklt kf stnnt wns `d elli Lur`pn nb tl rlkzlf`d ni glzl `mclotlf tl jnnf mlhkchlf, dlt glzl `ps`ddkfjlf d`lst ks`fgukglikch.

Mkc gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl `vlrjnfj vnf r`cl KK fnnr r`cl KKK trlht_oeikldnff llf gukglikchl o`foiuskl ukt wnt ekc zklt. Gl vlrfkltkjkfj vnfgl twllgl stng ellbt llf jr`tl pukfinnj `p Ekssnrikh fnjlintlf wnnr f`jdnnr llf pnnr stuhhlf vnf gl stngsduur m`vlfukt stnhlf. E`l infj glzlnor`pìks lr z` mkc jliljlf ellbt ks fklt gukglikch. Znnrsoekcfikch fklt ni tlinfj wnft lr ellbt zkoe siloets llf guf innjcl eudus m`vlf`p elt pukfjlv`rdg.;>7

\ktlkfglikch mlstllgt _oeikldnff kf r`cn fnuwlikchs nnfgnoet nnfgl nfglrl stlglf `p Ekssnrikh. Elt ks nnf niils gukglikch gnt ekc dltsiloets ëëf pr`milld kf zkcf noetlre``bg tlrujjlh`dlf ks. Elt hilkfl

r`cl KKK h`f fklt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl zkcf. Elt pr`milld wlrg `pjl-i`st g``rgnt Gòrpblig lf Eòbilr eld gukglikch dnnhtlf gnt fklt r`clKKK, dnnr r`cl KK gl vlrmrnfgl stng wns. _oeikldnff o`folftrllrgl zkoe,v``r z`vlr elt Ekssnrikh mltr`b, vlrvìjlfs kf e``bgznnh `p glzl innj.

Fnnst Ekssnrikh jr`lb _oeikldnff jlgurlfgl glzl ondpnjfl ``hnoet jrnbeluvlis `p. Mkc zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gl `pjrnvkfj vnf gl jrnb-eluvli vnf Noekiius zklf wl e`l gl znhlfdnf lf gl nroelì``j sndlf-wlrhlf. Kf elt v``rcnnr vnf >5:; vr`lj gl lkjlfnnr vnf glzl jrnbelu-vlis >11 p`fg _tlrikfj v``r gl t`lstlddkfj `d gkl vnf Noekiils `p tljrnvlf lf f`j llf hllr eltzlibgl mlgrnj v``r gkl vnf Qntr`hi`s. G``r

tl wnoetlf t`t >557 wns gl vrnnjprkcs jlgnnig t`t =1 p`fg v``r lih._oeikldnff gllg llf tljlfm`g vnf ëëf p`fg plr stuh. Kf glzl zlibglplrk`gl hwnd gl jùvlrflur vnf gl Gnrgnfliilf, Endkg Qnsoen (>57=->;>5), fnnr r`cl `d gl `pjrnvkfjlf tl mlzkoetkjlf. _oeikldnff iljglgl jùvlrflur ukt gnt gl lkjlfnnr llf lx`rmktnft e``j mlgrnj vr`ljlf.Gl jùvlrflur jnb eld gnnr`p llf vlrjuffkfj `d glzl jrnbeluvlis

;>> _oeikldnff >557, >>?.;>= _oeikldnff >557, >7<.;>? _oeikldnff >557, >25.

;>7 _oeikldnff >557, >;<.



71?

tl `fglrz`lhlf. Gl lkjlfnnr mljrllp gnt _oeikldnff fu z`fglr lfkjlvlrj`lgkfj nnf elt wlrh zù hufflf jnnf lf ekc noolptllrgl grkl p`fgv``r gl grkl jrnbeluvlis gkl lr p zkcf tlrrlkf injlf. _oeikldnff fnd gklglrgl lr dnnr mkc e`lwli ekc gnnr ``rspr`fhlikch fklt `d jlvrnnjg eng.

Ekc mlj`f dlt `pjrnvlf vnf gl jrnbeluvlis vnf Noekiils lf Qntr`hi`s.Gnt wki zljjlf, ekc zlttl lr vklr vnf zkcf mlstl nrmlkglrs fglr ilkgkfj vnfllf pzkoetlr nnf elt wlrh. Gl pzkoetlr hrllj gl tnnh d lr`p tl ilttlfgnt zlibs gl hilkfstl soelrb mlwnnrg wlrg.;><

Eklr zklf wl `pfkluw e`lvlli mlinfj _oeikldnff nnf soelrvlfeloettl. Kf mlkgl jrnbeluvlis wlrg vnfnb gl t`p llf soenoet fnnr mlfl-glf jljrnvlf. Gl jrnbeluvli vnf Noekiils zù kf >:52 g``r llf c``g kf`pgrnoet vnf jrnnb Dnrkl Jnmrkli Bi`rlft Nujustl gl Oe`kslui-Jùbbklr(>:<=->5>:), gl t`lfdnikjl Brnfsl jlznft kf O`fstnftkf`pil, `pjl-jrnvlf zkcf. Glzl zù eklrkf llf jrnbhliglr lf shliltrlstlf jlv`fglf

elmmlf. kcglfs elt jrnvlf vnf zkcf soenoet h`dt _oeikldnff t`t gl`ftglhhkfj gnt dlf kf >:52 fklt gklplr gnf llf dltlr kf glzl eluvlijljrnvlf ellbt lf gnt elt vlrsinj `vlr elt jlv`fglf jrnb fklt hnf hi`p-plf.;>2 _oeikldnffs mlvkfgkfjlf zkcf zlibs jlelli tljlfjlstlig. Flt niskf niil nfglrl jrnbeluvlis gkl ekc kf >5:? lf >5:; `p gl r`cnnfsl vinhtliklt `pjrnvlf v`fg ekc ``h kf gl jrnbeluvli vnf Noekiils jllf sp``r vnfmllfglrlf, ns `b vlrmrnfg eùt, jllf sp``r vnf llf orldntkl.;>:

;>< _oeikldnff >557, =:?-=:7.;>2 _oeikldnff >557, =::.

;>: _oeikldnff >557, =::.

Gl jrnluvli vnf Qr`tlskin`s.



717 -

Elt zkcf uktlkfglikch gl kf _oeikldnffs `pgrnoet vlrzndligl soelr-vlf gkl elt d`jlikch dnhlf d klts vlr glzl eluvli tl zljjlf. Lr h`dlfniilrilk soelrvlf tl v``rsoekcf gkl fnnr vlrsoekiilfgl plrk`glf vlrwkc-zlf. Lëf s``rt ks loetlr g``rsinjjlvlfg. Elt zkcf soelrvlf wnnrvnf dlf

kf llrstl kfstnftkl zù glfhlf gnt zl ukt gl ]`dlkfsoel tkcg stnddlf. Niillf llf jl`lblfg ``j zklt gnt elt Dnolg`fksoel zkcf. Sl h`dlf uktllf plrk`gl vnf z`‛f vkcb e`fglrg cnnr v``r gl jlm``rtl vnf Nilxnfglrgl Jr`tl (?<2-?=? v.Oer.).;>5 Glzl jrnbeluvli ks gus pjlrkoet r`fg 511v.Oer., gl tkcg wnnrkf E`dlrus jlillbg zù elmmlf.

Gl jrnbeluvli vnf Qntr`hi`s ilvlrt dkf `b dllr glzlibgl kfb`rdntklnis gkl vnf Noekiius. Gl ukth`dst vnf gkt `fglrz`lh ks gnt glzl twlljrnbeluvlis llf jr`lp v`rdlf dlt gl zls ni llrglr `fglrzòetl jrnbelu-vlis kf glzl `djlvkfj. Rnf gkl nfglrl zls wns `vlrkjlfs vnstjlstlig gntelt Olf`tnblf wnrlf.;>;

Znffllr _oeikldnff nnf gl nfglrl hnft vnf gl _trnnt vnf Dnrdnrnkf elssni`fkhk gl jrnbeluvli vnf Qr`tlskin`s `fglrz`lht vlrtliilf glsoelrvlf llf elli nfglr vlrenni. Ni dltllf nnf gl `pplrvinhtl vkfgtekc nnrglwlrh gnt ekc ukt r`cl K hlft. Llf zlibgl s``rt nnrglwlrh vkfgtekc ``h kf gl soenoet gkl ekc ``h eklr vnfnb elt e``jstl puft gl eluvlifnnr mlflglf innt jrnvlf. Gl o`foiuskl ks llfvùgkj. @dgnt elt c`fjstlnnrglwlrh gnt kf glzl jrnbeluvli jlv`fglf w`rgt ukt r`cl KK stndt ks lrfklts gnt gl trngktkl tljlfsprllht. Glzl jrnbeluvli stndt ukt gl tkcg vnfgl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j.;=1

Lr ks eklr llf hilkf pr`milld dlt _oeikldnffs o`foiuskl gnt ekc kf

kf elt vnjl innt. Lr wlrglf `p lf kf glzl eluvli soelrvlf jlv`fglf gklsprlhlfg ilhlf `p gkl ukt r`cl K lf r`cl KK. Kf Kik`s eng _oeikldnff jl-soerlvlf gnt gl nnrglwlrhv`rdlf ukt glzl twll stlglf z` vlr ukt lihnnrinjlf gnt elt eklr `d twll vlrsoekiilfgl vìhlrlf d`lst jnnf. Znt gktv``r glzl jrnbeluvli mltlhlfgl vlrtlit _oeikldnff fklt.

Nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcf m`lh h`dt _oeikldnff t`t llf o`foiuskl wnnr-kf ekc elli v``rzkoetkj b`rduilrlfg vì tr`ts gl rlsuitntlf vnf gl ond-pnjfl vnf >55= sndlfvnt. Ekc ellbt mlwlzlf gnt lr vlr kf gl ugelkg pgl vinhtl vnf r`cl llf stng jliljlf ellbt gkl g``r llf jr`tl ontnstr`blvlrw`lst ks. Ekssnrikh v`rdgl gl nor`pìks vnf glzl stng lf gnnr`p st`f-

glf gl tldplis lf llf pnnr nfglrl jr`tl jlmùwlf. Gl `fglrikjjlfglstng mrlkgl zkoe fnnr elt ``stlf, zukglf lf wlstlf ukt `vlr elt jlmklgwnnr intlr elt Jrklhsl Kik`f zù h`dlf tl ikjjlf. Glzl stng h`dt jlelli`vlrllf dlt gl mlsoerkcvkfj gkl E`dlrus vnf Kik`s jllbt. ;=> Elt hnf fkltnfglrs3 gkt d`lt r`cl zkcf.

;>5 _oeikldnff >557, =:;-=51.;>; _oeikldnff >557, =57.;=1 _oeikldnff >557, =;?-=;7.

;=> _oeikldnff >557, ?>?-?>7.



71<

@p ?1 `ht`mlr >55? stuurt _oeikldnff llf lxldpinnr vnf Kik`s nnfI`rg Gubblrkf (>5=2->;1=);== gkl `p gnt d`dlft kf Ljyptl ks. Kf glmljlilkglfgl mrklb zklf wl gnt fnnst gl nroelì``j ``h gl znhlfdnff`j stllgs notklb ks. _oeikldnff ellbt zkcf wlrh kf r`cl `pfkluw v``r-

j`lg mlèkfgkjg, lr ks fklts dllr wnt ekc lr f`j `vlr zù hufflf zljjlf.Sù I`rg Gubblrkf ``h hufflf vlrtliilf wnt ekc vnf gl Ljyptknf < potQrlblrlfol nfg G`dnkf I`nfs gnoet. Zns gnt llf zlhlrl kfvlstlrkfj0 Slst`fglf fu fndlikch z` innj gnt _oeikldnff elt llf nnftrlhhlikch kgllv`fg `d lr wnt vnf tl h`plf. Llf tkcglikch injl h`lrs v`fg ekc jllf pr`-milld. Ekc kfvlstllrgl v``r gl infjl tlrdkcf lf wkigl jrnnj wltlf `b gktb`fgs `p gl infjl tlrdkcf vlkikj wns. ;=?

;== Brlglrkoh Endkit`f-ldpil-Minohw``g >st Dnrqulss `b Gubblrkf nfg Nvn.

;=? Iuol >;5=, >7.



712 -

?5. Gl twllgl jr`tl muroet

lrwkci r`cn f`j dnnr flt vlrsoelflf ks mikcht ukt gl hrnftlf gnt_oeikldnff niwllr nnf llf vìjlfg pr`clot mlj`fflf ks. @p = dlk >557t``ft elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming gnt dlf gl hrnftlf j`lg mkceùgt3

Nnf i‛Lt`kil Mlijl w`rgt ukt Mlrikcf jldlig, gnt gl mlhlfgl nroel-ì``j _oeikldnff tl kryfs llf prnoetkj lf rlusnoetkj pnilks `ftglhtellt, dlt `ftlimnrl hì`ddlf, gnt slglrt lluwlf `fglr glf jr`fgmljrnvlf wns. kryfs ks llfl hilkfl pinnts vnf Jrklhlfinfg tlf ``stlfvnf Fnupikn jliljlf. Gnnr mlvkfglf zkoe gl `vlrmikcslilf glr stng,

wnnr gl Jrklhlf Elrouils ikltlf jlm`rlf w`rglf. Gl rkfjdurlf elm-mlf `p vlrsoelkglf pinntslf f`j llfl e``jtl vnf 71 v`lt.;=7

Elt ks dlrhwnnrgkj d tl d`ltlf vnststliilf, dnnr kf llf pinnts wnnrgl hinssklhlf z` e``j nnfjlsoerlvlf st`fglf eng dlf llf cùrfnikst gklfklt wkst wnnr ekc `vlr soerllb. E`l elt nrtkhli kf i‛Lt`kil Mlijl lr uktznjelm kh fklt hufflf vnststliilf, dnnr zlibs nis gnnr glzlibgl kfb`rdntkl kfst`fg, gnf f`j eng gl cùrfnikst gkl gkt soerllb hufflf wltlf gnt eltpnilks vnf kryfs fklt kf zkcf jlelli mljrnvlf wns v``rgnt _oeikldnfflr nnf gl sinj jkfj, `b ekc d`lt lrvnf uktjljnnf zkcf gnt gl elil, 71 v`lt

e`jl rkfjduur, ``h g``r _oeikldnff `pjljrnvlf wns. Gl `pdlrhkfjdlt ’`ftlimnrl hì`ddlf— r`lpt, z`fglr fnglrl uktilj, elt mllig vnfllf hinssklhl tldpli `p lf ``h gnt hi`pt nmsìuut fklt.

Gl vìjlfgl gnj, grkl dlk >557, h`dt gl Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft dlt llf klts gukglikchlr mlrkoet3

@dtrlft gl pjrnvkfjlf vnf _oeikldnff tl kryfs w`rgt tenfs fnglr jldlig, gnt elt jlv`fglf pnilks ukt twll tkcgplrhlf nh`dstkj ks8 eltùgstl ks gnt vnf gl h`fkfjsjrnvlf tl Dyolfl, elt c`fjstl hnf `fd`jl-ikch vnf intlr gnjtllhlfkfj zkcf gnf gl ;l lluw v``r Oerkstus.

Llf lf nfglr d`lt mikchlf ukt elt `ftmrlhlf vnf Jrklhsoe nnrglwlrh,tlrwkci gl jlv`fglf v``rwlrplf kf niils jlikchlf `p gkl vnf Dyolfl,``h wnt gl dllthufstkjl jurlf nnfjnnt lf gl nmlligkfjlf vnf gkl-rlf, gkl lr `p v``rh`dlf. @`h mikcht gl e``jl ùglrg`d ukt gl n-mlligkfj vnf Elrn kf gl jlgnnftl vnf llfl h`l, ` nis vrùw dlt twlle``rflf, nis``h ukt gl vlil dlsslf vnf `mskgknnf. Lvlfnis kf r`clmlstnnf gl wlimlwnnrgl fglrstuhhlf glr durlf vnf elt pnilks ukt ru-wlf jleùwlf stllf dlt illd vlrm`fglf8 gl e``jlrl jlgllitlf ukt jr`-vl jlmnhhlf stllflf. Gl jr``tstl vlrmnzkfj wlhtlf gl m`ftl kf gl hnih

;=7 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1=-1<->557.



71:

jlvlrgl soekiglrstuhhlf, `fglr wlihl ``h elt jlellil d`gli vnf glf

v``rtrlfilikch jlmlligeùwglf eldli vnf elt rustmlg vnf @roe`dlf`s jlv`fglf w`rgt.

_oeikldnff e``pt dlt zkcfl `ftjrnvkfjlf tljlf Cuik jlrllg tlzkcf.;=<

Dlt elt rustmlg vnf @roe`dlf`s w`rgt elt zkchndlrtcl vnf gl te`-i`s mlg`lig. @p gl zlvlfgl cuik >557 h`dt elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming dlt llffkluw mlrkoet `vlr gl `pjrnvkfjlf kf kryfs3

Mikchlfs tl Ntelfl ftvnfjlf mlrkoet ks gl ellr _oeikldnff zllr jliuh-hkj mkc zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf tl krkcfs. Mlenivl llfkjl h`plrlf lf stllflf

v``rwlrplf, v`fg dlf f`j twll stllflf nroektlot`fksoel vlrsklrkfjlfdlt kf jins jlzlttl tnfglf lf, elt mlinfjrkchst vnf niilf, gl sp`rlfvnf llf ùgl w`fkfj z``nis gkl niillf kf gl jlgkoetlf vnf E`dlrusmlsoerlvlf zkcf8 g.k. dlt `delkfkfjX,T v``rp`rtnni, mkfflfpinnts, zuk-ilfjnfj, dnfflfvlrtrlh, znni lf hndlrs. Gnnr elt jlmùw ukt stllflfdlt illd `pjltr`hhlf ks lf gnnr`vlr llf dlt eliglrl hilurlf mlsoeki-glrgl hnihinnj ellt, ks elt wnnrsoekcfikch fklt ukt v``r-E`dlrksoelftkcg. @p llf jlgllitl vnf gl njlf`dlf hnihinnj mlvkfgt zkoe llf

;=< Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft 1?-1<->557 w``rglikch `vlrjlf`dlf kf gl Illuwnrglr

Oùrnft 15-1<->557.

Gl rukfls vnf gl nor`pìks vnf Wktyfs kf >5<=.



715 -

zwnrt jlsoekiglrgl `s, wnnrnnf `fjliuhhkj elt noetlrstl jlgllitl `ft-mrllht. ElXtT jlv`fglfl soekiglrwlrh ks nnf glf dkfkstlr vnf `fglr-wkcs jlz`fglf.;=2

@p == dnnrt >557 hufflf gl ilzlrs vnf Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj t`tgl o`foiuskl h`dlf gnt _oeikldnffs wlrh kf kryfs lr `p zkt3

Gr. _oeikldnffs fkluwl wlrh, `vlr zkcfl `pjrnvkfjlf kf yrkfs, znikf Dnnrt n.s. elt ikoet zklf. Lr vlrsoekcflf jlikchtkcgkj llf Guktsoel,Brnfsoel lf Lfjlisoel uktjnn vnf gkt wlrh, nisdlgl f`j llf kf Ndlrkhn. @vlr llfkjl tkcg zni _oeikldnff fnnr Orltn jnnf, `d gnnr`ugelkghufgkjl `fglrz`lhkfjlf tl g`lf.;=:

Elt Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ks wnt v``rmnrkj. @`h kf >55< w`rgt lrf`j infjgurkj kf kryfs jljrnvlf, dnnr gnt ennit gl Flglrinfgsl hrnf-tlf fklt.

;=2 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1:-1:->557.

;=: Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >>->=->557.



71;

?;. kryfs

Dltllf mkc elt `plfsinnf vnf gkt m`lh w`rgt gukglikch gnt niil rkvniktlkttusslf _oeikldnff lf gl `pjrnvlrs vnf @iydpkn v``rmkc ks. Elt v``r-w``rg vnf gkt m`lh ks jlsoerlvlf g``r Ngilr. Fu d`ltlf wkc `fs eklrmkcwli mlglfhlf gnt Ngilr gl soe``fvnglr vnf Gòrpblig wns lf gnt glzlinntstl, z`nis wl zuiilf zklf llf mlinfjrkchl rì mkc gl `pjrnvkfj vnfkryfs lf gl t`tstnfgh`dkfj vnf gkt m`lh ellbt jlspllig.

Dlt mleuip vnf gl dkfkstlr vnf `fglrwkcs, wnnrdll ekc vrklfg-soenpplikchl mltrlhhkfjlf `fglreklig, hrllj _oeikldnff kf dnnrt >557

z`fglr lfkj pr`milld llf vlrjuffkfj `d kf kryfs tl jrnvlf. Mkc zkcfinntstl r`cnnfsoel ondpnjfl wns _oeikldnff jlelli `vlrtukjg jlrnnhtvnf elt mlinfj vnf gl nnfwlzkjelkg vnf llf nroektlot. Gòrpblig eng`fglrtusslf llf mnnf jlhrljlf mkc elt Guktsl Nroelì`jksoel Kfstktuutkf Ntelfl, dnnr gnt wns jllf mlilddlrkfj. Gòrpblig wns, dlt zkcf vklr

cnnr lvnrkfj kf @iydpkn lf vkcb dnnfglf kf r`cl, nmsìuut gl jlsoekhtldnf v``r glzl tnnh.;=5

_oeikldnffs wnnrglrkfj lf vlrtrùwlf kf Gòrpblig jkfj z`vlr gntekc eld vlrnftw``rglikch dnnhtl v``r niils wnt dlt nroektlotuur tl dn-hlf eng. Gòrpblig wlrg zlibs, e`lwli zkcf fnnd fklt p elt dsinj v``r-

h`dt, dlgl-nutlur vnf _oeikldnffs m`lh. Kf e``bgstuh vkcb mlsprnhglzl gl nroektlotuurbrnjdlftlf gkl kf kryfs tlv``rsoekcf jlh`dlfwnrlf.;=;

Znnr _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl zkcf wlrh d`lst `fglrmrlhlf v``relt mlz`lh vnf hlkzlr G`f Qlgr` KK vnf Mrnzkikè, hwnd ekc kf kryfsg``r ni elt mlz`lh gnt infjshwnd dnnr fnuwlikchs nnf wlrhlf t`l.Kf nprki >557 hwnd gl hr``fprkfs Jl`rjl KK vnf _nhslf-Dlkfkfjlf(>5=2->;>7), gkl vìjlfs _oeikldnff mlhlfg st`fg vnfwljl zkcf jl-illrgelkg lf iklbgl v``r gl wltlfsoenp, infjs. @`h _oeikldnffs ukt-jlvlr Lgunrg Mròhenus (>5=;->;>7) hwnd dlt zkcf z``f Nrfìg ;?1

Mròhenus `p mlz`lh. Rlrglr hwndlf f`j gl Ndlrkhnnfsl ndmnssnglurkf Jrklhlfinfg, Lujlfl _oeuyilr (>571->5;1) lf zkcf vrùw. Gl Klrslekst`rkous Cèf Qlftinfg Dnenbby (>5?;->;>;) hwnd sndlf dlt Gr.Qnfnjk`tls Hnstr`dlf`s ukt Ntelfl. Lf gnf wnrlf lr f`j gl jydfn-skudgkrlotlur Gr. _oeuitz ukt Oenri`ttlfmurj lf Qr`blss`r Qùsoeli ukt

;=5 _oeikldnff >55<, ?. R``r gl onrrkårl vnf Gòrpblig zkl J`lssilr >;<>.;=; _oeikldnff >55<, 5.;?1 Eklr vlrjkst _oeikldnff zkoe. Gl z``f vnf Lgunrg Mròhenus eltl Nimlrt Lgunrg

Mròhenus (>5<<->;=>). Brklgrkoe Nrfìg Mròhenus (>::=->5=?), gl stkoetlr vnf

uktjlvlrkc Mròhenus, wns gl vnglr vnf Lgunrg Mròhenus.



7>1 -

Mlrikcf. Glzl inntstl `vlrillg kf Fnupik`f nnf gl tybus. Gnf wnrlf lrf`j I`rg lf Ingy Qldmr`hl,;?> gl nutlur vnf Gl Nroektloturn Jrnlon Lrfst Bnmrkokus (>5<:->;7=) ukt _trnssmurj lf gl soerkcvlr vnf IùhksInrrns ,;?= Gr. Gldltrkus Mkhliins (>5?<->;15). @`h gl elrlf Dlylr ukt

Qlste, Euje B. (>572->55>) lf Cndls N. Ondpmlii (>5<7->;??) ukt_t. Iùks, Gr. Bilddkfj ukt Jùstr`w ;?? lf gl nroektlot Hnri _klmìg(>5<7->;?:) mlzòetlf _oeikldnff kf kryfs. _klmìg wns `p gnt d`-dlft vlrnftw``rglikch v``r gl mùw vnf elt duslud kf @iydpkn.;?7 _oeikldnff vlrdligl ni glzl mlz`lhlrs uktv`lrkj. Gnt gl ilzlr dnnr fkltzni vlrjltlf wnt v``r mlinfjrkch dnf gl soerkcvlr ks lf e`l mlr`ldg eltpnilks gnt ekc `pjljrnvlf ellbt. @dgnt _oeikldnff gl `pjrnvkfj ``hf`j vlrsoelkglfl hlrlf v``r niilrilk llrvìil jlmlurtlfksslf d`lst vlrin-tlf hwnd elt wlrh v``r elt jr``tstl jlgllitl `p Gòrpblig fllr.

Kf zkcf m`lh `vlr Dyhlfl eng _oeikldnff jlsoerlvlf gnt gl m`vlf-

stl mlw`fkfjsinnj vnf kryfs ukt gl Dkgglilluwlf stndgl. Dltllf nnfelt mljkf vnf elt m`lh d`lt ekc gnnr `p tlruj h`dlf. Ekc wns eklr dks-ilkg dgnt vlli vnf gl durlf f`j nnf gl `pplrvinhtl tl zklf wnrlf. Eltwns jlw``f fklt mkc eld `pjlh`dlf gnt durlf gkl f`j tl zklf wnrlfwli llfs =111 cnnr ùg zùglf hufflf zkcf lf f`j dkfglr gnt glzl du-rlf llf `fglrglli zùglf hufflf zkcf vnf elt pnilks vnf gl dyteksoelh`fkfjlf vnf kryfs.;?<

Gl `pjrnvkfjlf wnrlf f`j dnnr fnuwlikchs mlj`fflf `b gl mùw-ekst`rkl vnf kryfs wns ni vnf grkl fnnr twll bnslf tlrujjlmrnoet. Ekcv`fg sp`rlf vnf llf hilkf g`rpcl gnt ùglr d`lst zkcf gnf gl oyoi`pk-

soel durlf lf elt h`fkfhikch pnilks. Gl `p vlil pinntslf tlrujjlv`fglfvi`lrlf wnrlf vnf nnfjlstndptl hilk lf gnnrg``r gukglikch tl `fglr-soelkglf vnf gl vi`lrlf vnf elt pnilks wnft gkl wnrlf vnf hniholdlftjldnnht.;?2

@`h gl nnrglwlrhv`fgstlf zkcf kf gkt jlvni uktlrst kfstruotklb. Gntvnf elt ùgl g`rp wns gukglikch tl `fglrsoelkglf vnf gnt wnt kf eltpnilks jlmrukht wns. Rnf glzl inntstl eng _oeikldnff llf jr`tl e`l-vllielkg soelrvlf jlv`fglf. Glzl t``fglf nnf gnt gkt nnrglwlrh `pelt p`ttlfmnhhlrswkli jlgrnnkg wns. @`h wns elt mlsoekiglrg. Elt illhsprlhlfg `p gnt ukt Dyhlfl lf gnt wnt kf gl gklpstl injlf vnf gl nor`-

pìks vnf Ntelfl jlv`fglf wns. Elt illh ``h `p nnrglwlrh gnt mkc gltldpli vnf Lilusks, kf gl teì`s vnf Dlfkgk, kf gl jrnvlf vnf _pntn, mkc

;?> Jl`rjl Elrmlrt >?te Lnri `b Qldmr`hl (>5<1->5;<) lf Ingy Jlrtrugl BrnfolsOeltwyfg-nim`t (>571->;12).

;?= Mkhlins, Gkdktrkus (vlrt. ]`jjl, E.O.) >55= Iùhks Inrrns3 llf vlrenni ukt glfJrklhslf vrkcelkgs``ri`j . Nrfeld.

;?? D`jlikch Onri Brklgrkoe Bilddkfj (>:;;->551). Glzl eng llf prnhtkch kf_oewlrkf.

;?7 _oeikldnff >55<, >1.;?< _oeikldnff >55<, 5.

;?2 _oeikldnff >55<, <<.



7>>

Nikhk kf Nttkhn, mkc _nindks, mkc Kniys`s `p ]`g`s lf mkc Hf`ss`s `p Hrltnjlv`fglf wns. Elt nnrglwlrh ukt gl ùgstl innj vnf kryfs illh `p gntukt r`cl K t/d KR lf ukt gl jrnbeluvli vnf Qr`tlskin`s.;?:

Gkt hllr zkcf gl pnrniiliilf v``r kryfs KK, gl innj dlt elt pnilks, g``r

_oeikldnff dlt z`rj jlh`zlf. ljlfw``rgkj w`rglf ni glzl v`fgstlft`t gl Dyhllfsl plrk`gl jlrlhlfg. Mkc gl pnrniiliilf v``r kryfs K si`lj_oeikldnff `pfkluw elt llrglr jlo`fstntllrgl jr`tl vlrsoeki tusslfr`cl K lf KK `vlr. G``r gl vlrmkfgkfj K t/d KR tl iljjlf d`ltlf wllrvnf uktjnnf gnt ekc fu vnf dlfkfj wns gnt lr jllf mlvìhkfjswksslikfjtusslf K lf KK `p Ekssnrikh eng pinntsjlv`fglf.

_oeikldnff jnnt lr vnfukt gnt kryfs K lf KK g``r vlrsoekiilfgl vì-hlrlf jlmùwg zkcf. Ekc elrennit eklr elt nrjudlft vnf Jl`rjl Glffksgnt ekc ``h jlmrukht ellbt `d nnf tl jlvlf gnt r`cl K lf KK g``r vlr-soekiilfgl vìhlrlf jlmùwg wnrlf. Znffllr wl wnt vlrglr ilzlf ks elt

loetlr gl vrnnj b _oeikldnff eklr fklt tl vlr jnnt kf zkcf o`foiuskl. Ellirljlidntkj wlrglf kf glzl llrstl innj vnf kryfs enfg jlv`rdgl mlhlrsvnf zwnrtl hilk jlv`fglf. Glzl wnrlf fklt jlpìkcst lf engglf llf g`bbljr`lfkjl hilur. Glzl mlhlrs engglf loetlr glzlibgl v`rd nis gl mlhlrsgkl kf jr`tl jltniilf kf gl innj vnf elt pnilks jlv`fglf wlrglf. @`hkf Dyhlfl hwnd glzl v`rd elli vlli v``r. Kf gl soenoetjrnvlf lf kfgl ùgstl injlf vnf Dyhlfl elmmlf zl llf ikoetjr`lfl hilur lf zkcf zlmlsoekiglrg dlt zwnrtl spkrnilf. Kf gl c`fjlrl injlf vnf Dyhlfl lf kfelt pnilks vnf kryfs zkcf zl jinfzlfg g`fhlrr``g, eliglr jlli lf wkt `beliglrjlli dlt strlplf kf vlrsoekiilfgl hilurlf.;?5

Glzlibgl v`rd w`rgt gus z`wli kf kryfs K nis kf kryfs KK jlv`fglf,zl vlrsoekiilf niillf kf hilkhilur lf nbwlrhkfj. Gkt ks wnt Jl`rjl Glffksllf `ftwkhhlikfj mkfflf eltzlibgl vìh f`ldt. Glzl mlhlr v`rdt gus,kf tljlfstliikfj t`t wnt _oeikldnff `fs vlrtligl, llf uktstlhlfgl vlr-mkfgkfj tusslf gl twll mlw`fkfjsinjlf vnf kryfs. Nnfjlzklf glzlibglv`rdlf ``h kf Dyhlfl v``rh`dlf hufflf wl fklt nfglrs gnf vnststli-ilf gnt glzlibgl twll mlw`fkfjsinjlf `h kf glzl pinnts v``rh`dlf. Zlzùglf zlibs z`vlr hufflf jnnf `d gl soenoetjrnvlf tusslf kryfs K lfkryfs KK kf tl pinntslf. kryfs zù gnf kf zkcf t`tniktlkt ùglr zkcf gnfDyhlfl.

Znffllr _oeikldnff mljkft dlt zkcf mlsoerkcvkfj vnf elt nnrglwlrhukt kryfs KK kftr`guollrt ekc, dkf `b dllr tlri``ps, gl fnnd wnnrdllwkc skfgsgklf glzl ouituurjr`lp nnfgukglf. Ekc jllbt llf `vlrzkoet vnfniil pinntslf wnnr dlf ’p`ttlry nfg kgìs `b tel Dyolfnlnf typl—;?; jl-v`fglf ellbt.

;?: _oeikldnff >55<, <2.;?5 _oeikldnff >55<, :?.

;?; _oeikldnff >55<, 57.



7>= -

Dlt elt jlmrukh vnf gl tlrd Dyhllfs typl siukt _oeikldnff zkoennf mkc gl tlrdkfì`jkl gkl Ngìb Bùrtwçfjilr (>5<?->;1:) lf Jl`rjIòsoeohl kf >5:; jlàftr`guollrg elmmlf. lrwkci klglrllf zkoe `pw`fg`vlr elt jùg gnt _oeikldnff kf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf eng wlrg elt nnr-

glwlrh z`fglr vlli o`ddlftnnr jl`dltrksoe `b ``h wli Gkpyi`f jl-f`ldg, fnnr gl mljrnnbpinnts kf Ntelfl wnnr dlf v``r elt llrst nnr-glwlrh dlt jl`dltrksoel vlrsklrkfjlf eng jlv`fglf. Dlf jkfj lrvnfukt gnt gkt gl stkci vnf elt ùgstl Jrklhsl nnrglwlrh wns. Elt mljkf vnfgl Jrklhsl ouituur. Bùrtwçfjilr lf Iòsoeohl rlniksllrglf zkoe gnt eltjùg llf tl mlplrhtl mnsks wns `d klts `vlr gl ouituur gkl elt v``rtjl-mrnoet eng tl hufflf zljjlf. @d gnt tl hufflf g`lf dnnhtlf zl llfkfvlftnrks vnf niil s``rtjlikchl nnrglwlrhv`fgstlf. Sl mlj`fflf dltgnt wnt zl kf Jrklhlfinfg h`fglf zklf. Elt vìjlfgl cnnr jkfj Iòsoeohlfnnr I`fglf `d kf elt Mrktkse Duslud gl v`fgstlf vnf Kniys`s tl on-

tni`jkslrlf. Kf gkt zlibgl cnnr, >5:;, hwndlf zl v``r elt llrst dlt llfh`rt nrtkhli wnnrkf zl euf llrstl mlvkfgkfjlf pumikollrglf3 Dyhlfksoele`fjlnssl.;71 Elt ks kf glzl tktli gnt gl tlrd Dyhllfs v``r elt llrstjlmrukht w`rgt v``r gl elil ouituurjr`lp.

Elt gntlrlf mikcbt llf pr`milld. Znnr Bùrtwçfjilr lf Iòsoeohl zkoeflt nis _oeikldnff kf Dyolfnl `p gl sonrnmll ukt Kniys`s mnsllrglf `ft-mrllht glzl vlrmkfgkfj kf kryfs . S`fglr llf gukglikchl rlglf tl jlvlfh`dt _oeikldnff fu dlt llf gntlrkfj kf gl libgl lluw v.Oer. Ekc vlr-stlrht glzl dlfkfj dlt llf vlrwkczkfj fnnr elt grkl plrk`glfsystlld.Fnnst zllr prkdktklvl kgìlf eng ekc llf jr`tl e`lvllielkg dlsslf lf

pkcipuftlf vnf mskgknnf jlv`fglf. Gkt gukggl lr `p gnt elt jlv`fglflzllr ug wns. Glzl gntlrkfj wlrg vlrvìjlfs fglrstrllpt g``r gl t`tnilnbwlzkjelkg vnf kczlr.;7>

Znffllr wl gl v`fgstlf gkl _oeikldnff pumikollrgl mlhkchlf ks eltgukglikch gnt kryfs t`t gl mr`fstkcg jlrlhlfg d`lst w`rglf. @dgntkryfs lf Dyhlfl `fi`sdnhlikch dlt lihnnr vlrm`fglf wnrlf, d`lstgus `h Dyhlfl t`t gl mr`fstkcg jlrlhlfg w`rglf. _oeikldnff jlmrukhtglzl tlrd fklt kf zkcf m`lh lf gnnrg``r ks elt fklt gukglikch `b ekc glzlo`foiuskl zlib ``h jltr`hhlf eng.

Kf Dyolfnl eng _oeikldnff zkcf ilzlrs vlrtlig gnt E`dlrus glzl

pinnts jlhlfg eng. Gnnr soekcft ekc fu loetlr `p tlrujjlh`dlf tl zkcf.Gl fkluwl oer`fì`jkl t``fgl fu nnf, z` vlrtligl _oeikldnff zkcf il-zlrs, gnt gl fglrjnfj vnf Dyhlfl infj v``r gl tkcg vnf E`dlrus d`lstelmmlf pinntsjlv`fglf.;7=

Znffllr _oeikldnff g``rrlglfllrt w`rgt gukglikch wnnr zkcf gn-tlrkfj gkt hllr vnfgnnf h`dt. S`wli kryfs nis Dyhlfl zkcf vìjlfsgl Jrklhsl trngktkl vlrw`lst g``r llf fkluwl mlvìhkfjsjr`lp gkl

;71 Bùrtwçfjilr & Iòsoeohl >5:;.;7> _oeikldnff >55<, 52.

;7= _oeikldnff >55<, 52.



7>?

Jrklhlfinfg ks mkfflfjltr`hhlf, gl G`rklrs.;7? Rìjlfs glzl Jrklhsltrngktkl wns gl G`rksoel kfvnskl tnoetkj cnnr fn gl r`cnnfsl @`ri`j. Glr`cnnfsl @`ri`j `p zkcf mlurt wlrg vìjlfs gklzlibgl trngktkl `p >>11v.Oer. jlgntllrg. Lf S` wnrlf Dyhlfl, kryfs lf r`cl wllr kf glzlibgl

tkcgsplrk`gl tlrloet jlh`dlf lf h`f gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j wllr z`fglrlfkj pr`milld pinntsvkfglf.Elt ikcht gnt `p glzl dnfklr niil pr`mildlf `pjli`st zkcf, dnnr gnt

ks fklt wnnr. Gl vlrzndligl soelrvlf z`rjlf v``r llf pr`milld. S`wlikf kryfs nis kf Dyhlfl zkcf llf jr``t nnftni p`tsoelrvlf dlt jl`dltrk-soel vlrsklrkfjlf jlv`fglf. Rlrsklrkfjlf gkl gukglikch vlrwnft zkcf nnfgkl wlihl gl Ntellfsl Gkpyi`f vnzlf sklrlf.;77

@vlr elt nijldllf jkfj dlf lr vnfukt gnt gl Gkpyi`fstkci g``r glG`rklrs dlljlmrnoet wns t`lf zl Jrklhlfinfg mkfflftr`hhlf. Dnnr gnth`f fklt hi`pplf8 kf kryfs lf Dyhlfl h`dt elt v``r sndlf dlt ty-

pksoe Dyhllfs, gnt wki zljjlf prl-G`rkls nnrglwlrh. Gkt jl`dltrksoelnnrglwlrh d`lt vnf v``r gl G`rksoel kfvnskl zkcf. Znffllr _oeikldnff`pz`lh jnnt fnnr pnrniiliilf vkfgt ekc kf z`wli _yrkè nis Ljyptl jl`dl-trksoe nnrglwlrh gnt ùglr d`lt zkcf gnf elt Gkpyi`f nnrglwlrh. Gkts``rt jl`dltrksoe nnrglwlrh d`lt infj v``r gl G`rksoel kfvnskl ni `pgl Qli`p`ffls`s jlàdp`rtllrg zkcf. Elt blkt gnt elt intlr ``h kf Nttkonv``rh`dt ellbt gus jllf kfvi`lg `p gl gntlrkfj vnf gl `fglrjnfj vnfDyhlfl lf kryfs.;7< H`rtwlj jlzljg t`lf gl G`rklrs dlt euf Gkpyi`fnnrglwlrh kf Dyhlfl lf kryfs hwndlf eng dlf gnnr ni nnrglwlrhdlt jl`dltrksoel vlrsklrkfjlf gkl `p _yrksoel lf Ljyptksoel `rkjkflilf

tlrujjkfjlf.Fn glzl kfilkgkfj hrkcjlf wl llf uktjlmrlkgl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf gkt

jl`dltrksoel nnrglwlrh. _oeikldnff t``ft nnf gnt cl eklr lfkjl `rgl kfhuft nnfmrlfjlf g``r fnnr dntlrknni, v`rd lf glo`rntkl tl hkchlf.

Kf >552 t`flf Bùrtwçfjilr lf Iòsoeohl kf euf Dyhlfksoel Rnslf nnfgnt ``h gl jl`dltrksoel vnzlf t`t gl Dyhllfsl jr`lp mle`rlf. Sl t`-flf zlibs nnf gnt lr llf rloetstrllhs vlrmnfg mlstnnt tusslf gl Dyhllfsllf gl Gkpyi`f jr`lp. Glzl inntstl nnrglwlrhjr`lp mikcht fndlikch `pgl zlibgl dnfklr vlrvnnrgkjg tl zkcf nis gl llrstl. Gl `rfndlftklh vlr-nfglrt, dnnr elt bnmrkonjlpròls mikcbt jlikch. @p glzl dnfklr iljjlf

Bùrtwçfjilr lf Iòsoeohl vkn gl Gkpyi`f vnzlf llf gkrlotl vlrmkfgkfjtusslf gl Dyhllfsl lf gl vlli intlrl Jrklhsl vnzlf.;72 \ktlkfglikch ks eltllf g``ri`plfgl zkoe `ftwkhhlilfgl slrkl. E`l _oeikldnff `p gl vlr-glikfj vnf Bùrtwçfjilr lf Iòsoeohl rlnjllrgl ks `fmlhlfg.

;7? _oeikldnff >55<, 5:.;77 _oeikldnff >55<, 5:.;7< _oeikldnff >55<, 5;.

;72 Bùrtwçfjilr & Iòsoeohl >552, RKK.



7>7 -

Elt jr``tstl jlgllitl vnf elt m`lh jnnt `vlr gl nroektlotuur vnfkryfs lf ks g``r Gòrpblig jlsoerlvlf. Gnt gl pnilkzlf vnf Dyhlfl lfkryfs mlinfjrkchl jlmùwlf wnrlf wns, g``r euf E`dlrksoel o`f-flotkl, vnf elt mljkf nb nnf gukglikch. Znt gl nroektlotuur vnf kryfs

mltrlbt znt niils dll. Dlf v`fg llf jr``t nnftni brnjdlftlf vnf duur-soekiglrkfjlf. Lr wns t`t `p gnt d`dlft lkjlfikch fklts mlhlfg `vlr glvr`ljl Jrklhsl soekiglrhufst lf gus wnrlf zlibs gl hilkfstl brnjdlftlfuktlrst wnnrglvì. Glzl brnjdlftlf t``fglf llf jr``t nnftni vlrsoeki-ilfgl pntr`flf lf nis`b gnt ni fklt jlf`lj wns wnrlf lr ``h stuhhlf mkcwnnr`p bkjurlf jlsoekiglrg wnrlf.;7:

@p `fjlvllr niil durlf wnrlf rlstnftlf vnf mlpilkstlrkfj noetlrjlmilvlf. Glzl engglf, g``rgnt zl tl infj nnf gl lildlftlf mi``tjl-stlig jlwllst wnrlf, niil tlhlfkfj vlri`rlf. Sl wnrlf niillf vnf mlinfj`dgnt Gòrpblig gnnrnnf h`f zklf e`l gl wnfglf ``rspr`fhlikch nbjl-

wlrht wnrlf. Jr`tl stuhhlf pilkstlrwlrh wnrlf loetlr mkc gl vlrw`ls-tkfj vnf elt pnilks vnf gl duur jlvniilf. Glzl stuhhlf wnrlf sfli dltnnrgl mlglht jlrnnht lf gnnrg``r dkf `b dllr j`lg mlwnnrg jlmilvlf.Kf vlli jlvniilf jkfj elt `d `rfndlftlf gkl llf gkrlotl rlintkl engglfdlt gkl _oeikldnff `p elt pinb`fg kf gl zkchndlr vnf gl teì`s vnf@roe`dlf`s jlv`fglf eng.

E`l fnuwhlurkj Gòrpblig ``h wlrhtl, ``h mkc eld jkfj lr, flt nismkc _oeikldnff, wli llfs wnt dks. Mkc klts wnt kf llrstl kfstnftkl `p fkltdllr gnf llf `rfndlft illh `ftglhtl Gòrpblig gnt ekc klts tl sfli jl-wlrht eng. @dgnt ekc pns fngnt zl kryfs ni vlrintlf engglf mljrllp gnt

ekc klts mlinfjrkchs jlv`fglf eng h`f ekc fklt infjlr tusslf gl nfglrlpilkstlrbrnjdlftlf z`lhlf `b lr f`j mkcpnsslfgl stuhhlf tusslf zntlf.Elt soekcft gnt Gòrpblig dkfglr fnuwhlurkj dlt gl pilkstlrbrnjdlftlf`djljnnf wns gnf _oeikldnff dlt gl soelrvlf lf gnt gl lvlftulil mkc-mle`rlfgl brnjdlftlf fklt dlljlf`dlf wnrlf. @p elt brnjdlft gntGòrpblig wli dlljlf`dlf eng st`fg llf jlgllitl vnf llf jr``t jl-vilujlig wlzlf, wnnrvnf gl flh lf llf jlgllitl vnf llf vilujli mlwnnrgwns jlmilvlf. Elt llfvùgkjst wnnr tl fldlf wns llf flhvlrsklrkfj gklmlst`fg ukt llf rkc jlrljlf infjv`rdkjl hrnilf, gkl minuw lf r``g vnfhilur wnrlf. Gnnr`fglr grkl rkclf vnf gruppliv`rdkjl hrnilf vnf glzlib-

gl hilurlf.;75 Gkt zù llf brnjdlft vnf llf jlvilujligl bkjuur hufflfzkcf, dnnr loet gukglikch ks gnt fklt.

Llf twllgl dlt bkjurlf mlsoekiglrg brnjdlft ks gukglikchlr. R``r glmlsoerkcvkfj eklrvnf ellbt Gòrpblig gl euip kfjlr`lplf vnf Bnmrkokus.Glzl hwnd gus fklt niillf dnnr infjs `d tl hkchlf wnt Gòrpblig lf_oeikldnff `pjljrnvlf engglf, dnnr wns ``h mltr`hhlf mkc gl uktwlr-hkfj vnf gl v`fgstlf.

;7: _oeikldnff >55<, =;2.

;75 _oeikldnff >55<, =;;-?11.



7><

@p llf `p llf brkls ikchlfgl mnfg, gkl nnf gl m`vlfhnft w`rgt ml-jrlfsg g``r llf jlsoekiglrg rfndlft, stnnt llf jr`tl stklr gkl wkig fnnrikfhs rlft. Skcf e``bg stllht de``j lf gl e`rlfs rnhlf gl rnfg, gl mlhks jlsi`tlf. Gl hufstlfnnr ellbt gl rnzlrfkc vnf gkt gklr gukglikch jl-

dnnht g``r zkcf jr`tl r`fgl `j. Elt mllst ks elli e``j, gl h`rtl stlvkjlv``rp`tlf stlhlf v``rukt nis mkc llf spr`fj. Gl noetlrp`tlf stlhlf vlrfnnr noetlrlf. Gl infjl stnnrt stllht `de``j lf v``rukt. Elt jlsinoets-glli ks zkoetmnnr. M`vlf gl ruj vnf elt mllst zklf wl elt pr`bkli vnf llfdnf kf llf zllr mkcz`fglrl p`sktkl. Ekc hfklit dlt zkcf rloetlrhfkl `pgl ruj vnf gl stklr, z`gnt niillf zkcf hfkl lf gl tkp vnf zkcf tlflf gl rujrnhlf. Elt nfglrl mllf strlht ekc fnnr noetlrlf, z` e``j gnt zkcf eklimkcfn gl jrlfs vnf gl brkls rnnht. Kf glzl ffntuurikchl p`sktkl vkfgt glzlbkjuur stluf dlt zkcf rloetlrenfg gkl gl e`rlf vnf gl stklr vnstjrkcpt.Gl ikfhlrenfg rust `p gl m`rst.;7;

Znffllr Bnmrkokus fnnr llf vlrhinrkfj v``r glzl nbmlligkfj z`lhtellbt ``h ekc dnnr ëëf mr`f `d `p tlruj tl vniilf, gl Kikns . Gl dnf `pgl ruj vnf gl stklr ks `b llf stklrlfrkcglr `b llf stklrlftlddlr, gkl zkcfvnnrgkjelkg t``ft g``r vlr gl ruj vnf elt wkigl mllst tl sprkfjlf, z`nisgnt mlsoerlvlf stnnt kf gl Kikns (UR. 2:;). Kf glzl pnssnjl jnnt elt `vl-rkjlfs `vlr llf pnnrglftlddlr gkl vnf gl ruj vnf llf pnnrg `p gnt vnfllf nfglr kf llf vklrspnf sprkfjt.;<1

;7; _oeikldnff >55<, ?1?.

;<1 _oeikldnff >55<, ?12.

Elt stklrsprkfjlrs brlso` ukt Wkryfs z`nis elt fu kf elt Fntk`fnni Nroel`i`jksoe Duslud kf Ntelfl tl zklf ks.



7>2 -

Kf llf Npplfgkx h`dt _oeikldnff tlruj p gl mnrfstlflf hrnilf gklekc kf gl soenoetjrnvlf vnf Dyhlfl jlv`fglf ellbt. Rnf gl Jrklhsl rl-jlrkfj ellbt ekc llf pnnr brnjdlftlf jlhrljlf `d tl intlf `fglrz`lhlf.Glzl stuurt ekc nnf gl oeldkous lf mnrfstllfglshufgkjl @tt` Elid

(>5=2->;1=) kf Gnfzkj. Glzl wns, `p jr`fg vnf gl oeldksoel sndlf-stliikfj, kf stnnt `fglrsoelkg tl dnhlf tusslf Mnitksoe lf nfglr ndmlr.Fn llf uktjlmrlkgl nfniysl hwnd ekc t`t gl vlrrnsslfgl o`foiuskl gntlr jllf twkcbli `vlr mlst`fg gnt gl hrnilf ukt gl Dyhllfsl jrnvlf vnfmnrfstllf ukt elt Mnitksoe jlmklg jldnnht wnrlf.;<>

Kf kryfs stlit _oeikldnff gnt Dyhlfl flt nis glzl pinnts v``r-E`dlrksoe ks. Znffllr ekc fu pr`mllrt `d kfb`rdntkl tl hrkcjlf uktelt jljlvlf gnt elt eklr `d Mnitksoe mnrfstllf jnnt, zklf wl gnt ekczkoe tòe fklt loet llf v``r-E`dlrksoel wlrlig hnf v``rstliilf. Lrzkcf vìjlfs _oeikldnff twll d`jlikchelglf wnnr`p gkt mnrfstllf kf

Jrklhlfinfg jlh`dlf hnf zkcf. Elt hnf g``r Blfkoksoel enfglinrlf kfelt f``rglf jlennig zkcf lf `vlr zll vlrv`lrg `b elt hnf vnfukt eltf``rglf vkn ]usinfg fnnr Oìoeks;<= jltrnfsp`rtllrg zkcf lf vnf gnnrg``r Blfksoksoel enfglinrlf fnnr Jrklhlfinfg jlmrnoet. Gnt Blfksoksoelenfglinrlf mltr`hhlf jlwllst zkcf ks zlhlr. Gkt hnf fklt nfglrs wnft gllfkjl hllr gnt E`dlrus `vlr mnrfstllf sprllht ks gkt kf vlrmnfg dlt glBlfkoklrs.

;<> _oeikldnff >55<, ?:=.;<= Elt infg wnnr Cns`f elt juiglf vikls stni. Elt d`lt lrjlfs kf Jl`rjkè jliljlf

elmmlf.



7>:

71. Oumn

E`lwli _oeikldnff kf Ntelfl w``ft, wnt tòe llf prlttkj hikdnntellbt, mlsiukt ekc gl wkftlr vnf >55< p Oumn g``r tl mrlfjlf. Ekc v`litzkoe `vlrwlrht lf wki dkfstlfs twll dnnfglf rust elmmlf.;<?

Llfdnni llf h``pdnf, nitkcg llf h``pdnf. kcglfs gl `vlrtòetsoerkcbt _oeikldnff, jlelli v``r lkjlf jlf`ljlf, llf uktv`lrkj rnp-p`rt v``r C.E. _oeròglr kf I`fglf, `vlr gl sukhlrorksks kf ]usinfg lf

Zlst-Kfgkè.@`h kf Oumn ks ekc mlhlfg. @p >= cnfunrk >552 dligt gl Gknrk` gl

in Dnrkfn zkcf nnfh`dst `p elt lkinfg. @p >; cnfunrk pumikollrt Li Qnks zlibs llf uktv`lrkj nrtkhli `vlr eld. Sl f`ldlf _oeikldnff llf muktlf-jlw``f Gukts nroelì``j lf bkiì``j gkl mlr`ldg ks g``r gl v`fgstlfgkl ekc kf Jrklhlfinfg lf Hilkf Nzkè jlgnnf ellbt. Li Qnks ks lrvnf `vlr-tukjg gnt _oeikldnff skfgs elt mlz`lh vnf Zkielid v`f Eudmìgt;<7 gl mlinfjrkchstl dnf ks gkl Oumn nnfg`lt. Ekc ks gl mlr`ldgl ftglhhlrvnf r`cl, gl vlrgklfstlikchl `fglrz`lhlr gkl elt jrnb vnf Njndldf`fjlv`fglf ellbt lf wklfs fnintlfsoenp vnf `fsoentmnrl nroelì`jksoellf ekst`rksoel wnnrgl ks8 gl wkczl Eliilfkst nnf wklfs hlffks wkc mlinfj-rkchl m`lhlf tl gnfhlf elmmlf lf gl dlolfns gkl gl dusln vnf Mlrikcf

lf Ntelfl dlt zkcf spr``hclsnoetkjl v`fgstlf jlvuig ellbt. Ekc ks z`‛fmlinfjrkch wltlfsoenpplr gnt zkcf nnfh`dst `p Oumn llf gklpl kfgruhjldnnht ellbt `p niil vrklfglf vnf ouituur lf wltlfsoenp.;<<

Elt tkcgsoerkbt ]lvkstn Oumnfn ks wnt hrktksoelr. Gkl dliglf gnt lrj`lgl rlglflf mlstnnf `d nnf tl fldlf gnt Gr. _oeikldnff fòe glukt gl snjlf mlhlfgl stng vnf Qrknd`s fòe elt jrnb vnf Njndldf`fjlv`fglf ellbt8 ekc ellbt loetlr llf elil fkluwl plrk`gl vnf glJrklhsl ouituur `ftglht lf gnt ks, vìjlfs gkt tkcgsoerkbt, tòe wlzlfikchmlinfjrkchlr.;<2

@p >; cnfunrk >552 t``ft gl Li Gknrk` gl in Dnrkfn elt tnnijlfkl

_oeikldnff nnf zkcf ilzlrs. Glzl ellbt gl cùrfnikst vnf glzl hrnft kfvi`lklfg _pnnfs vlrtlig gnt ekc glzl tnni vllrtkj cnnr llrglr jlillrg ellbtlf gnt ekc ennr fklt vlrjltlf h`f ``h ni jlmrukhtl ekc ennr fklt, `dgntdlf gkfjlf gkl d``k zkcf fklt vlrjltlf hnf. _oeikldnff o`dpikdlf-

;<? Orlp`f & Mòihl >;;1, ??:.;<7 @fjltwkcblig mlg`ligl glzl hrnft Nilxnfglr v`f Eudmìgt mlg`lig.;<< Onstr` Dkrnfgn >;;:, >??.

;<2 Onstr` Dkrnfgn >;;:, >??.



7>5 -

tllrgl Oumn uktv`lrkj lf prlls gl soe``felkg vnf gl tr`pksoel fntuur.Ekc wns gklp fglr gl kfgruh vnf elt prnoetkjl infg lf vnf gl prnoetkjlpnidlf.;<:

_oeikldnff eng ni skfgs cnnr lf gnj nnfglilf kf gl Oumnnfsl sp``r-

wljlf lf gnt ilvlrgl eld fu llf elli mkcz`fglr gkvkglfg `p. `lf ekcgl pinftnjl _nftn ]`sn, wnnrkf ekc ``h nnfglilf eng, wkigl mlz`lhlfstligl gl sp``rwljdnntsoenppkc vnf _nmnfkiin llf sploknil wnj`f t`tzkcf mlsoekhhkfj.

@p => cnfunrk >552 vlriklt _oeikldnff jlelli vlrhwkht Oumn wllr.

;<: Onstr` Dkrnfgn >;;:, >?7.



7>;

7>. Elt `rnhli vnf r`pe`fkn

lruj kf Ntelfl dnnht _oeikldnff `fdkggliikch fkluwl pinfflf3

Gl `fvlrd`lkgl soentjrnvlr Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff mlvkfgt zkoe tenfswlglr tl Ntelfl. Kf llf dlglgllikfj g``r eld t`ljlz`fglf nnf glMlrikcfsoel Fnt. Slktufj , illst dlf gnt ekc `fvlrwkcig llf nnfvnfjzni dnhlf dlt elt g`lf vnf `pjrnvkfjlf tl Ilmngkn, kf Ml`tkè. ’Zntintlr mljll kh dkc fnnr Dyolfl. Jlgurlfgl grkl cnrlf e``p kh dkcnignnr tl wkcglf nnf elt `ftmi``tlf vnf glf murj glr Ntrlkglf, lf gklnrmlkg, gl inntstl dkcfs ilvlfs, zni zllr zlhlrikch llf jlwkoetkjl nrmlkg

zkcf. Kh gur v``rspliilf, wnnrnnf gl mùw vìh`dlf `vlrllfh`dtdlt gkl vnf gl pnilkzlf tl r`cl lf tl kryfs. Dlt gl vìt``kàfj vnf gntwlrh, zni kh dkcf tnnh nis jlèkfgkjg mlsoeùwlf,— ;<5

Elt w`rgt uktlkfglikch fklt wnt _oeikldnff lr zkoe vlrd`lglikch vnfv``rjlstlig eng. Ekc lf Gòrpblig z`lhlf tlvlrjllbs kf Ilvnglkn fnnrelt r`pe`flk`f lf t`lf zl gnt fklt vkfglf h`fglf jkfjlf zl fnnr@roe`dlf`s. Sl `fglrzòetlf gnnr `pfkluw gl jr`tl teì`s vnf glDkfyns.;<; Elt znt _oeikldnff `p gnt d`dlft fklt dll. Fklt niillfh`f ekc elt `rnhli vnf r`pe`fkn fklt vkfglf, ``h gl vlrjuffkfj `dwllr kf Dyhlfl tl jnnf jrnvlf hrllj ekc fklt. Gl Jrklhsl rljlrkfj jnbgl v``rhlur nnf gl Jrklhsl nroelì``j Oerlst`s sùftns (>5<:->;?7).Glzl mlj`f eklr kf gkt zlibgl cnnr tl jrnvlf. _oeikldnffs v``rspliikfjhwnd `vlrkjlfs ukt. Elt pnilks vnf Dyhlfl millh flt nis gnt vnf kryfsllf dljnr`f tl zkcf lf eng gl zlibgl jr`fgv`rd nis gl jlmùwlf gkl_oeikldnff kf r`cl KK jlv`fglf eng.

E`l gl rlintkl tusslf sùftns lf _oeikldnff wns elm kh fklt huf-flf noetlrenilf lf gnnrg``r ks elt fklt gukglikch kf e`lvlrrl _oeikldnff`p gl e``jtl wns vnf gl fkluwl `ftglhhkfjlf. Gnt ekc lr klts vnf wkstks loetlr gukglikch `dgnt ekc Dyhlfl f`j dkfstlfs llf hllr, lkfg >552,

mlzòet ellbt3Oendmlrinkf;21 ellt Ntelfl, kf jlzlisoenp vnf gr. _oeikldnff, vlrin-tlf `d Dyolfnl, Lpkgnurus lf Nrjìks tl mlz`lhlf.;2>

;<5 Fkluwl J`rkfoeldsoel Oùrnft >2-1<->552.;<; Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, 721.;21 Rlrd`lglikch w`rgt eklr gl Mrktsoel vligdnrsoenih Flvkiil M`wils Oendmlrinkf

(>5=1->;1=) mlg`lig.

;2> Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >:->>->552.



7=1 -

7=. _oelvlfkfjlf

@p >? cuik >552 dliggl gl Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft gnt _oeikldnff kfFlglrinfg wns3

Gr. _oeikldnff gl mlhlfgl nroenlì``j, gkl elt ùgl Eliins wlglrnnf elt ikoet mrnoet, vlrt`lt tenfs tl _oelvlfkfjlf, wnnr ekc zkcf kf-trlh ellt jlf`dlf kf elt Hurenus.

Gr. _oeikldnff ks vr`ljlr hnft``rmlgklfgl kf Ndstlrgnd jlwllst.;2=

Gl vìjlfgl gnj h`dt gl Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft dlt klts dllrfkluws3

Gr. _oeikldnff gl mlhlfgl nroenlì``j, gkl elt ùgl Eliins wlglrnnf elt ikoet mrnoet, vlrt`lt tenfs tl _oelvlfkfjlf, wnnr ekc zkcf kf-trlh ellt jlf`dlf kf elt Hurenus. Rìjlfj elt F. v. g. G.;2? ks gr._oeikldnff vr`ljlr hnft``rmlgklfgl kf Ndstlrgnd jlwllst lf d`ltekc zkcf Eìinfgsoe f`j fklt vlrjltlf zkcf. Llrstgnnjs h`dt zkcflvrùw kf elt Ndstli-e`tli `fglr mlenfglikfj vnf gr. Dlzjlr.;27

Hliilr vnf E``rf illst llf s``rtjlikch mlrkoet kf gl hrnft lf soerkcbt`fdkggliikch nnf _oeikldnff3

E``jjlnoetl Ellr

Elglfd`rjlf mlrkoet dkc gl Oùrnft, gnt jkc kf `fs Flglrinfg zkct- kf elt Ndstli e`tli i`jllrt, tl _oelvlfkfjlf wnnrt.

E`l jnnrfl eng kh \ llfs gl enfg jlgruht & \ f`jdnnis gnfhjlzljgv``r gl vlil mlwkczlf vnf vrklfgsoenp, gkl kh vnf \ dòet ftvnfjlf,dnnr v``rni eng kh \ wkiilf gnfhzljjlf v``r gl vìenrgkfj, wnnrdll jkc wlrhznnd zkct jlwllst lf jlmilvlf lf \ wkiilf jliuhwlfsoelfdlt gl prnoetvìil ukth`dstlf, gkl jkc elmt vlrhrljlf. \w trk`d ks

jr``t, lf vlrelujt ``h dkc uktlrdntl. J`g spnrl f`j cnrlf uw hrnoetlf iust.

Mikct jkc f`j infjlr kf Ndstlrgnd0

Dkcf ndmt mkfgt dkc S`fgnj & Dnnfgnj nis jkc lr Gkfsgnj f`j zkcfdòet, h`d kh dkcf `pwnoetkfj mkc \ dnhlf.

;2= Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >?-1:->552.;2? Kh elm glzl hrnft fklt hufflf kfzklf.

;27 Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft >7-1:->552.



7=>

Skct jkc njlrlksg0 g`l dkc, nis jkc wkit, dlt llf lfhli w``rg wltlf, gnt jkc glzlf elmt `ftvnfjlf,

Dlt wnrl e` jnoetkfj & euigl

\w gklfstw Gklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet >1 Cuik 52 ;2<

Rnf llf gkrlot mlz`lh h`dt elt fklt. _oeikldnff soerkcbt Hliilr vnfE``rf `p >7 cuik lf glzl nftw``rg eld wllr `p => cuik3

E``jjlnoetl Ellr

\w mrkl vnf >7 Cuik elm kh dlt jr``tl vrlujgl ftvnfjlf - Elt sdnrtdkc, gnt jkc gòt`r Dlsjlr f``gkj elmt, dnnr fu gkt z`` ks, vlrelujt elt

dkc, gnt Gr. Dlsjlr kf `fs infg w`flfgl \ elrwnnrts ellt jlv`lrg,lf `fs kf gl jliljlfelkg stlit \ tl `ftd`ltlf.

Elglf `ftvkfj kh mlrkoet vnf dkcf zwnjlr Gr. G`dklfilf X0T ukt Ndstlrgnd, gkl zllr nnfjlfnnd wlrg vlrllrg g``r uw mlz`lh.

Dkcf vrklfg Gr. Znrrlf, rlot`r nnf elt Jydfnskud tl G`rgrloet, gkluwl dkc jlsoe`fhlf wlrhlf dlt jr``tl mlinfjstliikfj ellt jlilzlf, ksglzlr gnjlf fnnr _oelvlfkfjlf vlrtr`hhlf lf ellt dkc vlrzòet eldmkc \ tl kftr`guolrlf. Ekc zni fá glf =: Cuik, nis jkc gnnr zkct jlh`-dlf, gl vrkcelkg fldlf \ tl mlz`lhlf. Ekc, Gr. Znrrlf, ks fnnr dkcf

``rglli llf zllr jlillrg, zllr mlsoelkglf, lf nnfjlfnnd dnf, gklf kh jlrust kf uwl wliklvlfgl vrklfgsoenp dnj nnfmlvlilf.

`t dkcf illgwlzlf zni kh llrst kf gl twllgl elit vnf Nujustus nnfdkcf vlrinfjlf `d \ tl zklf lf tl sprlhlf hufflf vìg`lf - gl llrstlgnjlf vnf Nujustus jn kh v``r llfkjl tkcg `p rlks.

D`jl gl Ellr \ lf uwl loetjlf``t t`t vìh`dlf jlflzkfj vlrstrlhhlflf d`jlf uw Njndldf`f lf Nfgr`dnoeë `fs infg & `fs vìh illrlfiklelmmlf.

E``jnoetlfg

\wgw Gklfnnr Q.D. Hliilr vnf E``rf

G`rgrloet => Cuik 52

;2< Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. ;;<>= M`x3Bìglr ;;3>.



7== -

Elt ks `fwnnrsoekcfikch gnt Hliilr vnf E``rf _oeikldnff jltr`bblfellbt. _oeikldnff millb fklt ni tl infj kf Flglrinfg. @p >5 nujustus wnsekc wllr kf Mlrikcf.;22 @b zl lihnnr ``kt `ftd`lt elmmlf ks fklt mlhlfg.Gkt ks gl inntstl mrklb vnf Hliilr vnf E``rf nnf _oeikldnff gkl mlwnnrgks jlmilvlf.

_`pekn _oeikldnff illg nnf wnt dlf t`lf flurnstelfkl `b eystlrklf`ldgl.;2: Gkt wns llf vìsinjlf `fgukglikchl zklhtl, gkl glsnifklttldkfzllr rlèli wns. Kf elt inntstl jlgllitl vnf gl fljlftklfgl lluw fnd glzl

vrùwlfhwnni kf Lur`pn lf gl Rlrlfkjgl _tntlf lpkgldksoel v`rdlfnnf `fglr mltlr jlsktullrgl vrùwlf. _oeikldnff rlksgl klglrl z`dlrdlt zkcf vrùw vnf elt lfl huur``rg fnnr elt nfglrl `d vlrikoetkfjv``r ennr pr`mildlf tl z`lhlf. Gl rlsuitntlf wnrlf zllr mlplrht lf`dgnt ekc millb z`lhlf wns elt fklt dllr gnf f`rdnni gnt ekc ``h kf

Ndstlrgnd mkc gòt`r Dlzjlr tlrloet hwnd. Cènf Jl`rj Dlzjlr;25 (>5?5->;1;) wns llf nrts/dnsslur gkl wli

jlzklf w`rgt nis gl jr`fgiljjlr vnf gl bysk`telrnpkl. Ekc wlrg gl gò-t`r dlt gl jùglf gukdlf jlf`ldg. Ekc wns llf typksoel sòklty-nrtsgkl zkoe e``bgznhlikch mlzkj eklig dlt dlfslf ukt gl e``jstl hrkfjlf.

Ekc wlrhtl kf Ndstlrgnd lf soerllb vlli vnf zkcf pntkèftlf zllmnglf kfSnfgv``rt v``r. Ekc trùwgl dlt llf vrùw ukt Dkgglimurj lf hwndvkn ennr kf G`dmurj. Fn zkcf euwlikch iklt ekc eklr llf vkiin mùwlflf mlenfgligl ekc ―s z`dlrs zkcf v``rfndl pntkèftlf kf glzl jldllf-tl. Eklrg``r hwnd G`dmurj nis mngpinnts `p gl hnnrt tl stnnf. Nisgnfh eklrv``r ellbt dlf kf glzl jldllftl llf stnfgmllig v``r eld`pjlrkoet.

;22 _nelrwnin lto. >;;?, >=1.;2: Lerlfrlkoe nfg Lfjikse >;:;, ;?-;7.

;25 Dlf h`dt ``h gl spliikfj Dltzjlr tljlf.

_oelvlfkfjlf - Cènffls Elrdnfus H`lhh`lh (>571->;>=)



7=?

@b _`pekn _oeikldnff mnnt jlv`fglf ellbt mkc zkcf mlenfglikfj vnittl mltwkcblilf `dgnt zl f``kt dllr tlrujjlh`dlf ks. @`h ks elt zllr glvrnnj `b Nfgr`dnoeë _oeikldnff j`lgl elrkfflrkfjlf nnf Ndstlrgnd`vlreklig. Elt soekcft gnt zkc zkoe `p gl llf `b nfglrl wkczl elt `fjl-

f`ljlf vnf elt jlpluplitl p gl enis ennigl. Lfkjl cnrlf intlr vlrhinnrglgr. Dlzjlr tljlf llf c`urfnikst vnf elt Fkluws vnf glf Gnj gnt ’llfg`oetlr vnf gr. _oeikldnff kf llf rkctukj g``r llf stllf z``gnfkj wlrgjltr`bblf, gnt zl ennst llf ``j vlri``r—.;2;

;2; Ilkgsoe Gnjming ?>->1->555.



7=7 -

7?. Hrltn

Kf gloldmlr >5:5 jr`lb Dkf`s Hni`hnkrkf`s `p gl pinnts wnnr vìjlfsgl iònil trngktkl elt pnilks vnf Hf`ss`s jliljlf eng. Ekc v`fg llf nnftnihilkfl lf jr`tl p`ttlf. Gl Brnfsl oinsskous Mlrfnrg Enussùiiklr (>5<?->;=2) znj gl v`fgstlf lf elrhlfgl zl. R``r eld wns elt gukglikchgnt zl ukt llf vr`ljl plrk`gl stndglf lf llf fkluwl jr`lp v`rdglf.R``rmlliglf vnf glzl fkluwl stkci wnrlf ``h jlv`fglf `p gl lkinfglf]`g`s lf _nft`rkfk lf `p elt Jrklhsl vnstlinfg kf Dyhlfl lf _pntn.;:1

Kf >551 mlzòet gl Ndlrkhnnf Zkiiknd Cndls _tkiidnf (>5=5->;1>)

gl `pjrnvkfj vnf Hni`hnkrkf`s. _tkiidnf wns lr, g``r wnt ekc znj, vnf`vlrtukjg gnt gkt elt iljlfgnrksoel inmyrkft wns. Ekc vr`lj llf vlrjuf-fkfj nnf `d Hf`ss`s `p tl jrnvlf. Gl urhlf wkiglf gl Ndlrkhnflffklt v``r elt e``bg st`tlf, dnnr zl v`fglf gnt _tkiidnf tl vrklfglikch`djkfj dlt gl stllgs `pstnfgkjl Jrklhsl Hrltlfzlrs. Sl trnkfllrglfeuf nftw``rg z` vnnrgkj gnt _tkiidnf zkcf pinfflf `pjnb z`fglr gnt gl

Ndlrkhnnfsl rljlrkfj zkoe mlilgkjg v`ligl.S`wli Enussùiiklr nis _tkiidnf pumikollrglf gl kfb`rdntkl gkl zl

vlrjnnrg engglf. Elt ks nnf tl fldlf gnt _oeikldnff glzl `fglr `jlfhrllj. Dòet gkt fklt elt jlvni jlwllst zkcf, gnf wns elt Nrteur Dkioeòblr

(>5<=->;1?) gkl eld kf >55= kf dllrglrl mrklvlf `p gl e``jtl mrnoetlf jlikchtkcgkj prklp d p Hrltn tl jnnf pjrnvlf.;:> _oeikldnff rnnh-

;:1 Enussùiiklr >551, >=:.;:> Muoeeìz =11=, =1 ’Koe enml dkoe dkt Hrltn nub gns lkfjlelfgstl mlsoeçbtkjt ufg

wùfsoetl _kl `glr dkoe g`rt, `glr ufs mlkgl ... Hf`ss`s ufg J`rtys mkltlf nddlkstlf Nusskoet. Nf e`fjlbçÐlf kst wklglreìt dkt Dyhlfl kglftksoels jlbuf-

glf ...—

Hf`ss`s >> dlk >527 - Lgwnrg Ilnr.



7=<

tl `vlrtukjg vnf gl d`jlikchelglf lf `p : cnfunrk >55? soerllb ekc nnfgl vlrtljlfw``rgkjlr vnf gl urhsl rljlrkfj `p Hrltn gnt ekc gkt lkinfg`fglrz`lhlf wkigl. Lr wns f`j fklts jlgnnf lf mli``bgl gnnrg``r llfj`lgl `jst v``r gl wltlfsoenp p tl zuiilf ilvlrlf. Ekc wkigl jrnnj llf

vlrjuffkfj lf mli``bgl `d zkoe nnf gl rljlis vnf gl wlt tl zuiilf eù-glf lf twll glrgl vnf gl v`fgstlf nnf gl urhlf tl zuiilf jlvlf. ;:=

@p =7 cnfunrk hrllj _oeikldnff nftw``rg. Gl urhsl rljlrkfj zùeld jrnnj llf vlrjuffkfj jlvlf, dnnr gl Hrltlfzksoel mlvìhkfj wns lrtljlf lf gus h`f dlf elt t`t euf jr`tl illgwlzlf fklt g`lf. Znffllr_oekldnff loetlr llf zlibgl o`ftrnot wkigl siuktlf nis gl Guktsl rljl-rkfj v``r @iydpkn eng nbjlsi`tlf gnf zù lr dkssoeklf wli llf d`jl-ikchelkg zkcf.;:? R``r _oeikldnff wns elt gukglikch gnt elt f`j wli lvlfzù gurlf v``r ekc kf Hf`ss`s h`f jnnf jrnvlf. Ekc soe``b gkt pinf nnfgl hnft lf jkfj kf >557, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, kf kryfs nnf gl sinj.

Kf `ht`mlr >557 jkfj Bnmrkokus fnnr Hrltn. @`h ekc mlzòet gl `p-jrnvkfj vnf Hni`hnkrkf`s. S`nis wl ni jlzklf elmmlf hlfgl Bnmrkokus,Gòrpblig lf _oeikldnff lf wns ekc `p gl e``jtl vnf wnt lr kf kryfsjlv`fglf wns. Ekc eng gnf ``h jllf lfhlil d`lktl dlt gl rlstlf vnfHf`ss`s gkl ekc tl zklf hrllj. Gl gkhhl ukt stlflf vlrvnnrgkjgl durlfelrkfflrglf eld `fdkggliikch nnf gkl vnf elt pnilks vnf kryfs, gkl,wnt elt fglrstl jlgllitl mltrlbt, p glzlibgl dnfklr ukt eltzlibgl dntl-rknni jlmùwg wnrlf. @`h v`fg ekc lr rlstlf vnf hnihstuo gkl vìh`dlf`vlrllfstldglf dlt gl hnihstuo ukt kryfs. Znffllr dlf twll d`f-stlrs fnnst lihnnr eklig h`d dlf jllf vlrsoeki zklf.;:7

Bnmrkokus `fglrz`lht gl jlv`fglf `mclotlf gkl f`j fklt g``rEnussùiiklr jlpumikollrg wnrlf lf glzl vlrstlrhlf gl ni llrglr g``r glBrnfsdnf jltr`hhlf o`foiuskl3 Hf`ss`s ks flt nis kryfs llf Dyhllfspnilks.

Kf dlk >552 jkfj _oeikldnff sndlf dlt Gòrpblig fnnr Hrltn `dHf`ss`s dlt lkjlf `jlf tl zklf. Sl stliglf vnst gnt gl eluvli wnnr`pHf`ss`s inj jlelli hufstdntkj wns. _oeikldnff znj jr`tl d`jlikchel-glf. @vlr elt nijldllf wns gl `djlvkfj vnf Hf`ss`s, flt nis gkl vnfJ`rtyf;:< gnt zl ``h mlzòetlf, mlznnkg dlt ]`dlkfsl soelrvlf. @p glpinnts wnnr Hni`hnkrkf`s vkcb jntlf jljrnvlf eng wnrlf loetlr gukglikch

durlf vnf llf jr``t prlekst`rksoe jlmùw tl zklf. @`h _oeikldnffstlit vnst gnt elt nnrglwlrh gnt eklr jlv`fglf w`rgt vnf elt zlibgl typl

;:= Dlylr >;<5, ><>. R `r _oeikldnff lf Hrltn zkl ``h3 _tìi >;2>, E``g >;;= lf Zkttl >;;:, ;;->>1.

;:? Dlylr >;<5, ><7.;:7 Bnmrkokus >552, >?5.;:< Eklr wns kf >5<5 g``r I. elf`f gl llrstl stllf vnf llf kfsorkptkl vnf llf Jrklhsl

wlt jlv`fglf. Kf >557 engglf Bnmrkokus lf Blglrko` Enimelrr gl rlst vnf gl wlt

vnf J`rtyf, z`nis ekc ks jnnf eltlf, `pjljrnvlf.



7=2 -

ks nis gnt vnf kryfs lf Dyhlfl. Znffllr dlf nnf gl pplrvinhtl ni llfprlekst`rksoe jlmùw dlt zuihl ùgl soelrvlf eng0 Znt zù dlf gnfwli fklt `fglrkf glzl eluvli hufflf vkfglf0;:2

Nnf glzl inntstl `pdlrhkfj hufflf wl _oeikldnffs lrvnrkfj dltEkssnrikh zklf. Ekc mljrkcpt gnt gl hnfs jr``t ks gnt gl eluvli vnf Hf`ss`sukt dllrglrl injlf mlstnnt lf gnt lr zkoe dllrglrl ruàfls m`vlf lihnnrkf hufflf mlvkfglf. Jllf vnf gl mlz`lhlrs gkl eklr v``r eld jlwllst

wnrlf wns `p gkt kgll jlh`dlf. Glzl `vlrwljkfj gllg mkc _oeikldnffelt vlrd`lglf `ftstnnf gnt lr `p gl m`gld vnf glzl eluvli rlstlf vnfllf mlsoenvkfj tl vkfglf zùglf zkcf wnnrmkc kf vlrjlikchkfj gnnrdll

;:2 _oeikldnff >552. Gòrpblig >;1<, =<: ’Koe enml slimst gklsl ]lstl Xvnf Hf`ss sTkd Cnerl >552 dkt Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff jlslelf, nis wkr Hrltn mlsuoetlf ufg gkl Nusjrnmufjlf gls Dkf`s-Qninstls pinftlf. Sulrst enmlf çusslrl \dstçfgl ufggkl Zklglrnubfnedl glr Jrnmufjlf kf r`cn ufg soeiklssikoe glr `g gls lkfzkj-nrtkjlf B`rsoelrs glf mlnmskoetkjtlf Nfhnub gls jnfzlf Eùjlis ufg gkl jlpinftlf

Nubglohufj gls Qninstls vlrlktit.—

Elt g``r Bnmrkokus jlpumikollrgl nnrglwlrh ukt Hf`ss`s.



7=:

gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j llf jlmlurtlfks wns gkl pns jkstlrlf eng pinnts jl-v`fglf.;:: Mkc gl `pjrnvkfjlf gkl Nrteur Lvnfs (>5<>->;7>) eklr intlrvlrrkoettl millh glzl v``rspliikfj jlelli cukst tl zkcf.

Znt Hf`ss`s mltrlbt eng _oeikldnff fklt vlli nnf gl Kikns . Gkt m`lh

dligt gnt gl h`fkfj vnf Hrltn dllgllg nnf gl r`cnnfsl ``ri`j, dnnr`vlr gklfs pnilks vlrtlit E`dlrus fklts. @d dllr kfb`rdntkl tl hrkcjlfsoerllb _oeikldnff nnf Dnx Dùiilr (>5=?->;11). \kt Dùiilrs nftw``rgw`rgt gukglikch gnt ``h gkl jr`tl vlrwnoetkfjlf h`lstlrgl vnf glzl `p-jrnvkfj. Jlelli kf ikcf dlt gl hinssklh Jrklhsl pvnttkfjlf dligt Dùiilrgnt Hrltn llf infg vnf `pikoetlrs ks lf gnt elt eld gnf ``h fklt zùvlrmnzlf wnffllr dlf gnnr gl llrstl sp`rlf vnf llf nnf gl wlstlrslvlrinfjlfs nnfjlpnst soerkbt zù vkfglf.;:5

@`h Gòrpblig ks lfteùsknst, ekc ngvksllrt _oeikldnff `d gl@iydpkn v``rwnnrglf tl noolptlrlf. Gl Hrltlfzlrs zùglf fnglrenfg

tòe vìg`lfgl jlvlf `dgnt elt dlrlfglli vnf gl v`fgstlf gkl v``r_oeikldnff vnf mlinfj wnrlf v``r elf fklts mltlhlfgl.;:; _oeikldnffjkfj nhh``rg dlt Gòrpbligs v``rstli;51 dnnr lr wns f`j llf nfglr `m-stnhli gnt ukt gl wlj jlrukdg d`lst w`rglf. Gl lkjlfnnr vnf gl eluvlist`fg lr`p gnt _oeikldnff ni zkcf infg, gus fklt niillf gl eluvli, vnfeld hòet. Ekc vr`lj eklr >11.111 Brnfhlf v``r. _oeikldnff wns fkltmlrlkg d gkt mlgrnj tl mltnilf, ekc d`lst kddlrs `h gl v`fgstlf ni nnfelt duslud kf Krnhik`f nbjlvlf. Ekc eng loetlr gl e``p gnt ekc sp`lgkjllf h`plr v``r gl jr`fg gkl ekc fklt wkigl zù vkfglf. Lr st`fglf guk-zlfglf ìkcbm`dlf `p lf gnnr d`lst tòe kldnfg kf jlàftlrlssllrg zkcf.

_oeikldnff jkfj lr vnf ukt gnt ekc vlrvìjlfs vnf gl fkluwl lkjlfnnrv``r llf rlglikch mlgrnj niillf gl eluvli zù hufflf h`plf.;5>

Znffllr wl gl Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft d`jlf jli`vlf wns lr wlkfkje``p gnt _oeikldnff `p Hrltn zù jnnf jrnvlf3

Gl mlr`ldgl ùgelkgv`rsoelr gr. _oeikldnff ks vnf llfl vlrjllsoelrlks fnnr Orltn tl Mlrikcf tlrujjlhllrg. Ekc wlfsoetl gnnr llf eluvliukt tl jrnvlf, mikchmnnr g``r dlfsoelfenfglf nnfjliljg, lf, vìjlfsgl soenttkfj vnf glf jlillrgl, nh`dstkj ukt gl dyolfksoel plrk`gl. Gllkjlfnnrs vnf glf jr`fg vr`ljlf loetlr 75,111, tlrwkci elt urhsoel jùvlrfldlft llf wnnrm`rj vnf >=,111 lksoetl, gnt gr. _oeikldnffzkoe fklts vnf elt uktjljrnvlfl zù t`lèkjlflf.;5=

Gnnrdll wns, v``r z`vlr elt gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlf mltr`b, elte``bgstuh Hrltn v``r _oeikldnff nbjlsi`tlf. R``r _oeikldnff zlib wnsgnt loetlr fklt elt jlvni. Mkc llf ilzkfj kf `ht`mlr >555 kf Elkglimlrj

;:: Dlylr >;2=, >17->1<.;:5 Dlylr >;<5, =75. Skl v``r _oeikldnff lf Dnx Dùiilr Dlylr >;2=.;:; Dlylr >;<5, =<>.;51 Dlylr >;2=, >17.;5> Dlylr >;<5, =<7.

;5= Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft =1->>->552.



7=5 -

vlrtligl ekc zkcf pumiklh gnt ekc `p elt puft st`fg `d dlt gl `pjrn-vkfj vnf Hf`ss`s tl mljkfflf.;5? @p =2 cnfunrk >55; dligt ``h gl Ntelfnlud gnt _oeikldnff `p elt puft stnnt `d `p Hrltn tl jnnf jrn-vlf.;57 Elinns, dlf cukoetl tl vr`lj. Elt ks fklt gukglikch `b _oeikldnff

wlrhlikch llf vlrjuffkfj v``r gl `pjrnvkfj vnf Hf`ss`s eng, dnnr ukt-lkfglikch wns gnt ``h fklt vnf mlinfj. _oeikldnff gl znhlfdnf z`rjgllr v``r gnt _oeikldnff gl nroelì``j fklt nnf elt wlrh h`f jnnf. `lfekc sndlf dlt zkcf tukfdnf Qrknd`s;5< elt lkinfg `pfkluw mlzòet stli-gl _oeikldnff vnst gnt gl ùgl Jrklhlf jlikch engglf, gl Hrltlfzlrswnrlf ilujlfnnrs.;52 Rìjlfs gl `pjnvl vnf gl lkjlfnnrs zùglf lr `pelt tlrrlkf vnf Hf`ss`s =<11 ìkcbm`dlf stnnf, dnnr gnt milhlf lr kfwlrhlikchelkg dnnr 555 tl zkcf. ;5:@`h gl nnfjlm`glf pplrvinhtl millhvlli hilkflr tl zkcf gnf dlf eng g`lf v``rh`dlf. \ktlkfglikch millh gllkjlfnnr siloets llf glrgl vnf gl t`tnil `pplrvinhtl tl wkiilf vlrh`plf.

R``r gkt stuh vr`lj ekc 71.111 brnfh. _oeikldnff mrnh w`lglfg gl `f-glrenfglikfjlf nb.;55

;5? Dùeilfmruoe =11>.;57 Ntelfnlud =2 Cnfunry >55;.;5< _oeikldnff eng gl jlw``ftl `d klglrllf gkl v``r eld wlrhtl llf E`dlrksoel

fnnd tl jlvlf.;52 Gl Hrltlfzlr Lpkdlgls (on. 211 v.Oer.) soerllb kf gl Hrktkhn, llf jr``t jlgkoet

wnnrkf gl `fstlrblikchelkg vnf Slus wlrg mlt``fg, ’gl Hrltlfzlrs, nitkcg ilujl-fnnrs, jldlfl mllstlf, vngskjl mukhlf gnt elt zkcf—.

;5: Dlylr >;<5, =;:. Elrrdnff & DnnÐ >;;1, 7;2.;55 Rìjlfs Eutoekfs`f >;2=, =2 zù _oeikldnff eklr tòe f`j jljrnvlf elmmlf3 ’Kf

>5;: el XLvnfsT noqukrlg n plrdkt b`r lxonvntkfj pnrt `b tel sktl `b tel Qninol `bDkf`s, telf vkrjkf jrùfg, lxolpt b`r tw` sdnii trkni lxonvntk`f pkts, `fl sufh my

Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff nfg tel `telr my Dkf`s Hni`hnkrkf`s—.



7=;

77. `lrkstksoe Ljyptl

@d gl wkftlr g``r tl h`dlf rlksgl _oeikldnff vnf lkfg f`vldmlr>552 t`t lkfg nprki >55: g``r Ljyptl3

Gl jr``tl ùgelkghlfflr Gr. _oeikldnff mlvkfgt zkoe jlgurlfglllfkjl wlhlf `p llf rlks infjs glf Fkci. Ekc rlkst jlelli niillf lf ukt-siuktlfg v``r `ftspnffkfj vnf zkcf kfspnfflfglf nrmlkg, z``gnt vnf`pjrnvkfjlf, z``nis dlf rllgs dliggl, jllf sprnhl zkcf hnf. Mkc zkcf`p`fteùg tl Onàr` ellt Gr. _oeikldnff zkoe dlt vlr`ftwnnrgkjkfjuktjlintlf `vlr gl fnintkjl wkczl wnnr`p gl duddkèf vnf gl jr``tstlh`fkfjlf, gkl Ljyptl jleng ellt, mlenfglig w`rglf. Mkc zkcf tlruj-h`dst kf Lur`pn zni ekc niil p`jkfjlf nnfwlfglf, gnt gnnrkf vlrnf-glrkfj w`rgt jlmrnoet, gnnr elt nfglrs tl v``rzklf ks, gnt kf h`rtlf tkcgvnf ni gkl ùgelkghufgkjl soenttlf fklts dllr `vlr zni zkcf.;5;

;5; Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 1=-1=->55:.

_oeikldnff kf Ljyptl



7?1 -

_oeikldnff wns ``rspr`fhlikch vnf pinf jlwllst `d sndlf dlt zkcfvrùw llf Fkcirlks tl dnhlf. @p elt inntstl d`dlft wkigl zkcf vrùwloetlr mkc gl hkfglrlf mikcvlf lf jkfj ekc niillf. Ekc fnd llf mlgklfgldll gkl nnf umlroui`sl illg, `dgnt ekc lrvnf `vlrtukjg wns gnt gl

gr`jl w`lstkcfiuoet jlflzlfg zù wlrhlf. Ekc euurgl v``r grkl dnnf-glf llf m``t, wnt eld, kfoiusklb ltlf, `p >11 Dnrh plr gnj hwnd. Eltwns vlli jlig, dnnr ekc tr``sttl zkoe dlt gl jlgnoetl gnt `pjrnvlf `pHrltn zlhlr grkl hllr z`vlli jlh`st zù elmmlf. M`vlfgklf wns lr `pglzl wlrlig jllf kftlrlssnftlrl tòet tl dnhlf gnf gkl `p gl Fkci t`t gltwllgl wntlrvni. S`nis klglrllf gkl Ljyptl mlzòet mlj`f ekc dlt llfmlz`lh nnf gl pkrndkglf. Llrst mlhi`d ekc gl pkrndkgl vnf Oel`ps lfvlrvìjlfs hr``p ekc lr fnnr mkfflf.;;1

E`lwli _oeikldnff ``h ni jlgurlfgl zkcf wlrligrlks vnf >52<Ljyptl mlzòet ellbt, v`lit elt nis`b ekc lr fu v``r elt llrst ks. Gl llu-

wkj wìhlfi`zl eldli, elt d``kl v``rcnnrswllr, gl rust lf gl v``rtgu-rlfgl nbwksslikfj vnf prnoetkjl infgsoenpplf lf rlusnoetkjl tldplis uktgl vlrrl ùgelkg, gnt niils wlrhtl zllr wligngkj `p elt uktjlputtl jl-stli. Llf Fkcirlks ks elt d``kstl wnt lr ks, zlhlr nis dlf pns jltrùwg ks.Gl llrstl nnfmikh vnf Nmu _kdmli ks lvlf mlpnilfg v``r kldnfgs ilvlfnis llf trùwgnj. S`nis llf jliuhhkj loetpnnr zkoe nitkcg euf trùwgnj

;;1 _tìi >;<5, =27-=2<.

Llf sinfjlfmlzwllrglr (Dlgkflt Enmu, Welml) - Z. Jlf >5:=



7?>

elrkfflrlf z` elrkfflrt gl rlkzkjlr zkoe gl rlst vnf zkcf ilvlf gl llrstlkfgruh vnf Nmu _kdmli. Gkt ks fndlikch elt jr``tstl hufstwlrh gnt lr pglzl wlrlig ks. Elt ks jr`tlr gnf niils wnt gl Jrklhlf lf ]`dlkflf ``ktjldnnht elmmlf. Cn. gl pkrndkgls zkcf kf vlrjlikchkfj t`t Nmu _kdmli elt

wlrh vnf gwlrjlf.;;>

R``rgnt ekc `p rlks jkfj eng _oeikldnff vnf llf vrklfg elt m`lh vnf Zkielid Jlftz (>5==->5;1) `vlr Ljyptl tl illf dlljlhrljlf.;;= Jlftzmlzòet Nmu _kdmli `p : gloldmlr >5<1 lf wns lr ni lvlf lfteùsknst`vlr nis _oeikldnff. Glzl tldpli wns wlrhlikch llf rluzlfwlrh. Glv``rjlvli w`rgt vlrsklrg g``r gl wli 21 v`lt e`jl hì`ssnil mlliglf vnfvklr zkttlfgl bkjurlf. wll lr vnf zkcf t`t mkcfn nnf gl enis g``r w`ls-tkcfznfg `vlrglht jlrnnht. Gnnrg``r wns Jlftz kf stnnt `d gl e``bglftl dltlf. Glzl wnrlf z` jr``t gnt ekc zkcf e``bg kf llf flusjnt h`fstlhlf, kf llf ``rsoelip eng ekc zkoe tl rustl jliljg lf `p elt e``bg zlib

eng ekc vìg`lfgl rukdtl jlv`fglf `d gl tlft wnnrkf ekc lf zkcf dlt-jlzliilf gl fnoet g``rmrnoetlf, `p tl zlttlf. Ikjjlfg engglf zl gnnrjlf`tlf vnf gl z`fs`fglrjnfj.;;?

Fu hlfflf wl _oeikldnff nis kldnfg gkl vnf llf j`lg vlrennieklig, dnnr gkt jkfj eld tòe tl vlr. @mclotlf ukt gl ùgelkg zkcf fkltjlsoekht d d``kl vlrenilf vlr tl vlrtliilf. Gnnr d`lt gl mlsoerkcvkfjvnf hi`pplf lf gnt g`lt gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf Jlftz fklt. _oeikldnffstuurgl elt m`lh `fdkggliikch tlruj nnf zkcf vrklfg. Gkt wns elt wlrhvnf llf c`fjl gr`dlr, gkt eng jllf lfhlil wltlfsoenpplikchl wnnrgl.

Zkl gl hì`sslf vnf Nmu _kdmli znj wkst dltllf gnt gl m`vlfhnft vnf

gkl e``bglf fklt jr``t jlf`lj wns `d llf tlft `p tl sinnf. @`h eltkgll gnt dlf kf llf ``rsoelip h`f jnnf ikjjlf wns `fzkf. Niillf j`glfzùglf z`klts hufflf, dlfslf fklt. Dlf h`f fu llfdnni fklt kf llfrloet`pstnnfgl ``rsoelip jnnf ikjjlf, gnt wns prnhtksoe `fd`jlikch.;;7 Fll, gl dnf gkl ``kt `p Ktenhn gl ns vnf @gyslus `b llf vnf gklfs dlt-jlzliilf jlv`fglf eng iklt zkoe fklt g``r gl `vlrgrlvlf vlrenilf vnf llf

c`fjl hufstlfnnr mlg`ttlf.Rnhnftkl `b fklt, _oeikldnff mikcbt nnf ’zkcf— vlrzndlikfj kf Mlrikcf

wlrhlf. Elt dnj zkcf gnt ekc mkc Nmu _kdmli fklt kf llf ``r jliljlfellbt, dnnr gnt wki fklt zljjlf gnt ekc fklt t`t w`fglrikchl znhlf kf

stnnt ks. kcglfs zkcf rlks Fkci `pwnnrts ellbt ekc v``r elt ’_oeikldnff-

;;> _tìi >;<5, =2<.;;= Dlylr >;<<m, ><2 ’Dnilr wkl Zkielid Jlftz mrnoetlf gndnis v`f g`rt kerl

jr`Ðb`rdntkjlf Mkiglr `rklftniksoelf Ilmlfs, ―_hinvlftrnfsp`rt guroe gkl Zùstl‛,―Hndlihnrnwnfl v`r glf Qyrndkglf‛, `tlfblst kf Hnkr`‛ u. gji. kf gkl glutsoelfHufstnusstliiufjlf ufg wkrhtlf gndkt çefikoe wkl Glinor`kx kd _ni`f gl Qnrksguroe slkfl bnrmlfsprùelfglf Jlfrlmkiglr nus gld brnfzòsksoelf F`rgnbrkhn.Lrrljlfg enttlf gkl Lrjlmfkssl glr prluÐksoelf Çjyptlflxplgktk`f uftlr ]koenrgIlpskus jlwkrht ...—

;;? Jlftz >5<?, >2?.

;;7 _tìi >;<5, =22.



7?= -

Duslud— kf Mlrikcf `fjlvllr grkle`fglrg ùgl Ljyptksoel vnzlf jl-hòet, gkl ekc vnfukt Onkr` fnnr Mlrikcf stuurt. Gkt zni w`fglrlf g`lfv``r gkt duslud ’glff hlkf çjyptksoels Duslud glr Zlit ent ltwnsv`f `pbwnrlf nus glr Qenrn`flfzlkt—.;;<

Fnnst elt vlrzndlilf vnf v``rwlrplf gkl fkldnfg ellbt eùgt ekczkoe ``h dlt vlig`mslrvntkls mlzkj. Kf Fumkè hllh _oeikldnff e`l dlfsp`f lf e`l dlf vnntwlrh dnnhtl. Niils illh eklr prlokls `p wnt ekc kfr`cl jlv`fglf eng. Glzl ltfì`jksoel `mslrvntkls stliglf eld kf stnnt`d zkoe llf mllig vnf elt niilgnnjsl ilvlf kf r`cl tl dnhlf.

Fnnst elt g`lf vnf gkt s``rt mslrvntkls lf elt h`plf vnf Ljyptksoelvnzlf v``r ’zkcf— duslud eùgt ekc zkoe ``h f`j dlt klts mlzkj wnnr kfzkcf tkcg zliglf fnnr jlhlhlf wlrg3 gl prlekst`rkl vnf Ljyptl. Kf Fumkèvlrzndligl ekc jr`tl e`lvllielglf wlrhtukjlf vnf gk`rklt. @p lih gnnr-vnf vlrdligt ekc gl vkfgpinnts. Rnfnb zkcf hndlli znj ekc dlt lfkjl rljli-

dnnt gkt s``rt v``rwlrplf kf elt znfg ikjjlf lf stllgs wllr iklt ekc gkl`prnplf. Elt wnrlf nitkcg zllr ruwl wlrhtukjlf. _iloets llf hllr v`fgekc kf gl w`lstkcf llf jlpìkcstl mkci vnf gk`rklt lf tusslf gl rlstlf vnfgl vlstkfj Hummnf, gkl ukt gl bnrn`tkcg stndgl, v`fg ekc llf jlpìkcstlinfspuft vnf vuurstllf. Ekc v`fg `h llf jr``t nnftni dlsnoetkjl v``r-wlrplf vnf vuurstllf, dnnr niillf gnnr wnnr ``h vuurstllf jlv`fglfwlrg. Eklr twkcblit _oeikldnff `b gkt wli loet dlsslf zkcf, zl zùglf``h fntuurikch `ftstnnf hufflf zkcf.;;2

Gl rlks gllg _oeikldnffs mlgklfgl j`lg. Nis wl _oeikldnff d`jlfjli`vlf hwnd ekc jlelli jlflzlf wllr teuks.;;:

;;< _tìi >;<5, =2:.;;2 _tìi >;<5, =:>.;;: _tìi >;<5, =5=. Skl v``r glzl rlks Dlylr >;<<m. Ljyptl wlrg rljlidntkj mlzòet

g``r dlfslf gkl nnf M ilglf, dnnr infj fklt klglrllf hwnd jlflzlf wllr tlruj.

Skl mv. Eyltt >5<>.



7??

7<. Llf `vlrwkffkfj v``rDyhlfl

Kf elt v``rcnnr vnf >552 mlzòetlf _tkiidnf lf Brnfoks Ornfdlr Qlfr`sl(>5>:->;1?) kryfs lf Dyhlfl. Gl mlkgl elrlf hwndlf t`t gl o`foiu-skl gnt gl soentjrnvlf kf Dyhlfl vnf fn gl `fglrjnfj vnf glzl pinntskf 725 v.Oer. gntllrglf lf gnt elt pnilks vnf kryfs kf gl Myznftkcfslplrk`gl jlmùwg wns.;;5 Dlf wns t`t glzl o`foiuskl jlh`dlf `dgntgl jlmrukhtl stlflf jlznnjg zùglf zkcf. Gkt nrjudlft hrllj lxtrn

wnnrgl `dgnt Qlfr`sl gl mlinfjrkchstl mùwekst`rkous kf Ntelfl wns.Gkt mltlhlfgl gnt z`wli gl soentjrnvlf, nis kryfs kf gl fngnjlf vnfJrklhlfinfg g``r llf prkdktklvl stnd jlmùwg wnrlf. Dlt E`dlrusengglf zl gus nmsìuut fklts vnf g`lf.

Llf wllh intlr mrnoet _tkiidnf dlt gl @xb`rg oinsskous Elfry BrnfoksQliend (>572->;1:) llf mlz`lh nnf mlkgl pinntslf. Qliend mlvlstkjglgl mlvkfgkfjlf vnf _tkiidnf lf Qlfr`sl.;;;

@p > cuik zùglf glzl elrlf euf mlvkfgkfjlf p gl mkcllfh`dst vnfel Eliilfko _òklty kf I`fglf t`likoetlf. `lf _oeikldnff gkt e``r-gl ennsttl ekc zkoe `fdkggliikch dlt Gòrpblig fnnr glzl mkcllfh`dst.

_tkiidnf wns fklt nnfwlzkj. Skcf nrjudlftlf wlrglf g``r Qliend vlr-glgkjg. Qlfr`sl nrjudlft vnf gl jlznnjgl stlflf wlrg stlrh vlrzwnhtt`lf _oeikldnff nnfv`lrgl gnt llf vnf gl durlf wnnr`p ekc zkoe mn-sllrgl kf >5:2 g``r gl Jrklhsl Nroelì`jksoel Gklfst jlmùwg wns delt tlrrns dlt gl jrnvlf tl `fglrstluflf. Qlfr`sl eng jlikch nis ekc zlkgnt glzl stlflf jlznnjg wnrlf, dnnr gnt wns fklt vnf mlinfj. Elt wnrlffkluwl stlflf gkl fklts dlt elt ``rspr`fhlikchl mùwwlrh vnf g`lfengglf. Elt dlrlfglli vnf gl nnfwlzkjlf h`zlf _oeikldnffs zkcgl,dnnr Qlfr`sl wns fklt `vlrtukjg. @d eld tòe tl hufflf `vlrtukjlff`gkjgl Gòrpblig eld ukt `d kf gl z`dlr vnf>55: sndlf dlt eld

fnnr kryfs lf Dyhlfl tl rlkzlf.Kf gl plrk`gl gnt glzl twll pp`flftlf g``r gl Qli`p`ffls`s rlksglf

wlrg lr kf gl `djlvkfj vnf r`cl llf `pvniilfgl `ftglhhkfj jlgnnf3

Fklt vlr vnf elt ùgl r`cl, tl _uitnfkl Hnilssk,>111 ellt dlf glzlr gnjlf kf llf ùg jrn llf duddkl jlv`fglf, dlt llf hrnfs vnf jùglf

;;5 kdls Nprki =7, >552.;;; kdls Nprki =;, >552.>111 Rìjlfs Durrny >571 ks _uitnfkl-hnilssk elt zlibgl nis Oenfne-hnilssk, elt eukgkjl

Ênfnhhnil. Durrny >571, =>? ’el mnrr`w `b Eloumn ks wktekf tel wniis, n ekiiòh

nm`vl tel t`wf.—



7?7 -

lkhlfminglrlf `p elt e``g lf llf jùglf j`rgli. Kf elt jrn wlrg ``hllf mr`fzlf tnlitcl jlv`fglf.

Elt urhsoel ming Wurkh vlrennit, fnnr nnfilkgkfj vnf gkl v`fgst,f`j llfs gl jlsoeklglfks vnf glf r`cnnfsoelf ``ri`j wlihl, fnnr

elt dllft, zkcf dllstlf ilzlrs wli ’ukt in mliil Eëiåfl >11> mlhlfg znizkcf(!).— Elt ming zklt kf gl jlv`fglf duddkl elt st`filikch `vlr-soe`t vnf Elhumn ` vnf Nfgr`dnoel. Gnt zni f`j wli fnglr uktjl-dnnht d`ltlf w`rglf. Dnnr wnt gnnrvnf zkc, gl v`fgst, wlihl fnnrO`fstnftkf`pli w`rgt vlrjlmrnoet, ks zllr mlinfjrkch.>11=

Gl duddkl vnf Nfgr`dnoel, nis gnt jllf mlinfjrkchl v`fgst wns.Rìjlfs gkt mlrkoet wns glzl v`fgst nnf gl hust mkc Ênfnhhnil jlgnnf.Klts intlr vlrsoekcft lr loetlr llf mlrkoet gnt gkt tljlfsprllht3

Kf elt g`rp Mufnrmnsoek, ? urlf vnf r`cl vlrwkcglrg, ks g``r llf

nnftni m`lrlf `finfjs llfl zllr mlinfjrkchl `ftglhhkfj jlgnnf. Skcv`fglf fndlikch llf jrn `p ? dltlr `fglr glf jr`fg, wnnrkf zkoemlv`fglf llfl dlt lkhlfi`` lf vruoetlf vlrsklrgl jùglf hr``f, llf5 olftkdltlr mrllgl j`rgli, llf vrkc infjl hltlf lf = stnvlf, niils vnf jlgljlf jùg lf zwnnr. Gkl v``rwlrplf zkcf fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli`pjlz`fglf. Glzl `ftglhhkfj zni t`t fkluwl fnsp`rkfjlf mltrlfilfglgl ikjjkfj vnf elt ùgl r`cl ukti`hhlf lf vlilf g`lf mltwkclilf, `_oeikldnff‛s dllfkfj wli cukst ks, gnt elt tljlfw``rgkjl g`rp stngclEkssnrikn XskoT ikjt `p gl ruàflf vnf r`cl.>11?

Gkt hllr `ftmrllht gl duddkl vnf Nfgr`dnoel, dnnr nbjnnfgl `p

gl nfglrl v`fgstlf d`lt elt eklr tòe wli `d glzlibgl v`fgst jnnf. @b_oeikldnff gkt mlrkoet fklt dllhrllj `b gnt ekc lrv``r h``s `d lr fklt`p tl rlnjlrlf ks `fgukglikch. Kf gl iktlrntuur `vlr _oeikldnff w`rgt

>11> In mliil Eëiåfl ks llf `plrn vnf Cnoquls @bblfmnoe gkl kf >527 kf Qnrkcs kf prl-dkårl jljnnf wns.

>11= Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =5-17->55:.>11? Glvlftlr Gnjming >:-15->55:. Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft >>-1<->55: ’@ugelkghufgkjl

`ftglhhkfjlf. Llfkjl tkcg jlilglf elmmlf llf glrtkjtni g`rplikfjlf `fglr ilkgkfjvnf llf glrvksoe, jlgurlfgl glf fnoet z`fglr plrdksskl `fglrz`lhkfjlf kfjlstligkf gl `dstrlhlf vnf elt g`rp M`ffnrmnoek XskoT, grkl uur vnf r`cl jliljlf, lf

`ftglhtlf `p llf gklptl vnf grkl dltlr llf zllr ùg jrnb. S``grn gl glrvksoe eltjrnb znj, jnb ekc zkcf eliplrs glf rnng sp`lgkj tl viuoetlf `d fklt g``r gl m``zljllstlf ukt elt jrnb tl w`rglf nnfjljrlplf. Gl g`rplikfjlf fndlf vlrsoerkht glviuoet, tlrwkc i `fzl j`lgl glrvksoe sp`lgkj dlt llf grkltni nfglrlf tlruj hwnd, eltjrnb kfjkfj lf niil v``rwlrplf vnf wnnrgl dllfnd. Gl pìktkl hrllj elt tl e``rlflf fnd glf glrvksoe jlvnfjlf, wnnrfn eld ni zkcf `pjlgìvlf soenttlf wlrglf`ftf`dlf. Glzl v``rwlrplf mlst`fglf kf llf jùglf hr``f dlt lkhlminglf lfvruoetlf vlrsklrg, llf j`rgli vnf noet gukd mrllgtl, llf vrkc infjl hlttkfj lf twllstnvlf, niils vnf zukvlr jùg lf zllr zwnnr. Llf o`ddksskl ellbt zkoe jlv`rdg `dgl v``rwlrplf, gkl e``jst mlinfjrkch zkcf, fnnr O`fstnftkf`pli `vlr tl mrlfjlf.Eklrg``r zni dlf wnnrsoekcfikch mltlrl nnfwkczkfjlf hrkcjlf `dtrlft gl ikjjkfjvnf elt ùgl r`cl, kf tljlfsprnnh dlt elt jlv`lilf gnt elt g`rp Ekssnriko `p glruàflf vnf r`cl ks jlmùwg.— Gkt zlibgl vlrenni w`rgt klts kfjlh`rt ``h vlrdligt

kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming >5-1;->55:.



7?<

flrjlfs vlr glzl v`fgst jlspr`hlf lf gnt tlrwkci elt tòe z`‛f prnoetkjv``rmllig ks vnf elt blkt gnt _oeikldnff fklt gl lfkjl wns gkl wli llfslrj jr`tl uktsprnhlf `vlr zkcf v`fgstlf gllg.

Kf gl elrbst jkfj _oeikldnff fnnr Oytelrn. @p noetlftwkftkj f`-

vldmlr mrlfjt Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj Flglrinfg `p gl e``jtl3Gr. _oeikldnff d`lt fu `p elt Jrklhsoel lkinfg Olrkj` - elt ùglOytelrn - mlzkj zkcf dlt `pjrnvkfjlf vnf llf tldpli vnf Rlfus.>117

_oeikldnff sinnjt jlelli kf zkcf `pzlt. Ekc vkfgt wnt ekc z`lht. Glmlr`ldgl tldpli vnf Oytelrn st`fg p gl pinnts wnnr fu gl hlrh vnf glEnjk`s H`sdns stnnt. F`j twll zukilf lf llf zukilfmnsks stnnf `p euf``rspr`fhlikchl pinnts. Lf gl hlrh zlib ks ukt stlflf vnf gl tldpli jl-mùwg. Elt wns ``rspr`fhlikch llf vr`lj-G`rksoel tldpli. Gl mlliglfvnf glzl tldpli ellbt _oeikldnff fklt hufflf vkfglf lf `h p nfglrl

pinntslf `p gkt lkinfg hwnd fklts kftlrlssnfts tl v``rsoekcf3>11<

Gr. _oeikldnff ellt `p elt lkinfg Olrkj`, elt ùgl Oytelrn, gl `vlr-mikcslilf `ftglht vnf llf glr ùgstl tldplis vnf Npr`gktl, wlihl g``rE`dlrus, Elr`g`tus lf Qnusnfkns wlrg vlrdlig.

Llfl `vlrwkffkfj, jr``tlr lf jlwkoetkjlr f`j gnf glzl `ftglhhkfj,ellt _oeikldnff loetlr fklt infj jlilglf mlennig. S``nis dlf wllt,wlrg gl ùgelkg vnf zkcfl v``r-ekst`rksoel `ftglhhkfjlf tl Dyhlfnl,kryfs lf liglrs g``r vlilf lf `fglr elf g``r dnfflf vnf jlznj, ml-twkclig. Llf ’nroenlì`jksoel vligsinj— gkl g``r _oeikldnff glf =lf

Cuik vnf elt v`rkjl cnnr kf jlzlisoenp glr ùgelkghufgkjlf tl I`fg`ftljlf lfhlil zkcflr v``rfnndstl tljlfstnfglrs wlrg jlilvlrg, dòetfklt mntlf, `d gklf twkcli nnf zkcfl ukth`dstlf jlelli tl g`lf vlr-gwkcflf. _oeikldnff f``gkjgl t`lf llf zkcflr v``rfnndstl mlstrkc-glrs, glf ellr Qlfr`sl, ukt, `d zkoe g``r llf plrs``fikch mlz`lh vnfgl ùgelkg glr mùwvniilf vnf Dyhlfnl lf kryfs tl `vlrtukjlf. Kf_lptldmlr ci. ellt Qlfr`sl nnf glzl uktf``gkjkfj vìgnnf, lf mrnoetekc kf jlzlisoenp vnf _oeikldnf‛s nroektlot, gòt`r Gòrplig llf mlz`lhnnf gl jlf`ldgl pinntslf. Wnfs ks ekc vìh`dlf mlhllrg lf jllt ekceklrvnf, dlt llfl zllr tl prkczlf `plfenrtkjelkg, mikch kf llflf ukt-v`lrkjlf mrkl.

Niil mlzwnrlf, gkl tljlf glf ùglrg`d lf elt v``r-ekst`rksoe hnrnh-tlr vnf _oeikldnff‛s `pjrnvkfjlf zkcf `pjlw`rplf3 gl sp`rlf vnf elt jlmrukh vnf stllfznjlf, elt jlikchtkcgkj v``rh`dlf vnf jleùwlf lf jlmrnfglf stllf lfz. lfz., zkc zkcf tlr zkcgl jliljg g``r Qlfr`sl, lf glùgelkg vnf _oeikldnff‛s `ftglhhkfjlf lf enrl Qlinsjksoel ``rspr`fjzkcf g``r glzlf vr`ljlrlf mlstrkcglr vìd`fgkj lrhlfg.>112

>117 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =5->>->55:. Gkt mlrkoet h`dt ``h v``r kf elt IlkgsoeGnjming vnf =2->>->55: lf gl M`ddlisoel Oùrnft vnf ?1->>->>5:.

>11< Dlylr >;<5, =:5.

>112 Fkluwsming vnf ]`lrd`fg >1-1>->555.



7?2 -

Lf z` eng Gòrpblig tlr pinntsl niil vrnjlf vnf Qlfr`sl p vlrtukjlf-gl wkczl hufflf mlnftw``rglf lf wnrlf zkcf lf _oeikldnffs o`foiusklsnis `vlrwkffnnrs ukt gl strkcg jlh`dlf. Dlt _tkiidnf injlf gl znhlf kltsnfglrs. Gkl millb mkc zkcf stnfgpuft lf pumikollrgl elt elil vlrenni `p-

fkluw kf gl Fntk`f vnf >? cufk >55;. Gkt nrtkhli mrnoet Gòrpblig lrt`l`d gl wlrlig vkn llf ’mrklb ukt Jrklhlfinfg— kf gl Ndlrkonf Cùrfni ` Nroenlì`jy vnf >55; `p gl e``jtl tl mrlfjlf vnf e`l gl znhlf lr v``rst`fglf. Ekc eng kfglrtkcg sndlf dlt Qlfr`sl ``h _tkiidnf uktjlf`-gkjg, dnnr glzl inntstl eng zkcf uktf`gkjkfj nbjlwlzlf. `lf _tkiidnfkf gl ilftl vnf >55; kf Ntelfl wns eng Gòrpblig eld wllr nnfjlm`glf`d sndlf dlt eld fnnr kryfs tl jnnf. _tkiidnf eng `h gkt nnfm`g nb-jlwlzlf lf wns dlt twll nfglrlf fnnr kryfs jljnnf. Rìjlfs Gòrpbligwns lr ukt _tkiidnfs nbwkczkfj dnnr llf o`foiuskl tl trlhhlf, glzl wkstzlib ``h e`l zwnh zkcf nrjudlftlf wnrlf.>11:

>11: Gòrpblig >55;, ??2.



7?:

72. Qrlekst`rksoe Ljyptl

Gl Ljyptlrlks wns _oeikldnff z` j`lg mlvniilf gnt ekc kf elt v``rcnnrvnf >555 `pfkluw fnnr gkt infg jkfj. E`lwli zkcf vrùw ``h fu wllrfklt dll wkigl jkfj ekc glzl hllr fklt niillf3

_oeikldnff zni mkfflfh`rt, kf jlzlisoenp vnf pr`. Rkroe`w, llf wl-tlfsoenpplikchl rlks g``r Ljyptl dnhlf.>115

Gkt hllr ks elt fklt niillf vnhnftkl, dnnr d`lt lr ``h f`j jljrnvlfw`rglf3

Qr`. Rkroe`w ks glzlr gnjlf, vlrjlzlig vnf pr`. D`ddslf,>11; uktMlrikcf vlrtr`hhlf fnnr Nilxnfgrkè, `d dlt Gr. _oeikldnff, mkcelt ]ndile-stntk`f, tl z`lhlf fnnr `vlrmikcslilf ukt glf tkcg vnfOil`pntrn, lf vlrvìjlfs, z`` mlrkoet dlf, fnnr elt jrn vnf Nilxnfglrglf Jr``tl.

Znt gl inntstjlf`ldgl fglrz`lhkfjlf mltrlt, elrkfflrt dlf ukt Qlrn(O`fstnftkf`pli), gnt gnnr slglrt vlrilglf cnnr gl snro`pennj vnf Nilxnfglr glf Jr``tl mlwnnrg w`rgt, wlihl g``r Endik Mly tl _kg`f jlv`fglf wlrg. Elt rnnkl mlligeùwwlrh, wnnrdlgl gkl prnnihkst ks

vlrsklrg, innt, z`` mlrkoet dlf, jllf twkcli `dtrlft glf kfeùg `vlr.Lr ks `h, slglrt >51= kf elt ’Mrktkse Duslud—, tl I`fglf, llf snro`p-ennj vnf Nilxnfglr glf Jr``tl, wlihl ``h ni v``r gl loetl jleùglfw`rgt.

Rìjlfs Gk`g`rus vnf _kokikè wlrg elt st`filikch `vlrsoe`t vnf glf jr``tlf Nilxnfglr kf llf jùglf hkst vnf Mnmyi`f fnnr Nilxnfgrkè`vlrjlmrnoet.

Dkssoeklf jnnf fu gl jlillrgl ellrlf fýj llf loetlf snro`pennj vnfglf mlr`ldglf vlr`vlrnnr z`lhlf.>1>1

Ni kf >55? wns lr sprnhl vnf jlwllst gnt _oeikldnff kf Ljyptl zùjnnf pjrnvlf. Gl kf >55= pjlrkoetl Ljypt Lxpi`rntk`f _òklty lf eltgnnrukt v``rth`dlfgl Ljypt Lxpi`rntk`f Bufg zòetlf llf nroelì``jgkl v``r elf Fnuorntks p wkigl jrnvlf. _oeikldnff wlrg nis llrstl g``relf mlfnglrg. Ekc rlnjllrgl lfteùsknst, dnnr vlrglr hwnd dlf fklt.el Brnfsl ljyptì``j Jnst`f Ondkiil Oenrils Dnsplr` (>572->;>2),

>115 Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft =:-1>->555.>11; el`g`r D`ddslf (>5>:->;1?).

>1>1 Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >=-1?->555.



7?5 -

gkl nis gkrlotlur vnf elt Ljyptksoe duslud kf gl prnhtkch gl `pjrnnb-vlrjuffkfjlf vlrglligl, wns tljlf. Gkl v`fg _oeikldnff tl jr`b lftnoti``s. Ekc wns mnfj gnt glzl d`lkikchelglf dlt gl rljlrkfj zù vlr-``rznhlf lf uktlkfglikch zlib dlt gl r`ld zù jnnf strkchlf nis lr wnt

mlinfjrkchs jlv`fglf wlrg.>1>>

Kf pinnts vnf _oeikldnff fnd gl LjyptLxpi`rntk`f Bufg gl f`j c`fjl Zkiiknd Dnttelw Bikfglrs Qltrkl (>5<?->;7=)>1>= nnf.

_oeikldnff rlksgl llf dnnfg v``rgnt Rkroe`w hwnd fnnr Ljyptl.Ekc wkigl gl jrnvlf vnf Nilxnfglr gl Jr`tl lf gl intlrl Qtì`dçlrsvkfglf, dnnr hrllj jllf t`lstlddkfj `d `p gl pinnts wnnr ekc zl vlr-d`lggl tl jrnvlf. @d jlgurlfgl glzl dnnfg tòe wnt tl g`lf jkfjekc t`lf, `dgnt ekc gnnr wli t`lstlddkfj v``r h`f hrkcjlf, mkc ]ndliljrnvlf. Ekc vlrd`lggl gnt eklr elt pnilks vnf gl Qtì`dçlf jlwllstwns. Glzl `pjrnvkfj guurgl t`t Rkroe`w `p == blmrunrk kf Nilxnfgrkè

nnfhwnd.>1>? _oeikldnff h`f zkoe lr, fnnr lkjlf zljjlf, fklt t`l zlt-tlf `d vlrglr tl jrnvlf `dgnt elt pnilks lf gl tukflf vìjlfs _trnm`llf hwnrt t`t llf glrgl vnf gl elil stng mlsi`lj. Mkc llf glrjlikchl `p-plrvinhtl wlrg elt llf hwlstkl vnf jliuh lf gnnr wkigl _oeikldnff fklt`p j`hhlf. Lf gnt tlrwkci elt jliuh ``h gkt hllr nnf zkcf hnft wns.Ekc v`fg llf dnrdlrlf vrùwlfe``bg dlt llf prnoetkj mlwnnrg jlmil-vlf jlzkoet, flus lf ennrt``k. Gkt jlzkoet gllg eld `fdkggliikch nnfOil`pntrn glfhlf. E`lwli ekc mkc zkcf wlrh j`lg mlwnnht wlrg iuhtl elteld tòe `d glzl h`p v``r gl `jlf vnf zkcf mlwnhlrs tl intlf vlrgwkc-flf, e`lwli gkl wli tnoetkj p`fg zwnnr wns. Kf llf hkstcl sd`hhligl ekc

glzl h`p nis enfgmnjnjl g``r gl gùnfl.>1>7

Lf z` wns elt _oeikldnff wllr jliuht d llf pjljrnvlf mclot llfinfg ukt tl sd`hhlilf lf ``h gkt jkfj fnnr Mlrikcf.

Fngnt Rkroe`w nnfjlh`dlf wns dnnhtlf gl twll vrklfglf llf rlks`vlr gl Fkci.

Qr`. Rkroe`w ellt ukt Iux`r (Wlml) llf mrkl jlz`fglf nnf gl Zligsoel. Zksslfsoe. O`rrlsp. `dtrlft gl lxplgktkl g``r eld, tlzndlf dlt Gr. _oeikldnff, `p gl Fkci `fglrf`dlf

>1>> Gr`wlr >;;<, 22.>1>= Kf gl Nfjlisnhsksoel wlrlig w`rgt Qltrkl vnnh nis ’gl llrstl loetl— nroelì``j

jlzklf. Skl mv. Jiyf Gnfkli >;5>, >71. Qltrkl zù gl llrstl jlwllst zkcf gkl eltmlinfj vnf soelrvlf kf znj, gkl zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf j`lg mlsoerllb, jlgltnkiillrglhnnrtlf vlrvnnrgkjgl lf sfli pumikollrgl. @b Qltrkl glzl dlte`glf `fnbenfhlikchvnf _oeikldnffs pumikontkls ftwkhhligl elm kh fklt hufflf ftglhhlf.

>1>? _tkfgl >555, ?? ’_oeikldnff wnr jlrngl kf Nilxnfgrklf jlwlslf, gns Enusglr Hil`pntrn nuszujrnmlf, ufg lr ent nuoe lkfkjl _tublf brlkjliljt, glflf mi`sglr gnzujleòrkjl Qninst bleit. Zljlf dèndlgnfksoelr \dtrklm duÐtlf gklB`rsoeufjlf nubjljlmlf wlrglf, s` kftlrssnft ls jlwlslf wçrl, zu lrbnerlf wklgklsl Brnu wèftl, jljlf glrlf _oeòfelkt fkldnfg nfh`fftl.—

>1>7 Dlylr >;?2, =:5. _oekfgilr‛s >;52 kgll gnt glzl h`p fklt ukt Ljyptl zù h`dlf

vkfgt kh fklt `vlrtukjlfg.



7?;

Ekc vlrtr`h dlt gklf jlillrgl ukt Nilxnfgrkè dlt llf m``t, wlihlhrkcjs- lf d`fgmle`ltlf d`lst mrlfjlf nnf gl tr`lplf tl Zngk Enin.Mkc glf llrstlf wntlrvni wlrglf zkc nnfjlvniilf g``r Gnrwksoelf,>1>< gkl dlt euffl mlfglf elt infg `fvlkikj dnhlf8 dnnr zkc si`ljlf gl

nnfvniilrs tlruj, soe`tlf glf nnfv`lrglr g``g, lf vlrw`fgglf vlilnfglrlf. Gl vìjlfgl gnjlf vlriklplf rustkjlr, z``gnt gl mlkgl jlillr-glf zkoe nnf gl stugkl vnf Fumkè h`fglf wkcglf.

l Zngk Enin wlrglf zkc zllr j`lg `ftvnfjlf g``r JlflrnniJrlflii.>1>2 Dnnr gl vkcnfgkjl mlfglf glr Gnrwksoelf mlilttlf euf,vlil wltlfsoenpplikchl tòetlf kf glf `dtrlh tl g`lf.

Gl tlrujrlks wlrg z`fglr ekfglrfksslf vìmrnoet, lf glf ><lf Dnnrthwndlf gl rlkzkjlrs tl Iux`r nnf, wnnr zkc, fgnfhs gl jr``tl wnrdtl,euffl `fglrz`lhkfjlf vnf ùgl jlmùwlf lf jlglfhtllhlflf kcvlrkjv``rtzlttlf. Glf ==lf Dnnrt zùglf zkc fnnr Glfglrnh XGlfglrnT

lf Niyg`s XNmyg`sT jnnf lf intlr fnnr Bnyud XBnyùdT, wnnr zkc_oewlkfùrte e`plf tl `ftd`ltlf.>1>:

Gnt elt eklr kfglrgnng `d dllr gnf llf vnhnftklrlkscl jkfj hufflfwl zklf nnf wnt Rkroe`w lr`vlr jlsoerlvlf ellbt. Elt llrstl wnt ekc, sn-dlf dlt _oeikldnff, fglrzòet wns gl vkfgpinnts mkc Eliwnf vnf ruwlvuurstlflf wlrhtukjlf. Kf >5:> eng Zkielid ]lki (>5=1->551) llf eklrvlrzndligl oìilotkl vuurstlflf wlrhtukjlf fnnr Mlrikcf jlstuurg. CèfLvnfs (>5=?->;15) gkl llf s``rtjlikchl oìilotkl ukt Eliwnf `ftvnfjlfeng wns vnf dlfkfj gnt glzl wlrhtukjlf ukt elt pnilìktekoud stndglf.

Eliwnf ikjt ikfhs vnf elt stntk`f vnfwnnr dlf gl rukfls vnf Dldpeksmlz`lht, `p gl rloetlr Fkci`lvlr. Gl m`gld stkcjt lr sfli lf vkn llf `vlr-jnfjsjlmklg h`dt dlf mkc gl w`lstkcf. Eklr ikjt `p ?< dltlr m`vlf glFkci llf pintlnu. Gnnr`p ikjt nnf gl v`lt vnf stlkil mlrjlf Mng Eliwnfdlt ennr wnrdl zwnvlimr`fflf. Kf gl `djlvkfj vnf glzl mr`fflf zkcfpinntslf wnnr dlf jr`tl e`lvllielglf vuurstllfspikftlrs nnf gl `pplr-vinhtl kf elt znfg vkfgt. Rkroe`w jnnt lrvnf ukt gnt glzl spikftlrs rlolftmkc t`lvni `b `pzlttlikch `ftstnnf hufflf zkcf. Gl vuurstllfspikftlrs uktEliwnf zkcf fndlikch elli hilkf, vlli hilkflr gnf mkcv``rmllig gkl uktelml. Rlli vnf gl stuhhlf gkl Rkroe`w znj dnnhtlf `p eld gl kfgruh

gnt zl t`lvniikj `ftstnnf wnrlf.>1>5 Lf z` ks Rkroe`w g``r llf mlz`lhnnf gl vkfgpinnts jnnf twkcblilf `b elt eklr wli wlrhlikch `d stlflfwlrhtukjlf jnnt.

>1>< Elt jkfj eklr fklt `d Gnrwksoelf, dnnr `d Dnegksts.>1>2 _kr. Cèf Jrlfblii Dnxwlii (>5<;->;=;). Gl strkcg wnnr`vlr eklr jlspr`hlf w`rgt

ks gl _ugnflsl Dnegkst ]lvìt. Gkt wns llf Ckeng gkl kf >5:1 g``r Duenddng Nedng uktjlr`lplf wns. Gl vkcnfgkjelglf gkl eklrg``r `ftst`fglf wlrglf pns kf>5;5 glbkfktklb kf elt v``rglli vnf gl Mrkttlf mlsikst.

>1>: Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >=-17->555.

>1>5 Rkroe`w >555, ?<7-?<<.



771 -

Znt mltrlbt elt mlstnnf vnf llf pnilìktekoud `b zlibs dnnr llf stlflftkcgplrh kf Ljyptl ilvlrt Eliwnf jllf g``rsinjjlvlfg mlwkcs. Gl twllelrlf z`lhlf loetlr vlrglr. Rnf Mnm-li-Dìuh rlkzlf zl g``r llf h`d-pillt stlrkli hnihinfgsoenp `fglr gl mrnfglfgl z`f fnnr Glkr-liMnerk.Glzl vinhtl wns mlznnkg dlt vuurstllfsoelrvlf wnnrvnf gl dllstl lr nisnbvni uktznjlf. Gnnrtusslf v`fglf zl loetlr ``h llf nnftni jr`tlrl stuh-hlf gkl vìjlfs Rkroe`w zlhlr g``r dlfslf jldnnht wnrlf.>1>; Rkroe`wdligt gnt zl `p vuurstlflf wlrhtukjlf ukt _t. Noelui ikchlf. Eklrdll

vlrwkcst Rkroe`w fnnr gl v`fgstlf vnf Cnoquls Mùoelr gl Oråvlo`lr glQlrtls (>:55->525). Glzl pumikollrgl kf >57: kf zkcf Nftkquktës Olitkqulslt Nftëgkiuvklffls nbmlligkfjlf vnf zllr prkdktklvl stlflf wlrhtukjlfgkl ekc kf gl jrkfginjlf kf gl `djlvkfj vnf Nmmlvkiil eng jlv`fglf.Kf elt mljkf wkigl fkldnfg jli`vlf gnt elt eklr wlrhlikch `d wlrhtuk-jlf jkfj, dnnr fngnt `.n. Cèf Lvnfs kf >5<; gl `rkjkfniktlkt vnf glzlwlrhtukjlf eng mlvlstkjg wlrg dlf elt lr ni sfli vlr llfs gnt zl ukt eltmljkf vnf elt pnilìktekoud d`lstlf stnddlf. Kf >5:= stligl Jnmrkligl D`rtkiilt (>5=>->5;5) p elt O`fjrås Kftlrfntk`fni g‛Nfter`pì`jkllt g‛Nroeëì`jkl Qrëekst`rkquls kf Mrussli v``r `d Inrtlts, `p pnilìk-

teksoel jljlvlfs jlmnsllrgl systlld, tl vlrvnfjlf g``r llf systlld gntzkoe mnsllrgl `p gl v`rd vnf gl stlflf wlrhtukjlf. Gkt v``rstli wlrgnnfjlf`dlf lf gnnrfn sprllht dlf `vlr3

NoeluiëlfDùstërklf_ìutrëlfDnjgniëfklf

>1>; Rkroe`w >555, ?<5.

Nmu _kdmli jlzklf vnf gl tljlf`vlrikjjlfgl `lvlr jlb`t`jrnbllrg g``r Rkroe`w.



77>

Gl eklr g``r Rkroe`w lf _oeikldnff jlv`fglf stlflf wlrhtukjlfmle``rglf gus t`t gl ùgstl plrk`gl vnf elt pnilìktekoud.

Llf cnnr llrglr ellbt _oeikldnff llf nnftni dlrhwnnrgkjl stuhhlf

gk`rklt jlv`fglf. H`jlis vnf elt b`rdnnt vnf llf nppli `b llf skfnnsnp-pli. Gnt zl g``r dlfslf jldnnht wnrlf wns gukglikch, dnnr wnnrv``r zljlgklfg engglf wkst _oeikldnff fklt. Rkroe`w wkst gnt wli. Elt wnrlfendlrstlflf wnnrdll dlf nfglrl wlrhtukjlf jldnnht eng. Rkroe`wwkst `fdkggliikch wnt elt wnrlf `dgnt dlf zl ``h kf Lur`pn rljlidn-tkj v`fg.>1=1

@p gl tlrujrlks vlrikltlf _oeikldnff lf Rkroe`w gl Ljyptksoelstllftkcg. Sl jkfjlf fnnr gl Bnyud wnnr Bikfglrs Qltrkl llf jr``t nnf-tni mlsoekiglrgl snro`bnjlf `pjljrnvlf eng. Qltrkl stnnt lr`d mlhlfggnt ekc ëëf vnf gl llrstl z`rjvuigkjl `pjrnvlrs kf Ljyptl wns, dnnr gnt

hwnd intlr. Kf gl Bnyud jr`lb ekc elt lfl jrnb fn elt nfglrl ukt lf `d-gnt ekc niillf kf gl mlsoekiglrgl snro`bnjlf jlàftlrlssllrg wns j``kglekc gl lrkf jlv`fglf dlfslikchl rlstlf noetli``s wlj. Elt elil jlmklgwns gnf ``h mlznnkg dlt soelglis lf mllfglrlf t`lf _oeikldnff lfRkroe`w lr nnfhwndlf. @p grkl nprki `ftd`lttlf zl Qltrkl. Glzl ml-soerllb _oeikldnff nis h`rt dlt llf r`fg jlzkoet, llf r`fg e``bg lfjr`tl r`fgl jlf noetlr llf mrki. Elt wns llf g`jdntksoel vrìkchl dnf,o`fstnft p z`lh fnnr blktlf. Rkroe`w wns rustkj, dlt llf vrklfglikch jl-zkoet lf llf prnoetkjl jrkczl mnnrg. _ndlf dlt Rkroe`w lf _oeikldnffhwnd ``h Jl`rj Nujust _oewlkfburte (>5?2->;=<) >1=> dll. Gkt wns

llf mlfkjl jlmrukfgl dnf vnf `fgukglikchl illbtkcg, llf `fvlrd`lkmnnr

>1=1 Rkroe`w >555, ?2=.

>1=> Gukts m`tnfkous lf Nbrkhnrlkzkjlr. Rlstkjgl zkoe kf >5:< kf Onkr`.

Dlgkflt-li-Bnyud jlb`t`jrnbllrg g``r Rkroe`w.



77= -

m`tnfkst. Qltrkl t``fgl eld llf mi`ldlfsikfjlr vnf r`gl r`zlf gkl ekckf llf vnf gl jrnvlf jlv`fglf eng. _oewlkfburte h`f zl dltllf v``reld gltlrdkflrlf. Qltrkl vlrmnnsgl vlrvìjlfs elt jlzlisoenp g``r lihlsoelrb gkl eld jljlvlf wlrg tl gntlrlf. _oeikldnff lf Qltrkl v`fglf

lihnnr kf elt mlinfj gnt zl nnf soelrvlf eloettlf. _oeikldnff vlrtliglQltrkl gnt ekc mlzkj wns llf t`tnil oìilotkl soelrvlf vnf niil vlrsoekiilf-gl typlf v``r ’zkcf— duslud kf Mlrikcf nnf tl iljjlf. Qltrkl nftw``rgglgnt ekc llf o`dpiltl oìilotkl elil p`ttlf nnf elt Mrktksoe Duslud nnf-jlm`glf eng lf gnt gkl oìilotkl nbjlwlzlf wns. _oeikldnff wns lr zlhlrvnf gnt lih Gukts duslud glzl oìilotkl dlt `plf nrdlf kf `ftvnfjstjlf`dlf zù elmmlf. @b ekc jlp``jg ellbt glzl vlrzndlikfj vnf Qltrkltl h`plf ks fklt mlhlfg. Ekc ks uktlkfglikch kf el Nsedìlnf Dusludkf @xb`rg tlrloetjlh`dlf. R``r Rkroe`w wns gkt llf gnj `d f``kt tlvlrjltlf. Ekc dòet niil soelglis elmmlf gkl lr injlf lf Qltrkl mli``bgl

eld gnt ekc kf gl t`lh`dst niil soelglis v``r Rkroe`w zù mlwnrlf.Ekc vlrwnoettl gnt lr f`j zlhlr vkcbtkj mkc zùglf h`dlf. _oeikldnffsoekcft uktlkfglikch dkfglr `fglr gl kfgruh jlwllst tl zkcf vnf Qltrklsgntlrkfjdlte`glf gnf Qltrkl `rspr`fhlikch gnoet. Nnf Rkroe`w vlrtli-gl ekc gnt ekc mltwkcbligl `b Qltrkl wlrhlikch prlekst`rksoe nnrglwlrh h`fgntlrlf.>1== Eklrdll eng ekc `fjltwkcblig jlikch. Qltrkl `ftwkhhligl zkcfmlr`ldgl slqulfsgntkfjtloefklh, wnnrdll ekc gl rlintklvl ùglrg`dvnf prlekst`rksoe Ljyptksoe nnrglwlrh h`f vnststliilf pns r`fg >5;7mkc zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf kf gl `djlvkfj vnf Fnqngn. @d wnt ukt tl rustlfmrnoetlf zl llf pnnr gnjlf g``r `p llf infgj`lg kf gl `djlvkfj vnf

Bnyud. Fntuurikch d`lstlf ``h _oeikldnff lf Rkroe`w euf jliuh `pelt mlr`ldgl jrnbvlig uktpr`mlrlf. @p pnnsgnj jkfjlf zl dlt lfkjl nr-mlkglrs nnf gl sinj. Rkroe`w h``s llf hilkf, soekcfmnnr `fmlsoengkjg,eluvlitcl wnnrvnf gl mnsks llf g``rsflgl eng vnf < lf llf enivl dltlrlf gnt llf e``jtl eng vnf 51 olftkdltlr. Gl dlt soelrvlf `vlrglhtleluvli wlrg `djlvlf g``r llf duurtcl vnf mlwlrhtl rloet`pstnnfglstlflf. @fglr glzl stlflf rkfj mlv`fg zkoe, klts vlrglr fnnr muktlf llftwllgl rkfj. Sl v`fglf llf innj dlt soelrvlf vnf gkhwnfgkjl p`ttlfgkl ni jlmr`hlf wnrlf v``r zl kf gl jr`fg tlrloet hwndlf. Niillf twllhilkfl p`tcls lf llf fnpcl wnrlf fklt hnp`t. _oeikldnff eng llf jr`tlrl

eluvli jlf`dlf, gkl vlrglr glzlibgl kfrkoetkfj eng. @`h eklrkf wlrgfklts jlv`fglf gnt nnf llf jrnb elrkfflrgl. Sl g``rzòetlf f`j llfnnftni nfglrl eluvlitcls, dnnr `vlrni wns elt rlsuitnnt eltzlibgl. Gktwnrlf, kf tljlfstliikfj t`t wnt zl jlgnoet engglf, jllf jrnvlf. @dgntlr `vlrni kf glzl eluvlitcls llf innj Fkcisikp jlv`fglf wlrg rnnhtlf

>1== Gr`wlr >;;<, >?:->?5.



77?

_oeikldnff lf Rkroe`w lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt zl ``kt mkc gl wntlrv``rzkl-fkfj v``r elt llf `b nfglr jlmrukht wnrlf. Znt dlf zkoe mkc gnt llf `bnfglr d`lst v``rstliilf wlrg fklt uktjlwlrht.>1=?

lruj kf Onkr` wnoettl elf f`j llf vlrrnsskfj3

Nnf Rkroe`w wlrg, t`lf ekc tl Hnkr` wns, g``r gr. _nild Qnsoen llfgkflr nnfjlm`glf. >< Ljyptksoel lf >< Lur`pllsoel gòt`rlf wnrlf gl jnstlf8 glzl inntstlf mle``rglf t`t 5 vlrsoekiilfgl fntkèf lf gl dlls-tlf h`fglf 7 tnilf vi`lklfg sprlhlf, jllf dkfglr gnf =. _oeikldnff,Rkroe`ws rlksjlf``t, gkl dlgl nnf elt gkflr gllifnd, sprllht niil tnilfvnf Lur`pn, dlt uktz`fglrkfj vnf elt Bkfsoe.>1=7

lruj kf Jrklhlfinfg dnnhtl Rkroe`w sndlf dlt _oeikldnff lfzkcf vrùw fòe llf tòetcl g``r gl Qli`p`ffls`s>1=< niv`rlfs ekc wllrfnnr Mlrikcf tlruj hllrgl.

@dgnt lr nfglrlf wnrlf gkl dllr enfgkjelkg engglf kf elt vlrhrkc-jlf vnf Ljyptksoel vlrjuffkfjlf gnf _oeikldnff eng elt Fkluwsmingvnf Elusglf lf Nitlfn `p >1 `ht`mlr >555 jr``t fkluws v``r ennrilzlrs3

Kf Nilxnfgrkè ks llf jrn `ftglht, gnt glf ùgelkghufgkjlf wnnr-soekcfikch st` v``r vlil `fglrz`lhkfjlf zni `pilvlrlf. Elt ks fndlikch,fnnr dlf vlrd`lgt, elt jrn vnf Nilxnfglr glf Jr``tl, wnnrfnnr gr._oeikldnff vlrilglf wkftlr vlrjlls ellt jlzòet.>1=2

>1=? Rkroe`w >555, ?5:-?;>.>1=7 Ilkgsoe Gnjming >=-1<->555.>1=< Rkroe`w >555, ?;>.

>1=2 Fkluwlming vnf Elusglf lf Nitlfn >1->1->555.



777 -

7:. Llf mngkfrkoetkfj `p lxli

Kf dnnrt >555 soerllb _oeikldnffs ùgl rlksjlf`tl, Lfjlikfl gl ]llgl,eld wllr llf mrklb. lrwkci gl mrklbwksslikfj stki eng jliljlf wns zkc vknDkgglimurj kf Mrussli tlrloetjlh`dlf3

Mrussli >7-7->555 Nvlful gl in ]lkfl ??=

Glf ZliLgliE``jJlillrglfEllr gr E. _oeikldnff

Ntelfl

E``j Jlèrgl Ellr,

@soe``f elt rllgs 2 cnnr jlilglf ks, gnt kh gl llr lf elt jlf`ljlfeng hlffks dlt \ tl dnhlf, lf llf z`` infj tkcgvlri``p elt tljlf`vlrklglr nfglr jlwnnjg zù g`lf zkcf `d zkoe `p gkl hlffksdnhkfj tlmlr`lplf, mkc kldnfg dlt zuih llf elrkfflrkfjsvlrd`jlf nis elt \wlks zuihs zlhlr fklt vlrjlls.

\kt \wl jlsprlhhlf millh dkc dlt wlih llf wkishrnoet \ zkoe glf wlj

jlmnnfg elmt t`t elt jllf wnt gr _oeikldnff fu ks, llf vnf Lur`pn‛sdllst mlr`ldgl dnfflf. Nnf Eìinfg jlv`liglt jkc \ jleloet, `dgntelt \ kfglrtkcg elrmlrjznnd `pjlf`dlf eng, lf `soe``f zuihs vlil,vlil cnrlf jlilglf ks.

Fu llfl Eìinfgsoel zkoe t`t \ wlfgt, `d \wl euip ks gnt mlr`lpzlhlr fklt tlvlrjllsoe. Gl znnh ks fndlikch glzl. G``r infjgurkjlstugkl mlf kh lr kf jlsinnjg `d `p jlmklg vnf d`ftllrlf vnf cflmninfsl XskoT lf ilvlrlf vnf noournnt cf jlwkoet j`lg wlrh tl ilvlrlf.Gnnrg``r mlf kh tenfs elt ilkglfg e``g vnf llfl rdn. Mkcjnnfgzlfg kh fglr gruhwlrh prkcs-oùrnft v/g rdn wklr mlinfj kh eklr ml-

enrtkj, v``r wkl kh wlrh, lf gkl `p zkcf jlmklg uktstlhlfg wlrh ilvlrt,fndlikch gl rdn Mlohlr & _`fs tl ]`ttlrgnd. Mlohlr & _`fs mn-infsl zkcf nnf niil \fkvlrsktlktlf kf Guktsoeinfg, Lfjlinfg, Ndlrkhn,_pnfcl, Brnfhrkch kf jlmrukh.

\kt glf ontnjìus XskoT hnf \ jlf`ljznnd zklf vnf wlihl nnrg elt nmrkhnnt.

Sùgt \ fu z`` j`lg wkiilf zkcf, \, gkl `fglr niil jlillrglf z`` ml-hlfg zkct, d `fglr \wl oìiljn‛s mkcjliljlfelkg eklr`p pdlrhznnd tldnhlf, ` dkc llfkjl eufflr ngrlsslf tl zlfglf, gnf hnf kh zlivl euf



77<

soerkcvlf lf euf dkcfl prkcs-oùrnftlf zlfglf. E`l dllr ngrlsslf \dkc zlfgt e`l nnfjlfndlr dkc zuihs zù zkcf. Kf v``rmnnt rllgs mltukjkh \ dkcf enrtlikchl gnfh v``r \w v``r dkc jlgnfl d`lktl, e`plfglsp`lgkj llf nftw``rg tl vlrfldlf tllhlf kh dlt llf mlillgl lf enrtl-

ikchl jr`lt ``h nnf Dlvrùw \wl loetjlf``tl \wGwGf

L.I. gl ]llgl

Dkcf ngrls ks nis kfikjjlfgl hnnrt, v``r pnrtkouiklrl o`rrlsp`fglftkl jliklvl \ lr mkc tl v`ljlf Q ur Dil gl ]llgl.>1=:

Gl Bkrdn wnnrv``r Lfjlikfl gl ]llgl wlrhtl ellbt llf jlsoeklgl-fks gkl _oeikldnff wnnrsoekcfikch wli nnfjlspr`hlf eng. Kf >5?2 wnsOerkst`pelr Mlohlr ukt Nrfeld fnnr Flw [`rh jljnnf. wll vnf zkcfz``fs, Oerkstknf lf Lrflst vlrjlzliglf eld, dnnr zkcf nfglrl twll z``fs,

Cuil lf Elfry, milvlf kf Nrfeld noetlr. Kf >5<7 stkoettl Oerkst`pelrMlohlr sndlf dlt zkcf twll dlljlh`dlf z``fs kf Flw [`rh gl bkrdnMlohlr & _`fs. Dlf dnnhtl fnutksoel lf nstr`f`dksoel kfstrudlftlf.Kf >52> vlreuksglf vnglr lf z`flf, kf vlrmnfg dlt gl NdlrkhnnfslMurjlr``ri`j, tlruj fnnr Flglrinfg. Sl mlj`fflf dlt elt mùwlf vnfmninfslf kf Nftwlrplf. Rlrd`lglikch hwndlf Cuil lf Elfry fu ``hkf gl znnh. Kf >52< jkfjlf vnglr, Oerkstknf lf Lrfst wllr tlruj fnnr

Ndlrkhn. Cuil lf Elfry mlj`fflf Mlohlr nfg _`fs kf ]`ttlrgnd lfGlibt lf E.I. Mlohlr Bkis kf Mrussli.>1=5

@b _oeikldnff ennr nftw``rggl lf nnf ngrlsslf eklip ks `fmlhlfg.@pvniilfg ks loetlr gnt ekc ennr mrklb mlwnnrgl. Elt ks d`jlikch gnt_oeikldnff klts vnf zkoe ellbt intlf e`rlf, dnnr elt ks nnffldlikchlrgnt ekc gnt fklt gllg lf gnt Lfjlikfl nnf elt lkfg vnf elt cnnr v``rzkoe-tkj llf twllgl p`jkfj gllg g``r eld llf Fkluwcnnrsjr`lt tl sturlf.

Mrussli, =<->= >555

Glf ZliLgliE``jJlillrglfEllr gr E. _oeikldnff Ntelfl

Lfjlikfl gl ]llgl, gkl kf Nujustus >55= elt v``rrloet eng, dlt \hlffks tl dnhlf (nnf m``rg glr ’Rlstn— st``dlr vnf Ntelfl fnnrrkèst) mklgt \ mkc glf nnfvnfj vnf elt cnnr >55; enrl mlstl wlf-

>1=: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. >1>;:>, M`x3 Bìglr >1=3?. Fn >;>= vlrhòet gl bkrdn C`slpe D. Dnkmld & O`. kf Gumikf ukt Mlijkè nbh`dstkjl mninfslf dlt `p eltltkhlt3 ’Dngl kf Mlijkud. L.I. gl ]llgl suoor.— Fn >;=1 w`rglf lr kf Swktslrinfgmninfslf vlrhòet dlt `p elt ltkhlt3 ’Elfry-Iùks Mlohlr, N. Onttlnux & ].Julit`f, Fnoebìjlr v`f L.I. gl ]llgl—.

>1=5 el `rmni ]U wlmskgl.



772 -

soelf nnf, lf vlrz`lht \ Dlvrùw _oeikldnff llf jliuhhkj cnnr t`ltl wlfsoelf.

Dkc kf \w mlkglr vrklfglikchl elrkfflrkfj nnfmlvlilfg tllhlf kh dkce``jnoetlfg

\wGwGfLfjlikfl I gl ]llgl

>77 rlu Dnsuk Mruxliils >1=;

Kftusslf wns lr kf slptldmlr kf _oeuktldnhlrs Qurdlrlfglr Oùrnft llf `pvniilfg nrtkhlitcl vlrsoelflf3

Gl mngkfrkoetkfj, gkl dlf v``rfldlfs ks `p lxli kf elt ilvlf tl r`l- plf. zni jlf`ldg w`rglf fnnr Gr. _oeikldnff, gl mlr`ldgl `pjrnvlr

vnf z``vlil hufstsoenttlf. Glzl ellr mlvkfgt zkoe tenfs fnmkc D`rlnkf Jrklhlfinfg, `d ``h gnnr `pjrnvkfjlf tl g`lf.

Gr. _oeikldnff dnnhtl v``r rukd <1 cnrlf glli ukt vnf gl mldnf-fkfj llflr Qruksksoel mrkh, gkl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglf soekpmrluhillg. Gl jlellil lqukpnjl wlrg jlrlg lf v`fg mkc gl ndkikl Mrnfs tkc-glikch llf `fglrh`dlf. Niilf jkfjlf fnnr Qruksslf tlruj, mlenivl llfikoetdntr``s, gkl kf Ndstlrgnd `p llf enfglishnft``r llf wlrhhrkfjv`fg. Gl c`fjlikfj wns glrtkj cnrlf intlr rkch lf zòet t`lf lxli `p,`d zkcfl rlgglrs f`j llfs tl zklf. Skc wnrlf loetlr niilf g``g.

`lf jkfj ekc llf mng kf gl F``rgzël fldlf, tlr pinntsl wnnr ekcllfs nis soekpmrluhlikfj wns jlinfg. @p gkl pinnts fu wki dlf glmngkfrkoetkfj mùwlf, gkl fnnr glf v``rdnikjlf soellpsc`fjlf znielltlf.>1?1

Gl nrdl gklfstm`gl v``r wkl dlf f`j kf >551 mkc _oeikldnff v``r`fglrstlufkfj nnfjlhi`pt eng h`dt kf gkt vlrenni fklt v``r.

Llf s``rtjlikch mlrkoet vlrsoellf `p = `ht`mlr >555 kf Gl Slluw 3

@p elt lkinfg lssli zni dlttlrtkcg llf mngkfrkoetkfj t`t stnfg jlh`-dlf XskoT, gkl dlf f`ldlf zni fnnr gr. _oeikldnff, glf vlrdnnrglf`pjrnvlr vnf hufstsoenttlf. Glzl jlillrgl tòe dnnhtl llfdnni glliukt glr lqukpnjl vnf llf Qruksksoel mrkh, gkl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`f-glf soekpmrluh illg. Ekc wns t`lf ikoetdntr``s. Llrst `p lssli vlrpilljg, mill ekc intlr, tl Ndstlrgnd noetlr, hrllj lr llf pinnts `p llfenfglishnft``r, lf wns glrtkj cnrlf intlr llf jlzltlf h``pdnf. Fngntekc `rtukf eng jldnnht, mlsi``t ekc elt lkinfg lf zkcf rlgglrs f`j llfs`p tl z`lhlf. @p gl pilh, wnnr ekc llfdnni nis soekpmrluhlikfj nnfwni jlzlt wns, jkfj ekc llf mng fldlf kf gl F``rgzll. Rnf zkcf rlg-glrs wns loetlr fkldnfg dllr kf ilvlf. Gl mngkfrkoetkfj fu, gkl dlf

>1=; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. >1=;>=, M`x3 Bìglr >1?3<.

>1?1 _oeuktldnhlrs Qurdlrlfglr Oùrnft ?1-1;->555.



77:

kf elt ilvlf trnoet tl r`lplf, zù fnmkc gl pilh, wnnr gr. _, llfs infggllf kf intlrl cnrlf mnnggl, w`rglf jlmùwg.>1?>

Gl vìjlfgl gnj h`dt llf s``rtjlikch mlrkoet kf gl SklrkhzllsoelOùrnft 3

Llf stukvlrtcl hnf vrlldg rìilf!

Rÿÿr rukd <1 cnrlf strnfggl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglf llf Qruksksoelmrkh. Elt vìh, gnt jlrlg lf llfkjlf tkcg `p lssli vlrpilljg wlrg, vlr-tr`h sp`lgkj wllr fnnr elt vnglrinfg. Niillf gl soellpsc`fjlf millnoetlr lf zòet tl Ndstlrgnd `p llf enfglishnft``r llf pinnts. Ekchi`d vnf trnp t`t trnp lf wns glrtkj cnrlf intlr llf rkch h``pdnf. lfekc vllrtkj cnrlf fn gl soekpmrluh lssli mlzòet, `d zkcf rlgglrs f`jllfs tl zklf, v`fg ekc jllf glr hi`lhl dnfflf dllr kf ilvlf. @p gl pilh wnnr ekc mkcfn llfdnni wns vlr`fjliuht, fnd ekc llf mng kf zll.

Gl soellpsc`fjlf vnf v``rellf ks fu llf mlr`ldg dnf jlw`rglf. Skcffnnd ks _oeikldnff, gkl zkoe tenfs kf Jrklhlfinfg fnmkc D`rln dlt`pjrnvkfjlf mlzkjeùgt vnf gl vlrw`lstl ùgl stng Dyolfnl. @p gl pilh wnnr gl mlr`ldgl _oeikldnff llfs nnf ―t strnfg hwnd lf intlrllf mng fnd, mlstnnt fu elt v``rfldlf llf mng-kfrkoetkfj kf eltilvlf tl r`lplf, wlihl fnnr gr. _oeikldnff zni jlf`ldg w`rglf.>1?=

Zllr llf gnj intlr h`dlf ``h gl Sklrkhzllsoel Fkluwsm`gl lf gl_oenjlr Oùrnft dlt elt fkluws3

]ukd llfl enivl lluw jlilglf strnfggl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglf

llfl Qruksksoel mrkh.

Elt soellpsvìh wlrg jlrlg lf tkcglikch vlrpilljg mkc gl ndkikl M. kfelt Lklrinfgsoel Euks `p lxli. Fklt infj fn gl soekpmrluh vlrtr`hgl mldnffkfj fnnr elt vnglrinfg. dlt uktz`fglrkfj vnf llf ikjtdn-tr``s, gkl p llf enfglishnft``r tl Ndstlrgnd llf wlrhhrkfj zòet lfv`fg. Gl hnft``rmlgklfgl hi`d vnf trnp t`t trnp p, mrnjt elt t`t oellf d`jt fn glrtkj cnrlf llf vlrd`jlfg dnf elltlf. `lf mlsi``t ekcf`j llfs elt lkinfg tl mlz`lhlf, wnnr ekc nis soekpmrluhlikfj llf j`lg`fglrh`dlf eng jlv`fglf, lf tlvlfs zkcfl rlgglrs f`j llfdnni tlrujtl zklf. Gkt inntstl wns fklt dllr d`jlikch, g``rgklf niilf `vlrilglf

wnrlf. Llr gl vrlldglikfj wllr vlrtr`h, t``j ekc fnnr gl pilh wnnr ekcllfs nnf infg wns jlh`dlf lf ekc fnd gnnr llf vlrrkssoelfg mng kfgl F``rgzll. `lf vlrtr`h ekc fnnr Qnrkcs, wnnr ekc glstkcgs w``fgl.Wnfs eùgt gl v``rdnikjl soellpsc`fjlf zkoe mlzkj dlt `pjrnvkfjlfkf Jrklhlfinfg. Skcf fnnd ks wlrligvlrdnnrg jlw`rglf. Ekc ellt gr._oeikldnff.

>1?> Gl Slluw 1=->1->555.

>1?= Sklrkhzllsoel Oùrnft 1?->1->555.



775 -

Wnfs wlfsoet dlf zkcf fnnd tl vlrmkfglf nnf gl mngkfrkjtkfj gkldlf eklr p``jt tl stkoetlf fnmkc gl pilh wnnr llfs gl v``rdnikjl soekp-mrluhlikfj v`lt nnf wni zlttl. @ gl pinfflf, g``r gl rdn H`fkfjlf O`, `ftw`rplf, vlrwlzlfikcht zuiilf w`rglf, hnf siloets gl tkcg

illrlf.

>1??

\kt lxli w`rgt jldlig3

S``nis rllgs jldlig ks, soekcflf gl pinfflf t`t `prkoetkfj llflr mng-kfrkoetkfj nnf elt lsslisoel strnfg dllr hnfs tl elmmlf, tl w`rglfvlrwlzlfikcht. Gl rdn H`fkfj & O`., gkl gnnrt`l skfgs llfkjlf tkcghrnoetkjl dkgglilf nnfwlfgt, ellt, fnnr dlf vlrzlhlrt, elt v``rfl-dlf, z`` gl mngkfrkoetkfj t`t stnfg h`dt, glzl fnnr gr. _oeikldnff,glf vlrdnnrglf `pjrnvlr vnf z``vlil hufstsoenttlf, tl f`ldlf. Glzl jlillrgl tòe, dnnhtl llfdnni glli ukt glr lqukpnjl vnf llf Qruksksoelmrkh, gkl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglf soekpmrluh illg. Fngnt gl v``r-dnikjl ikoetdntr``s `rtukf eng jldnnht, mlsi``t ekc `d elt lkinfglf zkcfl rlgglrs f`j llfs `p tl z`lhlf. @p gl pilh wnnr ekc llfdnninis soekpmrluhlikfj nnf wni wns jlzlt, jkfj ekc llf mng fldlf kf glF``rgzll. Rnf zkcfl rlgglrs wns loetlr fkldnfg dllr kf ilvlf. Glmngkfrkoetkfj fu, gkl dlf kf elt ilvlf trnoet tl r`lplf, zù fnmkcgl pinnts, wnnr gr. _. llfs infggl lf kf intlrl cnrlf mnnggl, w`rglf jlmùwg.>1?7

@p 2 `ht`mlr mlrlkht gkt mlrkoet ``h elt olftrud vnf Flglrinfgwnffllr elt g``r gl Fkluwl Ndlrs``rtsoel Oùrnft w`rgt jlmrnoet3

Gl Mngkfrkoetkfj, gkl dlf v``rfldlfs ks `p lxli kf elt ilvlf tl r`l- plf, zni jlf`ldg w`rglf fnnr Gr. _oeikldnff, gl mlr`ldgl `pjrnvlrvnf z``vlil hufstsoenttlf. Glzl ellr mlvkfgt zkoe tenfs fnmkc D`rlnkf Jrklhlfinfg, `d ``h gnnr `pjrnvkfjlf tl g`lf.

Gr. _oeikldnff dnnhtl v``r rukd <1 cnrlf glli ukt vnf gl mldnf-fkfj llflr Qruksksoel mrkh, gkl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglf soekpmrluhillg. Gl jlellil lqukpnjl wlrg jlrlg lf v`fg mkc gl ndkikl Mrnfstkcglikch `fglrh`dlf. Niilf jkfjlf fnnr Qruksslf tlruj, mlenivl llfikoetdntr``s, gkl kf Ndstlrgnd `p llf enfglishnft``r llf wlrhhrkfjv`fg. Gl c`fjlikfj wns glrtkj cnrlf intlr rkch lf zòet t`lf lxli `p,

`d zkcfl rlgglrs f`j llfs tl zklf. Skc wnrlf loetlr niilf g``g.

`lf jkfj ekc llf mng kf gl F``rgzll fldlf, tlr pinntsl wnnr ekcllfs nis soekpmrluhlikfj wns jlinfg. @p gkl pinnts fu wki dlf glmngkfrkoetkfj mùwlf, gkl fnnr glf v``rdnikjlf soellpsc`fjlf znielltlf.>1?<

>1?? Sklrkhzllsoel Fkluwsm`gl 17->1->555.>1?7 _oenjlr Oùrnft 17->1->555.

>1?< Fkluwl Ndlrs``rtsoel Oùrnft 12->1->555.



77;

@p ; `ht`mlr mlrlkht gkt mlrkoet zlibs zukg Flglrinfg wnffllr eltFkluwsming vnf ]`lrd`fg llf nrtkhli `vlrflldt ukt gl EnnrilddlrOùrnft 3

]ukd llfl enivl lluw jlilglf strnfggl kf gl Lklrinfgsoel jr`fglfllfl Qruksksoel mrkh.

Elt soellpsvìh wlrg jlrlg lf tkcglikch vlrpilljg mkc gl ndkikl M. kfelt Lklrinfgsoel Euks `p lxli. Fklt infj fn gl soekpmrluh vlrtr`h glmldnffkfj fnnr elt vnglrinfg, dlt uktz`fglrkfj vnf llf ikoetdn-tr``s, gkl `p llf enfglishnft``r tl Ndstlrgnd llf wlrhhrkfj zòetlf v`fg. Gl hnft``rmlgklfgl hi`d vnf trnp t`t trnp `p, mrnoet elt t`toel lf dòet fn glrtkj cnrlf llf vlrd`jlfg dnf elltlf. lf mlsi``tekc f`j llfs elt lkinfg tl mlz`lhlf, wnnr ekc nis soekpmrluhlikfj llf j`lg `fglrh`dlf eng jlv`fglf, lf tlvlfs zkcf rlgglrs f`j llfdnnitlruj tl zklf. Gkt inntstl wns fklt dllr d`jlikch, g``rgklf niilf `vlr-ilglf wnrlf. Llr gl vrlldglikfj wllr vlrtr`h, t``j ekc fnnr gl pilh,wnnr ekc llfs nnf infg wns jlh`dlf lf ekc fnd gnnr llf vlrrkssoelfgmng kf gl F``rgzll. `lf vlrtr`h ekc fnnr Qnrkcs, wnnr ekc glstkcgsw``fgl. Wnfs eùgt gl v``rdnikjl soellpsc`fjlf zkoe mlzkj dlt `p- jrnvkfjlf kf Jrklhlfinfg. Skcf fnnd ks wlrligvlrdnnrg jlw`rglf.Ekc ellt gr. _oeikldnff. Dlf wlfsoet fu zkcf fnnd tl vlrmkfglf nnfgl mngkfrkoetkfj, gkl dlf eklr p``jt tl stkoetlf fnmkc gl pilh, wnnrllfs gl v``rdnikjl soekpmrluhlikfj v`lt nnf wni zlttl. @ gl pinfflf,g``r gl rdn H`fkfj & O`. ftw`rplf, vlrwlzlfikcht zuiilf w`rglf,hnf siloets gl tkcg illrlf.>1?2

Znnrsoekcfikch ks gkt nrtkhli kf f`j wli dllr hrnftlf tl vkfglf, dnnrz` ks elt wli gukglikch. Gl bkrdn H`fkfj & O`. wkiglf `p lxli llfmngkfrkoetkfj mljkfflf lf g``r gkl nnf gl fnnd _oeikldnff tl vlrmkf-glf jkfj gkt vlrenni, `p gl ruj vnf gl dlljlilvlrgl _oeikldnff dytel,nis llf i`plfg vuurtcl g``r elt infg. Gl nrdl grlfhlikfj gkl dkic`fnkrwlrg lf gkl fu `p elt lkinfg wnnr`p ekc nnfsp`ligl jlèlrg zù w`r-glf. @pvniilfg ks gnt ni gkl hrnftlf elt mlrkoet vnf lihnnr `vlrfldlfz`fglr gnt dlf zlib ``h dnnr lfkj lkjlf `fglrz`lh g`lt. Llf glrjlikch`fglrz`lh eng `p gnt d`dlft f`j elli j`lg jlhufg lf eng v``rh`-dlf gnt zl niildnni glzlibgl bùt gl wlrlig kf jleìplf engglf. Fkltklglrllf gkl _oeikldnff fn zkcf rlggkfj mkcjlstnnf eng wns fndlikchg``g. Dnnrtcl Hukplr illbgl f`j. @b elt g``r elt v``rfldlf `d llfMngkfrkoetkfj fnnr eld tl f`ldlf hwnd ks fklt gukglikch, dnnr `p >1`ht`mlr >555 soerllb gl `fglrwkczlf vnf elt lkinfg, C. Gnniglr, dltennr mlinfj v``r `jlf, nnf _oeikldnff3

>1?2 Fkluwsming vnf ]`lrd`fg 1;->1->555.



7<1 -

Glf Zlilglilf SllrjlillrglfEllr Gr. _oeikldnff

D!

Llf vkctkjtni cnrlf jlilglf ellt \ soekpmrluh jlilglf `p elt lkinfglxli (Flglrinfg). G``r gl euip vnf llfkjl hi`lhl dnfflf wlrg jl kfelt ilvlf jlspnnrg. Llf tklftni cnrlf jlilglf ks \ `p lxli jlwllst, dtl zklf ` lr f`j vnf uwl rlgglrs kf elt ilvlf wnrlf, gòe glzl wnrlfrllgs niilf `vlrilglf. Gòe gl vrùw, gkl \ ellt `pjlpnst, illgl f`jlf illt ``h fu f`j.

Gl `fglrjltllhlfgl ellt niil d`jlikchl kfikoetkfjlf vnf glzl vrùw jlvrnnjg lf elt ks eld jlmilhlf, gnt \ cukst gl mlg`ligl plrs``f ks jlwllst.

Glzl vrùw ks f`j kf ―t mlzkt vnf llfl zlldnfshkst wlihl ennr g``r \ks jlsoe`fhlf jlw`rglf.

Znrl elt, gnt m`vlfmlg`ligl vrùw rukd mr``g eng, `fglrjltllhlfglzù elt fklt wnjlf zkoe t`t \ tl wlfglf. Gòe glzl vrùw ks llfl nrdlwlguwl lf nenfhlikch vnf gl iklgngkjelkg enrlr g`rpsjlf``tlf.

Gl fnnd vnf glzl vrùw ks Dnnrtcl Hukplr, wlguwl vnf O`rfliksR`fh.

Gl fglrjltllhlfgl wnnjt elt, muktlf glf wki vnf Dnnrtcl Hukplr, \elt m`vlfstnnfgl fglr elt `j tl mrlfjlf. Dòet \ s`dtkcgs twkclilf

nnf gl wnnrelkg, jliklvl \ gnf `d kfikoetkfjlf tl wlfglf t`t glfMurjldllstlr vnf lxli.

Dòet \ s`dtkcgs klts fnglrs wkiilf vlrfldlf dtrlft i`t lf ilvlf glrvrùw, wlihl \ kf llf vrlldg infg tkcglfs llfl zklhtl ellt `pjlpnst, jliklvl \ gnf tl wlfglf t`t `fglrjltllhlfgl, wlihl zkoe mlrlkg vlr-hinnrt t`t elt g`lf vnf niils, wnt `p m`vlfstnnfgl mltrlhhkfj ellt.

Dòet \ s`dltkcgs soerktlikch wkiilf mlrkoetlf nnf Dnnrtcl Hukplr, jliklvl gnf uw mrkl tl ngrlssllrlf nnf `fglrjltllhlfgl, gnnr DnnrtclHukplr fklt hnf ilzlf fòe soerkcvlf.

Eklrdlgl ellt gl `fglrjltllhlfgl gl llr zkoe e``jnoetlfg tlf`ldlf

\lgwgklfnnr C. Gnniglr

@fglrwkczlr @`stlrlfg `p lxli, H`fkfjrkch glr Flglrinfglf

>1 @ot`mlr >555 >1?:

>1?: Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. >1=<21, M`x3Bìglr >1?3?.



7<>

Elt soekcft gnt _oeikldnff, gkl ni llf nnftni mle`lbtkjlDlohilfmurjlrs `fglrstlufgl,>1?5 fklts nnf Dnnrtcl Hukplr jljlvlfellbt.

Elt ks fklt nnffldlikch gnt _oeikldnff `p gkt d`dlft vnf zkcf il-

vlf Flglrinfgsl hrnftlf ins. Ekc wkst gus f`j vnf fklts t`lf H`fkfj &O`. eld `p =5 blmrunrk >55; soerlvlf3

Eìinfg lxli =5 lm 5;

Sllr wnnrgl Ellr!

\ wns elt zlivl gkl dkc v``r vllil cnrlf dlglglligl gnt \ nis c`fjlikfjnnfm``rg vnf llf Mrkhsoekp `p `fzl hust

lxlisoelhust Lkclrinfg

_oekpmrluh illg. \ kf`rdllrgl dkc gnt \ mle`ltl jlv`ligl gnt Lkinfgf`j llfs tl mlz`lhlf lf fnd llf zllmng.

Suihs ks `fs fklt vlrjlltlf lf fu gnt wkc f`j gnjlikchs kf gl fkluwsmin-glf vnf \ inzlf, elmmlf wkc gl wltlfsoenp gnt \ f`j kf ilvlf ks.

Zkc kf`rdlrlf \lg zllr mlillg gnt wkc v``rfldlfs zkcf `p gkl_trnfghust llf Qnvkic`lf (mngkfrkjtkfj) tl mùwlf lf gnt Qnvkic`lfzllr jnnrf zùgl f`ldlf

_oeikldnff

Zki `fs svp kf`rdlrlf ` \lg zuihs j`lghlurt Gl Qnvkic lf w`rgt p hikcfl XskoT soenni mlj`fflf z``gnt elt hnpktnniv``ri`pkj fklt jr``t zni zkcf.

Zkc eùglf `fs t`t niil stluf vnf \ tlf zllrstl nnfmlvìlf

\w jlnoet nftw``rg zni `fs nnfjlfnnd zkcf

E``jnoetlfg

H`fkfj & O`>1?;

>1?5 _tìi >;<5, =71 ’Nuoe koe s`rjl bùr nrdl Dlohilfmurjlr ufg enml slkt zwnfzkj Cnerlf hlkflf Qblffkj Skfslf jlslelf v`f <1 111 Gìinrs sklmlfpr`zlftkjlr ndl-rkhnfksoelr Eyp`telhlf, gkl mlk _oeròglr kf Endmurj ikljlf, glff glr Lrtrnjglrslimlf lrbrlut s` vklil Dlohilfmurjlr, ufg stkrmt lkflr gnv`f, s` skfg soe`fkddlr wklglr flul Hnfgkgntlf, gkl kerl _tliil lkffledlf.—

>1?; Jlffngkus Ikmrnry Fr. >1?=71 M`x3Bìglr >173=.



7<= -

75. Mòttkoelr

_oeikldnff wns fu 2: cnnr lf g``r `fglr nfglrl zkcf Ljyptl rlkzlf`ftstnnt elt mllig gnt ekc elt, fu gl jr`tl `pjrnvkfj `p Hrltn fklt g``rjkfj, wnt rustkjlr nnf wns jnnt g`lf. _kfgs >55? `ftst`fg lr loetlr llfpr`milld gnt _oeikldnff fklt fnnst zkoe fllr h`f iljjlf lf gnt zkcf rustnmsìuut vlrst``rgl. @p gl pinttljr`fg vnf r`cl gkl Murfùb v``r Kik`s jltlhlfg eng st`fglf llf jr``t nnftni hilkfl rukdtls dlt gnnrtusslfinfjl jnfjlf. Kf gl tlhst sprnh _oeikldnff `vlr eùtns lf urflf dltdlfslikchl vlrmikcbslilf. Gkt mrnoet gl v``rdnikjl ’Enuptdnff— Lrfst

Mòttkoelr (>57=->;?1) p elt kgll gnt elt eklr d llf ’Blulrflhr`pìl—,llf g`glfstng nfflx orldnt`rkud jkfj. Ekc pumikollrgl glzl tel`rklv``r elt llrst kf llf nrtkhli kf Gns Nusinfg 3 ’_oeikldnff‛s r`cn lkfl ur-zlktikoel Blulrflhr`pìl—.>171 Niil v`fgstlf d`lstlf vìjlfs Mòttkoelrkf gl o`ftlxt vnf llf g`glfouitus jlzklf w`rglf. Gnt Ekssnrikh llfgukglikchl strntkjrnbkl eng `fthlfgl ekc. Ekssnrikh eng nis orldnt`rkudv``r elt elil jlmklg jlgklfg lf r`cl zlib inj mkc Murfnrmnsek. Kf r`cn vnf >557 wns _oeikldnff dlt llf fkluwl, g``r Eòbilr lf Gòrpblig jl-tlhlfgl pinttljr`fg jlh`dlf wnnr`p jlw`fl hndlrs tl zklf zkcf. Eltvlrsoeki wns gnt gl pinttljr`fg vnf Murfùb r`cl KKK wllrjnb tlrwkci `p

glzl fkluwl pinttljr`fg gl sktuntkl vnf r`cl KK jltlhlfg wns. RìjlfsMòttkoelr wns lr f``kt dllr gnf ëëf r`cl jlwllst lf h`f lr gus jllfvlrsoeki tusslf glzl twll pinttljr`fglf mlstnnf. Gkt h`f fklt nfglrs gnfllf pr`guot vnf _oeikldnffs bnftnskl zkcf, llf vlrvniskfj. _oeikldnffeng jlgllitlf vnf gl jnfjduur wlj intlf enilf lf z` wnrlf lr fu hilkflhndlrtcls `ftstnnf. @p nfglrl puftlf eng ekc f`j dllr durlf wlj in-tlf enilf lf z` wnrlf gl tldplis `ftstnnf.>17>

Elt ks tl mljrkcplf gnt _oeikldnff, gkl tòe ni fklt z` j`lg tljlfhrktklh h`f, fklt jliuhhkj wns dlt glzl uktintkfj. Ekc vr`lj Rkroe`w`d llf nrtkhli tljlf Mòttkoelr tl soerkcvlf lf jllbt eld >: puftlf gkl

mlnftw``rg d`ltlf w`rglf. Zl hkchlf eklr fnnr llf puft wnnrg``rdltllf gukglikch w`rgt `vlr wlihl s``rt vnf hrktklh wl eklr sprlhlf.Rìjlfs Mòttkoelr zùglf lr gukzlfglf soelglis lf zlibs elil shlilttlfjlv`fglf zkcf. _oeikldnff wkcst Rkroe`w lr fu `p gnt lr kf wlrhlikch-elkg siloets grkl shlilttlf lf ëëf soelgli jlv`fglf zkcf. Kf llf vnt eng

>171 Snvngki =11;, ?7.

>17> Snvngki =11;, ?2.



7<?

dlf elt shlilt vnf llf hkfg b ldmry` jlv`fglf, vlrglr eng dlf, kf tl-jlfstliikfj t`t wnt Mòttkoelr mlwllrgl, kf jllf lfhli vnt `kt dlfslikchlmllfglrlf jlv`fglf.>17=

Rkroe`w gllg wnt _oeikldnff eld vr`lj lf eklig `p >2 blmru-

nrk >557 llf ilzkfj v``r glr Mlrikflr Jlsliisoenbt bùr Nfter`pì`jklwnnrkf ekc Mòttkoelrs tel`rkl puft v``r puft wllriljgl. Gkt st`ptlMòttkoelr loetlr fklt. Glzl jkfj vkn gl Hòifksoelf Slktufj dltllf kf gltljlfnnfvni.

_oeikldnff wns `p gkt d`dlft llf vnf gl jnstelrlf vnf gl fkluwlGuktsl hlkzlr lf zkcf vrùw, gkl `p stnntsmlz`lh wnrlf kf Jrklhlfinfg.Eklrg``r guurgl elt lvlf v``r ekc e``rgl gnt Mòttkoelr elrfkluwg glnnfvni eng kfjlzlt3

Nnf elt Hlkzlrikch Loetpnnr,>17? gnt `p rlks fnnr Ntelfl ks, w`rgt ni-gnnr `fglr vlil nfglrl wlih`dstjr`ltlf llf lkjlfnnrgkjl euigl v``r-mlrlkg vnf llf e`fglrtni vrùwlf ukt _pnrtn lf vkctkj clujgkjl dlksclsukt Dljnrn. Glzl gndls zuiilf v``r elt R`rstlfpnnr ùgl fntk`fnilgnfslf uktv`lrlf lf gnnrmkc tlvlfs llf fntk`fnni jlsoelfh nnfmklglf.Elt mlhlfgl llst vnf Dljnrn, gnt g``r gl ùgl Eliilflf z`` iukstlr-rkch jlvklrg wlrg, zni niz`` kf Ntelfl elrilvlf. Mkc llfkjzkfs jufstkjwlglr zni gl Hlkzlr, fnnr elt Cùrfni g‛Ntelfl dlglgllit, gl sinjvli-glf vnf Dnrnte`f lf Wlrd`pyil mlz`lhlf. Gl glrwnnrts v`lrlfglwljlf zkcf rllgs kf `rgl jlmrnoet. Gl mlhlfgl ùgelkgv`rsoelr gr.Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff zni tl Ntelfl nnf glf Hlkzlr llf h`stmnrl vlr-zndlikfj ugelglf vlrenfgkjlf, gkl intlr llf sklrnng zni w`rglf vnf

gl Dusln.>177

Elt hlkzlrikchpnnr eng ``h zkcf d`lglr dlljlf`dlf lf gkl eng ``hz` gl gkfjlf zl zklf wkigl3

Hlkzlrkf Brlglrkh,>17< gkl zllr vlli mlinfjstliikfj nnf glf gnj iljt v``rgl Jrklhsoel ùgelglf, zni, niv`rlfs Jrklhlfinfg tl vlrintlf, llf ml-z`lh mrlfjlf nnf @iydpkn lf Dyolfnl. Gl hr``fprkfs lf hr``fprkf-sls >172 mlflvlfs gr. _oeikldnff zuiilf ennr vlrjlzliilf.>17:

Gl hlkzlrikchl bndkikl rlksgl g``r fnnr urhkcl lf zlibs t`lf wns_oeikldnff lr f`j fklt vnf nb3

>17= Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, ?;=.>17? Brlglrkh Zkielid Rkot`r Nimlrt v`f Eèlfzìilrf (>5<;->;7>) lf Nujustn

Rkot`rkn v`f _illswkch-Eìstlkf-_`fglrmurj-Nujustlfmurj (>5<5->;=>).>177 Fkluwl J`rkfoeldsoel Oùrnft ?>->1->55;.>17< Rkot`rkn Nglielkg Dnrkn Iùksl v`f _nhslf-O`murj ufg J`ten (>571->;1>).>172 Nnfjlzklf Brklgrkoe Zkielid Fkhìnus Hnri v`f QrluÐlf (>5?1->555), Brlglrkh

KKK kf >555 wns `vlrilglf wnrlf gkt `p gkt d`dlft gl hlkzlr lf hlkzlrkf vnfGuktsinfg.

>17: Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft >7->>->55;.



7<7 -

Dkssoeklf zni gl Guktsoel hlkzlr mkc zkcf tlrujhllr ukt H`fstnftkf`pligl pinnts vnf elt ùgl r`cl mlz`lhlf, lf gl ellr _oeikldnff znignnr`d tl jlikchlr tkcg dlt glf hlkzlr ukt Ntelfl vlrtrlhhlf, `d glf``gkjl v``rmlrlkglfgl dnntrljlilf v``r gl `ftvnfjst tl fldlf. Mkc

glrjlikchl piloetkjelglf w`rgt jlw``fikch gl llfl ` nfglrl dlrh-wnnrgkjelkg zllr t`lvniikj cukst `pjljrnvlf `p elt ``jlfmikh gnt glv`rstlikchl mlz`lhlr tljlfw``rgkj ks. Gòe gkt vlrlksoet fnturikch llfkjlv``rmlrlkgkfj.>175

Gl hlkzlrikchl bndkikl rlksgl vnf O`fstnftkf`pli dlt llf h`rtl tus-slfst`p `p O`rbu fnnr Rlfltkè. Sl si`ljlf r`cl `vlr lf lr wlrg gnf ``hfklts mkcz`fglrs jlv`fglf.

Kf `ht`mlr >557 nftw``rggl Gòrpblig Mòttkoelr kf gl ZllfslFlulf Brlklf Qrlssl lf kf gl Dùfoeflr Niijldlkflf Slktufj . Gòrpbligwlls eklrkf elt kgll gnt ekc lf _oeikldnff gl ``rspr`fhlikchl duurtcls

nbjlmr`hlf engglf `d hndlrs tl hrkcjlf, z`nis Mòttkoelr mlwllrg eng,rlsìuut vnf gl enfg. Gkt eklip loetlr fklts, Mòttkoelr millb mkc zkcf vlr-tukjkfj gns Ekssnrikh llf orldnt`rkud jlwllst wns lf gkt wns vìjlfseld fklt elt lfkjl, ``h kryfs wns llf orldnt`rkud ukt gl ùgelkg.

Niil bùtlf wnrlf vìjlfs Mòttkoelr `ftstnnf `dgnt _oeikldnff nnf’Eliilf`dnfkl— illg. Znffllr gnt fklt elt jlvni wns zù ekc zkcf jligwli mlstlglf nnf gl mlstuglrkfj vnf gl Guktsl `lrouituur, Znffllr ekcgnt gllg zù ekc vnfzlib ftglhhlf gnt Mòttkoelr jlikch eng lf gnt z`wliEkssnrikh nis kryfs f``kt pnilkzlf jlwllst wnrlf, dnnr glli engglf ukt-jldnnht vnf llf `lrùgl g`glfouitus.>17;

@p 5 dnnrt >55; vlrsoellf lr llf nf`fkld nrtkhli kf gl Hòifksoelr Slktufj . Eklrkf wlrg `fglr vlrwkczkfj fnnr gl nrtkhlilf vnf Mòttkoelrkftlrfntk`fnni t`lzkoet jlèkst mkc gl g``r _oeikldnff jlpinfgl pjrnvkfjvnf Hf`ss`s.>1<1 _oeikldnff wns mljrkcplikchlrwkcs w`lglfg. Ni vkcb cnnr,z` soerllb ekc nnf Rkroe`w w`rglf Gòrpblig lf kh g``r gl uktvkfglr vnfgl ’Blulrflhr`pìlf— mlsoekdpt lf mlinstlrg. Ekc ellbt Gòrpblig zlibsni dllrglrl hlrlf v``r llf vlrvnislr uktjldnnht. E`lwli klglrllf wlltgnt glzl dnf f`j f``kt kf gl @rkèft jlwllst ks lf f`j f``kt pjljrnvlfellbt, pinntslf gl Guktsl hrnftlf tòe stllgs wllr zkcf nrtkhlilf.>1<>

Elt ks kfglrgnng llf dlrhwnnrgkj blf`dllf gnt Mòttkoelr zkoe ni

cnrlf gruh dnnhtl `d llf `pjrnvkfj gkl ekc f``kt jlzklf ellbt. Dnnr gklzlibgl Mòttkoelr millb zkcf hrktklh ``h bufglrlf `p Kik`s ukt >55> tlrwkciekc niils wnt gnnrfn kf >557 kf r`cn wns jlpumikollrg nis llf vlrvniskfjmillb hnrnhtlrkslrlf.

>175 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1=->>->55;. Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft 1>->>->55; ’FnH`fstnftkf`pli zni gl `fvlrd`lkgl Guktsoel hlkzlr f`j r`cl, glf Qli`p`fls`slf Rlfltkè mlz`lhlf. Llf uktstnpcl fnnr Hrltn soekcft fklt `p elt r`fgrlksmkiclt tlstnnf.—

>17; Snvngki =11;, 75.>1<1 Snvngki =11;, <>.>1<> Elrrdnff ufg DnnÐ >;;1, <11.



7<<

Kf elt v``rcnnr vnf >55; pumikollrgl Mòttkoelr llf m`lhcl dlt zkcftel`rkl3 In r`kl gl _oeikldnff, ufl fëor`pìl á kfokfërntk`f á in dnfkårlnssyr`-mnmyi`fklffl . Ekc v`ligl zkoe jlgw`fjlf `d gkt kf elt Brnfs tlpumikolrlf `dgnt ekc kf Guktsinfg jllf uktjlvlr eng hufflf vkfglf.

Nnf gl tktli ks dltllf tl zklf gnt elt rkch glr prlekst`rksoel orldnt`-rkn zkoe vlrjr``t ellbt. @`h gl Nsskrksoel lf Mnmyi`fksoel vkfgpinntslfw`rglf fu niil vnf ukt gkt kgll vlrhinnrg. _tlrhlr f`j, Mòttkoelr ks lrvnf`vlrtukjg jlrnnht gnt r`cl kf glzlibgl jr`lp teuks e``rt. Ekc stuurt llflxldpinnr nnf gl gkrlotlur vnf elt duslud kf O`fstnftkf`pli, @sdnfEndgk Mly (>57=->;>1) lf rnngt gkl kf gl mljlilkglfgl mrklb nnf `dgl `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl v``rtnnf zlib tl g`lf. Mòttkoelr f`ldt kf zkcfpndbilt llf nnftni fndlf vnf jlillrglf gkl zkcf tel`rklèf zùglf fglr-soerkcvlf. Llf gnnrvnf wns gl o`fslrvnt`r vnf ―s ]kchs Ltef`jrnpeksoeDuslud tl Ilkglf, Cènffls Gklgrkoe Lgunrg _oedlitz (>5?;->;1;).

Glzl wns vlrmnnsg lf vlrmìjlf gnt ekc mkc gl strkcg `d Kik`f mltr`hhlfwlrg.>1<= Ekc v`ligl zkoe nis Ltfì``j fklt kf stnnt `d vrnjlf `p elt jl-mklg vnf gl nroelì`jkl tl mlnftw``rglf.>1<?

Elt wns gukglikch gnt Mòttkoelr fklt g``r tljlfnrtkhlilf vnf zkcf kgllnb tl mrlfjlf wns. Fngnt Mòttkoelrs pndbilt uktlkfglikch tòe f`j kf llfnnftni Guktsl hrnftlf jlgruht wns eng Gòrpblig lr jlf`lj vnf. @p >2nujustus >55; stligl ekc _oeikldnff v``r `d dlt Mòttkoelr fnnr r`cltl jnnf. Gkt eng kf >552 uktstlhlfg jlwlrht mkc Qlfr`sl gus wnnr`d zùelt fu ``h fklt wlrhlf3

]`fsg`r, glf >2 Nuj. 5; _ler jllertlr Elrr Gòt`r!

_ler jllertlr Elrr Gòt`r! _kl enmlf wèi lrnerlf, gnÐ Elrr Mòttkoelrkf vklilf glutsoelf Slktufjlf wklglr _oedçe-Nrtkhli jljlf _kl ufgufs i`siçÐt. Koe wlrgl nu gklsl Ntkhli nftw`rtlf ufg Elrrf Mòttkoelròfilftikoe nufi`rglrf dkt dkr fnoe r`cn zu rlkslf, gndkt lr skoe nf@rt ufg _tliil v`f glr \frkoetkjhlkt slkflr Mlenuptufjlf ùmlrzlu- jlf hnff. Rlrdutikoe wkrg lr fuf nftw`rtlf, gnÐ ked gns ]lksljlig leil. Zùrglf _kl lvlftulii mlrlkt slkf, ked gns ]lksljlig zu jlmlf0 Koe jinuml, ls ikljt kf Kerld Kftlrlssl gns zu teuf, gndkt _kl lfgikoe gklslf Nfjrlklr i s wlrglf.

Dkt jnfz lrjlmlfstld JruÐl

Zkie. Gòrplig >1<7

>1<= O`rrlsp`fglfz-Mintt glr glutsoelf Jlsliisoent ùr Nfter`pì`jkl, Ltefì`jkl ufg\rjlsoekoetl =1, >55;, Fr.;, 57.

>1<? F`rgglutsoelf Niijldlkflf Slktufj >5-1;->55;.

>1<7 Snvngki =11;, >5<.



7<2 -

Rkroe`w eng wlkfkj vlrtrùwlf kf gl `prloetl wltlfsoenpplikchlmlg`likfjlf vnf Mòttkoelr lf ekc rnnggl _oeikldnff nnf `d llf glrglplrs``f nis jltukjl dll tl intlf jnnf. _oeikldnff sprnh Gòrpblig `vlrgkt pinf lf stligl eld >.=11 Dnrh tlr mlsoekhhkfj `d Mòttkoelrs rlks tl

mltnilf wnffllr glzl `p elt v``rstli kf jkfj. Mòttkoelr ks fklt tlvrlglfdlt gkt mlgrnj. Ekc lkst gnt _oeikldnff eld vìg`lfgl jlig tlr mlsoekh-hkfj stlit `d noet gnjlf kf Ekssnrikh tl hufflf `pjrnvlf lf niils wntekc dnnr wki tl hufflf b`t`jrnblrlf. E`lwli _oeikldnff fklt loet wlltwnt ekc dlt glzl lkslf vnf Mòttkoelr nnf d`lt vrnnjt ekc llf fkluwl `p-jrnvkfjsvlrjuffkfj nnf3>1<<

Gl suitnf vnf urhkcl ellt nnf gr. _oeikldnff vlrjuffkfj vlrillfgt`t elt g`lf vnf fkluwl pjrnvkfjlf tl Ekssnrikh wlihl llrstgnnjs zui-ilf mljkfflf.>1<2

Fu gl `pjrnvkfjlf kf Ekssnrikh wllr elrvnt zùglf w`rglf mlsi``t_oeikldnff elt dltllf jr`fgkj nnf tl pnhhlf. Fklt niillf llf mlz`lhvnf Mòttkoelr dlt llf jltukjl, fll llf elli o`fjrls vnf jlznjelmmlf-gl dlfslf gkl tlr pinntsl sndlf hwndlf `d gnnr gl tel`rklèf vnf_oeikldnff lf Mòttkoelr tl mlgksousskèrlf lf tl o`ftrìlrlf.

>1<< Snvngki =11;, 27.>1<2 Ilkgsoe Gnjming =5->1->55; lf Gl kcg3 j`gsgklfstkj-stnnthufgkj gnjming

?1->1->55;.



7<:

7;. Gl r`cl o`fblrlftkls

Gl llrstl r`cl-o`fblrlftkl v`fg pinnts kf gloldmlr >55; lf guurglvkcb gnjlf. Fnnst _oeikldnff, Gòrpblig lf Mòttkoelr hwndlf gl nr-oektlot Jl`rjl Fkldnff (>57>->;>=) ukt Zlflf, gl onrt`jrnnb Dnc`rMlrfenrg _tlbblf (>577->5;>) ukt Mlrikcf lf gl kfjlfklur lf mùwhuf-gkjl Oenrils Mnmkf (>521->;?=) ukt Qnrkcs. Elt ks `pvniilfg gnt lr v``rglzl o`fblrlftkl jllf oinsskous `b E`dlrushlfflr uktjlf`gkjg wns. lr`fglrstlufkfj vnf gl elil `fglrfldkfj wlrg Brnfh Onivlrt uktjlf`-gkjg. R``r gl urhsl rljlrkfj fnd Jenikm Mny nnf gl o`fblrlftkl glli.

_oeikldnff mltnnigl v``r klglrllf gl rlkslf vlrmikcbh`stlf. Nnf glzukghnft vnf Ekssnrikh iklt ekc llf nnftni eùtlf eukscls mùwlf `dniil jnstlf tl euksvlstlf, _oeikldnff`pìks. Kf Qnrkcs mlstligl ekc tklftrlkfwnjlftcls lf grkle`fglrg dltlr rnkis `d elt nbjljrnvlf znfg nb tlhufflf v`lrlf. Gkt trlkftcl hwnd elinns tl innt `d jlmrukht tl hufflfw`rglf. Mòttkoelr vr`lj fu pi`tslikfj :.=11 Dnrh nnf rlksh`stlfvlr-j`lgkfj vnf _oeikldnff. Gòrpblig jnb eld >.111 Dnrh lf dnnhtl eldgukglikch gnt ekc fklt dllr hrllj.

Gl o`fblrlftkl guurgl vnf > t`t 2 gloldmlr >55;.@p 7 gloldmlr soerkcbt Fkldnff ni llf llrstl mlrkoet v``r gl

@`stlfrkchsl Nongldkl. @p =5 `ht`mlr wns ekc sndlf Mòttkoelr lf_tlbblf ukt O`fstnftkf`pli `p Ekssnrikh nnfjlh`dlf. _oeikldnff lfGòrpblig engglf elf dltllf gl elil `pjrnvkfj intlf zklf. Lr wns lxtrnnnfgnoet mlstllg nnf gl durlf gkl vìjlfs Mòttkoelr vlrvnist wnrlf.G``r glzl mlzkoetkjkfj lf niil jlsprlhhlf gkl lr`vlr jlv`lrg wlrglfwns elt v``r Fkldnff gukglikch jlw`rglf gnt Mòttkoelr zkoe vlrjksteng lf gnt gl mlsoerkcvkfjlf kf Kik`s lf dllr f`j gkl kf r`cn nmsìuutkf `vlrllfstlddkfj wnrlf dlt wnt ekc tlr pinntsl jlzklf eng. Mòttkoelrwns loetlr f`j fklt jlelli `vlrtukjg.>1<:

Dlf jkfj f`j lvlf g``r dlt elt mlgksousskèrlf vnf gl v`fgstlf lf

elt o`ftrìlrlf vnf gl gkvlrsl pinttljr`fglf, dnnr dlf wlrg elt uktlkf-glikch fklt llfs. Mòttkoelr jnb t`l gnt Gòrpblig gl `pjrnvkfjsrlsuitntlffklt vlrvnist eng, dnnr wkigl uktlkfglikch elt `pjlstligl pr`tòì fklt`fglrtlhlflf. @p >1 gloldmlr >55; pumikollrglf Fkldnff lf _tlbblfkf O`fstnftkf`pli llf vlrhinrkfj wnnrkf zl dllglliglf gnt Mòttkoelr

>1<: Snvngki =11;, =2<.



7<5 -

`fjlikch eng lf gnt _oeikldnff lf Gòrpblig ni euf mlvkfgkfjlf cukstjlpumikollrg engglf. Gl `p Ekssnrikh `ftglhtl rukfls wnrlf jllf’Blulrflhr`pìl—, dnnr w``feukzlf, tldplis lf vlstkfjwlrhlf.>1<5

Mòttkoelr ks elt eklr nmsìuut fklt dll llfs. Lr vnit elildnni fklts vlrglzl o`fblrlftkl tl zljjlf. E`l zù gnt fu hufflf, ekc ellbt elildnnifklt gl jliljlfelkg jleng `d mle``rikch `fglrz`lh tl g`lf. Mòttkoelreng elildnni fklt dlt _oeikldnff hufflf sprlhlf. _oeikldnff wns glelil gnj mlzkj jlwllst dlt `pjrnvlf. Ekc wns nbjlsoellpt dlt Gòrpblig._oeikldnff wns lr niillf tkcglfs elt ltlf mkc jlwllst. Mòttkoelr eng ``hfklt loet hufflf jrnvlf lf eng gus jllf gklpjnnfg `fglrz`lh hufflfg`lf z`nis ekc gnt jlwkig eng. Klglrl hllr wnffllr ekc lrjlfs wkigl jrn-vlf `d elt tl `fglrz`lhlf wns Gòrpblig jnnf gwnrsikjjlf. M`vlfgklfwns ekc g``r gl nfglrl jltukjlf `fglr gruh jlzlt `d gl vlrenilf vnfGòrpblig tl noolptlrlf. Nis ekc gnt fklt zù g`lf zùglf zl gl o`fbl-rlftkl nbmrlhlf lf dltllf wlj jnnf. Llf jr`tlrl `pjrnvkfj z`nis ekc gklv``r zkcf h`dst jlèkst eng, eng dlf eld fklt t`ljlstnnf. Gl tkcg wns z`h`rt jlwllst gnt ekc fklt llfs fnnr urflf eng hufflf jrnvlf, innt stnnf

>1<5 Elrrdnff >;;1, =>;.

Gl llrstl Wr`cl o`fvlrlftkl. Rnf ikfhs8 Wurhsl wnoetlr, Lrfst Mòkoelr, Jl`rj Fkldnff, _oeikldnff

(zklfg), Gòrpblig, _tllf lf Jenikm Mly.



7<;

ni gkl gkfjlf b`t`jrnblrlf wnnrvnf ekc v`fg gnt zl jlb`t`jrnbllrg d`ls-tlf w`rglf.>1<; Mòttkoelr wkigl elt kgll gnt r`cl llf ’Blulrflhr`pìl—wns fklt `pjlvlf.

@dgnt elt wllr tl hùg wlrg vkli lr, fngnt gl gllifldlrs nnf gl o`f-

blrlftkl vlrtr`hhlf wnrlf, nnf vlrglrl pjrnvkfjlf fklt tl glfhlf. Niilswlrg kfjlpnht, Gòrpblig jkfj fnnr Mlrikcf lf _oeikldnff fnnr Ntelfl. Nnf gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlf jkfj glzl o`fblrlftkl jlelli v``rmkc.

Fu lr z`vlli jlig kf jlst`pt wns lf elt trlkftcl, `dgnt elt tl innthwnd, fklt llfs jlmrukht wns, zù elt tòe z`fgl zkcf `d fklt g``rtl jnnf dlt `pjrnvlf. Elt wns v``r _oeikldnff gukglikch gnt lr eltvìjlfgl v``rcnnr wllr jljrnvlf d`lst w`rglf. Gkt ks gl llrstl r`cl-ondpnjfl wnnrmkc _oeikldnff jllf vrnnj eng gkl mlnftw``rg d`lstw`rglf. Znnrsoekcfikch wns elt gnnr`d gnt _oeikldnff llf twllglr`cl o`fblrlftkl `rjnfksllrgl. Znnr`d fklt, zl wnrlf lr kddlrs tòe.

Eklrg``r `ftst`fg lr tòe f`j llf lxtrn vrnnj v``r glzl ondpnjfl. Lrwns ëëf gkfj wnnrdll ekc Mòttkoelr v``rj`lg gl d`fg h`f sf`lrlf, eltwlrhlikchl jrnbvlig vnf r`cl.

Kf cnfunrk soerkcbt ekc Gòrpblig dlt elt vlrz`lh `d gl Guktsl jlznftkf O`fstnftkf`pli tl mlwlrhlf. Gkl d`lt lr p zkcf mlurt gnf wllr v``rz`rjlf gnt _oeikldnffs vlrjuffkfj z`vlr vlrjr``t w`rgt gnt ``h gl`djlvkfj vnf Ekssnrikh lr`fglr vnit. _oeikldnff ellbt loetlr z` zkcflkslf. Ekc wki gl v``rwlrplf gkl ekc kf gl tl vkfglf flor`p`ì `pjrnnbtfklt dlt elt duslud kf O`fstnftkf`pli glilf. Elt ks jlw``f tl guur`d llf jrnbvlig tl z`lhlf lf `p tl jrnvlf wnffllr dlf gl v`fgstlf

fklt mleùglf dnj. Gòrpblig d`lt gl gkrlotlur vnf gl H`fkfhikchl du-sln kf Mlrikcf, Ourt el`pekius ]koenrg _oeòfl (>571->;==), gukglikchdnhlf gnt gl j`glf jlelli `ftstldg zùglf rnhlf wnffllr gl urhlfrkchlr zùglf w`rglf vnf gl rlusnoetkjl uktjnvlf vnf _oeikldnff tlr-wkci Mlrikcf grkfjlfg mle`lbtl eng nnf fkluwl soenttlf.>121

@`h gkt hllr gr`fj lr siloets llf hilkf stuhcl vnf niils wnt lr jlpinfgwlrg t`t gl Flglrinfgsl hrnftlf g``r3

Gr. _oeikldnff zni dlt glf Ellr G`rfilig XskoT llrstgnnjs zkcf `pjrn-vkfjlf tlr pinntsl vnf elt ùgl r`cl elrvnttlf, wnnrdll ekc mkfflf

twll cnrlf jlrllg e``pt tl zkcf.Elt wlrh zni vlrjldnhhlikcht w`rglf g``r glf nnfilj vnf twll sp``r-wljlf v``r elt wljv`lrlf vnf elt pukf.>12>

_oeikldnff h`dt `p =2 blmrunrk >5;1 `p Ekssnrikh nnf lf `p >7dnnrt v`ljt Gòrpblig zkoe mkc eld. Gl v``rwnnrglf vnf zkcf vlrjuf-fkfj zkcf niillf kf gkl zkf jlwkczkjg gnt ekc `vlrni `p gl vinhtl vnf r`cl

>1<; Snvngki =11;, 5;.>121 _nelrwnin lto. >;;?, >7>.

>12> Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >1-1?->5;1.



721 -

dnj z`lhlf. Gl vlrglikfj dlt elt duslud vnf O`fstnftkf`pli mikcbt

elt zlibgl. Lr w`rglf twll sp``rmnflf nnfjliljg lf gl `pjrnvkfj ml-jkft. Lr wlrglf f`j wnt lxtrn eùtlf eukscls mkc jlmùwg lf t`lf wnrlfekc lf Gòrpblig jlrllg v``r gl jlpinfgl o`fblrlftkl.

@p =< dnnrt hwndlf gl Guktsl nroelì`jlf Brklgrkoe Onri v`fGuef (>5<>->;?1) lf Onri Eudnff (>5?;->5;2) ukt _dyrfn nnf.Gl Guktsl nrts Zkielid Jrldpilr (>5=2->;1:) lf gl Brnfsl kfjlfk-lur Oenrils Iùks Elfrk Mnmkf (>521->;?=) lf zkcf vrùw hwndlfukt O`fstnftkf`pli lf gl Ndlrkhnnfsl nroelì``j Oenrils Znigstlkf(>5<2->;=:) hwnd ukt Ntelfl. @p gl =5stl hwndlf gl urhsl nroel`-i``j lf dusludgkrlotlur @sdnf Endgk Mly (>57=->;>1) lf Rkroe`w

nnf. Jenikm Mly, Brnfh Onivlrt lf gklfs fkoet wnrlf ni kf gl muurt.Mòttkoelr wns gkt hllr fklt uktjlf`gkjg.

@pfkluw mlgksousskllrgl dlf gl v`fgstlf lf o`ftrìllrgl dlf gljlpumikollrgl pinttljr`fglf. @p ?1 dnnrt stligl dlf llf pr`tòì `p.Gkt hllr wlrg t`t kf elt gltnki Mòttkoelrs hrktklh wllriljg. `t si`t vlr-hinnrglf gl nnfwlzkjlf gnt gl pinttljr`fglf gkl _oeikldnff kf Kik`s lfr`cn jlpumikollrg eng jlelli kf `vlrllfstlddkfj wnrlf dlt gl wlr-hlikchelkg. Gl gllifldlrs nnf gl twllgl o`fblrlftkl vlrhinnrglf ukt-

Wwllgl Wr`cl o`fblrlftkl. Rnf ikfhs stnnfgl3 Rkroe`w, Z. Jrldpilr, Jenikm Mly _oeikldnff, Gòrpblig,

Lgkte Onivlrt, Fkldnff. Dlvrùw Mnmkf, B. v`f Guef, O. Eudnff. Sklfg3 Brnfh Onivlrlkf, Endgy

Mly lf Oenrils Znigstlkf.



72>

gruhhlikch gnt zl elt jlelli dlt Fkldnff lf _tlbblf llfs wnrlf.>12= Rlrvìjlfs wlrg gkt pr`tòì g``r klglrl nnfwlzkjl `fglrtlhlfg. Fnf`j llf jlzliikjl gnj tlr nbsiuktkfj jkfjlf gl nbjlvnnrgkjglf wllr fnnreuks lf h`f _oeikldnff vlrglr jnnf dlt `pjrnvlf.

Gkt hllr gr`fj elt loetlr wli t`t Flglrinfg g``r lf vlrsoellfMòttkoelrs fnnd v``r elt llrst kf llf Flglrinfgsl hrnft3

Llf mlinfjrkchl wltlfsoenpplikchl strkcg zni llrinfj w`rglf mlsikst, fi.` gl eluvli Ekssnrikh, `dtrlft gl pinnts vnf elt ùgl r`cl, llf jl-gllitl glr vlrw`lstl stng ks, gnf wli, z``nis hnpktlkf Mòttkoelr `finfjsvlrh`fgkjgl, lfhli llf pinnts wnnr ikchlf vlrmrnfg wlrglf.

`t gnt g`li zni _oeikldnff, kf elt mkczkcf vnf glf Guktsoelf e``j-illrnnr Rkroe`w lf llf vlrtljlfw``rgkjlr glr Guktsoel nfter`pì`jk-soelvlrllfkjkfj, `pjrnvkfjlf g`lf, `d z``g`lfgl nnf tl t``flf, gnt

gl eluvli siloets zllr wlkfkj nsoe lf hìlf mlvnt lf lr gus `fd`jlikchllf ikch`vlf hnf jlwllst zkcf.>12?

Gkt mlrkoet vlrsoellf `p =? dnnrt kf elt Nijldllf Enfglisming , Glo`fblrlftkljnfjlrs wnrlf ni wllr fnnr euks. @p >2 nprki h`fglf gl il-zlrs vnf elt Glvlftlr Gnjming uktlkfglikch gl ukth`dst vnf gl twllglr`cl o`fblrlftkl ilzlf3

Hnpktlkf Mòttkoelr mlwllrgl, gnt gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf _oeikldnff fkltgkl vnf elt ugl r`cl wnrlf, z``nis _oeikldnff vlrzlhlrgl, dnnr gklvnf llf flhr`pìks (g``glf stng). Llf o`ddksskl vnf ùgelkghufgk-

jlf, wnnr`fglr pr`. Rkroe`w lf Mnmkf vnf gl Nongldkl gls kfsorkp-tk`fs tl Qnrkcs, stligl llf `fglrz`lh kf iò` kf, `d glf strkcg tl mlsiloe-tlf. Gl o`ddksskl vlrhinnrt zkoe tenfs llfstlddkj dlt _oeikldnffvnf dllfkfj, gnt gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cl zkcf.>127

Jlelli `fjlst``rg millb _oeikldnf fn glzl o`fblrlftkl loetlr fklt3

Gl Ktniknnfsoel Hr``fprkfs ellt kf gl njli``plf wllh llf mlz`lh jl-mrnoet nnf gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cl. Gl Ellr _oeikldnff vlrjlzligleld gnnrmkc.>12<

Llf jr``t jlgllitl vnf _oeikldnffs wlrh mltrlbt glzl hllr gl wnt

c`fjlrl injlf lf ``h gnnr vkfgt ekc wllr vìg`lfgl `d gl hrnft tlenilf3

Gl Endmurjlr Fnoerkoetlf mlvnt llf soerkcvlf vnf gr. _oeikldnff`vlr glf t`lstnfg glr pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cl. Gl durlf vnf gl stng zkcf- mlenivl nnf gl f``rgzkcgl - tenfs vìh`dlf mi``gjliljg. _oeikldnff

>12= Elrrdnff >;;1, ===.>12? Nijldllf Enfglisming =?-1?->5;1.>127 Glvlftlr Gnjming >2-17->5;1 lf Gl kcg >:-17->5;1.

>12< Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj >=-17->5;1.



72= -

vlrelujt zkoe `finfjs llf `gë`f (znnitcl wnnr duzklh ` t``fllispli

mkc gl ùgl Jrklhlf jlrlpltllrg wlrg) tl elmmlf `pjljrnvlf, lf mkcgkl jliljlfelkg llfkjl j`lg jlo`fslrvllrgl mlliglf tl elmmlf jlv`f-glf, gkl ekc dllft gnt kmlrkus,>122 OnikjuXiTn >12: lf gl Hlkzlrkfflf Njrkppkfn >125 lf Q`ppln >12; v``rstliilf.>1:1

Gkt dnj lrukt zklf nis llf mlinfjrkchl v`fgst, dnnr _oeikldnff gllgllf f`j vlli mlinfjrkchlrl `ftglhhkfj jlgurlfgl glzl `pjrnvkfj. Glzl`ftglhhkfj hwnd loetlr fklt kf gl hrnft. Kf gl vklrgl innj, z`‛f 7 t`t2 dltlr gklp, v`fglf ekc lf Gòrpblig nnrglwlrh gnt `p gnt ukt Dyhlfllf kryfs illh. Eklrmkc wns `fglr nfglrl llf v``r gl Dyhllfsl ouituurzllr hnrnhtlrkstklhl mlujlihnf. Gkt nnrglwlrh wlrg loetlr sndlf dlt

elt jrnuwl r`cnnfsl nnrglwlrh, gnt ekc vr`ljlr v``r Iygksoe eng jl-eùglf, jlv`fglf. _oeikldnff wns lr fu vnf `vlrtukjg jlrnnht gnt gktinntstl iònni vlrvnnrgkjg wns, tlrwkci elt Dyhllfsl g``r kdp`rt kf r`cl

>122 kmlrkus Cuikus Onlsnr Nujustus (7= v.Oer-?:).>12: Onkus Onlsnr Nujustus Jlrdnfkous (>=-7>).>125 Kuikn Njrkppkfn dkf`r (><-<;).>12; Q`ppnln Nujustn _nmkfn (?1-2<).>1:1 Fkluwsming vnf Elusglf lf Nitlfn >2-15->5;1 lf Glvlftlr Gnjming =<-15->5;1.

Dlylr >;<5, ?:? ’Nd _.@. Lfgl glr Murj enml koe hùrzikoe lkf nusjlzlkoefltlrenitlfls @glk`f dkt _tntulf gls kmlrkus, gls Onikjuin ufg wnersoelkfikoe glr

cùfjlrlf Njrkppkfn `glr glr Q`ppnln ... nubjlgloht.—

Elt mlstligl trlkftcl kf wlrhkfj.



72?

tlrloet jlh`dlf wns.>1:> Lr d`ltlf gus enfglismltrlhhkfjlf jlwllstzkcf tusslf r`cl RK lf kryfs/Dyhlfl. \kt llf mrklb vnf ? cuik >5;1 nnfRkroe`w mikcht gnt elt wli llfs dllr gnf niillf llf enfglisvlrmkfgkfjjlwllst hnf zkcf, gnt lr ``h llf ouiturlil vlrmkfgkfj tusslf glzl twll

pinntslf mlst`fg gkl zkcf sp`rlf kf gl nroektlotuur fnjlintlf ellbt. Kfglzl zlibgl innj v`fglf zl ``h llf dljnr`f gnt qun pinttljr`fg jlikchwns nnf elt jr`tl jlmùw ukt gl twllgl stng, dnnr ``h `vlrllfstldgldlt gkl vnf gl pnilkzlf ukt kryfs lf Dyhlfl.>1:= Lr wns gus llf gukgl-ikchl rlintkl tusslf r`cl RK lf gl Dyhllfsl pnilkzlf.

Gkt wns gus elt fkvlnu wnnr`p zkoe llf r`cnnfsl ``ri`j eng hufflfnbsplilf z`fglr gnt lr llf mkcz`fglr mlr`lp p gl d`jlikchelglf vnf glgkoetlr lf gl `rnil trngktkl jlgnnf e`lbgl tl w`rglf. Rìjlfs Gòrpbligsi``t _oeikldnff zkoe grkl gnjlf kf zkcf eukscl `p `d, t`lf ekc wllrtlv``rsoekcf hwnd, tl vlrhinrlf gnt ekc elt dlt Gòrpblig llfs wns gnt

r`cl RK elt E`dlrksoel r`cl d`lst zkcf.>1:?

lrwkci _oeikldnff wllr kf r`cl wlrht ks gl bkrdn H`fkfj f`j stllgsmlzkj `d `p lxli llf mngkfrkoetkfj dlt zkcf fnnd tl rlnikslrlf. @p >7nujustus sprllht gl lxlisoel Oùrnft lr wllr `vlr3

G``r gl n. H`fkfj w`rglf p`jkfjlf kf elt wlrh jlstlig `d noetlrgl H``j `p lxli llfl mngkfrkoetkfj kf elt ilvlf tl r`lplf. Kf dnnrt>55; wlrg gnnrt`l llf nv`fg jl`rjnfksllrg d gl pinfflf t`l tl ikoe-tlf. Kf llrstl kfstnftkl wlrg uktjljnnf vnf llf pnvkic`lf `p gl t`p glrgukflf dlt llf mkcjlmùw. Gl h`stlf wlrglf jlrnndg `p >>11 jui-glf, wnnrt`l nnfglilf á =< juiglf uktjljlvlf zùglf w`rglf `fglr

gl fnnd Rlrllfkjkfj F``rgzllmng H``j lxli.>1:7

Fnnr elt zkoe innt nnfzklf eng _oeikldnff jllf kftlrlssl kf glzl nnf-glilf. Elt mnge`tli hwnd pns kf >5;2, fn gl g``g vnf gl ellr H`fkfj,nis gl ’lxlisl Mng- lf _oenplfdlih-huur-kfrkoetkfj— t`t stnfg.>1:<

>1:> Dlylr >;?2, ?1<.>1:= Dlylr >;?2, ?1:.>1:? _plrikfj >;52, ?1.>1:7 Kh gnfh Zkidn Llidnf vnf elt Ouituurekst`rksoe Duslud lxli v``r glzl

kfb`rdntkl.

>1:< Kh gnfh Dkrknd Hinnsslf v``r glzl kfb`rdntkl.



727 -

<1. Llf `plrntkl nnf gl `rlf

_oeikldnff eng, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, ni zllr infj inst vnf zkcf `rlf. Ni v``r ekc kf >527 llf ``rnrts kf Mntnvkn rnngpilljgl eng ekc lr ``h nillf kf Zùrzmurj mlzòet.>1:2 Elt pr`milld hwnd lf jkfj. Ekc dlrh-tl gnt gl sydpt`dlf g``r zkcf gnjlikchsl zllmnglf h`fglf vlrlrjlrlf,dnnr ekc millb zwlddlf. Znffllr ekc inst eng `fthlfgl ekc gl pkcf lfjkfj g``r dlt wlrhlf. Znffllr ekc jllf inst eng wns ekc lrvnf `vlrtukjggnt ekc zkcf hwnni `vlrw`fflf eng. Flt fn gl twllgl o`fblrlftkl kfr`cl dnnhtl ekc dlt Rkroe`w llf rkctòet g``r gl `djlvkfj. Elt wllr

wns siloet lf _oeikldnff iklp llf vlrhùgelkg `p. Nis mkcvlrsoekcfslieklrvnf wlrg ekc v``r gl z`vllistl hllr g``b lf hrllj ekc z`vlli inst vnf``r- lf e``bgpkcf gnt ekc kf O`fstnftkf`pli llf `rnrts o`fsuitllrgl. Kfgl gnnr`p vìjlfgl plrk`gl jnnt elt s`ds wnt mltlr lf s`ds wllr wntsiloetlr. \ktlkfglikch mlsiukt _oeikldnff gnt lr wnt nnf jlgnnf d`ltw`rglf. @p =1 f`vldmlr >5;1 soerkcbt ekc vnfukt Eniil llf mrklb nnfgl Guktsl jlznft kf O`fstnftkf`pli, C`slpe Dnrkn v`f ]ng`wktz (>5?;->;>=),>1:: wnnrkf ekc vlrsinj g`lt vnf niils wnt eld ks `vlrh`dlf. Kfnprki wns ekc kf r`cl nnf zkcf ikfhlr``r g``b jlw`rglf. Ekc eng vlr-vìjlfs Gr. v`f Dliikfjlf kf O`fstnftkf`pli mlzòet. Glzl stligl vnst

gnt ekc lx`st`slf, dlt hrnnhmllf mljr`lkgl uktwnsslf vnf m`t, kf mlkgl`rlf eng. Kf elt ikfhlr``r injlf zl z` gklp gnt lr fklts nnf jlgnnf h`fw`rglf, dnnr ukt elt rloetlr``r zùglf zl `plrntklb vlrwkcglrg huf-flf w`rglf. _oeikldnff eng vlrvìjlfs Rkroe`w `d rnng jlvrnnjg lfgkl eng eld vlrwlzlf fnnr Qr`blss`r _oewnrtzl>1:5 kf Eniil. RìjlfsRkroe`w wns gkt gl jr``tstl ``rsploknikst tlr wlrlig. _oeikldnff dlig-gl zkoe mkc _oewnrtzl kf Eniil lf glzl mlsi``t mlkgl `rlf tl `plrlrlf._oeikldnff v`fg, z`nis ekc R`f ]ng`wktz soerllb, gl v``rmlrlkgkfjlfwnt vlr`ftrustlfg. Ekc d`lst `p llf mnnr pinntsfldlf gkl eld gllgglfhlf nnf llf wnnr`p dlf f`rdnnijlspr`hlf g`glf `ftillggl. Ekc

wlrg vlrg``bg dlt oei`r`b`rd lf gl `plrntkl guurgl llf uur lf grklhwnrtklr. Gl jlelil ikfhlr ``rsoelip wlrg wljjlennig lf fngnt gl lx`s-t`slf lr uktjlenht wnrlf, lr wllr nnfjlfnnkg. Mkc elt rloetlr``r h`f gl`plrntkl mkfflfg``r jlmlurlf. _oeikldnff vlrtlit vlrvìjlfs gnt glzl

>1:2 DoJ`vlrf >;::, >:=: ’Kf >5:: _oeikldnff stnrtlg t` o`dpinkf `b kfnmkikty tèlnr.—

>1:: R``r gl mrklbwksslikfj dlt R f ]ng`wktz zkl ``h Zòibbikfj >;2?.

>1:5 Elrdnff Euj` ]ugìb _oewnrtzl (>5?:->;>1).



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`plrntkl uktjlv`lrg h`f w`rglf `dgnt dlf eld dlt Oei`r`b`rd enghufflf vlrg`vlf. Fn glzl `plrntkl h`fglf gl lx`st`slf fklt tlrujh`-dlf. Ekc e``ptl `vlr lfkjl gnjlf wllr jlw``f tl hufflf e`rlf.>1:;

_oeikldnff wns skfgs zkcf vlrmikcb kf ]`stòh nmsìuut vlrtukjg vnf

gl wligngkjl wlrhkfj vnf zllmnglf. ]llgs ukt Ndstlrgnd dliggl ekc glzustlrs gnt ekc zkcf zklhtl `vlrw`fflf eng g``r zkcf ikoennd tl enrglfg``r gnjlikchs, ``h kf gl wkftlr, llf zllmng tl fldlf. Ekc ellbt gkt zkcfilvlf infj vìjleùglf, nis elt dnnr lvlf d`jlikch wns. l vlli mnglfkf hùg wntlr ks llf vnf gl rlglflf wnnr`d zkoe lx`st`slf kf gl `rlfhufflf v`rdlf.

E`lwli ekc, tljlf gl vlrwnoetkfj vnf _oewnrtzl kf pkcf millb eù-glf, vlrtr`h _oeikldnff, tljlf elt ngvkls vnf zkcf nrts, `p tklf glold-mlr ukt elt zklhlfeuks. Ekc rlkst fnnr Mlrikcf `d Rkroe`w tl mljr`ltlf.Glzl stlit vnst gnt _oeikldnff lr j`lg uktznj, dnnr gnt ekc zllr g``b

wns. Rlrvìjlfs rlksgl ekc v``r znhlf g``r fnnr Qnrkcs. @fglrwlj fndgl pkcf kf zkcf `rlf t`l, dnnr elt e`rlf wlrg wli mltlr. Fn zkcf zn-hlf kf Qnrkcs nbjlenfglig tl elmmlf rlksgl ekc fnnr Fnplis `d vnfgnnrllf m``t fnnr Ntelfl tl fldlf. Gl pkcf kf zkcf `rlf wlrg stllgs lrjlr,dnnr `fgnfhs gnt mlsiukt ekc tòe llrst f`j lvlf Q`dplck tl mlz`lhlf.\ktlkfglikch rnnht ekc g``r gl stllgs t`lfldlfgl pkcf tòe vlr`ftrust lfmlsiukt ekc llf nrts kf Fnplis tl rnngpiljlf. S`vlr h`dt elt loetlr fklt.lrwkci ekc `p hlrstgnj g``r Fnplis i``pt znht ekc pi`tslikfj kf lihnnr.Ekc hnf fklt dllr sprlhlf. Gl vìjlfgl gnj rnnht ekc nnf gl rloetlrhnftvnf zkcf ikoennd vlrindg. Llf oekrurj stlit vnst gnt lr llf kfblotkl kf

zkcf ``r `ftstnnf ks lf gnt glzl zkcf elrslflf mlrlkht ellbt. Lr h`dlfnoet lxplrts sndlf `d tl hkchlf `b trlpnfntkl zkf ellbt `b fklt. lrwkciglzl elrlf `vlriljjlf stlrbt _oeikldnff, `p =2 gloldmlr, kf gl lrfnnstjliljlf hndlr.>151

’Gkl ]nsti`skjhlkt ufg Lflrjkl, glflf _oeikldnff zud jr`Ðlf elkislkfl Lrbìjl vlrgnfht, enmlf ked nuoe gns Ilmlf jlh`stlt— soerkcbtGòrpblig nnf Rkroe`w.>15>

>1:; Dlylr >;<5, ?57.>151 DoJ`vlrf >;::, >:?1 ’Kf vklw `b _oeikldnff‛s kftlfsl p`st`plrntkvl pnkf, nfg

eks pr`jrlsskvl gloikfl nfg glnte >2 gnys nbtlr el ilbt tel e`spktni, `fl onf tel-rlb`rl pr`clot eks bkfni kiiflss ns n oer`fko `tktks dlgkn wkte oeìlstlnt`dn mlo`-dkfj notkvntlg my tel `plrntkvl trnudn `r plrenps tel kftr`guotk`f `b n vkruilft`rjnfksd kft` tel dnst`kg. el pròlss pròllglg t` n iònikzlg dlfkfjktks nfglxtrngurni nmolss nfg o`ftkfulg kft` n tldp`rni i`ml nmsolss ... el bòni skjfs `b_oeikldnff‛s mrnkf nmsolss nrl oenrnotlrkstko3 o`dpiltl npenskn nfg rkjet-skgl-pn-rniysks.— F`noh ufg I`ysn >;;? mnslrlf zkoe jlelli `p DoJ`vlrf lf v`ljlf gnnrfklts nnf t`l. In Blrin‛s =112 stliikfj gnt _oeikldnff g``r gl dnbkn vlrjkbtkjg zùzkcf `dgnt ekc elf mkc gl vlrh``p vnf llf Qe`lfksoel soent zù elmmlf mlguvligks t`tnni ukt gl iuoet jljrlplf.

>15> Dlylr >;2;, ?;>.



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@p vlrz`lh vnf gl bndkikl rlkst Gòrpblig fnnr Fnplis `d elt ik-oennd vnf _oeikldnff fnnr Ntelfl tl mrlfjlf. @p 7 cnfunrk >5;>w`rgt ekc p jr``tsl wkczl, fglr nfglrl kf elt mkczkcf vnf h`fkfj Jl`rjK, mljrnvlf.>15=

@p glrtkj gloldmlr >5;1 vlrsoekcft elt llrstl mlrkoet `vlr_oeikldnffs g``g kf Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj 3

Gr. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff, gl mlr`ldgl ùgelkgv`rsoelr, ks Sntlrgnjtl Fnplis vlrilglf nnf elrslf`ftstlhkfj, jlpnnrg dlt llf nnfg`lfkfjvnf gl i`fj. Ekc eng f`j fklt infj jlilglf tl Mlrikcf llf ``r-`plrntkl`fglrjnnf.

Skcf vrùw ks f`j tl Ntelfl. Gl mljrnlfks zni pinnts elmmlf nis zkcvnf gnnr fnnr Fnplis ks `vlrjlh`dlf.

_oeikldnff v`fg eklr tl infgl glf wlj t`t `rtukf. Ekc wns llrst wkf-hlimlgklfgl kf Dlohilfmurj, wlrg vlrvìjlfs soellpsc`fjlf, lf fn mkclxli soekpmrlkh tl elmmlf jlilglf, hwnd ekc tl Ndstlrgnd. Eklr trngekc nis i``phfloet kf gklfst mkc gl rdn B.O. ûklf. Ekc wkst g``rvikctkj stuglrlf zkcf nnfjlm`rlf jnvlf tl `ftwkhhlilf. Glf tkcg gklfnfglrl i``plrs nnf gl p`stlf `p nfglrl hnft`rlf kf wnoetlfg fklts-g`lf g``rmrnoetlf, mlstllggl ekc nnf illrm`lhcls gkl ekc kf glf znheng, lf kf zkcf vrkcl urlf dnnhtl ekc zkoe niilrenfgl hufgkjelglflkjlf. S`` hi`d ekc vnf iklvlrilgl t`t m`lheùglr `p. Intlr jkfj ekcnis njlft glr rdn M.E. _oeròglr fnnr _t. Qltlrsmurj. Gnnr mlj`f ekclkjlf znhlf lf jlgurlfgl glf Hrkd``ri`j mrnoet ekc llf nnfzklfikch

vlrd`jlf mkcllf.Kf >52? tr`h ekc zkoe ukt glf enfgli tlruj, `d zkoe tl wkcglf nnfzkcf iklvlikfjsstugkl3 gl Jrklhsoel ùgelkghufgl. Skcf vlrdnnrgl `p- jrnvkfjlf tl r`cl, wlihl ekc v``r lkjlf rlhlfkfj `fglrfnd, v``rts tl Dyolfl, @roe`dlfls, kryfs lfz. lf gl gnnr`vlr g` r eld jlsoerlvlfwlrhlf wnrlf gl ukth`dstlf gnnrvnf.

Skcf vlrzndlikfj r cnnfsoel ùgelglf soe`fh ekc kf >55> nnf eltGuktsoel vìh, `fglr v``rwnnrgl gnt zkc mlwnnrg zùglf w`rglf tlMlrikcf, wlihl stng eld gnnr`p elt llrlmurjlrsoenp vlrillfgl.>15?

Rlrvìjlfs vlrsprlkggl elt fkluws zkoe `vlr Flglrinfg. Elt dl-rlfglli glr hrnftlf h`dt dlt `fjlvllr eltzlibgl vlrenni lf glzlibglbùtlf.>157 Gl Illuwnrglr Oùrnft vnf > cnfunrk >5;> ellbt wnt lxtrnkfb`rdntkl3

>15= Orlp`f ufg Mòihl >;;1, ?:5.>15? Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj ?1->=->5;1.>157 Illuwnrglr Oùrnft ?1->=->5;1, Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1=-1>->5;>, Ngvlrtlftklming

1=-1>->5;>, Gl Slluw 1?-1>->5;>, _oeuktldnhlrs Qurdlrlfglr Oùrnft 17-1>-

>5;> lf lr zkcf lr `fjltwkcblig f`j dllr.



72:

Rìjlfs mlrkoet ukt Ntelfl innt _oeikldnff twnni dkiik`lf rXnfhTfn. Gl ellr G`rpligt, gkrlotlur vnf elt Guktsoel ùgelkghufgkjkfstktuut, jnnt fnnr Fnplis `d elt ikch n tl enilf, eltwlih `p glfOì`fus-eluvli >15< w`rgt mljrnvlf.>152

Elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming h`dt `p ? cnfunrk dlt llf vnrknft `p gktnrtkhli3

Elt ikch vnf _oeikldnff ks jlmnisldg lf fnnr elt Lfjlisoel hlrh-e` tl Fnplis jlmrnoet, vnf wnnr elt intlr fnnr Ntelfl zni w`rglfvlrv`lrg.>15:

Elt tlstndlft vnf _oeikldnff ks tl Ntelfl jl`plfg. Skcfl vlrzndl-ikfj vnf ùgelglf ukt Ekssnrikh ellt ekc vlrdnnht nnf elt ltefì`- jksoe duslud tl Mlrikcf.>155

Elt tlstndlft mikcbt m`lklf lf gus h`dt elt Ilkgsoe Gnjming lr `p 5 cnfunrk f`j llfs `p tlruj3

Kf _oeikldnff‛s tlstndlft ks pr`. Rkroe`w mlgnoet dlt llf iljnnt vnf =1,111 rnfhlf. _oeikldnff‛s llrstl vrùw vlrhrkcjt >11,111 rnf-hlf8 zkcfl twllgl vrùw lrt elt Ntellfsoel pnilks dlt niil ùgelkg-hufgkjl vlrzndlikfjlf lf gl mkmik`tellh. Elt Mlrikcfsoel dusludvlrhrkcjt siloets llf mlplrht nnftni r`cnnfsoel vnzlf. R``rts mlvnt elttlstndlft llfl mkcz`fglrl mlpnikfj, eklr`p fllrh`dlfgl3 wkl vnf gllrjlfndlf elt tlstndlft mltwkst, hrkcjt fklts.>15;

Gl wlrhlikchl florì`jkl vlrsoellf kf Flglrinfg loetlr kf twll nbil-vlrkfjlf gl Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 3

Glzlr gnjlf mlzwllh tl Fnplis llf dnf vnf zligzndl tnilftlf, llfslidngl-dnf. Elt ks kf fzl lluw, gkl zkoe z`` jnnrfl glf fnnd vnfgl lluw glr jlillrglf innt nnfiluflf, jllfl zligznndelkg, gnt llfhkfg ukt elt vìh g``r lkjlf jllsthrnoet, z`fglr `rtukf ` e``jl ml-soelrdkfj, zkoe t`t llf wltlfsoenpplikch stnfgpuft wllt `p tl v`lrlf,wnnrg``r ekc llfl ikoetlfgl mnnh w`rgt v``r tni vnf jlillrglf, gklg``r niil trnpplf glr lxndlfstugkèf euffl jlillrgelkg elmmlf vlr-w`rvlf. Euf ilvlfsi``p vlrsoekit loetlr eldlismrllg vnf gkl glr m`lh-

jlillrglf, wlihl euf e``jstlf trnp vnf vìdnnhtelkg dllflf mlrlkhttl elmmlf, nis zkc glf tktli vnf ’e``jjlillrgl— elmmlf vlrhrljlf. Dnnreuf jlillrgelkg mikct vnnh mlplrht mkfflf gl jrlfzlf, gkl nfglrlf,

>15< γΰθϋδωύ ks eluvli. Mlg`lig w`rgt eklr Oì`fus Ekppkus, llf wkch vnf Ntelfl.>152 Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 1>-1>->5;>.>15: _oeikldnff wlrg kf llrstl kfstnftkl kf llf jlw``f jrnb mkcjlzlt. Gnnrfn wlrg lr

`fglrilkgkfj vnf Skiilr llf prnnijrnb v``r eld jlmùwg. Glvlftlr Gnjming >1-12->5;> ’@p elt hlrhe`b tl Ntelfl ks dlf tenfs mlzkj dlt glf mùw vnf llfdnusìlud v``r gl bndkikl vnf _oeikldnff.— Skl ``h H`rrls >;5>.

>155 Ilkgsoe Gnjming 1?-1>->5;>.>15; Ilkgsoe Gnjming 15-1>->5;>. @`h `pjlf`dlf kf gl Dkgglimurjsoel Oùrnft 15-

1>->5;> lf gl Illuwnrglr Oùrnft 1;-1>->5;>.



725 -

euf v``rjnfjlrs, elmmlf jlstlig. òe jlv`lilf zkc euf `fdnoet, niselt nnfh`dt, `d gl sllr vnf eufflf jlgnoetlfhrkfj ukt tl mrlkglfg``r enfglikfjlf, gkl zkc mlflglf euffl wnnrgkjelkg noetlf. Skc rl-hlflf zkoe tl e``j jlpinntst, `d kf glf ilttlrikchlf zkf vnf ―t w``rg

euf soent vnf hlffks tl vlrdllrglrlf, g``r gkl ’ukt gl vlrm`rjlfstlsoeukie`lhlf `p tl glivlf.—

Suih llf zlijlv`rdg jlillrgl wns gl nrdl prlgkhnftsz` f ukt elt Dlohilfmurjsoel, Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff.

Skcf vnglr, llf nrdl g`rpsprlgkhnft, znj zkcf z``f Elkfrkoe rllgs nishfnnp dlt llf zlhlr wlimlenjlf plkfzlf lf gwlplf kf gl fnmkcelkgglr ruàflf vnf Nfhlrsenjlf. Kf zkcfl `dwnfglikfjlf vnttl gnf zkcflvlrmlligkfj vind lf v``r zkcflf jllst vlrsoellf gl r``rkgglr vnf glfv``rtkcg lf gl g``r glzlf mljrnvlf soent.

@p zkcf zlvlfgl cnnr eng ekc llfl s``rt vnf wlrligjlsoeklglfks tlf jlsoelfhl `ftvnfjlf, wnnrkf llf nmlligkfj vnf r`cl v``rhwnd. Gltlhst z``wli nis elt prlftcl dnnhtlf ni gnglikch zuih llf gklplf kfgruh`p zkcf `ftvnfhlikch jld`lg, gnt rllgs t`lf elt gr``dmllig eld v``rglf jllst zwllgl, `d gl soenttlf vnf gl stng vnf Qrkndus llfdnnig``r zkcfl enfg tl hufflf `pglivlf.

Gkl gr``d, gnoet ekc, zù wli t`t vlrvuiikfj h`dlf, t`lf zkcf vn-glr eld elt v``rfldlf tl hlfflf jn, gnt ekc llrinfj elt jydfn-skud zù mltrlglf, wnnr ekc kfjlwkcg zù w`rglf kf gl jlelkdlf vnfgklf jr``tsoelf v``rtkcg. Gòe, fnuwlikchs `p gl mnfhlf glr hinssklhl

R rsoeuil jlzltlf, elt jlzkf tr` llfl rndp, wnnrg` r elt t`t nrd`l-gl vlrvkli. Lf gnnrdlgl znj gl clujgkjl nroelòi``j `pllfs zkcfl e``p,`d gl t`lh`dstkjl ftglhhlr vnf Kikud tl w`rglf, kf r``h vlrgwkcflf.Kf pinnts gnnrvnf d`lst ekc zkoe vlrjlf`ljlf, `d `p vllrtklfcnrkjlilltkcg nis c`fjdnntcl mkc llf hrukglfklr kf gklfst tl jnnf, tlf lkfglvnf glf vr`ljlf d`rjlf t`t glf intlf nv`fg v``r llf m`tlrend lf llf pnnr stukvlrs kf gl wllh enrg tl wlrhlf nnf gkfjlf, wnnrmkc ekc zkcflf jllst fklt h`f mlpnilf. oe eklig ekc elt gnnr < cnrlf infj ukt, z fglrgnt eld ëlf uur gls gnnjs v``r gl `ftwkhhlikfj vnf zkcflf jllst `vlr-mill. Ekc wns lvlfwli z`` `vlrkcvlrkj v``r zkcfl tnnh, gnt ekc mkc gl p`jkfj, `d llf vnt dlt ikl `p tl tkiilf, zkcfl hrnoetlf z`` vlrsoenttl,

gnt zkcfl i`fjlf lr g``r nnfjlgnnf wlrglf. Gnnrg``r rnnhtl ekc zkcflmltrlhhkfj hwkct lf st`fg ekc rngli``s, fklt wltlfgl, e`l ekc vlrglrdlt zkcfl zwnhhl m`rst nnf llf stuh mr``g zù jlrnhlf. Kf wnfe``pfnd ekc glf st`h tlr enfg lf zlttl h`lrs fnnr Endmurj, wnnr ekcnis soellpsc`fjlf `p llf h``pvnnrgkcsoekp fnnr Rlflzulin llfl pinntsvr`lj lf gkl lrinfjgl. Dkssoeklf, gnoet ekc, gnt ekc infjs zuih llflf`dwlj f`j llfs zkcf jlgr``dg r`cl zù hufflf mltrlglf. Dnnr ekcwns z`` nrd, gnt ekc zkcf llfkjlf cns d`lst vlrh``plf, `d zkoe llflglhlf v``r zkcfl h``k tl hufflf nnfsoenfilf. òe gr``dgl ekc gklfllrstlf fnoet rllgs vnf gl soenttlf vnf r`cl. Dnnr e`l mkttlr wnszkcfl tlilurstliikfj, t`lf ekc g``r llf soe`h wlrg wnhhlr jlsoeug, nis



72;

llf jlvìj vnf gl soekpmrluh vnf elt vnnrtukj, wnnrkf ekc fnnr eltmli``gl infg dllfgl tl hufflf jnnf. Elt mr``zl vnnrtukj stklt nnfgl Eìinfgsoel hust `p llfl mnfh, lf dlt d`lktl h`f ekc elt fnnhtlikoennd rlgglf lf nnf llf wksslf `fglrjnfj `fth`dlf.

Gnnr st`fg ekc gus wlglr, h`f elt zkcf, f`j nrdlr lf liilfgkjlr gnfv``rellf, rngli``s, dnnr fklt rlggli``s.

@p j`lg jliuh rkoettl ekc zkcfl soerlglf fnnr Flãrinfgs e``gstng,`fmlwust, wlih i`t eld gnnr tl wnoetlf zù stnnf. Fn llfkjl `dzwlr-vkfjlf g``r gl jr``tl stng jliuhtl elt eld llfl `fglrjlsoekhtl mltrlh-hkfj `p llf hnft``r tl hrkcjlf, wnnr ekc wli llf soernni kfh`dlf eng,gòe wnnr dlf soekh kf glf c`fhdnf eng wljlfs zkcfl vikct lf zkcflfiust `d hlffks tl vlrjnírlf. Ekc mltr`h llf zìglrhndlrtcl, wnnr ekce`fjlr lf hùgl illg, gòe zkcf jllst v`lggl lf zkcf enrt vlrwnrdglnnf gl hlffks glr tnilf, gkl ekc puttl ukt llf pnnr m`lhcls vnf zkcfl

spnnrplffkfjlf nnf llf m`lhlfstni jlhòet.

Kfdkgglis wns ekc vnf pntr``f vlrwksslig lf h`f ekc dlt zkcfl vlr-w`rvlfl tnnihlffks llfl pinnts nis m`lheùglr vkfglf mkc gl ellrlf_oerlkglr XskoT & O`., gkl sp`lgkj mldlrhtlf, wlihl nnfilj lr kf glf c`fhdnf stnh. Skc stliglf eld v``r, `d euf euks tl _t. Qltlrsmurjtl vlrtljlfw``rgkjlf. Ekc illrgl lvlf viuj ]ussksoe nis Brnfsoe lfLfjlisoe lf vlrtr`h gnnrdlgl lf dlt llfl j`lgl g`sks enfglishlffkst`ljlrust, fnnr gl stng nnf gl Flwn.

Ekc wns fnuwlikchs =1 cnrlf, t`lf ekc kf gkl wlrligstng, z``ni fklt nis

`fnenfhlikch, gnf tòe nis vlrnftw``rglikch njlft vnf llf nnfzklf-ikch Eìinfgsoe enfgliseuks `p gl jr``tl enfglisdnrht `ptrng. Skcfsoelrp g``rzkoet lf viujjl mlvnttkfj, zkcf j`lgl mikh `p dlfsoelf lfznhlf mrnoetlf eld ni sp`lgkj `p elt glfhmllig, `d v``r lkjlf rlhl-fkfj enfgli tl grkcvlf. Ekc dllfgl gnt kf glf kfgkj`-enfgli v``r elddlttlrtkcg llf rukd mlstnnfdkggli wns wljjliljg. Ekc eng z`` j`lggnnrkf jlzklf lf jlenfglig, gnt ekc rllgs p zkcf vkc lf twkftkjstl cnnrnis llf glr llrstl enfglinnrs kf gkt nrtkhli `p gl wlrligdnrht mlhlfgst`fg. Skcf j`lgl fnnd soe`fh eld fklt niillf elt vlrtrùwlf vnfniilf, gkl dlt eld znhlf glglf, dnnr gllg eld niilfjs z``vlli vlrgkl-flf, gnt ekc nis llf vlrd`jlfg h``pdnf h`f g``rjnnf.

Gnnr mrnh gl Hrkd-``ri`j ukt, gkl elt e``g vnf z``vlli jr``t- lfhilkfenfglinrlf `p eì mrnoet, vlli jllig gllg vlriklzlf lf gnnrdlgl``h ni wnt zkc mlzntlf. Dnnr `fzl Elkfrkoe mill hnid lf g``rzòetdlt zkcflf v`rsoelfglf mikh gl soeukie`lhlf, wnnr soenttlf vlrm`rjlfwnrlf, gkl gl `vlrennstlf v``rmkc engglf jlzklf. Lf gnnrg``r hrlljekc llf gummli nnfglli kf gl wkfst lf znj ekc mkfflf h`rt zkcf vlrd`- jlf vlrgummlig.

lf gl llrstl rnjl vnf glf splouintklenfgli v``rmkc wns, g`ldgl wl-glr elt prlftcl vnf r`cl ukt zkcfl clujg v``r zkcflf jllst `p. Ekc eng



7:1 -

tenfs soenttlf, gkl ekc nnf elt gr``dmllig zkcflr clujg kf rukdl dntlh`f `filrlf. Dnnr `d zkcf gr``dmllig tl hufflf vlrwlzlikchlf, engekc f`j dllr gnf jlig, ekc eng ``h hlffks f``gkj. Wnfs mljrllp ekc,gnt ekc, niv`rlfs elt eùwlli lf gl spngl tlr enfg tl hufflf fldlf,

gl wnplfs vnf elt vlrstnfg lf vnf v``rmlrlkglfgl nroelòi`jksoel hlf-fks d`lst wlttlf. Ekc zlttl zkoe gnnr`d kcvlrkj nnf gl stugkl vnf eltJrklhsoe, lf dlt gkl hlffks jlwnplfg, mlstugllrgl ekc lvlf kcvlrkj gleliglfgkoetlrs glr hinssklhl ugelkg, d dlt elf nis jkgs zkoe tl rkèf-tllrlf `p gl pinntslf, wnnr ekc e``ptl llfs gkl jlgr``dgl soenttlf uktgl gklptlf glr nnrgl tl zuiilf `pglivlf.

Dnnr f`j wns gl h``pdnf fklt kf eld `fglrjljnnf8 gl jliljlfelkgwns tl soe``f, `d zkcf enfglistnilft fklt f`jdnnis tl mlpr`lvlf. GlF``rg-Ndlrkhnnfsoel ``ri`j soe`fh eld gnnrt`l jlrllgl nnfilkgkfj.Ekc wklrp zkoe `p gl hnt`lf lf mlennigl gnnrdlgl lf`rdl wkfstlf. Nis mkcznnh enfgligl ekc ` h kf tell lf dlt zkcfl ùgl kfgkj`-znnh h`fekc cnnrikchs `p llf kfh`dlf vnf llfl t`ffl jùgs rlhlflf.>1;1

Kf elt mlzkt vnf llflf j`lglf fnnd, llf lf`rd `rtukf lf jlf`ljzndlv``rmlrlkglfgl hlffks tr`h ekc zkoe kf >527 ukt gl enfglisznhlf tlruj,`d 7 cnrlf intlr v``r elt llrst gl vinhtl vnf r`yl dlt zkcfl v`ltlf tlmltrlglf.

Eklr st`fg ekc p elkikjlf jr`fg8 eklr zù ekc ukt gl njr`fglf llf jnf-soel, wli vlrd`lgl, dnnr fnuwlikchs ukt gl m`lhlf jlhlfgl wlrlig nnfelt ikoet mrlfjlf8 gl hufstsoenttlf glr ùgelkg dlt lkjlf ``jlf g`lfnnfsoeùwlf, gl jrnvlf glr Jrklhsoel eliglf `ftmi``tlf, gl h`stmnrl

d`fudlftlf vnf mlligeùwhufst ukt gl nsoe glr vlrw`lstkfj g`lfvlrrkczlf, kf ëlf w``rg llf ikoet tl g`lf `pjnnf `vlr e`fglrg lf f`j-dnnis e`fglrg strkcgvrnjlf, gkl gl m`lhjlillrglf kf spnffkfj ekliglf,gòe wklr hlffks mlplrht mill, `dgnt zkc elt eùwlli lf gl spngl fkltgurglf tlr enfg fldlf.

Skcf llrstl twkcli wns, gnt elt ùgl Kikud `fd`jlikch, jlikch gl dllstlnroelòi`jlf mlwllrglf `p gl e``jtl vnf Mufnrmnrsoekn XskoT jlstnnfh`f elmmlf, dnnr gnt elt `p llf nz`fglrikchlf eluvli vnf Ekssnrikh jlv`fglf d`lst w`rglf. S`` jlzljg, z`` jlgnnf. Dlt llf vlrw`f-glrikchl lflrjkl, gkl jllf ekfglrpnilf tr`tsllrgl, dlt llf `filrvnnr-

gkjelkg, gkl zlis gl dkgglilf vnf llf dnf nis ekc llr nnfgllg, t``jekc kf elt fncnnr vnf >5:> nnf glf nrmlkg. `lf gl vìjlfgl wkftlreld elt v``rtjnnf mlilttl, mrnoet ekc gklf tkcg dlt fkluwl v``rstugkèfg``r, `d dlt fkluwl hlffks vlrrkcht, kf Dnnrt vnf elt vìjlfgl cnnrdlt fkluwlf kcvlr elt jlstnnhtl wlrh tl elrvnttlf. S`` wlrhtl ekc dlthilkfl tussoelfp``zlf, g``r elt cnnrjltkcgl vlr``rznnht, `fnjlmr`hlfdlt zkcfl jnrgl vnf ><1 jrnvlrs glf nrmlkg v``rt. @d stllgs mkc eltwlrh tl zkcf, iklt ekc zkoe kf gl fnmkcelkg llf i``gs mùwlf, wnnr ekcdlt zkcfl vrùw kftr`h. Ekc gllg tkcglikch vnf niil wlligl nstnfg lf

>1;1 Illuwnrglr Oùrnft =7-1>->5;>.



7:>

mlstllggl ni zkcfl soenttlf nnf gl vlrwlzlikchkfj vnf zkcf jliklh``sgkglnni. Glf >: Cufk vnf elt cnnr >5:? znj ekc zkcfl `fvlrd`lkgl p`jkfjlf rllgs dlt soekttlrlfglf uktsinj mlhr``fg. lf eng ekc tòellf jùglf soent vnf sklrnglf lf vntwlrh nnf elt ikoet jlmrnoet, z``

soe``f lf z`` `fjlhlfg, gnt dlf nnfvnfhlikch nnf llf dystkontklgnoet lf zlis jlillrglf gl loetelkg vnf zkcf v`fgst mltwkcliglf. Gntwns nnfvnfhlikch zkcf i``f v``r z``vlli `p`filrkfjlf. Ekc eng gl pukfe``plf vnf fklt dkfglr gnf zls m`vlf lihnfglr jliljlf stlglfvnf `fglr gl lluwlfelujlfgl znfg- lf stllfinjlf vnf glf Ekssnrikhtl v``rsoekcf g`lf mrlfjlf lf kf gl glrgl vnf glzl mi``tjliljgl stlglfdllfgl _oeikldnff elt ùgl r`yl tl lrhlfflf. Gnt millh loetlr llfdksvlrstnfg tl zkcf, gòe siloets llf vnf pinntslikchlf nnrg, wnft eltwns fklt gl glrgl, gòe gl twllgl vnf `fglrn. Niil jlgnfl `ftglh-hkfjlf stldglf `vlrkjlfs w`fglrmnnrikch jltrùw dlt gl mlsoerkcvkfjvnf E`dlr`s `vlrllf. Gnnr znj dlf gl `vlrmikcslilf llflr vlrstlrhtl

p``rt, eklr gkl vnf llf jr``t pnilks, jkfgs vnf tldplis lf durlf, gklllf fkluw ikoet wklrplf `p vnnh mlstrlglf t`lstnfglf.

Fnnst gkl d`fudlftlf g``r gl nsoerljlf v``r elt fnjlsinoet mlwnnrg,trnglf nnf elt ikoet z``vlil v``rwlrplf vnf wlligl, hufst lf fkcvlr-elkg, gnt elt wns, nis` dlf gl pukfe``plf v``r zkoe znj llflr finfjsvlrw`lstl lf vlrintlf stng. Skcf v`fgst t`t llf jlelli vlrllfkjg, il-vlrgl elt mllig vnf llf wlillr mi`lklfgl stng dlt llf e``jst mlsoennglmlvìhkfj, gkl `p glf e``jstlf trnp vnf mi`lk, g``r llf vrllslikchlfmrnfg jltlkstlrg wns8 gl sp`rlf vnf gklf mrnfg wnrlf f`j gukglikchzkoetmnnr.

Wnfs wns lr v``r _oeikldnff jllf twkcli dllr, ` ekc eng zkcf hkf-glrikchlf gr``d vlrwlzlfikcht8 ekc st`fg wlrhlikch `p gl pukfe``plfvnf llf r`yl, gnt dlf t`t fu t`l siloets ukt mlsoerkcvkfjlf zkoe elltd`ltlf glfhlf. Gkl wlrhlikchelkg wns g``r eld zli kf elt ilvlf jl-r`lplf. Zlihl jlgnoetl elt mrlkf vnf gklf soenttlfjrnvlr p gkt `jlf-mikh g``rhrukstlf, innt zkoe d`lkikch `fglr w``rglf mrlfjlf. Dnnr ekcwns tl vlli gl dnf vnf gl gnng, `d zkoe infj nnf gkl `vlrplkfzkfjlf`vlr tl jlvlf. Ekc zlttl zkoe fu nnf gl stugkl lf gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf elt jlv`fglfl, wnnrvnf ekc gl rlsuitntlf flãriljgl kf llf wlrh g``r eldkf >5:7 uktjljlvlf, fglr glf tktli vnf3 r`cnfksoel Nitlrteùdlr. Gnt

wlrh eng jllf wltlfsoenpplikch hnrnhtlr, dnnr gr`lj jlelli elt hlf-dlrh vnf llf gnjm`lh vnf llf dnf, gkl dlt soelrplf mikh gl gkfjlfmlhlhlf eng, wlihl jlstngkj g``r gl jrnvlrs `fglr zkcfl ilkgkfj wnrlfnnf elt ikoet jlmrnoet.

Elt eng, fnnr zkcfl dllfkfj, tòe gkl e``jst wltlfsoenpplikchl wnnr-gl, gnt elt fu v``r j`lg eng uktjldnnht, gnt glzl pilh elt ugl r`ylwns. Dnnr gl enilf hwnrtjlillrglf glliglf dlt eld f`j vìstrlhtfklt gkl dllfkfj8 zkc grlvlf vllillr glf sp`t dlt gklf jlwlzlf kfgkj`-h``pdnf, gkl tenfs nis nroelì``j wkiilfgl p`sllrlf, glr jlillrgl wl-rlig wkigl pgrkfjlf llf dllfkfj, gkl fklt gl enrl wns. Dlf jkfj zlis



7:= -

z``vlr vnf tl mlwlrlf, gnt ekc dlt pzlt ni gkl soenttlf gnnr eng intlfvlrmlrjlf, d nis ilvlfgl jltukjlf vnf llf gr``dmllig v``r glf gnj tltrlglf. Dnnr gkl sp`t, fòe lkjlfwnnf h`fglf eld nnf elt wnfhlilfmrlfjlf lf `fvlrgr`tlf jkfj ekc v``rt dlt fkluwl `ftjrnvkfjlf. `lf

kf >55> zkcf mlr`ldg wlrh3 Kil`s XskoT vlrsoellf, dòet ekc zkoe rllgsvlrelujlf kf gl sydpntekl vnf llf tklftni glr vlrdnnrgstl jlillrglfukt niil ``rglf glr wlrlig, gkl fklt niillf zkcfl v`fgstlf v``r loet lr-hlfglf, dnnr ``h euf ngenlskl soe`fhlf nnf zkcfl jlvìjtrlhhkfjlf,gkl ekc gnnrukt jldnnht eng. ’\kt glf soentjrnvlr—, vlrhinnrglf Dnx Duiilr lf ]ugìpe Rkroe`w, ’ks llf jlillrgl jljr`lkg.— Lf z`` wnselt. Kf zkcf intlr vlrsoelflf wlrh3 r`yl, v`fg ekc zkcfl v``rfnndstltljlfstnfglrs vnf vr`ljlr kf dlglstnfglrs vlrhllrg, gkl lr prkcs p stli-glf eld euf oìiljn tl d`jlf f`ldlf, gkl llf pr`milld eng `pjli`st,wnnrv``r gl jlillrgl wlrlig kf wnfe``p gl soeùglrs pinoet `p tlenilf.

Kfdkgglis eng _oeikldnff fklt stki jlzltlf. Fnuwlikchs eng ekc glfeluvli vnf Ekssnrikh `ftsi`tlf v``r gl jlillrgl wlrlig, ` ekc wlfg-gl zkoe t`t gl `vlrùgl ruàflf vnf Dyolfnl. Gnnr jliuhtl elt eld,`d gl z`` vlrdnnrgl ’Illuwlfp``rt— nnf elt ikoet tl mrlfjlf lf gl’_oenthndlr vnf Ntelfl— kf ni ennr jinfs nnf gl vlrmnnsgl ``jlf glrnnfwlzkjlf tl nnfsoeùwlf tl jlvlf. Infj wns lr `fglr gl jlillrglf jlstrlglf `vlr llf pinnts mkc Qnusnfkns, wnnr ekc gkl soenttlf nnf-gukgt. _oeikldnff dllfgl, kf strkcg dlt elt nijldllf jlv`lilf, gntzkc `p glf Murjeluvli d`lstlf jlv`fglf w`rglf. Ekc t``j wlglr nnfelt wlrh lf ...... zkcfl vlrwnoetkfjlf wlrglf `vlrtr`filf. Ekc v`fg

`.n. llf dlfkjtl jùglf sklrnglf, gkl nnf v`rstlikchl plrs`flf mle``rgd`lstlf elmmlf, nis kf euffl jrnvlf mkcjlzlt. Elt dlrhwnnrgkjstl,wnt jlv`fglf wlrg, wnrlf gl jùglf ikchlfdnshlrs lf gl infjl, guf-fl twllsfkcglfgl zwnnrglf vnf mr`fs. @`h glzl v`fgst mlsoerll ekckf llf wlrh, gnt fu gl nijldllfl mlw`fglrkfj wljgr`lj.

Ni gnt suools prkhhligl siloets zkcf mljllrtl fnnr fkluwl `ftglhhkfjlf.Lr mill eld f`j gl vlrvuiikfj vnf ëëflf wlfsoe `vlr3 elt `ftmi``tlfvnf glf tldpli glr h`fkfjlf vnf kryfs. ]llgs kf >5:; wns ekc gnnr-dlgl nnfjlvnfjlf, gòe elrvnttl llrst kf >557 lf >55< dlt lrfst gkltnnh. Lf tenfs mlennigl ekc gnnrmkc zuih llf suools, gnt ekc gnt hufst-

jlwròet glr ùgelkg kf ni zkcf iukstlr tl nnfsoeùwlf h`f jlvlf.Gnt wns llf wlrh zÿÿ llfkj kf zkcf s``rt, gnt elt dlt rloet gl hr``fzlttl `p ni elt jllf ekc vr`ljlr nnf ―t ikoet eng jlmrnoet. lf ekc ``hvnf glzl v`fgst llf mlsoerkcvkfj uktjn, wns gnt m`lh `p niilr ikpplf.Elt wns ―s dnfs jr``tstl lf inntstl wlrh, eltwlih zkcf fnnd `p fkluwdlt glf strnilfhrnfs llflr r`ldrkchl vlrwkffkfj kf gl nroelì`jksoelwlrlig gllg soekttlrlf.

Mkc ni zkcf wlrhlf jkfj ekc dlt gl jr``tstl mlinfjli``selkg tl wlrh.Gl soenttlf, gkl ekc dlt jr``tl `p`filrkfjlf vnf jlig lf jlz`fgelkgnnf elt ikoet eng jlmrnoet, dnnhtl ekc fklt niillf g``r zkcfl jlsoerk-



7:?

tlf t`t jldllf j`lg, dnnr ekc soe`fh ``h llf jr``t glli glr `pjl-gìvlf soenttlf nnf gl nroelì`jksoel dusln vnf Ktnikè, Jrklhlfinfg,Guktsoeinfg lf nfglrl infglf, gkl prkcs stliilf `p gl hlffks vnf llfvr`ljlrl mlsoenvkfj.

Ekc stklr `p glf =2 Gloldmlr >5;1 tl Fnplis `p 25-cnrkjlf illtkcgnnf llf elrslf`ftstlhkfj lf v`fg zkcf inntstl rustpinnts kf glf g``reld `pfkluw jlwkcglf jr`fg3 elt fkluwl Ntelfl.

Dlt eld ks llf gklr lkjlfnnrgkjl dnfflf `fzlr lluw vlrsoelkglf,wlihl elt soe``fstl v``rmllig jnvlf glr enrd`fkl tussoelf dlfsoelikchwkiilf lf hufflf, elt soe``fstl v``rmllig tlvlfs vnf nrd`lgl lf vlr- jltlielkg, gkl zkoe `pelt t t rkchg`d lf wlrligr`ld.>1;>

Lf z` stnrttl _oeikldnff kf Flglrinfg, kfoiusklb zkcf lkjlf dyteì`-jkl lf gl bùtlf vnf gl cùrfnikst, gkl ``h fklt prlokls wkst wnnr ekc elt

`vlr eng, zkcf rlks kf gl lluwkjelkg.

>1;> Illuwnrglr Oùrnft =5-1>->5;>. Llf wnt h`rtlrl florì`jkl vlrsoellf kf elt

Nijldllf Enfglisming ?1->=->5;1.



7:7 -

E`l elt vlrglr jkfj

_oeikldnff stklrb v``rgnt gl `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl vìt``kg wnrlf.>1;= Ekc wns ni mlj`fflf dlt gl pinffkfj v``r >5;=. Kf gkt cnnr hwnd lrfklts vnf dnnr kf >5;? mlsi``t _`bkn _oeikldnff d Gòrpblig gl d`jl-ikchelkg tl jlvlf `d vlrglr tl wlrhlf3

Gl g``r gr. _oeikldnff‛s g``g `fglrmr`hlf `pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cl,zuiilf, p vlrz`lh vnf gl wlguwl _oeikldnff, g``r pr`. Gòrplig >1;? elrvnt w`rglf.>1;7

>1;= Skddlrdnff >;5=, <=; ’Gkl rnjkh slkfls Ilmlfs wkii ls, gnÐ _oeikldnff fkoetdler ... gnzu h`ddt, gkl nus glr lmlf nmjlsoei`sslflf Jrnmufjshndpnjfl nubEkssnrikh lrwnoeslflf Lrhlfftfkssl ufg Rlrdutufjlf nf glr g`rtkjlf Zkrhikoehlktzu ùmlrprùblf.—

>1;? Gòrpblig dòet zkoe skfgs >5;= pr blss`r f`ldlf `dgnt ekc ils jnb nnf elt Guktsljydfnskud kf Ntelfl.

>1;7 J`lssoel Oùrnft =5-1=->5;?.

_oeikldnffs jrnb kf Ntelfl.



7:<

Fn llf cnnr v`fg gl wlguwl _oeikldnff elt loetlr vìg`lfgl lfd`lst Gòrpblig `dzklf fnnr llf nfglrl bkfnfoklrkfjsmr`f. Gkt wlrghlkzlr Zkielid KK (>5<;->;7>). Kf >;1= pumikollrgl Gòrpblig gl ukt-h`dstlf vnf zkcf fglrz`lh. Glzl stligl kf zkcf kfilkgkfj gnt _oeikldnff

skfgs >5:? nnf gl kglftkbkontkl vnf r`cl KK dlt elt E`dlrksoel r`cleng jltwkcblig lf mltrlurgl elt gnt ekc fklt dllr eng d`jlf dlldnhlfgnt gkt vrnnjstuh kf gl lxplgktkls vnf >5;? lf >5;7 wlrg `pjli`st.>1;<

R``r Gòrpblig wns elt gukglikch3 gl innj wnnr kf Dyhllfs nnrglwlrhjlv`fglf wlrg, r`cl RK, wns elt E`dlrksoel r`cl. R``r gl dllstldlfslf gkl zkoe dlt elt Ekssnrikh - r`cl pr`milld mlzkjekliglf wnsgkt llf g``rmrnnh. R``r Mòttkoelr dnnhtl elt fklt ukt, gkl millb mkc zkcf’Blulrflhr`pìl— tel`rkl lf ``h gl wlguwl _oeikldnff soekcft elt ml-infj lrvnf fklt jlelli jlzklf tl elmmlf3

Gl o`rrlsp`fglft glrF.].Ot

tl Zllflf soerkct3Llfkjl E`fjnnrsoel pr`lss`rlf mlvkfglf zkoe tl Ntelfl, lf lfhl-ilf elmmlf llf mlz`lh jlmrnoet nnf dlvrùw _`l _oeikldnff, jlmHnstrndlf`s XLfjnstr`dlf`sT. Llf eufflr jllt kf llf glr minglfllfl mlsoerkcvkfj vnf glzl dlrhwnnrgkjl vrùw, nisdlgl vnf enrlw`fkfj. Dlf vlrflldt vnf eld, kfgklf dlf elt f`j fklt wkst, gntdlvrùw _oeikldnff g``r pr`. GòrpliXgT `pjrnvkfjlf kf r`cl inntvlrrkoetlf. Skc mlhinnjgl zkoe loetlr gnt wnt kf glf inntstlf tkcg jl-v`fglf wns, infj z`` mlinfjrkch fklt wns, nis wnt rllgs vr`ljlr nnfelt ikoet ks jlmrnoet. Skc e``ptl kf Glipek jliuhhkjlr tl zkcf, wnnrrllgs vlli vnf wnnrgl jlv`fglf ks.>1;2 Dlvr. _oeikldnff, gkl, z``niszkc zlkgl, jllf nv`fg zkoe tlr rustl mljllt, z`fglr llf pnnr e`fglrgrljlis ukt E`dlr`s jlilzlf tl elmmlf, ks, vìjlfs gl mlsoerkcvkfj vnfglf o`rrlsp`fglft, llfl gndl vnf rkczkjl jlstnitl dlt pkhzwnrtl enrlflf pkhzwnrtl `jlf, g``r infjl wkdplrs z`` vlrsoenguwg, gnt dlf zlllrst j`lg tl zklf hrkcjt, nis gl lkjlfnrls glzl kf elt vuur vnf ―t jlsprlh`psinnt. F`j stllgs kf rùwhillrlf, ellt zkc kf ennr euks niils z`nis mkcelt ilvlf vnf enrlf dnf `p zkcfl pinnts jlintlf, z``gnt gklfs jr``tlstugllrhndlr lf nnfjrlfzlfgl mkmik`tellh z`` `fvlrnfglrg jlmilvlfzkcf, gnt dlf glf jlillrgl lih ``jlfmikh zù hufflf vlrwnoetlf. Elt jlellil euks ks fnnr gl pinfflf vnf glf `vlrilglfl jlmùwg lf fnnr

tllhlfkfjlf vnf zkcfl enfg vlrsklrg. Gl stkci ks llfl sndlfsdlitkfj glrnftklhl lf d`glrfl mùw`rgl, wlihl kf Jrklhlfinfg zÿÿ nijldllf kfzwnfj ks, gnt zlis sp``rwljstntk`fs `p gkl wkczl w`rglf jldnnht.

>1;< Gòrpblig >;1=, jloktllrg kf Lkfsil ufg Mòihl >;;2, 7=.>1;2 Kf >521 mlj`f i‛Ëoìl brnfênksl g‛Nteåfls `p gl iòntkl vnf elt ùgl Glipek dlt

`pjrnvlf. Dlvr. _oeikldnff eng eklr fklts dll tl dnhlf. _oeikldnff iklt zkoe kf

>55; zlibs f`j ni innjgufhlfg ukt `vlr glzl `pjrnvkfj. Skl Snvngki =11;, 2=.



7:2 -

Gl w``fhndlrs ikjjlf jlikchvi`lrs, lf `p gl llrstl vlrgklpkfj mlvkfgtzkoe llfl oìilotkl ùgelglf, nh`dstkj ukt gl `pjrnvkfjlf vnf r`cllf Dyhlfnl. Dnnr elt dlrhwnnrgkjstl zkcf wli gl vi`lr lf elt pin- `fg vnf _oeikldnff‛s stugllrhndlr, `dgnt vlil `ftjrnvlf v``rwlr-

plf, wnnr`fglr gl vlrjuigl pintlf ukt r`cl X0T, mr`fzlf hnpliilf ukt Dyhlfnl X0T lf dllr glrjlikchl kf elt eùtwlrh mlvlstkjg zkcf. Fkltdkfglr dlrhwnnrgkj zkcf gl kf vlil gllilf jlm`fglf mrklvlf lf nu-t`jrnlf, wlihl _oeikldnff dlt gl nnfzklfikchstl lf dllst mlr`ldgl plrs`flf jlwksslig ellt.

ljlf elt euks stnnt llf tlrrns, wnnrdlgl dlf kf glf rnnklf tukf n-gnnit. Gnnr pilljt gl ndkikl glf nv`fg g``r tl mrlfjlf, lf gl o`rrls- p`fglft sprllht dlt jllstgrkt vnf _oeikldnff‛s gòetlr Nfgr`dnoel, jleuwg dlt glf ellr Dlins, z``f vnf glf murjldllstlr vnf Ntelfl.Gl mlrkoetjlvlr v`fg ennr gl d``kstl vrùw gkl ekc kf Jrklhlfinfg jlzklf eng, gkl, ni eng zkc elt jlf`ljlf nnf llfl vr`ìkchl o`fvlrsntklf`j fklt vlri`rlf, g``r elt vuur lf glf lrfst wnnrdlgl zkc `vlr gl nf-tklhl hufst sprnh, llf kfgruh dnnhtl nis` dlf tljlf`vlr gl clujgkjl j`gkf Ntelfl st`fg.>1;:

Fn Gòrpblig millb elt stki `p Ekssnrikh t`t Onri Zkiiknd Miljlf(>55:->;:>) kf >;?= t`lstlddkfj hrllj `d wllr kf Ekssnrikh tl jnnfjrnvlf. Ekc wlrhtl eklr t`t >;?5 lf vlrbkcfgl gl strntkjrnbkl vnf glzleluvli. Rìjlfs Miljlf wnrlf lr ; ouituurinjlf gkl zkoe kf ?7 plrk`glfuktspiktstlf. Ekc hwnd uktlkfglikch t`t gl o`foiuskl gnt fklt r`cl RK,dnnr r`cl RKKn elt e`dlrksoel r`cl jlwllst wns. Miljlf wns vì i`b

`vlr _oeikldnff. Rlli dlfslf engglf _oeikldnff vlr``rgllig vnfwljlzkcf siloetl pjrnvkfjstloefklh. Dnnr gnnr wkigl Miljlf fklts vnf e`rlf.Gnt wns _oeikldnff ml``rglilf infjs gl dlltint vnf elt elglf. `lf_oeikldnff mlj`f mlst`fglf lr jllf nroelì`jksoel pjrnvkfjstloefkl-hlf. Ekc d`lst zl zlib uktvkfglf. Nnf elt lkfg vnf zkcf ilvlf h`f ekc zkoekf gnt `pzkoet dlt klglrllf dltlf. ’el ji`ry `b gkso`vlrkfj r`y nfgdnhkfj kt hf`wf t` tel w`rig ks eks, nfg eks bndl wns bnkriy w`f—.>1;5

Kf >;55 mlj`f Dnfbrlg H`rbdnfff (>;7=-=11<) kf fnnd vnf gl\fkvlrsktlktlf vnf Okfokffntk lf ùmkfjlf pfkluw dlt pjrnvkfjlf kfEkssnrikh. E`lwli H`rbdnfff kf =11< `vlrillg jnnf glzl `pjrnvkfjlf

f`j stllgs vlrglr. Ni sfli oinkdgl gl H`rbdnfff jr`lp gnt dlf lkfglikch elt mlstnnf

vnf gl, ``h g``r _oeikldnff lf Miljlf jlzòetl `fglrstng, dlt lilh-tr`dnjfltksoe `fglrz`lh vnstjlstlig eng. E`lwli dlf zkoe kf gl wl-tlfsoenpplikchl pumikontkls wnt v``rzkoetkjlr uktiklt oinkdgl ekc kf dllrp`puinkrl pumikontkls hllr `p hllr gnt dlf mlwlzlf eng gnt r`cl RKKnelt E`dlrksoel r`cl wns.>1;; Kf gl jr`tl tlft``fstliikfj, r`kn - rnud

>1;: Fkluwl J`rkfoeldsoel Oùrnft 1?-15->5;?.>1;5 Miljlf >;2?, =2-=:.>1;; Skl mv. Lmlri >;;<.



7::

ufg Zkrhikoehlkt ukt =11> t``fgl H`rbdnff mv. llf jr`tl dnqulttl vnfr`cl RK/RKKn dlt tljlf zkcf durlf llf zllr uktjlmrlkgl mlflglfstnggkl `p zkcf mlurt ``h wllr g``r durlf `djlvlf wns. Llf stng jr``tjlf`lj v``r z`‛f >1.111 kfw`flrs. Elinns v``r H`rbdnff lf zkcf jr`lp

vlrt``ft glzl jr`tl mlflglfstng t`t fu t`l gl `felmmlikchl lkjlfsoenp`d mkc `pjrnvkfjlf fklt tl wkiilf dntlrknikslrlf.Brnfh Hìm, H`rbdnffs ùmkfjlr oìiljn, mlstrkcgt gklfs o`foiu-

skls.>>11 Glzl ks lrvnf `vlrtukjg gnt elt r`cl vnf E`dlrus fòe g``r_oeikldnff, fòe g``r Miljlf lf ``h fklt g``r H`rbdnff jlv`fglfks. Elt lfkjl wnt dlf jlv`fglf ellbt ks gl pinnts gkl nis kfspkrntkl v``rgl r`cnnfsl dytel jlwlrht hnf elmmlf.>>1> Hìm iklt zkoe fklt kdp`fl-rlf g``r elt r`clmllig gnt H`rbdnff kf zkcf lxp`sktkl t``fgl. Kf glMlrikflr D`rjlfp`st vnf >: cuik =11> vlrhinnrt ekc ’Gns D`glii kst lkflBkhtk`f3 rnud, fkoet ]lh`fstruotk`f.—

Hìm t``ft nnf gnt elt r`cl vnf H`rbdnff jllf mlinfjrkch enf-glisolftrud ks wnnrv``r elt gl d`lktl wnnrg ks `d infjgurkj ``ri`j tlv`lrlf, dnnr llf sndlfstliikfj vnf v`fgstlf ukt niil injlf. S` jlmrukhtH`rbdnff gl flbrkltmkcilf gkl _oeikldnff kf r`cl KK jlv`fglf ellbt`d nnf tl t`flf gnt lr enfglismltrlhhkfjlf tusslf r`cl lf Olftrnni

Nzkè wnrlf. Ekc jnnt lr vlrvìjlfs vnf ukt gnt glzl vlrmkfgkfj, wnffllrekc wlrhlikch mlst`fg, okron <11 cnnr intlr llf rlglf v``r gl r`cnnfsl``ri`j wns. Gkt gnf z`fglr nnftlt`flf gnt glzl enfglismltrlhhkfjlf nigkl tkcg zkcf mikcvlf mlstnnf.

Kh jn eklr fklt vlrglr `p gl gksousskl kf `dgnt ekc eklr fklt vnf ml-

infj ks. Kh wki lr loetlr wli `p wkczlf gnt kh vnf dlfkfj mlf gnt Hìmjlikch ellbt wnffllr ekc stlit gnt dlf elt E`dlrksoel r`cl f``kt znihufflf vkfglf. Elt ks llf `fglrglli vnf llf m`lh lf llf ’m`lhlfwl-rlig— mlstnnt niillf kf elt m`lh lf fklt gnnr muktlf. Znt _oeikldnff lfzkcf `pvìjlrs kf Ekssnrikh jlv`fglf elmmlf ks, wnt E`dlrus mltrlbt,`p zkcf e``jst gl kfspkrntklmr`f v``r gl g``r glzl gkoetlr jlmùwgliljlfgnrksoel stng.>>1= S`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf d`lst _oeikldnff eltkgll wnnrukt ekc r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr soerllb ni sfli fn elt vlrsoekc-flf vnf gkt m`lh `pjlvlf. Fu, klts dllr gnf e`fglrgtwkftkj cnnr fnzkcf g``g, hufflf wl fklt nfglrs gnf vnststliilf gnt ekc fklt kf elt g`li,

wnnrdll ekc zkcf `pjrnvkfjlf mlj`f, jlsinnjg ks. E`lwli ekc v``rj`lgzkcf lrlpinnts kf gl jlsoeklglfks vnf gl nroelì`jkl vlrgklfg ellbt g``relt mlstnnf vnf llf e``j`ftwkhhligl mr`fstkcgouituur kf gkt jlgllitlvnf gl wlrlig nnf elt ikoet tl mrlfjlf, ellbt ekc fklt hufflf mlwkc-

>>11 Elrtli nfg Hìm =11?.>>1> _tr`fh =11<, 7:.>>1= Brnfh Hìm kf llf mrklb nnf gl soerkcvlr3 ’Ls wnrlf skoelrikoe gkl g`rt fòe skoet-

mnrlf ]ukflf, kfsmls`fglrl gkl mllkfgruohlfgl Murjdnulr, wlioel v`f glf kf gklr`ns lkfwnfglrlfglf Jrkloelf nis t`p`jrnpeksoelr Bkxpufht bùr glf v`f keflf

nus Dkttlijrkloelfinfg dktjlmrnoetlf r`kn-Dyte`s vlrwlfglt w`rglf skfg.—



7:5 -

zlf gnt elt E`dlrksoel r`cl ``kt wlrhlikch mlstnnf ellbt. \irkoe v`f Zkind`wktz-D`liilfg`rbb ‛s (>575->;?>) nbhllr vnf _oeikldnff ks fkltdllr gnf llf tlhlf vnf nbjufst, dnnr zkcf `pdlrhkfj ukt >5:? gnt eltrkch vnf Qrkndus kf eltzlibgl infg ikjt nis elt eldlisl Clruznild, gl eli

vnf Gnftl, gl Mèlldsl Zùglf vnf _oekiilr, gl h`fkfjsmuroet vnfHkfj Ilnr lf elt KCsinfg vnf Mrufekigl ks nmsìuut cukst.>>1?

Gkl dlfslf gkl _oeikldnffs jli``b ukt r`cnfksoelr Nitlrteùdlr vnstwkiilf eùglf hufflf mkc euf mlz`lh nnf gl mlr`ldgl pinnts elt mlstlllf Flglrinfgstnikj jkgscl vnf Dustnbn Nshkf h`plf. Znffllr zl glg``r eld mlsoerlvlf rùtl i`plf zklf zl wnt klglrllf wki zklf3

]loets ikjt elt wlstlikchl jlgllitl vnf gl vlstkfjduur vnf r`cl RK.Lvlf vlrglr, ``h nnf uw rloetlrenfg, ks llf plrlm``d, ilt u gnnr j`lg`p gl hwniktlkt vnf gl ruwl duur, gkl zkoe tusslf gl j`lgjlv`rdgldurlf mlvkfgt. _tlit u zkoe v``r gnt tusslf gl durlf llf p``rt wns,

’gl wlstp``rt—. Gkt wns wnnrsoekcfikch gl mlr`ldgl p``rt, wnnr elteùtlf pnnrg g``r jltr`hhlf wlrg, `d kf XglT stng tl pinntslf. Nis u j`lg fnnr gl durlf hkcht, zklt u sp`rlf vnf vlrmrlgkfj vnf gl p``rt.Fngnt elt eùtlf pnnrg mkfflf wns vuiglf gl r`cnflf gl `plfkfjdlt stuhhlf stllf lf fndlf jllf tkcg `d gl p``rt tl rlpnrlrlf.>>17

Kf gkt m`lh elm kh llf _oeikldnff tlf t`flil jlv`lrg gkl zkoe, ml-jlilkg g``r zlib mlgnoetl vlrenilf, kf gl wlrlig `de``j wlrhtl. Llrstdnnhtl ekc zkoe nis enfglinnr bkfnfoklli `fnbenfhlikch. Rlrvìjlfs vlr-e``jgl ekc zkcf dnntsoenpplikchl stntus g``r zkoezlib nnf gl ni`d jlprl-

zlf wlrhlf vnf E`dlrus tl h`pplilf. @d gl g``r eld jlwlfstl e`jlsòknil stntus tl hufflf mlrlkhlf wlrg ekc, mkcfn mkch`dstkj, jlgw`fjlf`d lfkjl vnf gl mnsksprkfokpls vnf prlekst`rksoel nroelì`jkl tl ftwkh-hlilf. E`lwli ekc dlt gl jr`tlf vnf zkcf tkcg `p v`lt vnf jlikchelkg `d-jkfj ks elt gl vrnnj `b ekc ``kt dllr ks jlw`rglf gnf gl elig vnf gl zkoet`lftlrtkcg sfli ftwkhhlilfgl murjlrhinssl. Elt wns `h glzl jr`lp gklelt mlstl dlt zkcf z`rjvuigkj pjlmùwgl dytel ukt gl v`ltlf h`f. Eltwns glzl `ph`dlfgl dkgglfhinssl gkl kf zkcf wlj `de``j _oeikldnffnis v``rmllig v``r zkcf hkfglrlf h`f jlmrukhlf.

Znnr _oeikldnff tkcglfs zkcf ilvlf zlib zkcf lkjlf dytel soeklp wlrg

gkt wlrh, z`nis wl jlzklf elmmlf, ni v``r zkcf g``g g``r nfglrlf vnfeld `vlrjlf`dlf. Cùrfnikstlf lf nfglrl soerkcvlrs gr`ljlf vrkcwkiikjeuf stllftcl mkc lf gnt wlrg fn zkcf g``g niillf dnnr dllr. Kf gl i``pvnf gl tkcg wns elt mllig gnt _oeikldnff vnf zkoezlib jlorlèlrg eng loe-tlr nnf vlrnfglrkfjlf `fglrelvkj. Znnr ekc mlj`f nis v``rmllig v``r gld`jlikchelkg vnf dnntsoenpplikchl jr`lk vlrnfglrgl ekc kf gl glrtkjlr

cnrlf vnf gl twkftkjstl lluw kf gl uitkldl jùgz`lhlr. lrwkci llf jr`tl

>>1? Oniglr >;51, >7;.

>>17 Nshkf 0, 7<.



7:;

lo`f`dksoel orksks gl wlrlig kf ennr jrllp eklig wlrg _oeikldnff eltv``rmllig vnf gl dlfs gkl hllr `p hllr elt jliuh nnf zkcf zkcgl hrkcjtz`gnt jlig lf jùg zkcf hnft `p str`dlf.

E`l duitk-kfzltmnnr _oeikldnff ks zklf wl wnffllr ekc zkoezlib kf

z`wli Fntk`fnni _òknikstksoel nis Dnrxkstksoel hrkfj wllt tl enfgenvlf`d vlrvìjlfs nnf elt lkfg vnf gl vkcbtkjlr cnrlf, dlt z`wli llf ]ussksoenis llf Ndlrkhnnfs pnsp``rt lf llf Jrklhsl vrùw t`t pr`t`typl v``r glGuktslr vnf elt Zkrtsoenbtswufglr wllt `p tl wlrhlf. Gkt mllig hnf-tlit wnffllr Zkiiknd Oniglr KKK `p 2 cnfunrk >;:= kf Flumuh`w zkcf’Dkttlrfnoetsilsufj— eùgt.>>1< Znnr gl GG] _oeikldnff f`j nis llfelig llrt t``ft gl Ndlrkhnnf Oniglr kf _oeikldnffs jlm``rtlpinnts nnfgnt fklt niils wnt _oeikldnff soerllb wnnr ks. Kf gl vìjlfgl twkftkj cnnr`ftwkhhlit zkoe llf fkluw _oeikldnffmllig. Rnf llf elig vlrnfglrt ekckf llf soeurh, llf ``ri`jspr`bktlur, llf brnuglur lf llf vlrvnislr. Gkt

niils dnnht jllf lkfg nnf zkcf r`ld lf gl ftstnfl _oeikldnff-kfgustrklw`rgt e``jstlfs jr`tlr. Gl inntstl cnrlf ks lr llf tlfglfs `d _oeikldnffvnfukt zkcf lkjlf tkcg tl mljrkcplf lf ks elt mllig vnf llf ndmktkluzl dnfkf llf ndmktkluzl lluw `ftstnnf. Gnt ks elt _oeikldnffmllig gnt kh hkc-hlfg vnfukt Flglrinfg mlvlstkjg zkl. @b gkt elt inntstl mllig ks gnt lrvnf _oeikldnff jlsoenplf zni w`rglf mltwkcbli kh. _oeikldnff, gl vlr-tliilr vnf vlrenilf, ks llf ’dlfs— jlw`rglf gkl zkoe dnhhlikch kf niilrilkvlrenilf innt kfpnsslf lf kf gnt vlrd`jlf ikjjlf jr`tl d`jlikchelglfv``r gl t`lh`dst.

Elt ks loetlr gl vrnnj `b lr ``kt f`j kldnfg zni h`dlf gkl zkcf

vlrenni z` j`lg nnf gnt vnf _oeikldnff wllt tl h`pplilf nis Lgwnrg Zkiiknd M`h (>52?->;?1) Glzl Lgwnrg Zkiiknd wns dlt zkcf ùglrsfnnr Ndlrkhn jldkjrllrg t`lf glzl, fn llf wnt `fenfgkjl splouintklvnf zkcf vnglr, `p gl viuoet wnrlf v``r euf soeuiglkslrs.>>12 Kf Ndlrkhndnnht glzl Lgwnrg Zkiiknd zkcf b`rtukf nis e``bgrlgnotlur vnf elIngkls‛ E`dl Cùrfni . G``rdkggli vnf gkt tkcgsoerkbt z`rjgl ekc lr, dkf`b dllr kf zkcf llftcl, v``r gnt gl Rlrlfkjgl _tntlf vnf Ndlrkhn llfmlsoennbg jlmklg wlrglf. `lf gnt jlmlurg wns wlrg elt tkcg gnt glwlrlig tl e`rlf hrllj wkl gnt jlgnnf eng. Kf el Ndlrkonfkzntk`f `Lgwnrg M`h ukt >;=1 t``fgl ekc gl wlrlig fklt niillf e`l llf nrdl

Flglrinfgsl c`fjlf llf rkchl Ndlrkhnnf wns jlw`rglf, dnnr dllr f`je`l ekc Ndlrkhn mlsoennbg eng jldnnht g``r gl wnnrglf lf f`rdlfgkl ekc ukt zkcf jlm``rtlinfg eng dlljlmrnoet. Kf elt llrstl e``bgstuht``ft ekc nnf gnt ekc ukt llf j`lgl Flglrinfgsl bndkikl stndt. Gl glrglz``f vnf jr``tvnglr M`h g``h p llf st`rdnoetkjl fnoet kf zll, z`fglr`p zkcf lkjlf vlkikjelkg tl ilttlf, `d gnnr llf enib vlrgr`fhlf zlldnfukt tl enilf. Ekc mrnoet glzl dnf vlrvìjlfs fnnr zkcf vnglrs euks. @pglzl dnfklr rlggl ekc gkl zlldnf elt ilvlf lf dnnhtl ekc elt d`jl-

>>1< Oniglr >;:=.>>12 Hkhhlrt >;;2, <7.



751 -

ikch gnt glzl llf wnnrglvìil mkcgrnjl nnf gl dnntsoenppkc ilvlrgl. Gklmkcfn vlrgr`fhlf zlldnf wns fndlikch fkldnfg nfglrs gnf Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff, gl mlr`ldgl `ftglhhlr vnf gl vlri`rlf stng r`cl.>>1:

>>1: M`h >;=7?7, xxk-xxkk. Zkiiknd D. Oniglr KKK kf llf mrklb nnf gl nutlur3 ’... kf>;:= K hflw f` lxtlrfni o`fbkrdnt`ry lvkglfol b`r _oeikldnff‛s ngvlfturls `flxli. Hf`wkfj e`w npt _oeikldnff wns t` ldmr`kglr trute K gùmtlg tel weìl.Mut skfol telf K envl gkso`vlrlg kf tel dld`krs `b n gutoednf we` ldkjrntlgt` tel \_N n tlstkd`fkud tent ns n m`y `f lxli el wns prlslft nt tel rlsoul `b_oeikldnff. ent ks wl envl nf lxtlrfni o`fbkrdntk`f `b tel bnot tent _oeikldnff

kfgllg wns wrlohlg `bb tel o`nst `b lxli.—



75>

Mkmik`jrnkl

Nohlrgkcoh , C. >5?1 _tuhhlf ukt llfl rlkzl g``r elt h`fkfhrkch glr

Flglrinfglf. Gl Rrklfg gls Rnglrinfgs >>2->>;. Ndnfgry , Qklrrl >;;< _oeikldnff. Il ’rës`r gl Qrknd— lt il dusël gu

Iùvrl. G`ssklrs g‛Nroelì`jkl =12. 7=-5?.

Nfgrus`vî-Riolh`vî , Jnikfn >;;; Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg slkfl rus-sksoel Bndkikl. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf 2. 7>-21

Nrlftzlf, Zùt >;;: Lkf _tumlfjlilertlr dkt _pntlf. _oeikldnff ufgWlrn. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf<. >?:-><=.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =11> Brnfh Onivlrt, Elfry Nustlf Inynrg nfg Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff. Nfntìknf _tugkls <>. >2;->5<.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =11>m _oeikldnff ufg gns Grlkplrk`glfsystlld3 GklDusludsrlksl v`f >5:<. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff- Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf :. ><>->:=.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =11>o Nf Lnriy Lxndkfntk`f b tel ―Dnsh b Njndldf`f‛I‛Nftkquktë Oinsskqul . >5;->;=.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =117 Lkfl nmsìutl Bçisufj. Kf`rdntk`fsmintt Elkfrkoe-

_oeikldnff-Jlslisoent Nfhlrsenjlf L.R. =5-=;.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =11: I.C.B. Cnfsslf lf elt J``k - Cnfssknfn KKK . \trloet.

Nrlftzlf, Zùt =1>> \fg wns wnr dkt Dkffn kd Cnerl >5720 Dkttlkiufjlfnus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff- Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf ;. >2>->:7.

Nshkf, Dustnbn 0 r`cl. \ktjlmrlkgl enfgilkgkfj v``r llf mlz`lh nnf r`cl,dlt iljlfglf lf dlt lktlf `vlr gl `djlvkfj . Ênfnhhnil.

Nsinf, ]ùstld =112 ’Gkl Jljlfg wnr fçdikoe çuÐlrst ufskoelr ...— Ilmlfkf glr r`ns v`d >2. mks =1. Cnereufglrt. r`kn. Nroeçì`jkl lkfls

_klgiufjseùjli ufg slkflr Infgsoent. Dnkfz. ?:?-?52.

Mnhhlr, Cnf Nimlrt =1>1 Dljnsikteko ]lslnroe kf tel Fltelrinfgs, ><7:->;>>. Ilkglf.

Mnitns, Oenrnindm`s N. >;5; Qyi`s, Fnvnrkf`, Fk`hnstr`, Qninst gls Flst`r . Ntelf.

Mnstlt , B.I. >;:: _oeikldnff lf h`fkfjkf _`l. _pkljli Ekst`rkni >=.><5->2>.



75= -

Mnstlt , B.I. >;:5 Znfglikfjlf g``r gl nftklhl wlrlig . Ndstlrgnd.

Mlnrg, Dnry =117 Elt Qnrtelf`f . Ntins.

Mlrtrnd, Dnrk`f >;5: ]ugìb Rkroe`w nis Qrçekst`rkhlr. Mlrikf.

Miljlf, Onri Z. >;2? r`y nfg tel r`cnfs . I`fg`f.

Mi`lg`w , Lgdufg B. >;52 _oeikldnff `f eks Noouslrs. yoel >. ?1-71.

Mi`lg`w , Lgdufg B. >;55 _oeikldnff `f eks noouslrs KK3 N stugy kf telrlusl `b sùrols. I‛Nftkquktë Oinsskqul <:. <-?1.

Mi`lg`w , Lgdufg, F`yls-]`mlrts, _ nfg _duiglrs, _. >;5; _oeikldnffnt Dyolfnl. Oinsskoni Rklws ??, >7:->2<.

Mi`lg`w , Lgdufg B. >;;: Fluls zur H`ftr`vlrsl ùmlr glf ―_oentzgls Qrknd`s‛ Dkttelkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <. ;5->>2.

M`lttkoelr, Ngìb >55? @iydpkn, gns lst ufg slkfl stçttl3 Fnoe glf mlrkoe-tlf glr nitlf ufg glf lrjlmfksslf glr glutsoelf Nusjrnmufjlf. Mlrikf.

M`jgnf`w , Kj`r >;;: Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs ]lksl nf gkl Zìjn kd Cnerl>522. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <. 2?-25.

M`h , Lgwnrg >;=7?7 Wl Ndlrkonfkzntk`f ` Lgwnrg M`h. Wl nut`mk`jrnpey ` n gutoe m`y ty ylnrs ntlr. Flw [`rh

Mòihl, Zkibrklg >;55 Gkl Nfhinjl glr _`pekl _oewnrtz. Dkttlkiufjlf nusgld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff- Duslud. Nfhlrsenjlf. <7-<:.

Mòihl, Zkibrklg >;;: Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Lkf mlrùedtlr Dlohilfmurjlr ._oewlrkf.

Mòihl, Zkibrklg =1>> _oeikldnffs Mruglr Iugwkj. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gldElkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf ;. >;1-=11.

Mr`fjlrs, Nyìt C. lf Zyfkn , _kd`f =11<? Zkl ks wkl kf nroelì`jkl . Ndlrsb``rt.

Mrujdnfs, K.C. >;<5 Gl nrmlkglfgl hinssl kf Flglrinfg kf gl >; lluw(>5>?->5:1). \trloet.

Mrustjk, Brnfz Jl`rj >;57 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ]lksl guroe Oekfn ufg Cnpnf kd Cnerl >52< . Mlrikf.

Muoeeìz, Enfs-Jùftlr >;;< Gkl Nroeçì`jlfbrlufgsoenbt zwksoelfElkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg Brklgrkoe _oeikl. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gldElkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf Elbt ?.



75?

Muoeeìz, Enfs-Jùftlr =11= Nrteur Dkioeeòblr, lkf vlrlerlr ufg bùr-sprloelr _oeikldnffs ufg ’Gkl nfbçfjl glr Hufst kf Jrkloelfinfg—.@pusouin Ntelfklfskn =:. :-=2.

Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd D. nfg Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;52 Dyte, _onfgni nfgEkst`ry . Gltr`kg.

Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd D. >;:= _oeikldnff `f _oeikldnff3 N _tugy kf tel\sl `b _ùrols. Jrllh, ]`dnf nfg Myznftkfl _tugkls >?. ??<-?<?.

Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd D. >;51 Zkind`wktz `f _oeikldnff. Qeki`jus >=7.>72-><>.

Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd D. >;;: Gkl ’Njndldf`fdnshl— loet `glr ...0 Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe- _oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <.

5>-57.

Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd D. >;;; Ks tel Dnsh n E`nx0 Nroenlì`jy <=/7.

Onigwlii, O. >5?1 Wùjets `f tel @rkjkfni \fkty ` tel Eudnf ]nol . Flw [`rh.

Onstr` Dkrnfgn , Dnrkn >;;: _oeikldnff nub Humn - lkf Nrmlktsmlrkoet. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe- _oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <.>=;->?2.

Oengwkoh , Cèf >;2> Wl glokpelrdlft ` Ikflnr M . Qlikonf M``hs.

Oenfgilr, ]koenrg >51= Wl Ekst`ry ` Kikud `r r`y . I`fg`f.

O`mlt , Custus >;;: Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Nroeçì`jl ufg Nmlftlurlr .Dùfoelf

O`x , Jl`rjl Zkiiknd >5=: Nf Kftr`guotk`f t` tel _oklfol ` o`dpnrntkvl Dyteì`jy nfg Bìhi`rl . I`fg`f.

Orlp`f, `d ufg Mòihl, Zkibrklg >;;1 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. @gyssllslkfls Ilmlfs . Mlrikf.

Ouly-Fn-Jnli >;15 Nf Krksednff‛s Gkouitkls wkte tel Gutoe Infjunjl .]`ttlrgnd.

Ouivlr, Elfry M. >;?2 Wl m``h ` ìg sekps nfg s`dltekfj ` telkr lvìu-tk`f nfg r`dnfol . I`fg`f.



757 -

Gnfkli, Jiyf >;5> Llf mlh`f`ptl jlsoeklglfks vnf gl nroelì`jkl . Ndstlrgnd

Gldnh`pùiù, Hntkl >;;; Wl Onsl b`r Nutelftkokty. Nroenlì`jy <=/7.

G`gwlii, Lgwnrg >5>; N Oinsskoni nfg p`jrnpekoni ur terùje Jrllol .I`fg`f.

Gòei, Enrtdut >;5> Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Dyte`s ufg Çrjlrfks .Dùfoelf.

Gòrpblig, Z. >55; Ilttlr br`d Jrllol. Ndlrkonf Cùrfni ` Nroenlì`jy R. ??>-??2.

Gòrpblig, Zkielid >;1= r`cn ufg Kik`f. Lrjlmfkssl glr Nusjrnmufjlf kfglf v`rekst`rksoelf ufg ekst`rksoelf _oekoetlf v`f Kik`f >5:1->5;7 .

Ntelf.

Gòrpblig, Z. >;1< Gkl Hrltksoelf, Dyhlfksoelf ufg E`dlrksoelfQniçstl. Dkttlkiufjlf gls Hnkslrikoe Glutsoelf Nroeçì`jksoelf Kfstktuts Ntelfksoel Nmtlkiufj UUU. =<:-=;:.

Gr`wlr, Dnrjnrlt _. >;;< Bikfglrs Qltrkl. N Ikl kf Nroenlì`jy . Zkso`fskf.

Guoeãfl, Elrvë >;;2 Jìglf rlnsurls ` r`y. Wl Grlnd ` Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff. Flw [`rh.

Gys`f, _tlpelf I. =112 Kf Qlrsukt ` Nfoklft Qnsts. N Ekst`ry ` Oinsskoni Nroenlì`jy kf tel Fkfltllfte nfg wlftklte Olfturkls . [nil.

Lnst`f, G`fnig >;57 _oeikldnff‛s dlfgnokty - n bnisl trnki0 Nftkqukty <5.>;:-=17.

Lnst`f, G.B. >;57m ―Qrknd‛s rlnsurl‛ Nfntìknf _tugkls ?7. >7>->2;.

Lnst`f, G`fnig >;;: Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff3 Elr` `r Brnug0 Wl Z`rig` r`y. _òklty `r tel Qrlslrvntk`f ` tel Jrllh Elrktnjl . Znsekfjt`f.

<->:.

Lnst`f, G`fnig B. =112 Dkt glr Kikns kd Jlpçoh-Gkl Lrb`rsoeufj r`knsmks >5;1. r`kn. Nroeçì`jkl lkfls _klgiufjseùjli ufg slkflr Infgsoent. Dnkfz. >1:->>2.

Lmlri, \irkoe >;;< Mleufg tel Dyte `b r`y. Gnkdilr Mlfz Ekje loe]lp`rt . >2-==.

Lerlfrlkoe, Mnrmnrn nfg Lfjikse, Glkrgrn >;:; B`r elr `wf j``g. ><1[lnrs ` tel Lxplrts‛ Ngvkol t` Z`dlf. I`fg`f.



75<

Lkfsil, Enfs >;5; _`pekl _oeikldnff, Gkl Brnu gls jr`Ðlf Nroeçì`jlf.Krgfkfj.

Lkfsil, Enfs & Mòihl, Zkibrklg >;;2 Gns Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff-Ilxkh`f.Mrldlf.

Lkslily , I`rlf >;:; Gnrwkf nfg tel Dystlrkùs Dr. U . Flw [`rh nfgI`fg`f.

L.C.L. >552 F`tkols `b Flw M``hs - Dytekoni D`fstlrs. Wl Oekfn ]lvklw .=;5-=;;.

Bnmrkokus, L. >552 Nitlrteùdlr nub Hrltn KR. Bufgl glr dyhlfçksoelfLpòel kf Hf`ss`s. Dkttlkiufjlf gls Glutsoelf Nroeçì`jksoelf Kfstktutskf Ntelf. >?<->7;.

Bëfëi`f 000 Ils Nvlfturls gl ëiëdnqul lt oliils g‛Nrkst`f`ùs . Qnrks.

In Blrin , Dnrk` =112 I‛\itkd` tls`r`. In vktn sljrltn l in d`rttn gk Elkfrkoe_oeikldnff, i‛kfvlft`rl gk r`kn. Rktlrm`.

Bly , ``f >;;?/>;;7 Llf rlkzl fnnr lxli. Znglf Muiltkf ;7/;<.=>:-=>;

Bktt`f, Ilsily >;;> Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff nfg tel Mrktkse Dyslud.Glpnrtdlft ` Jrllh nfg ]`dnf Nftkquktkls @oonsk`fni Qnplr 5?.

Bktt`f, C. Ilsily >;;< Wl Gkso`vlry ` tel Jrllh Mr`fzl Njl . I`fg`f.Binddnrk`f, O. >552 Gl Zlrlig vÿÿr gl soelppkfj vnf glf dlfsoe.

Sutpelf.

Bikohkfjlr, ]`y O. >;?= _nyol nfg _oeikldnff. Wl Oinsskoni Cùrfni =:.=?-=<.

Biùjjl, Dnfbrlg =11> Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs Zlj fnoe r`kn3 gkl Jlsoekoetllkfls Dyte`dnflf. Dùfoelf.

Bùquë, Blrgkfnfg N. >5:; _nft`rkf lt sls Lruptk`f. Qnrks.

B`wilr, ]`wlfn >;57 Lgwnrg Ilnr. Wl Orltnf Cùrfni . Ntelfs.

Bùrtwçfjilr, N & Iòsoeohl, J. >5:; Dyhlfksoel W`fjlbnssl3 Blstsoerktzur Blklr gls ùfzkjcçerkjlf Mlstlelfs gls Glutsoelf Nroelì`jkselfKfstktutls kf ]`d ... Mlrikf.

Bùrtwçfjilr, N. & Iòsoeohl, J. >552 Dyhlfksoel Rnslf. R`reliilfksoelW`fjlçssl nus gld Jlmkltl gls Dkttlidllrls . Mlrikf.

Jnkimnfg, Cuils >5<= Glfhdnilr glr Mnuhufst K . Ilkpzkj.



752 -

Jlii, Zkiiknd >517. Wl `p`jrnpey ` r`y nfg kts vkokfkty kiiustrntlg nfglxpinkflg my grnwkfjs nfg glsorkptk`fs lto.. I`fg`f.

Jlftz, Zkielid >5<? Mrkll nus Nljyptlf ufg Fumklf. Mlrikf.

Jingst`fl, Zkiiknd L. >5<5 _tugkls kf E`dlr nfg Wl E`dlrko Njl .@xb`rg.

J`lssilr, Q. >;<> Zkielid Gòrplig3 Lkf ilmlf kd Gklfst glr Nftkhl ._tuttjnrt.

Jìgsdkte, @ikvlr >5>< Wl Rkonr ` Znhllig . I`fg`f.

Jùig, Oenrils >552 Dytekoni D`fstls . I`fg`f.

Jrni`w , Hinus-Gkltlr, E`ppl, Hinus Gkltlr ufg _tnfjl, Enrtdute =1>1Brklgrkoe Iksoe, ]`mlrt Mlitz, Lwnig _oeuigt - gkl Mlwnerlr glr nroeçì-

`jksoelf _oeçtzl Dlohilfmurjs >5?< mks >;5>. Flumuh`w.

R`f Enef, C.J. >52< Gkl Nusjrnmufjlf nu glr E`dlrksoelf Qlrjnd`s kfzwlk slfgsoerlkmlf nf Jl`rj Bkfiny . Ilkpzkj.

Enussùiiklr, M. >551 Rnsls Qlkfts Nroenkquls Gëoùvlrts á Hf`ss`s.Muiiltkf O`rrlsp`fgnfol Eliëfkqul . >=7->=:.

ФСЙЕЭБВ >;;5 ХИЕЙБД АМЭМСОЯСП ЭСЖР. АМЭМСОЯСП.

Elrrdnf, C`noekd >;;1 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Zljmlrlktlr lkflr flulfZksslfsoent . Mlrikf.

Elrrdnf, C`noekd ufg DnnÐ, Lvlikf >;;1 Gkl H`rrlsp`fglfz zwksoelfElkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg ]ugì Rkroe`w . Mlrikf.

Elrtli, Gkltlr =11> r`kn - Nroeçì`jkl, Jlsoekoetl, Dyte`s . Dùfoelf.

Elrtli, Gkltlr nfg Hìm, Brnfh =11? r`y kf oilnrlr plrsplotkvl. Nfntìknf_tugkls <?. :>-55

Eluoh Niilf, _usnf >;;: N Qlrs`fni _norkbuol kf tel Kftrlst `b _oklfol3Onivlrt, _oeikldnff, nfg tel r`y rlnsurls Wl Z`rig ` r`y. _òklty

`r tel Qrlslrvntk`f ` tel Jrllh Elrktnjl . Znsekfjt`f. >;-??.

Eluoh Niilf, _usnf >;;; Bkfgkfj tel Zniis ` r`y. Brnfh Onivlrt nfgElkfrkoe _oeikldnff nt Eksnrikh . Mlrhlily.

Eyltt , Z.E. Ngnds >5<> Cùrfni ` n Rkskt t` tel Fkil nfg Eìy Infg kf>57:-75 . I`fg`f.

Ekisl, ]nkflr =11> r`knfksoel _pkffwkrtlf. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gldElkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf :. >?<-><1.



75:

Ekisl, ]nkflr =11= Nis _oeikldnff kf ’Hù-pn-hù— wnr. Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Jlsliisoent Nfhlrsenjlf L.R. 7<-75. (@`h kf Gns Nitlrtud7:-7, =11=)

Eìwlrgn , N.L.C. >55= _oeikldnff‛s r`cl. Kik`s, _tngt ufg Infg glr

r`cnflr lto. Gl Jkgs 72. =1;-=7<

Eìwlrgn , N.L.C. >5;2 Gl Ekst`rksoel Zltlfsoenpplf, kf elt mkcz`fglr gklglr hinssklhl ùgelkg8 Enrl zlistnfgkjelkg lf mltllhlfks . Ilkglf.

E``g, _. >;21 _oeikldnff‛s Dyolfnl Nimuds. Nroenlì`jy >?. 2>-2<.

E``g, _. >;;= _oeikldnff nfg Orltl. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Jrufginjlfufg Lrjlmfkssl d`glrflr Nroeçì`jkl. >11 Cnerl fnoe _oeikldnffs `g .Mlrikf. ==?-==;.

E`stdnff, >5:< Gr. Enfs Ekiglmrnfg. Gns elkgfksoel Slktnitlr kf

_oewlglf. Nroekv ùr Nfter`pì`jkl3 Slktsoerkt ùr fnturjlsoekoetl ufgurjlsoekoetl gls Dlfsoelf. =:5-?>7.

Eutoekfs`f, E`rnol J. >;>7 Ikl ` _kr Cèf Iummòh, I`rg Nvlmury .I`fg`f.

Eutoekfs`f, ].Z. >;2= Qrlekst`rko Orltl . I`fg`f.

Krdsoelr C. >;51 Ùmlr Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs lrstl r`cnlrilmfks.Ltef`jrnpeksoel-Nroeçì`jksoel Slktsoerkt =>, 2<;-222.

Ksslrikf, M._.C. >;25 _oeikldnff nt D`tyn. Nftkqukty 7=, >77->75.

Ksslrikf, M._.C. lto. nfg Gu Qint Wnyi`r, C. >;:7 D`tyn, N Qe`lfkoknf nfgOnrtenjkfknf Okty kf _kokiy . Ilkglf.

Cnfsslf, I.C.B. >571 Gl Jlrdnnfsoel lf F``rgsoel D`fudlftlf vnf elt Duslud tl Ilyglf. Ilyglf.

Cnfsslf, I.C.B. >575 Grlftsoel @ugelglf. \trloet.

Cnfsslf, I.C.B. >5<2 Ekivlrsudsoel @ugelglf. Nrfeld. Elrgruh =11;_kglst`fl Qrlss, Ilkglf.

Clrrlr, Jl`rj Iugwkj >571 Gkl Zlitjlsoekoetl ùr Hkfglr . Fùrfmlrj

C`fhlr, C``st >;;2 Dlroenfts, Mnfhlrs, Dkggildlf. Wl Ndstlrgnd d`flydnrhlt gurkfj tel rst eni ` tel >;te olftury . Ndstlrgnd.

Hliilr, Blrgkfnfg >5<5 Qbneimnutlf, Swlktlr Mlrkoet. Dkttelkiufjlf glr Nftkqunrksoelf Jlsliisoent kf Sùrkoe.



755 -

Hliilr vnf E``r, Q.D. >5:7 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff lf zkcfl nroelì`jksoel`fglrz`lhkfjlf. G`rgrloet.

Hlfflii, _tlbnfkl N.E. =11: _oeikldnff nfg eks pnplrs. N nil br`d telJlffnglk`f Nroekvls. Elsplrkn :2, :5<-5>:.

Hlyslr, Qnui >;;1 Wl o`dp`sktk`f `b ’In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f—. NfKftr`guotk`f lfglftkùs Lgktkfj. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff fnoe euf-glrt Cnerlf. Brnfhburt Nd Dnkf. ==<-=?2.

Hkhhlrt , C.J.N >;;2 Elt ikoet vnf lxli. Cènffls Iug`vkous Hkhhlrt (>5>1->5:5). Ekivlrsud.

Hìm, Brnfh =117 r`y RK3 N rngkfj Olftlr nfg O`ddlrokni Okty. Ndlrkonf Cùrfni ` Nroenlì`jy >15. <::-2>?.

H`rbdnff, Dnfbrlg >;;1 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Mlrkoet ùmlr gkl

Nusjrnmufjlf kf r`cn kf glf Cnerlf >5:> mks >5:?. Dùfoelf ufgSùrkoe.

H`rbdnff, Dnfbrlg =11> r`kn - rnud ufg Zkrhikoehlkt. LkflLkfbùerufj kf gns Wldn. r`kn - rnud ufg Zkrhikoehlkt. Mljilktmnfgzur Nusstliiufj. _tuttjnrt. 7-=?.

XH`rrësT ΓΐήήΜ, ΟΜ™ήΟΛΐά ίΧάΞ. >;:7 ΝΛΝΘΛΐΟήΞΛΞ

ΜήήΛΓΐά ίΘΚΙΞΔ . Ξtelfl.

H`rrës, Jl`rj >;5> Gns Dnusìlud Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs nub gld

Slftrnibrklge`b v`f Ntelf. M`rlns 7. >??->:?.H`rrës, Jl`rj >;55 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Kikù Dëinter`f kf Ntelf. Gns

Nitlrtud ?7. >27->:?.

H`rrës, Jl`rj _tyi. >;;1 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Lkf Ilmlf ùr gklZksslfsoent . Mlrikf.

Hrusldnf, N.O. >57= Endmurj, z`` nis elt wns lf ks. Dlk >57= .Ennrild.

Inpntkf, Hlfflte G._. >;;; F`t n B`rjlry, e`w nmùt n Qnstkoel0 Nroenlì`jy <=/7.

Inrtlt , Lg. >52> Fùvliils ]loelroels sur in O`lxkstlfol gl i‛E`ddllt gls Jrnfgs Dnddkbërls B`sskils. Nffnils gls _oklfols Fnturliils ‟S`ì`jkl UR. >::-=<?.



75;

XIlkje‛sT >5?1 Ilkje‛s Flw Qkoturl ` I`fg`f8 `r, n vklw ` tel pìktkoni, rl-ikjkùs, dlgkoni, iktlrnry, dufkokpni, o`ddlrokni, nfg d`rni stntl ` WlMrktkse Dltr`pìks3 prlslftkfj n mrkl nfg Iudkfùs Jukgl t` tel strnfjlr`f nii numclots o`fflotlg wkte jlflrni kf`rdntk`f, muskflss, `r ndusl-

dlft . I`fg`fIlerlr, Dnrh & Wurflr, Gnvkg >;5; Wl dnhkfj `b nf E`dlrko

Nroenlì`jkst3 _oeikldnff‛s Gknry `b >525. Nffuni ` tel Mrktkse _oeìint Ntelfs 57. ==>-=25.

Ikiiy , Lik >;2> _oeikldnff kf Kfgknfnpìks . Kfgknfnpìks.

Rnf Ikdmurj Mrùwlr, Q.N._. >521 Ruurgklfst. Llfl pr`lvl ukt llflfkluwl wltlfsoenp. Gl Jkgs =7. 7:7-7;?.

Ikfglfsoedkgt , E. >5:5 _oeikldnffs Nusjrnmufjlf kf r`cn ufg Dyhlfnl .

Dnkfz.Iummòh Jrnft Gubb , \rsuin >;?7 Wl Ikl-Z`rh ` I`rg Nvlmury (_kr

Cèf Iummòh) >5?7->;>?. I`fg`f.

Iuol, C.R. >;5= Bkvl flw _oeikldnff ilttlrs kf Mlibnst. Elrdntelfn >?=.5->7.

Iugwkj, Ldki >;?= _oeikldnff - Jlsoekoetl lkfls Jìgsuoelrs .Mlrikf-Zklf-Ilkpzkj.

Dnroenfg, _uznffl I. >;;2 G`wf r`d @iydpus. Nroenlì`jy nfgQekieliilfksd kf Jlrdnfy, >:<1->;:1 . Qrkfolt`f.

Gl Dnrlz @kclfs, C.O. >5:? Llf mlz`lh nnf _oeikldnffs uktjrnvkfjlf kfr`ns. Gl Flglrinfgsoel _plotnt`r . >?1->??.

Dnss`f, @ikvklr >;;< Elfry _oeikldnff á Qnrks lt sls Ndks Brnfênks.G`ssklrs g‛nroelì`jkl =12. =5-?;.

Dnteyslf, Dnrktn =11= Gl jldnshlrgl lluw . Ndstlrgnd.

DoJ`vlrf, Brnfoks E. Wl `plrntk`f nfg glnte `b Elfry _oeikldnff.

Wl Inryfj`so`pl 5:. >:=2->:?1. Dlylrs Jr`Ðls H`fvlrsntk`fs-Ilxkh`f >;1;

Dlylr, Lrfst >;?7 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg slkfl Elkdnt. Dlohilfmurjksoel D`fntseltl >1. =>1-=>7.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;?2 Mrkll v`f Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Mlrkf & Ilkpzkj.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;71 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Gkl Nftkhl >2. 5>-;:.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;<? Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Mrklwloesli XKT Mlrikf.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;<< _oeikldnff ufg Rkroe`w. Jydfnskud 2=. 7?<-7<7.



7;1 -

Dlylr, Lrfst >;<<m _oeikldnffs çjyptksoels ]lksltnjlmuoe. Oenrkstlrkn. Cumkiçudssoerkt gls Infgjrn- Iugwkjs-Jydfnskuds JklÐlf. ><?->2;.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;<5 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Mrklwloesli XKKT Mlrikf.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;2= _oeikldnff‛s ilttlrs t` Dnx Dùiilr kf @xb`rg. Cùrfni` Eliilfko _tugkls 5=, :<->1<.

Dlylr, Lrfst >;2; Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff - Hnudnff ufg B`rsoelr .Jòttkfjlf.

Dkiilr, Lgwnrg >;:? Wnt F`mil Onmkflt, n ekst`ry ` tel Mrktkse Duslud.I`fg`f.

Gl Dkrnfgn , _. ]`grkjuls >;== Ndstlrgnd lf zkcfl mlvìhkfj kf gl fljlf-tklfgl lluw . Ndstlrgnd.

Dkts`pùiù, Wlrlsn >;;= Wl Ilttlr `b Ldkikus Murfùb t` _oeikldnffnmùt tel Rnsl =7777 br`d r`y kf tel Duslud bùr \r- ufgBrùejlsoekoetl kf Mlrikf. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Jrufginjlf ufgLrjlmfkssl d`glrflr Nroeçì`jkl >11 Cnerl fnoe _oeikldnffs `g .Mlrikf. >=>->?=

D``rlelng, Onrìkfl >;;7 Wl i`st trlnsurls ` r`y . I`fg`f.

Dùeilfmruoe, mkns =11> Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg gkl Mlflffufj gls’glpns ndpekhyplii`f—. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff- Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf :. >>?->?7.

Dùeilfmruoe, `mkns =115 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff Lkf Ktkflrnr. Hilkfl_oerktlf <5 Dnrmurj.

Duitntuik >521/>;2; Dnx Envlinnr ` gl h`lvlkikfjlf glr FlglrinfgsoelEnfgli-Dnntsoenppkc . ]`ttlrgnd.

Durrny , N._. >5:: Dyolfnl8 n Fnrrntkvl `b ]lslnroe nfg Gkso`vlrkls ntDyolfnl nfg kryfs my Gr. Elfry _oeikldnff. Wl Nongndy Glo><.

Durrny , N._. >5::m Gr. _oeikldnff‛s r`cnf Nftkquktkls. Wl Nongldy

Glo. ==.Durrny , Cèf >571 N Enfg-M``h `r rnvliilrs kf tel K`fknf Ksinfgs, Jrllol,

urhly, Nskn Dkf`r nfg O`fstnftkf`pil . I`fg`f.

Fklglrinfg, Zkiiknd J. >;27/2< Nfniytksoel _tugkl ùmlr gns Ilmlf ufg Zlrh Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs. Qsyoel >5. <2?-<;1.



7;>

Fklglrinfg, Z.J. >;2: Qsyoe`nfniytko Qrìl `b n Orlntkvl Dkfg3 Lr`snfg Wnfnt`s kf tel Ikbl `b Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Qsyoe`telrnpy nfgQsyoe`s`dntkos ><, =11-=>;.

Fklglrinfg, Z.J. >;2; Qsyoe`nfniytko Qrìl `b n Orlntkvl Dkfg3 Lr`s

nfg Wnfnt`s kf tel Ikbl `b Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Qsyoe`rtelrnpy nfgQsyoe`s`dntkos ><. =11-=>;.

F`nh , Hnri-Elkfz ufg I`ysn , ]nkflr >;;= _oeikldnffs @erlfilkglf ufgslkf piòtzikoelr `g. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Jrufginjlf ufg Lrjlmfkssld`glrflr Nroeçì`jkl >11 Cnerl fnoe _oeikldnffs `g . Mlrikf. 5:-5;.

@ttnwny , C.E. >;:? ]ugìb Rkroe`w3 nf npprlokntk`f. Nftkqukty >1>->15

Qnyfl, ]`mlrt >;<; Wl Jìg ` r`y . Flw [`rh.

Qlrss`f, Nxli Z. >;?1 _oerkbt ufg _prnoel kf Nit-Hrltn. \ppsnin\fkvlrsktlts Nrsshrkt .

Qilytl, Z. >552 Llf Jrllp (Mkc elt pinntcl3 ’R``rwlrplf ukt Brklsoellrplf.—). Brklsoel Rìhsnidnfnh . >27->:=.

Q`ìl, Iyff & Jrny >;22 @fl Qnssk`f w` I`vls3 Wl _t`ry Elkfrkoe nfg_`pekn _oeikldnff, Gkso`vlrlrs ` r`y . I`fg`f.

Gl ûlvlg`, Elrkmlrt` Jnrokn >5<7 Gl mùwvniilf vnf r`cl. Flglr-infgsoe Duslud. Jlsoeklg- lf Ilttlrhufgkjl Dlrhwnnrgkjelglf,Fntuurmlsoerkcvkfjlf, Nnrgrkchshufgkjl Mkcz`fglrelglf. \trloet.

ûklf, Brlglrkh Onrli >;?; F`tls sur i‛Ekst`krl gl in Bndkikl ûklfQr`tlstnftl lt gl sls Nfoltrls il ûklf, nkfsk qul gl in Bndkiil il ûklfgl in Fluvkiil . Bi`rlfol.

]koetlr, Zìbjnfj >;51 Lkf ufvlròfilftikoetlr Mrklb Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffsnus gld Cnerl >52;. Zksslfsoentikoel Slktsoerkt glr Zkielid-Qkloh-\fkvlrsktçt ]`stòh =;. <<-27.

]koetlr, Zìbjnfj >;5? Gkl ’nitjrkloeksoe jlsoerklmlfl Gksslrtntk`f—Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs ufg gkl Gnrstliiufj slkflr Qr`d`tk`f kd mk-`jrnpeksoelf _oerkbttud. _oerktlf glr Zkfohlidnff- Jlsliisoent 2.2:>-2;>.



7;= -

]koetlr, Zìbjnfj >;57 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg gkl _tngt ]`stòh.Zksslfsoentikoel Slktsoerkt glr Zkielid-Qkloh-\fkvlrsktçt ]`stòh ??.71-7;.

]koetlr, Zìbjnfj >;;1 _oeikldnffs Nubmruoe fnoe Ùmlrsll kd Cnerl

>57> ufg gkl dlohilfmurjksoel Nuswnfglrlrmlwljufj. Gns Nitlrtud ?2/7, =7>-=72.

]koetlr, Zìbjnfj >;;= Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Ilkpzkj.

Gu ]klu, Z.F. >52; Llf mlglvnnrtjnfjlr fnnr r`cl lf Ktenon. GlFlglrinfgsoel _plotnt`r . =>;-==1.

]`mlrts, ]koenrg >;;= _oer`glrs, Dnroenfts & Mnfhlrs . I`fs`f.

]`mkfs`f, Nfgrlw =11= Wl Dnf we` Glokpelrlg Ikflnr M, tel st`ry ` Dkoenli Rlftrks . I`fg`f.

]`mkfs`f, Dnroliil >;;7 Qk`fllr, _oeìnr, nfg Rkotkd. Nf Npprlokntk`f`b Brnfh Onivlrt (>5=5->;15) Nfntìknf _tugkls 77. ><?->25.

]`mkfs`f, Dnroliil =11; _oeikldnff‛s _kilft Qnrtflr, Brnfh Onivlrt (>5=5->;15) Qk`fllr, _oeìnr nfs _urvkv`r . Qekinglipekn.

R`f _nohlf, Lg. >525 Gns Jrnmlig v`f Eniistntt kf @mlròstlrrlkoe ufgglsslf Nitlrteùdlr . Zklf.

_nelrwnin , Jlrnigkfl, Jìgdnff, Hinus ufg Dner, Justnv >;;?,Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs ’_nddiufj r`cnfksoelr Nitlrtùdlr— Mlktrçjl zurOer`fkh lkflr jr`Ðlf Lrwlrmufj glr Mlrikflr Dusllf. Mlrikf.

_oekfgilr, Zìbjnfj >;52 _oeikldnff‛s Oil`pntrn. Dyte, _onfgni nfgEkst`ry . Gltr`kt. 5>-;7.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >52: In Oekfl lt il Cnp`f nu tldps prëslft . Qnrks.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >52; Ktenhn, glr Qli`p`ffls ufg r`cn Nroeçì`jksoelB`rsoeufjlf. Ilkpzkj.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >5:7 r`cnfksoel Nitlrteùdlr. Mlrkoet ùmlr gkl Nusjrnmufjlf kf r`cn . Ilkpzkj.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:< Qrl-Ekst`rko Nftkquktkls kf tel Ilyglf Duslud.Wl Nongldy Nujust >7. >:=.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:<m Wl O`plfenjlf Duslud `b Qrlekst`rko Nftkquktkls. Wl Nongldy Nujust =5. ===-==?.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:<o Wl Qrlekst`rko Oìilotk`fs `b Iùmloh,_oewlrkf nfg Mlrikf. Wl Nongldy _lptldmlr >5. ?15-?1;.



7;?

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:<g Wl Jlrdnff urfs wute eudnf bnols. Wl Nongldy @ot`mlr ;. ?5?-?57.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:<l Wl r`cnf oìilotk`f. Wl Nongldy F`vldmlr>?. <1<.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >5:<b Nimn I`fjn. Wl Nongldy @ot`mlr >2. 71:.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >5:</>;;1 r`kn ufg slkfl ]ukflf. Znrlf/]`stòh.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >5:5 Dyhlfnl. Mlrkoet ùmlr dlkfl B`rsoeufjlf ufgLftglohufjlf kf Dyhlfnl ufg kryfs . Ilkpzkj.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >551m @f tel _ktl `b tel E`dlrko r`y. Nroenlì`jkl,`r Dksoliinflùs rnots rlintkfj t` Nftkqukty . UIR. =;-<=.

_oeikldnff, Elfry >551o Dyolfnl8 n Fnrrntkvl ` ]lslnroels nfgGkso`vlrkls nt Dyolfnl nfg kryfs .

Flw [`rh.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >55>n Kik`s. _tng ufg Infg glr r`cnflr . Ilkpzkj.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >55>m Wl Okty nfg Oùftry ` tel r`cnfs .I`fg`f.

_oeikldnff , Elkfrkoe >55>o Lxpi`rntk`f `b tel M`l`tknf @roe`dlfus. Cùrfni ` Eliilfko _tugkls . >==->2?.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >557 r`cn. Lrjlmfkssl dlkflr flulstlf Nusjrnmufjlf.Ilkpzkj.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >55< kryfs. Wl Qrlekst`rko Qninol ` tel Hkfjs `kryfs . Flw [`rh.

_oeikldnff, Elkfrkoe >552 Nusjrnmufjlf kf @roe`dlf`s ufg Hrltn. Slktsoerkt ùr Ltefì`jkl >5.

?:2-?51.

_oeikldnff, _`pekl >5;= Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff‛s _limstmk`jrnpekl mks zu

slkfld `gl vlrvìi stçfgkjt . Ilkpzkj.

_oekfgilr, Zìbjnfj >;;1 Gkoetufj ufg Znerelkt. _oeikldnffs_limstmk`jrnpekl kd H`ftlxt. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff fnoe eufglrt Cnerlf. Brnfhburt/Dnkf. ><=->2:.

_oeuoeenrgt , Onri >5;> _oeikldnff‛s Nusjrnmufjlf kf r`cn, kryfs, Dyhlfç, @roe`dlf`s, Ktenhn kd Ikoetl glr elutkjlf Zksslfsoent .Ilkpzkj.

_o`tt , Cèf N. >;== _oeikldnff nfg Kfgknfnpìks. Wl Oinsskoni Cùrfni

>:. 717 712.



7;7 -

X_o`tt , _kr ZnitlrT tel nute`r `b Znvlrily >577 Kvnfe`l . Qnrks.

_oeròglr, Onri Nujust >;;1 Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg gns Enfglisenus_oeròglr. Endmurjksoel Jlsoekts- ufg Elkdntmiçttlr >=/>1. =>:-==5.

_plrikfj, C. >;52 ]ldkflsolfsls ` r`y. r`y nfg tel r`cnf Znr3 N_ydp`skud Elig nt Mryf Dnwr Oìiljl, @ot`mlr >;57 . Mryf Dnwr.=;-?>.

R`f _tnohlimlrj, @tt` Dnjfus >5?1 In Jråol. Ruls pktt`rlsquls lt t`p`- jrnpekquls, Qnrks.

_tkfgl, Cuikus >555 Brnu Muoeeìz kd @rklft . Mlrikf.

_tìi, Elkfrkoe Nilxnfglr >;<: Glr rnud v`f r`cn . Eniil-Ilkpzkj.

_tìi, Elkfrkoe Nilxnfglr >;<5 Nmlftlulr dlkfls Ilmlfs. Elkfrkoe

_oeikldnff lrzçeit . Ilkpzkj._tìi, E.N. >;2> _oeikldnff ufg gkl Nusjrnmufj v`f Hf`ss`s. Dkf`kon

ufg E`dlr. Lkfl Nusntzsnddiufj . Mlrikf. <>-:1.

_t`fl, Krvkfj >;:2 Wl Jrllh rlnsurl . Flw [`rh.

_t`fl, Krvkfj >;:2 Gl jrklhsl soent . Ndstlrgnd-Mrussli.

_tr`fh , Cnf Q. =11< Wl r`cnf E`rsl. Wl Qrlslft Glmntls `f r`y nfgtel Nrt `b Bufgrnkskfj. ninftn UUUKR-UUUR (=11=-=11?). >;-<7

000 >5?5?2 _yf`psks ` tel O`ftlfts ` tel Mrktkse Duslud . I`fg`f.

Wlrwlf, C.. >5<< Elt H`fkfhrkch glr Flglrinfglf, v``rjlstlig kf llfl rllhsvnf fnnr gl fntuur jltllhlfgl soekiglrnoetkjl jlzkjtlf K. Jùgn.

Wenf`s, Oerkst` & Nrlftzlf, Zùt =1>= Zkteùt envkfj sllf tel ûllf.Wl >572 Lur`plnf trnvli cùrfni ` Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff3 n trnfsorkp-tk`f nfg nff`tntlg trnfsintk`f. Ilkglf.

Wkinfus, O.M. >52< Gl Ndstlrgndsoel Jnsteukshwlstkl. Flglrinfgs tkcg-soerkt v``r jlfllshufgl ;. >:-==.

Wck``h-Ikld, Q. =11; Gl rloetsp`sktkl glr Oekflzlf kf Flglrinfgs-Kfgkè>575->;7= . Ilkglf.

Wìstkh`w , Zingkdkr Q. ufg Wrlcstlr, Dkoenki C. >;;2/;: Glr_oentz nus r`cn. _oe8kldnff ufg glr Dyte`s gls Qrknd`s-Jìgls. _tuttjnrt-Sùrkoe.

W`zlr, E.S. >5:< F`tl `f n tùr kf tel oyoingls nfg orltl. Wl Nongldy _lpt. =<.



7;<

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;:5 _oeikldnff‛s Dlfgnokty3 Bkrl nfg Blvlr kf Onikb`rfkn.Wl Oinsskoni Cùrfni :7, ?75-?<<.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;5>-5= _oeikldnff‛s Ndlrkonf Oktkzlfsekp nfg Gkv`rol.Wl Oinsskoni Cùrfni ::. ??2-?7=.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;5> _oeikldnff‛s gkso`vlry `b ―Qrknd‛s rlnsurl‛3 tw`lfkjdns. Nftkqukty <<. >:;->5?.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;5? _oeikldnff‛s ―gkso`vlry‛ `b ―Qrknd‛s rlnsurl‛ Nftkqukty <:. >5>->52.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;5<-‛52 _oeikldnff‛s ’Grlnd `b r`y—3 Wl Dnhkfj `bn Iljlfg. Wl Oinsskoni Cùrfni 5>. >?-=7.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;52 Wl Nroenlì`jkoni Onrllr `b _`pekn _oeikldnff. Nftkoete`f =?. ;;->1:.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;55 Mi`lg`w `f _oeikldnff‛s Noouslrs. yoel ?.=?<-=?;.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;55m Eksnrikh, ?> Dny, >5:?, nfg tel Gkso`vlry `b―Qrknd‛s rlnsurl‛. M`rlns >>. ==:-=?7.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;;1 _oeikldnffs ]lksl kfs [`sdktl-ni (Hnikb`rfklf).Gns Nitlrtud ?2/7, =1;-=>5.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;;? Lxonvntkfj _oeikldnff. Kiikf`ks Oinsskoni _tugkls ,_uppildlft 7.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;;< _oeikldnff ` r`y, rlnsurl nfg Glolkt . I`fg`f.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff - Zns sìilf wkr jinumlf0 Dkttelkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe- _oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <.5<-;:.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. nfg M`jgnf`v , Kj`r >;;; Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffKdpr`mnmil Nroenlì`jkst. Nroenlì`jy @gyssly Cuiy/Nujust ?1-?;.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. >;;;m Kskstlft ûlstk`fs. Nroenlì`jy <=/7.

Wrnkii, Gnvkg N. =115 _oeikldnff kf Hnikb`rfklf. Kf`rdntk`fsminttElkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Jlsliisoent Nfhlrsenjlf L.R. >;. ?<-7<.

Wsùftns, Oerlst`s nfg Dnfntt , C. Krvkfj >5;: Wl Dyolfnlnf Njl . Flw [`rh.

\fjlr, Eliidute >;7? Gklfnnr glr dlfsoeelkg (Elt ilvlf vnf ]`mlrtHòe). Ndstlrgnd.



7;2 -

Rnfglfmlrj, Qekikpp >;;< Glr _oentz gls Qrknd`s . Mlrjksoe Jingmnoe.

Rlrfl, Cuils >;>; Fnnr elt dkgglipuft glr nnrgl . Ndstlrgnd.

Rlrenrt , Il` >;;< Ikst & mlgr`j. Rlrvniskfjlf kf gl Flglrinfgsl nroel`i`-

jkl . \trloet. Rkroe`w , ]. >555 Ùmlr gkl v`rekst`rksoel Slkt Nljytlfs. Rlrenfgliufjlf

glr Mlrikflr nfter`p`i`jksoelf Jlsliisoent . ?77-?;?.

Zlmmlr, _ekrily E. >;7= _oeikldnff‛s rst vkskt t` Ndlrkon >5<1->5<>.Enrvnrg.

Zkttl , ]. >;;: _oeikldnff nub glr _uoel fnoe gld Qninst gls Dkf`s. Gns Nitlrtud 7?. ;;->>1.

Zkttl , ]lkfenrg =117 _oeikldnff lkfdni elktlr mltrnoetlt. Dkttlkiufjlfnus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff- Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf 5.

Zòibbikfj, _kljbrklg >;2? \fvlròfilftikoetl Mrklbl E. _oeikldnff‛s nfglr M`tsoenbtlr C.D. v`f ]ng`wktz g.C. Zksslfsoentikoel Slktsoerkt glr Dnrtlf-Iutelr-\fkvlrsktçt Eiil-Zkttlfmlrj . ??>-??<.

Zòibbikfj, _kljbrklg >;27 Flul _oeikldnff-Nroekvniklf. Zksslfsoentikoel Slktsoerkt glr Dnrtlf-Iutelr- \fkvlrsktçt Eiil-Zkttlfmlrj . :<2.

Zòibbikfj, _kljbrklg >;;; Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs Lel dkt Hntenrkfn

Iysekfn kd Ikoetl glr russksoe-`rte`g`xlf Ilerl. Dkttlkiufjlf nusgld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf 2. 2;-:?.

Z``g, Dkoenli >;55/>;5; @p z`lh fnnr gl r`cnnfsl @`ri`j . \trloet.

Snvngki, Dkoenlin =11; Lkf tr`cnfksoelr Blglrhrklj. Gkl Nuslkfnfglrsltzufjzwksoelf Lrfst M`lttkoelr ufg Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff. Zklf

Snvngki, Dkoenlin =1>> Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff ufg slkf òstlrrlkoekoe-lr Nroektlht C`slb Eòlr. Òstlrrlkoeksoel B`rsoeufjlf zur Çjçkoelf

Mr`fzlzlkt =11; . Zklf. ?7?-?75.Slfjli, Lvn >;;1 Gkl Jlsoekoetl glr _oeikldnff-_nddiufjlf. Gns

Nitlrtud ><:->22.

Skddlrdnff, H`frng >;5= Elkfrkoe _oeikldnff - lkf Ilmlf zwksoelrrnud ufg Zkrhikoehlkt. Hik` 27, <>?-<?=

Skddlrdnff, H`frng >;;: Gkl Mlzkleufjlf Elkfrkoe _oeikldnffs zuBrklgrkoe Iksoe. Dkttlkiufjlf nus gld Elkfrkoe-_oeikldnff-Duslud Nfhlrsenjlf <. ==-?7.



7;:'

B`t`‛s

Nrlftzlf >:

Clrrlr >571 =>

Qrkvkiljkrtl ... ùr Endmurj ?<

Sur Dùeilf . => 7<

Nrlftzlf 7:

Hkhhlrt >;;2 <>

Ndstlrgndsl Oùrnft 21

Nrlftzlf :7

Ilsikl _dkte Jniilry M.R. :5

Jlffngkus Ikmrnry 51 Nijldllf Enfglisming ;1

Bëfëi`f 000 ;<

_tngsnroeklb Ndstlrgnd ;;

_tngsnroeklb Ndstlrgnd >12

ФСЙЕЭБВ >;;5 >>;

Dlylrs >;1; >=<

_tngsnroeklb Ndstlrgnd >?5

Binddnrk`f, >552 >7=J``gylnr Nroekvni Oìilotk`f >77

Dusl` eysslf ‟ M`rfldkszn >7:

el Ikmrnry b O`fjrlss ><7

Dldliinfg Nroekv ><5

]kchsduslud ]Q-B-B1127? ><;

B`wilr, >;57 >2<

H`fkfhikch Kfstktuut v``t nni-, Infg- lf Rìhlfhufgl >:5

Zliio`dl Oìilotk`f I`fg`f >5>

Fnpp`, _nivnt`rl =115 Q`dplkk Zektl _tnr Jukgls >;:

G`gwlii, >5>; >;5

Jlii, >517 =1=

Kfgknfnpìks Duslud b Nrt =>>

Jlffngkus Ikmrnry =>?

Bùquë, >5:; =>2

Eluoh Niilf, >;;; =?>

Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =??



7;5 -

Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =?7

Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =?:

_oeuoeenrgt, >5;> =7>

Lrbj`lgolftrud GkLQ G`rgrloet =77 Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =7:

Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =<>

Ntins r`cnfksoelr Nitelrteùdlr =<=

R`f _tnohlimlrj, >5?1 =21

Nroeklb - Elt H`fkfhikch Euks =27

Elt fkluws vnf glf gnj =22

Nroeklb ]kchsduslud vnf @ugelglf Ilkglf =2:

Nrlftzlf (Duslud bùr R`r-ufg Brùejlsoekoetl Mlrikf) =:?

Gùsslig`rblr Nuhtk`fsenus =:5

E``g, >;21 =5?

_oeikldnff, >5:5 =5:

Gòei, >;5> =;7

Bktt`f, >;;< =;<

ettp3//www.`ig-pkoturl.o`d =;;

el Kiiustrntlg I`fg`f Flws ?17

_oeikldnff >551 ?>>

_oeikldnff >551 ?>2R`f _nohlf, >525 ?>2

Dlylr, >;<< ?=<

Mkignroekv Qrlusskoelr Huiturmlsktz Mlrikf ?=5

_oeikldnff, >5:7 ??7

_oeikldnff >55>n ?7>

G`gwlii >5>; ?7;

s`uftns nfg Dnfntt, >5;: ?<>

H`rrls, >;;1 ?<<_oeikldnff >55>n ?21

_oeikldnff >55>n ?22

Dlylrs >;1; ?2:

]D@ ?:?

_oeikldnff, >557 ?5<

_oeikldnff >55>n ?52

_oeikldnff, >557 ?5;

Mlrtrnd, >;5: ?;7



7;;'

_oeikldnff, >557 71?

Jnkimnfg, >5<= 71:

Nrlftzlf (Fntk`fni Nroenl`i`jkoni Duslud `b Ntelfs) 7><

Ennjs Ekst`rksoe Duslud 7==B`wilr, >;57 7=7

Bnmrkokus, >552 7=2

Jlffngkus Ikmrnry 7=;

Gnelse Duslud `b Nrt 7?1

Gkl Znnjl - Slktsoerkt glr Jrùflfteni J.d.m.E. Oeldkl >?, >;:7, >-=1.

771

Gkl Znnjl - Slktsoerkt glr Jrùflfteni J.d.m.E. Oeldkl >?, >;:7, >-=1.

77>

H`rrls, >;;1 7<5H`rrls, >;;1 721

Gòrpblig, >;1= 72=

H`rrls, >;;1 7:7



<1>

Kfglx

N Nmy _kdmli 7?1, 7?> Nmyg`s =17 Noekiils =1>, =1;, =?=, =7<, ??1, ?5:,

71=-717 Ngilr, Brklgrkoe =<;, =:5, =5:, =55,

?<?, 71; Nlflns =1, =:< Nèt`s >;:, ?>;, ?=1 Nbjnfkstnf ?:1

Njndldf`f >;, =12, =1:, =1;, =7<,=57, =52, =5:, =;>, =;:, ?1>, ?1<,=12, ?>1-?>?, ?><, ?7<, 7>:

Nhlf >:? Ninpe`uz`s =>2, =>: Ninshn >7> Nimn I`fjn =:< Nilxnfglr K >:> Nilxnfglr KK >21 Nilxnfgrkè >22, 7?:-7?;, 77?

Nilxlclbb >==, >=5, >?=, >?5 Nikhk 7>> Nihkf`òs >;: Nihdnnr <=, <7, >55 Nit`fn =5 Ndlfe`tlp KKK =;< Ndstlrgnd >1, >2, =?, ?5, 71, 7:, <7,

21-2;, :=, :?, :<-::, 51, 52-55, ;>,;2, >1=, >1?, >1<, >1:, >>1, >>=,>>7->>2, >>5->=7, >=2, >=;, >?>,

>?2, >?:, >?;, >72, ><>, ><=, ><2,><:, >21, >2?, >2:, >25, =15, =1;,=>;, ==2, =<<, ?=:, ?=;, ?;=, 7=>,7==, 772, 77:, 77;, 72<, 722

Ndstli 25 Ndtdnff ùrhl =? Nfoeksls =1, =:< Nfgniuskè ?<; NfglrlÐ, O. =1

Nfhlrsenjlf ><->;, =<:, ??;, ?;2, ?;:,

725 Nftwlrplf >72, ><=, 77< Nrnmkn Qltrnln >2: Nroenfjlish >15 Nrlteusn >;: Nrj`s >;;, =57, =5< Nrfeld >?:, ><> Nrpkf` =:: Nsoekh ?>2 Nshnf`ks =1, =:<

Nshkf, D. 7:5 Nssyrkè ?:= Nstrnhnf ?== Ntelfl >2<, >22, >25, >;;, =>=, =>?,

=>2, =>5, ==1, ===, ==:, =??, =?<,=?5, =71, =7>, =7<, =7;, =<2, =<:,=21, =2<, =:<, =5>, =5=, =5<, =52,?11, ?1>, ?=<, ?=2, ?<1, ?2=, ?:>,?;?, ?;:, 71;, 7>1, 7>=, 7>:, 7>;,7??, 7?2, 777, 77<, 7<?, 7<7, 7<;,

721, 72<-72:, 7:?, 7:<, 7:2 Nttkhn =;<, =;2, 7>>

MMnmkf, O. 7:<, 721, 72>Mnmyi`f =;:, ?2?, ?5>, 7?:Mnglf-Mnglf >2?, >22Mniinub, C.E. ;5Mnfgn kf >==, >=<

Mnfj`r >72Mnssk, Jukik` & Onri` :7, ::, :;, >2:,

>:>, ??>Mntnvkn >:?, >:2, >::, >:;, 727Mlohlr & _`fs 777, 77<Mlerlfs, O.G. ><1Mlkrut >2:Mlfjnilf >:?



<1=

Mlrikcf >?:, >72, ><>, >22, =:=, ?=>,?=7, ?=2, ?=:, ?<7-?<2, ?5<, ?5:,?55, ?;?, ?;5, 712, 71;, 7>:, 7==,7=:, 7?>, 7?=, 7?:-7?;, 77=, 77?,

7<:, 7<;, 72<-72:Mkdns _npnf >=>, >=7, >=<, >=:Mkfflf Jnsteuks :1Mkhliins, G. 7>1Mksdnft`vn ?22Mksdnroh, @tt` v`f ==1, ===Mksdnroh-Mèilf ===Minfhlflsl ?5, <<Miljlf, O.Z. 7:2M`ks-g‛Enkfl ?=7

M`h, L.Z. 7:;M`h, Z. <5, <;, >55, >5;Mìnf, Cèf =>=Mòihl,Z. ;Mì`jfn ?22, ?;5M`fjek, ]ujjlr` =:2, =:5M`ff >27Mòttkoelr, L. 7<=-7<5, 721, 72>, 7:<Mùoelr gl Qlrtels 771Mrnfs, C. 71, 72, 21, >;1, =51, 772, 775

Mrnufsoewlkj ><>Mrnzkikè >2?, 71;Mrlgn ><=Mrldlf ;5, >>5, >?:Mrlsinu =:7Mrkjet`f =27Mrktkse Duslud >71, >7?, >7<, =17,

=?5, =2=, =2:, =25, ?<7, 7>=, 7?:,77=

Mrkzk`, L. =;>

Mròhenus, B.N. ??5, 71;Mrujsoe, E.H. ?<=, ?;2, ?;:Mrussli >?:, >?;, ?;5, 771, 77, 77<,

772Mùi`w, M. v`f ?1?, ?17, ?1<Muroeenrgtsoe >>:Murfnmnsoek >57, >5<, >;;, =1>-=1?,

==5-=?>, =:2, ?>?, ?71, ?7=, ?:>,7?7, 7<=, 7:1

Murfùb, L.I. =7?, =<?, =<7, =5>, =;:,?=<, ??7, ??<, ?77, ?2?, ?2;, 7<=

Mùrjlr, I.._. >2, ?7Myr`f =1>, ==:

OOnigwlii, Oenrils >:<Onkr` >2<->2:, =;5, ?11, 7=;, 7?=,

77?Oniglr KKK, Zkiiknd 7:;Onikb`rfkè >>>, ><1-><<, >51, >5>, >52,

>5:Onivlrt, Brnfh =1?-=1<, =><, ==5, =?>,

=??, =?7, ?;?, 7<:, 721Onivlrt, Brlglrkoh ==5, ==;, =?>, =?=,

=?<, =?5Onivlrt, Cndls =17Oniyps` ;<, ;2Ondpmlii, E.B. & C.N. 7>1Ondploel >==, >=:Ênfnhhnil =1, =1=-=17, 7?7Onrnons ?=Onrismng ?<:

Onstliindnrl =::Oenmns =25, =2;Oendmlrinkf, F.M. 7>;Oenfgilr ]`mlrts, Z. ?2=Oenri`ttlfmurj 71;Oelstlr >72Oekonj` >52Oekfn >7>, >:?, >51, =1;, =<2, ??7-

??2, ?2;, ?:1Oe`kslui-Jùbbklr 71?

Oerkst`dns =>2Okfokffntk >52, 7:2Okrol ?;?Oinugkus >:1Oòekflni >==, >=7->=2Oòhsg`rp <7Oì`dmkn ?=



<1?

O`fstnftkf`pli >?5, ><2, >25, >5=,=11, ==, ==:, ==5, =?<, =?2, =7=,=:;, =51, =5>, ?=>, ?=?, ?57, ?52,7?7, 7<<, 7<;, 721, 727

O`fzl, N. =25O``h, Cndls >7>O``h, Qltlr =>>O`rgkiilrns >5>O`rbu >;:, 7<7O`rh ><=O`rflt`-nrqukfkn ?;;Orlp`f, . ;Oumn >:?, >52, 7>:, 7>5Oumn (e`ut) >==

Ourtkus, Lrfst =<;, =:5, =5:, =55, ?1?-?1<, ?77, ?<?

Ouvklr, Jl`rj >7=Ouxenvlf ?5, ?;, 7>, 7=Oyoinglf >2<, =><, =2<, ?;?Oyprus =;<, ?>:, ?>5, ?:2, ?:;, ?51Oytelrn 7?<

GGnniglr, C. 7<1Gndnsous >2:Gnfzkj >15, =:?, =:7, 7>2Gnrgnfliilf =1, >;;, =11, =1?, =1<,

==:, ==5, ?=7, ??1Gnrwkf, O. >51Gloiksur & Mòvkfj ?=-?7Glibk 7:<Gli`s ?<<Glf Murj 72-75, <>-<<, <:-<;

Glfldnrhlf >2<Glf Ennj >>=, >>?, >:;Glffks, J. ?2?, 7>>G‛Lsloelflel >1;Glsekdn 2:Glyohl cr, L.I. =;Gkpyi`f 7>=, 7>?Gkrsoenu >21G`gl Sll >2:, =>:

G`jjlrsmnfh <2G`dmurj 7==G`fglrs, B.O. ?=:, ?=;G`f Qlgr` KK =;5, ?11, 71;

G`rgrloet =77, =<2, =5;, =;1, ??5,?75, ?<:, 7=>G`r`teln ?=, ??, ?<, ?5, 71, 7>, <1, <=,

21, :1, >55, >5;, =<<, =51Gòrpblig, Z. ?<?, ?5<, ?52, 711, 71=,

71;, 7>1, 7>7, 7>;, 7=<, 7=:, 7??,7?<, 7?2, 7<=, 7<7, 7<2, 7<:, 72<-721, 72=, 72?, 7:7-7:2

G`vlr ><=Grlsglf >5=

Gr``jst`ppli, Mntnvus =;, 2<Grygnil ?=:Gubblrkf 71<Guef, B,O. R`f 721Gup`ft, L. ?;5Gùsslig`rb >?:

LLgkfmurj >72

Lligl ?27Ljyptl >7?, >2?, >2<, >22, >:?, ?2?,

?2;, ?:=, ?:2, ?51, ?5>, 71<, 7>?,7=;, 7?1, 7?=, 7?:, 7?5, 771

Lkfsil, E. ;Liml ?5, 7>Lilusks 7>1Lijkf ?<1, ?<>Lizns-I`tenrkfjlf ==7Ldkikn ?22

Lddlrkoe ><>Lfjlis, B. >71Lfheukzlf 2:Ludnlus >;:Lupernnt ?5>Lustrntkngls, Q. ?;?Lvnfs, N. 7=:Lvnfs, C. 7?;, 771



<17

BBnmrkokus, L. 7>1, 7>7, 7><, 7=<, 7=2Bnvrl, Cuils ===

Bnyud 7?;, 77>Bleilkslf >52Blikx Dlrktks ?=:, ?=;Bëfëi`f ;<, >1=Blrlfoz, Q. ?2=Bkhlfsoelr, J. >15, >>1Bk`rliik, Jkuslppl >;2, =:<, =:2Bkroelr, E. ?2;Biklss, Z. =>Bikfglrs Qltrkl 7?5, 77>, 77=

Bilddkfj 7>1Bùquë, B.N. =>2Brnfhburt >22Brnfhs, N.Z. ?<5Brnsontk >?5Brlkmurj ?2;Brlfzli, N. >15, ><:Brlug, _. =>Brklgrkoeslf, E. >>:Brì`w >1=

Bùrstlfmlrj =?, =7, =;, 2?, ;7, =1:,?1?

Bùrtwçfjilr, N. 71=, 7>=, 7>?

JJnikiln >2:Jnfsll =7Jgnfsh >15Jleisg`rb =7

Jlfåvl ?<:Jlft ><=Jlftz, Z. 7?>Jlfun >:?Jl`rj K. =<;, =;?, 722Jlrdnflf ?1:, ?51Jenikm Mny 7<:, 721Jkvnj`, _. >1?, >1;->>7, >>2, >>:, >?=,

>7;, ><<

Jingst`fl, Z.L. ?11, ?1:, ?77Jinsj`w >72Jiùohstngt 7>J`ltel, C.Z. ;

Jìgsdkte, @. ;=Jùig, Oenrils ??2Jrnnidnf 2:, 2;Jrnft, \iyssls _. >5:Jrllfòh >72Jrldpilr, Z. 721Jrlfblii Dnxwlii, C. 7?;Jr`fkfjlf ?1;, ?2:Judmkfjlf >72Jùstr`w 7>1

EEnnrild 2?Enjl 71Enef, C.J. R`f >57, >5<, >;;, ==;,

=?1, ?7>, ?:>Enimlrstngt 71=Eniil 727Eniistngt ?11, ?12, ?>:

Endmurj >5, =?-=;, ??, ?7, ?2, ?5, 7>-7?, 72, 7:, <=, <<, <;, 21, 2?, 22,:=, ::, ;;, >>1, >>=, >>:, >>5, >?<,>?:, >72, >;1, 725

Endgk Mly, @sdnf 7<<, 721Enff`vlr ><>Enrglrwkch 22Enrikfjlf ?5, 71Enussùiiklr, M. 7=7Envnfn >52

Elohlr, _`pkl >7;, ><>Elot`r =1>, =1;, ==;, =71, =7<, =<1,

??1Elkglimlrj 7=:Elijìnfg ?5, ?;, 7=, <<Elid, @. 7>2Elpflr, Z. :=-:<, ::, :5, ><2, >22,

>2:Elrn ?>1, ?>>



<1<

Elrouinflud >;, >;2, =2<Elsk`gls ?2>Ekivlrsud :2, =2:-=2;Ekdninyn >5>

Ekssnrikh >5<, =1?-=1<, =><, ==<, ==;-=?>, =75, =2?, =51, ?11, ?1:, ?>?-?><, ?=>, ??1, ?7>, ?7?, ?<5, ?21-=2=, ?27-?22, ?25, ?:1, ?:7-?5=,?57, ?52-?55, 71=, 717, 7>>, 7=2,7?7, 7<=, 7<2-7<;, 72:, 7:>, 7:=,7:<-7::

E`lbwlrt & O`. ??Eòbilr, C. ?5<, 711, 71=, 7<=Eìwlrgn, N.L. ?:=, ?:7-?::, ?:;-?5?

E`dlrus >;, ;7, >2=, >2?, >2:, =1>,=1?, =1:, =1;, ==;-=?>, =?;, =7<,=75-=<1, =<7, =<:, =21, =55, =;>,=;2, ?1:, ?>?, ?>:, ?>;, ?=1, ?=<,?=:-?=;, ??:, ?71, ?7=-?72, ?<<,?27, ?::, ?5=, ?57, 717, 7>=, 7>2,7=:, 7??, 7?<, 7:>, 7:<, 7::, 7:5

E`stdnff ?2>, 71=Eùtsdn, L.@. ?1;, ?>1, ?>=-?>:E`ynoh & O`. 2>, :=-:<, :5, 57, ;:, ;;,

>15, >2:Eùohstçgt, E.. =?, =5Euii 7=Euidnff, B. >>7, >>:, >>5Eudnff, O. 721

KKniys`s =;<, =;2, ?1>, ?>:, ?>5, 7>1,

7>=

Kmrnekd Qnsoen =5>, =5=Kikns >5, >2?, =1;, =>7, =>5, ==;, =?1,

=?=, =?;, =7<, =75, =7;, =<7, =<:,=;>, =;:, ?11, ?>7, ?=?, ?=:, ?=5,??1, ??:, ?71, ?7=, ?7?-?72, ?5;,?;:, 7><

Kik`f Dëinter`f ?:>Kfgkn >5>Kfgknfnpìk_ =>=

Kfgkj` >=7, >=<, >=:, ><;, >21, =1;Kftlrinhlf ?<:Krnf ?:1Krnhik`f 7=:

Ksoei ?11Ktenhn >;5, =1:, =>7, =72, ?>;, 7?>Ktnikè >2<, >;<

C Cnfslf >>1 Cnfsslf, I.C.B. =25, =2;, ?27 Cnpnf 22, 2:, >:?, >51, =1; Cnvn >5>

Clrrlr, J.I. =1, => Clruznild >2<, >2: C`fes`f, Nfgrlw >5: Cutsoelfh` ><2

H Hnihe`rst >5, >;, =2, ?>, =12, =1:Hni`hnkrkf`s, Dkf`s 7=7, 7=<Hnrstlf, Elrdnff =>7

Hnsdklr ?:1Hnstr`dlf`s, Q. 71;Hlbni`fkn >;:Hliilr, B. ?2;Hliilr vnf E``rf, Q.D. =>1, =77-=72,

=<<-=<5, =:;, =5>, =55-=;1, ??:-??;, ?72-?75, ?<:, 7=1, 7=>, 7==

Hlitlf ?12, ?1:, ?51Hldplf, vnf >1:, >1;, >=?Hlrohe`bb >15

Hlrròh ?<;Hlrtsoe ?>2Hluilf >?:, ><>He`tnf ?:1Hkhhlrt, C.I. <>-<7, >5;Hcõhhlfdõggkfjlr =:1-=:=Hilkw`rt Jlmrùglr ?:, :=, :?Hf`ss`s 7>>, 7=7-7=5, 7<7Hòe, ]. 5?



<12

Hìm, B. 7::H`fkfj, Q. >;>, =51, 775, 77;, 7<>,

72?Hòfkfjsmlrjlf >72, ><:

H`f-Qn-Hù >51H`plfenjlf >22, =:1, =:7, ?<;H`rbdnff, D. 7:2, 7::H`rkftel >;;Hrlblig >?:Hrltn 715, 7>>, 7=7, 7=<, 7=:, 7=5,

7?1, 7<=Hrkd ?>2Hrkd``ri`j ><2, ><:, >21, >2=, >:1,

?=>, 722, 72;

Hròhdnff >15Hr`jdnff & Znoesdute ?=, ??, 7>,

72, :=Huef, Ngnimlrt =<>-=<?Hukplr, D. >;1, =51, =5>, 77;-7<>

IIn Junyrn ?=-?<, <=, <<, <;, >2:, >;1,

=<<

Infj, Z. ?>1In Qlyårl, Ksnno >7=Inrtlt, L. ?;;Inshlr, L. ??=, ???Inrtlt 771Intlnu, I. ?=7Inurlftud =:<Inusktz ?2;Inynrg, N.E. ?=>Iloelvniklr, C.M. >57, =1>, ==;

Illdnfs, O. =2:, =25, ?2:Ilblmvrl, C.D. ?=7Il Envrl >>:, >==, >?<, >?:, >72Ilkglf =1:, =>1, =2<-=:1, =:7, ?:=,

?51, ?5;Ilkjet`f, B. ?;:Ilkpzkj =12, =?;, =7>, ?7:, ?;1Ilfflp, vnf & O`. >><Il` UKK ?=7Ilvnglkn 7>;

Ikmnf`f >2:Ik-Bnfj-Qn` ??<, ??2Ikfoìf, Nmrnend >:1Ikfgldnff cr., _.E. =5

Ikfglfsoedkgt, E. ?77Ikft =7, =<Iksoe, Brklgrkoe =:=Ikvlrp`ì >?:, >72, >75, >7;, ><=, >5:Iòhenrt, C.Z. ??2Iòdnrknqvlr ?<;I`fglf =:, 2>, 27, >?:, >?;, >72, ><=,

>21, >52, >5:, =27, =:7, =;1, ?1?-?1<, ?=2, ?7:, ?;:, 7>:, 7?:

I`rlftz, B. >27

Iòsoeohl, J. 7>=, 7>?Iùvrl >7<, =2=, =2<, =2:Iummòh, Cèf ==;, =?1Iùmloh >?:, >72, =:=, =:7Iuorltkus ?2>Iugwkj, L. ;Iux`r 7?5, 7?;Iyoelf =?, >52Iysekfn, C.Q. >7;, ><<

DDnnjglfmurj ><>Dnnrtlfsgkch =2;Dnoinrlf, Oenrils >57, =17Dnrous Ourtkus >;<Dnjfë 52-55Dnenbby, C.Q. 71;Dnes, N. & O`. >11, >>=, >?=Dnes, F. >11

Dnkfz =:7Dnitn >22Dniutkf >=>, >==, >?1->?=Dnfoelstlr >71Dnffelkd ;5Dnfsslf, Z.C. ??:-?7:Dnftun ??2Dnrnte`f ?;?, ?;<Dnroenfg >1;Dnrlz @ylfs, C.O. Gl ==2, ==5, =?1



<1:

Dnrklfmng ?;>Dnrkf` =:2Dnrslkiil =><, ?=?, ?=7Dnshliyfl, D.E.F._. ?2:, ?25

Dnsplr`, J.O.O. 7?:Dntwlclw, Nilxlk >1=, ><2DoOuiiòe, Euje >5:Dlohilfmurj ><, ?>, 71, 7:, 2:, 25, 57,

>1<, >>:, >>5, ><7, ><:, >21, >2>,>2?, =1:, =>5, =:=, ?=2, 722, 725

Dllhrnp >=1, >=2, >=;Dliikfjlr, v`f 727Dliuzzk, Onri` =:2Dldli ><:, ><5, ===

Dlfkgk 7>1Dlrnfklr >1;Dlxko` >:?Dlylr & O` ><:, ><5Dlylr, L. ;, =<<, ?=<, ?=2Dlzjlr, C.J. 7=1-7=?Dkgglimurj 777Dkioeòblr, N. 7=7Dkfglf ><>Dkfyns ?<1, 7>;

D`ddslf, e. 7?:D``relng, O. ;D`rtkiilt, J. gl 771D`shù >1=, >>?, >>5, >>;, >=>, >?=,

>??, >?:, >7>, >72, >5=D`tyn =:2, =::Duiglr >>1Dùiilr, Dnx =<?, ?:1, ?::, 7=:, 7:=Duitntuik =;Dùfoe, I.O. >>5

Dùfoelf ===Durrny, N._. ?1<-?1:Dyhlfl >2:, >;;, =>1, =><, =7?, =72,

=<:, =<;, =2>, =5=-=5:, =5;-=;>,=;?-=;5, ?11-?1?, ?1<, ?1;-?>=,?>?-?><, ?>:, ?>5, ?=?, ?=2, ??:-??;, ?7?, ?77, ?72, ?7;, ?<1, ?<=,?2>, ?55, 712, 71;-7>7, 7>2, 7>;,7=7, 7=2, 7??, 7?<, 7<?, 72=, 72?,722, 7:=, 7:2

FFnitflr =>=Fnplis >22, >;2, =:<, 72<-72:, 7:?

Fnpìl`f KKK >:=, ===Fnupik`f ?11, 7>1Fnznrlte >2:Flr` >:1, >;5Flst`r =7?Flu-Muoh`w ><, >2, =2, ?7Flustngt >15Flustrlikz >5, ?;2Fluwlrglr 7=Fluwlrh 7=

Flw @rilnfs >52Flwt`f, Oenrils =17, =?5, =2:, =;<Flw [`rh =7, ><1-><=, >52, >5:, =>>,

=>=, ?7:Fkoìnns K ><2, >21Fkldnff, J. 7<:, 72>Fkluwlzkcgs-R``rmurjwni :5, ;>Fkci 7=;-7?>, 7?5Fkhìnàgès, J. >57, >5<, =1?Fkdrug ?=>

Fkfkvë =1=F`dkh`s =>2F`rglfshcòig, F.N.L. ?<2Fumkè >2<, 7?=, 7?;

@@mlrenuslf ><>@glssn >15, >25@gyssll >2?, =1;, =7<, =72, ?>?, ?77,

?72, ?5;, ?;:@gysslus >;, ;<, ;2, >;:, >;5, =12,

=1:, =7<, =72, ?>?, ?>;, 7?>@iydpkn =<;-=2>, =52-=55, ?>=, ?<?,

?5<, 71;, 7>1, 7<?@`stlfgl ><=@`stlfrkch >2:@roeldlff`s =7?, =21, =2>, =5=, ?7;,

?<1, ?<=, ?<:, 71=, 71:, 7>;, 722@rkèft >2?, >2<



<15

@uglzkcgs-Noetlrmurjwni ;>@xb`rg ?2;, ?;2, ?;:, 7??

QQnlstud =::Qnfndn ><=, ><?Qnrkcs >>:, >?:, >?;, >72, >21, >22,

>2;, >5=->57, >52->55, =1<, =12,=>>, =>5, ==>-==7, =7<, =2>, =27,?=<, 77:, 77;, 7<:, 72<

Qnuislf, Q.F. =7Qnusnfkns =21, =5:, =;>, ?>=, ?>?, ?<1,

7?<

Qnvi`vktsc, O`fstnftkcf >:>Qnyfl, ]. ;Qlhkfj >:;, ===Qliend, E.B. 7??Qli`pp`flss`s >;;, =>7, =7?Qlfmr`hl 7>1Qlfr`sl, B.O. 7??, 7?<, 7?2Qlrhkf, Z.E. >=2Qlst >25, 7>1Qltrn >2<

Qltrkl 7?5, 77>, 77=Qki`s =7?Qkrnlus >25, =><Qilytl, Z. =2:-=2;, ?2:, ?25Qi`tfkh`bb >1=, >1?, >?>Q` ?2:Q`ddlrlf =:=, =:?, ?=;Q`dplck >;, >22, >;2, =2<, 72<Q`ì, I.&J. ;Q`slkg`f >;:

Q`stìnoons, Noekiils >;5Q`tsgnd ><>Qrnnj >25Qrlnzli, N. >=?Qrkndus =>, =1=, =>5, =?7, =?2, =?;,

=7;, =<1, =<?, =<7, ?12, ?==, ?=<,??1, ?71-?7=, ?<7, ?2?, ?:7, 7>:

Qr`pyillf =<;Qsnrr`s, F. ?>;

Qulrt` Onmlii` ?7Qùsoeli 71;

^ ûnoh 71, 2:-2;, :>, :=ûnohlfmrùoh ;;ûlvlg`, E.J. Gl =11, =1=ûklf, B.O. :?-:<, :;, 52, ;:-;;, >2:,

=15, ==2, ??1, ??>, ?5=, 722

] ]ng`wktz, C.D. 727

]nbnli >;2]nd ?5, 71, 7:, <:, 21, 25]ndsnulr, C.J. ?11]ndsh``k 2:-2;]nvnkss`f, Blikx =2<, =2:]llgl, L.I. Gl ?;>, ?;=, 777-772]lle`rst, H.Q. tlr >1;, >>1]lkoelrsg`rb ?2;]lki, Z. 7?;]ldus >;<

]koetlr, Z. ;]klu, Z.F. gl =1:, =>1, ==2]kjn >15]`gl Sll >:;]`jjl, E.O. ??:]`dl >2<, >22, >;<, ?==]`duius >;<]`sn, Qkltr` >;<]`stòh =7-=2, =5-?1, 5>, >15, >>:,

=>7, =:7, 72<

]`ttlrgnd 5:, >?:, >?;, ><=]`vk` ?22]e`g`s =;<, ?>5, ?:2, ?:;, 7>>, 7=7]uytlr ;>, ;=

__noelf-Dlkfkfjlf, M. v`f =5=_noelf-Dlkfkfjlf, Jl`rjl KK 71;_norndlft` >>>, ><1, ><?, ><7



<1;

_nkft Jlrdnkf-lf-Inyl ?<;_nindks 7>1_ndnrn >5=_ndskfjlrmnfhlf =:>

_nf Brnfokso` ><>, ><?, >51_nyol, N.E. =;:, ?<=, ?2;_ondnfglr =1>, =1?, =>7, ==5, =?1,

=?=, =<:_oelvlfkfjlf >>1, ?7:, ?<:, 7=1, 7=>_oeikl, Brklgrkoe =::_oeikldnff, Njndldf`f 7=>_oeikldnff, Nfgr`dnoeë 7=>, 7=?,

7:2_oeikldnff, G`rks 52, >5=

_oeikldnff, Liksl >1<_oeikldnff, Lrfst ><->5_oeikldnff, Brklgrkoe >5_oeikldnff, Iugwkj 25, 5=, >1<->1:,

>>1, >>>, >>5, >75, ><1_oeikldnff, Fnglsegn >:>_oeikldnff, Fntnikn >22_oeikldnff, Qnui >1;, >>1, >>5_oeikldnff, _lrjlc >22, =1<, =>5_oeikldnff, _`pekn ;, ><, =>?, =22,

7==, 7=?, 7:7, 7:<_oeikldnff, Zkielidkfn 52_oedlitz, C.G.L. 7<<_oeòfl, O..]. 7<;_oeròglr, Nfte. >>:, >==, >?<_oeròglr, N.G. ;;_oeròglr, M.E. & O`. :?, :;, 51, 52,

;:, ;;, >11, >1?, >17, >1:->1;,>>=->==, >=7, >=2, >=5->?>, >??,>?<, >?2, >?:, >?;, ><1, ><>, ><=,

><2, ><5, 722, 72;_oeròglr, O.D. ;;_oeròglr Jlmrùglr >>5, >=>, >?<, >7<,

>:?_oeròglr, J.Z. >11_oeròglr, E.L. >11_oeròglr, C.B. ;;, >11_oeròglr, C.E.&O`. >11, >1>, >=5, >?2,

>5:, >5:, ==?, 7>:_oeròglr, Z_ >>7, >><

_oeuizl 71;_oeuyilr, L. 71;_oewnflmloh, E. =<_oewnrtzl, E.E.]. 727, 72<

_oewnrz, _`pekl >:, >5_oewlkfburte, J.N. 7?;, 77>, 77=_oewlrkf =:=, =:7_o`jfndkjik`, Qnsqunil >;2_o`tt, Z. ;=_lmnst`pì ><2, >21_lgnf ===_ljlstn =::_kg`f >2:_klmìg, H. 7>1

_kèrrn Flvngn >5>_kd`ks =1>, =1?, =>7, =<:_kd`fslf, C. ??, ?<, 71, <=-<7, <;, >;1_kfjnp`rl >:;_cnfjenk >51_hçksoelp``rt =1, =<?_i`nfl, Enfs >71_dkte, Ngnd >71_dyrfn >><, >>:, >2<, =11, ?=7, 721_fllh ?;>, ?;=

_`bkl (h`fkfjkf) =27-=22_ì`vklbb, _tlpnf >25->:>_`fglrg`rp ?5, 71, 7:, <:, 21, 25_`peòils >27, >57_`rm`ffl >57, ==?_ùte-Hlfskfjt`f Duslud ?1?, ?1<,

?12, ?=2, ?<7_pnfcl ?=, >2;_pntn ?1>, 7>1, 7=7_pkfflr, B.L. >5:

_tnks, R. ?;<_tllfbnst, Iug ?7_tlbblf, M. 7<:, 72>_tlpenfk, I. ?7<_tlrf, I. =;_tlrfmlrj ?7_tlrhy >25_tlttkf >15, >25_tkiidnf, Z.C. 7=7, 7??, 7?2_t. Iùks 7>1



<>1

_t. Dnnrtlfeùt >==, >=<, >=:_tòhe id =:=, =:7_tìi, E.N. ;_tìi, Iùks ;5

_t`fl, K. ;_t. Qltlrsmurj >1:, >15, >>1, >>=, >>7->>;, >=>, >?1, >?=, >??, >?:, >77,>7<, >72, >7;, ><1-><=, ><7, ><<,><:, ><5, >2>, >2=, >27->22, >25,>2;, >:?, >51, >5=, >52, =1;, =>>,=>?, =>;, ==2, ?==, ?7<, ?22, 72;

_trnntsmurj ===_trnm` =12, =?>, =?7_yrnousl >22, =:2, =:5

_yrkè >2<, 7>?

W nmnh >=<, >=:nfnjrn =2<-=2:nfflfmlrj >1=, >15nyi`r, L. 5;, ;1lildnj`s ;<, =15, =1;ldpko` >==

lrd`pyil ?;?, ?;7lxli ?5, 71, 72, <1-<7, <:, <5, 21, 2=,

22, 2:, :1-:=, 57, ;>, >2:, >55->;1,=15, =51, =5>, 777, 772-7<>, 72?,722

elrn =><-=>5, =;2, ?2=, ?2?, ?:2,?:;, 7=7, 7=<

elrnskn =><, =>2, ?:2, ?:;elslus ?1=elssni`fkhk 717

e`dps`f, C. 5;, ;1, ;>euoygkgls >27, >;;, ?:5euf ?<:eydmrn ==;, =?<kinfus, O.M. :>kryfs =5?-=5<, =;7, =;<, =;5, ?7?,

?55, 712-7>7, 7>2, 7>;, 7=<, 7=2,7??, 7?<, 7?2, 7<7, 72=, 72?, 722,7:=, 751

ktus >:1

rnokè ??<rnkii, G. ;, =?5rkèst >>7, ?=?, ?=7, 77<ròeus, I.C. ==>

r`cnnfsl ``ri`j >;r`cl >2, >;, =1, >?;, >2=->27, >22->25, >:?, >5>, >5=, >57, >5<, >;<,>;;-=1?, =1<-=1:, =1;, =>5, =>;,==<, ==:, ==;-=?>, =?2, =?;, =71,=7=, =7?, =7<, =7;-=<>, =<?-=<:,=<;, =2>, =2?, =27, =:?-=:<, =:;,=57, =;>, =;?, =;2, =;:, ?11, ?1?,?1<-?15, ?>1, ?>>, ?>?, ?>7, ?=?,?=7-?=:, ?=;, ??1, ??=, ??<-??:,

??;, ?7>-?7<, ?7;, ?<1, ?<=, ?<5-?2<, ?2:-?:1, ?:<, ?:;-?5=, ?57,?55, ?;1, ?;:-71=, 717, 71<, 71;,7>>, 7>?, 7>:, 7>;, 7?=-7?7, 7<=,7<7, 7<<, 7<:, 7<;, 72>-727, 725,7:1-7:=, 7:7-7:5

rù gu Br`ftni ?;5r`pe`fkn 7>;sùftns, O. 7>;ùmkfjlf 7:2, 7::

ufks >:?urhkcl >2?, >2:ùrhse`b =?yrkfs >;;, =>1yrus >2:

\\imrkoe >15\trloet 2=, =77

R Rnffls ?<;Rlfltkè 7<7Rlflzulin ?=, ??Rlrsnkiils ===Rlsuvkus >22Rkolfzn ?22Rkiinf`vn ?22



<>>

Rkroe`w, ]. 5?, =:?, ?==-?=:, ?=;, ??1,?77, ?<7, ?<5, ?2=, ?2?, ?:7, ?5:,?;?, ?;5, 7?:-77?, 7<=-7<7, 721,72>, 727, 72<, 72:, 7:=

Rkrjkikus >;<Rkcjlfgnd :5, 51, >1<Rkvklf gl _t. Dnrtkf =<:Riklinfg <7R`itlrrn ?22R`fh, O. >;1, 7<1

Z Znigstlkf, O. 721

Znpplfs, Ng ?? Znrd`lsstrnnt >15 Znrr ?;: Znrrlf 7=>, 7<: Znsekfjt`f >5: Zlfgt, C.B. ??-?<, 72, 21, 2:, :>-:?,

::, >>5, >21

Zlflf =:7, ?5< Zlstmr`lh, G. =2; Zlst QrluÐlf >>5 Zlzli ><>

Zkind`wktz-D`liilfg`rb, \. v`f 7:5 Zkiild KK (hlkzlr) 7:< Zkiild KK (h`fkfj) 2? Zkiild KKK >5?, ?2: Zksdnr >15 Zkttkfjt`f =1; Z`lrglf ;> Z`ijn >5= Z`rsnnl, C.C.N. ?<;, ?21 Zùrzmurj >:5, 727

S Snnfgnd ??5Snnfstrllh :2Skiilr, Lrfst >;;, ?<=, ?:>Swlglf >2<

Arentzen 2012 - Schliemann en Nederland. Een leven vol verhalen

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Transcript of Arentzen 2012 - Schliemann en Nederland. Een leven vol verhalen